Seismic Imaging

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Colorado School of Mines

jscales@mines.edu
IJLKNMPORQSJUTWV-X1YRZ[Z
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|CG~ 7 v 9 ut3DxC @ 7:9 {?DxF> ~u~C 5A= ~?D = s~8CL6 ` _ 6
B/DxC 7:9 FEF 9 ~8{ 9 F} 9 D>{ @ ~|CGDxD>uw ~8Sw @ v?D>FED = ~ s 7 Dx{ @ F>
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4 D 9 F 7:9<975 9 {? 9 F @ v?D?CE~ D>FGF @ v?CE~s?v}v 9 vFGD 9 F 7 ~8C 587 F+CGD ~C = D = ~8{ @ v?D 5 C @ vFiFGs?C1
| 58 D 5 CED 75 ?D =9 { @ ~CED>?CED>FED>{ @l5A@G9 ~{6F~8| 9@ F 9 { @ DxC 9 ~8C:6CG~D>C @q9 DxF> 75 9 {? 7 D @ v?~ = F 5 CED
{?~L 58=y5 wF 5 ?6u 9 D =@ ~ 5 t?CE~ 58= C 5 {6D~8| FED 9 F 79 ~t?FED>C A5A@G9 ~{6F>|CG~ 7 {?D 5 C1gFEs?CE| 58 DDx{ 9 CG~{
7 D>{ @l5 uF @ s =?9 D>F> @ ~~ 9 u 5 { = 5 FDR66u<~C 5A@q9 ~{D Dx{ @ ~u<~8{?AgD>C 9 ~ = D 5 C @ v?Ss 58 DcFGD 9 F 7 ~u<~88w
v?D v 5 C 58@ DxC 9 F @q9 u<Dx{? @ vF >5 u<DxF~8| @ v6D|D 5A@ s?CGDxF 9<75 D = t`w @ v?D>FED @ D v?{ 9 s6D>FC 5 {?D~ DxC
75 {`w~8C = DxCGF$~A| 75 8{ 9@ s = D8 D @$@ v6D>CGD 9 F 5 ~ 77 ~{t~ = w~8|W?v`wF 9U5 u @ v?Dx~CEw 5 { =75A@ v?D
75A@q9U5 u @ D v6{ 9 Ss?DxFi}v 9 vs6{ = D>CEu 9 D>F 5 uFx
@i@ v?D|CGD>Ss?Dx{ >9 D>F @ w 9<U5 u~A|FGs vD3DxC 97 Dx{ @ F> @ v?D 5 C @ v 9 Fx @ ~ 5: CEF @$5 ??CE~L 975A@G9 ~{ 5
DxC @G9<U5 u<uwF @ C 5A@G9 D =7 D =?9 s 7 v?DxFGDF @ C 5A@q9yU5o@q9 ~8{?F+v 5U DCGD>FEs?u @ D = |CG~ 7@ v?DNFGu~_N ~{?F @q5 { @
= Dx3~F 9@G9 ~{~A|3FED =?97 Dx{ @ F>`F 5 { = Fx 5 FGv 5 { = FG~~{s?D @ ~ ~ 7 58x@G9 ~{8D>CE~F 9 ~{ v 5 {?D}~8|FED 5
u<D Dxu 5 { =75 {`w~ @ v?D>C| 58@ ~CEF> @ v?DDx~u<~8 9< 5 { = v?Dx{ D:D>u 5 F @G9< v 5 C 5Ax@ DxC~A| @ v?D>FED:u 5 wD>CEF
A5 C 9 D>FW 9@ v = Dx @ v 5 { =5 D8 {?Div 5 F~{?uw @ ~u<~~ 5A@5 {:D~FGD = FGD =69<7 D>{ @l5 C[w CE~FGFjFGD @q9 ~{
@ ~:tD 97 ?CED>FEFGD = t`w @ v?DN| 58@i@ v 5A@i@ v?DxFGD v 5 {?8D>F >5 {~ > s?C}~ D>CFGs vFGv?~8C @=?9 F @l5 { D>F @ v 5o@
@ v6D+?CG~D>C @q9 D>F @ v6D 7 FGD>u DxF 5 CED+Dx3D @q9 D>uw =?9 F ~8{ @G9 {Ss?~s6FCED>u 5A@q9 D @ ~ @ v?D+FGD 9 F 79 5U D>u<Dx{? @ v
v?DxFGD+u 5 w8D>CGF U5 { A5 C[w 9 { @ v 9<l {?D>FEF|CG~ 7 uD>FGF @ v 5 { 5$7 D @ DxC @ ~ 75 {`wvSs?{ = CED = F~8| 7 D @ D>CEF> F
5 CGDxFGs?u @ ?}v?Dx{ @ v6DN 5 C @ vFiFGs?C[| 58 D 9 F+D >9@ D = 9@ vFE~ 7 DFG~s?C D~8|/FGD 9 F 7:9< Dx{?D>CE8w 5 { =@ v6D
CGDxFG~{?FEDCGD ~C = D = ~8{FGD 9 F 7 ~ 7 D @ D>CEF>yD 9 uuFGD>D 5 ~ 7 6u 9<>5A@ D =; ~~~8|D>u 5 F @q9 5U D @ wD>Fx
CGDyD @q9 ~{?F |CG~ 7@ v?D =?9 F ~{ @q9 {Ss 9@q9 D>F 9 { 75A@ DxC 95 u3?CE~D>C @G9 DxF> 7 s?u @G9 ?uDiCEDxyD x@G9 ~{?F 9@ v 9 { @ v6D
u 5 w8D>CGFxs 9<= D = 5U D>F> 9 { @ D>C[| 58 D 5U D>F}v 9< v?CG~ 5 5A@ D 5 u~{? @ v?Dt~s?{ =y5 CEwtD @ jD>Dx{ @ j~
=?9 DxCGD>{ @ u 5 w8D>CGFx$FEs?CE| 58 D 5U DxF}v 9 v 5 CGDD~{?Dx{ @G95 uuw 5A@G@ D>{Ss 5A@ D = 9@ v = Dx @ v$ 5U D>F
}v 9 v 5 CEDCGD|C 58@ D = t`w ~{ @q9 {Ss?~8s?F v 5 {?DxF 9 { 75o@ D>C 95 u?CE~3DxC @G9 D>Fx 5 { = ~ @ v?D>CEF> v?D v 5 C1
58@ D>Ci~8| @ v?DxFGDFED 9 F 7:9< 5U D>F 5 uu<~L}F+FGD 9 F 7 ~u~ 9 F @ F @ ~ 758 D 9 {6|D>CED>{ D>F 5 t3~8s @}@ v?D{ 5A@ s?CGD~8|
@ v6DFEs?t?FEs?CE| 58 D8D>~u~8w
D U5 s?FED+~8| @ D x@ ~{ 9<5 { = ~ @ v?DxC = w{ 587:9< |~C D>F 5o@ j~C 9 { @ v?D 5 C @ v @ v 9 F CEF @ ~C = D>C 9 D~8|
@ v6DFEs?t?FEs?CE| 58 DDx~u<~88w 5 F 5 u 5 wDxC U58 D 7 s6F @ ~8| @ Dx{tD 7 ~ =?9 D =c@ ~ @l5A D 9 { @ ~ 58x ~s?{ @ tD>{ @
5 { = |C 58x@ s?CGD = F @ C 5A@l5 @ CGD 7 D = Dx|~8C 75A@q9 ~{?F >5 {~ x s?C 9 {?CG~ DxFGFGDxFFEs v 5 F 7 ~8s?{ @l589 {
t?s 9 u =?9 {??{ = D>C @ v6D 9 {6?s?D>{ D~8|}CED 5A@ v?D 5o@5 { = F @ CGDxFGFxFE~ 7 DCG~ l FDv 9 t 9@5@l5 w`gu 9< D
~8{?F 9 F @ Dx{ w 5 { =>5 {tDt3Dx{ @9 { @ ~D~ @G9< FGv 5 3DxF 9@ v?~s @ t?CGD 58S9 {??}v 9 u<D~ @ v?D>CEFtD ~ 7 D
FGD DxCGD>uw|C 58@ s?CED = g{ 75 C 9 {?DjD>{ 9 CG~8{ 7 Dx{ @ F>SuD>FGF = Dx{?FGD}F 5 u @>5 {t3D+~ D>CGu 589 {t`w 7 ~CED = D>{6FGD
FGD =?9<7 D>{ @ F> 5 F @ v?DF 5 u @ C 9 FGDxFs?{ = D>C 9@ F+~_}{t?s?~Lw 5 { w8 9@ ?s?FGv6D>F @ v?D~ D>CEt?s?C = D>{~s @ ~A| @ v6D
9
5 w8FGD D>CED>uw = D|~C 7:9 {6~C 9 9 { 5 uuw 5A@ u 5 wDxCGF> s?C @ v?D>CxD D>{~{ @ v?DCGD>u 5A@q9 Dxuwu~ >5 u 9; D =
F >5 u<D~8|D?u~C 5o@q9 ~8{FGD 9 F 7 ~u<~88w @ v6D>CGD 75 wt3DF 9 { 9yU5 { @ u 5A@ DxC 5 u A5 C 9<5A@q9 ~{?F 9 { 75A@ D>C 9<5 u
?CE~3DxC @G9 D>Fx ~C D 587 ?uD8 9 |DNu~~ :5A@@ v?DFED =?97 Dx{ @ F U5 CEC 9 D =c= ~L}{?F @ CGD 587 t`w 5 C 9 DxC> 9@ 9 F
uD 5 C @ v 5o@ u 9 v @ DxC 5 C @G9< uD>F 9 u<u`tD >5 CGC 9 D = |s?C @ v?D>Cx8}v 9 u<Dt 9 DxC/~8{?D>F 9 u<uStD = Dx3~F 9@ D = CEF @
y~L}F}{?D 5 C @ v?D Dx{ @ D>C}~8| @ v?D v 5 {?{?Dxu 9 uutD| 5 F @ D>C @ v 5 { @ v?Dy~L~{ @ v?D D>CG8D8 v 9 F} 9 DxF
C 9 FGD @ ~:F 9 { 9y>5 { @+85 C 95o@q9 ~8{ 9 F @ v?D = D>{?F 9@ w 5 { = ~CG~8F 9@ w~8| 5 9 Dx{FED =?97 Dx{ @l5 C[w|~C 75A@G9 ~{
5 F 5 |s?{ @q9 ~8{~A|Es?F @ v?~L @ v6DFED =?97 Dx{ @ F}DxCGD = D>~F 9@ D =
/58S9 {? 5 uFGDDD x@ F 9 { @ ~ 58> ~s?{ @ }FED 9 F 79 5U DxFc?CG~ 5 5A@G9 {? 9 { @ v?D 5 C @ v 9 u<u}tD
CGD|C 58@ D = CEDxyD x@ D =5 { ==?9 C 58x@ D = /g{~C = D>C @ ~tD 5 t?u<D @ ~ 975 8D @ v?D 5 C @ v @ ~FGDxD @ v?CG~s6v
@ v6D ~ 7 ?u 9<>5A@ D ==?9 F @ ~C @G9 {?Nu<Dx{?F @ v 5A@j9@ Fjv?D @ DxCG~Dx{?D>~8s?F FGs6t?FGs?C[| 58 D$?CGDxFGD>{ @ F @ ~s?F> 9 {~ @ v?DxC
j~C = Fx @ ~tD 5 t?uD @ ~FE~u D @ v?D 9 { D>CEFGDNF >5A@G@ D>C 9 {??CG~8t?u<D 7 SDN{?DxD =@ ~tD 5 t?uD @ ~s?{ = ~ 5 uu<u @ v 5A@9 F @ v?Di~ 5 uy~8| 9<75 9 {?? @ ~ @ C 5 {?F[|~C 7
5 FGs 9@ D~A|jFED 9 F 7 ~C 5A7 FCGD ~C = D =5A@@ v6DFGs?C[| 58 D~8| @ v6D 5 C @ v 9 { @ ~ 5gLlo 9 D8 5
FG 5A@q9<5 u 975 8D~8|FG~ 7 D?CG~83DxC @ w~A| @ v?D 5 C @ vs?FGs 5 u<uwi 5L DFGD>D = ~C 9<7 3D =y5 { DLR v?DxCGD 5 CED
@ j~ @ w3DxF~8|FE 5A@q9<5 u A5 C 9<5A@q9 ~{?F}~8| @ v?D 5 C @ vF$?CE~D>C @G9 DxF> v?D>CED 5 CED @ v6DF 7 ~~ @ v v 5 {?DxF
F 7 ~~ @ v 7 D 5 { 9 {?3~8FGFGDxFGF 9 {?FG 5A@q9<5 u 5U D>uD>{? @ v?Fc}v 9 v 5 CGDu~{? ~ 7 5 CGD =@ ~FGD 9 F 7:9<
5L D>uD>{? @ v?Fl 5 FGFE~ x95A@ D = 9@ v6CG~ D>FEFGDxFFGs v 5 F ~ 7 5Ax@q9 ~{ v?DxFGDC 58= s 5 u A5 C 9<5A@q9 ~{?F
U5 s?FGDC 5 w 5A@ v?F @ ~tDDx{ @ uw @ s?CG{?D = ~CjCGDx|C 58x@ D = { @ v?D$~ @ v?DxC v 5 { = @ v?D>CED 5 CGD @ v?DFGv 5 CG
v 5 {6D>F:FGv?~C @ FG 5A@q9<5 u 5U Dxu<D>{6 @ vR 7 ~8F @ uw 9 { @ v?D DxC @G9<U5 u =?9 CGD @q9 ~{3}v 9< vjD 5 FGFE~ x95A@ D
9@ v v 5 {?DxF 9 {u 9@ v?~u<~88w 5 { = @ ~ 5 uD>FGFED>CD @ D>{ @ |C 58x@ s?C 9 {?? v?DxFGDFEv?~C @ 5U D>uD>{? @ v
|D 5o@ s?CED>F 9 DcC 9 FGD @ ~ @ v?DCGDx?D x@G9 ~{6F 5 { ==?9 3C 58@q9 ~{?FjDFGD>D~{FGD 9 F 79 FGD x@q9 ~{?Fx| @ v6D
5 C @ vjD>CED~{6uwF 7 ~~ @ v6uw A5 C[w 9 {?? 9@ v{?~ =69 F ~{ @q9 {s 9@q9 D>Fx @ v?D>{Dj~s?u = {?~ @ FGDxD 5 {Sw
D D>{ @ F 5A@5 u5 s?FED @ v?D =?9 F @q5 { DxFt3D @ DxD>{ @ v?DFG~s?C DxF 5 { =
CGD D 9 DxCGF 5 CED{?~ @ ~8| @ Dx{u 5 CEDDx{?~s?v|~8CC 5 wF @ ~ @ s?CE{s?` 5 C =5 { = tDCGD ~C = D = v 9 F
7 D 5 {?F @ v 5A@+@ ~ CGF @ ~C = D>Cx?CGDyD @q9 ~{FGD 9 F 7 ~u<~88w 9 F+FGDx{?F 9@q9 DN?C 975 C 9 uw @ ~ @ v?DFEv?~C @ FE 5A@G95 u
5L D>uD>{? @ v|D 5A@ s?CGDxF 9 { @ v6D Dxu<~ >9@ w 7 ~ = D>u-Ds6FGs 5 uuw 5 FEFGs 7 D @ v 5A@ D {6~_ @ v?DF 7 ~~ @ v6uw
A5 CEw 9 {? 5 C @ ~8| @ v?D D>u~ x9@ w 7 ~ = D>uFG~ 7 D>v?~L 5 { = s?FGD 5 { 975 9 {? 5 u<~C 9@ v 7@ ~ { =@ v6D
=?9 F ~8{ @G9 {Ss 9@q9 DxF>
v?DiD 5 CEu 9 D>F @ |~C 7 FW~8| 9<75 9 {? 9 { ~u D =7 ~ 9 {??ù 9@ D>C 5 u<uw 7:9 C 5A@q9 {??D Dx{ @ F 5 CE~s?{ = FGD 9 F 7:9<
@q97 DFGD x@G9 ~{?F$tSw 75 {s 5 u/~8C 7 D v 5 { 9<U5 u 7 D 5 {6F>N 5A@ DxC> @ v?DxFGD 75 {Ss 5 u 79 C 5A@G9 ~{ 7 D @ v?~ = F
jD>CGDCGD>6u 58 D = t`w ~ 7 ?s @ D>C1g~C 9 D>{ @ D =7 D @ v?~ = F}v 9< v @ ~~ 9 { @ ~ 5A> ~8s?{ @ @ ~ A5 CEw 9 {? = D>CED>D>Fx
@ v6D6vSwF 9< F~8|i 5U D?CG~8 5 5A@G9 ~{ 5 { = F U5A@E@ DxC 9 {6? @9 F{?~L 5 ? 5 CGDx{ @:@ v 5A@5 u s?C 5A@ D
9<75 9 {? 7 D @ v?~ = F U5 {ctD 9 DD = D>FGFED>{ @q9<5 u<uw 5 Fu 9 {?D 5 C 9; D =9 { DxCGF 9 ~{?F~8| @ v6D$ 5U DD>Ss 5A@G9 ~{
}v?D @ v?DxC 9 { @ D>C 7 FN~8| ~8s?C 9 D>C 9 { @ D>C 5 u~D>C 5A@ ~CEFN~C =?9 CED @ 8C 58=?9 D>{ @ t 5 FED = ~ @q979;U5A@G9 ~{~8|
5 5L Dx|~C 77:9 F 6@ |s?{ @q9 ~{ v?D 9<7 ?u 9>9@NU5U D 5A@ v 5 {? 9 {?~{ @ v?Dj~C = DxFGFGDx{ @q95 u<uw 9 {
@ v6Du 5 F @ FGD>{ @ D>{ D 9 F @ v 9 F>D>~8?u<D 9 { @ v?DD?u<~8C 5A@G9 ~{ ~ 7:7 s?{ 9@ w}v?~6C 58@q9< D 7:9 8C 5A@G9 ~{
5 CEDs?FEs 5 u<uw{?~ @5 t?u<D @ ~~8t @l589 {~C?CGDxFGD>C D @ v?D @ CEs?D 587 ?u 9@ s = D>F}~8| @ v?D =y5A@q5 F 5 CED>FGs6u @
5A@E@ D 7 @ F @ ~ 9 { @ D>CE?CGD @ FGs6t @ uD v 5 {?D>F 9 {CGDyD @ ~C/F @ CED>{? @ v 5 F/~63~FED =@ ~$CEDxyD x@ ~C~F 9@q9 ~{
s?FEs 5 u<uwCEs?{ 5 |~s6u?~8|~{?D ~8C 7 ~8CGD 5 6?CG~U 9<75A@q9 ~{?F 758= D 9 { @ v?D+FGDxs6D>{ D~8|?CE~ D>FEF 9 {6F @ Dx?F
@ v 5A@758 Ds? 57:9 C 5A@q9 ~{ @ C 58 DDxSs 5 u 9;U5A@G9 ~{` 589 { 9 {?? = D ~8{ ~u<s @q9 ~8{SD @q { @ v?D$~ @ v?DxC
v 5 { = 9 |-jDNv 58=c@ CEs?D 587 ?u 9@ s = D =y5A@q5 @ v 5A@}9 Fx 9 | @ v?DNF 587 ?uD>F CED ~8C = D = ~{ @ v?DFGD 9 F 7 ~C 587
CGD 5 u<uwjD>CGD?CG~83~C @q9 ~{ 5 u @ ~ @ v6D Dxu<~ >9@ w~8| @ v?D$ 9 D D~8| 5 C @ v @ ~N}v 9< v @ v?D$8D>~?v6~{?DjD>CED

5A@E@l58 v?D = @ v?D>{jD ~s?u =75A DSs 5 { @G9@q5A@q9 D:F @l5o@ D 7 D>{ @ F 5 t~s @ v?~LFG 5A@G95 u A5 C 95A@G9 ~{?F 9 {
CGDyD @ ~C$F @ CED>{? @ vDxCGDCED>u 5A@ D =@ ~ v 5 {?D>F 9 {Dx~u<~8 9<>5 u-?CG~D>C @q9 D>F> v?D =?9 F @q9 { x@G9 ~{v?D>CED
9 F @ v6D =?9 F @G9 { @q9 ~8{tD @ jD>Dx{ 9<75 9 {6:CEDxyD x@ ~CGFx~{ @ v?D~{?Dv 5 { = 5 { == ~ 9 {6 5@ CGs6D 9 { D>CGFED
?CE~t?u<D 7 |~C @ v?DNFGs?t6FGs?C[| 58 D?CG~D>C @q9 D>F+~{ @ v?DN~ @ v?D>Cx
{ @G9 uSs 9@ DCGD Dx{ @ uw @ v?DD?u~C 5o@q9 ~8{ ~ 7:7 s?{ 9@ wv 5 F+t3DxD>{D us?F 9 Dxuw ~{ D>CG{6D = 9@ v @ v6D
|~C 7 DxC> 5 { =@ ~ =y5 w @ v?D:~C =E7:9 8C 5A@G9 ~{? 5 u 7 ~F @5 u 5 wFCGDx|DxCGF @ ~ @ v?D 9<75 9 {?c?CG~8t?u<D 7
v?D 7 ~CEDjFE~?v 9 F @G9<U5o@ D =9 Dx~8| 9<75 9 {? 5 F 5 { 9 { D>CEFGD6CG~t?uD 79 F/C 58= s 5 u<uw 75A9 {? 9@ F- 5 w
9 { @ ~ @ v6D ?CG~ = s @q9 ~{FG~A| @ 5 CED ~8|~ 9 u 5 { = 5 FD?u~C 5A@G9 ~{ ~ 7 5 { 9 DxF>F 9 { D U5 CGDx|s6u @ CED 5A@G7 Dx{ @
~8| 587 ?u 9@ s = DxF 9 F~8| @ Dx{ CGs x95 u 9 { 758S9 {? = D >9 F 9 ~{?F~{FGs6t @ uDu 9@ v?~u~ 9< ?u 5 wF: 587 6u 9@ s = D
DxCGFEs?FN~8FED @ ~C 5 { =9 {CGDxFG~u 9 {? @ v?D v 5 ~ @G9< 5U D?CE~ 5 5o@q9 ~8{Dx3D @ FN~8| ~ 7 ?uD
F @ CGs @ s?CED>Fx
v?Dx{F @ s = w 9 {? 79 C 5A@G9 ~{ 7 D @ v6~ = Fx @ v?D+F @ s = D>{ @9 F| 58 D = 9@ v 5 tDx 9 u = DxC 9 {? 5 FEFG~C @q7 D>{ @ ~8|
5 u~C 9@ v 7 F>Lt 5 FGD = s?3~8{ =?9 D>CEFGD 6vSwF 9<U5 u 5 6?CG~U 9<75A@q9 ~{?Fx-v 5A@ FE~C @ ~8| Dxu<~ >9@ w 7 ~ = D>u >5 {
tDs?FED = ~{?F @l5 { @ 5U D$FGD>D =6c 3R D>{ @ uD =69 ?F 4@ D>D> =?9 ?F 4 v 5 uC @ D =5 CGC 9A5 u<F
8 @ j~ =?9<7 D>{6F 9 ~8{?Fl 8 BCGDxF @q58l B/~8F @ F @l58l |~F @ F @q58l v?~L = ~DxFc~{?DDx3D @
~{?DR 5 w 5U D?CE~ 5 5A@q9 ~{ 9 Dx{ @ v 5A@ F @l58lS9 {6 5o@G@ Dx{Ss 5A@ DxF 7 s?u @G9 ?uDCEDxyD x@G9 ~{?F v 5o@
= ~ 7589 {FGv 5 uujD:s6FGD +97 DRgFE 58 D +97 DR 5L D{s 7 t3DxC CED>Ss?D>{ w`gFE 58 D CED>Ss?D>{ w`
5L D{Ss 7 tD>C ~:D 5 { @$@ ~ 9<75 D @ v?DDx{ @G9 CED =y5A@q5 FGD @ ~CEs?F @ FG~ 7 D 5 C @ ~8| 9@R CEDjD
Es?F @@ C[w 9 {? @ ~CED {6D 5 CGs = D Dxu<~ >9@ w 7 ~ = D>u~C 5 CGD}jD 5A@E@ D 7 @G9 {? @ ~CGD>FE~u D 5 { 9<7 3~C @l5 { @
|D 5o@ s?CED 9@ vv 9 8vCGDxFG~us @q9 ~{ @9 F~FGF 9 t?uD @ ~ 9<75 9 {?D 9<75 9 {6 5 u<~C 9@ v 7 F @ v 5A@ j~s?u =
j~C s6{ = D>C @ v?D 7 ~F @= D 75 { =?9 {?+~A| @ v?D>FED 5 FEFGs 7 @G9 ~{?Fx_t?s @@ v6Dxwj~s?u = tDWv 9 8v?uw 9 {?D >9 Dx{ @
}v?Dx{~{6D~8| @ v?DF 9<7 ?u<DxC?v`wF 9U5 u 7 ~ = D>uF 3DxC @q589 {?Fx { = F 9 { D 5 u<u3~8| @ v?DxFGDNF 9@ s 5o@q9 ~8{?F 5 C 9 FED
5A@ ~{?D @G9<7 D~8C 5 {?~ @ v?DxC> 9@9 F{?D D>FEF 5 C[w @ ~u<~~ 5A@585 C 9 D @ w~8| 79 C 5o@q9 ~8{ 5 u<~C 9@ v 7 F 9 {
=y589 uws?FGDA
9 Dx{ @ v?DcvSs?{ = CGD = F~A| 5 3DxCGF @ v 5A@ v 5U DtD>Dx{?s?t?u 9 FGv6D =9 { @ v?Dc 5 F @ _wD 5 CGFx @ ~ = ~ 5
CGD 5 FG~8{ 5 t?uw ~ 7 ?CGDxv?D>{?F 9 DE~t~8|+6CGD>FED>{ @q9 {? 5 uu @ v?D =?9 DxCGDx{ @9<75 9 {? 5 u<~C 9@ v 7 Fj~s?u =
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5 CED+3~6s?u 5 CFG~s?C DxF|~C D>C[wv 9 8vgCED>FG~8u<s @G9 ~{{?D 5 C1gFEs?CE| 58 D}F @ s =?9 DxF>jw U5 CEDx|s?u?F @l58lS9 {? 5 { =
F 9 { 5 u?CG~ DxFGF 9 {?? @ v?D =y5A@q5 CGD ~C = D = t`w 59 t?C 5A@q9 {?FG~8s?C D U5 {tD 758= D @ ~u~~ D>CEw 7 s v
u 9 D @ v 5o@ ~8| 5 { 9<7 ?s?u<F 9 DFE~s?C D8 9 t?C 5A@ ~8CGF 5 u<FG~ ~ 7 D 9 { 5 uuWFGv 5 D>F 5 { = F 9; DxF>|CG~ 7 8
@ ~8{ @ CGs l F}v 9< v >5 {D>{?DxC 5A@ Dt~ @ v ~ 7 6CGD>FEF 9 ~{ 5 u 5 { = FGv6D 5 CiD>{?DxCG8w8 @ ~:v 9 v6uw~C @l5 t?uD8
v 5 { = gv?Dxu == D 9 D>FxDx{?D>C 5A@q9 {?:CG~s?8v?uw @ v?D3~LjD>Ci~8| 5 v 9 u~s = FE3D 58 DxC> 4 5 C D>CGFx}v 9< v
CGDxuwc~8{Dxu<D @ C 9<N=?9 F v 5 CED>Fx 5 CGDNs?FGD = |~C}{?D 5 C[FGs?C[| 58 DFGs6C DwF ~8{ = s @ D = t3D|~CGDNF 9@q9 {?~8
FGv6~CGDN~ 9 u?u 5A@ |~C 7 Fx 9 CGs6{?F+s?FGD ~ 7 6CGD>FEFGD =589 C|CG~ 7@ v?DNFEv 9 @ ~Dx{?D>C 5A@ DN?s6u<FGDxF}F 9<7:9 u 5 C
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v?D>CED 5 CGD @ v6CGD>D}~ @ v?D>CF @l5 { =y5 C = 5 wF~8|3~CG 5 { 9<;x9 {? @ C 58 D>F 9 { @ ~N 5A@ v6D>CGFxD ~s?u =
u<~~ 5o@5 uFCED ~C = D = t`w 5 9 D>{CGD D 9 DxCCE~s?|~C 5 uFx v 9 F 9 F U5 uu<D =
5
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S 9 { 5 u<uw
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@ F >5 u<uD = = F 9 { D @ v?D~ 5 u 9 F @ ~ 9<75 D 5 D>C @q9<>5 u`?u 5 {?D @ v?CG~s6v @ v?DWD 5 C @ voD Dx{ @ v6~s?v @ v6D
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Receiver Coordinate r
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9 s?CGD$8 D>u 5A@q9 ~{?FGv 9 587 ~{? @ v?D ~~C =69 { 5A@ D>F 5 { = - 58 v 9 { =?9<>5A@ DxF 5 FGD 9 F 7:9<
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9 s?CGD: z ~ 7:7 ~{ 79= 3~ 9 { @ C 5 w 5A@ v?F$s?{ = DxC @ v?CED>DR|~u = ~ D>C 5 D8 4 ~s6C DxF 5 CGD~{ @ v6D
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Group Interval
9 s?CGD6g{ @ v 9 FD 587 ?u<D @ v?DFGv?~ @ FG 5A>9 {6 9 Fv 5 u| @ v?DCG~8s? 9 { @ D>C A5 u @ v?D =69 F @q5 { D
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9 { @ DxC 7 F~8|}v 9< v 5 u<uW~ @ v6D>CCGDx?D x@G9 ~{ A=?9 3C 5Ax@q9 ~{D Dx{ @ FCGD ~C = D =5A@@ v?DFEs?CE| 58 D >5 {tD
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s?C @ v?D>Cxw8~s 9 uu{?~ @G9< D 9 { 9 s?CGD @ v 5A@@ v?DFG?v?DxC 9U5 u 5U Dxu<D @ Fv 5L D @ j~D>{ Dxu<~D>Fx
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@ v6D~63~F 9@ D =69 CGD x@G9 ~{D~{?uw 5 { @$@ v6D CEF @ ~{?D~8| @ v?D>FED8 CGDxFG{?Dxu/FE~u D =@ v 9 Fi6CG~t?uD 7
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?CED =?9x@q9 ~{ @ v 5A@@ v?DxCGDFGv?~s6u = tD 5 t?C 9 v @ FE3~ @9 { @ v6DDx~ 7 D @ C 9<U5 uFGv 58= ~_~A| 5=?9 F 5 F
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5 {?~ @ v?DxC 7 D 7 t3DxC~8| @ v6D ~ 7:7:9@G@ D>DCGD 9 Dx 9 {6 @ v?Dj~C C 5 ~? 58@ s 5 u<uwD>CE|~8C 7 D =@ v6D
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9 FEs 5 u 9; DA ; D>CG~og~83FGD @ FED 9 F 7 ~8C 587 FCGD ~C = D =9 { 5 ~{?F @l5 { @ D>u~ x9@ wD 5 C @ v 75 9 {6D @ v 5A@ jD
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9 s?CGD FGv6~_}F 57 ~ = D>uW~8| 5 8D>~u~ 9< FEw{ u 9 {?D8 v6D Dxu<~ >9@ w 9 F 5 FGFEs 7 D =@ ~v 5U D @ v6D
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= ~L}{?~ 9 {??s?uFGD @ ~:tD 5 C @q9<5 u<uwCGDx?D x@ D = t 58l@ ~ @ v?DFGs6CE| 58 DN}v6D>CGD 9@ 9 F CED ~8C = D = ~{ @ v6D
Dx~?v?~{6D8
9 s?CGD: 9 F 5 ~ 7 ?s @ D>CD>{6D>C 5o@ D =; D>CE~Ag~83FGD @ FED x@G9 ~{ ~u<uD @ D = ~ D>C @ v 9 F 7 ~ = Dxui~ @G9< D
@ v 5A@/@ v?D @ C 5U Dxu @G9<7 D s?C D t3D ~ 7 D>F 7 s?u @q9 A5 u<s?D =5 F @ v?DFE~s?C D CGD D 9 DxC ~ 7 t 9 { 5A@q9 ~{ 7 ~ DxF
~ DxC @ v?DFEw{ u 9 {?DA v 5A@ F$t3D U5 s?FED @ v?DxCGD 9 F 7 ~CED @ v 5 {~{?D ; D>CE~Ag~AFED @ C 5 w 5 CEC 99 {? 5o@$@ v6D
CGD D 9 DxC 9 { @ v?D @q97 D 9 { = ~_ jDv 5U DcCGD ~C = D =
C
z
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+
|( 9 F @ v?D @ ~o 5 w @q97 D|~C 5 F 9 { 5 uWD 75 { 5o@q9 {6 5A@ & @ ~ @ C 5U Dxuj|CE~ 7 @ v?DFG~s?C D @ ~

@ v6DCGDyD @ ~C 5 { = t 58l@ ~ @ v6DFGs?C[| 58 DA @ v?Dx{ 9@ |~u<u~_}F @ v 5o@ 9 F @ v?D @q97 D 9@@l58 D>F|~C 5
F 9 { 5 u @ ~ @ C 5L D>u?|CE~ 7@ v?D}FG~s?C D = ~L}{ @ ~ @ v?D+CEDxyD x@ ~8C>~C|CG~ 7@ v?D+CEDxyD x@ ~CWt 58l s? @ ~ @ v6D
FG~8s?C D8 4 ~ 5 5 C @ |CE~ 7 u<D @ F 5 FGFEs 7 D}|~8C @ v?D 7 ~ 7 D>{ @7:9 {?~8Cl =69 F @ ~C @G9 ~{6F> @ v?D =y5A@q5 CGD ~C = D =
9 { @ v?D ; DxCG~A~83FGD @ DR3DxC 9<7 D>{ @5 CED @ v6D:F 587 D @ v 5o@ ~8s?u = tDCGD ~C = D =9 |jD:6u 58 D = FG~8s?C D>F
Distance (km)
3
4
Time (sec)
Synthetic Data
9 s?CGD8 4 w{ @ v?D @q9; D>CG~og~83FGD @$=y5o@l5 CGD ~C = D = ~ D>C @ v?DFEw{ u 9 {6D 7 ~ = D>uFEv?~L}{ 9 { 9 s?CGD
4 v?~L}{ 5 CGDL @ C 58 D>FF 587 6u<D =5o@ AFGD ~{ = F:D>CF 5A7 ?uD8FE 5 {?{ 9 {? S7 ~{ @ 6v D
5 C @ vFiFEs?CE| 5A D8

GH | |
5 u~{? @ v?D+FEw{ u 9 {6D 5 { = CED =@ v?D 7 ~8 5A@ i 9@ v 5 F @ CGD>{6 @ v?CE~3~8C @q9 ~{ 5 u @ ~ @ v?D+CGDyD @q9 ~{
~D x9 D>{ @ 5A@j@ v?DiFEw{ u 9 {?DAWs 9A5 u<Dx{ @ uwD ~s?u =: CED$~8 @ v?DDR?u<~ =?9 {6CEDxyD x@ ~8CGF 5A@
5 { = v 5 u D @ v?D D>u~ x9@ w8
v 9 F 7 D 5 {?F @ v 5o@9 |$DFE~ 7 D>v?~L CGs?{ @ v?D ; D>CE~Ag~83FGD @ 5U D D>u = CED ~8C = D =5A@@ v?DFEs?CE| 58 D
t 58l 5 C = F 9 { @q9<7 D8 @ v?Dx{t`wD 85 u<s 5A@G9 {? @ v6DCGDxFGs?u @ F 5o@ Dj~s?u =

v 5U D 5 9<@ s?CED~8| @ v?DCEDxyD x@q9 ~{D D>{ @i5 F 9@ ~ x s?CECGD =
?CE~ 9= D = jDs?FEDv 5 u|
@ v6D @ CGs?D Dxu<~ >9@ w}v?D>{DCGs?{ @ v?D:CGD ~C = D = D>u = t 58l 5 C = F 9 { @G9<7 D8 FND 9 uuFGDxD 9 {
= D @l589 uu 5A@ DxC~8{ 9 { @ v?D >5 FGD~8| 5 ~{?F @q5 { @$ D>u<~ >9@ w 7 D =?9 s 7@ v 9 F @q97 DNFEv 9 | @G9 {?:~8| @ v?D 5U D
Dxu =>5 {tD 58x ~ 7 ?u 9 FGv?D = t`w 5 F 97 6u<Di?v 5 FED$FGv 9 | @ 9 D8 7 s?u @G9 ?uw 9 {? @ v6D ~s?C 9 D>C @ C 5 {?F[|~C 7
~8| @ v?D$CED ~C = D =c=y5A@q5 t`w 5 ~ 7 ?u<DR:D~{?D>{ @G95 u ~Cj{6~_N 9 8s?CGD 7 s?F @ FEs D @ ~FGv?~L
@ v6DCED>FEs?u @ Fi~A|Es?F @ FGs v 5 6CG~ D = s?CGDA v 9 F 9 F 5 {D 587 ?uD~8|6v 5 FGDRgFEv 9 | @i7:9 C 5A@q9 ~{
~s 9 u<u-{?~ @G9< D @ v 5A@$@ v?D D>C @G9<>5 u 5 9 F 9 F @q97 D{?~ @$= D> @ v v 9 F 9 F$CEDx|D>CECGD =@ ~ 5 F 79 C 5o@ D =
@q97 D~C DxC @q9U5 u @ C 5U Dxu @q9<7 D8-g{ @ v6DF 9<7 ?u<D U5 FEDj~8| ~8{?F @q5 { @ D>u~ x9@ w 7 D =?9<5 @ v6D>CGD 9 F 5 F 9<7 ?u<D
v 9 F}D @ Dx{ = F @ ~ = Dx @ v = D>D>{ = D>{ @
F >5 u 9 {?CGDxu 5A@G9 ~{6FGv 9 t3D @ DxD>{ = D> @ v 5 { =@G9<7 D8
~C 7 D =69595
o prZnUsrUp
z

16_

v?Dx{jDs?FED @ v 9 F 7:9 C 5A@ D =@q97 DC 5A@ v?DxC @ v 5 { = Dx @ v|~C @ v?D~s @ ?s @i9<75 DA @ v6D 7:9 8C 5A@G9 ~{
9 F U5 u<u<D =:@G9<7 D 79 C 5A@G9 ~{/ 9<= D>{ @ uw @G9<7 D 79 C 5A@G9 ~{ 9 u<uytD 5 CGD 5 FG~{ 5 t?u<D v?~ 9 D$~8{?uw 9 | @ v6D
Dxu<~ >9@ wFGv?~L}F{6~F 9 { 9yU5 { @ u 5A@ DxC 5 uo~8C 3 85 C 95o@q9 ~8{ +9<7 D 79 C 5A@G9 ~{v 5 F @ v?D 58=6A5 { @l5 8D
@ v 5A@@ v?D 7:9 C 5A@ D = FED @q9 ~8{ 9 F?u<~ @G@ D =9 { @ v?DF 587 D$s6{ 9@ F 5 F @ v?D 9 {?6s @ FED 9 F 79 FED @q9 ~8{ 9@ v 5 F
@ v6D =?9 F 58=6A5 { @l5 8Dc~8|$tD 9 {?u<DxFGF 58x s?C 5A@ D @ v 5 { = D> @ v 79 C 5o@q9 ~8{ v?D 7 ~CED @ v6D D>u~ x9@ w
A5 C 9 D>F+u 5A@ DxC 5 uuw @ v6DuD>FEF 5A> s6C 5A@ D @G9<7 D 79 C 5o@q9 ~8{ 9 uutD8
~.

)3-)a'5
2k'
?v DDR66u<~ =?9 {?CGDx?D x@ ~C 5 { 5 u<~Aw 9 F 5 ~LDxCE|s?u~8{?D8Wi{6|~C @ s?{ 5A@ D>uw 9@ ~{?uw 5 ??u 9 D>F @ ~ ; D>CG~o
~83FGD @=y5o@l5 5 { =@ w 9<>5 u<uwD?u~C 5o@q9 ~8{:FED 9 F 7:9< FGs6C DwF 9 { ~8u D S9 u~ 7 D @ DxCGF~8|~8FED @ t3D @ DxD>{
D 5A vFE~s?C D 5 { =@ v?D$| 5 C @ v?DxF @ CED D 9 D>CEF> s6C @ v6D>C> @ v?DxCGD 5 CEDD D>{ @ CEs?D ; DxCG~A~83FGD @ F 9@ s 5A@G9 ~{?F
}v?DxCGD @ v?DDR66u<~ =?9 {?CGDyD @ ~C ~{ D> @ | 589 uF>FGs v 5 F 9 { @ v?D?CGDxFGD>{ Dc~8|+F @ CE~{?uD>{?FED>F~8C
}v?Dx{C 5 wF 5 CGD 7 s6u @q9 ?uw:CEDxyD x@ D =
9 |DWD @ F 7 ~CED ~ 7 ?u 9U5A@ D = }v?Dx{ @ v?DxCGD 9 F-~83FGD @ tD @ jD>D>{ @ v?DFE~s?C D>F 5 { = CGD D 9 D>CEF>g{6F @ D 58=
~8| @ v?D>CEDtD 9 {? 5 F 9 {6u<D @ j~A 5 w @ C 5U Dxu @G9<7 DN|~8CD 58 vFG~8s?C D83jDv 5L D 5:@ C 5U Dxu @G9<7 D s?C D
5 F 5 |s?{ @q9 ~8{~8|~AFED @ /9 s?CED8 FGv?~L}F 5z B 5o@ v?DxC 5 FEFG~ >95o@ D = 9@ v FG~8s?C D CED D 9 D>C
589 CGFx v6D = ~ @G@ D = s?C D 9 F @ v?Dv`wD>CGt~u 9<@ C 5U Dxu @q9<7 D D>CEFGs?FN~83FGD @N s?C D|~C 5 ~{?F @q5 { @
Dxu<~ >9@ wu 5 w8D>C>
]f3lsâTZè^ bcLèdj\_âaYnfL\_R(@Y5\_SY*laYnT\_`mhn^bhQR3RaTi[`mf ^y\_Yazjg\`mfkYK^TZ\Z1dZh]`cYnf hQY=`mf hQT_YnÛdYKdN[RyWf3jâT_[z
Midpoint (km)
3
4
Migrated Time (sec)
Phase Shift Migration
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time t
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Distance (km)
10
15
20
25
XTR T
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0.1
0.5
Time (sec)
0.2
0.3
1.0
0.4
0.5
1.5
0.6
Synthetic Data
Velocity Analysis
@ 5. KC @ UKWX { U
Km UK @ ,K I K Ka
CK;
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Distance (km)
10
15
20
25
1500
2000

ny@,
2500
3000
.'
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3500
0.1
0.5
Time (sec)
0.2
0.3
1.0
0.4
0.5
1.5
0.6
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Synthetic Data
Velocity Analysis
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Apparent Dip
K,K C. n, 'C 0.K@s
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50
100
150
200
Fresnel Zone
0.2
0.4
0.6
CK Xt:l w
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n&/,s'C]y
K,nC, ,C
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{ B>
Sinc Function Interpolation

via
Mathematica
The sampling theorem says that if we multiply
the Nyquist-sampled values of a function by a
suitably scaled sinc function, we get the whole
(band-limited) function
Here is the first example. 25 Hz data on the time

interval [0,.5]. First, lets look at two different sinc
functions.
fc = 25.;
sinc[t_,n_] = Sin[Pi ( 2. fc t - n)]/
(Pi ( 2. fc t -n));
plot1 = Plot[sinc[t,10],{t,0.,.5},PlotRange->All];
1
0.8
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plot2 = Plot[sinc[t,11],{t,0.,.5},PlotRange->All];
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-0.2
The key point is that when we multiply each of these

by the function values and add them up, the wiggles
cancel out, leaving an interpolating approximation to
the function.
Show[plot1,plot2]
1
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-Graphics-
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sinc_function.ma
Suppose we are trying to approximate the constant

function f(x) = 1. So we multiply the sinc functions
by 1.
myapprox[t_] = sinc[t,11] + sinc[t,10]
Sin[Pi (-11 + 50. t)]
Sin[Pi (-10 + 50. t)]
---------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------Pi (-11 + 50. t)
Pi (-10 + 50. t)
Plot[myapprox[t],{t,0.,.5},PlotRange->All]
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
sinc_function.ma
4
0.1
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0.3
0.4
0.5
-Graphics-
Extend this. Sum a lot of these up.

myapprox[t_] = Sum[sinc[t,n],{n,1,25}];
Plot[myapprox[t],{t,.01,.49},PlotRange->{{.1,.4},{0,2}}]
2
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Time
0.5
Time
60
1.5
2.0
40
0.5
Time
Time
0.5
20
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
FFID 176
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-1000
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Offset
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1.0
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3000
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1000
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3950
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3940
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Trace number
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f 57. H/87 CEb C 57%3 T3n:'7J7%/.,>:'7E%A Z %3L,JA Gf H.L:. G/'7%bR3n: %b CEJ35A 5: :f@p%A H. %E
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-,U:=:3L:MGVG bRWYXKZ[ZD\!]^WY_a`>bBXK'Z v>EG b.K?G ) .C5 EXL>) :B9 .C'9 AHjcT .=,J.=,T hc%) AHAb;/B); 38s 3C/kE v>b;/0.=,>:.
)%b?'; b<3n:'7:'AH.C's :'7%EHY" .K5 7EdH .=b3n:p>:'H AOH .COC b'$ -,@ p>:'3L:BG@ p%8; f&H .;b.;,eYk" 3L,>:'7Gu /'h-E>:.=:
:'3C35/9 EG 7@G .=/u.;,fG 7%E+%) b9.C9 jop; /'.;/k3C/8ABag*h7ikjmRl J$P"Q .Dp9 /mH E5 b:ub.L:'7E>:B; EnC 7m7E; /87fFC 7.2h/2 .=,+
.KC b9.CG 7DG /h{7C cp; /3'C b;b?G 7G :'AE8G /?H .=,f@b8$o"Q .RG bpn :'bj<.=/q%) bC- P5 35:B%) bCr .xE/7C bR7%/'.R?5 L)EC AEn :B9 7G 7G
:sb9p%C 3'G :'A>A:'7+G>) :BG[st .=bZ:'p%pAOG 35:.KH /87f%) b?5 b/87AHjg.;, b.L:'7E>:B; E6h|:'3'H AO .KOC b :~/; E+5 Euj0.=,+U<Suvxw
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35/'fgG 7+6 hc?5 L)5 7.?3C/8f6fu:'7E3C/8fgH 7>:.KH /87%bVG 7.;/f&C .L:@ 35/'f@f@:'7%E%b6c$(B$ vxp9 /k385 b9bCG 7+G >/dcbLY$
-,C bC b;3'?G p.;b3n:'7X%T .;,%/)8G ,.]/'hx:'bFr y9/8Je>AE5 b'$(
-,o bC'H b;f&G 3p9 /k385 b;b?G 7G p; /GB= :'f6b6G 7.=,o p>:'3L:BG :'b;b?%) fF .=,%:.@.;, E%:.L::BC cTC .;.KC 7H 7
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G7kh/;f@:.KH/87<.;/sP?n:'E6j6n:'3L,@p;/BG=:'fG70.=,]p;/3'Cb;b?G7Gb9C. Cn:f G7@:3C/87%Cb Hb9C. 57.Bf@:'7%+7 ''$
-,p>:'3L:BGBH7%35AE)%ECbh|:'3'HAOH.COCblh/-3C/87m89.KH7G6E>:.L:fH7JbCCmB';:'A/'.=, 8-h/ ;f@:.=bz.=/?.=, g*h7ikjml
h/ 9fu:'. $
-, y:=<)%Cb 8x35/'f@}f )7 H.j:'3C'3 Cb;Cb CbR.=, lb;/hr.cB: ?/dm 8[.=+, yQ7K. 8;7 }. )%?b G7 G].=, z35/8f6f@/'7%AHjD:dmB: H,A @
:'%EA ;:7%/87jf@/ )bBhr.=p gh|:'3 GEA H.Bj $Q7.=+, GbzcB:nj8*v )%?b '9b-/8.LM: G7u.;, Db;/hr.cB: ?DTc H.;,J7%/?35/87b9K. ;B: G7.;b
/87 .=b )%?b B$lD )?G7 GfH7%b9.=:'AGAG:K. H/87v8.=+, )%Cb 8rGb Gm C7.;, D/8pkK. G/'7J/'hCb 57E G7 G0:7 COA C3CK. 9/87 H3DfuM: GA
CCL )5b.R.=/:'E%E.=, Cf .=/2B/ )p)Cb 'G9/ )%|p $5fgP '9b[/h%.=, >)%?b 'GB;/ )%p CC'3 8Hm B:'7%7%B/ )%7%'3 CFf C7.=b
c, CH7 )%pE>:C. 5b/'hB.;, @p%:'3LB: G0% C35/8&f @:dmB: HA:'OA B$<-, e:%<35/8f6}f )%7 .nj GbT7/cicB/ 9AGETc HE 'v
b;p%:'7%7 H7 GCb ,"435/87C. G7 C7.;b5vf6/ C<.;,>:'7 ' 35B/ )%7K. CE5b:'7%E/dm 8 7%/dc7 H7%b9.=:'AGAG:K. H/87%b]/87t:
mB: CEC.ju/'hR,>M: ;EcBB: Cp%AG:.;hB/ ;f6b =:'+7 GG7 Ggch 9/8f f@B: H7ch =:'&f 5bz.=/?cBB/ ;b9.=:K. H/87%b]:'7%E P8b $
xM: 9.=b/'Nh :=</ CEGG7%:K. CEch ;/8fb;/'hr.cBB: ?6+E Cm CAG/8Pp 5Etjb9C. )%E C7.;bcz/ 9 H7 GTc H.;,.=, 6.=:'7h/ 9E
"kp%AG/ ;:K. H/87R ;/?y 53C.s:..L:'7kh/ ;E +7 Hm 8;?b H.j $<-, ?p CCCb C7.sp>:'3LB: GBgc:'bE }m CAG/8Pp 5E:'7%nE Hb
f@B: G7.LM: G7 CE:.z.=, 57K. 8h/ N:nm , 57/8Ff C7>: Pl:.B.;, /8AH/ =:'E/?k3L,%//8A/'ph H7 58b $
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G7?b 'Gb9Ff HD3 J"kp%AH/ =:K. G/'7v%Cb )p%pB/ 9K. CEoj ?3C/8f@p%:'7 OCrb G7J.=+, B/ GA:7%E G8:'rb G7%+E )%b9C. 9j $

- YI MV 2RM Qq2 NM6P M 365

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;p>/B:')3L.KH:B7GB5bCvH bG:n;m':':Mp%G ,A:H35%bAO 9/)jX.CG:77%C/8bJ7j:'f@7%Et/) ;b/B)hr.;.KpXH7:5.-b.=b?,)% p%pb?H /.K9 .CG7G.;,n:=< 35/EG7+G35/87mC7.KG/'7%b'$ -,
LBA*8L|^M{J'B{MpK'B7%
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]$ 9RD V Z 9 q] p2 TQ^D
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8C0 .=, E5 7/'.KC b.;,@ 7L%) f<%8s /'hz.=,6 3')+CCC 7.~?5 AO5 :'bCM$e 7HG 73'CC fFC 7.L:'AR%) pE>:.CFH b:'AGb9/
:nm:BG AG:'%AO] h/r%) pE>:.CG 7?G .=,+ p+CC mH /%) bTCC AOn :bC .=/?.=,+ 38)C?5 7.C5 AEn :'b? Z$ [:'B .=,+ e%AO5 b8
]$ 9RD V Z 9 q] p2 TQ^D
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Seismic Imaging

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