FOUNDATIONS BEARING CAPACITY OF SOILS

A foundation is the interface between the building structure and the ground. Foundations are designed to distribute loads from buildings to a suitable soil layer.

Shallow Foundation (Df B)

Df: depth of footing B: width of footing Footing Df

Foundation

The basic principle for the design of shallow foundations is to reduce the applied stresses on the earth by providing a large bearing area directly under the load. Shallow foundations are mostly made of reinforced concrete and are constructed in many sizes and shapes to accommodate various loading conditions.
Types of shallow footings (1) Individual footing (tekil temel) (2) Strip-continuous footing (erit-srekli temel) (3) Radial footing (radye temel)

Shallow foundation

Deep foundation

 Individual footing (tekil temel)

Square or rectangular shape in plan view 1 <= (L/B) <= 5 Proffered for shallow and light structures In homogenous soils

Strip-continuous footing (erit-srekli temel)

5 <= (L/B) Proffered for shallow and moderate light structures In homogenousheterogeneous soils

Radial footing (radye temel)

Proffered for shallow and heavy structures In homogenous-heterogeneous soft and weak soils

Deep Foundation (Df 4B)

Stiff soil layer (or rock mass) under weak soil layer Load of structure is transmitted to stiff soil (or rock mass) by piles.

Kazk

Yumuak Zemin

Yumuak Zemin

Yumuak Zemin

Sk zemin a) U tamas: Tama kapasitesi, kazn topuundaki zeminin penetrasyon direnci tarafndan salanr. b) Srtnmeli: Tama kapasitesi, kazn indirildii kuyunun eperindeki zeminin srtnmesi ile salanr. c) U tamal-srtnmeli: Kazklar fazla sert olmayan (sk) zeminin iine kadar indirilir. Bylece hem srtnme, hem de u tamas arttrlr.

A geotehnical engineer must ensure that a foundation satisfies the following two stability condition

Share failure of foundation

!...
1. Share failure do not occur under footing 2. Settlement of structure must be within tolerable limits
d e B q d b c a 0 W a c
c, makaslama direnci (kohezyon)

Df b 450

Df

Standart penetrasyon deneyi (SPT)

Definitions
Ultimate bearing capacity (Nihai tama gc): is the maximum pressure that the soil can support Ultimate net bearing capacity (Nihai net tama gc)(qult): is the maximum pressure that the soil can support above its current overburden pressure Allowable (or safe) bearing capacity (izin verilebirlir tama gc)(qa) : The bearing capacity which consider factor of safety. Factor of safety: is the ratio of the ultimate net bearing capacity to the allowable bearing capacity

Bu deney; sondaj tijlerine taklm, ortasndan ikiye ayrlabilen (yark) ve iinde pirinten yaplm bir i tpn bulunduu bir rnekleyicinin, 63.5 kg arlnda bir ahmerdann 760 mm ykseklikten tijlerin zerine drlerek zemine sokulmas ilkesini esas alr.

ahmerdan

Darbe blou SPT uygulamas

SPT rnei

SPT tp ve ar

Deney sonunda SPT tp ve ar

(1) Overburden correction (CN) on SPT-N

CN

C N = 0.77log10
N1=CNxSPT-N

Efektif rt gerilimi, (kPa) v

20 v '

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

100

Allowable bearing capacity qa is obtained from graph by using N1 for 25 mm maximum settlement

200

300

400

Groundwater correction must be applied if exist.

500

Groundwater correction

Example:

C w = 0.5 + 0.5

Dw Df + B

qa=qaxCw

Derinlik (m) 0.75 1.55 2.30 3.00 3.70 4.45 5.20

SPT-N 8 7 9 13 12 16 20

(kPa) * 26 39 51 65 70 +

CN * 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.25 1.2 +

N1 * 14 14 18 15 19 +

Bearing Capacity of Cohesive Soil (Terzaghis method)

Strip-continuous footing:
Bu eitlikte; c B q : Kohezyon : Birim hacim arlk : Temel genilii : rt yk (=Df)

qult = c Nc + q Nq+ 0.5 B N

Ortalama N1: 16

Derinlik 1.55 m v = h = 17 x 1.55 = 26.3 26 kPa Derinlik 4.45 m v = h hww = 17 x 4.45 (4.45 3.5) 10 = 66 kPa B=3 m ve N=16 iin B>1 m kouluna ait grafikten, qa = 165 kPa

Nc, Nq, N : Boyutsuz tama gc faktrleri

Square footing: Circular footing:

qult = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq+ 0.4 B N

3 .5 C w = 0 .5 + 0 .5 = 0.89 4 .5

qa = 0.89 x 165 = 150 kPa

q q a = ult F

qult = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq+ 0.3 B N

F: Factor of safety

50 45 40 35 30

Nq

For pure cohesive soil (=0)

10
N

20 15 10

Meyerhof Hansen Nq Nc

Tama gc faktr, Nc

25

qult=cNc
qa =
10 100 N, Nc, Nq (Tama gc faktrleri) 1000

Kare ve dairesel temel, B/L=1

q ult F

7
Mtemadi (erit), B/L=0

00 1

Nq = exp ( tan) tan2 (45 + /2)

N = 1.8 (Nq 1) tan
N = (Nq 1) tan (1.4 )

F: Factor of safety

Nc = (Nq 1) cot

(Hansens)
(Meyerhofs)

Df / B

Point Load
BOUSSINESQ EQUATION

Stress and Displacement

z r

zz =

3P 1 ( )5 / 2 2 2 z 1 + ( r / z ) 2

Example
PA=10000 kN 10 m PB=50000 kN 2m

zz =

3P 1 ( )5 / 2 2 z 2 1 + ( r / z ) 2

8m

zz =

zz

3x10000 1 ( ) 5 / 2 = 74.6 x 0.095 = 7.1 kN / m 2 28 2 1 + (10 / 8) 2 3x50000 1 = ( ) 5 / 2 = 373.2 x 0.859 = 320.7 kN / m 2 28 2 1 + (2 / 8) 2

7.1 + 320.7 = 327.8 kN / m 2

Circular area carrying uniform pressure

P

Rectangular area carrying uniform pressure

z = PxI r
Fadum (1948)

z = PxI c
z = P(1 1 )3 / 2 1 + (r / z) 2

D=diameter of circular area D=2r

z = 0.005xNxP

CONSOLIDATON

scale

Consolidation
Process by which an in causes a deformation of a soil mass by reducing its e (water seeps out of the voids).

How can increase?

1. Water level decreases 2. A load is induced (we will consider fills)

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Field vs. Lab

Consolidation Curve - LAB

e eo
yield

p
From Coduto 1998 (text)

(log scale)

Preconsolidation pressure
e eo

(log scale)

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(1) ESTIMATION OF SETTLEMENT

For any stress increment:

Coefficient of volume compressibility (mv)

mv =

e e 1 ( 0 1 ) 1 + e 0 1 0

S = m v

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Design Pressure of Footing

Have to be selected by considering both,
Allowable bearing capacity, Amount of settlement

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