Chemistry Cheat Sheet Vocab: Mixture: A physical blend of 2 or more substances that are not chemically combined.

Phase: Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties. Vapor: A substance present at the start of a reaction. Heterogeneous mixture: a mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture. Homogeneous mixture: A mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished. Distillation: A process used to separate dissolved solids from liquids, which is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid. Mass: A measure of the amount of matter that an object contains; the SI base unit of mass is the kilogram. Chemical reaction: A change in which one or more reactants changed into one or more products; characterized by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products. Compound: A substance that contains 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion. Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Electron: A negatively charged subatomic particle. Neutron: A subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu. Atom: Smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction. Nucleus: Tiny; dense central portion of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons. Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Atomic mass unit: A unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. Atomic mass: Wighted average of the mases of isotopes of an element. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of neutrons. Cations: Any atom or group of atoms with a (+) charge. Anions: Any atom or group of atoms with a (-) charge. Period: Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. Group: Vertical column of elements in the periodic table. Atomic radius: the distance between the nuclei of 2 atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined. Metal: One of a class of elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current. Halide ion: Negative ion formed when a halogen atom gains an electron. Octet rule: Atoms react by gaining or losing electrons son as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas. Ionic bond: Electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together. Electron dot structure: Notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of an element. Metallic bond: Force of attraction that hold metals together. Valence electrons: Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an atom. 2. Theory: a well tested explanation for broad of observations. Hypothesis: a proposed explanation for an observation (can become a theory). 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Manipulated variable is the variable that is changed during an experiment (independent variable). A responding variable is the variable that is observed ruing an experiment (dependent variable). A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion. An element is the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties. A chemical symbol is a one or two letter representation of an element. Law of conservation of mass: in any physical change or chemical reaction,k mass is conserved; mas can be neither created nor destroyed. Scientific notation: 60009m 6.009 x10^3. Advantage of metric system: It's simple and easy to use. All units are based on multiples of 10. Dg is the largest. (Largest Smallest: dg, cg, mg. Mg. ng. pg.) density=mass/volume. volume density volumedensity

10. smallest particle of an element that retains its properties is the Atom. 11. The subatomic particles that the nucleus consists of are: Protons and neutrons. Electrons circle it. 12. If the atomic number is 72, the atom has 72 protons and electrons. 13. Chlorine-37 mass#=#protons+#neutrons. Atomic #=17= #protons| electrons # neutrons=20 14. Bohr model of an atom: Electrons are found only in specific paths or orbits around the nucleus 15. There are 3 energy sub-levels in the third principle energy level. 16. Max # of orbitals: S-1 orbital, 2 electrons; P-3 orbitals, 6 electrons; D-5 orbitals, 10 electrons; F-7 orbitals, 14 electrons. 17. Each period in the periodic table corresponds to a principle energy level 18. the modern periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic #. 19. Electron configurations: (Nitrogen) 1s 2s 2p. (Bromine) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3d 4s 4p. (Carbon) 1s 2s 2p (Fluorine) 1s 2s 2p. 20. Representative metals: 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 6A, 7A; Transition Metals: one of group B elements in which the highest occupied S sublevel & a nearby d sublevel contain generally contained electrons. 21. Electronegativity values decrease from top to bottom within a group. For representative elements, the values tend to increase from left to right across a period. 22. What is the maximum charge an ion is likely to have? (3) 23. What is the formula of the ion when Ca achieves a noble gas configuration? Ca ^+2 24. What is the electron configuration of Ca ^2+ ion? 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 25. A compound held together by ionic bonds is called a salt.

26. Properties of ionic compounds: Most are crystalline solids at room temperature. Have high melting point (can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water). 27. How many valence electrons are transferred from sodium to chlorine, in the formation of sodium chloride.? 28. Dipole interactions occur when polar molecules are attracted to one another. The electrical attraction involved occurs between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules. The slightly negative region of a polar molecule is weakly attracted to the slightly positive region of another polar molecule. ( Polar molecule: one end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other end is slightly positive.) Dispersion forces: the weakest of all molecular interactions, are caused by the motion of electrons. They occur even between non-polar molecules. When the moving electrons happen to be momentarily more on the side of a molecule closest to a neighboring molecule, their electric force influences the neighboring molecule electrons to be momentarily more on the opposite side. 30. 4 clues that indicate chemical reaction: transfer of energy, change in color, the production of gas, or the formation of precipitate (solid). 31. Chemical change is a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter. Physical change: a change during which some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change. 32. Molar Mass of CaCo ? (40) +(12) + ( 16 X 3) 40 12 48 100 grams/mol 34. volume in liters of 0.56 mol of SO gas at STP? STP=22.4L 0.56 mole x 22.4L/ 1 mole = 12.54 L 35. How many moles is 4.50 x 10^23 molecules of NH ? 1 mole of NH =6.02 x 10^23 molecules 4.50 x 10^23molecules X 1mole/6.02 x 10^23 molecules = 4.50/6.02 = 0.75 moles 36. How many moles is 50g of CaCO ? 50g/100.07g/mole =0.5 mol CaCO 40 .07+ 12+ 48 =100.07 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.1 *matter that has a uniform and definite composition is called a substance (ex. Copper) Solid Definite shape <-------------------------Liquid Indifinite shape--------------------------Gas ---------> Indefinite volume Compresed 1 mole/22.4L ; 22.4L/ I mole 33. Mass in grams of 5.66 mol of PCl PCl 31g + 106.35 137.35 g/mol ? #grams of PCl = 6.66mol x 137.37 g/mol =777.51g

<----------------indifinete volume------------------> <------------------------------not easily compresed--------------> *the process that seperates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeanous mixture is filtration

if the composition of a material is fixed, the material is a substance. If the composition of a material may vary, the material is a mixture the five SI base units commonly used by chemists are the meter, the kilogram, the kelvin, the second, and the mole. Weight is the force that meausres the pull on a given mass by gravity temperature is a meaure of how hot or cold an object is: scientist commonly use two equivalent units of temperature, the degree celsius and the kelvin. (celsius scale, the freezing piont of water is 0C and the boil point is 100C)( Kelvin scale, the feezing point of water is 273.15 Kelvins (K) and the boiling point is 375.15K.)(the zero poin on the kelvin scale, 0 K, or absolute zero, is equal to -273.15C) K= C + 273 C= K 273 energy is the campacity to do work or to produce heat.

The joule and the calorie are common units of energy (the joule (J) is the SI unit of energy) one calorie (cal) is the quantity of heat that raises the temperature of 1g of pure water by 1C 1J= 0.2390cal 1cal= 4.18 J

Accuracy is a measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured precision is a measure of how close a series of measurement are to one another. Determining Error: accepted value is the correct value based on reliable references. The experimental value is the value measured in the lab. The difference b/w the experimental value and the accepted value is called the error. Error=experimental value accepted value Percent error= |error|/accepted value X 100% atomic #=# protons mass#=# of protons + # of neutrons #neutrons= mass # atomic # to calculate the atomic mass of an element, multiply the mass of each isotope by its natural abundance expressed as a decimal and then add the product. The fixed energies an electron can have are called energy levels a quantum of energy is the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level. Atomic orbital is often thought of as a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron. (ea. Energy sublevel corresponds to an orbital of a different shape, which describes where the electron is likely to be found.) the wavelength and frequency of light are inverly proportional to each other C= (c=speed of light; =wavelenght; =frequency) the SI unit of cycles per second is called a Hertz (Hz). Light consists of electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, x-rays, and gamma rays)(electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at a speed of 2.998 x 10^8m/s.)

*the frequencies of light emitted by an element separate into discrete lines to give the atomic emission spectrum of the element. *when the electron has its lowest possible energy, the atom is in its ground state. *excitation of the electron by absorbing energy raises the atom from the ground state to an excited state *a quantum of energy in the form of light is emitted when the electron drops back to a lower energy level. Transition Metals:there are 2 types of transition elements. They're classified based on their electron configurations. (in atoms of a transition metal, the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel contain electrons.)(In atoms of an inner transition metal, the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f sublevel generally contain electrons. Ionization energy:the energy requried to remove an electron from an atom is called ionization energy.(the energy to remove the 1st electron from an atom is called the 1st ionization energy.)(to remove an electron from anion w/a 1+ charge is called the second ionization energy)

1st ionization energy tends to decrease from top to bottom withina gropu and increase from left to right across a period.
Ionic size: Cations are always smaller than the atoms from which they from. Anions are always larger than the atoms from which they form. Electronegativity: the ablity of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound. (7A= highest electronegativity). Fluorine (F)=most electronegativity.