Over View of Cloud Computing

Over view of cloud computing
A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON
OVER VIEW OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Submitted to the Dept. of Information Technology, MXIT In the partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the award of B. Tech (IT) under JNTUH
Bachelor of Technology IN Information technology
Submitted By MOHAN RAO JEJJI 08RM1A1217 Under the guidance of Mrs. Deepthi
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Matrix Institute of Technology

Cheekatimamidi, Bomalaramaram Mandal, Nalgonda Dist., 508 116. Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad Hyderabad-500 08
Page | 1 Information Technology (08RM1A1217)
MATRIX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Accredited by AICTE, Recognized by Govt. Of A.P. and Affiliated to JNTUH) Chikatimamidi, Bommalaramaram, Nalgonda Dist.
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that technical seminar report is bonafide work of (MOHAN RAO JEJJI) bearing Regd.No, 08RM1A1217, who carried out the seminar, entitled OVER VIEW OF CLOUD COMPUTING under our supervision in February 2012 in matrix institute of technology department of information technology.
Principal Mr. K Anandh Kumar
Head of the Department Ms. T Divya kumari.
Submitted for viva voice examination held on..
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My Sincere thanks to our beloved principal prof. K.ANAND KUMAR for his encouraging support and guidance in carrying out the project, in spite of his busy schedule. My heartful thanks to my PARENTS for being source of inspiration, for giving their valuable suggestions and constant encouragement which helped me in completing this project successfully. I am indeed indebt to our Head of the Department Ms. T. DIVYA KUMARI for giving her valuable suggestions and constant encouragement which helped us in completing this project successfully. Finally, I would like to thank the other staff members of the Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY and our friends who have directly or indirectly helped us on sustaining this Endeavour.
MOHAN RAO JEJJI 08RM1A1217
MATRIX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by Govt. Of A.P. and Affiliated to JNTUH) Cheekatimamidi, Bommalaramaram, Nalgonda Dist.
DECLARATION
I MOHAN RAO JEJJI with Regd. 08RM1A1217
hereby declare that the technical
seminar report entitled OVER VIEW OF CLOUD COMPUTING done by me is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of bachelor of technology in department of information technology in matrix institute of technology is our original work.
DATE PLACE:
Mohan rao Jejji 08RM1A1217
Abstract
OVER VIEW OF CLOUD COMPUTING
ABSTRACT:
A 'cloud' is an elastic execution environment of resources involving multiple Stakeholders and providing a metered service at multiple granularities for a Specified level of quality (of service). Clouds as we understand them in the context of this document are primarily Platforms that allow execution in various forms (see below) across multiple resources (and potentially across enterprise boundaries. To be more specific, a cloud is a platform or infrastructure that enables execution of code (services, Applications etc.), in a managed and elastic fashion, whereas managed means that reliability According to pre-defined quality parameters is automatically ensured and elastic implies that the resources are put to use according to actual current requirements observing overarching Requirement definitions implicitly, elasticity includes both up- and downward scalability of Resources and data, but also load-balancing of data throughput. Cloud providers typically centre on one type of cloud functionality provisioning: Infrastructure, Platform or Software / Application. In cloud environments, individual roles can be identified similar to the typical role distribution in Service Oriented Architectures and in particular in (business oriented) Virtual Organizations. As the roles relate strongly to the individual business models it is imperative to have a clear definition of the types of roles involved in order to ensure common understanding.
CONTENTS
S.NO 1. 2. CONTENT NAME Introduction What is cloud computing? 2.1. 2.2. 3. Cloud stacks 3.1. 3.2. 3.4. 4. IaaS PaaS SaaS Cloud computing architecture What things will be needed to cloud computing? PAGE NO 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 20
Deployment types of clouds 4.1. 4.2 4.3. 4.4. 4.5 Private clouds public clouds Hybrid clouds Community clouds special purpose clouds
5.
Cloud environment roles 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. Cloud providers Resellers and aggregators Adaptors Cloud consumers and users

S.NO 6. CONTENT NAME Special characteristics and capabilities of cloud computing 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 7. Non functional aspects Economic aspects Technical aspects PAGE NO 21 21 22 24 26 26 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 31 32 35 36 37
Related areas in cloud computing 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. Internet of services Internet of things The grid Service oriented architecture
8.
Other developments in cloud computing 8.1. 8.2. High performance computing Business process management
9.
Business scenarios in cloud computing 9.1. 9.2. 9.4. Web management services eScience/eENGINEERING Real time services
10. 11. 12. 13.
Key Advantages That Cloud Computing Delivers to IT Signification of cloud computing Conclusion References
1. INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction:
The coming shift to cloud computing is a major change in our industry. One of the most important parts of that shift is the advent of cloud platforms. As its name suggests, this kind of platform lets developers write applications that run in the cloud, or use services provided from the cloud, or both. Different names are used for this kind of platform today, including on-demand platform and platform as a service (PaaS). Whatever its called, this new way of supporting applications has great potential. To see why, think about how application platforms are used today. When a development team creates an on-premises application (i.e., one that will run within an organization), much of what that application needs already exists. An operating system provides basic support for executing the application, interacting with storage, and more, while other computers in the environment offer services such as remote storage. If the creators of every on-premises application first had to build all of these basics, wed have many fewer applications today. Similarly, if every development team that wishes to create a cloud application must first build its own cloud platform, we wont see many cloud applications. Fortunately, vendors are rising to this challenge, and a number of cloud platform technologies are available today. The goal of this overview is to categorize and briefly describe those technologies as theyre seen by someone who creates enterprises. Its broadest usage, the term cloud computing refers to the Delivery of scalable IT resources over the Internet, as opposed to hosting and operating those resources locally, such as on a college or university network. Those resources can include applications and services, as well as the infrastructure on which they operate. By deploying IT infrastructure and services over the network, an organization can purchase these resources on an as-needed basis and avoid the capital costs of software and hardware. With cloud computing, IT capacity can be adjusted quickly and easily to accommodate changes in demand. While remotely hosted, managed services have long been a part of the IT landscape, a heightened interest in cloud computing is being fueled by ubiquitous networks, maturing standards, the rise of hardware and software virtualization, and the push to make IT costs variable and transparent.
2. What is cloud computing?
A 'cloud' is an elastic execution environment of resources involving multiple stakeholders and providing a metered service at multiple granularities for a specified level of quality of service). In other words, clouds as we understand them in the context of this document are primarily platforms that allow execution in various forms across multiple resources and potentially across enterprise boundaries. Cloud computing presents IT organizations with a fundamentally different model of operation, one that takes advantage of the maturity of web applications and networks and the rising interoperability of computing systems to provide IT services. Cloud providers specialize in particular applications and services, and this expertise allows them to efficiently manage upgrades and maintenance, backups, disaster recovery, and failover functions. As a result, consumers of cloud services may see increased reliability, even as costs decline due to economies of scale and other production factors. With cloud computing, organizations can monitor current needs and make on-the-fy adjustments to increase or decrease capacity, accommodating spikes in demand without paying for unused capacity during slower times. Aside from the potential to lower costs, colleges and universities gain the flexibility of being able to respond quickly to requests for new services by purchasing them from the cloud. Cloud computing encourages IT organizations and providers to increase standardization of protocols and processes so that the many pieces of the cloud computing model can interoperate properly and efficiently. Cloud computing scalability is another key benefit to higher education, particularly for research projects that require vast amounts of storage or processing capacity for a limited time. Some companies have built data centers near sources of renew-able energy, such as wind farms and hydroelectric facilities, and cloud computing affords access to these providers of green IT. Finally, cloud computing allows college and university IT providers to make IT costs transparent and thus match consumption of IT services to those who pay for such services.
Over view of cloud computing 2.1Cloud computing system architecture:
Figure 1: Non-Exhaustive view on the main aspects forming a cloud system.
Over view of cloud computing 2.2Cloud Computing is a style of computing which must cater to the following computing needs:
1. Dynamism 2. Abstraction 3. Resource Sharing 2.21. Dynamism: Your business is growing exponentially. Your computing need & usage is getting bigger with every passing day. Would you add servers & other hardwares to meet the new demand? Assume, Recession is back & your business is losing customers. The servers & hardwares you added during last quarters peak season is now idle. Will you sale them? Demand keeps on changing based on world/regional economy, sometimes seasonal traffic burst as well. Thats where Cloud Computing comes to your rescue! You just need to configure & your provider will take care of fluctuating demand. 2.2.2. Abstraction: Your business should focus on your core competency & should not worry about security, OS, software platform, updates and patches etc. Leave these chores to your provider. From an end users perspective, you dont need to care for the OS, the plug-ins, web security or the software platform. Everything should be in place without any worry. 2.3.3. Resource Sharing: Resource Sharing is the beauty of Cloud Computing. This is the concept which helps the cloud providers to attain optimum utilization of resources. Say, a company dealing in gifts may require more server resources during festive season. A company dealing in Payroll management may require more resources during the end or beginning of the month. The cloud architecture is implemented in such a way that it provides you the flexibility to share application as well as other network resources (hardware etc).
3. Cloud Stacks
Cloud Services can be dived into 3 stacks:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) 3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
Fig 2: cloud stacks
Over view of cloud computing 3.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

IaaS also referred to as Resource Clouds, provide (managed and scalable) resources as services to the user in other words, they basically provide enhanced virtualization capabilities. Accordingly, different resources may be provided via a service interface: Data & Storage Clouds deal with reliable access to data of potentially dynamic size, weighing resource usage with access requirements and / or quality definition. Examples: Amazon S3, SQL Azure. Compute Clouds provide access to computational resources, i.e. CPUs. So far, such lowlevel resources cannot really be exploited on their own, so that they are typically exposed as part of a virtualized environment (not to be mixed with PaaS below), i.e. hypervisors. Compute Cloud Providers therefore typically offer the capability to provide computing resources (i.e. raw access to resources unlike PaaS that offer full software stacks to develop and build applications), typically virtualized, in which to execute cloudified services and applications. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) offers additional capabilities over a simple compute service. Examples: Amazon EC2, Zimory, Elastichosts.
3.2Platform as a Service (PaaS):

PaaS Provide computational resources via a platform upon which applications and services can be developed and hosted. PaaS typically makes use of dedicated APIs to control the behavior of a server hosting engine which executes and replicates the execution according to user requests (e.g. access rate). As each provider exposes his / her own API according to the respective key capabilities, applications developed for one specific cloud provider cannot be moved to another cloud host. There are however attempts to extend generic programming models with cloud capabilities (such as MS Azure). Examples: Force.com, Google App Engine, Windows Azure (Platform).

PaaS cloud will have two different layers: 1. 2. Cloud OS Cloud middleware
Fig 3: PaaS cloud layered architecture
Over view of cloud computing 3.3 Software as a Service (SaaS):

This is the Top most layer of the cloud computing stack - directly consumed by end user i.e. SaaS (Software as a Service). On-Premise applications are quite expensive, affordable only to big enterprises. Why? Cause On-Premise applications had a very high upfront Cap Ex(Capital Expenditure); which results in a high TCO (Total Cost of Ownership). On-Premise apps also require a higher number of skilled developers to maintain the application. In its current avatar SaaS is going to be the best bet for SMEs/SMBs (Small & Mid size businesses). Now, they can afford best software solution for their business without investing anything at all on the infrastructure or development platform or skilled manpower. The only requirement for SaaS is a computer with browser, quite basic. SaaS is a recurring subscription based model delivered to customer on demand Pay as you use.
Fig 4: cloud computing architecture wt SaaS
4. Deployment types of cloud computing

4.1 Private Clouds:
Are typically owned by the respective enterprise and / or leased. Functionalities are not directly exposed to the customer, though in some cases services with cloud enhanced features may be offered this is similar to (Cloud) Software as a Service from the customer point of view. Example: eBay.
4.2 Public Clouds:

Enterprises may use cloud functionality from others, respectively offer their own services to users outside of the company. Providing the user with the actual capability to exploit the cloud features for his / her own purposes also allows other enterprises to outsource their services to such cloud providers, thus reducing costs and effort to build up their own infrastructure. As noted in the context of cloud types, the scope of functionalities thereby may differ. Example: Amazon, Google Apps, Windows Azure.
4.3Hybrid Clouds:
Though public clouds allow enterprises to outsource parts of their infrastructure to cloud providers, they at the same time would lose control over the resources and the distribution / management of code and data. In some cases, this is not desired by the respective enterprise. Hybrid clouds consist of a mixed employment of private and public cloud infrastructures so as to achieve a maximum of cost reduction through outsourcing whilst maintaining the desired degree of control over e.g. sensitive data by employing local private clouds.
Over view of cloud computing 4.4 Community Clouds:

Typically cloud systems are restricted to the local infrastructure, i.e. providers of public clouds offer their own infrastructure to customers. Though the provider could actually resell the infrastructure of another provider, clouds do not aggregate infrastructures to build up larger, cross-boundary structures. In particular smaller SMEs could profit from community clouds to which different entities contribute with their respective (smaller) infrastructure. Community clouds can either aggregate public clouds or dedicated resource infrastructures. We may thereby distinguish between private and public community clouds. For example smaller organizations may come together only to pool their resources for building a private community cloud. As opposed to this, resellers such as Zimory may pool cloud resources from different providers and resell them.
4.5 Special Purpose Clouds:

In particular IaaS clouds originating from data centers have a general purpose appeal to them, as their according capabilities can be equally used for a wide scope of use cases and customer types. As opposed to this, PaaS clouds tend to provide functionalities more specialized to specific use cases, which should not be confused with proprietariness of the platform: specialization implies providing additional, use case specific methods, whilst proprietary data implies that structure of data and interface are specific to the provider. Specialized functionalities are provided e.g. by the Google App Engine which provides specific capabilities dedicated to distributed document management. Similar to general service provisioning (web based or not), it can be expected that future systems will provide even more specialized capabilities to attract individual user areas, due to competition, customer demand and available expertise.
5 CLOUD ENVIRONMENT ROLES

In cloud environments, individual roles can be identified similar to the typical role distribution in Service Oriented Architectures and in particular in (business oriented) Virtual Organizations. As the roles relate strongly to the individual business models it is imperative to have a clear definition of the types of roles involved in order to ensure common understanding.
5.1 Providers:
Providers offer clouds to the customer either via dedicated APIs (PaaS), virtual machines and / or direct access to the resources (IaaS). Note that hosts of cloud enhanced services (SaaS) are typically referred to as Service Providers, though there may be ambiguity between the terms Service Provider and Cloud Provider.
5.2 Resellers or Aggregators:

Resellers or Aggregators aggregate cloud platforms from cloud providers to either provide a larger resource infrastructure to their customers or to provide enhanced features. This relates to community clouds in so far as the cloud aggregators may expose a single interface to merged cloud infrastructure. They will match the economic benefits of global cloud infrastructures with the understanding of local customer needs by providing highly customized, enhanced offerings to local companies (especially SMEs) and world-class applications in important European industry sectors.
5.3 Adopters or (Software / Services):

Vendors enhance their own services and capabilities by exploiting cloud platforms from cloud providers or cloud resellers. This enables them to e.g. provide services that scale to dynamic demands in particular new business entries who cannot estimate the uptake / demand of their services as yet. The cloud enhanced services thus effectively become software as a service.
Over view of cloud computing 5.4 Consumers or Users:

Consumers are users make direct use of the cloud capabilities (cf. below) as opposed to cloud resellers and cloud adopters, however, not to improve the services and capabilities they offer, but to make use of the direct results, i.e. either to execute complex computations or to host a flexible data set. Note that this involves in particular larger enterprises which outsource their in-house infrastructure to reduce cost and efforts (see also hybrid clouds). Note that future market developments will most likely enable the user to become provider and consumer at the same time. 5.5 Tool Providers: Tool providers do not actually provide cloud capabilities, but supporting tools such as programming environments, virtual machine management etc.
Fig 5: cloud computing environment
6. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS / CAPABILITIES OF CLOUDS

6.1 NON-FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS:
6.1.1 Elasticity: Is an essential core feature of cloud systems and circumscribes the capability of the underlying infrastructure to adapt to changing, potentially non-functional requirements, for example amount and size of data supported by an application, number of concurrent users etc. One can distinguish between horizontal and vertical scalability, whereby horizontal scalability refers to the amount of instances to satisfy e.g. changing amount of requests, and vertical scalability refers to the size of the instances themselves and thus implicit to the amount of resources required maintaining the size. Cloud scalability involves both (rapid) up- and downscaling. Elasticity goes one step further, tough, and does also allow the dynamic integration and extraction of physical resources to the infrastructure. 6.1.2 Reliability: Is essential for all cloud systems in order to support todays data centre-type applications in a cloud, reliability is considered one of the main features to exploit cloud capabilities. Reliability denotes the capability to ensure constant operation of the system without disruption, i.e. no loss of data, no code reset during execution etc. Reliability is typically achieved through redundant resource utilization. Interestingly, many of the reliability aspects move from hardware to a software-based solution. 6.1.3 Quality of Service: Support is a relevant capability that is essential in many use cases where specific requirements have to be met by the outsourced services and / or resources. In business cases, basic QoS metrics like response time, throughput etc. must be guaranteed at least, so as to ensure that the quality guarantees of the cloud user are met. Reliability is a particular QoS aspect which forms a specific quality requirement.

6.1.4 Agility and adaptability: Are essential features of cloud systems that strongly relate to the elastic capabilities. It includes on-time reaction to changes in the amount of requests and size of resources, but also adaptation to changes in the environmental conditions that e.g. require different types of
resources, different quality or different routes, etc. Implicitly, agility and adaptability require resources (or at least their management) to be autonomic and have to enable them to provide self-* capabilities. 6.1.5 Availability of services and data: It is an essential capability of cloud systems and was actually one of the core aspects to give rise to clouds in the first instance. It lies in the ability to introduce redundancy for services and data so failures can be masked transparently. Fault tolerance also requires the ability to introduce new redundancy (e.g. previously failed or fresh nodes) in an online manner nonintrusively (without a significant performance penalty). With increasing concurrent access,
availability is particularly achieved through replication of data / services and distributing them across different resources to achieve load-balancing. This can be regarded as the original essence of scalability in cloud systems.
6.2. ECONOMIC ASPECTS:

6.2.1 Cost reduction: It is one of the first concerns to build up a cloud system that can adapt to changing consumer behavior and reduce cost for infrastructure maintenance and acquisition. Scalability and Pay per Use are essential aspects of this issue. Notably, setting up a cloud system typically entails additional costs be it by adapting the business logic to the cloud host specific interfaces or by enhancing the local infrastructure to be cloud-ready. See also return of investment below.

6.2.2 Pay per use: The capability to build up cost according to the actual consumption of resources is a relevant feature of cloud systems. Pay per use strongly relates to quality of service support, where specific requirements to be met by the system and hence to be paid for can be specified. One of the key economic drivers for the current level of interest in cloud computing is the structural change in this domain. By moving from the usual capital upfront investment model to an operational expense, cloud computing promises to enable especially SMEs and entrepreneurs to accelerate the development and adoption of innovative solutions. 6.2.3 Improved time to market: It is essential in particular for small to medium enterprises that want to sell their services quickly and easily with little delays caused by acquiring and setting up the infra-structure, in particular in a scope compatible and competitive with larger industries. Larger enterprises need to be able to publish new capabilities with little overhead to remain competitive. Clouds can support this by providing infrastructures, potentially dedicated to specific use cases that take over essential capabilities to support easy provisioning and thus reduce time to market. 6.2.4 Return of investment (ROI): Is essential for all investors and cannot always be guaranteed in fact some cloud systems currently fail this aspect. Employing a cloud system must ensure that the cost and effort vested into it is outweighed by its benefits to be commercially viable this may entail direct and indirect ROI. Outsourcing resources versus increasing the local infrastructure and employing (private) cloud technologies need therefore to be outweighed and critical cut-off points identified.
Over view of cloud computing 6.3 TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS

The main technological challenges that can be identified and that are commonly associated with cloud systems are: 6.3.1 Virtualization: It is an essential technological characteristic of clouds which hides the technological complexity from the user and enables enhanced flexibility (through aggregation, routing and translation). More concretely, virtualization supports the following features: Ease of use: through hiding the complexity of the infrastructure (including management,
configuration etc.) virtualization can make it easier for the user to develop new applications, as well as reduces the overhead for controlling the system. Infrastructure independency: In principle, virtualization allows for higher interoperability by making the code platform independent. Flexibility and Adaptability: by exposing a virtual execution environment, the underlying infrastructure can change more flexible according to different conditions and requirements (assigning more resources, etc.). Location independence: services can be accessed independent of the physical location of the user and the resource. 6.3.2 Multi-tenancy: It is a highly essential issue in cloud systems, where the location of code and / or data is principally unknown and the same resource may be assigned to multiple users. This affects infrastructure resources as well as data / applications / services that are hosted on shared resources but need to be made available in multiple isolated instances

6.3.3 Security, Privacy and Compliance: It is obviously essential in all systems dealing with potentially sensitive data and code. 6.3.4 Data Management: It is an essential aspect in particular for storage clouds, where data is flexibly distributed across multiple resources. Implicitly, data consistency needs to be maintained over a wide distribution of replicated data sources. At the same time, the system always needs to be aware of the data location. Taking latencies and particularly work-load into consideration. As size of data may change at any time, data management addresses both horizontal and vertical aspects of scalability. Another crucial aspect of data management is the provided consistency guarantees. 6.3.5 APIs and / or Programming Enhancements: These are essential to exploit the cloud features: common programming models require that the developer takes care of the scalability and autonomic capabilities him- / herself, whilst a cloud environment provides the features in a fashion that allows the user to leave such management to the system.
7. RELATED AREAS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

7.1 INTERNET OF SERVICES:
Service based application provisioning is part of the Future Internet as such and therefore a similar statement applies to cloud and Internet of Services as to cloud and Future Internet. Whilst the cloud concept foresees essential support for service provisioning, its main focus does not primarily rest on service provisioning. Cloud systems are particularly concerned with providing an infrastructure on which any type of service can be executed with enhanced features. Clouds can therefore be regarded as an enabler for enhanced features of large scale service provisioning.
7.2 INTERNET OF THINGS:

It is up to debate whether the Internet of Things is related to cloud systems at all: whilst the internet of things will certainly have to deal with issues related to elasticity, reliability and data management etc., there is an implicit assumption that resources in cloud computing are of a type that can host and / or process data in particular storage and processors that can form a computational unit. However, specialized clouds may e.g. integrate dedicated sensors to provide enhanced capabilities and the issues related to reliability of data streams etc. Overall, the Internet of Things may profit from cloud systems, but there is no direct relationship between the two areas.
7.3 THE GRID

There is an on-going confusion about the relationship between Grids and Clouds, sometimes seeing Grids as on top of Clouds, vice versa or even identical. More surprising, even elaborate comparisons still have different views on what the Grid is in the first instance, thus making the comparison cumbersome. just like Clouds, Grid is primarily a concept rather than a technology thus leading to many potential misunderstandings between individual communities.
Over view of cloud computing 7.4 SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURES

There is a strong relationship between the Grid and Service Oriented Architectures, often leading to confusions where the two terms either are used indistinguishably, or the one as building on top of the other. This arises mostly from the fact that both concepts tend to cover a comparatively wide scope of issues, i.e. the term being used a bit ambiguously. Service Oriented Architecture however typically focuses predominantly on ways of developing, publishing and integrating application logic and / or resources as services.
Fig 6: related areas in cloud computing services
8. OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN CLOUD COMPUTING SYSTEM

8.1 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING (HPC)
HPC has been dealing with resource pooling and code distribution, reliable execution etc. for a long time now. Though clouds and HPC act on different levels (HPC nodes being more tightly coupled than resources in the cloud), and integrating HPC resources into clouds may not be sensible, there is still a strong overlap between capabilities and boundary conditions that have been investigated in HPC for decades now. This relates in particular to aspects on scheduling, code & data distribution and communication, as well as reliable execution all issues particularly relevant for distributed, virtual (and dynamic) resource platforms as exposed by the cloud.
8.2 BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT (BPM)

The role of Business Process Management (BPM) technology will increase significantly with the omnipresence of clouds. First of all, the huge number of services available in the cloud will enable a fast and easy creation of new higher-level services by composing the available services. Secondly, the ubiquitous access to application functionality will result in the formation of networks between partners to create competitive advantage by establishing cross-partner business processes.
9. BUSINESS SCENARIOS IN CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud systems find a wide range of application in varying scenarios for future application of cloud technologies and thus implicitly as a reference for how the technological gaps may be employed in real business cases.
9.1 WEB MEGASERVICES:

Megaservices act on top of existing services and platforms, combining and extending them so as to provide new, enhanced capabilities. Cloud infrastructures thereby play a secondary, supporting role, focused in particular on the large scale of such services with respect to the amount of underlying instances and resources it has to handle (related to vertical scale), as well as the potential number of concurrent accesses and usages. Examples of existing megaservices are on the one hand large search engines acting across a large amount of resources (Google Search, MS Bing etc.), and social network sites integrating media and different service types (Facebook, StudyVZ etc.).
9.2 eSCIENCE/eENGINEERING:
Traditionally a High Performance Computing (HPC) domain, eScience and
eENGINEERING have high computational demands in order to execute their calculations. Nonetheless, most applications actually do not require full HPC support, i.e. do not execute parallelized tasks, but only multiple tasks in parallel and are therefore closer to P2P
computing (such as BOINC) than HPC and are most often developed on Grid platforms. In both cases, development of the according applications that allow for distributed (optimally parallel or coupled) execution is typically more complex than an eScientist and / or an eEingineer wants or should have to deal with.
Over view of cloud computing 9.3 TRADITIONAL IT REPLACEMENT

The concept of thin clients found a growing popularity in the 1990s as a means to replace expensive local desktop computers with high power servers and multiple access terminals that were comparatively cheap and incorporated little performance capabilities. Web based applications follow the same principle and obviously cloud infrastructures offer the possibility of easy cloud outsourcing, even though the point at which outsourcing becomes economically beneficial may not always be known. Notably, cloud based IT outsourcing covers the whole range from resource infrastructure to complex services / applications hosted on remote machines. Along the same line, it covers the full range of security and privacy concerns, as well as data management and federation issues. Alternatively the business may decide to use Cloud services to provide business continuity /disaster recovery. An immense business value can (only) be realized if the service is used.
9.4 REAL-TIME SERVICES

Business environments which depend on real time service provisioning / computation could benefit greatly from the dynamic distribution and location control possible in globally distributed cloud infrastructures. In such environments, latency and availability / accessibility play major role in fulfilling real time requirements and accordingly need to be respected both by the service itself, as well as the hosting infrastructure (i.e. the cloud system). Environments which have to fulfill real-time requirements often pose specific privacy and regulatory requirements towards the infrastructure, due to the competitive nature in this space. Implicitly, most infrastructures will tend to be private or have to observe special purpose regulations.
10. Key Advantages That Cloud Computing Delivers to IT
Fig 7: cloud advantages
Often resource constrained, IT departments in companies and government organizations are immersed in workday responsibilities needed to support the business. Cloud computing can help take pressure off IT staff while also helping deliver measurable business benefits. For instance, with cloud computing, organizations can leverage the benefits of a shared IT infrastructure without having to implement and administer it directly. While it took virtualization many years to be widely accepted by businesses, cloud computing is experiencing a much shorter ramp-up period for acceptance. With cloud computing, the battle has already been won, in part, since organizations rely heavily on virtualization.
Cloud Advantages
Simplified Cost and Consumption Model:
Prioritizing activities that align with core business needs and drive tangible business value and top-line revenue are top IT concerns. This focus has driven IT organizations to reassess the costs of procurement and maintenance of infrastructure and non-core applications. Cloud computing allows companies to better control the caplex and opex associated with noncore activities.
Enterprise Grade Services and Management

Typically, 70 to 80 percent of IT budgets are devoted to maintenance of existing infrastructure a massive overhead. Cloud computing offloads this burden from the shoulders of companies, freeing core IT resources to focus on initiatives that drive revenue growth.
Faster Provisioning of Systems and Applications:

Traditional methods to buy and configure hardware and software are time consuming. Cloud computing provides a rapid deployment model that enables applications to grow quickly to match increasing usage requirements. It can accommodate peak times where a company needs to scale up dramatically, such as a holiday season or special event.
Right-Size to Address Business Changes:

Clouds are elastic. They can contract if necessary to meet changing business needs. With an in-house datacenter, if a company over-provisions, it cant scale back. In a cloud, an organization can quickly and easily right-size its environment if necessary.
Over view of cloud computing Ease of Integration:

An increasing number of enterprise applications require integration with third-party applications that are often hosted outside the enterprise firewall. The cloud with its configuration flexibility, integrated security, and choice of access mechanisms has a natural advantage to serving as a core platform and integration fabric for these emerging applications.
Highly Secure Infrastructure:

By taking a system-based not point-based approach, cloud environments can perform security at all levels (applications, middleware, operating system, compute/store/network). This will safely support highly mobile users that need a variety of connection options coming into the cloud from secure and non-secure networks. Compliant Facilities and Processes: Many midsize companies dont have the resources needed to manage audit and certification processes for internal datacenters. Compliance standards cut horizontally like Sarbanes-Oxley and vertically, such as PCI DSS and HIPAA. Cloud facilities and processes that address both areas can help companies address regulatory and compliance processes.
Flexible and Resilient with Business Continuity/Disaster Recovery.

Managing business continuity and recovery internally requires a dedicated focus so companies typically concentrate only on the most critical applications. Utilizing cloud environments allows organizations to safeguard their full IT infrastructure because the clouds inherent scalability integrates disaster recovery capabilities.
11. Significant of cloud computing

Cloud computing presents IT organizations with a fund-mentally different model of operation, one that takes advantage of the maturity of web applications and networks and the rising interoperability of computing systems to provide IT services. Cloud providers specialize in particular applications and services, and this expertise allows them to efficiently manage upgrades and maintenance, backups, disaster recovery, and failover functions. As a result, consumers of cloud services may see increased reliability, even as costs decline due to economies of scale and other production factors. With cloud computing, organizations can monitor current needs and make on-the-fy adjustments to increase or decrease capacity, accommodating spikes in demand without paying for unused capacity during slower times. Aside from the potential to lower costs, colleges and universities gain the flexibility of being able to respond quickly to requests for new services by purchasing them from the cloud. Cloud computing encourages IT organizations and providers to increase standardization of protocols and processes so that the many pieces of the cloud computing model can interoperate properly and efficiently. Cloud computing scalability is another key benefit to higher education, particularly for research projects that require vast amounts of storage or processing capacity for a limited time. Some companies have built data centers near sources of renew-able energy, such as wind farms and hydroelectric facilities, and cloud computing affords access to these providers of green IT. Finally, cloud computing allows college and university IT providers to make IT costs transparent and thus match consumption of IT services to those who pay for such services.
12. CONCLUSION
Clouds offer the opportunity to build data observatories with data, software and expertise together to solve problems such as those associated with economic modeling, climate change, terrorism, healthcare and epidemics etc. Clouds could assist greatly in the e-government agenda by providing information in one place to the citizen, together with software to manipulate the data. It has been claimed and indeed demonstrated that Cloud computing is a green option. Development of Cloud computing in Europe will contribute to reduction in carbon emissions and assist in achieving European targets. Europe is well-placed to embrace these opportunities due to the excellent background research and development in many of the key technologies such as those associated with GRIDs and SOA (Service Oriented Architecture). However, the provision of an open market in clouds for Europe requires further R&D building upon this substructure. Success will come by intersecting the R&D results with the emerging market opportunities beyond todays Clouds. However, this can only be achieved with (a) further technical R&D building upon the success-base from previous framework programmers and national programmers in GRIDs, SOA and other technologies; (b) further R&D on legalistic and business models to find means to lower the threshold barrier for marketplace entry especially or SMEs. Investment in R&D on Clouds brings benefits to the ICT industry, to other industry and commerce, to the media industry, to government and to the citizen. It also offers a greener option for ICT.
13. REFERENCES
1. Wikipedia, Cloud Computing - available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing 2. Foster, I. (2008), Cloud, Grid, what's in a name? available at http://ianfoster.typepad.com/blog/2008/08/cloud-grid 3. Members of EGEE-II (2008), an egee comparative study: Grids and clouds - evolution or revolution. Technical report, Enabling Grids for E-sciencE Project - available at https://edms.cern.ch/document.com/ 925013 4. Vaquero, L. M.; Rodero-Merino, L.; Caceres, J. & Lindner, M. (2009), A break in the clouds: towards a cloud definition, SIGCOMM Compute. Commune. Rev. 39(1), 50--55. 5. Open Cloud Manifesto - available at http://www.opencloudmanifesto.org/Open%20 Cloud%20Manifesto.pdf 6. Vambenepe, W (2009), Reality check on Cloud portability - available at http://stage.vambenepe.com/archives/684 7. Armbrust, M; Fox, A; Griffith, R; Joseph, AD; Katz, RH; Konwinski. A; Lee. G; Patterson. DA; Rabkin. A; Stoica. I & Zaharia. M (2009), Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing. Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28 available at http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.html 8. Public Version 1.0 Reporter for this Report: Lutz Schubert [USTUTT-HLRS]Editors: Keith Jef ery [ERCIM], Burkhard Neidecker-Lutz [SAP Research]

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A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON