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Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter deals with the methods of research used whether it may be historical,

descriptive, and experimental or a case study. The techniques used under Descriptive Research Method as well as the data gathering tools and analytical tools used will be further explained in this chapter.

This chapter requires gathering relevant data from the specified documents and compiling databases in order to analyze the material and arrive at a more complete understanding. In this chapter, the researcher divided the methods into two which are descriptive research and experimental design. However, these two methods have a slight difference on the subtopic. 1. Descriptive Research

The proponents have used the Descriptive Researchwherein the study is focused on present situation s. It involves there cording, description, analysis and the presentation of the present system, composition or processes of phenomena. Under the Descriptive Research Method, the technique used is the Survey Method, which is otherwise known as normative survey. The results and findings of the study should always be compared with the standards. With the survey method, researchers are able to statisticallystudy the specific areas where the proponents must concentrate.Findings regarding the

common practices being done and the methodswhich are commonly adopted by the employees are obtained with theuse of the survey method.

Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding inquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.

Specifically, this chapter includes research design, determination of sample size, sampling design and technique, the respondents, research instruments, validation of the research instruments, data gathering procedure, data processing method, and statistical treatment.

1.1

Research Design

Research designs are concerned with turning the research question into a testing project. The design is the structure of any scientific work. It gives direction and organized research. The research design has been considered as a "blueprint" for research, dealing with at least four problems: what questions to study, what data are relevant, what data to collect, and how to analyze the results.

Descriptive-survey typically seeks to a certain respondents' perspectives or experiences on a specified subject in a predetermined structured manner. It involves observation. The researchers choose descriptive surveys because its relatively inexpensive (especially selfadministered surveys). Surveys are useful in describing the characteristics of a large population. No other method of observation can provide this general capability. They can be administered from remote locations using mail, email or telephone. Consequently, very large samples are feasible, making the results statistically significant even when analyzing multiple variables. Many questions can be asked about a given topic giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. There is flexibility at the creation phase in deciding how the questions will be administered: as face-to-face interviews, by telephone, as group administered written or oral survey, or by electronic means. Standardized questions make measurement more precise by enforcing uniform definitions upon the participants. Standardization ensures that similar data can be collected from groups then interpreted comparatively (between-group study). Usually, high reliability is easy to obtain--by presenting all subjects with a standardized stimulus, observer subjectivity is greatly eliminated.

1.2

Determine of Sample Size

Act of choosing the number of observations to include in a statistical sample which is the division of a population. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make process of drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation about a population from a sample.


 Where: = total number of population = sample size

= standard value (2.58) of 1% level of probability with 0.99 reliability = sampling error (0.01) = largest possible proportion (0.50)

1.3

Sampling Design and Technique

Sampling may be defined as measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement about the whole thing. It enables the study of a large, heterogeneous population more economic wise, meaning not too costly, and more realistic and possible to make. The population to be researched upon is quite small; hence scientific sampling is implied to each member of the population since the number of population is attainable for sampling. The proponents decided to use the unstructured random sampling technique since the population is well in the reach of statistical evaluation.

To justify the point, the use of Slovens Formula was utilized in the formula of:

N = N / 1 + N (e)2

Where: n = sample size N = total population e = level of confidence (.01 to .05)

A complete sampling design indicates the number of samples and identifies the particular samples. Along with this information, a complete sampling design will also include an explanation and justification for the number and the positions/timings of the samples. The measurement protocol would then specify when the sampler would be retrieved and how the sample would be analyzed.

Researchers often use sample survey methodology to obtain information about a large aggregate or population by selecting and measuring a sample from that population. Due to the variability of characteristics among items in the population, researchers apply scientific sample designs in the sample selection process to reduce the risk of a distorted view of the population, and they make inferences about the population based on the information from the sample survey data. In order to make statistically valid inferences for the population, they must incorporate the sample design in the data analysis.

Sampling technique is assign to identify a number of all the respondents ranging from the beginning up to the end of the random sample numbers.

1.4

The Respondents

The respondents of the study include the employees wherein the researchers prepare a set of carefully prepared and logically ordered questions. This respondent focuses on the companys employees for they are very important in a sense that this study is all about them.

Table 1 Respondents Distribution

Respondents People with disability Community (Households) Students Professionals Total

Frequency

Percent

The questionnaires are being answered accordingly to the priority of concern by using predetermined sets of questions with predefined ranges of answers so as to avoid any conflicting series of response.

1.5

The Research Instrument

The researchers used a survey questionnaire as the research instrument for collecting such data in which it can meet the requirements needed in this study.

The survey research design is often used because of the low cost and easy accessible information.

The survey includes questions 1.6 Validation of the Instruments

The instruments used to evaluate research data must be valid and precise. If they are not, the information collected from a study is likely to be biased or factually flawed, doing more harm than good.

Protect internal validity. Internal validity refers to how well your experiment is free of outside influence that could taint its results. Thus, a research instrument that takes students grades into account

but not their developmental age is not a valid determinant of intelligence. Because the grades on a test will vary within different age brackets, a valid instrument should control for differences and isolate true scores. 1.7 Data Gathering Procedure

These are the instruments or tools for gathering data in research used as basis for drawing conclusions or making inferences. Some of these tools are questionnaires, interviews, empirical observations, research and analysis used by the researchers as they conduct the proposed study.

Interview is defines as a meeting of two people face-to-face to talk about something or an act of questioning to receive a desired answer that is necessary in solving a specific problem. This is where data gathering occurs by asking questions for much needed information from the interviewee verbally and directly.

Observation is a technique used when the researcher cannot secure enough or valid data the use of the questionnaire or some other technique. It is considered to be the most direct means of studying people in so far as their explicit behaviour is concerned. Observation of a current operating procedure is another data gathering tool seeing the system in action gives you additional perspective and better understanding of system procedures.

Research is simply, the systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic or problem. It is systematic study or investigation or something for the purpose of answering questions posed by the researcher. It includes reviewing journals, periodicals, and books to obtain background information, technical material, and news about industry trends and developments.

Questionnaire a pre-written series of questions used in gathering important informations from one or more persons. This will be given to the individual who have a direct bearing of the study and in order to satisfy the researchers goal that is to get and measure the opinions, polls and attitude of the respondents of the study.

Analysis is the process of breaking-up the whole study into its constituents parts of the categories according to the specific questions under the statement of the problem. This is to bring out into focus the essential feature of the study.

1.8

Data Processing Method

After gathering all the completed questionnaires from the respondents, total responses for each itemwere obtained and tabulated. In order to use the Likert-scale for interpretation, weighted mean to represent each question was computed. Weighted mean is the average wherein every quantity to be averages has a corresponding weight. These weights represent the significance of each quantity to the average. To compute for the weighted mean, each value must be multiplied by its weight. Products should then be added to obtain the total value. The total weight should also be computed by adding all the weights. The total value is then divided by the total weight.

As this study required the participation of human respondents, specifically human resource professionals, certain ethical issues were addressed. The consideration of these ethical issues was necessary for the purpose of ensuring the privacy as well as the safety of the participants. Among the significant ethical issues that were considered in the research process include consent and confidentiality. In order to secure the consent of the selected participants, the researcher relayed all important details of the study, including its aim and purpose. By explaining these important details, the respondents were able to understand the importance of their role in the completion of the research. The respondents were also advised that they could withdraw from the study even during the process. With this, the participants were not forced to participate in the research. The confidentiality of the participants was also ensured by not disclosing their names or personal information in the research. Only relevant details that helped in answering the research questions were included.

1.9

Statistical Treatment

Statistics is one way of getting the informations organized. To have a general view of the whole scenario of the study, statistical tool i s u s e d . T h i s a l s o i n c l u d e s t h e s c a l i n g s y s t e m , w h i c h i s u s e d b y t h e proponents as a technique to monitor the respondents interpretation of facts.

Rating 5 4 3 2 1

Range 4.01 5.00 3.01 4.00 2.01 3.00 1.01 2.00 0.01 1.00

Interpretation Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor

Below are the Formulas used to arrive to the computation used by the Statistical Tool:

1) Frequency Distribution = n / T * 100%

Where: n = Number of respondents in a single gender classification T = Total number of respondents including all the gender classification

2) Mean () = F(X1 + X2 + Xn) / n

Where: F = Frequency that a given X was chosen by the respondents X = Represents any of the numerical ratings 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 represents, excellent, very good, good, fair, poor n = Total number of respondents

2. Experimental Design

It is closely similar with descriptive design; however, they differ on the presentation of research design, the materials, instruments and apparatus and equipment, the procedure, data gathering technique, data processing method, and biostatistical treatment.

2.1

Research Design

Two-group design the simplest of all experimental designs is the two-group post-test-only randomized experiment. In design notation, it has two lines -- one for each group -- with an R at the beginning of each line to indicate that the groups were randomly assigned. One group gets the treatment or program (the X) and the other group is the comparison group and doesn't get the program (note that this you could alternatively have the comparison group receive the standard or typical treatment, in which case this study would be a relative comparison).

2.2

The Materials

The actual materials used in the study are enumerated in the corresponding proportion. Prototype: y y y y y y y y y y LED 1 piece PCB 2 boards IR receiver 1 piece IR transmitter - 1 piece Connecting wires - 13 wires Polymer Glass (Acrylic) 2 8x10 boards Battery 1 piece Audio jack 1 piece Toggle switch 1 piece On/off switch 1 piece

2.3

The Instruments, Apparatus, and Equipment

y Prototype o Gizduino o EasyVR o IR Receiver/Transmitter circuit o Mic jack to Mic toggle circuit o On/off switch y Computer Unit 2.4 The Procedure

The IR Receiver and Transmitter circuit was made. IR codes were collected from a SONY the remote control using the IR Receiver. It was processed and integrated to the codes of the Gizduino using the Arduino editor and compiler. The on/off switch was put for the Gizduino board. EasyVR voice recognition module was bridged to the Gizduino. Voice training and saving was conducted using the EasyVR GUI software for the completion of the television commands. Final programming, verifying and uploading of the codes was made. Finally, testing of the voice commands and revisions to them was conducted.

2.5

Data Gathering Technique

Surveys are used when you want to gather data from a large number of people and when it is impractical to meet them all face to face. Surveys can be both formal (where the results are subject to statistical reliability and validity) and informal (where results are anecdotal). In the developing-world reproductive health context, there are relatively few commercially designed instruments. Although PRIME might be able to design some generic survey instruments, the unique problems and country differences might limit their usefulness. Clearly, it is expensive to design a survey for one performance improvement

effort, so while we include surveys in this table, we are not optimistic about their applicability (except on a small, informal basis)

2.6 Biostatistical Treatment

A branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data. The steps of statistical analysis involve collecting information, evaluating it, and drawing conclusions.

Statisticians provide crucial guidance in determining what information is reliable and which predictions can be trusted. They often help search for clues to the solution of a scientific mystery, and sometimes keep investigators from being misled by false impressions. Statisticians help determine the sampling and data collection methods monitor the execution of the study and the processing of data, and advise on the strengths and limitations of the results. They must understand the nature of uncertainties and be able to draw conclusions in the context of particular statistical applications.

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