SCHOOL NAME:

AJARA COMPREHENSIVE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CLASS:

JSS3
SUBJECT:

BASIC SCIENCE
TOPIC:

ACIDS BASE AND SALT

GROUP 6 NAMES ARE:

OSUNBA MATHEW OGUNTOSIN AWAWU OGUNTOSIN WALIU OLORUNTOKI OLABISI ONIYIDE FOLASHADE OHIMAI DESTINY
SUPERVISORS NAME:

OLOWU .O.F (MRS)

ACID BASE AND SALT

DEFINITION OF ACID BASE

An acidbase reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. Several concepts that provide alternative definitions for the reaction mechanisms involved and their application in solving related problems exist. Despite several differences in definitions, their importance becomes apparent as different methods of analysis when applied to acidbase reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character may be somewhat less apparent. The first of these scientific concepts of acids and bases was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, circa 1776.[1] Lavoisier's oxygen theory of acids The first scientific concept of acids and bases was provided by Antoine Lavoisier circa 1776. Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as HNO3 (nitric acid) and H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning "acid-former" (from the Greek (oxys) meaning "acid" or "sharp" and (geinomai) meaning "engender"). The Lavoisier definition was held as absolute truth for over 30 years, until the 1810 article and subsequent lectures by Sir Humphry Davy in which he proved the lack of oxygen in H2S, H2Te, and the hydrohalic acids. However, Davy failed to develop a new theory, concluding that "acidity does not depend upon any particular elementary substance, but upon peculiar arrangement of various substances".[2] One notable modification of oxygen theory was provided by Berzelius, who stated that acids are oxides of nonmetals while bases are oxides of metals.

[edit] Liebig's hydrogen theory of acids This definition was proposed by Justus von Liebig circa 1838,[3] based on his extensive works on the chemical composition of organic acids. This finished the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids, started by Davy. According to Liebig, an acid is a hydrogen-containing substance in which the hydrogen could be replaced by a metal.[4] Liebig's definition, while completely empirical, remained in use for almost 50 years until the adoption of the Arrhenius definition.[5] Common acidbase theories Arrhenius definition

Svante Arrhenius The Arrhenius definition of acidbase reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for "recognition of the extraordinary services... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation".[6] As defined by Arrhenius, acidbase reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H+),[6] and Arrhenius

bases, which form hydroxide (OH) ions. More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term "hydronium"[7] be used in favor of the older accepted term "oxonium"[8] to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the BrnstedLowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acidbase character.[6] The Arrhenius definition can be summarised as "Arrhenius acids form hydrogen ions in aqueous solution with Arrhenius bases forming hydroxide ions." The universal aqueous acidbase definition of the Arrhenius concept is described as the formation of water from hydrogen and hydroxide ions, or hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from the dissociation of an acid and base in aqueous solution: H+ (aq) + OH (aq) H2O

(In modern times, the use of H+ is regarded as a shorthand for H3O+, since it is now known that the bare proton H+ does not exist as a free species in solution.)[citation
needed]

This leads to the definition that in Arrhenius acidbase reactions, a salt and water is formed from the reaction between an acid and a base.[6] In other words, this is a neutralization reaction. acid + base salt + water The positive ion from a base forms a salt with the negative ion from an acid. For example, two moles of sodium ion (Na+) from the base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) combine with one mole of sulfate ion (SO2 4) from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form one mole of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) . Two moles of water are also formed. 2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions, and refer to the concentration of the solvent ions. Under this definition, pure H2SO4 or HCl dissolved in toluene are not acidic, and molten KOH and solutions of sodium amide in liquid ammonia are not alkaline. [edit] Solvent system definition

One of the limitations of Arrhenius definition was its reliance on water solutions. Edward C. Franklin studied the acidbase reactions in liquid ammonia in 1905 and pointed out the similarities to water-based Arrhenius theory, and Albert F. O. Germann, working with liquid COCl2, generalized Arrhenius definition to cover aprotic solvents and formulated the solvent system theory in 1925.[9] Germann pointed out that in many solvents there is a certain concentration of a positive species, solvonium (earlier lyonium) cations and negative species, solvate (earlier lyate) anions, in equilibrium with the neutral solvent molecules. For example, water and ammonia undergo such dissociation into hydronium and hydroxide, and ammonium and amide, respectively: 2 H2O 2 NH3 2 Some aprotic systems also undergo such dissociation, such as dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrosonium and nitrate, antimony trichloride into dichloroantimonium and tetrachloroantimonate, and phosgene into chlorocarboxonium and chloride. N2O4 3 2 SbCl3 4 COCl2 COCl+ + Cl SbCl+ NO+ + NO H3O+ + OH NH+

4 + NH

2 + SbCl

A solute causing an increase in the concentration of the solvonium ions and a decrease in the solvate ions is defined as an acid and one causing the reverse is defined as a base. Thus, in liquid ammonia, KNH2 (supplying NH 2) is a strong base, and NH4NO3 (supplying NH+ 4) is a strong acid. In liquid sulfur dioxide (SO2), thionyl compounds (supplying

SO2+) behave as acids, and sulfites (supplying SO2 3) behave as bases. The non-aqueous acidbase reactions in liquid ammonia are similar to the reactions in water: 2 NaNH2 (base) + Zn(NH2)2 (amphiphilic amide) Na2[Zn(NH2)4] 2 NH4I (acid) + Zn(NH2)2 (amphiphilic amide) [Zn(NH3)4)]I2 Nitric acid can be a base in liquid sulfuric acid: HNO3 (base) + 2 H2SO4 NO+ 2 + H3O+ + 2 HSO 4 The unique strength of this definition shows in describing the reactions in aprotic solvents, for example in liquid N2O4: AgNO3 (base) + NOCl (acid) N2O4 (solvent) + AgCl (salt) Since solvent-system definition depends on the solvent as well as on the compound itself, the same compound can change its role depending on the choice of the solvent. Thus, HClO4 is a strong acid in water, a weak acid in acetic acid, and a weak base in fluorosulfonic acid. This was seen as both a strength and a weakness, since some substances, such as SO3 and NH3, were felt to be acidic or basic on their own right. On the other hand, solvent system theory was criticized as too general to be useful; it was felt that there is something intrinsically acidic about hydrogen compounds, not shared by non-hydrogenic solvonium salts.[2] [edit] BrnstedLowry definition Main article: BrnstedLowry acidbase theory The BrnstedLowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brnsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the de-protonation of acids that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen ions (H+) or protons to bases, which "accept" them.
[10]

Unlike the previous definitions, the BrnstedLowry definition does not refer to

the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base.
[6][10]

In this approach, acids and bases are fundamentally different in behavior from

salts, which are seen as electrolytes, subject to the theories of Debye, Onsager, and others. An acid and a base react not to produce a salt and a solvent, but to form a new acid and a new base. The concept of neutralization is thus absent.[2] According to BrnstedLowry definition, an acid is a compound that can donate a proton, and a base is a compound that can receive a proton. An acidbase reaction is, thus, the removal of a hydrogen ion from the acid and its addition to the base.[11] This does not refer to the removal of a proton from the nucleus of an atom, which would require levels of energy not attainable through the simple dissociation of acids, but to removal of a hydrogen ion (H+). The removal of a proton (hydrogen ion) from an acid produces its conjugate base, which is the acid with a hydrogen ion removed, and the reception of a proton by a base produces its conjugate acid, which is the base with a hydrogen ion added. For example, the removal of H+ from hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces the chloride ion (Cl), the conjugate base of the acid: HCl H+ + Cl The addition of H+ to the hydroxide ion (OH), a base, produces water (H2O), its conjugate acid: H+ + OH H2O Although BrnstedLowry acidbase behavior is formally independent of any solvent, it encompasses Arrhenius and solvent system definitions in an unenforced way. For example, protonation of ammonia, a base, gives ammonium ion, its conjugate acid: H+ + NH3 NH+ 4 The reaction of ammonia, a base, with acetic acid in absence of water can be described to give ammonium cation, an acid, and acetate anion, a base:

CH3COOH + NH3 NH+ 4 + CH3COO This definition also explains the dissociation of water into low concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions: H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH

Water, being amphoteric, can act as both an acid and a base; here, one molecule of water acts as an acid, donating a H+ ion and forming the conjugate base, OH, and a second molecule of water acts as a base, accepting the H+ ion and forming the conjugate acid, H3O+. Acid dissociation and acid hydrolysis are seen to be entirely similar phenomena: HCl (acid) + H2O (base) NH+ 4 (acid) + H2O (base) H3O+ (acid) + NH3 (base) H3O+ (acid) + Cl (base)

as are basic dissociation and basic hydrolysis: NH3 (base) + H2O (acid) 4 (acid) + OH (base) CH3COO (base) + H2O (acid) CH3COOH (acid) + OH (base) NH+

Thus, the general formula for acidbase reactions according to the Brnsted Lowry definition is: AH + B BH+ + A

where AH represents the acid, B represents the base, BH+ represents the conjugate acid of B, and A represents the conjugate base of AH. Although BrnstedLowry calls hydrogen-containing substances like HCl acids, KOH and KNH2 are not bases but salts containing the bases OH and NH 2. Also, some substances, which many chemists considered to be acids, such as SO3 or BCl3, are excluded from this classification due to lack of hydrogen. Gilbert Lewis wrote in 1938, "To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen."[2]

DEFINITION OF SALT
Salt, also known as table salt, or rock salt, is a mineral that is composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of ionic salts. It is essential for animal life in small quantities, but is harmful to animals and plants in excess. Salt is one of the oldest, most ubiquitous food seasonings and salting is an important method of food preservation. The taste of salt (saltiness) is one of the basic human tastes. Salt for human consumption is produced in different forms: unrefined salt (such as sea salt), refined salt (table salt), and iodized salt. It is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or light gray in color, normally obtained from sea water or rock deposits. Edible rock salts may be slightly grayish in color because of mineral content. Chloride and sodium ions, the two major components of salt, are needed by all known living creatures in small quantities. Salt is involved in regulating the water content (fluid balance) of the body. The sodium ion itself is used for electrical signaling in the nervous system.[1] Because of its importance to survival, salt has often been considered a valuable commodity during human history. However, as salt consumption has increased during modern times, scientists have become aware

of the health risks associated with too much salt intake, including high blood pressure. Therefore health authorities have recommended limitations of dietary sodium.[2][3][4][5][6] The United States Department of Health and Human Services recommends that individuals consume no more than 15002300 mg of sodium (37505750 mg of salt) per day depending on age. ACID IN NATURE Have you ever noticed such phenomena? The mung beans become black after they were cooked in iron containers. The surfaces of apples and pears will be black if they are cut by iron knives. The reason is that there is tannic acid in mung bean, apples, pears and many other types of fruit. Tannic acid can combine with iron to compose a black substance. Have you ever tried the taste of tannic acid? Oh, it isvery dry. The dry tastes of many kinds of fruit are due to the tannic acid. For example, there is a large amount of tannic acid in the cells of persimmons. Once you have broken the cell membrane, the tannic acid comes into your mouth and makes your tongue dry. The pure tannic acid is yellowish in color and rather soluble. The persimmons on the market are usually dealt with limewater or dry lime. It is because that lime can make the tannic acid insoluble. After such dealing, the persimmons will not taste dry again. Heating has the same effect. So some people like to heat the persimmons to drive away the dry taste as well as the bacteria. Sometime the pears and apples would also become black even if you do not use a iron knife. It is again the oxidation of tannic acid. Tannic acid is everywhere in nature. It mainly exists in barks. In Sichuan and Yunnan, China, a tree called gall tree grow fruits containing rich tannic acid.

TEST FOR ACIDS AND BASE

A pH meter gives a direct reading which is great when testing wine or soft drinks. Litmus paper will go red in acid or blue in base. An acid will liberate carbon dioxide from chalk - a base will not You cook a red cabbage and save the juice. then if the thing you are testing turns red in the juice, it is acidic, if blue basic. Turmeric indicates acid by turning strong yellow. Base is indicated by red. Phenolphthalein indicates bases by turning red or purple. Acid is indicated by no color.

There is much tannic acid in tea leaves as well. It is the tannic acid that makes strong tea do harms to our health. Tea can refresh our mind and help digest. But strong tea is not good for health, especially for the elderly. Once you have drunk too much strong tea, the following symptoms would appear. First of all, your gastric juice is so little that you cannot digest in normal way. A healthy adult needs 1.5 to 2.5 liters of gastric juice a day, which can normally deal with the proper ingestion of food. Once there is not enough gastric juice, you may feel bellyache and dyspepsia. Secondly, it keeps the human body from ingesting iron. The tannic acid in tea would combine with iron in the human body and even lead to anemia. Thirdly, the tannic acid can also combine with the proteins in food and would sometimes cause coprostasis.Bottom of Form