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AIM To determine the hardness number of various specimens like steel, cast iron aluminium brass. APPARATUS REQUIRED 1. Berinells hardness test 2. Ball indicator 3. Traveling microscope FORMULA The surface area of indentation A = D/2 * (D-(D-d)) Where, D = Diameter of Ball D = the mean diameter of indentation The Brinells hardness number = test load/surface area of indentation = P/A PROCEDURE: 1. Based on the following table, the proper load and ball was selected to suit material in test. The surface of the specimen is brushed and well cleaned. 2. The selected ball is inserted in the machine and specimen load is determined. 3. Now the load is released. 4. The diameter of indentation is measured.
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S.NO
MATERIAL LOAD
ALUMINIUM
OBSERVATION
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2. TORSION TEST AIM: To determine the modulus of rigidity of the sample of given rod.
APPARATUS REQUIRED 1. Torsion testing machine 2. Test specimen 3. Steel rule 4. Caliper
FORMULA Torsional equation T/J = C/L Modulus of rigidity C = TL/J Where T= Torsional moment in N-mm L= Length of test pull J= Polar moment of inertia = Angle of twist in radian PROCEDURE: 1. Using the micrometer the diameter L of specimen is measured in four places. 2. The length of l of the specimen is measured accurately of seeing into the machine. 3. After selecting the suitable scale on the machine the initial and angle of twist where adjusted zero. 4. Up to angle of twist the torque was applied zero. 5. There are the machine was separated electrically and readings at 10 intervals where the reading is noted continuously unit specimen failed. GRAPH The angle of twist ,in degree values. Torque in N-m graph was drawn. Angle of twist in x-axis and torque in y-axis.
RESULT 1. The modulus of rigidity of sample (from tabulation) = 2. The modulus of rigidity of sample (from graph) =
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S.NO
IN RADIANS
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY IN N- MM
OBSERVATION:
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3.TEMPERING AIM: To perform the heat treatment tempering on the given material C-40 steel. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Muffle furnace: tongs 2. Given material: C-40 steel 3. Quenching medium: water PROCEDURE: 1. The given specimen is subjected to Rockwell hardness test and Rockwell hardness number is measured before hardening that the specimen is subjected to rough grinding. 2. The specimen is placed inside the combustion chamber of muffle furnace and is heated up to 630 C. 3. Then the specimen is soaked for 10 minutes at the same temperature 630C. 4. After soaking it is taken out from the furnace and it is cooled in air. 5. The specimen is cooled, now the tempering is completed. 6. Again the specimen is subjected to Rockwell hardness test and Rockwell hardness number is measured.
RESULT: The heat treatment tempering on the given material C-40 steel and its Rockwell hardness number is measured
Rockwell hardness number before tempering = Rockwell hardness number after tempering =
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S.NO
PENETRATOR SCALE
RHN
MEAN RHN
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4. HARDENING AIM: To perform the heat treatment on the given material C-40 steel. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Muffle furnace: tongs 2. Given material: C-40 3. Quenching material: water PROCEDURE: 1.The given specimen is subjected to Rockwell hardness test and Rockwell hardness number is measured before hardening. 2.The specimen is placed inside the combustion chamber of muffle furnace and is heated up to 830 C. 3.Then the specimen is socked for 10 minutes at the same temperature 830C. 4.After socking it is taken out from the furnace and it is quenched in the water. 5.The specimen is cooled, now the hardening is completed. 6.Again the specimen is subjected to Rockwell hardness test and Rockwell hardness number is measured.
RESULT:
The heat treatment hardening on the given material C-40 steel and its Rockwell hardness number is measured
Rockwell hardness number before tempering = Rockwell hardness number after tempering = CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 7
S.NO
PENETRATOR SCALE
RHN
MEAN RHN
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5. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST AIM: To determine Rockwell hardness number for steel aluminium, copper, brass, and alloy. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1.Rockwell hardness tester. 2.120 diamond cone penetrator 3.1/16 diamond steel 4.specimen
PROCEDURE: 1.The test piece was cleaned and placed on the special anvil of the machine. 2.The capstan wheel was turned to elevate the test specimen to contact the indenter point. 3.The wheel was further turned to face the test specimen against the indenter. This will ensure that a minor load has been applied on the specimen. 4.The pointer was set on to appropriate scale; the dial gauge was set in appropriate position based on the scale used. 5.The lever was pushed forward and the major load was applied. 6.As soon as the pointer in the dial goes to rest, release the lever which will release the major load. The pointer will rotate in the reverse direction. 7.The Rockwell hardness is used on the appropriate scale dial.
RESULT: The Rockwell hardness number for Aluminium sample = Copper sample = Steel sample =
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S.NO
PENETRATOR SCALE
RHN
MEAN RHN
Type of penetrator
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6.IMPACT TEST (CHARPY) AIM: To determine the impact of the material using Charpys glove. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1.impact testing machine. 2.test specimen. 3.scale. 4.caliper.
FORMULA: Impact strength = Energy required to break the specimen Area of cross section of notch point
PROCEDURE: 1.The striker was screwed firmly to the center of the hammer. 2.The hammer was screwed freely to note down the energy loss due to friction. 3.The test specimen was fixed on support with the notch. 4.The pointer scale was read. 5.The striker was released by operating a lever and the specimen was broken. 6.The pendulum was brought to rest by applying brake. 7.The pointer and the scale value were read. This is the energy required to break the specimen. 8.The broken specimen and the striker are removed.
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S.NO
IMPACT STRENGTH
Jm
OBSERVATION: Dimension of test piece Type of notch Angle of notch Depth of notch
= = = =
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7. IMPACT TEST (IZODS) AIM: To determine the impact of the material using Izods glove. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Impact testing machine. 2. Test specimen. 3. Izods machine. 4. Izods accessories. 5. Caliper.
FORMULA: Impact strength = Energy required to break the specimen Area of cross section of notch point
PROCEDURE: 1.The striker was screwed firmly to the center of the percussion of the hammer with screws. 2.The hammer was swing freely to note down the energy loss due to friction. 3.The test specimen was fixed on support with the notch facing the striking direction and the clamp screw are tightened. 4.The pointer scale was read. 5.The striker is released by operating a lever and the specimen was broken. 6.The pendulum was brought to rest by applying brake. 7.The pointer and the scale value were read. This is the energy required to break the specimen. 8.The broken specimen and the striker are removed.
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S.NO
IMPACT STRENGTH
Jm
OBSERVATION: Dimension of test piece Type of notch Angle of notch Depth of notch Distance of notch from one end
= = = = =
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8. VERIFICATION OF MAXWELLS RECIPROCAL THEOREM AIM: To verify the Maxwells reciprocal theorem. APPARATUS: 1. Beam to be tested 2. Roller supports 3. Set of weight of hanger 4. Deflectometer 5. Vernier caliper 6. Scale PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Place the given beam over the supports of measure the span of the beam. Place the hanger span from right hand side. Note the deflectometer reading at no load position. Load the beam at uniform rate of note down the corresponding deflectometer reading. 5. Decrement the load at the same uniform rate and down the corresponding deflectometer reading. 6. Now place the deflectometer at of span from left hand side and place hanger at of span from right hand side and repeat the steps 4 and 6.
RESULT: Deflection of beam from load at A and deflection for at B Deflection of beam from load at B and deflection for at A Therefore Maxwells reciprocal theorem is verified.
E= E=
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DEFLECTION AT A AND LOAD AT B S.NO LOAD DEFLECTOMETER READING IN mm LOADING UNLOADING MEAN DEFLECTION DEFLECTION AT A IN mm * L.C YOUNGS MODULUS IN N/mm
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DEFLECTION AT B AND LOAD AT A S.NO LOAD DEFLECTOMETER READING IN mm DEFLECTION YOUNGS AT B IN MODULUS LOADING UNLOADING MEAN IN N/mm DEFLECTION mm * L.C
OBSERVATION: 1. Length of simply supported beam 2. Breadth of simply supported beam 3. Depth of simply supported beam 4. Position of load from left support 5. Position of load from right support 6. Position of deflectometer
= = = = = =
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9. DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAMS (simply supported) Aim: To determine the youngs modulus of the given beam material. APPARATUS: 1. Beam to be rested 2. Roller supports 3. Weight with hangs 4. Deflectometer 5. Calipers 6. Measuring scale FORMULA: The general expression for deflection of any point x is given by
= wbx(l-b-x) 6EIl
I = moment of Inertia = Bd/12 (mm^4) = deflection (mm) B = breadth of simply supported beam (mm) l = length of simply supported beam (mm) x = position of deflectometer b = position of load w = load PROCEDURE: 1. The breadth B and depth d of beam where measured accurately. 2. The supports are arranged to the required span and the beam is placed over the supports. 3. The loading point was marked and the distance y from left support. 4. The deflectometer reading was noted down at no reading condition. 5. The beam was loading at uniform rate and corresponding deflectometer readings were noted. 6. Deflection vs. load graph was drawn and youngs modulus of beam material was found out. Graph: A graph draw by taking load in the y-axis and deflection in the x axis.
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Result:
The youngs modulus of the beam material is found to be for steel from tabulations E = From graph E =
S.NO LOAD DEFLECTOMETER READING IN mm DEFLECTION YOUNGS AT b IN mm MODULUS LOADING UNLOADING MEAN IN N/mm DEFLECTION * L.C
OBSERVATION: 1. Span of simply supported beam 2. Distance of load system from left support 3. Breadth of beam 4. Depth of beam 5. Distance of deflection from left support 6. Least count of deflectometer
= = = = = =
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10.COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING (Open coiled) AIM: 1. To determine the rigidity modulus of the spring. 2. To find the stiffness of the spring. 3. To determine the energy absorbed by the spring for a particular load. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1.Open coiled helical spring 2. Spring testing machining. 3. Caliper etc. FORMULA USED: 1. The mean radius of the spring is touch using the inner and outer diameter of spring. R = (Do+Di )/4 Where Do = outer diameter of spring Di = inner diameter of spring. 2.The angle of helix = tan-1 (pitch/2 R) Average pitch = [total height spring/No. of turns] 3.The rigidity modulus of the material is found from the mean deflection using the following = 64WR3N sec d^4 Cos C + 2sin E
4. The stiffness of the spring is given by S = W/D * N/mm 5. The energy is started for particular load is given by U = WD N-mm PROCEDURE: 1.The inner and outer diameter of the spring was measured. 2. The diameter of the coil was measured. 3. The number of turns and the angle of helix counted.
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4. The spring was loaded at uniform rate and the corresponding scale reading was noted at every step 5.The scale was placed between the places at reading unit. 6. The load was released at the same step and the scale readings are noted. GRAPH: The graph was drawn taking mean deflection in x-axis level in y-axis. RESULT: 1.Thestiffnes of the given spring is = 2. The rigidity modulus of the spring = 3. The energy started in the spring for a load of ..N =
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MEAN=
OBSERVATION Outer dia of the spring = Inner dia of the spring = Youngs modulus = Dia of the coil wire = Length of the spring = No. of turns =
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11. TENSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING (Closed coil) AIM: 1. To determine the rigidity modulus of the spring material. 2. To find the stiffness of the spring. 3. To determine the energy started in the spring at particular load. APPARATUS REQUIRD: 1. Closed coiled helical spring 2. Spring testing machine 3. Calipers etc. FORMULA: Rigidity modulus P = 64WRN d^4 W = load in N N = No. of turns = deflection in mm D = diameter of coil wire in mm N/mm Stiffness of the spring = W/ Strain energy rated = W* /2 N/mm PROCEDURE: 1. The inner and outer diameters of the spring were measured. 2. The diameter of coil was measured. 3. The number of turns of before curve was counted. 4. The spring was placed between the plates of the loading unit. 5. The initial scale reading was noted. 6. The load was applied at an uniform 7. The scale readings were noted for regular interval of increased a load. 8. Then the released at same point steps and scale readings were noted. GRAPH: The mean value of deflection was plotted on x- axis and load was plotted on y- axis.
RESULT: 1.Strain energy stored in the spring 2.Rigidity modulus of the spring 3.Stiffness of the spring 4.By graph
= = = = Page 23
MEAN=
OBSERVATION Outer dia of the spring = Inner dia of the spring = Youngs modulus = Dia of the coil wire = Length of the spring = No. of turns =
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12.TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD AIM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. APPARATUS To determine the yield stress of steel. To determine the ultimate stress of steel. To determine the breaking stress of steel. To determine the reduction in area in steel. To determine the percentage of elongation of steel. To determine the elasticity modulus of steel. REQUIRED
1. Universal testing machine. 2. Extensometer. 3. Scale. 4. Vernier caliper etc.., PROCEDURE 1. Accurately measure the diameter of given rod. 2. Mark the gauge length to determine the elongation. 3. Assuming the ultimate stress of the material, choose the load range in UTM for the given steel bar the ultimate Stress may be assumed as 500N/mm and the required Ultimate load can be calculated. 4. Fix the test specimen between the steel grips of the UTM taking care to see that the load will be applied axially and fix the extensometer. 5. Apply the load gradually and in uniform steps and note down the corresponding extensometer reading. 6. Remove the extensometer after 70% of the yield load is applied .Yield load may be calculated by product of projected yield stress (250N/mm in case of steel) and the area of cross section. 7. Note down the load at yield i.e., the short deviation of time when the pointer remains stationary. 8. Increase the load and note down the ultimate load. At the ultimate load the red pointer will be left in position and the black point which indicate the instantaneous applied load will move in to reverse direction. 9. Note down the break point load at which the specimen fails. 10. Remove the specimen and note down the diameter of the neck and the elongation.
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RESULT 1. The yield stress of material 2. The ultimate stress of material 3. The breaking stress of material 4. Percentage of elongation of material 5. Percentage of reduction of cross section area = N/mm = N/mm = N/mm = % = %
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13. DOUBLE SHEAR TEST AIM To determine the ultimate shear strength of the material by conducting a double shear test.
APPARATUS USED 1. Universal testing machine 2. Shear test attachment. 3. Calipers etc., FORMULA Cross sectional area of the specimen = /4 * d Ultimate shear strength = Failure load/ 2 /4 *d PROCEDURE 1. By using calipers, measure the diameter of specimen. 2. The specimens were inserted in shearing apparatus and tightly screwed 3. This assembly is kept between the plates of the compression zone of the UTM 4. The load was applied gradually and the failure load was noted. 5. This experiment was repeated for more specimens.
N/mm
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OBSERVATION
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