3 - 2 - Layered Architecture

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Abbottabad
Department of Electrical Engineering
EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Lecture 2: Part I: Classification of Networks Part II: Layered Architecture and OSI model
2011-12 Khurram Aziz
Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad
Part I
Classification of Networks
Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
Topologies
Mesh topology
Fully connected mesh topology (five devices) Number of links = n(n1)/2

2011-12 Khurram Aziz Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks
Star topology
A star topology connecting four stations Number of links = n
Bus topology
A bus topology connecting three stations Number of links = 1 (backbone) + n (drop lines)
Ring topology
A ring topology connecting six stations Number of links = n

Hybrid topology
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

Example 1: Identify the topology!
An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

Classification of Networks
Local Area Networks
LAN with Bus topology
LAN with Ring topology
Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

Wide Area Networks
A stream of packets from sender to receiver
Wide Area Networks
A switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
Wireless Networks
Wireless PAN
2011-12 Khurram Aziz Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad
Wireless LAN
Home Network Varieties

Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3) Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax) Appliances (microwave, fridge, water heater, aircon) Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, baby-cam)
Part II
Layered Architecture
Layered Architecture Example
Tasks involved in sending a letter

OSI Model
Seven layers of the OSI model

Interaction between layers
Data exchange using the OSI model
Layer 7: Application layer

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
Layer 6: Presentation layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.
Layer 5: Session layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.
Layer 4: Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.
Layer 4: Transport layer
Layer 3: Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
Layer 3: Network layer
Layer 2: Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Layer 2: Data link layer
Layer 1: Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Summary of layers
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: Host-to-network Internet Transport Application
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: Physical Data link Network Transport Application
OSI and TCP/IP Model
Addresses in TCP/IP
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
Example: Physical addresses on LAN

In figure below, a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
Ethernet address
Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte is separated by a colon, as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (48-bit) physical address.
Example: Logical and physical addresses over a WAN

Figure shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.
IP address
Most wide-area networks use a 32-bit (4-byte) logical address written as decimal numbers; every byte is separated by a dot, as shown below:
192.168.10.1
A 4-byte (32-bit) IP address
Example: Logical addresses for multiple processes

Figure shows two computers communicating via the Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that although physical addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port addresses remain the same from the source to destination.
Port address
Port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown.
8080
A 16-bit port address represented as one single decimal number
References
Most slides and pictures taken from text and reference book websites Required reading (Any or all of the following)
Stallings, Chapter 1 and 2 Forouzan, Chapter 1 and 2 Tanenbaum, Chapter 1 Kurose and Ross, Chapter 1

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COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Abbottabad

Department of Electrical Engineering

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Fully connected mesh topology (five devices) Number of links = n(n1)/2

A star topology connecting four stations Number of links = n

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

A ring topology connecting six stations Number of links = n

A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

Example 1: Identify the topology!

An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Local Area Networks

LAN with Bus topology

LAN with Ring topology

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Metropolitan Area Networks

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

Wide Area Networks

A stream of packets from sender to receiver

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Wide Area Networks

A switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Home Network Varieties

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

2011-12 Khurram Aziz

Department of EE, CIIT Abbottabad

EEE-314: Data Communication & Computer Networks

Layered Architecture Example

Tasks involved in sending a letter