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GE Energy

Substation Automation and Smart Grid


John D. McDonald, P.E. GM, GM T&D M k i Marketing IEEE PES Past President IEEE Division VII Director IEEE Fellow

POWERING POTENTIA L

The Smart Grid

Current Situation
Current IED Penetration
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% No IEDs IEDs

Source: The World Market for Substation Automation and Integration Programs in Electric Utilities: 2005-2007; Newton-Evans Research Company, Inc.
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A little more than half of existing T&D substations are equipped with IEDs

Current Situation (continued)


IED Level of Integration
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% IEDs - No integration IEDs with some level of integration and automation

55% of IED substations have no integration (29% of total subs) 45% of IED substations have some integration (24% of total)
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Plans for Retrofit Substations


Retroft Substations
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% No IEDs IEDs - No Integration IEDs with some level of integration

97% of retrofit T&D substations will have IEDs 42% of retrofit T&D substations include IED integration and automation
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Plans for New Substations


Plans for New Substations
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% No IEDs IEDs - No Integration IEDs with some level of integration

97% of T&D substations will have IEDs 85% of T&D substations will include IED integration and automation
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Why Needed? Why Now?


DEREGULATION & COMPETITION Deregulation driving actions of most utilities Major driving forces: Improved power quality and service reliability New energy related services and business areas Lower cost of service Information needed for improved decision making SA: A proactive response to these forces
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Why Needed? Why Now?


DEVELOPMENT OF IEDs Rapid development and deployment of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) Protective relays Meters Equipment condition monitors IEDs have become an integral p of g part Substation Automation systems Technological developments have made SA Systems less expensive and more powerful
DirectWired I/O
Data Concentrator

RTU
IED IED

LAN
IED

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Why Needed? Why Now?


ENTERPRISE-WIDE INTEREST IN INFORMATION FROM IEDs Operational Data Amps, volts, watts, VARs, fault location, switchgear status Non-Operational Data Equipment condition Fault event and power quality data (waveforms) Persons working outside the control room want access for improved decision making
EMS/DMS

SA Platform
Corporate Data Warehouse
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Why Needed? Why Now?


IMPLEMENTATION AND ACCEPTANCE OF STANDARDS Confusion over industry communication standards is diminishing International standards have become reality

UCA2

IEC61850

Standards based implementation projects underway at many electric utilities Widespread use of de facto standards for IED communications (DNP3, Modbus. Modbus+) Some use of de jure standards (UCA2/IEC61850)

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IED L Level B l Benefits fit

Construction Cost Savings Required functionality bundled in fewer components (21, 50/51, 79,, metering, etc) One IED may replace many E-M devices Electromechanical Devices IEDs
WM +
AM
+

VarM
+

PF
+

WM + AM
+

VarM
+

PF
+

WM + AM
+

VarM
+

PF
+

AM
+

A
+

VM + 50/51 N
+

TPU
50/51 A
+

DPU

50/51 B
+

50/51 C
+

WH
+

VarH
+

WH
+

VarH
+

50/51 N
+

WH
+

VarH
+

50/51 N
+

50/51 G
+

50/51 A
+

50/51 B
+

50/51 C +

50/51 A
+

50/51 B
+

50/51 C +

50/51 A
+

50/51 B
+

50/51 C +

G R

AS
+

52 CS 87T B

86
+

G R

G R

G R

DPU F1
+

DPU F2
+

AS
+

52 CS

VS
+

AS
+

52 CS

AS
+

52 CS

87T A

87T C
+

46

79

79
+ + + +

46
TS + TS + TS + TS +

TS +
+

Transformer T1

Main Bkr M1

Feeder Bkr F1

Feeder Bkr F2
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Construction Cost Savings

Reduction in Physical Complexity


Less inter-device wiring Fewer unique devices to inventory Some traditional devices eliminated altogether

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Construction Cost Savings Relay/control house size (new construction only) Design & construction labor and materials

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Integration Level Benefits

Integrated Protection Functions Objective: Incorporate protection functions in the SA System Basic protection units (IEDs) exchange current/voltage data via high speed LAN Relay trip signals exchanged over LAN
AC

Traditional (Electromechanical) Approach

Bus Diff Relay

AC

Hardwired

Hardwired

DC

DC

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Integrated Protection Functions Objective: Incorporate protection functions in the SA System Basic protection units (IEDs) exchange current/voltage data via high speed LAN Relay trip signals exchanged over LAN
AC

Integrated IED Approach

Relay IED

Local Area Network

Relay IED

Current/Voltage meas; Status/Trip signals


DC DC

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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

69kV Bus

Source at Remote End


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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

69kV Bus

Fault Source at Remote End


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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

69kV Bus

Prot Relay IED

O C

Source at Remote End


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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

69kV Bus

Prot Relay IED

O C

Source at Remote End


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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

69kV Bus

Prot Relay IED

O C

Breaker Failure

Source at Remote End


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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

Hardwired

69kV Bus
Hardwired

B F

Prot Relay IED

O C

Breaker Failure

Source at Remote End


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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

Hardwired

69kV Bus
Hardwired

B F

Prot Relay IED

O C

Breaker Failure

Source at Remote End


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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

69kV Bus

Prot Relay IED

O C

Breaker Failure

Source at Remote End


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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

Prot Relay R l IED

69kV Bus

Prot Relay IED

O C

Prot Relay IED

Substation LAN
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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

Prot Relay IED

69kV Bus

Prot Relay IED

O C

Prot Relay IED

Substation LAN
GOOSE Messages
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Integrated Protection Breaker Failure


115kV Source

Prot Relay IED

69kV Bus

Prot Relay IED

O C

Prot Relay IED

Substation LAN
GOOSE Messages
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Automation Functions

Automatic Load Restoration: Supply Line Sectionalizing Nature of the problem Distribution substations often tapped off supply line without high side breaker or high side protection Considerable load may be out of y service until field crews arrive on scene Objectives Identify faulted section of supply line Isolate faulted section Restore supply to substations fed off unfaulted section of supply line
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Supply Line Sectionalizing

SA System

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Supply Line Sectionalizing

Permanent Fault Occurs

SA System

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Supply Line Sectionalizing


Line Protection Operates

SA System

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Supply Line Sectionalizing

SA System

Line Protection Reports Fault Location

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Supply Line Sectionalizing

SA System Opens Appropriate MOD

SA System

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Supply Line Sectionalizing

SA System

SA System Sends Reclose Signal

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Automatic Load Restoration: Intelligent Bus Failover Nature of Problem When a transformer failure occurs, simple bus failover scheme transfers load to healthy transformer Si l f il Simple failover scheme may h overload healthy transformer, especially during peak load Some schemes have been disabled because of this Substation firm capacity limited by amount of load that can be carried if a transformer fault occurs

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Automatic Load Restoration: Intelligent Bus Failover Objectives Transfer as much load as possible to 2nd substation transformer If necessary transfer portion of load necessary, to alternate substation Shed portion of load if necessary

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Intelligent Bus Failover: How It Works

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Intelligent Bus Failover: How It Works

Transformer Fault Occurs

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Intelligent Bus Failover: How It Works

Transformer Fault Occurs

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Intelligent Bus Failover: How It Works

Trf Protection Operates

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Intelligent Bus Failover: How It Works

Bus Transfer Scheme Operates


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Intelligent Bus Failover: How It Works

Shed Load If Necessary

To Adjacent Substation

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Intelligent Bus Failover: How It Works

Restore Load Using Feeder Automation

To Adjacent Substation

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Enterprise p Application Functions

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SCADA Data Path (Operational Data)

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

Modem Server

Data Server

Radio tower

Data Concentrator

Local HMI

IED

IED

IED

IED

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SCADA Data Path (Operational Data)

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

Engineering PC

Firewall
Modem Data

Data Server Server

Server

Data Warehouse
Radio tower

Data Concentrator

Local HMI

IED

IED

IED

IED

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SCADA Data Path (Operational Data)

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

Operational Data

Engineering PC

Firewall Modem Server Data Server Server Data

Data Warehouse
Radio tower

Data Concentrator

Local HMI

IED

IED

IED

IED

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SCADA Data Path (Operational Data)

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

Operational Data

Engineering PC

Firewall Modem Server Data Server Server Data

Data Warehouse
Radio tower

Data Concentrator

Local HMI

IED

IED

IED

IED

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SCADA Data Path (Non-Operational Data)

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation
Operational Data

Engineering PC

Firewall

Router

Firewall Data

Modem
Server

Data
Server

Server

Data Warehouse
Radio tower
TCP/IP

Corp WAN

Data Concentrator

Local HMI

Router

IED

IED

IED

IED

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SCADA Data Path (Non-Operational Data)

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation
Operational Data

Engineering PC

Firewall Modem Server Data Server

Router

Firewall Data Server

NonOperational Data
Radio tower
TCP/IP

Data Warehouse
Corp WAN

Data Concentrator

Local HMI

Router

IED

IED

IED

IED

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Disturbance Analysis Exploit Inherent Capabilities of IEDs Sequence of Event reporting Digital Fault Recorder (DFR) Fault Location

Disturbance Data from relay IED

Computer

Engineers Desktop
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Intelligent Alarm Processing Prioritize alarm information Eliminate duplicate & nuisance alarms Route alarm info to appropriate party Expert alarm processing provides more informative and useful alarm messages l
Phase A Phase Overcurrent Alarm Phase B Overcurrent Alarm Ground Overcurrent alarm CB change of state Loss of voltage Etc..

Alarm Filter

Feeder Fault A-B-G

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Power Quality Monitoring SA System and IEDs able to detect power quality events and report the following information: Harmonic content of the voltage waveform Total harmonic distortion Oscillographic data (waveforms)

Computer

Power Quality Info from IEDs

Engineers Desktop
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Real-Time Equipment Rating Base equipment ratings on actual conditions rather than conservative assumptions Squeeze more capacity out of existing equipment Example: Transformer Hot Spot Hot Spot
Monitoring
Monitor the true winding hot spot temperature Derive loadability from the results 5 - 10% additional loading can be achieved
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Equipment Condition Monitoring

Continuous On-line Diagnosis of SS Equipment (HV breakers, Transformers)


Main objectives Support reliability centered maintenance Find/fix problems earlier Avoid forced (unscheduled) outages Reduce maintenance costs
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Equipment Monitoring Devices


Dissolved Gas in Oil Monitors/Samples Moisture Detectors Load Tap Changer Monitors Partial Discharge/Acoustic Monitors Bushing Monitors Circuit Breaker Monitors (GIS and OCB) Battery Monitors Expert System Analyzers Protective Relay IEDs (I2t, Breaker timing)
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Equipment Condition Monitoring Role of SA Monitor specialized sensors Perform expert system analysis Inform engineers or dispatchers of possible problems Supply non-operational data
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Equipment Condition Monitoring Traditional approach:


Substation Maintenance Office

Triggers, Alerts Modem Condition Monitoring Sensor

Telephone Maintenance Management System

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Equipment Condition Monitoring


SA approach Use Non-Operational Data Path:
Workstation Workstation Workstation
Operational Data

Engineering PC

Firewall Modem Server Data Server NonOperational Data Radio tower


TCP/IP

Router

Firewall Data Server

Data Warehouse
Corp WAN

Data Concentrator

Local HMI

Router

IED

IED

IED

IED

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