Chapter 24: Redefining Liberalism: The New Deal In 1933, F.D.R.

set out to inspire the nation with his inaugural speech: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself and launched a program of federal activism (the New Deal) -The New Deal Represented a new form of liberalism, the ideology of individual rights. Beginning in the 30s, social welfare liberals increased the scope of national legislation, created a centralized administrative system, and instituted new programs such as Social Security and Medicare which increased the responsibility of the National government for the welfare of individuals. -Roosevelts Leadership a. Immediately established a close rapport with fireside chats b. Enlarged the role of the Executive branch in setting the budget and initiating legislation -The Hundred Days a. Congress enacted 15 major bills that focused primarily on four major problems: banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment b. Banking Crisis a. Emergency Banking Act b. This permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed that they had sufficient cash reserves c. He ensured the safety of their money in his first fireside chat d. This led to deposits exceeding withdrawals e. 1933: the Glass-Steagall Act further restored confidence by creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) f. Insured deposits up to $2,500 c. More Legislation a. The Home Owners Loan Corporation to refinance home mortgages threatened by foreclosure b. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) which mobilized 250,000 men to do reforestation and conservation work c. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) intended to produce cheap hydroelectric power and encourage economic development in the flood prone river valley d. Repeal of Prohibition in 1933 e. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) began direct governmental regulation of the farm economy. The AAA set up an allotment system for seven major commodities (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products).

Provided cash subsidies to farmers who cut their production by taxing the businesses that processed these commodities, ending up rising prices for consumers f. The AAA stabilized the farm economy but distribution of wealth was not even among farmers. These forced close to 200,000 black farmers off their land. g. Some black farmers tried to protect themselves by joining the Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), a biracial org. founded in 1934 but did little so blacks drifted to the cities d. Manufacturing a. National Industrial Recovery Act which reflected European corporatist theories of government planning that had been implemented by Benito Mussolini b. A new government agency, the National Recovery Administration (NRA) set up separate self-governing associations in six hundred industries. Regulated by agreeing on a code of prices and production quotas. The codes outlawed child labor and set minimum wages and maximum hours for adult workers. Also guaranteed a right to union representation which spurred the initial growth of the labor movement of the 1930s c. The NRA solidified their power at the expense of smaller enterprises. Win over public with slogan We Do Our Part e. Unemployment a. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) provided federal funds to the states for their relief programs. FERA spent one billion over its two year existence b. Dole the nickname for government welfare payments c. 1933, government gave $3.3 billion for the Public Works Administration (PWA) construction program that slow to start so d. Later that year, FDR established the Civil Works Administration (CWA) and gave it $400 million in PWA funds and provided lots of jobs f. Alphabet soup of agencies -The New Deal Under Attack -In 1934, Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market. It regulates companies that sold stocks and bonds, set rules for credit transactions, and prevent stock sales by those with inside information on corporate plans

-The Banking Act of 1935 authorized the president to appoint a new board of governors of the Federal Reserve System, placing control of interest rates and other money-market policies in a federal agency -In1934, Republican business leaders joined with conservative democrats in a Liberty League that lobbied against the reckless spending and socialist reforms of the New Deal. -Repudiation of New Deal measures a. In 1935, the court ruled that the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutionally delegated Congress power b. In Schechter v. United States, arose when a firm sold diseased chickens to shops in violation of NRA codes c. Court declared that the NRA unconstitutionally extendedfederal authority to intrastate commerce d. The court struck down more New Deal stuff: The Agricultural Adjustment Act, a Railroad Retirement Act, and the Frazier-Lemke debt relief Act -Townsend spoke for the nations elderly and in 1933 proposed the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which would give $200 a month to citizens over the age of sixty. Townsend clubs sprang up helping win the passage of the Social Security Act of 1935 -Coughlin organized the National Union for Social Justice -Huey Long dictorial control of the LA state government. His Share our Wealth Society maintained that the depression stemmed not from overproduction but from under-consumption since wealth was so unequally distributed. His idea was to tax incomes over $1 mil and inheritance over $5 mil. -The Second New Deal: 1935-1938 (Roosevelts left-liberal program) -Roosevelt now openly criticized the money classes -The administrations Revenue Act of 1935 proposed a substantial tax increase on corporate profits and higher income and estate taxes on wealthy citizens, conservatives attacked and congress modified only boosting revenue by $250 million a year Legislative Accomplishments Unlike the 1st new deal that focused on economic recovery, the 2nd new deal emphasized social justice -Labor Movement a. The supreme court voided the NIRA in 1935, invalidating the right to unionize

b. The Wagner Act 1935, upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions but did not apply to farm workers. It established the Nation Labor Relations Board (a federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion, supervise elections for union reps, and guarantee the process of collective bargaining. -Social Security Act 1935 a. Established a joint federal-state system of compensation for unemployed workers, congress again excluded farm workers and domestic servants b. Received its funds not from general tax revenues but from mandatory contributions paid by workers and their employers. c. A Milestone in the creation of an American welfare state d. Mandated aid to the blind, deaf, disabled and dependent children AFDC became one of the pillars of the American welfare system and most controversial e. Harry Hopkins WPA (Works Progress Administration) provided jobs rather than relief. Only reached 1/3 of unemployed The 1936 Election One of the biggest landslides in American history - the assassination of Huey Long defeated the threat of any third party candidates - the new deal was at high tide Stalemate -undermined confidence on roosevelts economic leadership -in 1935 congress had struck down a series of new deal measures and a minimum wage law in NY - a series of resignations allowed him to reshape the supreme court - National housing Act of 1937, which mandated the construction of low cost public housing - Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 which continued the mininum wage, maximum hours, and anti child labor provisions in the NRA codes -The Roosevelt Recession of 1937-38 a. Congress cut the WPAs funding in half b. The Federal Reserve raised interest rates c. These halted recovery and unemployment soared to 19% Keynes transformed economic policymaking in capitalist societies by argueing that government intervention could smooth out the business cycle through defecit spending and the manipulation of interest rates

Keynesian economics gradually won acceptance as defense spending during WWII ended the great depression. The New Deals Impact on Society The number of civilian federal employees increased by 80% -The Rise of Labor -The number of unionized workers had tripled to almost 9 million - Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), promoted industrial unionism, organized all the workers in a industry into a single union - Lewis, leader of United Mine Workers (UMW) foremost exponent of industrial unionism, rejected philosophy of AFL. - CIO major victories in 36 and 37 with General Motors and U.S. Steel Corporation - 1939, Supreme court banned the sit-down tactic - CIO unlike AFL included blacks, some 800,000 women joined CIO unions - Allied itself with the Democratic party Women and Blacks in the New Deal -Roosevelt administration welcomed women into higher ranks of government -Eleanor Roosevelt symbolized the growing prominence of women in public life. She had worked to expand positions for women in political parties, labor unions, and education. - NRA codes set a lower minimum wage for women than men performing the same job, enacted laws that prohibited married women from taking paid employment -Scottsboro case revealed the inequalities in the Southern legal system, lynching showed southern lawlessness. -Prompted a renewal of the Great Migration of African Americans to the northern cities and west. One destination being Harlem, where unemployment rose to 50% (twice national rate) . In 1935, discontented blacks went on a rampage destroying millions of dollars in property -Roosevelt repeatedly refused to make lynching a federal crime because he needed support of the white southern democrats in congress. -The Resettlement Administration, established in 35 to help small farmers and tenants buy land, actively protected the rights of black tenant farmers. -New Deal also helped Indians

-Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 reversed the Dawes Act of 1887 by promoting Indian self-government through formal constitutions and elected tribal councils. Some Indians refused but America accepted that and embraced a policy of cultural pluralism and pledged to preserve Indian languages, arts, and traditions. Migrants and Minorities in the West

October 19th
Versailles Hard on Europes economy -

1928 War is made illegal no better way to destabilize an country than to do so to the economy Crisis of the 30s a. not just about money but they have paralyzed themselves into democracy

b.

c.

they see democracy as part of the problem so what you need is a stronger statethese are the years of the rise of fascism. The nazis triumph replaces with fascist state by economic control with a closed economy with interest of achieving a grander destiny for greatness. the Nazis are the highest form of German that the Jews had held them back from becoming that greatness we renounce the Versailles 1936? **

The German destiny will not be held back by the treaty of Versailles. a. reunifying (Anschluss) under one flag all of the German speakers in Austria under one empire b. Absorption of Austria into Germany c. 1938: Munich became shorthand for appeasement. how not to del wit dictators . S far changing of Europes borders and dump of papersbut no border guarantees violatedYET d. 1938: All the Germans have to live togethereven across mountains to Czechoslovakia. Hitler is going to liberate those Germans (sounds like Woodrow Wilson) Wilson you were right but wrong when you drew the line e. I want to modify these lines because they cant be assured of self determination or rights. September Chamberlain (British prime minister) returns from Munich from meeting with Hitler and have agreed on a solution and adjust borders and the Czechs will live. there was a mistake in Versailles he has threatened war if he doesnt get who he wants. I believe it is peace in our time crowd goes wild: want to stay out of war -Upon hearing the news of the Munich agreement, a. Franklin Roosevelt sends a telegram to chamberlain saying good man b. Joseph Stalin(Soviet Union) who figures that Munich isnt even about the Czechs, the Soviet Union is the next land to be sacrificed. c. Foreign Ministers meet to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact in august of 1939 and split Poland This was not supposed to happen. d. Two parties that cannot coexist. (fire and Ice say we will not attack each other) by doing this they change everyone elses strategy and pave the way for WWII.

In asia the war starts in 1937, gone with a fasist militarian form of government.. a. Japan takes big chunk of China and turns into Japan West (Manchuria) Seize most profitable part of China. b. Offensive to Americas interest more than anyone elseone of the principles of American policy is the open door to trade .the idea is that china is whole and sovereign and anyone can trade there. c. After this invasion, the USS Panay operating on the Yank see river, gets sunk by Japanese empire in China. No one in the U.S. wants war. Japan asks for forgiveness. America aggress thank god were avoiding another war . d. America reaches new heights of isolationism. e. Charles Lindbergh American hero for his time and says we have no right believes in America First which begins a group pushing for isolationism. Hugely popular as a stance -Neutrality Acts laid out the conditions for the Americans to trade and travel in any sphere that touches belligerent powers. a. No American can sell arms to a belligerent power..not taking sides. b. No American will loan money to a belligerent power. Travel as passengers on ships of a belligerent power. Why these things? Looks like WWI. Prevent same mistakes. c. One restriction lifted cash and Carry American industry isnt making a sale that is might have..losing money. Some trade is okay. d. If a belligerent ship shows up in our ports with money. Cash and carry is only compromise in American isolationism.. e. Roosevelt pushes this. I hate war. Appeasing isolationism. For reelection. .. use blitzkrieg to seize Poland and begins WWII. Because he clearly has a bigger idea or border adjustments.. this was one of the most unfair fights. Within two weeks have half of Poland. -France says theyre ready for Hitler. a. MaGinot Line leave the French confident that they will be ready, they only drew this prevent invasion line where they touched Germany b. . In 1940, surrender of France, little effort. In the mean time? Called the phony war/

American opinion begins to shift after the fall of France. What if Atlantic ocean cant stop Hitler? U.S. does not have large standing army. U.S. does three things. the passage of the first peacetime draft (selective service act) passes congress by one single vote. Isolationism still very strong. Later in 1940, roos and Churchill agree on BFD (Basis for Destroyers Deal) we the british will give americasn the right to build bases in our colonies all we ask is that u help us defeat nazi submarine attack by leasing us you destroyers (old) from WWI: 50 of them. He told American people this is all we are gonna do. At the cost of nothing. Churchill wants U.S. in the War cuz crossfire aimed at England. -March 1941: the signing of the Lend-Lease Act essentially said we the U.S. will supply our allies with material things (jack up our war industries). Not really leasing but roos has to satisfy. -Why to Russia? Nazi-Soviet Act? June 1941, Hitler figured the best prospect was to the East, so the pact last less than two years. So invade Russia breaking the Nazi-Soviet Pact. Makes the soviets into an allie of the anti-hitler forces. Churchill not alone. Churchill if Hitler invaded hell, id say something nice bout the devil . -1941, on a ship off coast of Canadaroos and Churchill meet and draw the atlantic charter is a description of war aims and a design for the post war world. Says freedom of the seas, restoration of self rule/government, concert of powers to rule multilaterally, disarmmnet along reasonable lines..sounds like the fourteen points? Different in particulars but essentially says we the Americans and British agree that this has to end in this situation. -This meeting AUGUST 1941. but were not even at war yet? Everyone thinks war is coming to the Atlantic 10/21/10 Germnay and Italy formed the basis of the axis in 1936, Japan added in 1940 Summer 1940, Japan initiates this move, protect its forefront, previous shit with Russia , wants to colonize in victims of Germany. Japan lacks materials that Frances and Netherlands colonies have. Hitler defeated France and Netherlands so their colonies are essentially up for grabs. (Oil, rubber, cotton) found in Indochina and Indonesia ruled by the Dutch -The response to the axis pact, the U.S. impulses a partial embargo, Japan on the winning side a. 1941, Japan extends invasion of Indochina leading to a more complete embargo b. U.S. cuts off Japan completely

Fall in 1941, trying to negotiate the withdrawal of Japanese forces in exchange for trade with the united states but Japan isnt interested in giving up what its already gotten, and Japan thinks they are ahead. -Think war is coming in the Atlantic for the Americans (think coming from U.S. it comes in the pacific where the negotiations are. The Japanese wants embargo lifted but say fuck you U.S. we arent withdrawing . (Rape of Nanking) Nov 1941, unable to resolve dispute, Pearl Harbor set into motion which brings the united states into WWII on dec 7th. Arizona exploding. Phillipines American colony at this time..and PH way farther. When armada disappears in early decembr in japan, no one knows where it is but they assume that if they are attacking US, they must be going to the phillipines by bracing there. 3,000 american servicemen die in a surprise attack. Not kosher in modern warfare Destroys American naval power, Japanese figure if they knock out the navy then there is nothing to stop them from invading the islands (Singapore, malasia) given the anti war sentiment, japan hope for peace, not a bad gamble: and now have years before a new navy could be built by american industry. Now get the islands Yama Moto** Germany as of 42 control of industrial power that isnt likely to be dislodged. This success gives rise to the holocaust . wannsee-a group of mid to upper level nazis meet to discuss the issue of the Jews (captive populations a cancer on German civilization) Ordinary Men leads to Auschwitz Summer 1942, in two particular places the tide of battle begins to turn and push in other directionsept-mach 42-43, most brutal theaters of war, hundreds o thousands dead, freezing, starving, torture, hand to hand combat. Stalingrad soviets win and begin the process of pushing back to the german adance to berlin. This is where WWII in Europe is won by the soviets. -In the Pacific, 1942 is a disaster for the Americans a. anti Japanese fever in the united states. The battle of midway, the Japanese decide to secure a base of their own in the midway islands, we broke the Japanese advance across the pacific. Planes itting on decks of Japanese carriers have heir bombs switched out for torpedos. Dive bombers find them. This is what turns back the Japanese advance slow motion retreat and japans offensive power is broken after midway

c.

Heir on the side of caution so round them up in manzanar war relocation center (one of many) Apologized and paid an indemnity to the survivors 1942: the beginnings of the atomic age, the Manhattan project. American effort to create the atomic bomb. Einstein writes to Roosevelt that they are on to something big, this is worth funding because u can bet that the nazis are working on this write now. Project in launched. Helps to bring a war to the end. During the war, the grand alliance (Stalin ,Churchill and Roosevelt ) first meeting in 43 . allies of convenience. Stalin mad not an American soldier on the forefront, are you having the nazis kill me and then u plan on killing them? I mean we WERE rivals. Give me a reason to trust you. Whats the American hold up? Now its safe for Roosevelt to sail the Atlantic. (tiran) . next year in 44 we are coming. Establish D-day plans. June 6th, 1944 led to Hitler having to fight a war on two front. Americans gaining strength as approaching Japanese fleets which ended in American victory and launched to return islands in Philippines. Need to get close enough to Japan to bomb it so island hopping. By hitting the unfortified islands. Fighting so nasty they fear sending armies into actual Japan. -WWII finds jobs for 16 million men and ends the great depression a. By 39 the unemployment still 25% and drops to basically zero b. women fill these industrial jobs that men no longer occupy because fighting. c. Massive impact of war on American women. Brings them into American work by paying jobs, have money and patriotic responsibility. d. What if my path can be different? e. One an hour (liberator planes) women working so efficiently, that by the end of the war, the axis cant keep up with Americans productionaxis only producing 15000 planes a year while we are prod 100, 000. GI Bill a. Open up possibilities for returnees from combat b. Creates postwar American middle class post depression c. Relied on cheap loans via the bill Propaganda in home front a. Buy war bonds b. Encouraged to grow your own food

c. Called victory gardens d. Encouraged Carpooling Battle of the bulge suicide 2 million German women raped (as revenge from Germans raping other Europeans) War over for the Europeans. The U.S. is still fighting Japan all by itself a. Only devoted 15% of war effort to this. b. Fire bombs c. 45, first atomic bomb tested. d. Enola gay dropped atomic bomb moral lines crossed. e. Aug 6 and 9tha month later the Japanese empire surrendered. 10/26/10 Race in America in the Post War Era (Second Reconstruction) -1941, A. Phillip Randolph leader of a union (entirely African American working on railways) largest all black union, gives Randolph the muscle to put together the March on Washington movement. F.E.P.C (fair employment practices commission). The march didnt happenthis poster is a threat for FDR. Randolph, NAACP (national Association for the Advancement of Colored People) say you Roosevelt are rallying industry to build tanks for allies overseas. Those allies are fighting for democracy, you never miss a chance to help for democracy, and protect from racial supremacy, now we are entering a crusade for democracy, also think African Americans should have democracy, war for democracy at home (victory for two fronts campaign) . Threatens with march of African Americans fighting for democracy. Roosevelt by executive order creates the FEPC (but still doesnt quite get abolition of Jim Crow in armed forces) Randolph wins so the march doesnt happen. 1944, Swedish sociologist, Myrdal publishes American Dilemma thats its ideal is equality(noble) but its reality is inequality(base). Jackie Robinson 1947 first black baseball player (baseballs great experiment) His conduct, took with grace and dignity. Not a violent revolution, about granting the access which should be an American birthright. Harry S. Truman did a study to study the state of civil rights. To secure these rights from the preamble of the constitution. Saying we should integrate the military, in 1948 he signs an order desegregating the military. we believe when we say all men are created equal end to lynching and poll taxing.

Brain trusts Nathan Margol 1933 Set up the task of defeating educational segregation. Margol Report legal strategy. In South Carolina, every dollar that a k-12 school gets, an African American school gets $.05, through a series of lawsuits we can use these as strengths in the court, if you want separate, pay for equal. South doesnt have the money. They start at the top oof the educational pyramid. 1938 Gaines decision in Missouri, black who wished to go to Missouri law school, they said no, school said theyd give him a scholarship to go to another school, the best they will do is send him away. He won 1950 Sweatt in Texas, at UT, go to the basement , he wins 1950 McLaurin in Oklahoma, segregated seating, he wins. These precedents pile up to eventually target public school in the south. Supreme court has changed their position. Really old black men, young whites old men less likely to be a menace. These decisions where segregation is the weakest. -Earl Warren, able to get a unanimous victory on civil rights, chief justice of the court, if no unanimous vote then segregation wont end. . Harlans dissent constitution is colorblind..amicus curae..among these briefs, is the Truman administration itself. Truman on side of desegregation. Hard to make land of the free case when black kids are segregated. -Brown v. Board of Education 1954- , even with Truman and warren is no sure thing. This is a bombshell, segregation is unconstitutional, k-12, from 1954 onward south has resistance. -How gonna enforce segregation?..Brown 2 of 1955 order the south to do so with all deliberate speed. Souths response Massive Resistance Dolls test- separate can never be equal. Mid 1950s, energy of civil rights movement moves to the streets of the south .02% African Americans in south schools. White Citizens Councils the business front of massive resistance in the wake of the brown decision the third KKK reconstitutes. Middle class: lower class respectively. Rosa Parks 1955 Churches become the focus of the MIA, led by King organizes the Montgomery bus boycott. Buses go broke. -1956- Montgomery has no right to segregate public transportation. Kickoff of mass civil rights movement

11/4/10 Crisis of authority-general theme 1945-Ho Chi Minh declares war (Thirty years war) 1965-1973-years of American combat involvement 54 and 61-63: there are Americans in uniform in Vietnam. 69-73: still over there but not fighting -U.S. supporting 80% of funding for war between France and Vietnam Vietminh 1954 as delegates meeting at Geneva, France surrenders after a 6 wekk siege After Geneva, North Vietnamese go back north and south go back south, all foreign fighters are to leave -election of 1956 does not happen Diem sets himself up, holds an election and wins 96% of the vote. If you want the communists out then help me Eisenhower. We bless the existence of South Vietnam and spend money to help them create their own country. If we help him, we are safe because he is on the good side. -America pours in billions. Diem far more concerned with being a dictator than being liked by his country. 1961, Kennedy in office -Cuba and Berlin higher on Kennedys list Castro (1959 came to power), were not sure where Castro stands but if you walk like a duck and talk like a duck hes a communist 1960, decides Castro is a Communist and needs to take care of it. Assassination attempts through ridiculous tactics. Late 1960, preparations ready for invasion and siege of Cuba. We train and arm exiles to turn Cubans against Castro and his communism -This leads to the Bay of Pigs 1961 (we are not successful but Kennedy says let this not discourage us in further attempts to suppress communism) a. Kennedy agrees but holds back air support (keep American finger prints off) b. Revolution does not happen c. The people of Cuba like Castro -Erosion of Vietnamese state -Problems of the Cold War (Berlin wall built in 1961) reason constructed, east Germany losing thousands in population, brain drain leave and no barrier to cross. Walls in West berlin like a prisonfailure for communism b/c now requires physical restraint to keep their own in. -Castro issue

-1961, Kennedy- lets teach them to fight right we help to train the south Vietnamese. By 63, some of American men killed, our involvement-16,000 men 1963: Buddhist monks burning themselves in protest to Diem Regime Nov. 1963: Diem killed three weeks later than Kennedy is shot 1963: Johnson takes the oath of office, if they cant fight for themselves, we will do it for them. 1964- North Vietnamese motor torpedo boats attack USS Maddox- looks like communist shooting at us. Aug 2nd and 4th, our forces come with two attacks. LBJ asks for Tonkin Gulf Resolution. As close to a declaration of war. You have a blank check president to fight off this aggression. -Unanimous congressional support -Americans forces180,000 a year: 1965more than 185,000: 1968540000 still defensive war, trying to secure south Vietnam but in Vietnam you cant tell who the good or bad guys are. Even army dress like peasants. Fighting in jungle and mountains -Couldnt tell if winning, if we kill more than we lose, we winthis called body count technique -They had roughly the same size military -continuation of Ho Chi Minh Trail, so no specific war frontier Americans think we are winning because thats what the generals tell LBJ and thats what LBJ tells Americans. So lets send more people cuz were almost there -1968: TET (lunar new year Vietnamese holiday) North Vietnamese go all in on series of attacks on this holiday. Deep in the interior. Thinks this is the way to start a revolution of the South and unite Vietnamese. TET: American victory. TET offensiveturning point