A PROJECT ON FIBRE OPTICS

Submitted to:Mrs. Sharmistha De Dutta (Humanities Department) Submitted by: Amit Kumar (095055)  Ashish Kumar (095053)  Aakash Kumar (095051)  Mayank (095063)  Vikash Kumar Singh (095054)  Braja Gopal Bera (095060)

Under the guidance of Mrs. Moutusi Mondal Roy Deptt. :- E.C.E.(II) Date:- 31ST MARCH 2011

PREFACE
Fibre optics is a relatively new field which is still in the process of emerging as a full-fledged technology. The development in this is indeed breath taking with major optical fibre industries fanning its growth through their R&D efforts. However, the locomotives of its enormous growth during the last couple of decade has essentially been the initiative taken by the private fibre industries which could perceive correctly the enormous growth potential it offers for increased and improved in this services to their customers. Through the study of this project we are exposing vast technologies associated with fibre optics and their influences on our life span. Fibre optics can be seen as newly born baby, whose full application cannot be judged yet. We hoped that this project will serve as the knowledge guide for understanding the enormous facts about the fibre optics and its modern concerns

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We humbly acknowledge our best to all those who helped and guided us while this project was underway. This is our maiden effort to present this project report in which we were helped, guided and supported by our friends and teachers. We wish to express our deepest gratitude to our Electronics teacher- Mrs. Moutusi Mondal Roy of Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur for his humble and inspiring guidance throughout the preparation of the project report entitled fibre OPTICS. We are also thankful to Mrs. Sharmistha De Dutta, for her fruitful and unending support and of course to the Humanities Department of DR.B.C.ROY Engineering College for giving us an opportunity to present the topic. It is their precious and effective suggestion in our work which constantly encouraged us to go ahead and enabled us to give this project report its present shape. We are also very thankful to our teachers and friends for giving their valuable time and moral supports. We are also very much thankful to all our teachers who boosted our confidence in completing this project report..

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LETTER OF CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that Amit Kumar(ECE,2nd Year), Ashish Kumar(ECE,2nd Year), Aakash Kumar(ECE,2nd Year), Vikash Kumar Singh(ECE,2nd Year), Mayank(ECE,2nd Year), Braja Gopal Bera (ECE,2nd Year), have successfully completed a project on FIBRE OPTICS under the guidance of Mrs. Sharmistha De Dutta and Mrs. Moutusi Mondal Roy. .

Approved By :-

Mrs. Moutusi Mondal Roy (Lecturer of E.C.E.)

Mr.A.K.Mukhopadhaya (H.O.D. of E.C.E.)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary .. 7 Introduction ..8 Brief History ..9 Theory of Operation 10 Construction Details 11 Propagation of Light in Optical Fibre ..12 Types of Optical Fibre ....13-14 7.1 Step Index Fibre 7.1.1 Single Mode Step Index Fibre 13 7.1.2 Multi Mode Step Index Fibre..14 7.2 Graded Index Fibre.....14 8. Advantages of Fibre Optic over copper wire ..15 9. Field of Application ..16-19 9.1 fibre Optic Interconnection16 9.2 Gigabit Ethernet.16 9.3 Independent Telecommunication Providers..17 9.4 Fibre Optics for space..17 9.5 Medical Fibre Optic18 9.6 Fibre Optic for Shore Connectivity19 9.7 HDTV.19 10.Conclusion..20 11. Appendix21 11. References...22 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATION
Fig 1: Fig 2: Fig 3: Fig 4: Fig 5: Fig 6: Fig 7: Fig 8: Fig 9: Fig 10: Fig 11: Fig 12: Fig 13: Fig 14: Transmission of signal through optical fibre Total Internal Reflection Construction of Optical fibre The Propagation of light in Optical fibre Step Index fibre Single Mode Step Index fibre Multi Mode Step Index fibre Graded Index fibre Interconnections Gigabit Ethernet Telecommunication Medical Purposes Marine Utility HDTV

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Summary
Fibre optics have become the industry standard for the terrestrial transmission of telecommunication information. fibre optics will continue to be a major player in the delivery of broadband services. Today more than 80 percent of the world's long-distance traffic is carried over optical-fibre cables. The principle of total internal reflection is used to propagate light sign Summarily. Light is guided through the core, and the fibre acts as an optical waveguide. SMF and MMF cables are constructed differently. MMF has a larger core diameter as compared to SMF. There are two types of propagation for fibre-optic cable: multimode or single mode. These modes perform differently with respect to both attenuation and time dispersion. SMF cable provides better performance than MMF cable. The three primary propagation modes include multimode step index, single-mode step index, and multimode graded index propagation. In an optical communications system, information from the source is encoded into electrical signals that can drive the transmitter. The transmitter consists of an LED or laser and is pulsed at the incoming frequency. The fibre acts as an optical waveguide. At the detector, the signals undergo an OE conversion, are decoded, and are sent to their destination. fibre-optic system characteristics include attenuation, interference, and bandwidth characteristics. fibreoptic systems are also secure from data tapping, and tampering can be detected far more easily than with metallic-based transmission medium or free-space propagation. Telecommunications applications of fibre-optic cable are widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These involve the transmission of voice, data, and video over distances of less than a meter to hundreds of kilometres, using one of a few standard fibre designs in one of several cable designs. Carriers use optical fibre to carry analog phone service. Cable television companies also use fibre for delivery of digital video services. Intelligent transportation systems and biomedical systems also use fibre-optic transmission systems. Optical cable is also the industry standard for subterranean and submarine transmission systems. Not only telecommunication purpose, but fibre optics also left its excellent mark on medical, military, space and many other important regions. So, throughout the study of these project, we are elaborating all the above included discussions and topics.

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INTRODUCTION
Our current "age of technology" is the result of many brilliant inventions and discoveries, but it is our ability to transmit information, and the media we use to do it, that is perhaps most responsible for its evolution. Progressing from the copper wire of a century ago to todays fibre optic cable, our increasing ability to transmit more information, more quickly and over longer distances have expanded the boundaries of our technological development in all areas. Todays low- loss glass fibre optic cable offers almost unlimited bandwidth and unique advantages over all previously developed transmission media. The basic point-to-point fibre optic transmission system consists of three basic elements: the optical transmitter, the fibre optic cable and the optical receiver

Figure 01- Transmission of signal through optical fibre  The Optical Transmitter: converts an electrical analog or digital signal into a Corresponding optical signal. Operates mostly at wavelengths of 850 or 1300nm.  The Fibre Optic Cable: consists of one or more glass fibre, which act as waveguides for the optical signal.

 The Optical Receiver: converts the optical signal back into a replica of the original
electrical signal. Since that time the use of fibre optics has increased dramatically. It is used to transmit voice, television, images and data signals through small flexible threads of glass or plastic. These fibre optic cables far exceed the information capacity of coaxial cable or twisted wire pairs. They are also smaller and lighter in weight than conventional copper systems and are immune to electromagnetic interference and crosstalk. To date, fibre optics has found its greatest application in the telephone industry.The future of fibre optics does look promising, for its advantage.

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BRIEF HISTORY
Fibre optics rises dramatically from a piece of thin tread to miles of optical channels used for enormous purposes. So, lets have a brief look at the growth of this technology:y 1790s: Claude Chappe, French engineer, invented the "optical telegraph" y 1840s: Swiss physicist Daniel Collodon and French physicist Jacques Babinet showed that light could be guided along jets of water for fountain displays. y 1930s: Heinrich Lamm, the first person known to have demonstrated image transmission through a bundle of optic fibre. y 1954s: Abraham van Heel of the Technical University of Delft in Holland and Harold. H. Hopkins and Narender Kapany of Imperial College in London separately announced imaging bundles in the prestigious British journal Nature. y 1954-1959s: Lawrence Curtis, then an undergraduate at the University of Michigan, developed glass-clad fibre. y 1960s: glass-clad fibre had attenuation of about one decibel per meter, fine for medical im334567aging, but much too high for communications. y 1961s: Elias Snitzer at American Optical, working with Hicks at Mosaic Fabrications, demonstrated the similarity by drawing fibre with cores so small they carried light in only one wave guide mode. y December 1964: -With George Hockham, another young engineer who specialized in Antenna Theory, Kao worked out a proposal for long distance communications over single model fibre. y April 1,1966: The issue of laser Focus noted Kao's proposal. - July 1966: -Kao and Hockham forecast that fibre loss could be reduced below 20 dB/km attracted the interest of the British Post Office. y 1970s: Success in reducing fibre loss to 20 dB/km.

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THEORY OF OPERATION
The main principle behind the method of wave guidance in a fibre optics cable is the idea of TOTAL INTERNAL REFL E CTION.

Figure 2- Total Internal Reflection If a light ray passes from one medium with a refractive index of n1 to another medium with a refractive index of n2, and n2 is larger than n1 , such as air to glass, the refracted wave in the second medium will bend towards the normal. If n2 is less than n1, the wave will be bent away from the normal to the surface. There is one instance, where the penetrating ray will not deviate from its original path at all, that is, if it enters the medium perpendicular to the surface or head on. In the case of n2 being less than n1, there is a point when the incident ray will be totally internally reflected, that is, the ray will not enter the second material. If the angle of incidence, measured from the normal, for the n2 not equal to n1, is gradually increased the transmitted wave will continually bend away from the normal. There is an angle, however, in which the refracted wave will be placed along the surface of the boundary between the two media, and will not enter the second material, this is called the critical angle,. A light ray will be reflected at the boundary for all angles of incidence greater than the critical angle. As the incident angle of the ray is further increased, the refracted wave is actually turned back into the first medium, and total internal reflection is achieved. We can find the critical angle by putting Qc = 90 deg in Snells law of refraction: n1 sin Qc = n2 sin 90 deg (1) Qc = sin-1 (n2 / n1)

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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Optical fibre is composed of several elements. The construction of a fibre optic cable consists of a core, cladding, coating buffer, strength member and outer jacket. The optic core is the light-carrying element at the centre. The core is usually made up of a combination of silica and germanium. The cladding surrounding the core is made of pure silica. The cladding has a slightly lower index of refraction than the core. The lower refractive index causes the light in the core to reflect off the cladding and stay within the core. Index of refraction is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in a material. The speed of light in a vacuum is equal to 300,000,000 meters per second. The higher the index of refraction, the slower the speed of light through the material. Index of Refraction = Light velocity (vacuum) Light velocity (material) Fibre is either single mode or multimode. Fibre sizes are expressed by Using two numbers: 8/125. The first number refers to the core size in Microns. The second number refers to the core size plus the cladding size Combined.

Figure 3-Construction of optical fibre

Several layers of buffer coatings protect the core and the cladding. The layers act as a shock absorber to protect the core and cladding from damage. A strength member, usually armid is around the buffer layers. To prevent pulling damage during installation the strength member is added to give critical tensile (pulling) strength to the cable. The outer jacket protects against environmental factor

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PROPAGATION OF LIGHT IN OPTICAL FIBRE

Figure 4- The Propagation of Light in Optical fibre The angle Q in the Figure is called the Acceptance Angle. Any light entering the fibre at less than this angle will meet the cladding at an angle greater than critical angle. If light meets the inner surface of the cladding (the core - cladding interface) at greater than or equal to critical angle then TIR occurs. So all the energy in the ray of light is reflected back into the core and none escapes into the cladding. The ray then crosses to the other side of the core and, because the fibre is more or less straight, the ray will meet the cladding on the other side at an angle which again causes TIR. The ray is then reflected back across the core again and the same thing happens. In this way the light zigzags its way along the fibre. This means that the light will be transmitted to the end of the fibre.

In reality the light which enters the fibre is a focused beam, consisting of many millions of "rays" behaving in a similar way. They all zigzag along the core of the fibre, crossing over each other, and filling up the core with light. A pulse of light travelling along the core of the fibre is really a bundle of these rays.

Optical fibre act as a guide for light. Once light enters the fibre, it moves in the same direction as the fibre. As the fibre can be bent, light can thus be bent around corners by using optical fibre.

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TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRE

There are two main fibre types: 1) Step index 2) Graded index

Step Index fibre

Step index fibre is so called because the refractive index of the fibre steps up as we move from the cladding to the core of the fibre. Within the cladding the refractive index is constant, and within the core of the refractive index is constant.

Figure 5- Step Index fibre

Single Mode Step Index fibre

Because its core is so narrow, a Single Mode fibre can support only one mode. This is called the "Lowest Order Mode".

Figure 6-Single mode Step Index fibre

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Multimode Step Index fibre

Although it may seem from what we have said about Total Internal Reflection that any ray of light can travel down the fibre, because of the wave nature of light, only certain ray directions can actually travel down the fibre. These are called the "fibre Mode". In a multimode fibre many different modes are supported by the fibre.

Figure 7- Multimode Step Index fibre

Graded Index fibre:

Graded Index fibre has a different core structure from single mode and multimode step index fibre. Whereas in a step-index fibre the refractive index of the core is constant throughout the core, in a graded index fibre the value of the refractive index changes from the centre of the core onwards. In fact it has a Quadratic Profile. This means that the refractive index of the core is proportional to the square of the distance from the centre of the fibre.

Figure 8- The Graded Index fibre

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Advantages of Fibre Optic Systems over coaxial or copper wire:The three Elements (Optical transmitter, Optical receiver, fibre optic cable) used in fibre optic transmission systems, offer a wide range of benefits not offered by traditional copper wire or coaxial cable. These include: 1. The ability to carry much more information and deliver it with greater fidelity than either Copper wire or coaxial cable. 2. Fibre optic cable can support much higher data rates, and at greater distances, than coaxial cable, making it ideal for transmission of serial digital data. 3. The fibre is totally immune to virtually all kinds of interference, including lightning, and will not conduct electricity. It can therefore come in direct contact with high voltage electrical equipment and power lines. It will also not create ground loops of any kind. 4. As the basic fibre is made of glass, it will not corrode and is unaffected by most chemicals. It can be buried directly in most kinds of soil or exposed to most corrosive atmospheres in chemical plants without significant concern. 5. Since the only carrier in the fibre is light, there is no possibility of a spark from a broken fibre. Even in the most explosive of atmospheres, there is no fire hazard, and no danger of electrical shock to personnel repairing broken fibre. 6. fibre optic cables are virtually unaffected by outdoor atmospheric conditions, allowing them to be lashed directly to telephone poles or existing electrical cables without concern for extraneous signal pickup. 7. A fibre optic cable, even one that contains many fibre, is usually much smaller and lighter in weight than a wire or coaxial cable with similar information carrying capacity. It is easier to handle and install, and uses less duct space. 8. Fibre optic cable is ideal for secure communications systems because it is very difficult to tap but very easy to monitor. In addition, there is absolutely no electrical radiation from a fibre. The next Points will show how fibre optic cables are able to provide all these advantages and why fibre-optics are steadily replacing copper wire as an appropriate means of communication signal transmission.

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FIELD OF APPLICATIONS
Fibre Optic Interconnects
Interconnections are one of the largest and most widely used areas for fibre optic cables and assemblies. An interconnect is defined as the physical connection of two or more fixtures through which communication is possible. Interconnects range from simple, simplex patch cords to multi-channel distribution and backbone cables and virtually everything in between. Most interconnects are used for smaller, localized network or system structures, linking similar machines, complimentary devices, and/or data communications from one system to another. Figure 9 -Interconnection Typical interconnect products are centred on a variety of industry standard cable assemblies that move, relay, or distribute data from point-to-point.

Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet solutions have become a necessity with the accelerating growth of LAN traffic, pushing network administrators to look for higher speed network technologies to meet the demand for more bandwidth. Gigabit Ethernet applications supported by fibre optics are now transmitting signal reliably at 10Gbps, up to 10,000 meters using single mode systems, and well over that for Gigabit and multi-gig transmission rates. With multimode systems, fibre optics will push 10Gbps transmission between 26 and fibre optic products work very well for troubleshooting network issues for a number of reasons:
y y y

Low cost, high-bandwidth solution Figure 10- Gigabit Ethernet Large network simulation capabilities Pure optical signal testing allows for more precise results as opposed to optical to electrical back to optical testing

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 Independent Telecommunication Providers

The independent telecommunication providers segment is an area of the industry that provides service(s) in rural areas, typically supporting residential and small to medium businesses. The services offered in these areas can range from basic telephone to triple play depending on the provider, subscriber location, and service availability. Independent Telecommunications Providers have been able to offer an entire suite of services to clients, previously unavailable over traditional copper lines. Expanded service can include high-speed internet access, broadcast television (high definition in some cases), voice over internet protocol phone service, and security over a single broadband connection. Availability of the various components

Figure11-telecommunication

within the expanded services area remains dependent on each service provider; however, more and more of these various services are becoming available in rural locations nationwide.

 Fibre Optics for Space

Over the last several years, fibre optics has become increasingly popular in space environments as a medium of choice for a variety of applications. fibre offers some distinct advantages over other mediums including:
y y y y y y

Immunity to EMI & RFI Low attenuation of light power over long distances Wide transmission bandwidth (~10 100 Gbps) Small physical size and weight Electrical insulation from chemical corrosion Analog and digital transmission

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Medical Fibre Optics

fibre optics have been used in the medical industry for years. The physical characteristics of fibre make it a natural choice for many different applications. Commonly used for illumination, flexible image bundles, light conductors, flexible light guides, laser delivery systems, and equipment interconnects, fibre optics provide a very compact, flexible conduit for light or data delivery in equipment, surgical, and instrumentation applications.

y Medical Research
Medical research covers a wide range of applications and areas of study within the medical field. Often, fibre optic products in this area are designed to be very application specific as each products requirement is intended to support and/or test a theory, procedure, or instrument. While some applications share various product attributes with another product, the vast majority require precise and unique characteristics achieved through specialty product design. Figure 12 Medical Purposes

y Medical Instruments
Medical Instruments utilize fibre optics for a variety of applications including illumination, image transfer, and laser signal delivery.          examination lights FO headlight Vet otoscope Laryngoscope (blade illumination) Anoscope (with annular illumination) Binocular indirect ophthalmoscope Anemoscope Microscope illumination Heart catheter

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Fibre Optics for Ship to Shore Connectivity

fibre optics for ship to shore applications are designed to provide data, phone, and other services to docked ships via umbilical cable to landline connection. These connections allow high speed, high bandwidth communications to and from the vessel, without using shipboard wireless transmit/receive systems. For this application, fibre optics offer some distinct advantages with size, weight, performance, and durability. Figure 12-Marine utility

HDTV

HDTV (high definition television) is the broadcasting of a higher resolution format than possible with traditional analog television broadcasting. A form of digital television, HDTV is a very bandwidth intensive application requiring maximum allowable speed and data volume transfer.Originating with HD camera and video capture/processing equipment, television networks, service providers, and production companies utilizing fibre optics as the support and distribution structure all the way to the subscriber premises. Figure 13-HDTV

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CONCLUSION
Science and technology has grown by leaps and bounds and we are heading towards a future, where fiction at present will turn into realities. Optical fibre has been one of the most appreciable invention in our era. Throughout the whole processes of building this report, we indulge ourselves fully in understanding the interesting facts about the fibre optics. fibre optics is really a great product that come our hand far our modern utilities. It can be used to connect , communicate and cure. fibre optics awaits lots of further uses that are still in research and processing.

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APPENDIX
 TIR :- Total Internal Reflection  RI :-Refractive index  EMI :-Electro Magnetic Interference  RFI :-Radio Frequency Interference  Gbps :-Giga bytes per second  HDTV :-High Definition Television

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REFERENCES

 Optical fibre communication by SENIOR      Telecommunication by VISHWANATHAN http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre optics Fibre Optics on Google http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre optics communication Images of optical fibres on Google

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