1) Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following influenced the development of American society.

Puritanism during the 17th century, the Great Awakening during the 18th century, or the Second Great Awakening during the 19th century. I. the Great Awakening during the 18th century a. The revivals during this time showed the anxiety and longing of the people in a darker world filled with grief and misery b. Due to the efforts of evangelists such as Johnathen Edwards and George Whitefield many sought salvation mainly those in their late twenties c. Edwards focus on damnation and hell stirred the feelings of many and caused wide spread seeking of Gods Word and these revivals exposed the social tensions and divisions of the time d. One division exposed was the New Lights or the revivalists vs. The Old Lights who were the rational clergy that dominated traditional Christian denominations such as the Anglicans, Presbyterians, and Congregationalists e. Publications such as Tennents THE DANGER of an Unconverted Ministry highlighted the fears of many revivalists that members of the Old Light lacked grace and were bound to hell which in turn attracted much conversion by members of the Old Light f. By 1740, 1/3 of all New Lights left their churches and formed separate denominations and parishes however many Old Lights denied the legal statuses of these new churches thus increasing the tension between both groups h. The Revival also started the decline of various groups such as the Quakers, Anglicans, and the Congregationalists conversely however the number of Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists increased I. New colleges were also formed during this time because of the tension between Old and New lights. These colleges also formed the Ivy League colleges such as Princeton, Brown, and Columbia J. Because the revivalists used oral communication, many blacks and Native Americans were drawn to Protestantism for the first time. Many blacks combined these teachings with their native culture and this became the foundation for Black Protestantism. In fact, many of the African Americans who were converted were slaves

k. New revivalist churches also allowed women the right to speak and vote as well as established missionaries for Native Americans however discrimination toward both women and Native Americans were both rampant L. the Revival also ultimately led to religious tolerance among many different Christian sects which eventually lead to a greater accommodation of different ideals and beliefs II. The Second Great Awakening A. the Second Great Awakening began with Timothy Dwights revival camps in which he claimed that the second coming of Jesus was on hand b. This Awakening was popular in the Frontier where it helped set the stage for a moral standard in the area which was led primarily by the Methodist Church c. Other revivals such as the Rochester Revival led by Charles Finney established speed conversions as well as the notion that sin was completely voluntary and that it could be eliminated and this mindset ultimately led to the prohibition movement d. This perfectionism appealed mostly to small manufactures and lawyers in the North because of its insistence of responsibility and personal choice e. Women also were given a larger public role such as giving public testimonies as well as being a moral barometer in the family g. Various other religious sects also emerged during this time such as the Shakers and the Mormons whom both greatly departed from the traditional aspects of the Christianity h. Many of the reforms created from the Revival were called Antebellum Reforms such as Womens suffrage, abolition, temperance, prison reform, and mental institutional reform. These reforms stemmed from a revived sense of responsibility and Christian care toward the less fortunate I. With regards to abolition many saw slavery as a sin however there was not a popular abolitionist consensus and with regard to womens rights the increased voice of women with regard to morality created a sense that women deserved more property rights as well suffrage however despite the efforts of William Lloyd Garrison and the Grimke Sisters the plight of women remained intact for the 4) How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? I Economic factors A. There was a phasing out of indentured servants in favor of black slaves whom could work without pay

B. Slaves also could work much longer than white servants as well do more manual labor C. The cultivation of the tobacco and rice crops among the southern colonies also facilitated the need for a larger workforce D. Because they worked from birth till death they became an important commodity in the South where there were labor shortages throughout the years E. Slavery also created real estate speculation in the South which could be seen in Georgia II. Geographic Factors A. The fertile soil of the South encouraged greater cultivation of the land by laborers including slaves B. the Souths proximity to the Atlantic Ocean made it a viable stop for the transportation of Caribbean and African Slaves into America C. Climate wise the South was ideal for growing crops year round and the inclusion of slaves whom could work year round for years made the notion of a large slave labor force in the South more favorable D. Overall there was a lack of white immigration to the South which again facilitated the use of more slave workers whose large numbers would be able to take advantage of the land in the area III. Social Factors A. One major factor that led to an expansion of slavery in the South was the fact that Blacks were immune to many diseases that killed indentured servants and thus could work longer without being replaced B. Also many Blacks had experience planting crops such as rice and thus were more economically dependable than indentured servants C. Racism also permeated many aspects of Southern Society thereby justifying the use of Black slaves over indentured servants

9) Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any 2 of the following: Foreign relations, Economic conditions, Western lands.

I.

II.

Foreign relations a. The greatest drawback of the articles was that the government was unable to raise an army b. Border disputes with Britain were prevalent during this time c. Congress also had no control over interstate as well as foreign commerce. Despite Monroes insistence congress denied a committee to over look foreign commerce in 1785 because many feared that it would give the central government too much power d. The US was also barred from sending ambassadors to other countries thus further increasing the alienation of the new nation e. States such as Vermont took advantage of this isolationism to try to forge an independence from New York due to a promise from Britain to recognize their independence however after the end of the war Britain lost interest. This incident again highlighted how the Articles approach toward foreign relations was hurting the stability of the nation f. With regard to the Native Americans, the lack of an army created great tension among the frontiersmen g. With regard to Spain, the states once again had set their own rates and had to work independently of the central government which in turn hurt confidence among the Spanish and British traders Western Lands a. The Northwest Ordinance became the blue print of how future states would be settled and it also set a precedent of creating streets free from slavery. Also as a result of this legislation the Midwest also opened up for future settlement. b. The land ordinance of 1784 also complimented this in that it helped divide land in the Ohio River Valley and beyond into states c. The need for these ordinances was created after the fallout of the Proclamation of 1763 wherein lands west of the Ohio River Valley were open to colonization and exploration however after the War many thought this charter was revoked which created a vast confusion among many states and their territorial acquirements however these ordinances helped remedy the situation

17) Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the 19th century used legal, religious, and economic arguments to defend the institution of slavery I. Legal a. First and foremost pro slavery advocates claimed that slaves were property of their masters and that the right of the ownership of private property is the most sacred of American rights

b. Many feared that emancipation blacks to pursue further civil rights to the extent that they would be equal to whites c. Also many concluded that this emancipation and civil rights would eventually lead to a race war that would create anarchy followed by a mobacracy and this again justified the continuation of slavery d. The Dred Scott Case also made it so that blacks would have no legal standing in a court thus preventing them from making any appeals on a legal level e. Some also asserted the historic precedence slavery had in the great societies of the past such as Ancient Athens and Rome which both had the legal use of slaves. Also this agreement was used to counter the abolitionist view of slavery as backwards II. Religious a. Some argued that slavery presented an opportunity for slave masters and others to create Christian humility and control for blacks b. Many clerics had become convinced that slavery had become necessary for the proper practice of Christianity and many cited Biblical examples such as St Paul who returned runaway slaves to their master c. Some claimed that abolitionists also advocated womens rights and were undermining the family unit d. Many denominations in the South such as the Methodist Episcopal Church split and drove the anti slavery sect out of the south thereby creating an almost pro slavery religious consensus in the South Economic a. Many proslavery advocates reasoned that slaves were better off than Northern workers both in terms of wages and prosperity b. Some argued that the northern factory workers were just wage slaves whom were just discarded when they no longer became useful however slaves were always taken care of by their master c. Slavery was also still the standard of wealth so now the elimination of slavery was seen as an attack on Southern prosperity d. Some asserted that slaves were in better economic standards in American than if they had been left in Africa; also many asserted that slavery was needed to help these savages

III.

e. Finally, some also argued that the Souths economy had become too dependent on slaves therefore a withdrawal from slavery would greatly jeopardize the economic standing of the South as a whole

22) In what ways did developments in transportation bring about economic and social change in the United States in the period 1820 to 1860? I. Economic Change a. Steam boat transportation allowed a greater exchange of goods and services among many states. For example, the city of New Orleans became a vital trading post along the Ohio- Mississippi river way b. The canal boom in the Eries allowed for farmers to send their wheat to various parts of the country such as the Hudson River which flowed into New York City c. Due to the Supreme Court Case Gibbons Vs Ogden which stipulated that navigational commerce fell under Interstate commerce and thereby could regulate trade which then led to the collapse of steamboat monopolies such as the Livingston-Fulton monopoly which in turn greatly increased the number of steam boats in operation to about 730 in 1855 d. Rail Roads however became the hallmark transportation method of this time frame because it was cheaper and more efficient than steam boats however early railroad systems were controlled exclusively by private investors which led to many cost cutting measures in railroads which in turn crippled its effectiveness E. The most important achievement railroad had been it linked the East to the Midwest. For example, the city of Chicago grew exponentially during this time frame due to the rail road. Also it helped many Southern cities like Atlanta and Chattanooga to become busy transportation hubs f. Farmers in the Upper Midwest now could ship their goods directly east and these east-west rail lines helped facilitate agricultural growth in the upper Midwest. During this time frame as well the amount of wheat produced in many states also dramatically increased in order to cope with the increased demand g. Small towns also started to develop along rail lines which in turn created real estate speculation. This then lead to an increase of factories, lumberyards, and other industries in the upper Midwest and near major cities like Chicago h. The massive impact of the rail road made it become Americas first big business however to finance this large endeavor local governments turned to large private

investments which eventually led to the creation of the capital market known as Wall Street in New York. The New York Stock Exchange soon became the largest investment firm in the world

II. Social Change a. The Transportation Revolution most notably increased the prosperity of the average American because it provided greater opportunities for work and settlement b. With the growth of many cities and small towns the annual wages of workers also grew and these opportunities soon began to attract greater settlement in major cities and towns and encouraged a migration from the rural countryside c. Overall there was much greater settlement occurring in the West as a result of improved transportation lines which enabled the supply of goods to further permeate the continental US d. Due to the Preemption Act of 1830 squatters could acquire land ahead of government surveys for a very cheap price which again increased the settlement of the West e. This progression west also created a nationalism which would later come about as Manifest Destiny or the belief that Americans were destined to conquer the rest of the continent

27) Compare and contrast the attitudes and philosophies of the following toward civil rights of African Americans: Booker T Washington and WEB Dubois I. Booker T Washington a. He wanted a society where blacks were to accommodate to their present status but that overtime they would achieve their goals b. In his autobiography UP FROM SLAVERY, Washington asserts that through hard work and honesty that an African American can achieve equality c. Overall Washingtons vision can be characterized as accomodastic and optimistic however these ideals were challenged primarily by Northern African Americans who claimed that Washingtons acceptance of disenfranchisement was unacceptable. Washington was also publicly silent on many racial violence incidents d. Washington also advocated that Blacks become useful members of society and acquire skillful vocational skills

II. W E B Du Bois A. Du Bois advocated immediate equal opportunities for Blacks and that all Blacks resist all forms of racism rather than accept it like Washington had advocated. This set a precedent of future assertiveness and militancy of Blacks seeking equality in the coming century b. Followers of Du Bois also met in Niagara Falls for the Niagara Movement which was a civil rights movement dedicated to achieving equal opportunities for Blacks c. Later Du Bois and his supporters created the NAACP which promoted activism to achieve civil rights which was a far cry from Washingtons accommodation. This movement generated most support from the disenfranchised Black urban middle class

most part. This was due because it was seen closely associated with abolition which made it unpopular in the South and the fact that many women did not actively pursue to cause of suffrage and reform 5) Under the salutary neglect policy, Britain would not impede on the rights and sovereignty of her colonies. This policy allowed colonists to create their own legislative assemblies that would allow them to create taxes and laws. These legislative assemblies also had the responsibility of paying the royal governors and this led to the power of the purse phenomenon in which allowed the assemblies to put pressure on the governor to enact certain legislation. Although the colonists had a relative amount of freedom, Parliament still passed trade laws that affected the colonies. One such act was the Navigation Acts which promoted the mercantilist economic policy Britain abided to at that time which essentially promoted greater colonization. Overall the Navigation Acts protected the colonists trading rights and those who opposed it were in the minority. Also these policies helped foster the religious movement known as The Great Awakening which created a sense of empowerment among the colonists. Some could argue that this occurred partly because of the lack of control Britain imposed on the colonies which in turn allowed the colonies to create an identity of independence of the crown. In fact after 1763 when the Britain did in fact try to gain greater control over colonial affairs the colonists used the ideals of The Great Awakening in that they critsized the actions of the crown. In conclusion, the policy of salutary neglect allowed the colonists to forge an identity of them that was independent of Parliaments influence and control. 6) After the French and Indian War, Britain imposed more direct control over her colonies. This control led to the Proclamation of 1763 which gave the crown direct control of land transactions, settlement, trade, and other activities of colonists west of the Appalachian Mountains. In addition to these measures and also as a response to aggression during the French and Indian War, thousands of British soldiers were sent to occupy the colonies in an effort to intimidate the enemies of the crown that still resided in the Americas. However, many colonists

perceived this influx of British soldiers as a threat to their liberties because many felt that the French were no longer a lethal threat. Adding to their woes, to pay for the war as well as the soldiers the crown justified new and more taxes on the colonists in the form such as The Sugar and Stamp Act. These acts were a radical departure from the Navigation Acts because these acts brought revenue to British treasuries and also acts like The Stamp Act were seen as an attack on the basics rights of English men such as the right to a fair trial. Despite these problems there was little direct resistance because only a few states such as Massachusetts and New York were affected by the Sugar Act. In spite of its measures, The Sugar Act did not raise much revenue for the crown which led to the creation of The Stamp Act which many saw as a far greater impediment on the traditional rights of the colonists. This was because The Sugar Act was an internal tax that taxed goods, property, and government services. These internal taxes affected the majority of colonists unlike the external taxes of The Sugar Act and the trading regulations provided by The Navigation Acts which for the most part only affected merchants. In response to the measures of The Stamp Act many colonists boycotted British goods. 12.) Two schools of political thought had emerged toward the end of Washingtons second term and these two schools of thought were the Federalists and The Jeffersonian Republicans which were supplemented by various democratic organizations and clubs. These parties formed for a variety of reasons despite the fact that the public originally saw them as a threat to liberty that were run by vile conspirators. One decisive separation of thought between the two parties was the view of French Revolution which as occurring during this time in the mid 1790s. The Federalist took to the support of The British who opposed the Revolution but also had violated the rights of Americans to have ports in France. One justification the Federalists presented was that they feared that the American public would mirror the actions of French and this violated the key doctrine of the Federalists in that they held to the belief that the central government should be strong and while elected by the people it was to be independent of direct influence. On the other hand, the Jeffersonian Republicans supported the revolutionaries because they held to the doctrine that liberty was best exercised when its in the hands of the people. They saw this Revolution as a way the people could realize and express their common interests in a stable society that would protect the civil liberties of its people. Another issue that divided both parties was the issue of a National Bank which was espoused by Hamilton and this became controversial because the Constitution did not offer any restrictions or endorsements of a National Bank. This silence again separated the respective parties into different camps such as the Federalists who wanted a strict Constitutional interpretation i.e. no bank or the Jeffersonian Republicans who wanted a loose interpretation i.e. pro bank. 21) When the Federalist Party died out by the early 1800s the Jeffersonian Republicans were the only major party. However, due to internal struggles the Republican Party eventually split for a variety of reasons. One reason was because of differing political personalities within the party and this difference was first widely seen in the election of 1824 wherein Adams defeated Jackson in an election in which many speculate was riddled in corruption. After his election, Adams

pursued such goals such as internal improvements which was heavily supported by the Whig party however this policy caused splitinaring within the party so much so that Adams eventual successor Martin Van Buren promoted a second party opposite that of the Republicans which would become known as the Democratic Party. Ultimately, in the 1828 election the Democratic Party led by Jackson defeated the National Republicans. Another factor that caused the Republicans to split was the issue of the economy in that during Jacksons presidency he opposed the National Bank because he claimed that it only helped the privileged likewise he also opposed Henry Clays American System which was supported by the new Whig party. After the implementation of this legislation the public could see the great visible differences between the two parties and adding to this stark contrast was the Panic of 1837 in that during Van Burens presidency the Independent Treasury Bill which stored all the federal credit in treasuries which lowered public credit. These highly impactful measures implemented by both parties further allowed the public to support two highly differing mainstream political parties. 24) Before the Civil War, there were groups of people who on moral grounds wanted to abolition of slavery and these people were called abolitionists. The first issue of slavery before the Civil War was the Missouri Compromise which was more based on political reasoning rather than on moral grounds. This was because before the induction of Missouri as a state there was a balance of free and slave states and many feared that Missouri would tip this balance and become a slave state. To remedy this situation Henry Clay composed The Missouri Compromise that would allow Missouri to become a slave state if Maine could become a free state thus preserving the balance of free to slave states and to support this decision was the fact that the Louisiana Purchase prohibited slavery in any state above the 36 degree and 30 minute line. Despite this Missouris new constitution denied free blacks admittance into the state which angered anti slavery northern who claimed that this action unfairly discriminated against blacks and they delayed the admittance of Missouri until 1821. In order to remedy the situation Clay created the second Missouri Compromise which prohibited discrimination of citizens of other states however it did not answer the problem of whether freed blacks would be citizens. In the Mexican- American War congressed added enough states to create a new balance of fifteen free and slave states. However, slavery once again became an issue in the Mexican Cession in that many northerners wanted to apply the principles of The Missouri Compromise in this area however this action was protested by many Southerners. Many of these Southerners advocated the notion of popular sovierengthy where the people of a state of state could decide the fate of its slaves. Once again to remedy this situation Henry Clay authored more compromises which were eventually broken down by Stephen Douglas in order to be passed. In the end, the Wilmont Proviso was enacted that prohibited slavery in Mexican Cession and also it allowed free-soilers to debate the issue of slavery in any new territories. Conversely, this compromise also led to the fugitive slave act which was a blatant attack on blacks in fact in went to as far as to accuse blacks in the North of being runaways and force them to the South; a slave who was accused also did not face a trial by jury but rather by a judge who would get money if he ruled against the slave. Appalled by these actions vigilante groups allowed many slaves to escape to Canada as well as

the passage of personal liberty laws that helped circumvent the provisions of the fugitive slave act. One can see that by these actions that based on moral grounds that was political actions against slavery and its enforcement. 30.) From 1875 to 1900, big business was in its golden age where in it had grown at an exponential rate. The downside to this progress was the fact that the average worker great hardships within the workplace. Out of these hardships, organized labor arose however due to political climate of the time their success was severely limited. Organizations such as the AFL and Knights of Labor were perceived as unstable and dangerous due to the strikes and violent activity undertaken by some of the members of the organizations. The leaders of these parties such Eugene Debs were seen as radical socialists (in reality he was a socialist) and due to ideological differences there was discrimination on who could be admitted in the respective organization. For example, The Knights of Labor virtually anyone however they faced a dilemma in the sense that they desired cooperative ownership and a removal of the wage system however they were striking for better wages and working conditions. In addition to these problems, Americas presidents during this time frame were for the most part pro business and anti labor in the sense that the presidents such as Hayes and Cleveland authorized the use of federal troops to quell strikes. The supreme court also followed this patter in regards to the treatment of unions in the sense that they ruled the Sherman Anti Trust Act could be used to break strikes such as the Pullman strikes. Industrialists such as Henry Ford likewise used underhanded tactics such as yellow dog contracts and scabs to prevent workers from joining unions and using force to break up a strike. Overall, the greatest shortcoming of organized labor was the relatively low number of unionized workers in fact only 5% of workers were unionized. This relatively low number prevented organized from accomplishing many of its goals however they did succeed with respect to establishing themselves as an acceptable way for workers to express their concerns and needs. 3. Explain in detail how the following groups treated the Indians of North America before 1750 British French Spanish At first the English had the perception that their natural superiority would overcome the Indians. This arrogance led to expansion which in turn led to conflicts with the Indians such as the First and Second Powhatan Wars, the Pequot War, and King Philips War. After the fighting, the British created a treaty with the Iroquois wherein they would help colonists remove rival tribes as well as settle in new areas and in exchange they were protected. However colonies such as Pennsylvania created fraudulent treaty that allowed the Walking Purchase where any land covered in a day and half could be claimed so therefore tribes such as the Delaware had to give up almost twelve hundred miles of land. With respect to religion, the British created praying towns that were led by missionaries were Indians were taught to assimilate to a new Christian

lifestyle which resulted a in a fusion of Christianity and Native beliefs. The French on the other used the fur trade as their main form communication among the Indians which satisfied the reciprocity aspect of Indian culture which in turn made the French the most welcomed European colony. French settlers called couruer de bois lived in the far west and made alliances with various Indian tribes such as the Huron in exchange for better trade. This system of trade was even found as far south as Louisiana and the French worked to preserve this trade even fighting the Iroquois in 1666. The Spanish established the encomienda system in the West Indies where the conquistadors essentially enslaved the indigenous population. In South America, conquistadors such as Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs and wiped out most of their population and Franciscan missionaries used strict religious codes on the Indians in order to convert them.

8. Analyze the extent to which the American Revolution altered the political, economic and social aspects of American society. Confine your answer to the period 1775 to 1800.

After British rule each state had its own constitution as well as its own bill of rights. The Articles of Confederation at that time did not allow the central government to control taxes or trade of any sort. In fact it was during the Philadelphia Convention that we adopted our constitution which based on the separation of powers doctrine. Economically, after the war we were left in massive debt as well as high inflation and measures to curtail this problem such as more taxes were circumvented by states such as Maryland and New York. Many of Americas exporting markets had shut down because we no longer traded with Britain and her colonies so therefore we had greatly reduce the amount of seamen we had. Despite these issues the Mid Atlantic did rebound from these problems by 1788 and by 1791 Hamiltons national banks created loans and regulated local banks which helped expand the economy. Socially, after the war there was a brief period where many class differences were overlooked and there was mutual respect among all members of society except the landless. The pre anti slavery sentiment before the war resurfaced so that now many Northern states banned slavery however the freed blacks were none the less treated as second class citizens. With regards to women, womens status had not been changed much however she could now choose her husband and have more say in the marriage including getting a divorce more importantly the notion of republican motherhood arose where women were to be educated enough to pass on patriotic ideals to their children. 10. Explain Alexander Hamilton's financial policies and how they revealed sectional differences Hamilton sought a strong centralized government in order to preserve national unity as well as putting federal authority before state authority. For instance in his Report on Public Credit Hamilton suggested that government can both pay its and states debts by selling western lands as well as stock. To further his ideals he purposed a plan of perpetual debt to the people to keep investors in the US. With these policies, Hamilton was able to strengthen the industrial sector of America and to supplement this growth his Report on Manufacturers called for an overall system whereby American industry could thrive due to high tariffs and low duties

imposed on ships. With regard to sectionalism, the southern states opposed his plan to pay the debts of states because they had already paid. Also many in the South were reluctant to accept the national bank because they had put their wealth in slaves but also many feared the increasement of tariffs would make it harder for them to sell their crops. These ideals did not fair well in Northeast both where state debts were not paid and as a result the shipping industry received no aid.

19. Analyze the extent to which TWO of the following influenced the development of democracy between 1820 and 1840. Jacksonian economic policy Changes in electoral politics Second Great Awakening Westward Movement Finneys revival as well as others held that ones destiny could be controlled and this in turn encouraged individualism which led to a greater fight for democratic rights such as abolition and womens rights and the reformers justified their actions by stating that their cause was God ordained. In addition to the fight for these rights the American Temperance Society was formed in 1826 to stem the growth of alcoholism. With respect Jackson, there was much suspicion of banks and other monopolies so much so that he vetoed a rechartering of the national bank and removed the loans from these national banks and placed them in state banks. In addition to this there was a split in the Democratic Party among those who supported hard money or soft money and adding to his woes many democrats who disagreed with Jacksons policies especially in the South defected to the Whig party

29. Analyze the major events of Reconstruction (1865-1877) and assess its success. By 1863, President Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction which made so that loyal state governments could quickly be created as well as it used the 10% plan where only a minority of the voters who were loyal to the union was allowed to create a minority state government. Johnsons Reconstructural plan allowed for many former confederates to be granted amnesty and delegates of the state assembly would have to take a loyal oath as well as support ratification of the thirteenth amendment. In addition to this the Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave the same civilian rights enjoyed by whites to blacks. Next, the fourteenth amendment declared that all blacks were citizens; the Reconstruction Act of 1867 set up military run districts in the South and in order for re entry into the Union a state would have to create a new constitution that had to approved by Congress. Finally the fifteenth amendment was passed which granted suffrage to blacks. In order to understand to successes and failures of reconstruction one must realize that under Johnson many ex confederates rose in the ranks of

state legislatures which eventually led to Redemption in the South as well as the passage of black codes. Furthermore, the suffrage of blacks was regulated due to loopholes in the fifteenth amendment such as a literacy test and in addition to the loopholes racist organizations such as the KKK attacked potential black voters thus reducing their voice in politics in the South. On the measurement of success on must note the creation of a new Republican electorate that would remain until the New Deal by The Freedmen Bureau. 31. To what extent did economic and political developments as well as assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period of 1875- 1925?

Economically, department stores of the late 1800s encouraged greater consumerism among women to decorate their homes. Middle class women did not work outside the home and were dependent on their husbands where as poorer women did have to work outside the home often in dead end and low paying jobs. Politically, the concept of the new women was created where women were seen as the moral guardians of the home and they had an obligation to participate in politics because many saw it as an extension of her responsibilities. Some new women political groups created included the Womens Christian Temperance Union. During this time, one assumed that a womens sphere of influence resided inside the home and the world of politics and business were beyond her reach as well as influence. To help them better understand their roles colleges admitted women for the first time and it was assumed that Victorian women would create and cultivate creativity and culture in the home.