There is one known instance of this in the pratyAhArasUtra () 5, , and its only use is to make up the short form

"" (nasalized) to encompass the letters and . Other than this unusual marker from the , none of the other markers from the are mentioned in this glossary. (See footnote) the end-marker in verb-roots such as , (marker + + marker ), prevents the insertion of an intermediate for the past participle affixes and (e.g., ), except when the affixes are used to form gerundive nouns, in which case the intermediate is optional (i.e., or ) the end-marker in verb-roots such as (marker + + marker ), there is an insertion of a nasal () for much of the conjugation and derived words, e.g., 2. prevents anunasikalopa .. (

the end-marker in verb-roots such as ( + marker ), prevents the insertion of an intermediate for the past participle affixes and ; thus the incorrect form * would be prevented, and the form is allowed. (1) is seen in the forms , , , , , each of these is a term for all the consonants of that - class, e.g., is a term for all consonants of the - class of , namely : , , , , . (2) the end-marker in verb-roots such as ( + marker ), signifies that the insertion of an intermediate for affix is optional. Thus and are alternative forms. the end-marker in verb-roots such as ( + marker ) , signifies that the insertion of an intermediate for all affixes that it may be relevant is optional. Thus and are alternative forms. the end-marker in verb-roots such as ( + marker ), signifies that the shortening of the second of the reduplication syllables that is usually seen in causal aorist forms is prevented. Therefore is the correct form (had this not been case, the regular form would have been *, which is incorrect) the end-marker in verb-roots such as (+ marker ), signifies that the verb takes and intermediate () ()in the aorist, as in the end-marker in verb-roots such as ( + marker ), signifies that the vowel in the verb does not undergo -change that would have otherwise have happened in the aorist, so the form is (and not the incorrect *, which would be the case if this verb root was regular like the others) the beginning-marker in verb-roots such as (marker + + marker ), the first consonant of the affixes and is changed to , as in (Had this verb-root been regular, the form would have been *, which is incorrect)

 (1) when this marker is present in a affix, it prevents the or change to the preceding vowel, should such a change have been otherwise expected. E.g., the verb participle affix (marker + ): + = (not *). Another signification of this marker is that affixes bearing this marker are associated with semivowel->vowel transformation of certain verbs such as + = + = ; the , i.e., elision of the penultimate in forms of certain verbs such as + = + = ; the , i.e., elision of the penultimate vowel in certain verb roots (P 6.4.98-100) , lengthening of the vowel in certain cases (P 6.4.15), substitution of (P 6.4.19-21), elision of final nasal (P 6.4.37), substitution of (P 6.4.42). affixes marked with result in of the first vowel of the word-form to which the affix is added. (2) when this marker is present on an augment, i.e., , it signifies that the augment is to be affixed and not prefixed to the stem. E.g., + ; to there is the augment ( + for-ease-of-pronunciation + marker ), +(prefix)+ = when this marker is present in a affix of the second word of a compound, it signifies that (a) an augment nasal (termed ) is inserted into the first word of the compound, if the , , and preceding words ending in a vowel, (b) if the preceding word is not an indeclinable, i.e., , the long vowel of the preceding word is shortened. + + + ()() = + "" + = (meaning : he who thinks of themselves as intelligent) when this marker is present in a affix, it prevents the or change to the preceding vowel, should such a change have been otherwise expected. (In this it is like the marker , but all of the other significations of that marker are not present). This marker is rarely used, and its hidden use has been indicated by commentators of pANini, e.g., + () = . But () is pronounced as , so the commentary is required to recognize that the marker is , not , in this case. when this marker is present in a affix, e.g., (marker + + marker ), it causes the terminal or of the stem to change to or , respectively. E.g., + = ( change due to marker )(gutteralization due to marker ) + = (1) when this marker is present in a affix, it prevents the or change to the preceding vowel, should such a change have been otherwise expected. (In this it is like the marker , but all of the other significations of that marker are not present). (2) the end-marker in verb-roots such as , signifies that these verb roots are always declined in the , such as (3) when this marker is present in a substitution, the substitution is not for the whole of the original, but only for the last phoneme of the original. Compare with the function of marker (2) (4) when this marker is present in a case affix, i.e., , it results in a -change in the final vowel of the sort of words termed (nearly all words ending in or ) (5) when this marker marks the verbal conjugation/tense terms, i.e., , , , ; these forms marked by have some common characteristics : (a) the loss of the terminal in first person forms, : , , (b) the loss of the terminal in any forms that had it :

 affixes or substitutions or bases marked with this marker have their final vowel , i.e., stressed, e.g., ( ) : + = () = , the final vowel being . Had the marker not been present, by default, the first vowel of a affix is . not a marker, but a shorthand for (e.g., with added , =). + = + = (meaning sister's son) this marker is found in affixes such as (marker + ); however there is no function to this except to distinguish the affix from (marker + ), which is also a case-affix. not a marker, but a shorthand for in finite verb affixes. + + = +++ = (1) when this marker is present in a affix, it causes change to the preceding vowel, and placement of stress, i.e., to the first vowel of the stem, e.g., + = ( change due to marker )(gutteralization due to marker ) + = ; if the affix happens to be a (non-case affixes that attach to nominals), then both the change , and placement of stress, i.e., is at the the first vowel of the stem, e.g., +() = (meaning someone from the daughter's lineage), where the stress and the change are both to the first vowel of the stem. (2) the end-marker in verb-roots such as ()(), such a verb is declined in , e.g., , if the action is performed on behalf of someone other than the performer of the action, and declined in , e.g., if the action is being performed on the performer's own behalf. the beginning-marker in verb-roots such as , (marker + + marker ), the "past" participle affix is used in the context of the present (e.g., ). (1) when this marker is present in a affix that forms a masculine noun, the formation of the feminine of that word is with the added affix (marker + + marker ) E.g., + +() = , feminine + = (2) when this marker is present on a verbal conjugation name, e.g., , etc., in forms the last vowel of the form changes to , e.g., in , in . (3) when this marker is present on an augment, i.e., , it signifies that the augment is to be prefixed and not affixed to the stem. E.g., + <-augment ( -for-pronunciation marker-) = + (prefixed) = (4) in the instrumental singular case-marker affix , feminine affix , etc., the marker serves only to distinguish the affix from other affixes with the same residual phonetic value, i.e., is different from and , where the markers do have function; whereas when description for the general "" affix is provided, that applies to all three affixes. the beginning-marker in verb-roots such as (marker + = marker ), signifies that to form a qualitative noun from that verb root, the affix may be added, e.g., : (N.B. : by itself, not in the context of a verb-root in the dhAtupATha, is not a marker. It is "+marker ", please see

explanation for the marker .) not a marker, but a shorthand for ( = + = + = ), e.g., + (marker ) = + = (progeny of ). (marker) has been proposed by to fix some algorithmic issues. when this marker is present in a affix there is elision, i.e., of the last vowel of the stem and any consonants that may follow it. E.g., (marker +); + = ( elided)+ = (meaning "how many/how much") the beginning-marker in verb-roots such as (marker + + marker ), signifies that to form a qualitative noun from this verbroot, the affix may be added, e.g., not a marker, but a shorthand for ( = + = + = ), e.g., + = + = (like a rock) when this marker is present in a affix, it causes change to the preceding vowel, or for the penultimate of the stem; if it happens to be a (non-case affixes that attach to nominals), then the change is at the the first vowel of the stem. Compare similarities and differences with the marker. In contrast to that marker, there is no specification of stress () in -marked affixes. (1) when this marker is present in a affix the vowel in that affix has a "circumflex", i.e., stress pattern: a half- period of high stress () followed by a non-stressed period. E.g., (marker + + marker ) as in + = ( change to the preceding vowel due to ) = , the final vowel of which has the stress pattern. (2) when this marker is present while naming a vowel, only the mentioned length of the vowel is being specified. Thus specifies the short version of only. If the marker is not present, the would specify all possible lengths of the vowel, i.e., and when this marker is present in a affix, it causes a placement of stress, i.e., to the first vowel of the stem, e.g., (= + ) as in + = (meaning a devotee of ), the stress () being on the first vowel of the word. Compare similarities and differences with the marker. In contrast to that marker, there is no triggering of change in any of the vowels of the stem in -marked affixes. when this marker is present in a affix the vowel in that affix has an unstressed accent. There are knock-on effects of this fact, principally that it triggers a change in the preceding vowel of the verb root (if the verb root happens to be directly preceding, and not obstructed by an interposed 'base'). (e.g. .. ) not a marker, but a shorthand for ( = + = ), e.g., the affix ( + ) as in +(marker which signifies and stress on first vowel) = when this marker is present on an augment, i.e., , it signifies that the augment is to be inserted after the last vowel (and before a following consonant, if any). E.g., the augment ( + -for-ease-

of-pronunciation + marker ).. A possible use of this augment is to verb roots that have the marker (marker + + marker ), there is an insertion of a nasal () for much of the conjugation and derived words. <- = +(inserted)+ = + affix for conjugation, derivation, etc. not a marker, but a shorthand for . ; e.g., ( + marker ) as in + = + = (ornament) when this marker is present in a affix, the penultimate vowel of the affix is stressed, i.e., . This is worth marking only if there are three or more vowels in the affix. E.g., ( + marker ), the stressed, i.e., vowel is the penultimate . Usage of this affix +( ) = when this marker is present in a affix (and it is a marker only in non-taddhita affixes, being non-case affixes that attach to nominals), it indicates a stress on the vowel of the stem preceding the affix. E.g., (marker + = + marker ); usage highlighting the speciality of marker- : + (desiderative resulting in complex duplication of verb root, making marker irrelevant) + = = , in this resulting word, the stress is on the (of the syllable ), rather than being either within the termination, or on the vowel in the first syllable ().

when used in a pratyaya, it is a zero morpheme... etc...

not a marker, but a shorthand for ; e.g., (marker + + marker ) as in + = ( triggered by marker ) + = (meaning : doer) (1) verb affixes and bases with this marker are termed . They have many characteristics, e.g., the intermediary never appears in these. e.g., , (2) when this marker is present in a substitution, the substitution is not for the last phoneme of the original but for the whole of the original. Compare with the function of marker (3) when this marker is present in a affix that results in a masculine word, the feminine form of the word is formed by the addition of the affix , e.g., (marker + = + marker ) as in + = + = (with stress on first vowel); the feminine being + (stressed) = (with the stress on the last vowel, which was contributed by the feminine affix). When this marker is present in verb as marker, it takes feminine e.g. (3.3.104) pratyaya to make it

when this marker is present in the affix, the stem is considered a , thus the sandhi happening between the stem and the affix are characteristic of the sorts of sandhi taking place between independent words, not characteristic of the conservative sandhi that usually take place within a word. E.g. the affix (= + ) as in + = + = (a change characteristic of sandhis between separate

words) + = (meaning "yours", respectful usage) --Footnote: Other than the unusual marker "" from the "", none of the other markers from the are mentioned in this glossary. The final consonants of each of the is a marker. If one of the non-marker letters is combined with one of the marker letters, the term stands for all of the non0marker letters in that range, inclusive of the first letter which was used in the term. e.g. consider part of the series ... ... one could take the nonmarker from 5, and the marker from 8, and join them to form the term . This term will stand for the group of non-marker letters that encompass the range, i.e., , , , , , , , , , , .