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Systems Guide
A Guide to Mobile Hydraulics Open Centre, Constant Pressure and Load Sensing Systems

Introduction Definitions
The contents of this brochure highlight important differences between open centre, constant pressure and load sensing systems.
17 5
100

16
200

50

10 9 8

4 7 13 15 14
12. Pump connection 13. Tank connection 14. Tank 15. Filter
Unit for cleaning oil.

12 11 3 2

1. Work ports A and B 2. Parallel line

Connection for hoses to cylinders or motors. Gallery feeding the actuators. Unbroken parallel line gives a parallel circuit. Broken parallel line gives a tandem circuit.

Unit for containing, cooling and de-airing oil.

3. Open Centre line

Gallery for the pump oil in an open centre valve where surplus oil flows. Progressively builds up pump pressure the more the spools are moved out of neutral position.

16. Cylinder 17. Motor

Unit converting oil flow to linear movement. Unit converting oil flow to rotating movement.

4. Load check valve

Prevents oil from going in the wrong direction through the work ports.

5. Work port relief valve 6. Anti-cavitation 7. Notch 8. Notch 9. Notch

Relief valve protecting the work ports, with or without anti-cavitation function. A check valve for refilling. Notch pump to tank (PT), in open centre line, building up system pressure. Notch pump to work port (PW). Notch work port to tank (WT).

Single function operation Simultaneous operation Flow interference Controllability

The operator moves one lever/spool at the time. The operator moves two or more levers/spools at the same time. Flow from one section is affected when another section is activated. Used for both single function operation and simultaneous operation; indicates how well the valve modulates flow and pressure at each work port.

10. Spool functionality 11. Pump

Unit delivering oil to the system.

Introduction Products
Mobile valves spool actuators
Manually operated
Manual Pneumatic

Pilot operated
Hydraulic Electro-hydraulic

Manual

1 axis proportional lever No mechanical hysteresis Some force hysteresis

Pneumatic

1 and 2 axis proportional levers 30 % mechanical hysteresis

Hydraulic

1 and 2 axis proportional levers 10 % mechanical hysteresis

Electro-hydraulic

1, 2 and 3 axis proportional levers 3 % mechanical hysteresis

Mobile motors
Parameters for discussion:
Displacement Axial torque Pressure Speed Sensitivity to dirt Sensitivity to temperature shocks
Gear Vane

Axial piston

Gerotor

Radial piston

Cylinders and accumulators

Parameters for discussion:
Cylinders: Stroke Diameter Pressure Service life Accumulators: Pressure ratio Pre-charge level Amplitude Frequency Volume

Rotary actuators

Mobile cylinders

Piston accumulators Bladder accumulators

Diaphragm accumulators

Heat Generation
Pump Choice
Required engine power (kW): Highest pressure (bar) x pump flow (l/min) 600

Fixed pump

Heat loss

Pressure

Cylinder 1

Cylinder 2

Flow

Pump flow

Gear Pump Light/Medium Duty

Vane Pump Medium/Heavy Duty

Axial Piston Pump Medium/Heavy Duty

Bypass: A spool in L90LS inlet. Enables the use of a fixed displacement pump. When using a bypass, system designation is LS or CFC.
Inlet 10 bar LS

Open Centre Valve

Closed Centre Valve Bypass

Open Centre System OC

Load Sensing System LS (CFC)

Heat Generation
Pump Choice
Heat generation: Red areas in the diagrams represent heat loss Improved Systems: Multi-pump system One pump for high pressures, one for low

Variable pump

Heat loss

Pressure

Cylinder 1

Cylinder 2

Flow

Actual

Available

Axial Piston Pump Medium/Heavy Duty

Regulator: A pump unit controlling the pressure difference between LS and pump pressure. Regulator Load Sensing CPhl CPU: High (h) pressure when spools are activated, low (l) pressure when spools are in neutral position.

Regulator Pressure Compensated

Closed Centre Valve

Closed Centre Valve

Closed Centre Valve

Constant Pressure System CP

Constant Pressure High-Low System CPhl (Unloaded System CPU)

Load Sensing System LS

System Performance
Open Centre Valves
Why
50 100 200

Lowest cost for pump and directional valve Stable system Short response time Uncomplicated

Where

50 215

100 215

200 215

Fork lift trucks Small wheel loaders Truck cranes Telehandlers

How

215

Same max. flow rate for all work ports Flow rate is affected by pump speed Interference depending on spool selection Often multi-pump and/or multivalve systems

Manually operated
Parkers unique Intermediate Pressure Technology reduces flow interference for improved precision and efficiency compared to generic systems. Added values of Parker OC technology:
Less dead band => Longer active lever stroke => Better controllability and precision Well defined intermediate pressure level => Less interference in multiple function operations Easier to distribute all available pump oil => Can improve productivity by up to 50 %

Pilot operated
Parkers Pressure Compensation Technology further enhances system performance compared to generic systems. Added values of Parker OC technology:
Less dead band => Longer active lever stroke => Better controllability and precision Load independence => A specific stroke always equals the same flow => Easier operation Well defined intermediate pressure level => Less interference in multiple function operations Easier to distribute all available pump oil => Can improve productivity by up to 50 %

20 % increase in productivity = 15000 per year for a timber crane!

Before: Loading and unloading, 1 hour; transport 3 hours. After: Loading and unloading, 40 minutes; transport 3 hours. Value for the operator: 50 extra loads per year = 15000. Environmental value: 1000 litres less fuel spent loading and unloading = 1000. Logistics value: Frees up unloading space at the saw mill.

Guide to diagrams
The following diagrams show relative flow, pressure and lever strokes for different systems while lowering and lifting a load.
Yellow lines indicate flow Dotted blue lines indicate pressure

Flow/Pressure, % 100

Manual operation, lowering

Flow/Pressure, % 100

Manual operation, lowering

200 bar 200 bar 60 bar

60 bar

System Performance
Meter out
200 bar

Adaption of Meter in & out

Open Centre Valves

60 bar

200 bar

Generic system
Lever stroke, %

Parker OC Technology
60 bar

Lever stroke, %

Flow/Pressure, % 100

Manual operation, lifting

Flow/Pressure, % 100 Adaption of Meter in & out

Manual operation, lifting

200 bar

Meter in

200 bar

60 bar 200 bar 60 bar 200 bar

60 bar

60 bar

Andra Andra
Flow/Pressure, % Flow/Pressure, % 100 100

Lever stroke, %

Parker Parker
Flow/Pressure, % Flow/Pressure, % 100 100

Lever stroke, %

ion, lowering

Manual operation, lowering Pilot operation, lowering

Manual operation, lowering Pilot operation, lowering

200 bar 60 bar

Flow/Pressure, % 100

60 bar

200 200 bar bar

60 bar 60 bar

200 bar

60 bar

Meter out Meter out

200 bar

Adaption of Meter in & out Meter out Flow forces

Meter o

200 bar 60 bar

200 bar

00 bar

60 bar

0 bar

200 bar 60 bar 60 bar

Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, % Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, % Lever stroke, %

ration, lifting

Flow/Pressure, % Flow/Pressure, % 100 100

Manual operation, lifting Pilot operation, lifting

Manual operation, lifting Flow/Pressure, % Pilot operation, lifting Flow/Pressure, % 100 100 Adaption of Meter in & out

Flow/Pressure, % 100

200 bar

200 bar 200 bar

Meter in Meter in
60 bar 60 bar bar 60
200 bar 60 bar 60 bar

Meter in Flow forces

200 bar 200 bar

Meter in
60 bar 60 bar

60 bar

60 bar

200 bar

200 bar

200 bar

60 bar

Andra
Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, % Lever stroke, %

Parker
Flow/Pressure, % 100

Lever stroke, % Lever stroke, %

ion, lowering

Flow/Pressure, % 100

Pilot operation, lowering

Pilot operation, lowering

Flow/Pressure, % 100

60 bar

200 bar

60 bar

200 bar

60 bar

Meter out
200 bar

Meter out Flow forces

Meter o

00 bar

60 bar

200 bar 60 bar

0 bar

Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, %

ration, lifting

Flow/Pressure, % 100

Pilot operation, lifting

Flow/Pressure, % 100

Pilot operation, lifting

Flow/Pressure, % 100

200 bar

200 bar

Meter in Flow forces

200 bar

Meter in

Meter in

System Performance
Constant Pressure Valves
Why
Low cost for directional valve Stable system
50 100 200

Mining machines Refuse machines Forestry machines Telehandlers Individual flow rate per work port No interference between the work ports flow

Where

How

50 215

100 215

200 215

Flow, % 215 100

Manual operation, lowering

Flow, % 100

Pilot operation, lowering

150 bar

Manually operated single function

Meter out

50 bar

Pilot operated single function

Meter out Flow forces

50-150 bar

Section flow is affected by load pressure All loads start moving at the same lever stroke

Manually operated multiple function

No interference
Lever stroke, %

Pressure Compensation Technology section flow is less affected by load pressure All loads start moving at the same lever stroke

Pilot operated multiple function

No interference
Flow, % 100
Lever stroke, %

Flow, % 100

Manual operation, lifting

Pilot operation, lifting

Meter in

50 bar 150 bar

Meter in Flow forces

50-150 bar

Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, %

Flow, % 100

Manual operation, lowering

Flow, % 100

Pilot operation, lowering

150 bar

Meter out

50 bar

Meter out Flow forces

50-150 bar

Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, %

Flow, % 100

Manual operation, lifting

Flow, % 100

Pilot operation, lifting

8
Meter in
50 bar

Meter in Flow forces

50-150 bar

System Performance
Load Sensing Valves
Why
Usually the most efficient type of mobile system
50 100 200

Forestry machines Large and medium size wheel loaders Cranes Excavators Refuse machines

Where

How
55 5 Bar 105 5 Bar 205 5 Bar

With variable or fixed displacement pump Individual flow rate per work port Individual pressure per work port No interference between work ports flow

Parker performance values

Flow, % 100

215

Manual operation, lowering

215

215

215

Force feedback enables soft acceleration Flow, % Pilot operation, lowering Adapted flow forces enable soft retardation 100 Feed Reducer gives more efficient use of pump oil 1020 % higher productivity 50-150 bar
Meter out Flow Pilot operated forces function single

150 bar

Meter out Manually operated single function 50 bar

Section flow independent of load pressure (compensator) All loads start moving at the same lever stroke Pressure control per work port (compensator)

Section flow independent of load pressure (compensator) All loads start moving at the same lever stroke Pressure control per work port (compensator)

Manually operated multiple function

No interference
Flow,% 100
Lever stroke, %

Pilot operated multiple function % Lever stroke,

No interference
Flow,% 100 Pilot operation, lifting

Manual operation, lifting

Meter in Compensator

50-150 bar

Meter in Compensator

50-150 bar

Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, %

Before: 60 trees per hour. After: 66 trees per hour. Value for the operator: An additional 3 cubic metres per hour = 12 per hour = 36000 per year!
Flow, % 100 Manual operation, lowering Flow, % 100 Pilot operation, lowering

10 % increase in productivity = 36000 per year for a harvester!

150 bar

50-150 bar

Meter out

50 bar

Meter out Flow forces

Lever stroke, %

Lever stroke, %

Flow,% 100

Manual operation, lifting

Flow,% 100

Pilot operation, lifting

9
Meter in Compensator

50-150 bar

Meter in

50-150 bar

Cleanliness
Purpose of filtration
Long service life for the hydraulic circuit Maximizing system availability

In-line filtration
Designed to handle full system flow Fixed displacement pump: Continuous filtration Variable displacement pump: Filtration at work port flow only Pressure filter: System protection against component wear Return filter: System protection against ingression and component wear Breather filter: System protection against ingression

In-Line Filtration
Pump Pressure filter Directional valve

Return filter

Breather filter

Hydraulic oil tank

Off-line filtration
Filtration works whether the system is running or not Usually low flow through the filter, which enables very small particles to be filtered out Easier to over-dimension for increased capacity

Off-Line Filtration
Pump Directional valve

Sub hydraulics circuit (e. g. fan drive)

Pump

Filter

Return filter Breather filter

Hydraulic oil tank

10

Value Added Services

Purpose of Value Added Services:

Minimizing transactions and logistics Minimizing acquisition and product cost Reducing development and production time Ensuring 100 % functionality

Breadman
Packed and delivered just-in-time

Kitting
Complete sets saving time

Assembly
Ready for final assembly

Sub-assembly
Partial pre-assemblies

Tech Services
Cost reduction and Dry Technology concepts through engineering solutions

Training
Fully adapted to the clients needs

EDI
Paperless transactions

Strategic Account manager

One client one contact

11

Parker Worldwide
AE UAE, Dubai Tel: +971 4 8127100 parker.me@parker.com AR Argentina, Buenos Aires Tel: +54 3327 44 4129 AT Austria, Wiener Neustadt Tel: +43 (0)2622 23501-0 parker.austria@parker.com AT Eastern Europe, Wiener Neustadt Tel: +43 (0)2622 23501 900 parker.easteurope@parker.com AU Australia, Castle Hill Tel: +61 (0)2-9634 7777 AZ Azerbaijan, Baku Tel: +994 50 2233 458 parker.azerbaijan@parker.com BE/LU Belgium, Nivelles Tel: +32 (0)67 280 900 parker.belgium@parker.com BR Brazil, Cachoeirinha RS Tel: +55 51 3470 9144 BY Belarus, Minsk Tel: +375 17 209 9399 parker.belarus@parker.com CA Canada, Milton, Ontario Tel: +1 905 693 3000 CH Switzerland, Etoy Tel: +41 (0)21 821 87 00 parker.switzerland@parker.com CL Chile, Santiago Tel: +56 2 623 1216 CN China, Shanghai Tel: +86 21 2899 5000 CZ Czech Republic, Klecany Tel: +420 284 083 111 parker.czechrepublic@parker.com DE Germany, Kaarst Tel: +49 (0)2131 4016 0 parker.germany@parker.com DK Denmark, Ballerup Tel: +45 43 56 04 00 parker.denmark@parker.com ES Spain, Madrid Tel: +34 902 330 001 parker.spain@parker.com FI Finland, Vantaa Tel: +358 (0)20 753 2500 parker.finland@parker.com FR France, Contamine s/Arve Tel: +33 (0)4 50 25 80 25 parker.france@parker.com GR Greece, Athens Tel: +30 210 933 6450 parker.greece@parker.com HK Hong Kong Tel: +852 2428 8008 HU Hungary, Budapest Tel: +36 1 220 4155 parker.hungary@parker.com IE Ireland, Dublin Tel: +353 (0)1 466 6370 parker.ireland@parker.com IN India, Mumbai Tel: +91 22 6513 7081-85 IT Italy, Corsico (MI) Tel: +39 02 45 19 21 parker.italy@parker.com JP Japan, Fujisawa Tel: +81 (0)4 6635 3050 KR South Korea, Seoul Tel: +82 2 559 0400 KZ Kazakhstan, Almaty Tel: +7 7272 505 800 parker.easteurope@parker.com LV Latvia, Riga Tel: +371 6 745 2601 parker.latvia@parker.com MX Mexico, Apodaca Tel: +52 81 8156 6000 MY Malaysia, Shah Alam Tel: +60 3 7849 0800 NL The Netherlands, Oldenzaal Tel: +31 (0)541 585 000 parker.nl@parker.com NO Norway, Ski Tel: +47 64 91 10 00 parker.norway@parker.com NZ New Zealand, Mt Wellington Tel: +64 9 574 1744 PL Poland, Warsaw Tel: +48 (0)22 573 24 00 parker.poland@parker.com PT Portugal, Leca da Palmeira Tel: +351 22 999 7360 parker.portugal@parker.com RO Romania, Bucharest Tel: +40 21 252 1382 parker.romania@parker.com RU Russia, Moscow Tel: +7 495 645-2156 parker.russia@parker.com SE Sweden, Spnga Tel: +46 (0)8 59 79 50 00 parker.sweden@parker.com SG Singapore Tel: +65 6887 6300 SK Slovakia, Bansk Bystrica Tel: +421 484 162 252 parker.slovakia@parker.com SL Slovenia, Novo Mesto Tel: +386 7 337 6650 parker.slovenia@parker.com TH Thailand, Bangkok Tel: +662 717 8140 TR Turkey, Istanbul Tel: +90 216 4997081 parker.turkey@parker.com TW Taiwan, Taipei Tel: +886 2 2298 8987 UA Ukraine, Kiev Tel +380 44 494 2731 parker.ukraine@parker.com UK United Kingdom, Warwick Tel: +44 (0)1926 317 878 parker.uk@parker.com US USA, Cleveland (industrial) Tel: +1 216 896 3000 US USA, Lincolnshire (mobile) Tel: +1 847 821 1500 VE Venezuela, Caracas Tel: +58 212 238 5422 ZA South Africa, Kempton Park Tel: +27 (0)11 961 0700 parker.southafrica@parker.com

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Bulletin HY02-8009/UK POD 04/2010 Catalogue HY00-0000/UK. XM MM/YYYY TMCZ

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HYGE Ed. 2010-03-22