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Abstract
In this study we propose some green energy strategies for sustainable development. In this regard, seven green energy strategies
are taken into consideration to determine the sectoral, technological, and application impact ratios. Based on these ratios, we derive
a new parameter as the green energy impact ratio. In addition, the green energy-based sustainability ratio is obtained by depending
upon the green energy impact ratio, and the green energy utilization ratio that is calculated using actual energy data taken from
literature. In order to verify these parameters, three cases are considered. Consequently, it can be considered that the sectoral impact
ratio is more important and should be kept constant as much as possible in a green energy policy implementation. Moreover, the
green energy-based sustainability ratio increases with an increase of technological, sectoral, and application impact ratios. This
means that all negative effects on the industrial, technological, sectoral and social developments partially and/or completely decrease
throughout the transition and utilization to and of green energy and technologies when possible sustainable energy strategies are
preferred and applied. Thus, the sustainable energy strategies can make an important contribution to the economies of the countries
where green energy (e.g., wind, solar, tidal, biomass) is abundantly produced. Therefore, the investment in green energy supply and
progress should be encouraged by governments and other authorities for a green energy replacement of fossil fuels for more
environmentally benign and sustainable future.
r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0301-4215/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.08.003
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energy resources and the overall emissions from form a scientific platform to discuss the possible
electricity generation, decreases the greenhouse gases, green energy strategies for sectoral use.
gives an opportunity to take an active role in improving
the environment, and meets the clean energy demand for For the above listed outcomes, we propose seven
both industrial and non-industrial applications. Consid- possible green energy strategies and develop new
ering the benefits of green energy, sustainability of green parameters on the technological, sectoral and applica-
energy supply and progress is assumed to be a key tion impact ratios for sustainable development.
element in the interactions between nature and society.
Sustainable development requires a supply of energy
resources that is sustainably available at reasonable cost 2. Analysis
and causes no or minimal negative societal impacts.
Clearly, energy resources such as fossil fuels are finite and Here we present some key steps in the analysis and
thus lack the characteristics needed for sustainability, model development which are expected to accelerate the
while others such as green energy sources are sustainable use of green energy technologies and implementation of
over the relatively long term (Dincer and Rosen, 2004). green energy strategies, as follows:
Particularly, low-priced green energy is the most essential
means for increasing the sustainable technological devel- main basis,
opment and industrial productivity as well as people’s green energy and sustainability,
living standard in a society. Therefore, permanent and essential factors,
effective sustainable green energy strategies should be put green energy applications,
forward to increase the use of green energy sources and key strategies,
technologies (Midilli et al., 2004a, b). From the literature parametric description,
review, it is noticed that some researchers have con- general assumptions, and
tributed to the sustainable development aspects of model development.
various energy sources and applications (e.g., Palmer-
Jones and Jackson, 1997; Weinberg, 1997; Suganthi and 2.1. Main basis
Samuel, 2000; Brown et al., 2001; Brown, 2001; Dell and
Rand, 2001; Momirlan and Veziroglu, 2002, 2005; Afgan In order to develop green energy strategies for
and Carvalho, 2004; Dincer and Rosen, 2004; Wustenha- sustainable development, we need to build upon a
gen and Bilharz, 2004; Midilli et al., 2005a–c; Dincer and logical/systematic framework as the main basis of this
Rosen, 2005; Clark et al., 2005; Gilg et al., 2005; Cannon study. In a recent study, Dincer and Rosen (2005) have
et al., 2005; Tsoutsos and Stamboulis, 2005; Marechal et outlined the essential factors impacting sustainable
al., 2005; Nijland, 2005; Halasz et al., 2005; Goldemberg, development and their interdependences. They intro-
2005; Hughes and Johnston, 2005). However, no studies duced the sustainable development as the confluence of
on the green energy strategies for sustainable develop- energy and resources sustainability, economic sustain-
ment have appeared in the open literature. In fact, this ability, environmental sustainability, and social sustain-
was the motivation behind this original work. Therefore, ability and discussed their interrelations, as shown in
this paper essentially aims to develop some key green Fig. 1. Dincer and Rosen’s work is taken as the main
energy strategies for sustainable future and to derive basis of this analysis and model development.
some key parameters like green energy impact ratio and It is obvious that a cost-effective and stable energy
the green energy-based sustainability ratio. As differing supply is the prerequisite for social and economic
from other studies, this work will also: development in industrial and non-industrial sectors.
Indeed, energy is essential to human welfare and quality
help understand main concepts and issues about of life. However, energy production and consumption
green energy use and sustainability aspects, generate significant environmental problems (at global,
develop relations between green energy use and regional and local levels) that can have serious
sustainability development, consequences and even put at risk the long-term
encourage the strategic use and conservation of the sustainability of the planet’s ecosystems. The relation-
green energy sources, ship between energy consumption and production and
provide the methods for energy security, implementa- sustainability is, therefore, complex (Balocco and
tion and development, Grazzini, 2000; Dincer and Rosen, 2005). Here we
increase the motivation on the implementation of consider sustainable development to involve four key
green energy strategies for better energy supply, factors in Fig. 1 as presented by Dincer and Rosen,
give an idea to reduce the negative environmental 2005), namely environmental, economic, social, and
impacts by considering the possible green energy energy and resource sustainability. In this regard, the
strategies, and relationship between green energy and sustainability will
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A. Midilli et al. / Energy Policy ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 3
Social Environmental
global unrest. Clearly, energy resources such as fossil
Sustainability Sustainability fuels are finite and thus lack the characteristics needed
for sustainability, while others such as renewable energy
sources are sustainable over the relatively long term
SUSTAINABLE (Dincer and Rosen, 2005). The relation between green
DEVELOPMENT energy and sustainability is of great significance to the
developed countries as well as developing and/or less
developed countries. Moreover, examining the relations
Energy and
Resources
Economic between green energy sources and sustainability makes it
Sustainability
Sustainability clear that green technology is directly related to
sustainable development. Therefore, attaining sustain-
Fig. 1. Factors affecting sustainable development and their inter- able development requires that green energy resources
dependences (adapted from Dincer and Rosen, 2005).
also be used, and is assisted if resources are used
efficiently (Rosen and Dincer, 2001). Major considera-
be investigated through our present model. It is clear tions involved in the development of green energy
that green energy strategies will lead to sustainable technologies for sustainable development as modified
development as to be discussed below. from Dincer and Rosen (2005) are presented in Fig. 2.
If sustainable energy strategies are effectively put into
2.2. Green energy and sustainability practice, the countries may maximize the benefits from
the green energy sources and technologies, while
Sustainability has been called a key to the solution of minimizing the global unrest (Midilli et al., 2005a)
current ecological, economic, and developmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuel energy sources. It
by Dincer and Rosen (2005). For sustainable development, expected that this initiative can contribute to develop-
green energy can play an important role for meeting ment over a longer period of time, i.e., to make
energy requirements in both industrial and local applica- development more sustainable (Dincer and Rosen,
tions. Therefore, development and utilization of green 2005).
energy strategies and technologies should be given a high
priority for sustainable development in a country. The 2.3. Essential factors
need for sustainable energy development is increasing
rapidly in the world. Widespread use of green energy There are various essential parameters as outlined and
sources and technologies is important for achieving detailed in Fig. 3. These factors can help in identifying
sustainability in the energy sectors in both developing
and industrialized countries. Green energy resources and
technologies are a key component of sustainable develop- Increase of
ment for three main reasons (Dincer and Rosen, 2005): sustainability
Application of
sustainable green
They generally cause less environmental impact than energy strategies
other energy sources. The variety of green energy
Increase of green energy
resources provides a flexible array of options for their and technology utilization
use.
They cannot be depleted. If used carefully in
appropriate applications, green energy resources can Social and Commercialization
provide a reliable and sustainable supply of energy Environmental Impact Research and
Social benefits, global development,
almost indefinitely. peace, environmental information technology,
They favor system decentralization and local solu- impact, higher living incentives, training,
standard, clean air and education,
tions that are somewhat independent of the national communication, etc.
environment, etc.
network, thus enhancing the flexibility of the system
and providing economic benefits to small isolated Technical Aspects Economic Factors
populations. Also, the small scale of the equipment Availability, grid Investments, generation
connection, technology costs, lower operation
often reduces the time required from initial design to level and use, cost, lower cost energy
operation, providing greater adaptability in respond- technological recovery, lower cost
ing to unpredictable growth and/or changes in energy innovations, advanced transportation,
technologies, etc. externalities, etc.
demand.
Fig. 2. Major considerations involved in the development of green
Thus, green energy and technologies are needed for energy technologies for sustainable development (modified from
sustainable development that ensures a minimization of Dincer and Rosen, 2005).
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Energy utilization
-Professional support Environmental Sustainable green Application Areas of Green Energy
-Public support impacts energy program and Technologies
-Media support green energy -fuel cells -fuel cells
-gas turbines Applications for -IC engines
-hydrogen plants power generation Vehicle -combustion
Public information/ Information Environmental education applications -efficiency
awareness and training -heating improvement
-cooling -defense industry
-cooking Domestic -transport
Essential factors for -air conditioning applications
-pumping, etc. -power generation
green energy -ship engines
Navigation -defense
technologies -ammonia synthesis applications -communication
-fertilizer production Industrial -transportation
-oil distillation applications -tourism
Innovative green Promoting green Financing Evaluation tools/ -petrochemical production -pollution control
energy strategies energy resources techniques -metallurgical applications -energy storage
-Ni and Fe production
-energy storage -gas turbines
An effective Short- and long- Implementatio Importance to -flammable mixtures -jet engines
sustainable green term policies for monitor each step -electronic industry Aeronautics -defense industry
n of green -glass and fiber production applications -rockets
energy program implementation energy systems and evaluate the -nuclear reactors -antimissile
and data and findings -power generation systems -space industry
technologies obtained -energy storage
-Public relation Environmentally
locally and
-Training benign green If the use of green energy
globally for
-Counseling energy programs/ technologies is encouraged,
sustainable
activities a stable and peaceful world with a
development
better environment and
sustainable future is expected.
Fig. 3. Essential factors for green energy strategies and technologies.
the use of green energy and promote sustainable green each parameter is equal to 1/3 of the total green energy
energy-based technologies is to supply the required financial budget in a country.
incentives and interactions among the countries, scien-
tists, researchers, societies and others (Midilli et al., 2.7. General assumptions
2005a; Dincer and Rosen, 2005). For the future of the
countries dealing with green energy and technologies, In order to analyze the effects of sectoral, technolo-
there is a need to determine the possible sustainable gical and practical application ratios on the green energy
green energy strategies. In order to develop and impact ratio and green energy-based sustainability ratio,
publicize the sustainable green energy technologies in a some general assumptions are made as follows:
developed or less developed country, the following
important green energy strategies should be taken into There are three green energy parameters, namely
account: technological, sectoral and practical application
impact ratios, as given in the previous section, and
industrial and technological support for transition to their weights have split equally ( ¼ 1/3 of the total
green energy technologies, green energy financial budget). The values of the
control of the projection and analysis of green energy impact ratios of these parameters may change, but
sources, the total ratio of these parameters should equal to 1,
governmental and public support for green energy because it is considered that the total green energy
economy, financial budget is prepared in accordance with the
production, consumption, distribution, conversion, activities involved in the parameters.
management and marketing of green energy, The practical effects of technological, sectoral and
research, development and application of sustainable practical application impact ratios are selected as
green energy technologies, 20%, 60% and 100%, respectively.
availability, productivity and reliability of green The total primary energy consumption, total fossil
energy and technologies, and fuel consumption, total green energy consumption as
design and fabrication of green energy-based envir- indicated in (Workbook, 2005) are taken as reference
onmental and ecological applications. parameters and evaluated in the total green energy
financial budget in a country.
2.6. Parametric description Three cases including technological, sectoral and
practical application impact ratios as the constant
Considering the above strategies, the following or variable parameters are considered in the para-
important parameters can be defined to derive the green metric analysis:
energy impact ratio. o Case 1 includes one variable and two constant
parameters (max. effect of constant para-
Sectoral impact ratio (Rsi) is based on the provided meters ¼ 2/3 of total green energy financial
financial support of public, private and media sectors budget).
for transition to green energy-based technologies, and o Case 2 includes two variables and one constant
depends on the total green energy financial budget as parameter (max. effect of constant parameter ¼ 1/
a reference parameter. 3 of total green energy financial budget).
Technological impact ratio (Rti) is based on the o Case 3 includes three variables and no constant
provided financial support for research and develop- parameter.
ment, security and analysis of green energy-based
technologies, and also depends on the total green 2.8. Calculation procedure
energy financial budget as a reference parameter.
Practical application impact ratio (Rpai) is based on Here we define the impact ratios as follows, after
the provided financial support for projection, pro- describing them above in detail:
duction, conversion, marketing, distribution, man-
agement and consumption of green fuel from green Sectoral impact ratio (Rsi )
energy sources, and also depends on the total green C p;si
energy financial budget. Rsi ¼ C p;si oC geb ðranging from 0 to 1=3Þ,
C geb
Accordingly, it should be emphasized that these (1)
parameters can be defined as the ratio of the provided where C p;si defines the provided financial supports
financial support to the total green energy financial of the public, private and media sectors for transi-
budget in a country. In addition, it should be always tion to green energy-based technologies; C geb the
remembered that it is assumed that the financial share of total green energy financial budget in a country.
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16000 0.18
Fossil fuel (oil, coal and NG) : Correlation Coeff: 0.998
Green energy (solar, wind, etc.) : Correlation Coeff: 0.999 For 20 % of green energy financial budget or the effect of the parameters in cases
14000 0.16
0.12
10000 Technological impact ratio Case 1:
Application impact ratio year : 2050
0.10 ratio : 11.98 %
8000
projection
0.08
6000 Case 2:
year : 2050
0.06 ratio : 7.62 %
historical projection
4000
0.04
Case 3:
2000 year : 2050
0.02
ratio : 3.26 %
historical
0 0.00
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
(a) Time (Year)
Time (Year)
(a)
0.18 0.96 0.18
Green energy (Correlation coeff: 0.999 for green energy projection) For 60 % of green energy financial budget or the effect of the parameters in cases
Fossil fuel (Correlation coeff: 0.998 for fossil fuel projection)
Case 1: (1 variable parameter and 2 constant parameters)
0.16 0.94 0.16 Case 2: (2 variable parameters and 1 constant parameter)
0.14
Fossil Fuel Utilization Ratio
Parameters:
0.14 0.92 Sectoral impact ratio
Case 2
Technological impact ratio
year : 2050; ratio : 11.97%
Application impact ratio
0.12
0.12 0.90
Case 3
projection year : 2050; ratio : 9.79%
0.10
0.10 0.88
0.08
0.08 0.86
historical 0.06
0.06 0.84 historical projection
0.04
0.04 0.82
1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 0.02
1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
(b) Time (Year) (b) Time (Year)
0.96 0.18
For 100 % of green energy financial budget
or the effect of the parameters in cases
Year : 1965 (BP Data)
0.94 Fossil fuel consumption: 3645.8 (Mtoe) 0.16 Parameters:
Green Energy Based Sustainability Ratio
0.92 0.14
ratio :16.33 %
0.90 0.12
0.86 0.08
Fig. 5. (a) Actual and projected consumption of fossil fuels and green Fig. 6. (a) Variation of green energy-based sustainability ratio as a
energy sources. (b) Variations of the green energy and fossil fuel function of year, depending on 20% of green energy financial budget
utilization ratios as a function of year based on the historical data (or the effect of the parameters) in the cases considered. (b) Variation
taken from Workbook (2005) and projections. (c) Fossil fuel of green energy-based sustainability ratio as a function of year by
utilization ratios versus the green energy utilization ratios. depending on 60% of green energy financial budget (or the effect of the
parameters) in the cases considered. 6c. Variation of green energy-
based sustainability ratio as a function of year by depending on 100%
of green energy financial budget (or the effect of the parameters) in the
at the same trend as in Fig. 5a. In the near future, green cases considered.
energy will likely become increasingly important to
compensate for shortages of conventional energy
resources.
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Table 1
Green energy impact ratios based on cases 1–3, depending on the percentages of total green energy financial budget
Cases Percent of total financial budget for green energy Green energy impact ratio
Fig. 5b presents the variation of the fossil fuel and lowest green energy impact ratios. Thus, case 1 should
green energy utilization ratios as a function of time (i.e., be selected to increase the green energy impact ratio and
year) depending on the historical data taken from green energy-based sustainability ratio.
Workbook (2005) and the projected data. However, Fig. Figs. 6a–c show variation of green energy-based
5c shows the variations of the fossil fuel utilization ratio sustainability ratio (Rges ) as a function of year by
as a function of green energy utilization ratio. As shown depending on the percentages of green energy financial
in these figures, the fossil fuel utilization ratio decreases budget as 20%, 60% and 100% or the effect of the
depending on the rise of the year while the green energy parameters in cases, respectively. The values of green
utilization ratio increases. For example, the green energy energy-based sustainability ratios were calculated using
utilization ratio was 5.59% while the fossil fuel Eq. (11). As shown in these figures, the values of Rges
utilization ratio was 94.41% in 1965 based upon the increase with time based on the cases. The highest values
actual data. However, it is observed that the green of Rges are obtained when case 1 is applied as shown in
energy utilization ratio increased and reached 12.31% Figs. 6a–c. For example, the green energy-based
while the fossil fuel utilization ratio decreased to 87.69% sustainability ratios are estimated to be 9.8% in 2005
in 2004. Based on the projected data, it is expected that and 11.9% in 2050 in case of 20% of green energy
the green energy utilization ratio will reach almost financial budget; 11.6% in 2005 and 14.2% in 2050 in
16.33% and the fossil fuel utilization ratio will decrease case of 60% of green energy financial budget; 13.4% in
to almost 83.67% in 2050. Thus, in order to increase the 2005 and 16.3% in 2050 in case of 100% of green energy
green energy utilization ratio and to reduce the harmful financial budget.
effects resulting from the fossil fuel consumption, the It is important to implement green energy strategies
green energy strategies should be put into practice for through green energy systems and applications for
sustainable development. sustainable future. If so, the green energy-based
First, it should be stated that one or two of the sustainability ratio increases, and green energy is more
parameters that are sectoral, technological and practical easily supplied, and thus, its technologies are more
application impact ratios can be selected as constant preferred and applied. Hence, as long as sustainable
parameter(s). As shown in Table 1, a variable and two green energy strategies are increasingly applied, and the
constant parameters are considered in case 1, two green technologies are more utilized and encouraged,
variables and one constant parameter are considered the negative effects stemming from the fossil fuel
in case 2, and three variable parameters are considered utilization will decrease, and thus, the green energy-
in case 3. When case 1 is applied for green energy supply based sustainability ratio will increase. Considering the
and progress, it is found that the green energy impact above explanations, some key expectations from the
ratio changes between 0.733 and 1.00 depending on the implementation of the green energy strategies for
percentages of the variable parameter. In case of the sustainable future are presented in Fig. 7.
application of case 2, it is obtained that the green energy
impact ratio varies between 0.467 and 1.00 depending on
the percentages of two variable parameters. In case of 4. Conclusions
the application of case 3, it is calculated that the green
energy impact ratio changes from 0.20 to 1.00 depending In this study, the green energy strategies for sustain-
on the percentages of three variable parameters. When able development are investigated and hence some key
we compare three cases with each other, it can be said parameters are developed. The effects of technological,
that the highest values of green energy impact ratio are sectoral and practical application impact ratios on
found by applying case 1, and also case 3 gives the green energy impact ratio and the green energy-based
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YES
TRANSITION
to green energy and High living standards
technologies Reduced global problems
Advanced technologies
future Clean air and environment
Reduced environmental impact
No energy shortages
Low-operating costs
GREEN ERA
21st century and beyond No conflicts and wars
Ex.
green energy based life Increased sustainability
High global stability and peace
Fuel cell technologies
R: Results Nano technologies
Ex: Expectation Advanced IT
Peace and freedom
Technological innovations
..............
Fig. 7. Chart of green energy strategies and technologies for sustainable development.
sustainability ratio are studied thoroughly. We can then resulting in increasing global unrest. It is thus suggested
extract some important remarks as follows: that the utilization of fossil fuels should be reduced, and
fossil-based technologies should be gradually converted
The fossil fuel consumption and the green energy to green energy-based technologies.
consumption are expected to reach 13807.2 and The highest green energy impact ratio is found
2694.9 Mtoe, respectively, by the year 2050. This between 73.334% and 100% in case 1. Therefore, in
increase indicates that we will still be dependent on order to obtain the highest green energy impact ratio
the fossil fuels. in practice, the highest percentage (e.g. 100%) of the
The green energy utilization ratio is estimated to be variable parameter in case 1 should be selected.
12.31% while the fossil fuel utilization ratio is Case 1 gives better results than cases 2 and 3.
87.69% in 2004. Based on the projected data, it Therefore, for a higher green energy impact ratio in
expected that the green energy utilization ratio will practice, case 1 should be applied to increase the
reach almost 16.33% and the fossil fuel utilization green energy sustainability ratio depending on the
ratio will decrease to almost 83.67% in 2050. green energy strategies. Moreover, case 1 gives the
If the increase of fossil fuel consumption continues in best results of the green energy-based sustainability
this manner, it is likely that the world will be affected ratio depending on the green energy impact ratio and
by many negative problems due to the fossil fuels. More green energy utilization ratio.
utilization of fossil fuels will harm world stability and Sustainable green energy strategies are definitely
increase local and global environmental problems, required to ensure the global stability by reducing
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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the investments in green energy supply should be, for the Midilli, A., Dincer, I., Rosen, M.A., 2004b. On hydrogen energy
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Midilli, A., Ay, M., Dincer, I., Rosen, M.A., 2005b. On hydrogen and
The authors acknowledge the support provided by hydrogen energy strategies II: current status and needs. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 9, 273–287.
Nigde University in Turkey and the University of Ontario
Midilli, A., Dincer, I., Ay, M., 2005c. Sustainable energy strategies for
Institute of Technology and the Natural Science and green energy supply. In: Proceedings of the International Green
Engineering Research Council of Canada in Canada. Energy Conference, June 12–16, Waterloo, Canada.
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