Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain

the same number of molecules. So the volumes have equal moles of separate particles in them. One mole of any gas (or the formula mass in g), at the same temperature and pressure occupies the same volume . This is 24dm3 (24 litres) or 24000 cm3, at room temperature (25oC/298K) and pressure (101.3kPa/1atmosphere). The molar volume for s.t.p is 22.4 dm3 (22.4 litres) at 0oC and 1atmosphere pressure. Historically, s.t.p unfortunately stands for standard temperature and pressure, but these days 25oC/298K is usually considered the standard temperature. y y Some handy relationships for substance Z below: moles Z = mass of Z gas (g) / atomic or formula mass of gas Z (g/mol) o mass of Z in g = moles of Z x atomic or formula mass of Z o atomic or formula mass of Z = mass of Z / moles of Z o 1 mole = formula mass of Z in g. gas volume of Z = moles of Z x molar volume o moles of Z = gas volume of Z / molar volume Note (i): In the following examples, assume you are dealing with room temperature and pressure i.e. 25oC and 1 atmosphere pressure. Note (ii): o Apart from solving the problems using the mole concept (method (a) below, and reading any equations involved in a 'molar way' ... o It is also possible to solve them without using the mole concept (method (b) below). You still use the molar volume itself, but you think of it as the volume occupied by the formula mass of the gas in g and never think about moles! Example 9.1: What is the volume of 3.5g of hydrogen? [Ar(H) = 1] o common thinking: hydrogen exists as H2 molecules, so Mr(H2) = 2, so 1 mole or formula mass in g = 2g o method (a)  so moles of hydrogen = 3.5/2 = 1.75 mol H2  so volume H2 = mol H2 x molar volume = 1.75 x 24 = 42 dm3 (or 42000 cm3) o method (b):  2g occupies 24 dm3, so scaling up for the volume of hydrogen ... 3 3  3.5 g will have a volume of 3.5/2 x 24 = 42 dm (or 42000 cm ) Example 9.2: Given the equation o MgCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ==> MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) +CO2(g) o What mass of magnesium carbonate is needed to make 6 dm3 of carbon dioxide? [Ar's: Mg = 24, C = 12, O = 16, H =1 and S = 32] o method (a): 3 3  since 1 mole = 24 dm , 6 dm is equal to 6/24 = 0.25 mol of gas  From the equation, 1 mole of MgCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2, which occupies a volume of 24 dm3.  so 0.25 moles of MgCO3 is need to make 0.25 mol of CO2  formula mass of MgCO3 = 24 + 12 + 3x16 = 84,  so required mass of MgCO3 = mol x formula mass = 0.25 x 84 = 21g o method (b):  converting the equation into the required reacting masses ..  formula masses: MgCO3 = 84 (from above), CO2 = 12 + 2x16 = 44  MgCO3 : CO2 equation ratio is 1 : 1  so 84g of MgCO3 will form 44g of CO2  44g of CO2 will occupy 24dm3 3  so scaling down, 6 dm of CO2 will have a mass of 44 x 8/24 = 11g  if 84g MgCO3 ==> 44g of CO2, then ...  21g MgCO3 ==> 11g of CO2 by solving the ratio, scaling down by factor of 4 Example 9.3: 6g of a hydrocarbon gas had a volume of 4.8 dm3. Calculate its molecular mass.

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method (a): 3  1 mole = 24 dm , so moles of gas = 4.8/24 = 0.2 mol  molecular mass = mass in g / moles of gas  Mr = 6 / 0.2 = 30  i.e. if 6g = 0.2 mol, 1 mol must be equal to 30g by scaling up o method (b):  6g occupies a volume of 4.8 dm3  the formula mass in g occupies 24 dm3  so scaling up the 6g in 4.8 dm3 3  there will be 6 x 24/4.8 = 30g in 24 dm  so the molecular or formula mass = 30 Example 9.4: Given the equation ... (and Ar's Ca = 40, H = 1, Cl = 35.5) o Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) o What volume of hydrogen is formed when ...  (i) 3g of calcium is dissolved in excess hydrochloric acid?  (ii) 0.25 moles of hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium? o (i) method (a):  3g Ca = 3/40 = 0.075 mol Ca  from 1 : 1 ratio in equation, 1 mol Ca produces 1 mol H2  so 0.075 mol Ca produces 0.075 mol H2 3 3  so volume H2 = 0.075 x 24 = 1.8 dm (or 1800 cm ) o (i) method (b):  from equation 1 Ca ==> 1 H2 means 40g ==> 2g  so scaling down: 3g Ca will produce 2 x 3/40 = 0.15g H2  2g H2 has a volume 24 dm3, so scaling down ... 3 3  0.15g H2 has a volume of (0.15/2) x 24 = 1.8 dm (or 1800 cm ) o (ii) method (a) only:  from equation: 2 moles HCl ==> 1 mole H2 (mole ratio 2:1) 3  so 0.25 mol HCl ==> 0.125 mol H2, volume 1 mole gas = 24 dm 3  so volume H2 = 0.125 x 24 = 3 dm o Example 9.5: Given the equation ... (and Ar's Mg = 24, H = 1, Cl = 35.5) o Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) o How much magnesium is needed to make 300 cm3 of hydrogen gas? o method (a)  300 cm3 = 300/24000 = 0.0125 mol H2 (since 1 mol of any gas = 24000 cm3)  from the equation 1 mole Mg ==> 1 mole H2  so 0.0125 mole Mg needed to make 0.0125 mol H2  so mass of Mg = mole Mg x Ar(Mg)  so mass Mg needed = 0.0125 x 24 = 0.3g o method (b)  reaction ratio in equation is 1 Mg ==> 1 H2,  so reacting mass ratio is 24g Mg ==> 2g H2, 3  2g H2 has a volume of 24000 cm (volume of formula mass in g)  so scaling down: mass Mg needed = 24 x (300/24000) = 0.3g Example 9.6: A small teaspoon of sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda) weighs 4.2g. Calculate the moles, mass and volume of carbon dioxide formed when it is thermally decomposed in the oven. Assume room temperature for the purpose of the calculation. o 2NaHCO3(s) ==> Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) o Formula mass of NaHCO3 is 23+1+12+(3x16) = 84 = 84g/mole o Formula mass of CO2 = 12+(2x16) = 44 = 44g/mole (not needed by this method)  or a molar gas volume of 24000 cm3 at RTP (definitely needed for this method) o In the equation 2 moles of NaHCO3 give 1 mole of CO2 (2:1 mole ratio in equation) o Moles NaHCO3 = 4.2/84 = 0.05 moles ==> 0.05/2 = 0.025 mol CO2 on decomposition.

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Mass = moles x formula mass, so mass CO2 = 0.025 x 44 = 1.1g CO2 Volume = moles x molar volume = 0.025 x 24000 = 600 cm3 of CO2