Classical theory governs the gravitational force between baryonic matter and dark matter

Kamal M Barghout Department of Math and Natural Science, Prince Mohammad University, Al-khobar, KSA Gravitational interaction between baryonic and dark matter particles is expressed by the product of two gravitational terms. Baryonic mass is coupled gravitationally to a dark matter field that is homogenous, isotropic and extends to engulf the universe. Newtonian and MONDian regions are described as regions where baryonic and dark matter materials contract gravitationally to form galaxies. PACS numbers: 04.50.+h,95.35.+d I. INTRODUCTION Gravitational potentials of galaxies and galaxy clusters cannot be explained by their baryonic mass using Newtonian dynamics [1]. Proposed solutions either invoke dominant quantities of non-luminous dark matter [2] or Modification to Newtons law [3]. The problem of flattening of galaxy rotation curves inspired researchers to investigate modification of gravitational theories by introducing weakly or non-interacting matter fields [4, 5, 6, 7]. Previous works suggested that visible baryonic matter and hypothesized dark matter DM are spatially coincident, as in most of the Universe [8, 9]. These works favored the DM hypothesis over modification of Newton gravity, but their conclusions were necessarily based on non-trivial assumptions such as symmetry, the location of the center of mass of the system, and/or hydrostatic equilibrium. II. MOND THEORY The rotation curves of spiral galaxies become approximately flat at the largest radii observed [10,11]. This is one of the strongest indications of the need for dynamically dominant DM in the universe. The inner shape of rotation curves is well predicted by the distribution of observed baryons [12]. There appears to be though a characteristic acceleration scale [13] at which baryonic material alone can no longer account for the observed dynamics, hence the need for a DM halo in galaxies. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is a theory that modifies Newton's force law to explain observations of rotation curves of galaxies that most astronomers interpret as evidence for DM. MOND describes acceleration due to gravity with the empirical formula a GMa0 / r and correctly accounts for spiral galaxies missing mass. The formula introduces gravitational acceleration as dependent on the function (a / a0 ) that approaches the value one for large arguments and a / a0 for small arguments, where a0 is a natural constant approximated to be 10-10 m/s2 [3]. The centripetal acceleration of stars at the outskirts of spiral galaxies tends to be below a0 . Here, it is suggested that the low cut off acceleration of MOND is the result of the existence of a DM halo that the whole universe is embedded in.

III. BASIS OF THE MODEL Recent work indicates that rotation curves due to DM halos at intermediate radii in spiral galaxies are remarkably similar [14] which suggest a universal DM mass profile. To resolve the non-luminous nature problem of DM, astronomers usually present DM as nonbaryonic but simply consider the same classical linear relationship between DM and baryonic matter since they both possess mass. The most common approach to model the universe is to present the gravitational force as linearly dependent on both DM and baryonic masses when expressing the equation of motion. Observations of DM in galaxies show a strong correlation between the two types of masses which could suggest an unexplored relationship of nonlinear dependency type. In this paper it is hypothized that baryonic matter is coupled gravitationally with a DM material continuum and expressed by a nonlinear relationship. The following points may describe the basis of the model 1. DM is homogeneous, isotropic and engulfs the universe. It constitutes a dynamic gravitational potential whose magnitude and gradient is dependent on the presence of baryonic mass. 2. Baryonic matter exists within the bulk of DM material and interacts gravitationally with it. 3. Baryonic matter gravitates to make galactic and other cosmological structures along with DM continuum containing it. 4. Galactic structure is divided into two regimes. In a Newtonian regime the DM mass and the baryonic mass are equal. In a MONDian regime, the DM mass is greater than the baryonic mass. 5. The gravitational interaction between a DM particle and a baryonic particle is expressed by the product of two Newtonian terms. The net gravitating force between a baryonic mass and a test baryonic particle (see Fig. 1) can be governed by the formula
ab .ad mb G r2 md G r2 (1)

where mb is the baryonic mass and md is the DM mass engulfed by the volume between the test particle and the center of the gravitating baryonic object. ab and ad are acceleration contributions from both baryonic matter and dark matter respectively. IV. DERIVATION OF EQUATION (1) The equation of motion of Newtonian dynamics includes a linear dependence of the force on the gravitating baryonic masses. Here it is proposed that DM particles interact differently with baryonic matter through a nonlinear gravitational interaction. For linear gravitational interaction between two baryonic particles, let's consider their masses mb1 and mb2 in the regular three-dimensional Euclidean space. Let r1 and r2 be their radius-vectors in some inertial coordinate system. The state of motion of these two particles is governed by Newton's second law applied to each one of them with a net force on a test baryonic particle of

mmb1G 2 r1

mmb 2 G 2 r2

(2)

Where m is the mass of the test particle Consider a baryonic test particle interacting gravitationally with a baryonic object; the interaction will be governed by formula (1). In this model, a DM field term is considered to be included in any baryonic-baryonic gravitational interaction. Fig. 1 shows a gravitating baryonic object with a baryonic test particle. The DM material is included in the volume between the test particle and the baryonic gravitating object, and within the body of the gravitating object itself.

DM r

Test particle

DM DM + baryonic gravitating object

FIG. 1. The system of gravitating object, test particle, and the enclosed DM

For a gravitating baryonic mass, let mb the baryonic mass and md the DM mass, the following field equation is introduced
Fb .Fd mmb G r2 mmd G r2 (3)

where m is the mass of the test particle and the other variables are defined as in equation (1). Fb and Fd are the force contribution from the baryonic and dark masses consecutively. V. DERIVATION OF NEWTONIAN AND MONDIAN FIELD EQUATIONS A. Newtonian Regime Newtonian regime is dominant in the core region of galaxies. In the Newtonian regime an equal amounts of DM and baryonic mass is considered. To derive the Newtonian field equation we set md equal to mb in equation (1). This reduces the equation to the Newtonian form

a2

mbG r2

(4)

B. MONDian Regime MONDian regime is dominant in the halo region. Here, the DM field is considered to extend throughout the universe. In the halo region md is greater than mb. From observation the second term in equation (1) is MONDs constant acceleration a0 where it represents the acceleration contribution from DM within the gravitating baryonic mass and the DM halo. Substituting for a0 as the intended constant in equation (1) gives the MONDian formula,

a2

ab .a0 ; a 2

mb Ga0 r2

(5)

C. DM halo surface density The mean DM (halo) surface density within one dark halo scale-length (the radius within which the volume density profile of DM halo remains approximately flat) was determined as a constant across a wide range of galaxies [15]. MONDian formula (5) only applies where the DM halo surface density is constant, i.e. it does not apply for most clusters of galaxies as they dont satisfy the condition due to the inhomogeneous distribution of baryonic material throughout the cluster which results in an inhomogeneous DM halo surface density in the cluster. Galaxies, particularly spiral galaxies, show a constant DM halo surface density in the MONDian region. From equation (1) the extra MD halo mass (see Fig. 1) can be included in the MD term in the equation to get,
a N .ad mb G r2 md G r2 G r2 (6)

Where a N is Newtonian (baryonic) acceleration, is the dark halo mass enclosed by the volume between the test particle and the gravitating object and md is the dark mass inside the gravitating object which is set equal to the baryonic mass of the gravitating object as in the Newtonian regime as proposed in this model. Simplifying equation (6) we get,
a N .ad
2 aN

aN a

(7)

Where a = G / r 2 . In local interactions the contribution to the force from the DM material outside the gravitating body may be negligibly small as indicated by the a term in equation (7), e.g. only when Pioneer spacecraft passed about 20 astronomical units an anomalous acceleration of 8.7 10
10

m / s 2 was registered.

Equation (7) describes a MONDian regime and reduces to Newtonian when the contribution from the dark halo outside the gravitating body is zero. From equation (7) we get a as the contribution to the acceleration from the dark halo and comparing equation (7) with equation (5) of MOND we conclude that the following equation describes a0 of MOND as the total acceleration contribution of DM inside and outside the gravitating body,
a0 ad aN a (8)

And solving equation (8) for the halo surface density / r 2 of a MONDian galaxy (Milky Way) and taking a0 as 1 10 10 m / s 2 we get a surface halo density of about 0.5 kg / m 2 . A calculated value of 0.3 kg / m 2 [15] was obtained based on the co-added rotation curves of ~1000 spiral galaxies, mass models of individual dwarf irregular and spiral galaxies of late and early types with high-quality rotation curves and, galaxy-galaxy weak lensing signals from a sample of spiral and elliptical galaxies. In a galactic MONDian region, the surface halo density should be constant; to produce a constant value of a0 of MOND, according to the MONDian formula as MONDs theory successfully explained rotation curves in spiral galaxies. It is worth mentioning that the magically fine tuned DM halo of a MONDian galaxy to produce a constant a0 of MOND might not be a confusing problem after all under the assumptions in this paper. As known, the dynamic force of a virialized galaxy is proportional to the mass surface density (m/r-2). From equation (8), a0 describes the dynamic acceleration of the total DM halo of the galaxy. If the halo can be described by a constant mass surface density inside and outside the gravitating object then a0 is constant. Both aN and a in equation (8) are described as having constant mass surface density [15] since in this model baryonic mass equals DM mass inside the volume of the galactic core. Table 1 shows the regions where the formula (7) applies. TABLE I. Galactic regions where the field equation applies. region type law II local interaction/galactic core Newton md mb III galactic halo MOND md mb

VI. CONCLUSION Newtonian dynamics that govern the gravitational force between baryonic matter and DM material is presented with a formula that satisfies both Newtonian and MONDian regions within galaxies. The model suggests that Pioneer anomalous acceleration is due to the DM halo drag force on the Pioneer spacecrafts.

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