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BIOCHEMISTRY RECAP QUIZ JEBA

Identify the organ that normally consumes the most glucose at rest. Recognize why L-carbohydrates are poorly utilized by mammals. Examine structural differences between NAD+ and NADPH. Understand how clinical chemistry laboratories can distinguish between the oxidized and reduced forms of NAD+. Recognize the linear and/or ring structures of the most common mammalian monosaccharides (Fig. 18-1). Contrast general metabolic characteristics of glucose, fructose and galactose. Recognize how brush border oligosaccharidases of the small intestine act on luminal disaccharides (see Chapter 38). Know the structures of the common disaccharides (maltose, lactose and sucrose). Explain why disaccharides do not appear in the hepatic portal circulation following a meal, yet dipeptides do (see Chapters 7 & 38). Identify and discuss the source of the most common trisaccharides present in nature. Explain why glycogen present in muscle and adipose tissue is of little use for general metabolism in other organs and tissues of the body. Identify the noncarbohydrates used for glucose synthesis in the liver, and discuss why gluconeogenesis is important, particularly to herbivores and carnivores (see Chapter 37). Questions 1. Which of the following can contribute glucose directly to the circulation following glycogen breakdown (i.e., glycogenolysis)? a. Muscle b. Liver c. Adipose tissue d. Brain e. All of the above 2. The repeating disaccharide unit of cellulose, which contains -(1,4) glycosidic linkages: a. Cannot be hydrolyzed by mammalian constitutive enzymes. b. Is referred to as trehalose. c. Cannot be hydrolyzed by bacteria. d. Is also found in glycogen and starch. e. All of the above 3. Which organ of the body generally consumes the most glucose at rest? a. Heart b. Liver

c. Brain d. Kidney e. Lung 4. Which one of the following monosaccharides is a triose and an aldose? a. Ribose b. Galactose c. Fructose d. Glyceraldehyde e. Sedoheptulose 5. Which one of the following monosaccharides is found in NAD+? a. Dihydroxyacetone b. Fructose c. Ribose d. Glucose e. Galactose 6. Which one of the following monosaccharides, which is a part of the lactose molecule, is synthesized from glucose in the mammary gland? a. Galactose b. Fructose c. Maltose d. Ribose e. Dihydroxyacetone 7. When NAD+ is reduced: a. The nicotinamide ring changes from a quinonoid to an aromatic structure. b. It continues to absorb UV light at the same optimal wavelength (i.e., 260 nm). c. The nitrogen atom in the nicotinamide ring l loses its charge. d. The ribose moiety becomes protonated. e. A nitrogen atom in adenosine becomes charged. 8. Which one of the following is an intermediate in the intestinal digestion of starch? a. Maltose b. Galactose c. Sucrose d. Lactose e. Sedoheptulose 9. Approximately what percentage of the mammalian organism is normally comprised of carbohydrate? a. 1% b. 10% c. 25% d. 55% e. 90% 10. Conversion of galactose to glucose occurs to the greatest extent in which of the following? a. The small intestine b. The liver

c. Skeletal muscle d. The brain e. The mammary gland 11. The 7-carbon sugar, sedoheptulose, is formed in the: a. Tricarboxylic acid cycle. b. Uronic acid pathway. c. Malate shuttle. d. Urea cycle. e. Hexose monophosphate shunt. 12. Diets high in sucrose can lead to large amounts of which monosaccharide entering the hepatic portal vein? a. Galactose b. Xylose c. Ribose d. Arabinose e. Fructose 13. Invertase is: a. Also known as galactase. b. A disaccharide also known as sucrose. c. A liver enzyme known to hydrolyze lactose. d. An intestinal brush border disaccharidase. e. An intestinal enzyme known to convert carbohydrates from their ring to linear forms.
ANSWERS 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. c 8. a 9. a 10. b 11. e 12. e 13. d

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