1|Page

Frequently Used Formulas

n = sample size N = population size f = frequency

Chapter 2
Class width

high low (increase to next integer) number classes

upper limit lower limit 2

Class midpoint Lower boundary

lower boundary of previous class + class width

Chapter 3
Sample mean x Population mean Weighted average

x n x N
xw w
smallest data value
s x x n 1
2

Range = largest data value Sample standard deviation

Computation formula s

x 2 ( x) 2 / n n 1
x N
2

Population standard deviation Sample variance s

2 2

Population variance

Sample coefficient of variation CV Sample mean for grouped data

s 100 x

xf n
s x x n 1
2

Sample standard deviation for grouped data

x2 f

xf n 1

/n

Chapter 4
Probability of the complement of event A P Ac
1 P A
P A P B

Multiplication rule for independent events P A and B General multiplication rules P A and B P A and B

P A P B| A P B P A| B
P A P B

Addition rule for mutually exclusive events P A or B General addition rule P A or B Permutation rule Pn, r Combination rule Cn, r
n! n r ! n! r! n r !
P A P B

P A and B

Chapter 5
Mean of a discrete probability distribution
xP x

Standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution Given L = a + bx

L L

P x

a b b
W W

Given W = ax1 + bx2 (x1 and x2 independent)

a 1 b 2
2 a2 1 2 b2 2

For Binomial Distributions

r = number of successes; p = probability of success; q = 1 Binomial probability distribution P r Mean

Cn,r p q
r n r

np
npq

Standard deviation

Geometric Probability Distribution

n = number of trial on which first success occurs

Poisson Probability Distribution

P n

p 1 p

n 1

r = number of successes = mean number of successes over given interval P

e r!
r

Chapter 6
Raw score

z
x

Standard score z

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Chapter 7
Mean of x distribution
x
x

Standard deviation of x distribution Standard score for x

z
p

x / n
p
p

Mean of p distribution

Standard deviation of p distribution

pq ;q 1 p n

Chapter 8
Confidence Interval

For

where E

zc

when

is known

s when is unknown n with d.f. n 1 tc

p) > 5)

For p (np > 5 and n(1

p E
where E

p
zc

p E
p (1 p ) n

p
For
1 2

r n
(independent samples)
1 2

( x1

x2 ) E

( x1
when

x2 ) E
1 and 2 are

where E

zc s12 n1

2 1

2 2

n1

n2

known

tc

2 s2 when n2

1 or

2 is

unknown

with d.f.

smaller of n1 1 and n2

(Note: Software uses Satterthwaites approximation for degrees of freedom d.f.)

For difference of proportions p1

p2 ( p1 p2 ) E

( p1

p2 ) E

p1

p2

where E

zc

p1q1 n1

p2 q2 n2
r2 / n2 ; q1 1 p1 ; q2 1 p2

p1

r1 / n1 ; p2

Sample Size for Estimating

Means n

zc E

Proportions n
n

p 1 p 1 zc 4 E
2

zc E

with preliminary estimate for p without preliminary estimate for p

Chapter 9
Sample Test Statistics for Tests of Hypotheses

For For For p (np

known
unknown
5 and nq

z
t
5)

x / n x
s/ n
z
d

; d. f . n 1
p p , where q 1 p; p r/n

pq / n
d

For paired differences d t Difference of means ( 1 and

sd / n
2

; d. f . n 1
z x1 x2
2 1 2 2

known)

n1

n2
2 s1 n1 2 s2 n2

Difference of means ( 1 and

unknown) z

x1 x2

; d. f .

smaller of n1 1 and n2 1

(Note: Software uses Satterthwaite's approximation for degrees of freedom d.f.) Difference of proportions
z p1 pq n1 p2 pq n2 , where p r1 r2 and q n1 n2 1 p; p1 r1 / n1; p2 r2 / n2

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Chapter 10
Regression and Correlation

Pearson product moment correlation coefficient: r

n x

n
2

xy ( x)( y ) ( x) 2 n y2 ( y)2

Least-squares line y

a bx, where b

n n

xy ( x)( y ) x 2 ( x) 2

and a

y bx

Coefficient of determination Sample test statistic for r t

r2 r n 2
1 r2

with d . f .

n 2

Standard error of estimate Se Confidence interval for y

y2 a y b n 2

xy
2

y E

y
b Se

y E , where E
x2

tc Se

1 1 n

x x n

x 2 ( x)2

with d . f . n 2

Sample test statistic for slope b t Confidence interval for

b E

1 ( x)2 with d . f . n 2 n

b E, where E x2

tc Se 1 ( x) 2 n

with d . f . n 2

Chapter 11
2

O E E

where E

row total column total sample size

R 1 C 1

Tests of independence d . f . Tests of homogeneity Goodness of fit d . f .

d. f

( R 1)(C 1)
1

number of entries