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Isotopes
Quantum Mechanics
Around two hundred years ago, scientists proposed the existence of the atomic model (matter is made up of basic units). Basic stoichiometric experiments cemented this belief. The next logical question was what are atoms and what are they made up of. Periodic trends can be explained by knowing about the atoms and the electrons in the context of quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics was a brand new area of physics that was able to explain many of the observations regarding electrons in the early 1900s
All these types of energy experience wavelike behaviour and as such are characterized by:
Wavelength Frequency Speed
The name electromagnetic is derived from the fact that it has an electric field and a magnetic field that travel perpendicular to each other
Describing EM radiation
Which have higher frequency: Gamma rays or radiowaves? Which has higher frequency: blue light or red light? What is your perception about the energy of different radiation?
Example
The wavelength (colour) that humans can see best is 555 nm (yellowish green) Calculate the frequency this light c = , = c/
(3.00*108 m/s) / (555 nm * 10-9 m/nm) = 5.41*1014 s-1 = 5.41*1014 Hz
Calculate the wavelength corresponding to 480 THz? What colour does that correspond to? 480 THz = 480*1012 Hz = 4.80*1014 s-1 = c/
Quantized Energy
Photoelectric Effect
Summary
Energy is quantized It can only be transferred in small packets called quanta EM radiation appears to have some particle like properties. This effect is known as the dual nature of light. Does matter also have dual nature?
EM radiation exhibits particle-like properties. Matter exhibits both particulate and wave properties. Big pieces of matter exhibit only particle like properties Small pieces of matter exhibit mostly wavelike properties Pieces of matter with an intermediate size have both properties
(nm)
Each energy level was found to correspond to a specific orbit for the electron about the nucleus. Each orbit, or principal quantum number n, where n = 1 is the lowest energy level (ground state), n = 2,3,4,5,etc. are excited states and n = is the point at which the electron and the nucleus no longer interact (i.e. the electron has been promoted completely out of the atom).
Bohr Model
Bohr model
Compare the energy when the electron is closest to the nucleus to when the electron is ionized The lowest energy of the electron is called the ground state Calculate the energy when the electron is in level 4 Calculate the energy when the electron is in level 1 Calculate the change in energy as the electron moves from level 4 to level 1. Does the sign make sense What wavelength corresponds to this energy?
Electronic Transitions
Example
An excited hydrogen atom emits light with a wavelength of 397.2 nm to reach the energy level for which n = 2. In which principal quantum number did the electron begin? E = h = hc/ = (6.626*10-34 Js * 2.998*108 m/s) / 397.2*10-9 m = 5.0012*10-19 J E = -2.178*10-18 J * (1/n2 1/22) 5.0012*10-19 J / -2.178*10-18 J = -0.22962 = (1/n2 1/4) -0.22962 + 0.25 = 0.020376 = 1/49 = 1/72 n=7
Example
Consider an electron for a hydrogen atom in an excited state. The maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that can completely remove (ionize) the electron from the H atom is 1460 nm. Determine the initial excited state for the electron? E = h = hc/ = (6.626*10-34 Js * 2.998*108 m/s) / 1460*10-9 m = 1.360599*10-19 J E = -2.178*10-18 J * (0 1/n2) 1.360599*10-19 J / -2.178*10-18 J = -0.062470 = (-1/n2) 0.062470 = 1/16 = 1/42 n=4
Standing Waves
Standing waves are found in guitars, violins, etc. A string attached at both ends The dots are called the nodes. They are the points of zero movement of the waves de Broglie and Schrdinger demonstrated that there are only some circular orbits with a circumference that into which a whole wavelength will fit Other orbits produce destructive interference and do not exist This observation provides an explanation for the quantization of energies in the hydrogen atom
Example
Calculate the minimum uncertainty in position for: an electron with v = 0.100 m/s how does this number relate to the size of an atom? a chemistry instructor (m = 65 kg, v = 10 km/h, uncertainty in velocity is 0.1 km/h) how does this number relate to the size of an instructor?