BODO

Age: 600 kyr Species: Homo heidelbergensis Features massive, aprox broad face thick, prominent supraorbital torus nasal bones, mandibular fossa, & frontal sim to H. sap sagital keel Site: Bodo d'Ar, Ethiopia Associated w/ Acheulean lithics & faunal assemblage Cut-marks on cranium indicate post-mortem de-fleshing Found: Asfaw in 1976 Bibliography: Conroy, G. et al (1978) Newly discovered fossil hominid skull from the Afar depression, Ethiopia, Nature

Atapuerca 5 Migueln
Age: 500 300 kyr Species: H. heidelbergensis Features projecting mid-face double-arched supraorbital torus inflated zygomatics retromolar space broad, bukly face aprox 1125cc nuchal torus welldeveloped worn front teeth lacks canine fossa maximum cranial breadth at base mastoid process is promeminent and projecting lacks occipital bun or suprainiac fossa smallest cc of any Atap specimen; largest canine & nasal cavity Site: Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca, Spain Found: J. Arsuaga in 1992-1993 Bibliography: Arsuaga, J. et al (1993) Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site

Mauer 1
Age: 500 - 400 kyr Species: Homo heidelbergensis, holotype Features no mental eminence mental symphisis slopes down and back from the teeth broad ramus taurodontism very large large molars, small for H. erectus Site: Mauer sand pits, Germany Found: J. Rosch in 1907 Bibliography: Schoetensack, O. (1908) Der Unterkeifer des Homo heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg

Arago XX1 - Tautavel Man

Age: 400 kyr Species: Homo heidelbergensis Features aprox 1166cc prominent supraorbital torus deep sulcus behind supraorbital torus long, flattened frontal postorbital constriction angular torus of parietal bones resembles smaller version of Arago w/ more H. erectus affinities Site: Caune de l'Arago, Tautavel, France Found: de Lumley, 1971 Bibliography: de Lumley, H. et al (1971) Decouverte de restes humains antendeandertaliens dates du debut de Riss a la Caune de l'Arago

Petralona 1
Age: 400 300 kyr Species: Homo heidelbergensis Features double-arched supraoribital torus broad nasal opening no mid-face projection palate very wide thick occiptal bone prominent transverse torus aprox 1220cc very transitional in form: Nean/primitive found hanging in a stalagmite 23cm above ground Site: Katsika Hill, Greece Found: Malktosis in 1960 Bibliography: Kokkoros, P. (1960) Decouverte d'un crane d'homme paleolithique dan penninsule Chalcidique, Anthropologique

Steinheim
Age: 250 kyr Species: Homo heidelbergensis Features aprox 1100cc suprainiac fossa marked supraorbital torus canine fossa large frontal sinus straight, expanded parietal bones small 3rd molars mastoid process lacks crests
likely female as less robust than other specimens facial traits and basicranial flexion sim to H. sap diff pattern of Nean affinities (back of skull dissimilar from Petralona 1)

Site: Steinheim, Germany Found: Sigrist in1933 Bibliography: Berckhemer, F. (1933) Ein Menschen-Schadel aus den diluvialen Schottern von Steinheim

Broken Hill 1
Age: 300 kyr Species: Homo heidelbergensis Features aprox 1300 cc low, sloping forehead long cranium evidence of disease and wounding: cavities in teeth, abscesses in jaw, partially healed in wound above ear (sharp instrument or carnivore) Site: Kabwe, Zambia Found: Zwigelaar Bibliography: Woodward, A. (1921) A new cave man from Rhodesia, South Africa, Nature

Krapina C
Age: 130 kyr Species: Homo heidelbergensis Features teeth show enlarged pulp chamber & fused roots projecting midface retromolar space occipital bur broad but lightly built facial architecture Site: Krapina, Croatia Found: Gorjanovic-Kramberger in 1905 Bibliography: Gorjanovic-Kramberger, K. (1906) Der diluviale Mensch von Krapina in Kroatien