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Intro Ive compiled as much definition/theory question and answers as I could from 2008 until 2011.

Use this guide wisely, but dont wholly rely on it, as long as you have studied enough, this guide will make you fly! Good Luck!

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

Every single damn definition in epe491 that u need to know April 2011 Q3 A) Name two types of rotor winding of a typical three-phase induction machine. Which rotor type has the simplest construction? Squirrel Cage Rotor and Wound Rotor Squirrel cage rotor has the simplest construction. Rotor is laminated iron core with slots. Metal (Aluminium) bars are moulded in the slots instead of a winding B) How do the stator winding current and the rotor winding current being supplied to a three phase induction motor? By slip rings D) I) List three types of capacitor type induction motors

October 2010 Q1 A) State four types of energy sources for electrical power generation Hydroelectric power station, thermal power station, coal power station, gas turbine power station, nuclear power station

Q2 A)state the two types of core constructions for single-phases transformers -Core type, where windings are wound around the two legs of a rectangular magnetic core -Shell type, the windings are wound around the centre leg of a three-legged core, the primary and secondary windings are wrapped one on to of the one. Improves transformer efficiency and conserves energy Q3 A) State the four advantages of using three-phase induction motor as compared to that of the dc motor for constant-speed application -Can be used with transformer -Commutation does not have to take place -Better power output due to 3 phase source -

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

B)State and compare the differences in terms of torque characteristics and constructional features that exist between single phase and three-phase induction motors. -The sine waves of a 3 phase power supply are 120 degrees apart, in a single phase supply, the are 180 degrees apart. Three phase motors also consume almost half the amperage of the same HP single phase. 3 phase induction motors do not use capacitors or separate windings to get them turning as singlephase motors do, therefore less separate/moving parts to contend with.

Q4) A) State the two types of power electronics switching devices that are normally used in staticconverters Diode Thyristor

B)Explain briefly with the aid of circuit diagram the starting operation of a capacitor start single phase induction motor. -When a capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding, it increases the phase angle between the winding currents. Hence, higher starting torque can be obtained. The capacitor is an added cost. Because the capacitor is in the circuit only during the starting period, it can be an inexpensive ac electrolytic type. The auxiliary winding is disconnected at about 75% of the synchronous speed.

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

c)state and compare the differences in terms of constructional structure, nature of operational speed and the type of required input supply that exist between three phase synchronous motor and three-phase induction motor.

-The rotor of a synchronous machine has a winding called the field winding. It carries direct current. The winidng is normally fed from an external dc source through slip rings and brushed. -The rotor of an induction machine, receives magnetic flux from the field windings. Permanent magnets are sometimes used to provide the major source of flux.

-Synchronous machine operates at synchronous speed -Induction machine operate at rotor speed due to slip, to produce torque.

-Synchronous machine can either be connected to a wye-connected or delta-connected source. -induction machine must be delta connected Q5) a)state two maintenance works that must be regularly done on dc machines to ensure no unnecessary breakdown will occur during its operation. Replacing the brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator b) Determine the differences that exist between separately excited dc machine and self excited dc machine Separately excited -the current field current is supplied by an external source, -there is no direct connection between field and armature current Self excited -There is direct connection between the armature and the field winding -The armature winding will provide the current to create the magnetic field a) Series excitation field winding is connected in series with the armature winding b) Shunt excitation- field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

c) Compound excitation field winding is connected in series and parallel with the armature winding Q1 a) Discuss briefly two advantages of using grid system -Stability in operation, the system has greater reserve power through their combined resources than a system working in isolation -Service continuity, if one of the generating stations should break down or to closed for inspection and repair, energy could be supplied by the remaining stations -Economy, in this system, the load can be shared among various generating station so that the overall operating cost is minimized. Thus, we can shut down a number of stations when demand is low.

Q3 A) State the advantages of capacitor-start capacitor-run motor over other types of split-phase induction motor The capacitor and auxiliary winding are not cut out after starting, this simplifies the construction and decrease the cost because centrifugal switch is not needed The PF, torque pulsation and efficiency are also improved because the motor runs as a single twophase motor.

b) Discuss briefly the method employed in starting a split phase induction machine Resistant start, capacitor start, capacitor run and shaded pole

Q4 a) What are the conditions of paralleling to synchronous generator? -The RMS voltage should be equal to that of the other paralleled generators, this has a tolerance set at +- 5% for oncoming generators, as generating a higher/lower voltage than the other paralleled generators would have noticeable effect on the total RMS voltage of the system. -The frequency must be the same on the generators on the system, any deviation in the frequencies have a harmonic effect on the rms voltage of the system can create an undesired sine wave. -Phase rotation must be the same phase sequence across all generators.

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

October 2009 Q2 a) List and describe the type of losses that occur in a transformer iron core produces eddy-current losses and hysteresis losses which contributes to temperature rise of the transformer the core is not infinitely permeable there is flux leakage, the flux produced by the priamary is not completely captured by the secondary, the windings have resistance, there is copper loss these losses appear in the form of heat, produces an increase in temperature, drop in efficiency Q4 State two types of rotor used in synchronous machine. Briefly explain the mechanical construction of each type of the rotor and give one application of synchronous generator -Salient and cylindrical - Salient rotor, requires large number of poles, posses large diameter to provide space for the poles -Cylindrical , no of poles cannot be less than 2, smaller compared to salient pole Salient commonly used in low speed hydraulic turbine Cylindrical used by high speed steam turbine April 2009 Q2 A) state the differences between ideal and practical transformer

There are basically 4 major differences :1. The windings (both primary and secondary) of an ideal transformer are considered to have zero resistance, hence the transformer is lossless. 2. There is no leakage flux in an ideal transformer. 3. The permeability of the core material in ideal transformer is considered to be tending to infinity and hence the current needed to set up the flux in the transformer is negligible. 4. There is zero hysteresis and eddy current losses in an ideal transformer. Alternate answer An ideal transformer is the one whose windings do not have any ohmic resistance and whose core does not have any leakage flux and eddy current losses.
MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

A practical transformer is the one whose windings do have some amount of ohmic resistance and the core also have some leakage flux and eddy current losses.
Q4 A) Synchronouse machines can be divided into two types depending on the rotor construction I)state the two types of rotor used in synchronous machine -Cylindrical -Salient II) Briefly describe the mechanical construction of each type of the rotor - Salient rotor, requires large number of poles, posses large diameter to provide space for the poles -Cylindrical , no of poles cannot be less than 2, smaller compared to salient pole III) State one application for each type of synchronous generator Salient commonly used in low speed hydraulic turbine Cylindrical used by high speed steam turbine

October 2008 Q2 A) List and describe the types of losses that occur in a transformer iron core produces eddy-current losses and hysteresis losses which contributes to temperature rise of the transformer the core is not infinitely permeable there is flux leakage, the flux produced by the primary is not completely captured by the secondary, the windings have resistance, there is copper loss these losses appear in the form of heat, produces an increase in temperature, drop in efficiency

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

Q4) A) State two types of rotor used in synchronous machine, briefly explain the mechanical construction of each type of the rotor and give one application for each type of synchronous generator. -Salient and cylindrical - Salient rotor, requires large number of poles, posses large diameter to provide space for the poles -Cylindrical , no of poles cannot be less than 2, smaller compared to salient pole Salient commonly used in low speed hydraulic turbine Cylindrical used by high speed steam turbine April 2008 Q1 A) briefly describe five main energy resources used to generate electrical energy Coal, water , gas, oil, nuclear Coal -most common, cheap, most polluting, non renewable Water -best source, non polluting, no cost for the fuel Natural gas -cleaner than coal, hard to transport, non renewable Nuclear -non polluting, expensive, require elaborate safety system and expensive training, once built, cost of fuel is low

Q2) there are four losses defined in a transformer, list and describe three of those losses iron core produces eddy-current losses and hysteresis losses which contributes to temperature rise of the transformer the core is not infinitely permeable there is flux leakage, the flux produced by the primary is not completely captured by the secondary, the windings have resistance, there is copper loss these losses appear in the form of heat, produces an increase in temperature, drop in efficiency MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

Q3 A) Define the following terms in an induction motor i)Slip ii)Slip speed Slip is defined as the ratio of the speed difference between synchronous speed, ns and rotor speed, nr, to the synchronous speed given by

Slip speed or slip rpm or Nslip is defined as the difference between synchronous speed, ns and rotor speed nr , given by

B) why is it impossible for an induction motor to operate at synchronous speed ? If rotor speed Nr is equal to sync speed Ns, Nr = Ns , there will be no induced voltage and current in the rotor circuit and hence no torque. Therefore, there will be no cutting of flux and rotor current equals to zero. Therefore it is not possible for the rotor to rotate at synchronous speed. Q5 A) list the associated problems with the implementation of commutation in a real dc machine. Explain the possible methods to solve these problems -brushes wear out -use brushless commutation

Note: Use this guide wisely and please read the torque speed characteristics of induction motor, very famous question, remember the diagram

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN MOHAMAD IBRAHIM idzham@rocketmail.com twitter @idzham_ibrahim

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