TECTONICS,

LATE PALEOZOIC RIFTING NORTItERN PAKISTAN

VOL. 11, NO. 4, PAGES 871-883, AUGUST 1992

IN

Kevin Pogue, Joseph DiPietro, Said R. 1,2 A. 1,3 Rahim Khan, Scott Hughes,John Dilles, Robert 4 S. 5 H. 1 D.
Lawrence 1

Himalayansedimentation thenorthern on marginof Gondwana. This stratigraphic information, whencombined with new geochemical analyses radiometric and dates the on igneous rocksof theregion,permits recognition a major the of phaseof latePaleozoic rifting.
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

Abstract.Metasedimentary exposed theeastern rocks in Peshawar basinandthe southern Swatregionof northern

Pakistan provide evidence latePaleozoic for continental rifting.

The onset extensional of tectonics theEarlyCarboniferous in is indicated north by derived clasts theJafar in Kandao Formation eroded fromthermally induced uplifts parts the of of

In Pakistan, Indianplateexposures middlePaleozoic of metasediments confined theregionnorthof the are to Khairabadthrustand southof the Main Mantle thrust(MMT),
the suture between the Indian continent and the Kohistan island

formerly passive margin Gondwana. highlands of Rift were eroded theywereinundated until during Middle the Carboniferous. Renewed upliftaccompanied eruption the of
basaltic lava flows duringtheEarly Permian. Uplift along

arc (Figure 1). Theserockscropout extensively the in mountains surrounding eastern the Peshawar basinandin the Himalayanfoothillsof Swatdistrictto the north(Figure2). The metamorphic graderanges from lowergreenschist facies in the southern Peshawar basinto middleamphibolite faciesin
central Swat.

south dipping, northeast striking normal faults during the Carboniferous accompanied alkaline was by magmatism representedtheShewa-Shahbazgarhi by and Warsak porphyries andKogasyenite. Geochemistry basaltic of flows(now amphibolites) intrusions and associated Permian with upliftis similarto thecoeval Panjalvolcanics northwestern of India andindicates zonemagmatism. rift Postrifting thermal subsidence to thedeposition UpperTriassic led of marine
carbonate rockswhichunconformably overlietheriff basalts. A similartectonic history central in Afghanistan suggests

continuity between tworegions the priorto theopening the of

Neo-Tethys.
INTRODUCTION

TheCenozoic compressional structures created the by

collisionof India with Eurasiahavebeenthe focusof many

geological investigationstheHimalaya. comparison, of By the

earliertectonic history theHimalayan of region been has

poorly documented. detailed The stratigraphy paleontology and of sedimentary metasedimentary and and rocks radiometric dates
andgeochemical analyses igneous of rocks arenecessary that to decipher earlier this history onlynowbecoming are available. Oneareawhere supply newinformation the of has been especially is theHimalaya northern rich of Pakistan, where relatively a complete Paleozoic early and Mesozoic stratigraphy been has described [Pogue al., 1992]. et The excellent exposures, accessibility, paleontological and control of thePakistan section provide unparalleled of prean view

!'Departmeni ofGeosciences,State Oregon University,

Corvallis.

2 NowatDepartment Geology, of Whitman College, Walla

Walla, Washington.

3 Nowat Geology Department, University Southern of

Indiana, Evansville.

4 Geological Survey Pakistan, of Islamabad, Pakistan. 5 DepartmentGeology, of Idaho State University, Pocatello.
Copyright1992 by the AmericanGeophysical Union.
Papernumber92TC00335.
0278-7407/92/92TC-00335 $10.00

The initialreconnaissance studyof theareacovered in Figure2, performed Martin et al. [1962], outlined by the stratigraphy madeimportant and observations concerning intrusive relationships. However,thehigher-grade metamorphism moreextensive and deformation largelyerased the macrofossil recordof the northern rocks,therebylimiting Martin et al. [ 1962] to a description therock units.The first of firm paleontological controlin thePeshawar basinwas provided Stauffer 1968],whodescribed Devonian in by [ a reef the southern basinanddocumented presence poorly the of preserved fossilsin the more northern localities. Talent and Mawson[1979] added thepa!eontological setasdid to data PogueandHussain 1986],whorevised stratigraphy [ the of Stauffer[1968] andextended application far northas its as Swabi.Bulk samples carbonate of rocksfromthenorthern Peshawar basinand southern Swat yieldedconodonts, enabling Pogueet al. [ 1992] to revisethe stratigraphy Martin et al. of [ 1962] andconstruct localandregional correlations. Pogue et al. [1992] described several conodont-bearing horizons critical to thepresentstudyfrom outcrops nearRustam,where Peshawar basinstratigraphy be traced can around western the end of the Ambela intrusivecomplex(Figure2). Conodonts recovered from the mostnortherly these of outcrops km (10 NNW of Rustam)are strained ductile by flow andhavea conodont coloralteration indexof 7 indicating hostrock temperatures approximately of 400C [Pogue al., 1992]. et The first studyof the igneous rocksof theareaby Coulson [1936a],included chemical analyses "soda-granite" the on from KhyberareanearWarsakandon "porphyries" near from Shahbazgarhi (Figure3). Coulson[1936a]concluded the that rocksfrom thetwo areas weregeochemically similarand very possibly consanguineous. a separate In study, Coulson [ 1936b,p. 340, 1937],notedthepresence numerous of "epidiorite" dikesandsillsthatwere"similar possibly and of PanjalTrap age"intruding marblenorthof Swabi(Figure2). The metamorphism marblemidwaybetween of Swabiand Rustamwasattributed dikesof "epidioritic to and amphibolitic" rock. Coulson[1937,p. 228] alsoinvokedthe proximityof the"Bunergranite," described a "biotite-granite as with 74.30% silica,"as a contributing factorin the metamorphism. The igneous rocksof Swatandtheeastern Peshawar basin werere-examined Martinet al. [1962]whonamed by and described Swat granites granitegneisses, Ambela the and the Granite(Bunergraniteof Coulson[ 1937]),andthe Shewa

872
S. R.

Pogue al.: LatePaleozoic et Riflingin Northern Pakistan

36

Pakistan
India

;shawlar,
Jalalabad basin
34 N

Islamabad
Attock-

Cherat Potwar Range

Plateau

N
0
i

5O
I

100
I

kilometers
32 N

70 E

72 E

74 E

Fig. 1. Location mapof thePeshawar basin vicinityshowing and selected majorfaults. is Besham; B KP is KhyberPass.Smallopencircles geochemical are sample localities. Locations faultsare from of
Gansser [1981], YeatsandLawrence[1984],Lawrence al., [1989], andBaig [1990]. et

Formation.Martin et al. [1962] alsofirst notedthe presence, in Swat, of a stratigraphically persistent amphibolite horizon thatwasinterpreted King [1964] as a metamorphosed by sill. The Ambela Graniteof Martin et al. [1962] wasthe subject of a petrographic analysis Siddiqui[1965, 1967]who by recognized varietyof intrusive a rocks, including syenite and

theNaranjiKandao Carbonatite. BabajiSyenite, The Koga Syenite, Chingalai and Granodiorite Gneiss werenamed as constituents the "AmbelaGraniticComplex"in a further of study Siddiqui al. [1968]whichincluded by et petrologic and geochemical analyses feldspathoidal of syenites associated and
rocks.

The similarity between intrusive the rocksat Warsakand Shewa-Shahbazgarhi notedby Coulson[1936a,b], first together with a new localityof similar"alkaline microgranites" theTarbela near damsite (Figure ledKempe 3), andJan[1970]to propose extensive an alkaline igneous province encompassing northem the Peshawar basin. They suggested thealkaline that rocks wereintruded two stages in duringtheTertiary.On thebasis petrographic of and geochemical analyses alkalineintmsives of fromWarsak and Shewa-Shahbazgarhi compared theKogasyenite with analyzed by Si. ddiquiet al. [ 1968],Kempe[1973,p. 399] concluded, "therecanbe little doubtthat theWarsak-Shewa groups of

granite therocks Kogaarepetrogenetically and at related." K/At dates, interpreted ageof emplacement, also as were reported theWarsakalkalinegranite Ma) andtheKoga for (41 nephaline syenite Ma) [Kempe,1973].The maficrocks (50 associated with theporphyritic microgranites Warsakwere at the subject a petrographic geochemical of and investigation by Kempe [1978, p. M35], who concluded amphibolitic that metagabbro metadiabase and previously interpreted intrusive as [Ahmadet al., 1969;Kempe, 1973] weremetamorphosed marietuffs or lava flowsinterlayered withPaleozoic metasediments. wassuggested theassociated It that porphyritic microgranites mightalsohavean extrusive originand represent "metamorphosed highlyporphyritic alkalinerhyolitic
lavas."

A detailedstudy Janet al. [1981a]of thegeology by and petrography the"alkaline of complex" nearTarbela dam revealed widevarietyof rocks a including diabase, albitite, sodicgranite,andcarbonatite withina faultzonein Precambrian metasediments. et al. [1981a,p. 3] citedthe Jan "close petrographic resemblance" theTarbelaalkaline of granites with those Shewa-Shahbazgarhi Warsakas of and evidence including for these rocksin a "LateCretaceous-Early Tertiaryalkalineigneous province". petrography The and geochemistry all igneous of rocksinterpreted partof a as

-F -F -F
4-

-F -F
4-

-F -F

-F
Main Mantle thrust zone
3445' N

I+1
Kohistan island arc terrane

post-riffmetasediments Permian?and younger

Karapagreenschist and
amphiboliteequivalent

Daggar

Shewa porphyry

:)DP-7-10F
Ambelaintrusive complex K= Koga syenite

Rustam

pre- and syn-rift

Paleozoic metasediments

Swat gneiss

Shewa

KP-121

34o15 ' N

Shahbazgarhi Peshawar
Mardan

Basin
N ?'

.-,

Precambrian metasediments

I km 10 20 Swabi "L-- 0 5 15 ' ':.-'ij.:

m 0 5 10 15 o d"b' fault
i

72 E

7230' E

Fig.2. Tectonic ofthenortheastern map Peshawar and basin south central Swat. Small open circles are
geochemical samplelocalities.

iiiiii!'

'

'?:::::::::::::iiii]iiiii!ii!i!iiiiii!!i;ii!iiii. ':ii;'g'ne!s'sii. "::ii;i :i::i:ii..:ii:.. iiiiiiiiiiii!:ii!iii:::: ":!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiii!i:':

========================== :::::::::

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:

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I t r

.:::::::::::::::-:

::::::::.:.:.:.....:.: .::.

.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::.:. ...:.:.::::::-:.:'.'. ....... '.:-::::::::: :::::::::

.:::: .:::::, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
:::: ::::::::::::.... ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,,

% % % % % / / / / /

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: "'" '"

"::::ii:i:!: i.i.!.!.!.i.i.i.i.i.;.i.ii!i!i!.iiiiii:i!!!i!;i!;i:i;i!::'

...:.. :iii::::"

:::::::':' ::/"'/"'/"' Mansehra, ======================

:11. i:'/",/",/",/", z "'.! ",

ii!!!!!!!i!i!i!!!i.!!i!!iii!i!i!i:;!!i!!ii!i::ii!ii?;;ii!!i;!i!i "Shahbaz .::::s ..::::::::. s s

.:.......j:'..,.:__ "'"'"':'"'::. .
; ;) _. %
34o00 'N 7200' I E

v,,.,

. ........ rCad3on,erous ......--: poq3h, W

I'.',' ] granite granite %' and gneiss

-'"T?::: A 1,. mbelaGraniticComplex

Fig.3. Majorigneous intrusions thevicinity thePeshawar in of basin. iscarbonatite; Tarbela C T is intrusions. Small open circles geochemical are sample localities.

874

Pogue aI.:LatePaleozoic et Rifting Northern in Pakistan

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Pogue al.:LatePaleozoic et Rifting Northern in Pakistan

Tablelb. Descriptions Petrology Amphibolites Diabase and of and DikesFromtheEastern Peshawar
Basin,Swat, and the BeshamArea, NorthernPakistan

875

Sample
DP-2-3B
DP-7-10F

Description
horizon Marghazar in Formation foliated and lineatedepidoteamphibolite horizon Marghazar in Formation vesicular diabase intruding sill Ordovician
Misri BandaQuartzite

Petrology
ActinoliticHbl + Qtz + Alb(?) + Ep +
Sph + Ap Hbl + Chl + Alb + Ep + Calc + Augire+ Mag + Qtz + Sph+ Ap Hbl + Alb(?) + Ep + Clz + Sph+ Ksp + Hem + Ap (detailed petrology unavailable)

foliated lineated and epidote amphibolite Hb + Ep+ Qtz+ Olig+ Sph Ap +

KP-12

diabase cutting dike Ambela granite

JD-10 JD-12

foliatedand lineatedepidoteamphibolite
horizon Marghazar in Formation foliatedand lineareal epidoteamphibolite
horizon Marghazar in Formation foliated epidote amphibolite sill in feldspathic quartzite weakly foliated garnetamphibolitewithin Gar-Musc schist, Marghazar Formation(?)

(detailed petrology unavailable) Hbl + Qtz + Olig + Biot + Ep + Clz + Sph + Py Hbl + Olig(?) + Gar + Qtz + Sph +
Ilm

JD-120
JD-121

JD-122

JD-125

foliated and !ineatedgarnetamphibolite withinquartzite, feldspathic quartzite, and marble Marghazar of Formation(?) fo!iatedand lineareal amphibolitewithin Gar-Musc-Biot schist of Marghazar Formation(?)

Hbl + Olig(?) + Qtz + Clz + Gar + Sph + Ap

Hbl + Qtz + Andesine I!m(?) + Sph +

+ Clz + Ap

Abbreviations actino!ite are (Act),albite (Alb),apatite (Ap),biotite (Biot), clacite (Calc), chlorite (Chl), clinozoisite epidote garnet (Clz), (Ep), (Gar), hematite (Hem), homblende ilmenite (Hbl), (Ilm),K-feldspar (Ksp), magnetite (Mag), muscovite (Musc), oligoclase (Olig), pyrite (Py), quartz (Qtz), sphene and (Sph).

0.7
0.6 0.5
A
A

"Peshawar Plainigneous province" summarized Kempe was by

andJan[ 1980] andagainby Kempe[ 1983].In addition the to alkalinerocksfromtheWarsak,Shewa-Shahbazgarhi, Ambela, andTarbelaoutcrops, carbonatite fromtheKhyberarea[Janet al., 198lb] andgranite carbonatite and exposed Malakand near [Chaudhry al., 1974,1976;Ashraf Chaudhry, et and 1977] werecitedaspossible furthermanifestations thealkaline of igneous province.The commonassociation alkaline of igneous rockswith extensional tectonics KempeandJan led [ 1980] to propose rift originfor theprovince. a Theyfurther
concluded that the Peshawar basin is the eroded remnant of a

0.4

0.3
0.2
0.1
I ' I ' I I I

Tertiaryrift valley.KempeandJan[1980,p. 76] invoked "rebound relieftension" "compression or release following the initial plate collision"as a tectonic environment.

The large-scale first application of39Ar/40Ar dating

techniques themetamorphic igneous to and rocks northern of Pakistan MaluskiandMatte[ 1984]provided newsetof by a radiometric ages theintrusions thePeshawar on of plain alkalineigneous province. Determinations amphibole on (two samples) biotite(onesample)fromtheWarsak"alkaline and granitegneiss"yielded agesof 43.5, 40, and42 Ma, respectively. Theseages,as well asthe41 Ma K/Ar dateof Kempe[ 1973],wereinterpreted metamorphic as rather than emplacement ages.An ageof 23 Ma on muscovite fromthe Malakand Granite viewed anemplacement since was as age, therocks sampled showed effects Himalayan no of metamorphism intrusive and contacts crosscut foliations of Himalayan (Tertiary)age.Syenitic gneiss theAmbela of GraniticComplex yielded 47.5 Ma agewhichwas a interpreted, alongwiththe50 Ma K/Ar dateof Kempe[1973],

wt.% TiO2

amphibolites and diabase dikes - this study

x Panjal volcanicsZanskar of
Honeggerand others(1982)

Amphibolites ofHazara-Kashmir
syntaxis Papritzand Rey (1989)
Fig. 4. Covariafion P205 andTiO2 illustrating range of the fromsubalkalic (low P andTi) to alkaliccompositions (high
P andTi) of mafic unitsfrom thePeshawar basin,Swat, Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, Ladakh. and

876

Pogue al.:LatePaleozoic et Rifting Northern in Pakistan

An equallyimportant discovery madeduring recent mapping Swat [DiPietro,1990] andthePeshawar in basin [Pogueet al., 1992] is thatthe diabase dikesandsillsfirst notedby Coulson[1937] arerestricted rocks to stratigraphically underlying amphibolite the horizon. These intrusions widespread the pre-Permian are in section between the Main Mantle and Khairabadthrusts have no/been but observed Mesozoicor younger in rocks.The relationships suggest thediabase intruded oneepisode that was in of Permianmagmatism, furtherobservations dikes and of terminating the Swatamphibolite in horizon[DiPietro,1990] support notionthattheintrusions the served feeders as for basalticvolcanism.An investigation similarmafic of intrusions amphibolite and exposed theHazara-Kashmir in syntaxis midwaybetween Peshawar Kashmirbasins the and by PapritzandRey [1989]revealed theintrusions that and amphibolite resemble another one geochemically are and geochemically similarto thePanjalvolcanics. PapritzandRey [1989] alsoobserved maficintrusions thesyntaxis that in regionwereabsent rocksyounger in thana stratigraphically persistent amphibolite horizon. Mafic dikesintruding

as "theminimumageof the climaxof the metamorphism"

[Maluski Matte, and 1984, 12].The p. 39Ar/40Ar of ages

Maluski andMatte [ 1984], together with K/Ar andRb/Sr ages laterpublished Le Baset al. [1987]plustwo additional by K/Ar dates, Kempe[ 1986] to a reassessment the led of emplacement chronology thePeshawar of plainalkaline igneous province. Kempe[1986]accepted Maluskiand the

Matte1984] [ interpretation 39Ar/40Ar as ofthe ages

representingmetamorphic a event; however, speculated he that emplacement immediately preceded metamorphism. the The Rb/Sr agesof 297 _+ and 315 _+15 Ma on theKoga 4 Syeniteby Le Baset al. [ 1987] anda K/Ar agefrom the Tarbelaintrusivecomplexof 350 _+15 Ma [Kempe,1986] forcedKempe[1986] to abandon concept coeval the of magmatism relatedto a singleriftingeventfor thePeshawar plain alkalineigneous province andto suggest repetition of alkalinemagmatism oververy longperiods instead. Tertiary rifting wasretainedby Kempe [1986] asthe tectonic
environment of the alkaline intrusions at Warsak and for the

bulk of the Ambelaintrusive complex. the basisof K/Ar On ageson biotite,Le Baset al. [1987] interpreted isolated carbonatites exposed km NW and60 km northof Peshawar 50 (Figure3) to havebeenintruded alongthrust faultsat 31 + 2 Ma and laterdeformed thethrusts 24 _+ Ma. While by at 2 Kempe [1986] considered these carbonatites represent to the final stages rift-relatedmagmatism, association the of the of intrusions with faultsinterpreted thrusts as prompted Baset Le al. [1987] to rejectthe Tertiaryrifting hypothesis. Rafiq's [1987] investigation the AmbelaGranitic of Complexyieldedthe mostcomprehensive geochemical and petrological datasetyet obtained from these rocks.On the basisof their geochemical similarities with granites theeast of Africanrift, Rafiq [ 1987]suggestedwithin-plate setting a rift
for the bulk of the intrusions near Ambela.

Mansehra inHazara Granite yielded 39Ar/40Ar dates plateau of

284 + 4 Ma and262 + 1 Ma confirming Permianagefor a basaltic magmatism this area [Baig, 1990].The 262 + 1 Ma in dateis especiallynoteworthy it falls within a 10 Ma as "window"for Panjalvolcanism bracketed fossils the as by in Zanskar areaof northern India (Figure1)[Gaetani al., 1990]. et The geochemistry Swat amphibolites, of amphibolites from theHazara-Kashmir syntaxis, Panjalvolcanics and supports theirderivation fromcoeval at least or equivalent protoliths produced rift zonemagmatism. major by The element chemistry, obtained wavelength by dispersive ray X fluorescence (XRF) analysis, eightamphibolites two of and diabases provided theU.S. Geological was by Survey at Denver,Colorado(Table 1). Traceelement analyses (Table 1) wereobtained instrumental by neutron activation analysis (INAA) at OregonStateUniversity.Covariations P205 and in TiO2 (Figure4) exhibit6X ranges bothelements in without significant distinction between threetypes. the Overall elemental variations Swatamphibolites more in are suitable assessment the tectonomagmatic for of regime.These aredepicted multielement as (spidergram) plots(Figures and 5 6), shownnormalized primordial to mantlevalues[Taylorand McClennan,1985].A widerangeexists among incompatible elements (e.g. Th = 0.4-17 ppm,La = 4.4-72 ppm,andBa = 43-640 ppm), whichcoincides with thevariation observed in majorelement transition and metalabundances. overall The uniformityamongpatternshapes, especially amongthe less mobileelements (Ta to Yb), reflectsa similarmagmatic origin.An exception thisuniformityis displayed a to by contrast Th/Ta ratios,whichformsthebasis separating in for the compositions two types.RelativelyhighTh/Ta and into especially depleted (andNb) abundances typical Ta are of volcanic rocksderived subduction by zoneprocesses [e.g., Pearce,1982]. However,suchcompositions exhibit also depleted andTi values, theirpatterns P and typically yield negative anomalies Ta (Nb), P, andTi. Relatively of highTh andU valuesin the Swatunitsare likely derivedfrom crustal contamination Th-richgranitic by rocksor possible alteration duringthemagmatic stage. This is alsoreflected themobile in elements to Th in all patterns K although observed the variation morelikely related metamorphism the is to and ensuing effectsof water-induced mobility[Pearce, 1982].

MAGMATISM

Due to the dearthof paleontological control, the metasedimentary country rockhas,untilrecently, provided few constraints the timingof Peshawar on basinmagmatism. This situation largelyremedied conodont was by zonation the of metasediments theeastern of Peshawar basin Pogue al. by et
[1992]. Conodontsrecoveredfrom metasediments north of

Rustambracketed ageof the Swatamphibolite the horizon first mapped Martin et al. [1962].Westphalian conodonts by B fromphylliticlimestones m belowtheamphibolite 10 and
Carnian conodonts from marbles 500 m above restrict the

emplacement the amphibolite of protolithto Middle Carboniferous Late Triassic, time span to a thatcoincides with

therange ages of deduced thePanjal for volcanics the of Kashmir basin[Gansser, 1964].ThePanjalvolcanics consist of basaltic felsicpyroclastics "agglomeratic and (the slates") overlainby up to 2500 m of basaltic rocks(thePanjal"traps") whichwereinterpreted Bhatet al. [1981],on thebasis by of theirgeochemistry, havebeenerupted to during continental riftingthatclimaxed thePermian. in Geochemical analyses of theSwatamphibolite Ahmad[1986]alsosuggested by a protolithof continental basalt. The amphibolite horizon was mapped throughout Swatby Lawrence al. [1989]asan et intrusion withintheAlpuraiGroup.On thebasis contact of relationships its consistent and position withinthe stratigraphic sequence, protolith theSwatamphibolite the of wasreinterpreted DiPietro [1990] to be basaltic by flowsrather thanthe sill first proposed King [1964]. by

Pogueet al.: Late Paleozoic Rifting in NorthernPakistan

877

lO0

200 Amphibolites t Swat & Diabases

_ 10
o

[]
i i

KP-2

JD-,10

1I
K

JD-125
i i

Rb BaTh

Ta

La CeSr

Zr

HfSmTi

Tb Yb

Fig. 5. Multielementplotsof SwatandPeshawar basin amphibolites diabases and havinglow Th/Ta ratios,shown normalized Earthmantleabundances to [Taylorand
McClennan, 1985].

Swat/Peshawar basincompositions yieldinglow Th/Ta ratios (Figure5) aremoreappropriate defining for source regions as well as the tectonomagmatic regime.The nearlyflat pattern andlow alkali element abundances JD-125 suggest of derivation from nonenriched depleted or (MORB-like) mantle, possibly obtained largerdegrees meltingin a rift by of environment produce tholeiiticcomponent the series. to a of By contrast, highTi diabase, the KP-2, yieldsa pattem(which compares well withKP-12) probably derived fromlower degrees meltingandtypifyingthealkalicmembers the of of sequence. Althoughsomemobilityis expected alkali in elements andRb), these (K relations supported the are by P205 versus TiO2 relations exemplified subalkalic by (JD-125 andJD-122) andalkalic(KP-2 andKP-12) signatures. The presence thoeliiticmembers display of that somewhat primitive,normalMORB-like, pattems traceelements of (JD122 andJD-125,Figure5) argues an extensional for system thatproduced magmas erupted that without significant crystal
fractionation.

contains unusually largediabase dikesandintrudes Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous metasediments (lowerpartof theJafarKandaoFormation ofPogueet al., [1992]) 5 km southeast Rustam.A Carboniferous of emplacement is age therefore suggested theShewa-Shahbazgarhi for rocks. This chronology supported Carboniferous is by Rb/Srageson the Koga Syenite[Le Baset al., 1987]whichshares close a petrogenetic relationship theShewa-Shahbazgarhi with porphyry[Kempe,1973].The interpretation Kempe[1978], of thattheporphyriticmicrogranites homblende and schists at Warsakaremetamorphosed volcanics interlayered with Paleozoic metasediments, supports boththeemplacement chronology deduced theeastandtheclose to relationship between alkalineporphyry maficigneous the and rocks. The hornblende schists exposed Warsakarealmost at certainly the equivalentof the Swat amphibolite. similarassociation A of metamorphosed porphyry maficvolcanics been and has described fromtheKashmir basin, wheresheared porphyritic rhyolite,lithologically identical cataclastic to porphyry from the Shewa-Shahbazgarhi underlies basalt area, the flowsof the Panjalvolcanics [Davies,1956].The relationships between the alkalineigneous rocksandthemetasedimentary country rock outlined abovesupport MaluskiandMattds [1984] interpretation Eocene of radiometric ages representative as of metamorphism ratherthanemplacement. Alkalinemagmatism
in the Peshawar basin is thus viewed as a Carboniferousevent,

If themaficdikesandamphibolites thePeshawar of basin andSwatare theproduct Permian of rifting,assuggested by theirgeochemistry outlined as above, thenalkalineigneous rocksof the Peshawar basinintruded these by dikesareprePermian. The alkalineporphyry Shewa-Shahbazgarhi of
2OO
100

Swat

Amphibolites

& Diabases

whichpreceded Permian the emplacement diabase of intrusions anderuption basaltflows. of The presence numerous of diabase dikesindicates much that of the AmbelaGraniticComplexwasemplaced prior to the Permian. Rafiq [1987] concluded theentirecomplex that was emplaced duringthemiddleto latePaleozoic; conclusion his wasbased theLate Carboniferous on Rb-Sragedetermined by Le Baset al. [1987] for the Koga Syenite, whichwas interpreted haveintruded to duringthewaningphases of Ambelamagmatism. However,theeastern half of theAmbela Complexis largelymegacrystic granite thatstrongly resembles Mansehra the Graniteof Hazara,aswell aspartsof the Swat graniteto thenorth.The eastern edgeof theAmbela megacrystic granite separated is from similarMansehra Granite by lessthan 20 km across gorgeof the IndusRiver (Figure the 3). In the walls of the gorge, basalintrusive contacts both of theAmbelaandMansehra granites concordant are with quartzite andphylliteof theTanawalFormation suggesting thaterosion theriver hasbreached formerlycontinuous by a sheet-like intrusion. emplacement of Late Cambrian An age and/orEarly Ordovician theMansehra for Graniteis based a on
516 + 16 Ma Rb/Sr isochron [Le Fort et al., 1980], a 500 Ma

U/Pb zircondate(R. ZartmanandP. Zeitler, personal

communication,and 39Ar/40Ar of493 1Ma 1986) an date +

[Baig, 1990]. A similaragefor Ambelamegacrystic granite is in agreement with Rafiq's[1987] conclusion these that rocks constitute oldestsuitein thecomplex. the The SwatGranite Gneiss,exposed15 km northof the AmbelaGraniticComplex (Figures and3), wasconsidered DiPietro[1990]to be 2 by another Mansehra-correlative plutonbased textural on similaritiesand intrusiverelationships. The western half of theAmbelacomplex consists primarily of syenite alkalinegranite and [Rafiq,1987]thatintrude metasedimentary country rock as youngasCarboniferous. Most of these rocksarepetrogenetically relatedto theKoga Syenite[Rafiq, 1987]. However,south Daggar,part of the of Ambelaintrudes metasedimentary rocksof thebasalKashala

Rb

, BaT ,

A DP-2-3B JD-12
* DP-7-1 [] JD-121

KP-12
La

[]

JD-120

Ta

Zr ......

Hf SmTi

Tb

Yb

Fig. 6. Multielement plotsof SwatandPeshawar basin amphibolites diabases and havinghighTh/Ta ratios,shown normalized Earthmantleabundances to [Taylorand
McClennan, 1985].

878

Pogue al.'Late et Paleozoic Rifting Northern in Pakistan

Cambrianto Early Ordovician tectonism, coincidental with intrusion theMansehra related of and granites, created highlands northof thedepositional basin fromwhich Cambrianstratawereeroded[Pogue al., 1992]. Shallow et
marine sedimentation resumed in the Ordovician and continued

Formation, whose middlehorizons haveyielded earlyLate Triassicconodonts [Pogue al., 1992]. The granitic et rocksin thisareaare tourmaline beating devoid diabase and of intrusions, suggesting correlation a with tourmaline granite gneiss described DiPietro[ 1990] asintruding Swat by the amphibolite km northwest Daggar. 25 of Thepresence postof Permian, Carboniferous, probable and Cambrian intmsives indicate thattheAmbelaGraniticComplex wasamplaced duringat leastthreedistinct episodes magmatism. of The interpretations contact intrusive of and relationships andradiometric ages described above contradict association the of Pashawar basinmagmatism with Himalayancollisional tectonics proposed KempeandJan[1970].However, first by theabsence deformation diabase of and dikessupport the Tertiary(23 Ma) agederived MaluskiandMatte[1984]for by
the Malakand Granite.

relativelyuninterrupted neartheclose theDevonian. until of An abruptchange fromcarbonate- clastic-dominated to

sedimentation at the contact between the Nowshera and Jafar

Kandao formations heralds demise passive the of epicontinental

sedimentation. The basal 30 cm of the Jafar Kandao

STRATIGRAPHY
Eastern Pashawar Basin

Lithologies facies and relations latePrecambrianof Devonianmetasediments exposed the eastern in Pashawar basinindicate deposition a northward in deepening, epicontinental, shallowmarineenvironment (Figure7). Late

Formation, exposed km northof Swabi,is calcareous 3 sandstone containing carbonate pebbles derived fromthe underlying Nowshem Formation. Limestones fromtheupper Nowshera Formation m belowthiscontact 7 yielded Upper Devonian (Frasnian) conodonts. carbonate The pebble beds are overlainby 50+ m of pebblyargilliteandconglomerate with clastlithologies indicative derivation of fromthepre-Nowshera Paleozoic section. Similarlithologies exposed km are 4 southeast Rustam, of wherea limestone withinargillite lens yieldeduppermost Devonian (lateFamennian) Lower to Carboniferous (Toumaisian) conodonts. 300+ m intervalof A argilliteoverlyingtheconodont horizon contains several channel-filling cobble conglomerates well-rounded with clasts, up to 40 cm in diameter, quartzite granitic of and rock.The

Peshawar Basin

Swat

Ambelatourmaline granite gramte gneiss

diabase dikes and sills
diabase dikes and sills

Ambelaalkaline granite,syenite
Swat Granitic Gneiss

Shewa-Shahbazgarhi porphyry

marble

limestone/ calcareous I--

dolomite argillaceous/ I schistose argillite/ phyllite

quartzitic

sandy/
fossils

:l quartzite

conglomerate F breakup unconformity

metabasalt
highest sl]'atigraphic interval observed be intruded to

Ambelamegacrystic granite

Fig. 7. Correlation generalized of stratigraphic columns Swat[DiPietro,1990]andtheeastern for Pashawar basin[Pogue al., 1992].Numbers pm'entheses approximate et in give formation thicknesses in
meters.

Pogueet al.: Late Paleozoic Rifting in NorthernPakistan

879

Cambrian? Tanawal Formation which forms the base of the clastlithologies indicate northward derivation, because granitic rocksof a suitable provenance absent the south. are to Paleozoicsectionin the Peshawar basin[Kazmi et al., 1984; Lithologies thegranitic of clasts closely resemble Indianplate Lawrenceet al., 1989].The ManglaurFormation intruded is Precambrian granitic basement described Baig [1990]in the by by several largesheet-like bodies UpperCambrian of Swat gorgeof the IndusRiver 100km to thenortheast. upper The Granitic Gneiss is overlain theMarghazar and by Formation, onehalf of theJafarKandao Formation displays great theoldest unitof theAlpuraiGroupof DiPietro[1990] horizontal variability.Pogueet al. [ 1992]recovered Lower (Figure7). An unconformity theManglaur/Marghazar at Carboniferous (Visean) conodonts from oneof several contact indicated thepresence pebbles K-feldspar is by of and discontinuous intervals quartzitic of limestone are that clasts, derivedfromthe SwatGraniticGneiss, Marghazar in interbedded thedominant with argillite quartzite, minor and and psammitic schist. The Marghazar Formation variesfrom <50 conglomerate. thin intervalof argillaceous A limestone m 20 m to > 1000 m in thickness consists peliticschist, and of belowthecontact withmetamorphosed basalts theKarapa of hornblende schist, psammitic schist, andschistose marble.A Greenschist yielded MiddleCarboniferous (Westphalian B) 20- 50-m-thick intervalof amphibolite formsthetopat all conodonts [Pogue al., 1992].The KarapaGreenschist, et with exposures centralSwat,andotherdiscontinuous in a mineral assemblage chlorite-quartz-ilmenite-albite-sphene, amphibolite of bodiesoccurthroughout unit.In areas the where hasa sharpcontact with the uppermost argillitebedof the the Marghazar Formation thin, it is composed is almost JafarKandaoFormation. relictflow structures jointing No or entirelyof the upperamphibolite horizon. The havebeenobserved wouldindicate that subaerial subaqueous or metasedimentary of theMarghazar part Formation is eruption. However,the majorityof thebasalt flowsof the correlative with theupper JafarKandao Formation based on correlative Panjalvolcanics wereerupted subaerially [Bhatand lithologic similarities the stratigraphic and position belowthe Zainuddin, 1978].The Karapa Greenschist overlain 50 m is by KarapaGreenschist-correlative amphibolite horizon. The of argilliteand thin-bedded limestone form thebaseof the that Kashala Formation overlies Marghazar the Formation is and
Kashala Formation. The remainder of the Kashala Formation the oldest unit common to Swat and the Peshawar basin. The

consists thin intervals phylliteinterbedded thickof of with bedded brownmarble thatcontains Triassic Late (Camian) conodonts [Pogueet al., 1992]. No Permianstratahavebeen recognized, theTriassic but fossiliferous horizons separated are from the KarapaGreenschist over500 m of strata by thatcould be, in part, Permian.Massivewhite marbleof theNikanai GharFormationformsthe top of thePeshawar basinsection.
Swat

principal lithologies thetwo areas similar, in are although the unit gradually thinsandbecomes moreschistose thenorth. to In Swat,the Kashala Formation overlain marbleof the is by Nikanai GharFormation theregionsouth theLoe Sar in of gneiss dome,andby graphitic phylliteof the SaiduFormation
elsewhere.

Interpretation

The oldestunitexposed Swatis theManglaur in Formation, probable a correlative thePrecambrian to and

The conglomerate intervals the lowerJafarKandao in Formation record progressive the denudation a tectonic of highland northof thedepositional basin. The upliftof this

Fig. 8. (a) Geologic mapof theLewanai Gharareaof southern Swatoriented facilitate to down-structure viewing. Patterns thesame forFigure tg is tourmaline are as 2; granite (Tertiary). Interpretation (b) of
pre-Himalayanstructure the LewanaiGhararea. of

880

Pogue al.: LatePaleozoic et Riftingin Northern Pakistan

the AmbelaGraniticComplexto thenorth[Rafiq, 1987]. Thesedikes,aswell as thecontacts between individual granitic intrusions comprise AmbelaComplex,havea that the northeastern strike[Rafiq, 1987],indicating northwesta southeast orientation maximumextension of during emplacement. Anothersuspected Paleozoic normalfaulthosts the "alkaline" igneous complex exposed nearTarbela Dam (Figure 3)[Janet al., 1981a].This fault,expressed a 300 m wide as shear zonein Precambrian metasediments, interpreted was by Calkinset al. [1975] asa segment the dominantly of leftlateralDarband fault,of Himalayan age.The association of
mafic intrusionswith this fault, which are elsewhererestricted

highland climaxed duringtheEarly Carboniferous when granitic cobbles derived from subaerially exposed Precambrian basement weredeposited fluvial channels. lateral in The variabilityandconglomerate intervals the upperJafar of Kandaoindicatethat tectonic instability continued into the
Middle Carboniferous.

The absence of strata in Swat correlative with the thick

(3000 m) lower Paleozoicsectionof the Peshawar basin

suggests Swatasa source theclastic for intervals thelower of Jafar KandaoFormation. The sediments thebasalMarghazar of weredeposited eroded on Precambrian rocks theMiddle as Carboniferous partiallyinundated seas Swat.Much of Swat remained exposed untilburiedby thePermian(?) basalt flows whichform theprotolithof the upperMarghazar amphibolite horizonandKarapaGreenschist. absence relictpillow The of structures the amphibolite/greenschist, in apparent lackof Permianstrata, thepresence reworked and of lowerPaleozoic
Panderodus conodonts in the Lower Permian Amb Formation

to pre-Permian rocks,suggests it originated anolder that as Paleozoicstructure. the 350 + 15 Ma K/Ar date[Kempe, If 1986]on an amphibole albititefromtheTarbela complex is accepted an emplacement as age,theninitial motionmusthave occurred during,or prior to, theLate Devonian.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

of the Salt Range(B. Wardlaw,personal communication, 1989) suggest renewedupliftanderosion that accompanied subaerial extrusion the basalt.A majortransgression, of initiatedby thermalsubsidence theriftedmargin, of reestablished shallowmarinesedimentation the late by
Triassic, when the fossiliferouscarbonaterocks of the Kashala

Formationweredeposited.
STRUCTURE

Over 2000 m of Cambrianthrough Devonian metasedimentary rocksare exposed theChingalai in synclinorium, whereas only 30 km to the north,on the southern marginof theLoe Sardome,lowerPaleozoic rocks are absent (Figure2). The intervening distance increases 50to 60 km whenthe shortening effectsof Himalayanfoldingare removed. The proximityof these contrasting sections precludes a gradualtransition impliesinstead existence an and the of interveningfault or series faultsalongwhichuplift of the of northern block occurred relativeto the southern blockduring the Carboniferous. precise The location theprincipal of inferredfault(s)bounding upliftedSwatblockis unknown the because exposed bedrock thecriticalareais entirelypostin Lower Carboniferous age.However,smaller-scale in faultsin pre-Carboniferous rocksin SwatandthePeshawar basinare interpreted representative thedeformational as of stylein general. One suchfault is suggested contact by relationships
on the eastern flank of the Loe Sar dome, 13 km north of

Daggar,wherethe thickness theMarghazar of Formation is abruptlyquadrupled theaddition an oldersection by of (Figure 2). A detailed mapof thearea,oriented facilitate to downstructure viewing,is presented Figure8a. Lithologic in layering,which parallelsthe contact with olderformations in the youngersection,is truncated against contactwith the the ManglaurFormationand Swat Gneissin theoldersection. Figure 8b is an interpretation the contact of relationships in crosssection, prior to intrusion tourmaline of granite(tg) and prior to Himalayanfoldingandmetamorphism. truncation The of layeringin theolderMarghazar interpreted have is to resulted from syndepositional normalfaulting. Two subparallel high-angle faultswhichoffset
Precambrian-Silurian formations north and east of Swabi

(Figure2) may definea minorCarboniferous graben. The northeast strikeof these faultsis oblique theHimalayan to structural trendsbut is parallelto the strikeof diabase dikesin

Stratigraphic, radiometric, structural, geochemical and evidence indicates majorriftingin northern Pakistan during the latePaleozoic. Prerift sedimentary rocksweredeposited late as astheLate Devonian(Frasnian) a northward in deepening epicontinental (Figure9a). Thermally sea induced upliftand emergence the northern of part of the epicontinental basin began prior to theEarly Carboniferous wasaccompanied and by the development majornortheast of strikingnormalfaults and the inceptionof alkalinemagmatism (Figure9b). Alkaline magmatism continued into the Middle Carboniferous, while erosion to the eventual led submergence theEarly of Carboniferous highlands (Figure9c). Renewed uplift accompanied emplacement porphyritic the of alkaline rhyolite flows,diabase dikesandsills,andbasaltflowsduringtheLate Carboniferous-Permian climaxof rifting (Figure9d). Thermal subsidence subsequent riftingreestablished to marine sedimentation the Late Triassic(Figure9e). by The rift sequence outlined above provides firstdirect the evidence from Pakistan the latePaleozoic for fragmentation of northern Gondwana. Stratigraphic evidence latePaleozoic for rifting hasbeendocumented Zanskar in andtheadjacent LahulSpitiareaof northern India wherePermian marinesediments unconformably overlieeroded normalfaultbounded highlands [Baudet al., 1989; Gaetaniet al., 1990]. The timingand geochemistry Panjalvolcanism KashmirandZanskar of in alsosupport association an with late Paleozoic rifting [Bhatet al., 1981; Seng6r,1984; Baudet al., 1989;Gaetaniet al., 1990]. Seng6r[1984] proposed thePanjal"traps" that were genetically relatedto rifting of theCimmerian microcontinent (I, T, and A in Figure 10), a stripof the northem marginof Gondwana whichdetached from India duringthelatePaleozoic anddriftednorthward, closing Paleo-Tethys opening the and the Neo-Tethysin its wake (Figure 10). Gaetaniet al. [1990] similarlyascribe sedimentary evidence rifting to the for opening theNeo-Tethys. of The selection Cimmeria the of as rifted fragment supported the similarstyleandtimingof is by extensional tectonics continental in fragments Iran and in Afghanistan and A in Figure 10) [Seng6r,1990;Seng6ret (I al., 1988]. The opening theNeo-Tethys indicated Iran of is in by a widespread unconformity thebaseof thePermian at section whichhasbeenattributed uplift alongnormalfaults to prior to rifting [St6cklin,1984].Evidenceof latePaleozoic

Pogue al.:Late et Paleozoic Rifting Northern in Pakistan

881

Precambrian

sediments

Precambrian

Figure9a

basement

AMG

Carboniferous
Visean
Lower Paleozoic

'

Peshawar Basin

Swat

Lower Jafar
Kandao

granite

Precambrian
Precambrian
basement

sediments
Initiation of

alkaline

Figure9b
Carboniferous Westphalian B

AMG

intrusives

Precambrian basement

pre-rift thermalbulge

'

Peshawar Basin
UpperJafar Kandao deposition
SL

Swat Marghazar deposition

.,..,..,..,..,..,..,..,..,..,..,..,..,..,.

Precambrian sediments ,,,,( '

Figure9c

Precambrian basement

AUG

Precambrian

basement

Permian I
lo.
.--Salt

'

Peshawar Basin

Swat
........................................

Permian

Range

Karapa_ basalts

Triassic
Carnian

Peshawar Basin
Kashaladeposition

Swat

SL Jr

Fig. 9. Sequential schematic cross sections illustrating latePaleozoic earlyMesozoictectonic the to evolution partof the Gondwanan of marginof northern Pakistan. is Swatgranitegneiss, SG AMG is Ambelamegacrystic granite, AAG is Ambelaalkalinegranite, SP is Shewaporphyry. is and SL approximate level. sea

882

Pogueet al.: LatePaleozoic Riftingin Northern Pakistan

110E

10S

rifting is alsopreserved the Helmandblock(zone)of central in Afghanistan, another Cimmerianfragment (Figure 1). The northern part of the Helmandblock(Behsud subzone of Boulin, [ 1988]) consists Proterozoic of basement intruded by 496 + 11 Ma granodiorites overlainby upper Paleozoic and Triassic strata. relativelycomplete greatlythickened A and Paleozoic section with shallow-water epicratonic affinities characterizes southern (Tezak-Nawar the part subzone of Boulin,[1988]). Boulin[1988]interpreted abbreviated the
Paleozoic section of the Behsud subzone to have resulted from

20 E

60S

250 Ma
10S

Late Permian
110E

Late Devonianto Late Carboniferous uplift accompanying extension alongsouthdippingnormalfaults.The obvious similarityof the Behsud and Tezak-Nawarsubzones with Swat andthePeshawar basinsuggests continuity between two the areas (Figure 10, 350 and300 Ma) priorto opening the of Neo-Tethyan ocean basin represented today theWaziristan by ophiolites(Figure 10, 250 Ma). Acknowledgments. This studywassupported National by Science Foundation grants INT-81-18403, EAR-83-18194, INT-86-09914, EAR 86-17543, and INT 86-42445. Additional financialsupport wasprovided theGeological by Survey of Pakistan.The studybenefitedfrom discussions and/orfield excursions with M. S. Baig, A. A. K. Ghauri, Anita Grunder, Ahmad Hussain, M. Qasim Jan, A. H. Kazmi, Kaleem ur
Rahman Mirza, Lawrence Snee, R. A. K. Tahirkheli, and

60S 20 E

300 Ma
10S

Late Carboniferous
110E

RobertYeats.Assistance the field wasprovided Imtiaz in by Ahmad,SajjadAhmad,GulzarAziz, andMohammed Riaz of Peshawar University,by AhmadHussain, TahirKarim, and Wali Ullah of the Geological Surveyof Pakistan, by Elisa and Weinman Pogue. Lawrence Snee provided samples for geochemical analyses. Thispaperwasimproved a result as of manuscript reviewsby James Natland,A.M. C. Seng0r, and
Robert Yeats.

Fig. 10. Generalized Paleozoic late tectonic evolution of

northern Pakistan and surrounding regions (Mercator

projection; modified fromScotese Denham and [1990]). Shaded areas represent oceanic crust, non-shaded areas, continental
crust.Abbreviations A, Afghanistan are (Helmandblock);Aft. Africa; Ant, Antarctica;Ara, Arabia;Aus, Austrailia;Ind, India;I, Iran; M, Madagascar; Peshawar P, basin; Tibet T, (Lhasa block).SeeSeng0r 1990,figure6A] for a derailed [ interpretation EarlyTriassic of tectonics.

20 E

60S

350 Ma
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(ReceivedAugust2, 1990; revisedJanuary9, 1992; accepted January23, 1992)