Access 05 03

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Construction Materials, Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Viktor Mechtcherine
International Study Program ACCESS, 2010/2011
Module O-1: Building Materials
High-performance Cement-based Composites High performance Cement based Composites
Strain-Hardening Cement-based Composites
(SHCC) (SHCC)
Viktor Mechtcherine Viktor Mechtcherine
Institute of Construction Materials
Strain-hardening composites
Low fibre content / Higher fibre content /
no optimal utilization of fibres
g
optimal utilization of fibres
conventional fibre
reinforced concrete
strain hardening fibre
reinforced concrete reinforced concrete reinforced concrete
TU Dresden, Institute of Construction Materials, V. Mechtcherine - 2 -
SIFCON (Slurry Infiltrated Fibre Reinfoced CONcrete)
[van Mier 2003]
SIFCON (Slurry Infiltrated Fibre Reinfoced CONcrete)
SIFCON before infiltration
SIFCON after infiltration
Performance of different types of composites
3
30
35
(Naaman)
g
,

M
P
a
SIFCON
25
[
M
P
a
]
a
n
n
u
n
g
SIFCON
15
20
s
t
r
e
s
s

(Krstulovic)
(Li)
Z
u
g
s
p
a
SIMCON
10
T
e
n
s
i
l
e
(Li)
Z
ECC
0
5
T
Dehnung, %
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Strain [%]
[Naaman, Reinhardt 2003]
g,
HPFRC with fibre cocktailrcocktail
load
Force
addition of long fibres
Addition of
long fibre
addition of
short fibres
M t i ( f )
Addition of
Short fibre
matrix (reference)
crack-opening
Crack opening
Matrix (reference)
possible path
f h
short fibres
pulled out
Pull-out of
short fibre
Possible
of the
macrocrack
p
course of a
macrocrack
short fibres
bridging
macrocrack
Macro-
crack
Micro-crack
bridging by
microcracks
long fibres
bridging
macrocrack
Micro-cracks Long fibre
short fibre
Long fibre
TU Dresden, Institute of Construction Materials, V. Mechtcherine
Markovic et al. (2003)
microcracks
long fibres
Micro cracks Long fibre
g
- 6 -
Basics
Considering the failure at different observation levels Considering the failure at different observation levels
M ( )
Macro (m)
Micro (m)
Meso (mm)
Basics
Modelling the material behaviour at macro-level Modelling the material behaviour at macro level
Tensile strength First crack stress
o
1
= o
mu
(1-V
f
)+o
1
o
n
tV
f
L/d f
t
=
1
n
tV
f
L/d
Naaman (2003)
V
f
= fibre content (portion of
SHCC
f
t
volumen)
o
mu
= tensile strength of the matrix
L = fibre length
SHCC
r
e
s
s

o
1
L fibre length
d = fibre diameter
t = mean bond strength
(fib / t i
S
t
Conventional FRC
(fibre / matrix
n
= coeffitients for the action
of fibres before cracking
Strain c
Crack
width w
n
= coeffitients for the action
of fibres after cracking
width w
- 8 -
Basics
Modelling individual cracks (meso-level) Modelling individual cracks (meso level)
Fibre crossing Fibre crossing
w
V
f
,
n
,
n
Change in the fibre
ancorage
mu
, E
m,
G
m
Stable crack growth

Other crack planes
f
t
1 w
The weakest crack
plane
w
- 9 -
Basics
Modelling the fibre pull-out (micro-level)
Fibre pull-out
Modelling the fibre pull out (micro level)
p
P
f
t,f
, E
f
, L, d
E
m
t

t
f
, G
d
Delamination
Spalling
Canting
t
t
Strain-Hardening Cement-based Composites
SHCC
6
100
5
M
P
a
]
SHCC
[
m
]
80
4
e
s
s

o
[
M
3
w
i
d
t
h

w

60
40
1
2
S
t
r
e
C
r
a
c
k

w
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
1
FRC
0
Ductile behavior due to multiple cracking
Strain [%]
g
Very high strain capacity
Crack widths below 0.1 mm up to ultimate strain
Crack widths below 0.1 mm up to ultimate strain
SHCC Phenomena on the micro-level
Fibre pull-out Fibre pull-out
Micro-crack in the matrix
perpendicular to fibre
Fibre failure
50 m
- 12 -
Material law for the macro-level
Material law for material behavior under uniaxial tensile loading
f
t
for calculation of stress resultants

softening branch is
negligible
1
f
t
bi-linear curve is
sufficient
t t l f
for design
for design, simplified
at present values
1
, f
t
and
u
can be obtained
from the uniaxial
arctan E
0
tension tests on
unnotched specimens only
f d | ifi ti
arctan E
0
c
u
/|
c
for and | no specification
possible at present
/E f( k d it fib i t ti b d ti t )
Derivation of the material law on the basis of a micromechanical model
= /E + f(crack density, fiber orientation, bond properties etc.)
SHCC Composition
PVA fibre
Composition
Constituents [kg/m]
Composition
Cement CEM I 42,5 R 320
Fly ash HKV 750 Fly ash HKV 750
Quartz sand
0 06/0 2 mm
535
0.06/0.2 mm
Water 335
Super plasticizer PCE 16.1
Viscosity agent 3.2
PVA fibre, l = 12 mm 29.3
T t l ( ) 1990
Total (approx.) 1990
SHCC behaviour under cyclic loading
Test setup Loading regime
F 0

5
0

F
p
large prisms
small prisms
g g
deformation controlled, monotonic
deformation controlled, cyclic
F
1
0
0

24
r = 104
8
0

4
0

2
4
0

4
0

60
r = 260
2
0
0

1
0
0
5
0
0

2
5
0

load controlled, cyclic
sustained load / creep
40
40
100
100
1
0
0

5
0

Curing conditions
sealed in polymeric foil
100
p y
stored in climatic room at 20C, 65% RH
stored in water
Further parameters
effect of notches notch depth effect of notches, notch depth
boundary conditions (rotatable,
non-rotatable)
loading rate
- 15 -
SHCC behaviour under cyclic loading
5
monotonic
cyclic
Deformation controlled
3
4
y
[
M
P
a
]

tension tests
1
2
S
t
r
e
s
s

0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Strain [%]
a
]

4
cyclic loading
Load controlled
tension tests
s

[
M
P
a
2
3
tension tests
S
t
r
e
s
s
0
1
0 1 2 3 4
Strain [%]
5
- 16 -
SHCC Workability
Slump-flow test Spraying p Sp ay g
Development of rheological properties in time
Rheometer Results from the measurements in oscillation regime g
7
8
S1.8_CA03
(SP1; slump 240 mm)
5
6
S1.8_CA03
(SP2; slump 250 mm)
[
P
a
s
]
3
4
S1.8 (slump 250 mm)
S1.8 (slump 275 mm)
(SP2; slump 250 mm)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

1
2
S 8 (s u p 5 )
V
0
1
0 10 20 30 40
Ti [ i ] Time [min]
different amounts and types of Super-Plasticizers (PCE)
ll t t f C l i Al i t C t
small content of Calcium Aluminate Cement
Strengthening of masonry Motivation
Izmit (Turkey)
Chi A h i (G )
China Achaia (Greece)
Strengthening of masonry Triplet test
F
F
triplet specimen (without strengthening layer)
spraying of a strengthening layer with a thickness of 10 mm
Test setup acc. to DIN EN 1052-3
Representative load-deformation curves
20
F
15
10
t

F

[
k
N
]
c
e

[
k
N
]
K
r
a
f
t
F
o
r
c
5
ohne Verstrkung
mit Verstrkung (Dicke = 10 mm)
without SHCC layer
with SHCC layer (10 mm thick)
0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
mit Verstrkung (Dicke 10 mm)
with SHCC layer (10 mm thick)
Verformung o [mm] Deformation [mm]
- 22 -
Strengthening of masonry Wall tests
Setup of shear tests
Results of shear tests
[
m
m
]
[
k
N
]
[
m
m
]
[
k
N
]
m
a
t
i
o
n

s
D
1
r

f
o
r
c
e

F
H
m
a
t
i
o
n

s
D
1
r

f
o
r
c
e

F
H
without SHCC layer
with SHCC layer (2*10 mm)
D
e
f
o
r
m
S
h
e
a
D
e
f
o
r
m
S
h
e
a
without SHCC layer
with SHCC layer (2*10 mm)
Time [s] Time [s]
SHCC behaviour under impact loading
Hopkinson bar in spallation configuration
Notched specimen at
Hopkinson bar with instrumentation
- 26 -
Mechanical parameters Fracture surfaces Mechanical parameters Fracture surfaces
a
]
N
/
m
]
n
[
M
P
a
F
,
d
y
n
[
k
N
g
t
h

f
t
,
d
y
e
r
g
y

G
F
b
r
e
i
b
r
e
Impact loading
s
t
r
e
n
g
r
e

e
n
e
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
s
t
e
e
l

f
i
s
t
e
e
l

f
i
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

f
r
a
c
t
u
n
a
r
y

c
o
n
a
r
y

c
o
C

w
i
t
h

P
C

w
i
t
h

T
S
p
e
c
.

O
r
d
i
O
r
d
i
n
U
H
P
U
H
P
Fast quasi-static loading
- 27 -
Rear side
SHCC
Application of SHCC in highly loaded
areas of structure areas of structure
Increase in deformability and energy absorption in individual
highly loaded areas (New Design)
Connective
beams
Ductile hinges at
the joists and
conncetions
Feet of shear
walls
Ductile hinges at
coloum feet
after Parra-Montesinos (2003)
- 29 -
Application of SHCC in highly loaded
areas of structure
Damping connective beam in a RC structure, Tokyo
areas of structure
Rokugo (2005)
Joint action with steel reinforcement
Steel bar in SHCC RC Steel bar in SHCC RC Steel bar in SHCC RC
o
_
o
_
RC R/SHCC
Steel bar in SHCC RC
1
0
m
m
1
0
m
m
Fischer (2005)
Fischer (2005)
- 31 -
Application of SHCC for thin-walled elements
Problem to integrate the conventional
Fibre reinforcement
steel reinforcement
Examples: Tubes, facade panels, formed mats, staircases, noise barriers etc.
Fibre reinforcement
Stang (2004)
Stang (2004)
- 32 -
Application of SHCC for repair of chanels
Deros Co. (2005)
- 33 -
SHCC applications
Durable link slab for jointless bridge decks in Michigan Durable link slab for jointless bridge decks in Michigan
Joints before repair
Bridge pier under joints
Li (2004)
- 34 -
SHCC applications
Durable link slab for jointless bridge decks in Michigan
Conventional joint
Durable link slab for jointless bridge decks in Michigan
SHCC link slab SHCC link slab
Li (2005)
- 35 -
SHCC applications
Completion of rebar
Discharge of SHCC from truck
Completion of rebar
Discharge of SHCC from truck
Li (2005)
- 36 -
SHCC applications
Finishing Link Slab Placement of SHCC
Screeding SHCC
surface
Li (2004)
- 37 -
SHCC applications
Durable Link Slab for Jointless Bridge Decks Durable Link Slab for Jointless Bridge Decks
Completed link slab
Tyning driving surface
Li (2004)
- 38 -
SHCC applications
Repair of the Mitaka dam in Japan Repair of the Mitaka dam in Japan
[Rokugo 2004]
- 39 -
SHCC applications
Repair of concrete structures with cracks
Conventional repair mortar SHCC
Repair of concrete structures with cracks
Conventional repair mortar
Altbeton Altbeton
Altbeton Altbeton
SHCC
Altbeton Altbeton
free crack development
dispertion in many fine,
in the repair layer
innocuous cracks
- 40 -
SHCC applications
Repair of a retaining wall in Gifu, Japan Repair of a retaining wall in Gifu, Japan
S
> 0.05mm
0 2-1 mm
0.05-0.2mm
> 1 0mm
Summary
- A trial application on patching repair of wall structure deteriorated
by ASR was conducted in 4/2003.
0.2-1 mm
> 1.0mm
- The applied repair material such as the SHCC reduced the crack
width on surface (<0.1mm).
At 37 th (2006 5) k idth i l th 0 1
- At 37 months (2006.5), crack width is less than 0.1mm.
The surface becomes dirty.
- 41 -

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Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Construction Materials, Prof. Dr.-Ing.

Stable crack growth

for calculation of stress resultants

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