SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

BHUTTOS REGIME (1971-1977):

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. And 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977.

STYLE OF REGIME:
Bhutto was a SOCIALISTS. As he used collectivist approach in his policies. As he favored and imply nationalization and did not favor industrialist society. In economic reforms Bhutto followed socialism and removed Capitalization. His Socialism was basically a religious concept .He also applied philosophy of Marxism but not in true sense as at that times pure Marxism was not followed only some perspective of it were being applied which were fruitful to our economic sector. y y y Marx concept as there is no God and no world hereafter is being denied and not followed Marx concept of stateless society is denied as Bhutto believed in classes of society prevailed. Bhutto accepts Marxism and its concept of economic planning as by following this concept the basic industries are being nationalized.

SOCIAL POLICIES
There were many social policies introduced in his era. In order to elaborate it in a better way we have segregated the policies year wise.

Year 1972 Year

1972-1974 1972

Policy
Nationalization Labor Policy

Model
Institutionalized Institutionalized

Approach
Left wing Left wing

1972

Old Age Policy

Pension Residual

Left wing

SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

1972

Education Policy

Institutionalized

Left wing

1972

1972

Integrated Rural Residual Development Program Health Reforms Institutionalized

Left wing

Left wing

Nationalization (1972-1974)
Bhutto nationalized basic industries as he admired the fact that developing country like Pakistans cannot make progress by sticking to feudalism and capitalism. As there must be a balance between the public and the private sector. Bhutto announced on January 1972 that ten categories of basic industries were being taken over by the state for the benefit of the people of Pakistan. The Industries included y y y y y y y y y y iron and steel foundries basic metal, heavy engineering, heavy electrical, assembly and manufacturing of motor vehicles, tractor plants, heavy and basic chemicals, petro chemicals, cement public utilities like electricit y generat ion, transmission and distribut ion, Gas and oil refineries.

All establishments that fell under any of the above categories were taken over by the central government by appoint ment of a manager director for each such establishment. Employees of these establishments were to cont inue their service. It intended to reduce inequality and improve economic condit ion of the poorer people

Nationalization basically occurred in two phases 1972:

In the first phase, basic industries like steel, chemical and cement were nationalized. This was done in 1972.

1974:
The next major step in Nationalization took place on 1 January 1974, when Bhutto Nationalized all banks. The last step in the series was the most shocking; it was the Nationalization of all flour, rice and cotton mills throughout the country.
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SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

Institutionalized Model Applied:

Inst itut ionalized model is being applied on the Nat ionalizat ion because he wanted to provide the welfare to the whole populat ion as a whole and universalit y principle was being applied for the implementation of this policy as it protect Individuals fro m paying social cost of operating Industrialist in the societ y.

Constitutional Provisions:
Const itutional Provisions related to Nationalizat ion are article 3 and article 38 o f 1973 const itution

LABOUR POLICY (1972

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto believed in the richness of human resources. Capable, hard working and contented workers are the real national resource of a country. Labor policy of 1972 create an enabling environment for the application of universal principles of equality and social justice as well as the constitutional and international rights of workers. labor policy of 1972 increased labor participation in the management, guaranteed power of collective bargaining, streamlined system of adjudication of disputes, increased wages and fringe benefits, promotion of trade unionism, introduction of old-age pension scheme, improvement in the compensation act and share in profits

Summary of Labor policy

The Labor Policy of 1972 had three important dimensions y y y Immediate increase in workers real wages. Increased production. Promotion of trade unionism and amelioration of the workers lot.

The scope of labor laws was enhanced and benefits such as Workers participation in factory management increased and workers shares in companys profits increased from 2% to 4% and then to 5%. Nomination/election of shop-stewards to attend day to day workers problems. Settlement of disputes through Works Councils. Establishment of Workers Children Education. Representation of workers on the Governing Body established under Workers Welfare Fund Ordinance and increased profit-sharing, statutory bonus, group insurance scheme, group incentive scheme, etc. were granted.

Institutionalized Model Applied:

Inst itut ionalized model is being applied on the Labor Policy because he wanted to eliminate t he exploitat ion of labor and wanted to give t hem a better workplace enviro nment and better working condit ions. To improve the labor condit ions and their freedom of expression through labor unions.

SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

Constitutional provision:
Const itutional provisions related to nationalizat ion policy are article 3,4, 9,11,16,19 and article 38 of 1973 const itution. FOLLOW UP STEPS OF THE POLICY: As a follow-up to the policy, specific measures taken related to: a) Amendments in the Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969, and the West Pakistan Industrial and Commercial Employment (Standing Orders) Ordinance, 1968 b) Enactment of the Workers Children (Education) Ordinance, 1972 c) Enactment of the Employees Old-Age Benefits Act, 1976 d) Enactment of the Employees Cost of Living (Relief) Act, 1973. Furthermore, restrictions on trade union registration were removed, thus encouraging more Trade Unions.

Old age pension policy (1972)

The basic purpose of retirement benefit schemes is to provide financial resources after retirement three schemes are being introduced as: Provident Fund Gratuity Pensions Provident Fund Contribution as % of salary (5 to 10%) by employee and matching contribution by employer y Accumulated in individual accounts y Investment income credited based on balance y Investment subject to SECP regulation (no tax on investment income) Lump sum paid on leaving employment (even if the employee takes up employment with another employer) Permanent withdrawals allowed during service for particular purposes Loans against PF balances allowed Employer contribution allowed as tax deductible expense (up to 8.33% of salary) provided scheme approved by Income Tax Department Pension Pension normally payable from retirement age lower amount payable on early retirement other than due to disability Provisions for early benefit on death or invalidity

SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

Residual Model Applied:

Residual model is being applied old age pension policy because it apply principle o f select ivit y as only one spectra of society that is old age people comes under umbrella of this policy

Constitutional provision:
Const itutional provisions related to old age pension policy is article 9of 1973 const itution

EDUCATION POLICY OF 1972

Education is accepted as a basic right of everyone both at national and international level. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 clearly lays down the provision in Article 37 (b) that: The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period. In Article 26 (1), United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, it is clearly laid down that: Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.

Nationalization of Education
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, in 1972 announced a new education policy which did not shift the broad parameters of the previous policies. However, there was an added emphasis on adult literacy. Also, and significantly, 3,334 private educational institutions were nationalized so that famous private colleges such as the Kinnaird College for Women, the Foreman Christian College in Lahore and Gordon College in Rawalpindi were taken over from their former owners. It is reported that 1,828 schools, 346 madrassas, 155 colleges and 5 technical institutions were nationalized (GOP 1979: 26). The New Education, Policy 1970 recommended a shift to scientific, technical and vocational education for middle level skilled worker. It also emphasized a 50: 50 ratio between science and humanities subjects enrollment. In most of these institutions the teachers were paid less and welcomed nationalization, this egalitarian measure was much welcomed by the teachers though the critics said that a burden of Rs. 15 crore per annum had to be borne by the state
y y

Bhutto established the Allama Iqbal Medical College in 1975 Bhutto is credited for establishing the world class Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad and Allama Iqbal in 1974 Establishing Gomal University at Dera Ismail Khan in 1973\
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SOCIAL POLICY
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BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

In 1976, Bhutto established the Engineering Council, Institute of Theoretical Physics, and the Pakistan Academy of Letters.

National book foundation established1972

National Book Foundation was established in 1972 as a service rendering educational welfare organization. It is a statutory Corporation created through an Act of the Parliament in order to make books available at moderate prices. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto recognize need of establishing book reading habit to nation as well as making access of books easy and at fair price rate and establish NBF.

Institutionalized Model Applied:

Inst itut ionalized model is being applied on the Educat ion Policy because the purpose of these policies was to provide educat ion to all levels and Bhutto not only focused on one level infact he tried to cater all the sectors of the educat ion and provided opportunit ies for everybody to learn knowledge and skills.

Constitutional provision:
Const itutional provisions related to Eduaction policy is article 9,22 25 and 38 o f 1973 const itution

Integrated Rural Development Program1972

This program was launched in July 1972. It encompasses the entire spectrum of village life with the ultimate aim of improving socio-economic conditions of the people. Its major objectives are to stop polarization of rural society, establishment of effective rural institutions and maximization of agricultural production through the increased employment of the rural masses. The ultimate aim of IRDP was to alleviate poverty for which following steps were taken under IRDP y To facilitate and assist the village community to organize Village Development Committees (VDCs) to undertake surveys, to identify problems, formulate small projects and implement the development programmes/projects. To train the VDCs to improve their management capacity and expertise in formulation of small projects. To carry out research on various aspects of rural development To foster and develop contacts with rural development organizations both in Pakistan and abroad to share knowledge and experience Acting as a think-tank to organize seminars, workshops, forums to discuss and document the deliberations on different rural development issues

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SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

Residual Model Applied:

Residual model is being applied on the programme as it aimed towards the betterment of the societ y and welfare of the people living in t he rural ares. It was basically started to alleviate povert y and to make the living condit ions better for the farmers and rural societ ies.

Constitutional provision:
Const itutional provisions related to old age pension policy is article 9,35 ,37 and 38 of 1973 const itution

HEALTH REFORMS
Was a first step to make medicines available within the reach of the common man by bringing down the prices and rationalizing their means . To achieve this goal, an act called the Drug act, 1972, was enacted which prohibited the manufacture and import of any drugs under brand names after 23 December, 1972 and their sale after 31 March, 1973.

Institutionalized Model Applied:

Inst itut ionalized model is being applied on the Healt h Reforms because the main purpose of the healt h reforms were to provide the basic healt h facilit ies to the general public and to provide healt h facilit ies to every body at low cost.

Constitutional provision:
Const itutional provisions related to Health Reforms is article 9of 1973 const itutio n.

YEAR 1973

1973 1973

Constitution institutionalized Identity Cards For institutionalized Citizens

Left wing Left wing

SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

CONSTITUTION (1973)
To address social issues it was first time in the history of Pakistan that fundamentals of human rights are being included in constitution in 1973 and many other articles which addresses public rights are being included as:

Article Article Number

3 4 8 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Elimination of exploitation Right of individuals to be dealt with in accordance with law, etc. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of fundamental rights to be void. Security of person Slavery, forced labor, etc. prohibited. Protection against retrospective punishment. Inviolability of dignity of man, etc Freedom of movement, etc. Freedom of assembly. Freedom of association: Freedom of trade, business or profession. Freedom of speech, etc. Freedom to profess religion and to manage religious institutions. Safeguard against taxation for purposes of any particular religion. Safeguards as to educational institutions in respect of religion, etc. Provision as to property Protection of property rights. Equality of citizens.
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SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

25A.Right to education 26 27 31 35 36 37 38 150 151 153. 154 155 157 158 Non-discrimination in respect of access to public places. Safeguard against discrimination in services Islamic way of life. Protection of family, etc. Protection of minorities. Promotion of social justice and eradication of social evils. Promotion of social and economic well-being of the people. Full faith and credit for public acts, etc. Inter-Provincial trade Council of Common Interests. Functions and rules of procedure. Complaints as to interference with water supplies. Electricity. Priority of requirements of natural gas

Institutionalized Model Applied:

Inst itut ionalized model is being applied on Const itution because it was a step towards parliamentary democracy.

Identity Cards for citizens

In 1973, national database organization make first identity card for prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto its a great achievement and prime minister ordered to issue identity cards to each citizen of Pakistan in order to create their own identity and to have a record of citizen of Pakistan with state as state must consider that database at the time of making policies. Pakistan has been issuing National Identity Card (commonly known by the acronym NIC) numbers to its citizens

SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

Institutionalized Model Applied:

Inst itut ionalized model has been applied here because this was the effort to provide basic facilit ies to the cit izen through their individual recognit ion and t hrough the issuance of t he ident it y card they were to receive various benefit s from the government.

Constitutional provision:
Const itutional provisions related to old age pension policy is article 4 and9 o f 1973 const itution

Year 1974

NATIONALIZATION OF BANKS (1974)

Nationalization of banks in 1974 was introduced as to ensure credibility and safety of public money The primary aim of the Banking Reforms is to subject the commercial banks to an elaborate system of social control thats why banks are being nationalized Specifically they aim at bringing about equitable distribution of bank credit and also ensure greater social accountability. To achieve this goal, a National Credit Consultative Committee was formed this committee ensure to spread credit web as to provide small credits on easy terms and conditions and ensure easier provision of these credits specifically to small farmers and low income families.

Institutionalized Model Applied:

Inst itut ionalized model is being applied on nat ionalizat ion of banks because it was done to secure the public money and to provide easy term credit s specifically to small farmers for agriculture and low income families for housing as this follow the universalit y principle.

Constitutional provision:
Const itutional provisions related to nat ionalizat ion of banks is article 9 and 38 o f 1973 const itution

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SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

Flood Policy (1976)

Due to destruction of 1976 floods Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto established the Federal Flood Commission (FFC). The responsibility assigned to the FFC is to prepare national flood protection plans, and flood forecasting and research to harness floodwater. Bhutto Government in the aftermath took steps to improve strengthen and raise flood defense the embankments on both sides of the Indus River .Since then no government has taken such steps to improve flood defense. Nowadays this flood commission comes under ministry of water and power.

Residual Model Applied:

Residual model is being applied to flood policy because it apply principle o f select ivit y .this policy is formed when all the means to secure the people are exhausted. And to reduce the serious destructions as they faced in 1976 floods in future.

Constitutional provision:
Const itutional provisions related to flood policy are article 9 and 38 of 1973 const itution.

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SOCIAL POLICY

BHUTTO s REGIME (1971-1977)

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