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SCIENCE

Reference no. 1 THE SENSE ORGANS: EYES


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Eyebrows are tiny hairs that form as arch above the eye, it prevents perspiration to roll down to the eye from the forehead. Eyelid are the folds of the skin that protect the eye, it can blink to keep foreign material away. Eyelashes are tiny hairs at the edge of the eyelid, it keeps foreign materials out of the eye. Sclera is the white part of the eyeball. Iris is the colored or pigmented part of the eye. Pupil is the black hole at the center of the iris. Cornea is the fibrous layer that covers the iris. Retina is the inner layer of the eye, it covers the black part of the eye chamber.

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Tear Glands are duet that produces tears. Tear is a watery substance which keeps the eyeball moist, it washes dust and germs away from the eyeball. Optic Nerves are nerves that connect the eye to the brain. Draw the parts of the eye:

THE SENSE ORGANS: NOSE

The nose is the organ for smelling and for breathing. Our nose helps us describe what we smell. The nose can filter or sift dust and other particles in the air through hair-like tissues called cilia which cover the membrane lining of the nose. Nostrils is where air passes. Olfactory Nerve these nerves send messages to the brain. You brain then interpret these messages making you smell and identify different odors. Cilia are tiny hairs that act like brooms. They sweep away and trap solid particles. Draw the parts of the nose:

THE SENSE ORGANS: TONGUE The tongue is the organ for tasting. Your tongue is covered with tiny bumps. These tiny bumps are the receptors of taste called taste buds. When food is placed in the mouth the brain send the message back, you can already tell whether the taste is sweet, salty, sour or bitter. You have about 10, 000 taste buds in your tongue. However, when you become older the number of taste buds decreases. This is the reason why older persons cannot taste as well as younger ones. Draw the parts of the tongue:

THE SENSE ORGANS: SKIN

Our body has many different organs. The skin is the largest if these organs. The skin is the organ of touch or feeling. The skin has temperature, touch and pain receptors. Receptors in your skin are those parts that enable you to feel. Epidermis upper layer of the skin protects the surface of the skin.
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Hair thread-like structure protects the skin. Dermis lower layer of the skin protect the inner parts of the skin. Nerve Receptors or Touch Bodies bundle of nerve fibers that carry messages to the brain.

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THE SENSE ORGANS: EARS

The ear is the organ for hearing. The ear is divided into three areas: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. Outer ear: Pinna catches sound vibration. Ear Canal Middle ear: Eardrum Three small bones: 1. Hammer 2. Annril 3. Stirrup Inner ear: Semicircular Canal help maintain balance. Cochlea send signal to the brain. Auditory Nerve

Reference no. 2

SKELETAL SYSTEM Draw the Skeletal System:

SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeleton is the name given to the collection of bones that holds the rest of our body up. Our skeleton is very important to us. It does three major jobs: 1. It protects our vital organs such as the brain, the heart and the lungs. 2. It gives us shape that we have. Without our skeleton, we would just be a blood and tissue on the floor. 3. It allows us to move. Because our muscles are attached to our bones, when our muscles move, they move the bones and we move. When you were born your skeleton had around 350 bones. By the time as you grow, some of the bones join together to form one bone. We have 29 bones in the skull (including the bones in the ears), 27 bones are in the hands, 26 bones are in each foot and 14 bones are in the face. Bone is strong and light weight, contributing about 20% of the bodys total weight. Skeletal muscles that are attached to the tendons are further attached to the bones. Muscles work in pairs to move bones. One muscle contract while the other muscles relax. There two movements cause the bending and straightening of the body parts. Skull protects the brain and eyeballs. It is made up of 23 closely connected bones that are fused at line called sutures. Spine or Spinal Column is made up of ring-like bones, called vertebrae connected to each other to form a column. It is also made up to 33 blank like bones called vertebra.

The shoulder girdle is composed of two long, flat shoulder blades. Pelvis or Pelvic bone gives firm support for the body, protects the urinary bladder and sex organs. It also allows the legs to move freely. Femur the strong, long bone in the thigh. Tibia and Fibula are two slimmer bones in the lower leg. Ribs protects the heart and lungs. Jaw bones protect the teeth. The arm bones includes the upper arm bone called humerus and lower arm bones called ulna and radius. *Ligaments connect one bone to another. *Tendons connect a muscle to a bone. Cartilage is a soft tissue that covers the end of the bone.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM A muscle is a body structure made up of bundles of specialized cells.

There are more than 600 muscles in your body which perform different types of action. Did you know that your muscles make up about 40 percent of your total weight? Your face has about 50 muscles. Have you heard doctors say that you use 17 muscles to smile but more than 46 muscles to frown? Muscles help us to move. Our leg muscles help us to walk, run, and skip. Our arm muscles help us to carry things. There are muscles in our body which help us digest food. There are those which help us to inhale and exhale and those which help pump blood to all parts of our body. The functions of the muscular system are: 1. It holds the body parts together. 2. It gives the body its shape. 3. It forms a protective covering for the body especially the delicate parts. 4. It enables body movements. Two groups of muscles: 1. Voluntary muscles are those we can control. The muscles in our eyelids that enable you to wink and the muscles in your lips that enable you to pout are voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are also called striated muscles. Involuntary muscles are muscles that we cannot control. Muscles of the internal organs like he heart, lungs, and the stomach are grouped as involuntary muscles. They keep on moving whether we like it or not.

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Involuntary muscles are also called smooth muscles. *Some muscles are both voluntary and involuntary. Muscles work in only one way either by tightening or contracting. *Tendons are strong white cords that connect muscles to bones. *The strongest muscle in your body is located on each side of the mouth. You use this muscle in biting and chewing food.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is made up of organs that break down food into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and fats which the body needs for energy, growth and repair.

After food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the esophagus and enters the stomach where it is further broken down by powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into nutrients that can enter the blood stream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the body doesnt need or cant digest is turned into waste and is eliminated from the body. The mouth, esophagus, stomach and the small and large intestines make up your digestive system. Digestion is the process by which food is changed into simple substances that can be used by the body cell to produce energy.

Mouth first digestion of food. Hydrochloric Acid help break down the connective tissues and cell membrane in food.

Small Intestine final digestion of food. Muscles have a wave-like motion squeezing and pushing the food toward the stomach, this movement of the tube in known as peristalsis. The stomach secretes a digestive juice called gastric juice. Enzymes are the most important elements in you digestive system which works on the food. There enzymes are chemicals which break down the food and turn it into substances that will dissolve into blood stream.

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