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New differential absorption lidar for stratospheric ozone monitoring in Patagonia, South Argentina

This article has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text article. 2008 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 10 104021 (http://iopscience.iop.org/1464-4258/10/10/104021) View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more

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IOP PUBLISHING J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 10 (2008) 104021 (7pp)

JOURNAL OF OPTICS A: PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS doi:10.1088/1464-4258/10/10/104021

New differential absorption lidar for stratospheric ozone monitoring in Patagonia, South Argentina
E A Wolfram1 , J Salvador2 , R DElia1 , C Casiccia3 , N Paes Leme4 , A Pazmino5 , J Porteneuve5, S Godin-Beekman5, H Nakane6 and E J Quel1
CEILAP Centro de Investigaciones en L seres y Aplicaciones (CITEFA-CONICET), a B1603ALO, Villa Martelli, Argentina 2 Fellow Universidad de San Martn and CONICET, Ro Gallegos, Argentina 3 Laboratorio de ozono y radiaci n UV, UMAG, Punta Arenas, Chile o 4 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil 5 Service dA ronomie (IPSL), Paris, France e 6 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan E-mail: ewolfram@citefa.gov.ar
1

Received 27 February 2008, accepted for publication 23 April 2008 Published 2 September 2008 Online at stacks.iop.org/JOptA/10/104021 Abstract As part of environmental studies concerned with measurements of the stratospheric ozone layer, CEILAP has developed a new differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument. Since the initial construction of the rst DIAL instrument, the Lidar Division of CEILAP has made important nancial and scientic investments to upgrade this initial prototype. The new version has a bigger reception system formed by four Newtonian telescopes, each of 50 cm diameter, and a larger number of detection channels: four different wavelengths are detected simultaneously and six digital channels record the Rayleigh and Raman backscattered photons emitted by a ClXe excimer laser at 308 nm and the third harmonic of a NdYAG laser at 355 nm. A number of different changes have been made to increase the dynamic range of this lidar: a mechanical chopper was installed together with a gated photomultiplier in the high-energy detection channels to avoid the detector being overloaded by strong signals from lower atmospheric layers. This new version was installed inside a shelter, giving the possibility to make eld campaigns outside CEILAP laboratories, for example the SOLAR campaign made in the Argentine Patagonian region during 2005 and 2006 spring periods. In this paper a full description of the instrument update is given. Intercomparisons with the ozone sonde and satellite platform instrument are presented. The results show agreement better than 10% in 1638 km altitude range when the same airmasses are sampled. The comparison with ve quasi-coincident sondes launched in Punta Arenas during spring 2005 shows good agreement between both types of measurement, with relative differences inside 1 deviation of the lidar measurement. The comparison of the integral of height integrated lidar proles with total ozone column measured with a Brewer photometer shows good agreement, with relative differences less than 10%.
Keywords: lidar, ozone proles, ozone hole, remote sensing

1. Introduction
We have strong evidence that human activities linked to industrialized processes have perturbed the natural balance of
1464-4258/08/104021+07$30.00

the atmospheres composition [1]. Some of these changes are related with the increase of chlorouorocarbon (CFC) emissions during the industrialization period in the northern hemisphere inducing changes in the natural balance of
1
2008 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 10 (2008) 104021

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stratospheric ozone over the globe. The Montreal protocol was signed in 1987 in order to stop the emission of these gases, principally in developed countries. Various amendments of the protocol were signed, and as a result of these international actions, the concentration of CFC and other ozone depleted substances in the stratosphere peaked during the mid-1990s. However, CFCs have a very long lifetime and they still affect the stratospheric ozone balance at present, more than ten years after the peak level of CFCs was detected [2]. Ozone plays an important role in the atmosphere by absorbing the short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which might damage living organisms, and also by maintaining the radiative budget in equilibrium. For these reasons ozone has been at the center of middle atmosphere research effort [3]. The Lidar Division of CEILAP has made a different contribution related to monitoring of stratospheric ozone in Argentina since 1999, when the rst differential absorption lidar (DIAL) of Latin America [4] was developed. At present, we have increased this research effort with the construction of a new version of a DIAL instrument, which has better performance than the older one. Also, this new instrument was the central part of a eld campaign carried out in the southern part of Argentina, in order to monitor ozone hole intrusions over subpolar regions. The SOLAR campaign was held during the winter and spring 2005 and 2006 in the Patagonian city of Ro Gallegos (51 55 S, 69 14 W), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. In this paper we describe the new DIAL instrument. The paper is organized as follows: rst the ozone DIAL algorithm is presented, including the adaptation made in the inversion program to atmospheric input data in southern Argentina; second the instrumental setup is described, with special attention to improvements that gave this instrument a better performance than the previous version. Finally, intercomparisons with other ozone measurement platforms are presented.

particles (aerosols) and other atmospheric components. In the stratosphere, the rst term on the right-hand side of (1) is large as compared to the complementary term. The laser wavelength chosen in the DIAL instrument minimizes the complementary term in the stratosphere to less than 10% of n meas , in the O3 presence of low stratospheric aerosol loading [6]. In order to increase the signal to noise ratio, the signal registered is averaged over the full acquisition time of the measurement. The acquisition time is typically three to four hours, according to weather conditions. This average produces a horizontal spatial resolution of about 200 km. Before processing the signal using equation (1), we make two corrections: (1) subtraction of the background signal using a linear regression within the range of altitudes where the lidar signal is considered negligible, typically between 80 and 150 km; (2) dead time correction of the detector, in order to correct the saturation of the photocounting signals in the lower altitude ranges. For the evaluation of the ozone absorption cross section, which is temperature dependent, we use the vertical temperature prole measured by a radiosonde launched in the city of Punta Arenas each morning, at 12 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). This temperature prole is completed with the climatologic temperature prole from CIRA [7] over the complete altitude range of the lidar measurement. Punta Arenas is located 200 km south west from Ro Gallegos. For that reason a little bias could be introduced in the ozone concentration retrieved for lidar measurement, especially when different air masses are sampled. However, this systematic error is not larger than 2%. Additional correction by stratospheric aerosol contamination is made. The methodology uses a Fernald inversion [8] algorithm to evaluate the aerosol backscatter signal at 355 nm and extrapolated to 308 nm [9].

3. DIAL instrument
In this section a description of the instruments different subsystems is given. The instrument developed at the CEILAP laboratory is an extension of the previous (more limited) one. The new setup was developed in collaboration with Service dA ronomie-CNRS, and the optical receiving system e is similar to that developed for other lidar systems, such as the instrument at Observatoire de Haute-Provence [8]. The setup of CEILAPs DIAL instrument is shown in gure 1. The DIAL technique requires two emitter lasers. For the wavelength absorbed by ozone, an excimer (XeCl) laser emitting at 308 nm with a repetition rate in the range 1100 Hz, maximum energy per pulse of 300 mJ is used. The reference wavelength is produced by the third harmonic of a NdYAG laser at 355 nm, 30 Hz repetition rate and 130 mJ maximum energy. More details of both lasers are given in table 1. The backscattered photons are collected by four Newtonian f /2 telescopes of 50 cm diameter with parabolic aluminized surfaces of 48 cm diameter. This produces a total reception area of 7238 cm2 . At the focus of each telescope an optical ber of 0.94 mm effective diameter, 0.22 0.02 numerical aperture, 0.27 db km1 attenuation (@ 308 nm) is placed. The other end of the ber is positioned at the focus of a quartz lens placed 2

2. Measurement technique
2.1. DIAL equation The DIAL system is a powerful instrument for monitoring the vertical distribution of ozone. This technique is self-calibrated because no instrumental constants are involved in the ozone DIAL retrieval. The ozone distribution as a function of altitude is determined by the DIAL equation, which has two terms [5]:

n O3 = n meas + n O3 O3
where

(1)

n meas (z) = O3

1 d N(off , z) . ln 2 O3 dz N(on , z)

(2)

n O3 (z) is the ozone number density at height z , N( I , z) the number of photons at wavelength i backscattered by the atmospheric layer z at a distance z , during the integration time t , and O3 (i ) is the difference between ozone absorption cross sections at on and off . The term n O3 is the complementary term, which involves atmospheric scattering and attenuation by molecules,

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 10 (2008) 104021

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Figure 1. Experimental setup of the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) developed at CEILAP. Table 1. DIAL subsystem characteristics. Subsystem Emitter Lasers Specications Lambda Physik LSX 210i excimer laser, 1100 Hz repetition rate, 300 mJ maximum pulse energy at on = 308 nm, 0.4 divergence beam, 420 ns pulse length Quantel 980 Nd:YAG laser, 30 Hz repetition rate, 130 mJ maximum pulse energy at off = 355 nm (third harmonic), 0.6 divergence beam, 35 ns pulse length Newtonian conguration, diameter: 48 cm, f /2. Total reception area 7238 cm2 HCG-M0940T, 0.94 mm effective diameter, 0.22 0.02 numerical aperture (loss of 20%), 0.27 dB km1 (@ 308 m)/0.2 dB km1 (@ 355 nm) attenuation Jobin-Ivon I.S.A, 3600 lines/mm with 40% transmittance at 300 nm. Dispersion 0.3 nm mm1 . Spectral band width 1 nm Hamamatsu Type H6780-03 and Hamamatsu Type R7400U, low dark current, and adapted for photon counting. Typical gain 106 Phillips Scientic Model 6904 300 MHz BW. Threshold is variable from 10 mV to 1 V with a 15-turn potentiometer Developed at Service d Aeronomie. Six independent channels. High speed counters of 300 MHz, 1024 time gates/1 s. Maximum count rate 40/60 count s1 .

Reception Telescopes Optical ber Diffraction grating Detection Photomultipliers Discriminators Acquisition

inside a spectrometric box. A mechanical chopper is in the optic path of the signal collected by the telescopes. It has a rotating velocity of 150 Hz and its role is to block the strong lidar signals originating from the lower part of the atmosphere. The layout of the chopper blades shape, designed at CEILAP, is shown in gure 2. Figure 3 shows a layout of the spectrometer. The wavelength separation is performed by a plane holographic diffraction grating of 3600 groove mm1 with 40% transmittance at 300 nm. Six channels are detected simultaneously. Four of them correspond to the elastic backscattering photons at both laser wavelengths in high-energy and low-energy mode. Additionally, the radiations due to the Raman scattering by nitrogen molecules of the 308 and 355 nm radiations are detected. In all the channels, Hamamatsu photomultipliers type H6780-03 adapted for photon counting are used for signal detection. The signals are amplied by six ampliers with 250 MHz bandwidth and amplication factor of 10 and 20 for the 3

high-level and low-level channels respectively, and 30 for the Raman channels. The acquisition of the signals is made by a system developed at Service dA ronomie, Institute Pierre e Simon Laplace, Paris, France, in six photo counting modules of 300 MHz bandwidth. A detailed description of the system characteristics is given in table 1. The instrument is deployed inside the same shelter as the Raman water vapor lidar [10].

4. Measurements
The DIAL instrument was developed, tested and adjusted by the Lidar Division of CEILAP, located in the outskirts of Buenos Aires. During the period that spans from August 2004 to April 2005, the DIAL instrument carried out routine measurements of the concentration of stratospheric ozone at CEILAP. The results of these measurements are shown in gure 4, where we can observe the typical climatological behavior of the ozone layer at middle latitudes; the results

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 10 (2008) 104021

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Figure 2. Layout of mechanical chopper. (1) Bundle of ber optics, (2) chopper blade, (3) chopper motor.

are in agreement with similar measurements carried out by the lidar group at CEILAP in previous years [4]. In this gure we can observe the change in height of the peak of maximum ozone concentration, which is at 23 km in spring in the southern hemisphere and increases to 25 km at the end of the southern summer. These results correspond to the expected concentration of ozone for these latitudes due to the balance between the photochemical processes (production and destruction) and the transport phenomena that affect ozone at mid-latitudes. The comparison between the primitive version of the DIAL instrument and the new DIAL instrument were reported in [1115]. The latter system has higher performance than the former one due to the addition of a low-energy channel in order to cover a larger altitude range in the lower stratosphere. The statistic measurement error is much smaller with the new system (15% at 35 km instead of 35%), principally

Figure 4. Timealtitude ozone cross section of lidar ozone proles measured in Buenos Aires during August 2004April 2005. Ozone number densities are in molecules cm3 1012 . Upper triangles indicate the lidar measurements.

due to the bigger reception area of the four Newtonian telescopes. After the test measurement period in Buenos Aires, the instrument, installed inside a mobile shelter, was moved to the city of Ro Gallegos (51 55 S, 69 14 W), Province of Santa Cruz, in the south of Argentina. This instrument is the principal one involved in the SOLAR (Stratospheric Ozone Lidar of ARgentina) campaign [12]. It has the main objective to monitor the vertical distribution of stratospheric ozone between 14 and 45 km. The Ro Gallegos location selected to carry out this campaign offers the possibility to observe overpasses of the polar vortex that contain the ozone hole during spring. The rst results of this kind of event were reported in [13].

Figure 3. Layout of spectrometer used to separate the lidar signals. (1) Fiber optic, (2) chopper, (3) focusing telescope, (4) collimating mirror, (5, 6, 7) concentrating mirror, (8) plane holographic grating 3600 grooves mm1 , (9) output 308 nm high-energy Rayleigh signal, (10) output 308 nm low-energy Rayleigh signal, (11) output 387 nm nitrogen Raman signal, (12) output 355 nm high-energy Rayleigh signal, (13) output 355 nm low-energy Rayleigh signal, (14) output 347 nm water vapor Raman signal, (15) output 332 nm nitrogen Raman signal.

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 10 (2008) 104021

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Figure 5. (a): DIAL ozone measurement on 24 October 2005 (black line) in Ro Gallegos together with ECC ozone sonde measurement in Punta Arenas for the same day (gray line). (b) Relative difference between DIAL and ozone sonde. (DIAL Sonde)/DIAL (%).

Figure 6. (a) Comparison between DIAL ozone measurement at Rio Gallegos and SAGE III satellite ozone measurement on 24 October 2005. (b) Relative error between satellite and DIAL measurement.

In this paper we present the intercomparison between DIAL ozone proles measured in Ro Gallegos, and other ground based measurements, like the ozone sonde, together with satellite measurements. The selected comparison day was 24 October 2005. This day was characterized by high ozone content without the inuence of the polar vortex. This means that the ozone vertical distribution was typical of the usual ozone vertical distribution during spring time at subpolar regions in the southern hemisphere. The DIAL ozone prole was obtained as an average of 4 h acquisition time. Figure 5 shows the DIAL and electro-chemical cell (ECC) ozone sonde stratospheric ozone vertical concentration in the 1540 km height range. The sonde was launched in Punta Arenas, Chile, 200 km south west away from Ro Gallegos. The comparison shows very good agreement between both measurements, with relative differences between measurements less than 10% from 16 km up to 32 km, the maximum height reached by the ozone sonde for this launch (gure 5(b)). 5

Similar results were obtained when DIAL ozone vertical proles were compared with satellite platforms. In this paper we present the intercomparison with the stratospheric aerosol gas experiment (SAGE) III measurement [14]. The satellite prole measured by this instrument on 24 October 2005 was not totally in spatial coincidence with Ro Gallegos geographical position (there was a shift of 5 in latitude), but it was sufciently close to make the intercomparison possible. The satellite prole was measured at latitude 45.36 S, longitude 74.62 W, starting at 23:33 UTC. Figure 6 shows a rather good agreement between 16 and 32 km, with relative differences ranging within 10% (gure 6(b)). Below 16 km, the relative difference increases quickly, reaching 35% at 15 km. Above 38 km the relative difference increase is principally due to degradation of the signal to noise ratio of the lidar signal from the upper stratosphere. This effect can be reduced by increasing the acquisition time of measurement, basically limited by cloud cover during the measurement night.

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Figure 7. Comparison of averaged ozone proles obtained from ve quasi-coincident ECC sondes (dotted line) and the averaged lidar ozone prole (white line). The shadow area corresponds to 1 of lidar measurements and the horizontal line corresponds to 1 of sondes.

Figure 8. (a) Total ozone column measured during 2005 late winterspring with the Brewer spectrophotometer in Punta Arenas and calculated from the lidar prole. (b) Relative difference (Brewer Lidar)/Brewer.

Both the ozone sonde and satellite comparison with the DIAL prole show increased differences below 16 km. A similar pattern was observed in all comparisons with the DIAL instrument. We believe that this is due to the saturation by backscattered photons in the low-energy channels. Another limitation of this instrument that has been studied is the slow velocity of the mechanical chopper, producing a slow opening of the lidar signal [15]. The transit time of the edge of the chopper blade through the ber-optic bundle is 34 s, which means that there is a slow increase of lidar signals between the time when the chopper blade fully obscures the signal and the time when the chopper blade is fully open. This means that the full lidar signal can only be detected above 13 km altitude. The photomultipliers of the lower altitude and Raman channels can therefore be illuminated with intense signals from the upper troposphere. As a result, some saturation effects may be observed in the low-altitude signals. The performance of the lidar instrument is further checked by comparing the mean of coincident lidar and ECC sonde measurements obtained within 12 h difference. Due to the large ozone variability in the lower stratosphere at this latitude, such comparison requires the smallest time difference between the measurements. A set of ve quasi-coincident sondes launched in Punta Arenas and lidar measurements in Ro Gallegos were found in the SeptemberOctober period. This is spring time in the southern hemisphere, and the ozone hole can have a strong inuence on the shape of the measured ozone proles at this latitude, in the case of overpass of the polar vortex over the station at some altitude level. For that reason the ozone proles measured with sondes in Punta Arenas can show differences against the lidar proles taken in Ro Gallegos. To avoid differences between both measurements because they are sensing different air masses, the selected measurements for coincidence were chosen when both sites were outside the polar vortex. Figure 7 shows the 6

averaged ozone proles obtained from ve quasi-coincident ECC sondes and DIAL lidar ozone measurements. Good agreement is found between both types of measurement. The largest difference is seen in the lower stratosphere, below 19 km, but this bias is not signicant at one standard deviation level of lidar measurements. With the purpose of increasing the number of comparisons between the lidar and other measurement methods at Rio Gallegos, we compare the integral of the lidar proles with the total ozone column measured with the Brewer MKIII180 spectrophotometer deployed in Punta Arenas, Chile, in the same location where the ozone sondes were made. This instrument belongs to the Laboratorio de Ozono y Radiaci n o Ultravioleta of Magallanes University (UMAG), Chile. The ozone prole is measured by lidar between 15 and 45 km altitude. For that reason we computed a full ozone prole from the ground surface to 80 km by merging the lidar prole with an averaged tropospheric ozone sonde prole below 15 km and with a climatologic prole beyond 45 km. We calculated the averaged tropospheric ozone prole as the mean of 21 ozone sondes performed in this city during spring 2005. Above 45 km, the ozone prole was completed with the US standard climatologic prole. Figure 8 shows the comparison between the integrated lidar ozone proles and total ozone columns measured with the Brewer spectrophotometer. The set of 29 lidar measurements considered in this gure corresponds to the intensive measurement period of the SOLAR Campaign in spring 2005. A good coincidence is found between the total ozone columns obtained with the lidar and Brewer instruments. Relative differences less than 10% were found. As is clear from gure 8 bottom panel, a small bias towards positive differences is found. This could be due to the critical selection of the merging altitude between the lidar prole and the mean tropospheric ozone prole from sondes, because of the high variability of ozone content in the lower stratosphere.

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 10 (2008) 104021

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5. Conclusions
In this paper we have presented a description of the DIAL instrument for stratospheric ozone monitoring developed by the Lidar Division of CELAP. Different instrumental subsystems were described as well as the lidar signal processing and ozone algorithm retrieval. This instrument was rst installed in the outskirts of Buenos Aires city where CEILAP is located. During the period that spans from August 2004 to April 2005, the DIAL instrument carried out routine measurements of the concentration of stratospheric ozone over Buenos Aires, where the typical climatological behavior of the ozone layer at middle latitudes was observed. Intercomparisons with different ozone measurement platforms were presented. In particular, on 24 October 2005, we compared the DIAL ozone vertical prole with an ozone sonde measurement launched in Punta Arenas and the SAGE III satellite. The results were in good agreement over the 1632 km altitude range for both intercomparisons, with relative differences lower that 10%. Below 16 km the relative difference increases, probably due to the saturation of lowenergy channels as a consequence of choppers slow rotation velocity. We are planning to investigate this problem using the signal from nitrogen Raman channels which are much less intense than the Rayleigh one. Also, a new chopper with higher performance will be installed in the near future. The comparison with ve quasi-coincident sondes launched in Punta Arenas during spring 2005 shows good agreement between both types of measurement, with relative differences inside 1 deviation of the lidar measurement. The total ozone column obtained from the integral of the lidar proles completed with the tropospheric mean sonde prole below 14 km and the US standard prole above 45 km were calculated. The comparison of results from the lidar total ozone column in Ro Gallegos with those from the Brewer spectrophotometer in Punta Arenas shows very good agreement, with relative difference lower that 10%. With the development of this instrument, Argentina has increased its remote sensing capacities in global issues like ozone hole and global ozone depletion, offering to the international scientic community a new remote sensing site in a subpolar region and also an attractive ground base platform site for satellite validation programs.

provided the shelter and the electronic acquisition system, which were of crucial importance in developing this project.

References
[1] World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 2002 Scientic assessments of ozone depletion WMO Global Ozone Res. And Monit. Proj. Rep. vol 47 Geneva, Switzerland [2] Newman P A, Nash E R, Kawa S R, Montzka S A and Schaufer S M 2004 On the size of antartic ozone hole Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L21104 [3] Megie G and Menzies R T 1980 Complementary of UV and IR differential absorption lidar for global measurements of atmospheric species Appl. Opt. 19 1173 [4] Pazmi o A, Godin S, Wolfram E, Lavorato M, Porteneuve J, n Quel E and Megie G 2003 Intercomparison of ozone proles measurements by a differential absorption lidar system and satellite instruments at Buenos Aires, Argentina Opt. Lasers Eng. 40 5565 [5] Godin S, M gie G and Pelon J 1989 Systematic lidar e measurements of the stratospheric ozone vertical distributions Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 54750 [6] Pelon J, Godin S and M gie G 1986 Upper stratospheric e (3050 km) lidar observations of the ozone vertical distribution J. Geophys. Res. 91 866771 [7] Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) 2006 The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA-86), [Internet] British Atmospheric Data Centre (Available from http:// badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/cira/) [8] Fernald F G 1984 Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations: some comments Appl. Opt. 23 6523 [9] Godin-Beekmann S, Porteneuve J and Garnier A 2003 Systematic DIAL ozone measurements at Observatoire de Haute-Provence J. Environ. Monitor. 5 5767 [10] Wolfram E A, Salvador J, DAulerio P, Fierli F, Congeduti F, Porteneuve J and Quel E 2004 Raman water vapor lidar at Buenos Aires, Argentina 22nd Int. Laser Radar Conf. (Matera, Italia, ESA 561) vol I, pp 4436 [11] Dworniczak J C et al 2004 Lidar measurements of atmospheric parameters at CEILAP, Buenos Aires, Argentina 5th Iberoamerican Mtg on Optics and 8th Latin American Mtg on Optics, Lasers, and Their Applications; Proc. SPIE 5622 12149 [12] Wolfram E A, Salvador J, Otero L, Pazmi o A, Porteneuve J, n Godin-Beekmann S, Nakane H and Quel E 2005 Solar campaign: stratospheric ozone lidar of Argentina Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring VI; Proc. SPIE 5887 588713 (Web page of SOLAR project: www. division-lidar.com.ar) [13] Wolfram E A, Salvador J, Pallotta J, DElia R, Otero L, Godin-Beekmann S, Nakane H and Quel E 2006 SOLAR campaign: rst results of ozone prole measurements at Rio Gallegos, Argentina Reviewed and Revised Papers Presented at the 23rd Int. Laser Radar Conf. ed C Nagasawa and N Sugimoto pp 3658 (Part II) [14] Thomason L W and Taha G 2003 SAGE III aerosol extinction measurements: initial results Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 1631 [15] Wolfram E A 2006 Mediciones atmosf ricas de ozono y vapor e de agua con t cnica lidar y radiometria solar ultravioleta e Doctoral Thesis La Plata Nacional University, Argentina

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for their support of the SOLAR Project. UNSAM and CONICET supported the fellowships of PhD students. We also appreciate the support of the Stratospheric Aerosol Gas Experiment (SAGE III) project of NASA. Also, we wish to make sincere acknowledgment to CNRS, which

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