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NO.

Ratio and proportion

STANDARD
3.6 Understand the multiplicative nature of proportional reasoning; form, simplify and compare ratios, and apply these in a range of problems, including mixtures, map scales and enlargements in one, two or three dimension. 3.7 Perform percentage calculations, including finding a percentage of a percentage and inverse percentages, and compound interest

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3.6 The ratio

the word ratio is used to describe a fraction.

If the ratio of a boys height to his fathers height is 4: 5, then he is 4 5 as tall as his father.

Example 1
Simplify the following ratios.

a)

6:8

b) 12.5 : 50

c) 150cm : 3m

Solution
a) 6:8 3:4 b) 12.5 : 50 1 : 4 c) 150 cm : 3m 150 cm: 300cm 1cm : 2cm ( convert both sides to the same units ) ( because 1m = 100cm ) ( by 150 )
VOCABULARY ratio simplify convert unit

(2)

( 12 .5 )

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Exercise: 1
Simplify the following ratios: a) 2.5 : 100 d) 3 : 6 5 b) 1.5cm : 10m e) 7 : 2 9 3 c) 350gm : 4kg f) 7 1 2 : 1.75

Exercise: 2
Compare between the two ratios by using " < " , " > " or " = " a) 3 5 b) 2 3 9 11 c) 71 2

0.6

7.25

The proportion
If two ratios or more are equal, then we have a proportion
:

For example Exercise: 3

If

3 3 15 15 = , then and are proportional 4 4 21 21

Compare between the two ratios and determine the proportion 3 8 3 111 3 8 0.007 2 9 2 5 20 : 30
VOCABULARY compare equal proportion

a)

b)

c)

d) 2 : 3

e) 0.75

75%

f) 27: 30

9 : 10

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Example 2
Solve the following proportions. 1) x = 9 3 12 2) 0.3 = 2.7 y 16

Solution
1) x = 9 3 12

12 x = 3 9 x = 27 = 2.25 12

2)

0.3 = 2.7 y 16 2.7 y = 0.3 16 y = 0.3 16 2.7 1.78

Example 3
A recipe for six people includes a quarter of a kilogram of figs. How many kilograms of figs would be needed if the recipe were made in the same proportion for eight people?
.

Solution
No. of people 6 8 : : : Need of figs 1 kg 4 x

The required quantity of figs

8 1 4 x= 6

2 = 1 kg 6 3

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Exercise: 4
find the unknown values: 1) a) m = 2 12 3 3 75 = d 111 b) 3.54 4 = k 0.6 3 = 6 = x a 11 50 c) 3 c = 7.25 21.75

d)

e)

2) Write three ratios that equivalent to 1.5 : 5 3) Three litres of olive oil cost QR 60, find the cost of five litres 4) A man earns Q.R 20 in five days, what is his pay for 30 days. 5) A car uses 10 litres of petrol in 75Km. a) How far will it go on 8 litres? b) How many litres will it need in 200km.? 6) A person 1.75 m tall casts a shadow 1.98 m long. At the same time, a tree casts a shadow 18.6 m long. Calculate the height of the tree. 7) A 500 ml bottle of olive oil costs QR 9. A 1.25 litre bottle of the

same olive oil costs QR 19. Find as many different ways as you can to work out which is the best buy.

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Foreign exchange
proportion

Money is changed from one currency into another using the method of

Example 1
Convert QR 20500 to United States Dolor ($), if the rate of change is $1 = QR 3.65

Solution
QR 3.65 20500 : : : $ 1 x

X=

1 20500 3.65

= $ 5616.44

Example 2
QR 20 are worth 5.48 US dollars. How many US dollars are QR 50 worth?
20 5..8 . 28

Solution
QR 20 50 : : : 50 5.48 20 $ 5.48 x

x =

= $ 13.7

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Exercise: 5
1) Covert JD 3500 (Jordanian Dinar) to Qatari Riyal (QR), if the rate of change is JD 1= QR 5.14.

2) Covert QR 4560 to Egyptian Pound (EGP), if the rate of change is QR 0.65 = EGP 1

3) Covert SR 3500 (SAUDI RIYAL) to Qatari Riyal (QR), if the rate of change is SR 1= QR 0.97

4) Convert Euro: EUR 20150 to Qatari Riyal (QR), if the rate of change is EUR 1= QR 4.69 5) QR 146 are worth 40 US dollars. How many Qatari Riyal are $ 50 worth? 6) SR 100 (Saudi Riyal) are worth QR 97. How many Saudi Riyal are QR 388 worth?

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Map scales

You can use proportion to work out map scales. First you need to know these metric equivalents: 1km = 1000 m 1m = 100 cm 1cm = 10 mm km means kilometer m means meter cm means centimeter mm means millimeter

Example 1
A map is drawn to a scale of 1 : 50 000. Calculate: a) The length of road which appears as 3 cm long on the map. b) The length on the map of a lake which is 10 km long.

Solution
a) length on the map 1 3 The actual length b) 3 50 000 x= 1 : : Actual length 50 000 x

150 000 = 150000 cm = = 1.5 km 100 1000

10km = 101000100 =1000 000 cm length on the map 1 x : : 1 1000 000 50 000
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Actual length 50 000 1000 000

The length on the map x =

= 20 cm

Exercise: 6

1) On a map of scale of 1: 1000000, the distance between Doha and Al-Khor is 4.5 cm .What is the actual distance in km?

2) On a map of scale of 1: 15 000000, the distance between two cities is 4.5 cm .What is the actual distance in km?

3) The distance from Jerusalem to Makka is 1700 km .How far apart will they on a map of scale 1: 5 000000 4) The distance of a road equals 25 km, and it length on a map is 5 cm. Find the scale of this map in simplest form? 5) A map is drawn to scale 1 : 190 000. Two places A and B are apart on the map. How far apart are A and B? 3 cm

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Use the proportion to find the area, volume and enlargement


An area involves two dimensions multiplied together and hence the scale is multiplied twice if the linear scale is 1 , then the area scale is For example 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = and the volume scale is = 111 111 111 111 111 1 000 000 10 000

Example 1
The scale of a map is 1:1000. What are the actual dimensions of a rectangle which appears as 4 cm by 3 cm on the map? What is the area on the map in cm2? What is the actual area in m2?

Solution

length on the map 1 :

Actual length 1000

3&4 : x&y The actual of two dimensions are 3 1 000 3000 x= = 3000 cm = 100 1 , and y= 4 1 000 3000 = 4000 cm = 1 100

= 30 m

= 40 m

The area of rectangle on the map = 4 3 = 12 cm2 The ratio of area = Then 1 1000 1 1000 = 1 1 000000 Actual area : 1 000 000

Area on the map 1

12 : x 1 000000 12 12 000000 The actual area = = 12 000000 cm2 = 1 100 100 =1200 m 2
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Example 2

Each dimension of a 10 cm by 15cm photograph is enlarged to 150% of its original size. What is the ratio of the area of the enlarged photograph to the original? What is the area of photograph after enlargement?

Solution
Before enlargement 100% The ratio of enlarged length = 150 111 3 2 : = 3 2 After enlargement 150%

The ratio of enlarged area =

3 9 = 2 4

or

9:4

The area of original photograph = 10 15 = 150 cm2 Before enlargement 4 150 cm2 : : After enlargement 9 x

The area of photograph after enlargement =

9 150 = 337.5 cm2 4

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Example 3

A scale model of a cube has a volume of 100 cm3. The length of the actual edge of the cube is 50 times longer than the length of the model. What is the volume of the cube?

Solution
The ratio of enlarged length = 1: 50 = 1 51

The ratio of enlarged volume =

1 1 1 1 = 51 51 51 125 000 After enlargement : : 125 000 x

Before enlargement 1 100 cm3 The volume of actual cube is

x=

125 000 100 12 500 000 = 12 500 000 cm3 = = 12.5 m3 100 100 100 1

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Exercise: 7
1) The scale of a map is 1: 100. What area does 1cm2 on the map represent? What area does 6 cm2 represent? 2) The scale of a map is 1: 1000. What is the area, in cm2, on the map of a lake of area 5000 m2? 3) The scale of a map is 1cm to 5km. A farm is represented by a rectangle measuring 1.5 cm by 4 cm. What the actual area of the farm? 4) A standard size of photo is 15 cm wide by 10 cm high. A super-sized photo is 17.8 cm wide and 12.7 cm high. What is the scale factor of the enlargement? By what percentage has the area of the photo increased? 5) A logo on a shop front has area 1.3 m2. It is reduced by the scale factor T-shirt? 6) A scale model of a cube has a volume of 300 cm3. The length of the actual edge of the cube is 100 times longer than the length of the model. What is the volume of the cube? for a logo on a T-shirt. What is the area of the logo on the

7) Two similar jugs have heights of 4 cm and 6cm respectively. If the capacity of the smaller jug is 50 cm3, find the capacity of the larger jug.
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3.6

The Percentage
The percentage: is a ratio that the second part is 100.

Example 1
a) Change 80% to a fraction. b) Change 3 to a percentage. 8

022 :

25%
VOCABULARY Change fraction

c) Change 8% to a decimal.

Solution
4 80 a) 80% = = 5 111 3 3 b) = ( 100 ) % = 37.5% 8 8 c) 8% = 8 = 0.08 111

percentage decimal

80
a b/c

100 =

3 5 022 = 3 100 =

Exercise: 1
1) Change to fractions : a) 60% b) 2.4% c) 0.75

2) Change to percentages: a) 1 4 b) 0.31 c) 7 8

3) Change to decimals: 3 a) 28% b) 5

c) 36%

4) Arrange in order of size( smallest first): a) 1 , 45% , 0.6 2 b) 0.38 , 1 , 4% 16


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Example 2

A car cost QR 75000 is reduced in price by 10%. Find the new price.

Solution
1st method

2nd method

10% of QR 75000 = 10 75000 111 = QR 7500 New price of car = 75000 - 7500 = QR 67500

100% -10% = 90% New price of car = 91 75000 111 = QR 67500

Example 3
After a price increase of 10% a television set cost QR 2530 . What was the price before the increase?

Solution
1st method 10% of QR 2530 = 10 2530 111 = QR 253 New price of the television = 2530 - 253 = QR 2277
VOCABULARY cost reduced increase

2nd method 100% - 10% = 90 % 91 New price of T.V= 2530 111 = QR 2277

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Exercise: 2
1) Calculate: a) 30% of QR 50 c) 2.5% of 5000 people b) 45% of 200 kg d) 35%of 100 m

2) In a sale, a jacket costing QR 240 is reduced by 20%. What is the sale price?

3) The charge for a telephone call costing 35 Dirham is increased by 10%. What is the new charge?

4) When heated an iron bar expands by 0.2%. If the increase in length is 1 cm, what is the original length of the bar?

5) In 1999 there were 21280000

licensed vehicles on the road. Of

these, 16486000 were private cars. What is the percentage of the licensed vehicles were private cars?

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Percentage increase or decrease


) (

Percentage profit = Percentage loss =

Actual profit 111 Original price 1 111 1

VOCABULARY Percentage profit Percentage loss

Actual loss Original price

Example 4

A Radio is bought for QR 125 and sold for QR 150. What is the percentage profit?

Solution
Actual profit = 150 125 =QR 25 Percentage profit = 111 25 = 20% 125 1

The radio is sold at 20% profit.

Example 5
An oven is sold for QR 1590, thereby making a profit of 20% on the cost price. What was the cost price?
%02 2580 .

Solution
100 % +20% = 120% Price x QR 1590 The cost price = Percentage : 100 % : 120 % 100 1590 = QR 1325 120
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Example 6

Owing to inflation, the price of a television in a store is increased by 15%. In the sales at the end of the year, the price is then reduced by 15%. Does the television revert to its original pre-inflation price? Or is it more, or less? Explain your reasoning, if the initial price was QR 1000.
80% 80%. . 2220

Solution

The price of TV after increased by15% = 1000 The price of TV after reduced by 15% = 1150

115 = QR 1150 111 85 = QR 977.5 111

So the television doesnt revert to its original pre-inflation price, because its price less than QR1000 by QR 22.5

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Exercise: 3

1) During the first four weeks of her life, a baby girl increases her weight from 3.2 kg to 4.7 kg. What percentage increase does this represent?

2) In order to increase sales, the price of a Qatari airliner is reduced from QR 30000000 to QR 28 400000. What percentage reduction is this? 3) Over a period of 6 months, a colony of rabbits increase in number by 25% and then by a further 30%. If there were originally 200 rabbits in the colony how many were there at the end? 4) In the last two weeks of a sale, prices are reduced first by 30% and then a further 40% of the new price. What is the final sale price of a shirt which originally cost QR 120? 5) After Hayas salary is increased by 15% and Abdullahs salary is decreased by 27%, Haya and Abdullah both end up with an annual salary of QR 72000. What were their original salaries? What percentage of Abdullahs original salary was Hayas original salary?

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Simple interest

If QR P is borrowed or invested for T years at R% p.a. (per annum) simple interest, then the simple interest I, can be calculated by using the formula I= P RT 100 where P is called the principal, R is called the rate of interest, (per annum), T is the time in years.

Example 7
Ali invests QR 20500 for 3yeares at 5%. Work out the simple interest gained.
22820 8%.

Solution
P= QR 20500 , R=5 , T=3

So

I=

20500 5 3 P RT = 100 100

= QR 3075

Exercise: 4

1) Khalid invests QR 6750 at 8.5% per annum. How much interest has he earned and what is the total amount in his account after 4 years?

2) Ahmad invests QR 10800. After 4 years he has earned QR 3240 in interest .At what annual rate of interest did he invest his money?
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Compound interest

Suppose a bank pays a fixed interest of 10% on money in deposit account. A man puts QR 2000 in the bank. After one year he has 10 2000 + 10% of 2000 =2000 + 111 After two years he has 2200 + 10% of 2200 = QR 2420 10 [ Check that this is 2000 (1 + 111 After three years he has 2420 + 10% of 2420 = QR 2662 10 [Check that this is 2000 (1 + 111 ) 3 ] In general after n years the money in the bank will be QR [ 2000 (1 + 10 ) n ] 111 We can write a formula for Compound Growth: A=P(1 + i)n Where A = final amount (i.e., principal + interest) P = principal (the original amount) i = interest rate per annum (expressed in decimal form) (1 + i) = the multiplier n = the number of years. )2] 2000 = QR 2200

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Example 8

What will an investment of QR 30 000 at 10% p.a.( per annum) compound interest amount to after 4 years? What part of this is interest?

Solution
P = QR 30 000 A=P(1+I)n The total investment after 4 years = 30 000 ( 1 + 10 ) 4 = QR 43923 111 , R = 10 , n=4

The part of interest = 43923 30000 = QR 13923

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Exercise: 4
1) If QR 50 000 is invested at 9% p.a. compound interest a) the final amount after 2 years b) how much interest was earned in the 2 year period. 2) The price of a house was QR 600000 in 1998.At the end of each year the price is increased by 6%. a) Find the price of the house after 3 years b) Find the price of the house after 10 years 3) A new car is valued at QR 95000. At the end of each year its value is reduced by 15% of its the start of the year. What will it be worth after 3 years? 4) A bank pays interest of 11%. Mr. Hani puts QR 32000 in the bank. How much has he after five years? 5) QR 100000 has to be invested in deposit accounts. There is a choice of two accounts. One account pays an annual interest of 4.6%. The other account pays interest of 1.5% three times per year. What is the AER of the second account? Which is the better account to invest in and how much more interest will there be after one year in this account than in the other account?

6) Mariam invested QR 6000 at a fixed interest rate of 5.5% annually. Farah


invested QR 8000 at a fixed interest rate of 4.9% annually. Investigate their respective balances after different numbers of years. Graph your results and comment on what they show.

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