17 VECTOR CALCULUS

17.1 VECTOR FIELDS

TRANSPARENCIES AVAILABLE
#54 (Figure 1), #55 (Figures 1012), #56 (Exercises 1114), #57 (Exercises 1518)
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
1 class Essential material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. Two- and three-dimensional vector elds.
2. Vector elds can either be drawn scaled, so that the lengths of the vectors are proportional to their
magnitudes and the longest vectors in the eld have a specied length, or unscaled, so that the vectors
appear at their true lengths.
3. Gradient elds in R
2
and R
3
, and their relationships to level curves and surfaces.
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables, with level curves in the plane corresponding
to f (x, y) = k. How is the gradient vector eld f related to these level curves? How does the length
of f vary with the spacing of the curves?
Answer: The gradient vector eld is normal to all of the level curves. The gradient vector is longer when
the curves are spaced closer together.
Drill Question: Which of the vector elds
_
x, x y
_
,
_
y, x y
_
,
_
x, x + y
_
, and
_
y, x + y
_
describes
the plot below?
Answer:
_
x, x + y
_
941
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
The following is a good way to demonstrate continuous vector elds and their ow lines (or streamlines)
as in Exercises 33 and 34.
Have a student point at some other randomly selected student. Now have all the students who are sitting
adjacent to the rst student point in a direction similar to, but not equal to the rst students direction.
Have their neighbors similarly point, until the entire lecture room becomes a continuous vector eld. Now
start in the middle of the room, with some random student, and walk along the ow line determined by the
student-vector eld, stressing that at all times you are walking in the direction in which the nearest student
is pointing. (If this is too ignoble, have a student do it for you.) Demonstrate that starting at a different
initial student can result in an entirely different path. Then challenge the students to try to make a vector
eld that forces you to walk in a circle, by pointing appropriately. Finally, have them do it again, this
time pointing in a random direction, not worrying about their neighbors. Show that it is now (probably)
impossible to walk through the hall, because there are points where there isnt a clear direction to follow.
Point out that in a true vector eld, the speed at which you walk would be determined by the length of the
students arms.
Discuss various examples of vector elds on physical surfaces, such as wind speed and direction on the
Earth, and temperature and altitude gradients.
Point out that in order for F(x, y) = P (x, y) i + Q (x, y) j to be continuous at (x, y), both P and Q must
be continuous at (x, y). Thus, for example, F(x, y) = (x/ |x|) i + xyj is not continuous at (0, 0) since
P (x, y) = x/ |x| is not continuous at (0, 0). Also dene what is meant by a non-vanishing vector eld: a
vector eld in which the zero vector does not appear.
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
Dene the gradient vector eld for f (x, y): F(x, y) = f (x, y) = f
x
(x, y) i + f
y
(x, y) j. Compute
f for f (x, y) = x
2
+ y
2
and show that the vectors in the gradient eld are all orthogonal to the circles
f (x, y) = k. Then similarly analyze f for f (x, y) = x
2
+ y, for which the level curves are the
parabolas y = x
2
+k.
Sketch some interesting vector elds in R
2
. (In the gures, all vectors are scaled down.)
_4
_2
0
2
4
y
_4 _2 2 4
x
F(x, y) = x
2
i + x
3
j
_4
_2
0
2
4
y
_4 _2 2 4
x
F(x, y) = y
3
i + y
2
j
_4
_2
0
2
4
y
_4 _2 2 4
x
F(x, y) = (x + y) i +(x y) j
(Plot along the line y = mx
for various values of m.)
942
SECTION 17.1 VECTOR FIELDS
Show pictures of some interesting vector elds in R
2
, such as those shown below, and describe the process
of scaling.
1. F(x, y) = x i + x
2
j
Scaled
_1 1
_1
1
Unscaled
2. F(x, y) = x
2
i + y
2
j
Scaled Unscaled
3. F(x, y) = y i x j
Scaled Unscaled
GROUP WORK 1: Sketching Vector Fields
Solutions are included with this group work. I recommend either handing them out to the students at the end
of the activity, or displaying them with an overhead projector.
943
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
GROUP WORK 2: Gradient Fields and Level Curves
The students should choose obvious points for the level curves for f (x, y) =
1
4
x
2
+
1
9
y
2
(ellipses), and
the level curves for f (x, y) =
y
x + y
, x = y (straight lines). For the latter function, note that f =
y i + x j
(x + y)
2
, and along the level curve y =
k
1 k
x, k = 1, f =
x
k 1
_
ki +(k 1) j
_
.
Answers:
1. 2.
GROUP WORK 3: Points of Calm
This is a difcult project which tries to show the non-existence of non-vanishing continuous vector elds on
the sphere. The rst part of this exercise is straightforward, the second is tricky, and the third is intended for
a particularly motivated or talented group of students.
Set this activity up by having the students give examples of vector elds over the Earth, such as wind velocity
or temperature gradients. Review the denition of a non-vanishing vector eld, and give an intuitive idea of
what is meant by a continuous vector eld. A good example for part 2(a) is the function 2 +sin (2(x + y))
or the function 3 +sin (2x) +sin (2y).
When the students are working on the second part, show them how one can create a torus out of the square
by folding the sides together. Have the students gure out what kinds of vector elds on a square become
continuous vector elds on a torus. Point out the basic topological idea that the vector eld can now be viewed
as a tangent vector eld, since the torus becomes curved, but the tangent vectors stay at.
Part 3 is much harder than part 2. You may simply want to discuss what would happen if you tried to use an
argument similar to the argument in part 2, that is, identifying the entire boundary with one point and trying
to write a non-constant continuous function which lines up on the boundaries.
944
SECTION 17.1 VECTOR FIELDS
Another possible direction is to indicate that the answer to part 3 is no, but that the proof is actually quite
advanced. In an advanced class, you could provide an intuitive argument for the following special case:
Assume that the solutions are a collection of nested closed curves, shrinking to a point as in the gure below.
Since the solutions dont cross, you can keep on moving to the center point within all the nested closed curves.
The vector eld must vanish at this point; otherwise, the vector eld would not be continuous there.
Conclude by discussing how this result shows that, at any given moment, there is at least one spot on the Earth
at which no wind blows.
Answers:
1. One example: 2. (a) One example is
f (x, y) = sin (2x) cos (2y).
(b) One example:
3. No, it is not possible. This is known as the hairy ball theorem.
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 2, 5, 11, 16, 26, 29, 33, 35
Sample Assignment: 2, 5, 8, 11, 12, 16, 19, 22, 23, 26, 29, 33, 35
Exercise D A N G
2
5
8
11
12
16
19
Exercise D A N G
22
23
26
29
33
35
945
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.1
Sketching Vector Fields
Sketch each of the following vector elds.
1. x i + y j 2. y i x j
3.
x i + y j
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
1/2
4. y
2
i + x
2
j
946
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.1
Sketching Vector Fields (Solutions)
1. x i + y j 2. y i x j
3.
x i + y j
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
1/2
4. y
2
i + x
2
j
947
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.1
Gradient Fields and Level Curves
For each of the following functions, draw level curves f (x, y) = k for the indicated values of k. Then
compute the gradient vector eld, and sketch it at one or two points on each level curve.
1. f (x, y) =
x
2
4
+
y
2
9
; k = 1, 2, 4
x
y
2
2
2. f (x, y) =
y
x + y
, x = y; k =
1
2
,
3
4
, 2
x
y
1
1
948
GROUP WORK 3, SECTION 17.1
Points of Calm
1. Draw a non-constant, non-vanishing, continuous vector eld on the following unit square:
2. A torus (doughnut) can be obtained from a square by gluing the side S
1
to the side S
2
, and then gluing
S
3
to S
4
.
(a) Describe a non-constant continuous function f (x, y) such that f (x, 0) = f (x, 1) for all x, and
f (0, y) = f (1, y) for all y. Notice that your function f (x, y) can now be viewed as a continuous
function on the torus.
(b) Describe a non-constant, non-vanishing, continuous tangent vector eld on the torus.
Hint: Consider F(x, y) = f (x, y) i +j where f is the function you found in part (a).
3. You have now described a non-constant, non-vanishing, continuous vector eld on the torus. Is it possible
to draw such a vector eld on the unit sphere?
949
17.2 LINE INTEGRALS
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
12 classes Essential material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. The meaning of the line integral of a scalar function f (x, y) along a curve C.
2. The meaning of
_
P dx + Q dy along a curve C.
3. Vector elds and work: the meaning of
_
C
F dr.
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: Place the three line integrals
_
C
F dr,
_
D
F dr, and
_
E
F dr in order from largest (most
positive) to smallest (most negative).
Answer: E, D, C
Drill Question: Evaluate
_
C
_
x + y
2
_
ds, where C is the line from (0, 0) to (3, 0).
Answer:
9
2
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
Discuss the line integral of a scalar function as an extension of the ordinary single integral. Show in some
detail why Formulas 3 and 9 actually work. In other words, partition the time interval, and show how the
integral is approximated by the sum
n

i =1
f
_
x

i
, y

i
_
s
i
. In particular, show again why
s
i
=
_
(x
i
)
2
+(y
i
)
2
=
_
_
x
i
t
i
_
2
+
_
y
i
t
i
_
2
t
i
For the same formulas in three dimensions, simply show geometrically how the term under the square root
involves z
i
as well.
950
SECTION 17.2 LINE INTEGRALS
If, instead of arc length, we just want to measure the (signed) distance traveled parallel to the x-axis, we
can use the differential dx =
dx
dt
dt for x (t ), and so
_
C
f (x, y) dx =
_
C
f (x (t ) , y (t ))
dx
dt
dt =
_
b
a
f (x (t ) , y (t ))
dx
dt
dt
Similarly, if we just want to measure the (signed) distance traveled parallel to the y-axis, we can use the
differential dy =
dy
dt
dt , and so
_
C
f (x, y) dy =
_
C
f (x (t ) , y (t ))
dy
dt
dt =
_
b
a
f (x (t ) , y (t ))
dy
dt
dt
These are called the line integrals along C with respect to x and y.
In analyzing
_
C
F dr =
_
C
(F T) ds, show how the sign of F T can be determined visually by looking at
the angle between F and T. Since r

(t ) and T(t ) are parallel and point in the same direction, the angle
is also the angle between F and r

(t ).
Here is an example treated algebraically using the previous curve C = C
1
C
2
and
F(x, y) = (y + x) i + y j: Along C
1
, F r

(t ) = sin
2
t 0, and along C
2
, F r

(t ) = 3t 2,
which is positive for 0 t <
2
3
, zero at t =
2
3
, and negative for
2
3
< t 1.
Refer to Figure 12 and point out the difference between positive and negative work. The work done by the
eld in the gure is negative, but the work done by you is positive.
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
Consider the vector eld F(x, y) and the curves C
1
and C
2
shown below. Explain why
_
C
1
F dr > 0 and
_
C
2
F dr < 0.
x
y
C C
951
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
Work through the following rich example: Consider the function f (x, y) = x + y along the curve
C = C
1
C
2
, where C
1
is parametrized by x (t ) = cos t , y (t ) = sin t , 0 t

2
, and C
2
is parametrized
by x (t ) = t , y (t ) = 1 t , 0 t 1.
_
C
f (x, y) ds =
_
C
1
(cos t +sin t )
_
(sin t )
2
+(cos t )
2
dt +
_
C
2
[t +(1 t )]
_
(1)
2
+(1)
2
dt
Show that if F = (x + y) i +j, then the sum of the line integrals
_
1
1
_
(x + y) dx +dy
_
is not independent
of path, by using the previous curve C = C
1
C
2
and also using the line segment from (1, 0) to (1, 0)
as a curve C

, parametrizing C

as x (t ) = t , y (t ) = 0, 1 t 1.
Compute the line integral of F = x
2
y i + y
4
j +z
6
k along the curve r
1
(t ) given by x = t
3
, y = t , z = t
2
,
0 t 1. Repeat for r
2
(t ), given by x = t , y = t
2
, z = t
3
, 0 t 1. Note that both integrals go from
(0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1), but the different paths led to different answers.
Demonstrate that the value of a line integral is independent of the parametrization by considering the
following parametrizations of the unit circle:
1. (t ) = cos t i +sin t j, 0 t 2
2. (t ) = cos (2t ) , sin (2t ), 0 t
3. (t ) =
_
cos
_
t
2
_
, sin
_
t
2
__
, 0 t

2
Show that for each parametrization, the unit circle is traversed once and the arc length is 2.
GROUP WORK 1: Fun With Line Integrals
This activity should give students an intuitive feel for line integrals.
Answers:
1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Zero 4. Zero 5. Negative
GROUP WORK 2: Computing Line Integrals
Answers:
1.
_
1
0
_
t
6
, t
4
, t
12
_

_
3t
2
, 1, 2t
_
dt =
71
105
,
_
1
0
_
t
2
, t
8
, t
18
_

_
1, 2t, 3t
2
_
dt =
71
105
2.
_
1
0
_
t
2
, t
4
, t
6
_
[1, 1, 1] dt =
71
105
3. g (x, y, z) =
x
3
3
+
y
5
5
+
z
7
7
4. This is equal to zero, because the mixed partial derivatives are all zero.
5. The integral is zero because the eld is path independent. Therefore the trip to (1, 0) will be cancelled
out by the trip back.
952
SECTION 17.2 LINE INTEGRALS
GROUP WORK 3: I Sing the Field Electric!
Answers:
1.
The total work is 0.
2. 0
3.
_
2
0
K
_
2 t
_
(2 t )
2
+t
2
_
3/2
,
t
_
(2 t )
2
+t
2
_
3/2
_
[1, 1] dt = 0,
_
1
0
K
_
t
_
(t )
2
+(2 2t )
2
_
3/2
,
2 2t
_
(t )
2
+(2 2t )
2
_
3/2
_
[1, 2] dt =
3K
2
, and
_
1
0
K
_
1 t
_
(1 t )
2
+(0)
2
_
3/2
, 0
_
[1, 0] dt =
K
2
. Thus the total is 0 +
3K
2
+
K
2
= 2K.
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 1, 3, 10, 17, 21, 29, 33, 43
Sample Assignment: 1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 16, 17, 19, 21, 24, 29, 32, 33, 39, 42, 43, 46
Exercise D A N G
1
3
4
6
10
16
17
19
21
Exercise D A N G
24
29
32
33
39
42
43
46
953
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.2
Fun With Line Integrals
Determine if the following line integrals
_
C
f (x, y) ds and
_
C
F dr are positive, negative or 0 either by
graphical analysis or by direct computation.
1. f (x, y) =
y
x
2
+ y
2
; C is the top half of the unit circle, starting at (1, 0) and moving clockwise.
2. f (x, y) =
y
x
2
+ y
2
; C is the bottom half of the unit circle, starting at (1, 0) and moving clockwise.
3. f (x, y) = x
2
sin y; C is the curve parametrized by x = t , y = t
3
, 1 t 1.
4. F(x, y) = xi yj; C is the top half of the unit circle, starting at (1, 0) and moving counterclockwise.
5. F(x, y) = xi
1

x
j; C is the part of the parabola y = x
2
starting at (1, 1) and ending at (2, 4).
954
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.2
Computing Line Integrals
1. Compute the line integral of F = x
2
i + y
4
j + z
6
k = F
1
i + F
2
j + F
3
k over the paths r
1
: x = t
3
, y = t ,
z = t
2
, 0 t 1 and r
2
: x = t , y = t
2
, z = t
3
, 0 t 1.
2. Compute the line integral of F = x
2
i + y
4
j + z
6
k over the path r
3
: x = t , y = t , z = t , 0 t 1.
3. Find g (x, y, z) so that F = g.
955
Computing Line Integrals
4. Compute
_
F
3
y

F
2
z
_
i +
_
F
1
z

F
3
x
_
j +
_
F
2
x

F
1
y
_
k. How could you have arrived at this
answer directly by looking at the vector eld?
5. Let r = cos t i +sin t j +0k, 0 t 2 be a parametrization of the unit circle. First make a conjecture
as to the value of
_
C
F dr, and then compute it.
956
GROUP WORK 3, SECTION 17.2
I Sing the Field Electric!
A charge q located at (0, 0) creates an electric eld at (x, y) given by
F =
K (x i + y j)
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
3/2
, K constant
1. Drawthis vector eld and then calculate the work required to move a charge around the circle x
2
+y
2
= 25
in this eld.
2. Calculate the work required to move a charge along the path C
1
, the top half of x
2
+ y
2
= 4.
3. Calculate the work required to move the charge along the path C
2
, which consists of three line segments
(see above).
957
17.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM FOR LINE INTEGRALS
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
1 class Essential material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. The path independence of
_
C
f dr = f (r (b)) f (r (a)) under suitable conditions.
2. The equivalence of path independence to the condition that
_
C
F dr = 0 for every closed curve C in the
domain of F.
3. The equivalence of the following three conditions on a simply-connected domain:
Path independence
F = M i + N j being a conservative vector eld (F = f )

M
y
=
N
x
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: How is the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus used in the proof of Theorem 2?
Answer: The penultimate line is in terms of one variable, hence the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
can be used.
Drill Question: Is it true that every integral of F(x, y) = (x y) i + (x 2) j is independent of path?
Why or why not?
Answer: It is false because M/y = N/x.
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
Using geometric and algebraic representations, make explicit the analogy between the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus and the Fundamental Theorem for line integrals.
Give a proof for smooth curves of the Fundamental Theorem for line integrals, such as the one in the text.
Give an outline of the proof that if every integral of F is independent of path and C is a closed curve in the
domain of F, then
_
C
F dr = 0. First write C = C
1
C
2
with each of C
1
and C
2
starting at P
1
and
ending at P
2
.
Then
_
C
1
F dr =
_
C
2
F dr =
_
C
2
F dr, so
_
C
F dr =
_
C
1
F dr +
_
C
2
F dr = 0.
958
SECTION 17.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM FOR LINE INTEGRALS
Show the students why it is very easy to evaluate
_
C
1
F dr, where F=2xy i + x
2
j and C
1
is the curve
shown below, by noting that F is conservative, and then either computing f such that f = F or by using
the straight line path from (1, 0) to (0, 1).
_1
0
1
_1 1 2
x@+y@=1 x@/4+y@=1
x
y
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
To show the geometry of conservative vector elds, look at the level sets of the potential function for some
conservative vector elds, perhaps using Figure 9. Explain why it is plausible that the line integral around
a closed path is 0.
C
C
2 _2
_2
2
FIGURE 9
Explain why integrals of the vector eld below are not generally independent of path, and hence that the
eld is not conservative.
x
y
959
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
Go through the following example:
Consider F = Mi + Nj with M (x, y) = sin xy + xy cos xy and N (x, y) = x
2
cos xy. Verify that
M/y = N/x. We want to nd a function f such that F = f . So assume that M = f /x.
Then f (x, y) =
_
( f /x) dx + k (y) =
_
M dx + k (y) = x sin xy + k (y). Now N = f /y =
x
2
cos xy +k

(y). This gives k

(y) = 0 and hence k (y) = K, a constant. So f (x, y) = x sin xy + K is

a function that satises f = F.
Repeat the same procedure with M (x, y) = x
2
y and N (x, y) = xy
2
. This time M/y = N/x, and
the procedure doesnt yield a k (y) that works. So when F is not conservative, we cannot nd a function f
such that f = F.
GROUP WORK 1: Think Before You Compute
In Problem 2, even after recognizing that F is conservative, the direct path from (2, 0, 0) to (0, 1, 2) is not
the easiest choice for computations. For example, the path (2, 0, 0) (0, 0, 0) (0, 0, 2) (0, 1, 2)
makes for a simpler calculation. And of course the use of the Fundamental Theorem for line integrals is the
easiest method of all.
Answers:
1. The eld is conservative. If f (x, y) = e
xy
, f =
_
ye
xy
, xe
xy
_
. The integral is e
3
e.
2. The eld is conservative. If f (x, y, z) = xyz
2
, f =
_
yz
2
, xz
2
, 2xyz
_
. The integral is 0.
GROUP WORK 2: Finding the Gradient Fields
Have each group try one of the rst three problems, and give Problem 4 to groups that nish early.
Answers:
1. f (x, y) =
3
2
x
2
y
2
+C 2. f (x, y) = cos (xy) +C
3. f (x, y) = x
2
+ xy + y
3
+C 4. f (x, y, z) = e
xyz
+C
GROUP WORK 3: The Winding Number
Problems 15 of this extended activity can be done independently of the remaining problems, and may be
suitable as a challenging in-class group work. The concept of a winding number is completely developed in
this activity.
Answers:
1. Both partial derivatives are
x
2
+ y
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
. 2. 2 3. 0 4. 2
5.
_
C
F dr = 0 for any C that does not contain the origin. 6. 0 7. 2
8. = arctan
_
y
x
_
d =
1
1 + y
2
/x
2
_
x dy y dx
x
2
_
=
x dy y dx
x
2
+ y
2
. Now we can apply the
Fundamental Theorem for line integrals (as long as C is not a closed curve, containing the origin, where
the gradient is undened).
9. 0, 0, 0, 2
10. x = cos t , y = sin t , 0 t 2; x = cos t , y = sin t , 0 t 4; x = sin t , y = cos t , 0 t 2;
x = sin t , y = cos t , 0 t 8
960
SECTION 17.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM FOR LINE INTEGRALS
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 19, 23, 29
Sample Assignment: 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 23, 27, 29, 33
Exercise D A N G
1
2
4
7
9
11
14
17
19
22
23
27
29
33
961
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.3
Think Before You Compute
1. Compute
_
C
(ye
xy
i + xe
xy
j) dr for the curve C shown below.
2. Compute
_
C
_
yz
2
i + xz
2
j +2xyz k
_
dr for the curve C shown below.
x
y
z
(2, 0, 0)
(1, 2, 0)
(0, 2, 0)
(0, 2, 2)
(0, 1, 2)
C
962
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.3
Finding the Gradient Fields
The following vector elds are conservative. For each one, nd a function f (x, y) or f (x, y, z) for which it
is a gradient eld.
1. F(x, y) = 3xy
2
i +3x
2
y j
2. F(x, y) = y sin (xy) i + x sin (xy) j
3. F(x, y) = (2x + y) i +
_
x +3y
2
_
j
4. F(x, y, z) = yze
xyz
i + xze
xyz
j + xye
xyz
k
963
GROUP WORK 3, SECTION 17.3
The Winding Number
In this activity we consider the vector eld F(x, y) =
y
x
2
+ y
2
i +
x
x
2
+ y
2
j.
1. Show that
F
2
x

F
1
y
= 0 where F is dened.
2. Compute
_
C
1
F dr where C
1
is the unit circle centered at the origin, oriented counterclockwise.
3. Compute
_
C
2
F dr where C
2
is the circle (x 2)
2
+ y
2
= 1, oriented counterclockwise.
964
The Winding Number
4. Compute
_
C
3
F dr where C
3
is the square shown below.
5. For what closed paths C does
_
C
F dr = 0, and for which closed paths is the integral nonzero?
965
The Winding Number
6. One meaning of
_
C
F dr for a closed curve C and any vector eld F is the net circulation of F around C.
Suppose we take an arbitrarily small path around a point (not the origin). What is the net circulation of F
around this small path?
7. What is the net circulation of F around any path which encloses the origin?
8. Letting be the angle in polar coordinates for a point (x, y), show that d =
y
x
2
+ y
2
dx +
x
x
2
+ y
2
dy
and hence the vector eld F is the gradient vector eld for . Conclude that
_
C
F dr = (B) (A)
where C connects the point A to the point B, and thus we can write
_
C
F dr =
_
C
d.
966
The Winding Number
9. Use the previous result to calculate
_
C
F dr for the following paths.
C
C
C
C
10. The number
1
2
_
C
F dr =
1
2
_
C
d is called the winding number for any closed curve C. It measures the
number of times C winds counterclockwise around the origin. Find parametrizations for closed paths
with winding numbers of 1, 2, 1, and 4.
967
17.4 GREENS THEOREM
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
1 class Essential material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. The statement of Greens Theorem over a region D with boundary curve C = D:
_
C
P dx + Q dy =
_
D
P dx + Q dy =
__
D
_
Q
x

P
y
_
d A
2. The extension of Greens Theorem to domains with holes.
3. The importance of Greens Theorem, in that it allows us to replace a difcult line integration by an easier
area integration, or a difcult area integration by an easier line integration.
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: Why is Greens Theorem useful?
Answer: Answers will vary. Anything addressing the conversion of one kind of integral to another should
be looked upon favorably.
Drill Question: If we know that P (x, y) 0 and Q (x, y) 0 on the boundary C = D of a region D,
what is
__
D
_
Q
x

P
y
_
d A?
Answer: 0
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
Have a discussion of terminology: What is meant by positive orientation. What is meant by C = D?
Give a careful statement of Greens Theorem. Indicate that its use is primarily to replace a difcult integral
of one type (area or line) with a simpler integral of the other type.
For arbitrary regions D, compute
_
D
y dx +x dy using Greens Theorem, obtaining twice the area of D.
Demonstrate Greens Theorem for regions with holes:
C = D = C
1
C
2
968
SECTION 17.4 GREENS THEOREM
Compute
_
C
1
y
x
2
+ y
2
dx +
x
x
2
+ y
2
dy in two ways: (a) by direct computation and (b) using Greens
Theorem, where C
1
is the rst closed curve shown above. This is equivalent to integrating around the
curve C given by the unit circle oriented counterclockwise, since
Q
x

P
y
= 0 in the region between
the two curves.
If time permits, show Greens Theorem for a region with 2 holes, showing that C = C
1
C
2
C
3
= D
needs the positive orientation.
C
C
C
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
Go through some rich examples such as the following:
_
C
_
x
4
+2y
_
dx +(5x +sin y) dy
=
__
D
3 d A = 6, by geometry
_
C
_
x
2
y
_
dx +
_
x
3
+2xy
2
_
dy
=
_
C
=
_
C
1
+
_
C
2
= 2
__
D
1
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
d A
Evaluating this integral using polar coordinates
gives 15.
Use Greens Theorem to set up a line integral to compute the area of the astroid x
2/3
+ y
2/3
= 1.
969
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
Compute
_
C
_
y
2
2y +2xy
_
dx +
_
x
2
+3x +2xy
_
dy for the following closed curves C
1
and C
2
:
x
y
C
(1, 0) (_1, 0)
(0, 1)
(0, _1)
x
y
(1, 0)
1
C
Suppose we know that P (x, y) 1 and Q (x, y) 2 on a boundary circle C = D of radius R. Ask
students how to compute
__
D
_
Q
y

P
x
_
d A. Point out that on a closed curve C,
_
C
dx +2 dy = 0.
GROUP WORK 1: Using Greens Theorem
These problems may be too difcult for students to do without a few hints. Here are some hints that might
prove helpful:
Problem 1: Greens Theorem can be used to show that the required integral is equal to
_
1
1
_
1

1 x
2
4xy
3
dy dx (= 0)
Problem 2: Greens Theorem can be used to replace the line integral with
__
D
_
6 3x
2
3y
2
+6
_
dx dy = 3
__
D
_
4 x
2
y
2
_
dx dy
This integrand is positive until x
2
+y
2
= 4, and then remains negative. Thus letting C be the circle of radius
2 gives the maximum value of the integral, namely 24.
An extension of Problem 2 is given in Problem 2 from Problems Plus after Chapter 17.
GROUP WORK 2: Greens Theorem and the Area of Plane Regions
In Problem 2, the natural parametrization does not give positive orientation, so we need to use C in its
place.
Answers: 1. (b
1
a
2
) A 2. 12
970
SECTION 17.4 GREENS THEOREM
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 3, 6, 8, 13, 17, 20
Sample Assignment: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22
Exercise D A N G
2
3
5
6
8
13
17
18
20
22
971
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.4
Using Greens Theorem
1. Compute
_
C
_

xy
4
2
_
dx +
_
x
2
y
3
_
dy, where C is as follows:
2. What simple closed curve C = D gives the maximal value of
_
C
_
x
5
6y + y
3
_
dx +
_
y
4
+6x x
3
_
dy?
972
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.4
Greens Theorem and the Area of Plane Regions
1. Let C = D, where the area of the region D is A. Compute
_
C
(a
1
x +a
2
y +a
3
) dx +(b
1
x +b
2
y +b
3
) dy
where the a
i
and b
i
are constants.
2. Find the area under one arch of the cycloid with parametric equations
x (t ) = 2 (t sin t ) , y (t ) = 2 (1 cos t ) , 0 t 2
973
17.5 CURL AND DIVERGENCE
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
1 class Essential material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. The denition of curl: curl F = F
2. If F has continuous partial derivatives, F is conservative if and only if curl F = 0
3. The denition of divergence: div F = F
4. Physical interpretations of curl and divergence
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: What do we know about div (curl F)?
Answer: It is 0.
Drill Question: If F(x, y, z) =
_
xz, x
2
z, x
3
z
_
, compute div F.
Answer: z + x
3
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
Given F = P i + Q j + R k, dene curl F =

i j k
/x /y /z
P Q R

= F where is the operator

x
i +

y
j +

z
k and div F = F =
P
x
+
Q
y
+
R
z
. Make sure to point out that an expression
such as

x
i refers to an operator which, when applied to a function f , gives a vector, in this case
f
x
i.
Thus, maps a scalar function to its gradient, which is a vector function.
The text shows that F = f (x, y, z) gives curl F = 0. Point out that the converse is also true under
normal circumstances. First use the vector eld F = yz i + xz j + xy k and show that F = (xyz).
Then note that F = y
2
e
xyz
(1 + xyz) i + xye
xyz
(2 + xyz) j + x
2
y
3
e
xyz
k has F = 0. So F = f.
Then f =
_
f
z
dz + k (x, y) = xy
2
e
xyz
+ k (x, y). Now compute that k (x, y) = k, a constant, and so
f (x, y, z) = xy
2
e
xyz
+k.
State the divergence form of Greens Theorem:
If F = P i + Q j, then
_
C = D
(F n) ds =
__
D
div Fd A.
The following is a physical interpretation of the theorem. Picture a gas in a thin box, all of whose particles
are moving parallel to the xy-plane. Suppose that we can approximate the box by a plane, and consider
a region R in the plane with boundary C = R. At any point (x, y), if F(x, y) represents the velocity
vector of the gas, then div F(x, y) measures the net movement from (x, y). By summing up (integrating)
974
SECTION 17.5 CURL AND DIVERGENCE
div F(x, y) over the region R, we get the net change in the amount of gas contained in R. But another
way to measure the net change is to stand on C, and measure how much gas leaves at each point. Here
you need the normal component F n of F to C, where n is a unit normal to C. This is precisely another
statement of Greens Theorem, using div F(x, y).
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
If F
1
= (x y) i +(x y) j, F
1
= 1 1 = 2. Thus the ow is tending to compress and is not
diverging anywhere. If F
2
= xy
2
i + yx
2
j, F
2
= x
2
+ y
2
which is greater than zero if (x, y) = (0, 0).
So in this case the ow is tending to diverge everywhere except at the origin. If F = 0, then F is neither
tending to compress nor tending to diverge, and F is called incompressible. Point out that for any vector
eld F, curl F is incompressible. Note that F
1
= 2k and F
2
= 0, both of which are clearly
incompressible.
F
1
(scaled) F
1
(unscaled) F
2
(scaled)
-4
F
2
(unscaled)
975
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
Give examples illustrating rotation, and how it is reected in the curl. Point out that if curl F = 0, F is
called irrotational.
1. F = (x y) i +(x y) j +0 k.
F = 2 k, and the vector eld is a
rotation of each vector x i + y j by
3
4

coupled with a stretch of

2.
Scaled Unscaled
2. F = y i + x j. F = 0, and the vector
eld has no rotation. Notice that F is
conservative since
M
y
= 1 =
N
x
.
Scaled
Unscaled
GROUP WORK 1: Gradient Fields Revisited
Problem 2 shows that the result of Problem 1(b) is always true. Problem 2 is a somewhat abstract exercise,
suitable for more advanced students.
Answers:
1. (a) F = 0, so F is incompressible. (b) f = x
2

3
2
y
2
+
5
2
z
2
+k
2. (a) Yes (b)
_
P (x) dx +
_
Q (y) dy +
_
R (z) dz
GROUP WORK 2: Divergence and Curl
Answers:
1. Divergence: 2 sin x + x cos xy; curl:
_
0, 0, y cos xy
_
2. Along the y-axis, div f = 2 sin 0 +0 cos 0 = 0.
3. div F
_

4
, 1
_
0.8588532, div F
_

4
, 1
_
0.8588532. The positive answers correspond to a
source, the negative answers correspond to a sink.
4. curl F
_

3
, 1
_
=
_
0, 0,
1
2
_
, curl F
_
2
3
, 1
_
=
_
0, 0,
1
2
_
. Positive curl corresponds to a counterclockwise
rotation.
GROUP WORK 3: An Essential, Incompressible Fluid
Answers:
1. div F = 0, so it could represent water ow. The curl is [z x, 0, z x]. There is no rotation at the
origin. At (1, 1, 1) the axis of rotation is the x-axis.
2. div F = 0, so it could represent water ow. The curl is [2, 2, 1]. The rotational axis is independent of
the point in question.
3. div F =
4x
_
y
2
+ z
2
_
2
= 0. This eld cannot represent water ow.
976
SECTION 17.5 CURL AND DIVERGENCE
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 2, 4, 15, 16, 24, 31, 33
Sample Assignment: 2, 4, 7, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 28, 31, 33, 38
Exercise D A N G
2
4
7
9
14
15
16
19
23
24
28
31
33
38
977
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.5
Gradient Fields Revisited
1. Let F = 2x i 3y j +5z k.
(a) Compute F and give a geometric description of F.
(b) Is F a gradient vector eld? If so, nd f (x, y, z) such that F = f .
2. Let F = P (x) i + Q (y) j + R (z) k.
(a) Is F always a gradient vector eld?
(b) Explain how you would nd f (x, y, z) such that F = f , if you had explicit functions P (x), Q (y),
and R (z).
978
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.5
Divergence and Curl
Consider the vector eld F(x, y) = 2 cos x i +sin xy j shown below.
Scaled Unscaled
1. Find formulas for the divergence and curl of F.
2. Show that the divergence is 0 everywhere along the y-axis. How is this apparent in the graph?
3. Find the divergence at
_

4
, 1
_
,
_

4
, 1
_
,
_

4
, 1
_
, and
_

4
, 1
_
. How can the signs of the answers be
seen in the graph?
4. Find the curl at
_

3
, 1
_
and at
_
2
3
, 1
_
. Relate the sign difference in your answers to the direction of the
curl.
979
GROUP WORK 3, SECTION 17.5
An Essential, Incompressible Fluid
Water is an essentially incompressible uid, that is, the divergence of a velocity eld representing a ow of
water is 0. For each of the following vector elds, compute F and determine if F could represent the
velocity vector eld for water owing. Then compute curl F and describe the axis of rotation (direction of the
curl) of the uid at the origin and at (1, 1, 1).
1. F(x, y, z) = xy i + xz j yz k
2. F(x, y, z) = (2x y) i +(2z y) j +(2x z) k
3. F(x, y, z) =
1
y
2
+ z
2
i
2xy
_
y
2
+ z
2
_
2
j
2xz
_
y
2
+ z
2
_
2
k
980
17.6 PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND THEIR AREAS
TRANSPARENCIES AVAILABLE
#58 (Figure 5), #59 (Exercises 1116)
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
1 class Essential Material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. Parametric surfaces and the role of gridlines in studying these surfaces
2. How the form and/or symmetry of a surface helps one in choosing a parametrization
3. Differentiability and tangent planes to parametric surfaces
4. The role of the area element |r
u
r
v
| for a general parametric surface r (u, v)
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: Why parametrize a surface?
Answer: It enables us to plot surfaces more easily and to compute associated quantities such as surface
area.
Drill Question: Parametrize a cylinder of radius 2 with axis the z-axis.
Answer: One possibility: [2 cos , 2 sin , z]
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
Revisit the discussion from Section 13.5 on parametrizing a plane.
Present an example of how to choose a parametrization for a surface using form or symmetry. A good
example is the top half of the ellipsoid
x
2
4
+y
2
+
z
2
4
= 1, y 0. Notice that x
2
+z
2
= 4
_
1 y
2
_
, so if we
let u = 2
_
1 y
2
, then x
2
+z
2
= u
2
. So we let x = u cos v, z = u sin v, and we have the parametrization
r (u, v) =
_
u cos v,
_
1
1
4
u
2
, u sin v
_
for 0 u 2, 0 v 2. Note that now the surface is the graph
of a parametric function, and that for the same values of u and v, s (u, v) =
_
u cos v,
_
1
1
4
u
2
, u sin v
_
parametrizes the bottom half of the ellipsoid.
Present examples of how to determine what a surface looks like
from its parametrization. Perhaps start with the example
q (s, t ) =
_
s, t, st
2
_
, which parametrizes the surface z = xy
2
. Then
look at the parametrization w(s, t ) =
_
st
2
, s
2
t, s
2
t
2
_
, x = st
2
,
y = s
2
t , and z = s
2
t
2
. We have xy = s
3
t
3
and
(xy)
2
= s
6
t
6
=
_
s
2
t
2
_
3
= z
3
, so an equation of the surface is
z
3
= (xy)
2
. This surface can be visualized by thinking of the plane
curve y = x
3/2
.
z
3
= (xy)
2
981
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
Give two different parametrizations of a cone, one in which the grid lines meet at right angles and
one in which one set of grid lines spirals up the cone. Examples: A(s, t ) =
_
s
2
cos t, s
2
sin t, s
2
_
and
B(s, t ) =
__
s
2
+t
_
cos t,
_
s
2
+t
_
sin t, s
2
+t
_
.
As an alternative to using parametric equations for the area of the surface z = f (x), give an intuitive
presentation developing the area element
_
1 +
_
f
x
_
2
+
_
f
y
_
2
dx dy as follows: If we have a plane
z = ax +by +c, then the vectors v
1
= a, 0, 1 and v
2
= 0, b, 1 are in the plane, and (x) v
1
and
(y) v
2
generate a small rectangle in the plane with area
|v
1
v
2
| x y =
_
1 +a
2
+b
2
x y =
_
1 +
_
z
x
_
2
+
_
z
y
_
2
x y
If we have a surface z = f (x, y), then approximating a small part of the surface near a point by a small
rectangle in the tangent plane at the point gives
A
_
1 +
_
z
x
_
2
+
_
z
y
_
2
x y =
_
1 +
_
f
x
_
2
+
_
f
y
_
2
x y
So the surface area above a domain D is
__
D
_
1 +
_
f
x
_
2
+
_
f
y
_
2
dx dy.
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
Compute the surface area of the parametric surface given in cylindrical coordinates by the equation z =
above the unit disk 0 x
2
+ y
2
1 and below the plane z = 2.
Identify the surfaces parametrized by r (s, t ) = s sin t, s cos t, s if
1. 0 s 1, 0 t 2. 0 s 4, 0 t 2 3. 0 s, 0 t 2
Set up an integral to compute the surface area of the surface S obtained by rotating y = x
2
, 0 x 2
about the x-axis. Point out that this integral is very hard to compute by hand, but a CAS can do it easily.
Find the area of the part of the surface z = 16 x
2
y
2
that lies above the xy-plane.
982
SECTION 17.6 PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND THEIR AREAS
GROUP WORK 1: The Propeller Problem
Answers:
1.
2. It is a twisty propeller shape:
3. It can represent a propeller that is spinning clockwise.
GROUP WORK 2: Bagels, Bagels, Bagels!
This is Exercise 60 from the text. There are two versions of this group work included. The second requires
more independent thought on the part of the students.
Answers:
Version 1
1. x = r cos
_
+

2
_
, y = r sin
_
+

2
_
, z = 0
2. x = 0, y = 2 +cos , z = sin
3. x = (2 +cos ) r cos
_
+

2
_
, y = (2 +cos ) r sin
_
+

2
_
, z = sin
Version 2
1. x = 0, y = 2 +cos , z = sin
2. (a) x = 0, y = 2 +cos , z = sin (b) x = (2 +cos ), y = 0, z = sin
(c) x = 0, y = (2 +cos ), z = sin (d) x = (2 +cos ), y = 0, z = sin
(e) x = 0, y = 2 +cos , z = sin
3. It lies in the plane y = x. x = (2 +cos )
1

2
,
y = (2 +cos )
1

2
, z = sin
4.
_
(2 +cos ) cos
_
+

2
_
, (2 +cos ) sin
_
+

2
_
, sin
_
5.
983
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
GROUP WORK 3: Self-Intersection of Surfaces
This one is a challenge for the students. For Problem 2, it will probably be necessary to give them a hint. If
f (u
1
, v
1
) = f (u
2
, v
2
), then we know that u
1
= u
2
and v
1
= v
2
in order that the rst two coordinates be
the same. Given this fact, we have to nd the relationship between the pairs to make u
1
+ 2v
1
= u
2
+ 2v
2
.
There are three nontrivial cases to check:
u
1
= u
2
, v
1
= v
2
u
1
= u
2
, v
1
= v
2
u
1
= u
2
, v
1
= v
2
When all is said and done, the only nontrivial result occurs when u
1
= u
2
and v
1
= v
2
, and that result is
u = 2v. So the self-intersecting set occurs when u = 2v.
Answers:
1. u
1
= u
2
, v
1
= v
2
, u
1
+2v
1
= u
2
+2v
2
2. v =
1
2
u
3.
_
u,
1
2
u, 0
_
, a pair of intersecting lines.
GROUP WORK 4: Setting Up Surface Integrals
All methods give the area as 24.
LABORATORY PROJECT: A Difficult Plot
1. Have the students plot the surface described by x
2
+ y
2
= z
_
1 +
_
tan
1
x
y
_
2
_
. Allow them to notice
that this is very hard to do, even with a sophisticated graphing package like Maple or Mathematica. They
may fail to get a picture of this surface that makes sense. This is okay; let them fail this time.
2. Now have them draw the parametric surface r (s, t ) =
_
s cos t, s sin t,
s
2
1 +t
2
_
,

2
t

2
. This one
should be straightforward. They should get a picture like this:
3. Now have them discover, using algebra, that the two surfaces are the same. When they do this, discuss
how important it is to be able to parametrize surfaces.
4. Let them investigate the surface for t R. Ask what the relationship is between the two intersecting
surfaces which result.
984
SECTION 17.6 PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND THEIR AREAS
EXTENDED GROUP WORK/LABORATORY PROJECT: More With Mo bius Strips
This group work extends Exercise 32.
The surface with parametric equation r (, t ) =
_
2 cos +t cos
1
2
, 2 sin +t cos
1
2
, t sin

2
_
, 0 2,

1
2
t
1
2
is called a Mbius strip.
1. Graph this surface and consider several viewpoints. What is unusual about it?
2. Find the coordinates (x, y, z) corresponding to
(a) = 0, t =
1
2
= , t =
1
2
= 2, t =
1
2
= 3, t =
1
2
= 4, t =
1
2
(b) = 0, t =
1
2
= , t =
1
2
= 2, t =
1
2
= 3, t =
1
2
= 4, t =
1
2
3. Graph the grid curves corresponding to t =
1
2
and t =
1
2
and note that they are the same set of points.
Also note that each curve makes two circuits about the z-axis and then closes up at = 4. However, the
complete Mbius strip is created when 0 2. How can this be?
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 1, 3, 9, 19, 29, 33, 54
Sample Assignment: 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 14, 17, 19, 22, 26, 29, 32, 33, 41, 46, 54, 55
Exercise D A N G
1
3
5
8
9
14
17
19
22
26
29
32
33
41
46
54
55
985
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.6
The Propeller Problem
Consider the parametrized surface r (, t ) = [2 +cos 4 ( t )] cos , [2 +cos 4 ( +t )] sin , t given in
Cartesian coordinates.
1. Sketch grid curves for (, 0), (, 0.1), and (, 0.2).
2. Describe this surface, or sketch it if you can.
3. If the parameter t is said to represent time, that is, increasing time is represented by increasing the
z-coordinate, what can this surface represent?
986
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.6
Bagels, Bagels, Bagels! (Version 1)
There are many ways to create bagels. Some people prefer boiling them, some prefer baking them, and some
prefer defrosting then toasting them. Today we shall be creating bagels by the method of parametrizing them.
In single-variable calculus, it was shown that one can compute the volume of a torus, or doughnut shape, by
thinking of it as a circle rotated about a horizontal or vertical line.
1. Parametrize a circle of radius r centered at the origin in the xy-plane starting at (0, r). Let be the angle
between the position vector and the y-axis.
2. Parametrize a circle of radius 1 in the yz-plane with center (2, 0) starting at (0, 3). Let be the angle
between the position vector and the positive y-axis.
987
Bagels, Bagels, Bagels! (Version 1)
3. Now we want to characterize a typical point on our bagel, so we can write a vector function s (, )
whose range is the entire breakfast treat. To nd any specic point we
(a) Move radians along the horizontal curve, then
(b) Rotate radians along the vertical curve.
Now express the bagel as a vector s (, ).
988
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.6
Bagels, Bagels, Bagels! (Version 2)
There are many ways to create bagels. Some people prefer boiling them, some prefer baking them, and some
prefer defrosting and then toasting them. Today we shall be creating bagels by the method of parametrizing
them.
We are going to parametrize a bagel obtained by rotating the circle (y 2)
2
+ z
2
= 1 about the z-axis.
1. Find a parametrization for the circle below.
2. Write a parametrization for the circle when it has been rotated about the z-axis through angles of
(a) 0
(b)

2
(c)
(d)
3
2
(e) 2
3. When the above circle has been rotated through an angle of

4
about the z-axis, in what plane does the
circle lie? What is a parametrization of the circle that lies in the plane?
4. What is a parametrization of the circle when it has been rotated through an angle of about the z-axis?
5. If you have a graphics program, graph the surface described by your parametrization in Problem 4.
989
GROUP WORK 3, SECTION 17.6
Self-Intersection of Surfaces
Consider the parametric surface given by f (u, v) =
_
u
2
, v
2
, u +2v
_
, shown below.
1. There is a set of points at which this surface intersects itself. If we know that f (u
1
, v
1
) = f (u
2
, v
2
),
what conditions does this place on u
1
and u
2
, and on v
1
and v
2
?
Hint: Look at each of the three coordinates separately.
2. Using your answer to Problem 1, nd a relationship between u and v which describes the set of self-
intersecting points.
3. Give a geometric description of the set of points on the surface that are self-intersecting points.
990
GROUP WORK 4, SECTION 17.6
Setting Up Surface Integrals
Compute the surface area of a cone with height 4 and upper radius 3.
991
GROUP WORK 4, SECTION 17.6
Setting Up Surface Integrals (Hint Sheet and Bonus Problem)
1. To compute the surface area of a cone with height 4 and upper radius 3, set up the shape as z = f (x, y)
and compute a surface integral.
2. To compute the surface area of a cone with height 4 and upper radius 3, set up the shape as z = f (r, )
and compute a surface integral.
3. To compute the surface area of a cone with height 4 and upper radius 3, set up the shape in spherical
coordinates ( will be constant) and compute a surface integral.
4. To compute the surface area of a cone with height 4 and upper radius 3, set up the shape as a line segment
rotated about the z-axis and compute a surface integral.
Bonus Problem
Set up and compute the surface integral of the piece of the unit sphere above the polar circle r = sin . How
would the answer have differed had we used r = cos ?
992
17.7 SURFACE INTEGRALS
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
1 class Essential material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. The denition of the surface integral of a scalar function f (x, y, z) viewed as an extension of the surface
area integral.
2. The intuitive idea of an oriented surface with orientation given by a unit normal vector. The concept of
positive orientation.
3. The surface integral of a vector eld over an oriented surface
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: Give an intuitive explanation as to why it isnt possible to choose an orientation for the
Mbius strip.
Answer: A Mbius strip has only one side.
Drill Question: What do we know about the unit normal vector to a closed surface if that surface has
positive orientation?
Answer: It points outward.
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
Describe the meaning of the surface integral
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f (r (u, v)) |r
u
r
v
| d A for
f (x, y, z) dened over the parametric surface S = r (u, v), (u, v) D.
If S is given by z = g (x, y), show how the surface integral
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS becomes
__
D
f (x, y, g (x, y))
_
1 +
_
g
x
_
2
+
_
g
y
_
2
d A
993
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
Do an extended example such as the following: Let S = S
1
+ S
2
as in the gure (S
2
is the unit disk in
the xy-plane). We want to compute
__
S
xy dS =
__
x
2
+y
2
1
xy
_
1 +4x
2
+4y
2
d A +
__
x
2
+y
2
1
xy d A
[here g (x, y) = 1 x
2
y
2
for the rst integral, g (x, y) = 0 for the second.] Using polar coordinates,
we compute that this integral is 0 +0 = 0. We now use f (x, y) = |xy| and some symmetry arguments. If
the shaded region is D, then the surface integral becomes
4
___
D
xy
_
1 +4x
2
+4y
2
d A +
__
D
xy d A
_
which is not 0.
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
Give examples of oriented surfaces with upward orientation and closed surfaces with positive (outward)
orientation (indicated by unit normals). For example, the paraboloid z = x
2
+y
2
has N = 2x i2y j+k.
The upward unit normal is n =
N
|N|
. At (1, 1, 2), n =
1
3
(2 i 2 j +k). Notice that this vector points
inward to the paraboloid. The outward unit normal is n
1
= n. Use the ellipsoid
x
2
2
+
y
2
3
+z
2
= 1 for a
positively-oriented closed surface.
Return to the ellipsoid
x
2
2
+
y
2
3
+ z
2
= 1. Parametrize the surface by x =

2 sin u sin v, y =

3 cos u sin v, z = cos v. Then r

u
=
x
u
i +
y
u
j +
z
u
k =

2 cos u sin v i

3 sin u sin v j and

r
v
=
x
v
i +
y
v
j +
z
v
k =

2 sin u cos v i

3 cos u cos v j sin v k. The unit normal vector

n =
r
u
r
v
|r
u
r
v
|
is difcult to compute in general. However, it is reasonable to compute at certain points;
the point
_

4
,

4
_
in uv-space gives the point
_
1

2
,

3
2
,
1

2
_
on the ellipsoid, and there we have outward
unit normal n =
1

17
_

3 i +

2 j +2

3 k
_
.
994
SECTION 17.7 SURFACE INTEGRALS
Give examples of surface integrals
__
S
FdS =
__
D
F(r
u
r
v
) d A for a vector eld F over the parametric
surface S = r (u, v) where (u, v) D. For example, letting F = y
2
i z
2
j + k over the ellipsoid
x
2
2
+
y
2
3
+ z
2
= 1 gives
__
S
F dS =
__
0 u, v 2
_
3 cos
2
u sin
2
v i cos
2
v j +u k
_
(r
u
r
v
) d A
=
__
0 u, v 2
_
3

3 sin u cos
2
u sin
4
v

2 cos u cos
2
v sin
2
v +

6 sin v cos v
_
d A
This integral will be easy to evaluate when we learn the Divergence Theorem.
Consider
__
S
F dS with F = y
2
i z
2
j + k, where S is the piece of the paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
above
the unit disk. Perhaps just set up the integral
__
S
F dS =
__
x
2
+y
2
1
_
2xy
2

_
x
2
+ y
2
_
(2y) +1
_
d A
=
__
x
2
+y
2
1
_
2x
2
y 2xy
2
+2y
3
+1
_
d A
and note that the answer is , since the rst three terms integrate to zero by symmetry.
Let F = 5x i +3y j +2z k and let S be the surface x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
= 4. Compute
__
S
(F n) dS, where n is
the outward unit normal vector.
GROUP WORK 1: Up and Out
Answers:
1. (a) n
1
=
_

14
,
3

14
,
1

14
_
, n
2
=
_
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
,
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
, 0
_
,
n
3
=
_
2x
_
4x
2
+4y
2
+1
,
2y
_
4x
2
+4y
2
+1
,
1
_
4x
2
+4y
2
+1
_
(b) m
1
= n
1
, m
2
= n
2
, m
3
= n
3
2. (a) n
1
=
_

4x
3
_
16x
6
+16y
6
+1
,
4y
3
_
16x
6
+16y
6
+1
,
1
_
16x
6
+16y
6
+1
_
, n
2
=
_

2
, 0,
1

2
_
(b) m
1
= n
1
, m
2
= n
2
(c) Upward
GROUP WORK 2: The Flux of a Vector Field
Answers:
1.
_
2x, 2y, 2z
_
2. Outward 3.
1

3
_
x, y, z
_
4. Everywhere but the origin 5.
4
R
2
995
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 2, 5, 10, 19, 25, 37, 43
Sample Assignment: 2, 5, 8, 10, 15, 18, 19, 22, 25, 29, 35, 37, 42, 43, 46
Exercise D A N G
2
5
8
10
15
18
19
22
25
29
35
37
42
43
46
996
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.7
Up and Out
1. Consider the piecewise smooth surface S = S
1
S
2
S
3
which is bounded on top by S
1
: z = 2x +3y +4,
on the bottom by S
3
: z = x
2
+ y
2
3 and on the side by S
2
: x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
(a) Compute normal vector elds n
1
, n
2
, and n
3
that are outward on S
1
, S
2
, and S
3
.
(b) Compute normal vector elds m
1
, m
2
, and m
3
that are upward on S
1
and S
3
, and inward on S
2
.
2. Now consider the surface S = S
1
S
2
where S
1
: z = x
4
+ y
4
, and S
2
is the piece of the plane z = x +2
inside S
1
.
(a) Compute normal vector elds n
1
and n
2
that are upward everywhere.
(b) Compute normal vector elds m
1
and m
2
that are outward everywhere.
(c) We wish to walk around the intersecting curve in a counterclockwise direction, with our head
pointed in the positive direction of S
2
and S
2
always on our left. Which orientation should we choose
for S
2
, upward or downward, for that to occur?
997
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.7
The Flux of a Vector Field
Consider the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
as a level surface of the function G (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
.
1. Compute the gradient G (x, y, z) to this surface.
2. Does G (x, y, z) point inward or outward from the surface of the sphere?
3. Compute an outward unit normal vector n to the sphere.
Now consider the vector eld F(x, y, z) =
1
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
3/2
(xi + yj + zk).
4. Where is F dened?
5. Compute the ux
__
S
F ds =
__
S
(F n) ds, where S is the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
.
998
17.8 STOKES THEOREM
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
1 class Essential material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. The statement of Stokes Theorem
2. The connection between the curl and the circulation of a velocity eld
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: Is it possible for a closed oriented curve C to be the boundary of more than one smooth
oriented surface?
Answer: Not only is it possible, it is always the case!
Drill Question: Is it possible for a vector eld F to have curl F = 0 and not be conservative?
Answer: No
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
Stress the meaning of oriented smooth surfaces and bounding simple closed curves (with the notation
C = S). Use the hemisphere x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
= 1, z 0 and the top half of the ellipsoid x
2
+ y
2
+
z
2
4
= 1
to illustrate that a closed curve (here the circle x
2
+y
2
= 1) can be the boundary of many oriented smooth
surfaces.
The following is an intuitive justication of why the curl is a measure of circulation per unit area.
Let v = v (x, y, z) be the velocity of a uid ow. Dene the circulation of v around a circle C as
_
C
(v T) ds. Point out that for velocities of a given magnitude, the circulation measures the extent to
which v maintains the direction of the unit tangent vector T, which is to say the extent to which the ow is
rotating in the direction of C. Now take a point P within the ow, and let D be a very small disk centered
at P with unit normal n at P.
Let C be the boundary of D, positively oriented. By Stokes Theorem, the circulation of v around C is
approximately equal to the average n-component of curl v on D times the area of D. It follows that the
average n-component of curl v on D equals
the circulation of v around C
the area of D
Now vary D by letting the radius shrink to zero. This process describes at each point P the component of
curl v in the direction of n as the circulation of v per unit area in the plane normal to n.
Let S be a surface and let C = S. The following is an intuitive explanation of the equation
_
S
(F) ndS =
_
C
F dr. Consider the region R chopped up into a bunch of smaller regions as
999
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
shown, and suppose we want to integrate
_
R
(F) d A for some eld F.
Since F is the curl of the eld, which measures the local rotation of the eld, the arrows in the small
rectangles above represent the curl of F. Notice that all of the rotations inside the square cancel out, and
the only rotation left is the part along the boundary. So, when we compute
_
S
(F) d A, we are really
measuring the rotational movement along the boundary. However, there is another way to measure the
movement along the boundary: a line integral. The work done by the eld in moving a particle along the
boundary is given by
_
C
F dr. Therefore
_
S
(F) ndS =
_
C
F dr.
Use the following to discuss the idea of an oriented surface with a positively oriented boundary. Start with
a planar region R, such as 0 x , 0 y . Thinking of this region as lying in R
3
, there are
clearly two ways to continuously assign normal vectors, either in the positive z-direction or the negative
z-direction. For each case, we get a different positive orientation on C
1
= R, as shown below.
n
n
Now suppose we wrinkle the surface slightly. Let S be the surface z =
1
5
sin x +
1
5
cos y, 0 x ,
0 y . Although the normal vectors no longer all point in the same direction, there are still two
distinct ways to continuously assign the normal vectors, each one giving a different positive orientation on
C
2
= S.
n
n
1000
SECTION 17.8 STOKES THEOREM
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
Verify Stokes Theorem for F = z
2
y i + 2x j + x
2
yz
3
k on S, where S is the top half of the
sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 4. Obtain
__
S
curl F dS =
_
C =S
F dr, where C: x
2
+ y
2
= 4, or
_
C =S
z
2
y dx +2x dy +x
2
yz
3
dz =
_
x
2
+y
2
=4
2x dy = 2 (area of a circle of radius 2) = 8, by Greens
Theorem. Also, if S is the top half of the ellipsoid
x
2
4
+
y
2
4
+
z
2
9
= 1, then we still get
__
S
curl FdS = 8,
since S = C is the same circle, x
2
+ y
2
= 4.
Use Stokes Theorem to show that
__
S
curl F dS = 2, where S is the surface formed by the lower
hemisphere of x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1 and F = z
2
y i + 2x j + x
2
yz
3
k. Explain how the negative result arises
from the orientation given to the boundary circle x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
Evaluate
_
C
F dr, where F = y
3
i + x
3
j +cos z
3
k and C is the curve generated by the intersection of
the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 4 and the plane x + y + z = 1. One approach is to create a surface S such that
C = S. To do this, choose S to be the portion of the plane with normal N = i + j + k and unit normal
n =
1

3
(i +j +k) over the circle x
2
+ y
2
= 4. Then by Stokes Theorem,
_
C
F dr =
__
S
(curl F n) dS =
__
x
2
+y
2
4
(curl F n) d A =
__
x
2
+y
2
4
3
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
d A
= 3
__
x
2
+y
2
4
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dx dy = 3
_
2
0
_
2
0
r
3
dr d
= 24
Note that trying to compute this integral without Stokes Theorem is very difcult.
Show that the Mbius strip S is not orientable, as follows. If you start at P with unit normal n
1
on
S
1
and move around continuously in the direction indicated, you need to chose n
1
for consistency, a
contradiction.
S
1001
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
GROUP WORK 1: The Silo
Answers:
1. 2. 3. C = x
2
+ y
2
= 2, z = 0
Parametrization: x =

2 cos , y =

2 sin , z = 0.

_
zx + z
2
y + x, z
3
yx + y, z
4
x
2
_
=
_
3z
2
yx, x +2zy 2z
4
x, z
3
y z
2
_
4.
__
S
curl F dS =
_
C
F dr
=
_
2
0
_
0,

2 cos , 0
_

2 sin ,

2 cos , 0
_
d
= 2
GROUP WORK 2: Plane Surfaces
Problems 1 and 2 are straightforward. In Problem 3, students need to realize that because we dont have a
formula for C = S, since it is arbitrary, the only possible way to compute the line integral is to use Stokes
Theorem. Since curl F = i +3j +4k, this surface integral turns out to be a very easy calculation.
Answers:
1. Use the parametrization x = x, y = y, z =
d +ax +by
c
to obtain
__
D
_
1 +
_

a
c
_
2
+
_

b
c
_
2
d A.
2. See Section 13.5.
3. (a) curl F = [1, 5, 0]
(b) Since the curl is a constant vector eld, the net ux through the closed surface (formed by D, S and
the sides created between them by dropping perpendiculars to D ) is 0. Now Stokes Theorem gives
that the contour integral is zero.
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 3, 5, 8, 11, 17
Sample Assignment: 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19
Exercise D A N G
3
5
7
8
11
12
13
17
19
1002
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.8
The Silo
Let S be the surface formed by capping the piece of the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 2, 0 z 4 with the top half of
the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+(z 4)
2
= 2.
1. Draw a rough sketch of S.
2. Show that the outward normal gives a smooth orientation to S.
3. What is C = S? Parametrize C so that it has a positive orientation with respect to the outward normal.
4. Evaluate
__
S
curl F dS, where F =
_
zx + z
2
y + x
_
i +
_
z
3
yx + y
_
j + z
4
x
2
k.
1003
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.8
Plane Surfaces
Consider the surface S formed by the piece of the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 above the region D in the
xy-plane with area A
D
.
D
S
x
y
z
1. Show that the surface area of S is A
S
=
A
D
|c|

a
2
+b
2
+c
2
.
2. Show that a unit normal n to S is n =
ai +bj +ck

a
2
+b
2
+c
2
.
3. Consider the plane 2x +3y +4z +5 = 0 and S the surface over D as above with boundary curve C = S
having positive orientation.
(a) If F(x, y, z) =
_
x
3
+ z +2y
_
i +2x j +(4x + y) k, compute curl F.
(b) Compute
_
C
__
x
3
+ z +2y
_
i +2x j +(4x + y) k
_
dr in terms of A
D
.
Hint: Can you use Stokes Theorem here?
1004
WRITING PROJECT Three Men and Two Theorems
The story behind Greens Theorem and Stokes Theorem turns out to be quite fascinating. This project should
be thoroughly enjoyable for any student interested in the history of mathematics.
1005
17.9 THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
SUGGESTED TIME AND EMPHASIS
1 class Essential Material
POINTS TO STRESS
1. The meaning of a simple closed solid region R and its boundary surface S = R
2. A careful statement of the Divergence Theorem.
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Text Question: Source and sink are dened in the text. Give some intuitive reasons why these names
are appropriate.
Answer: Look for understanding of how the concept of divergence relates to source and sink.
Drill Question: Is the divergence of the vector eld below positive, negative, or zero at (2, 2)?
Answer: Positive
MATERIALS FOR LECTURE
Provide a statement of the Divergence Theorem and stress the importance of an outward positive
orientation. Note that the value of the Divergence Theorem is that it allows us to reduce a surface integral
to a triple integral. Point out that if F is incompressible, then div F = 0 and hence
__
S = R
F dS = 0.
Perhaps give the following intuitive interpretation of F:
Choose a point P and surround it by a closed ball N with small radius r. According to the Divergence
Theorem, the ux of v out of N is given by
___
N
(div v) dx dy dz. Thus, the Average Value Theorem tells
us that the ux of v out of N is the average divergence of v on N times the volume of N. Dividing by
the volume gives the average divergence of v on N to be
ux of v out of N
volume of N
. Letting the radius of the ball
shrink to 0 says that the divergence of v at P is lim
r0
ux of v out of N
volume of N
. In other words, divergence can be
regarded as ux per unit volume. Now view v as the velocity of a uid in steady-state motion. A positive
divergence at a point indicates a net ow of liquid away from that point, since div v > 0 at P means that
for some ball N, the ux out of N is positive. Similarly, a negative divergence indicates a net ow of liquid
toward the point.
1006
SECTION 17.9 THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
Points at which the divergence is positive are called sources; points at which the divergence is negative are
called sinks. If the divergence of v is 0 throughout, then the ow has no source and no sink, and v is called
incompressible.
State the extension of the Divergence Theorem to regions between two closed surfaces, as shown:
If there is time, recall the Laplacian
2
= div dened in Section 13.5. We can now use the Divergence
Theorem and the following argument to show that a steady-state temperature distribution T satises

2
T = 0: Assume that on the surface of a hotplate, a temperature distribution is maintained which
varies from point to point, but does not change over time. (We do not assume that the hotplate is two
dimensional. It is a three-dimensional piece of metal with a heating element on one side, and insulation on
the other.) Then, in many cases, the temperature distribution inside the metal of the plate will also reach a
steady state, again independent of time. Let T (x, y, z) be the temperature at (x, y, z) over this solid. We
will show that T satises the partial differential equation
2
T = T
xx
+ T
yy
+ T
zz
= 0.
At each point in the solid, T points in the direction of most rapid increase in temperature. Since
heat ows from warmer to cooler regions, the heat ows in the direction of T. We will assume that
the rate of ow (as a function of time) is proportional to the magnitude of the vector T.
Pick any point (x, y, z) and let R be a solid ball of metal containing (x, y, z), with surface S. Since
the temperature is in a steady state in the entire region, heat neither enters nor leaves R. Since the ow is
parallel to T, this means that
_
S
(T) ndS = 0. By the Divergence Theorem,
_
R
T dV = 0, or
_
R

_
T
x
i +
T
y
j +
T
z
k
_
dV =
_
R
_

2
T
x
2
+

2
T
y
2
+

2
T
z
2
_
dV = 0
We can conclude that the integrand must be 0 throughout R, and since R can be chosen to be any ball, we
conclude that the Laplacian of T, T
xx
+T
yy
+T
zz
, is identically 0 throughout the solid. So the problem of
nding the temperature distribution in a metal object such as a hotplate reduces to the problem of nding
a solution to Laplaces equation
2
T = 0 (a harmonic function) that satises certain conditions on the
boundary. Give examples of harmonic functions such as T (x, y, z) = e
x
cos y + z.
1007
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
WORKSHOP/DISCUSSION
Compute
__
S
F dS, where F = xz i + yx j +xyz k and S is the surface of the unit cube. (The Divergence
Theorem gives
5
4
.)
Show that if F and G are given as
F = (8x +3y) i +(5x +4z 2y) j +
_
9y
2
sin x +7z
_
k
G = (12y +8z) i +
_
e
z
+sin x +9y
_
j +
_
xy
2
e
xy
+4z
_
k
then
__
S = R
F dS =
__
S
G dS, where S is the surface of a region R for which the Divergence Theorem
holds.
Discuss harmonic functions and give some additional examples, such as f (x, y, z) = 2x
2
+ 3y
2
5z
2
and g (x, y, z) = e

2z
sin x cos y.
Evaluate
__
S = R
_
x + y
2
+2z
_
dS, where R is the solid sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
4. Note that to apply
the Divergence Theorem, we need to guess a vector eld F such that F n = x + y
2
+ 2z. Set
F = P i + Q j + W k. Since the outward unit normal vector on S is n =
1
2
(x i + y j + z k), we have
1
2
x P = x,
1
2
yQ = y
2
, and
1
2
zW = 2z. Thus we need P = 2, Q = 2y, and W = 4z. So one natural
choice is F = 2i +2y j +4z k. Then F = 2 and
__ _
x + y
2
+2z
_
dS =
___
R
2 dV =
32
3
.
GROUP WORK 1: A Handy Way to Find Flux
By using the Divergence Theorem and noting that div F > 0, the students can answer the rst question
without having to compute an integral.
Answers:
1. Positive 2.
_
1
1
_
1
1
_

1y
2

1y
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dx dy dz =
GROUP WORK 2: Finding Surface Integrals
The surface in this activity is similar to the surface in Group Work 1, making it a good supplement to that
exercise. The volume of the region R can easily be shown to be using geometry.
Answer: 3
_
1
1
_

1x
2

1x
2
_
(1x)/2
(x1)/2
dz dy dx = 3
GROUP WORK 3: When Are Surface Integrals Always Zero?
Problem 1 of this activity is related to Exercise 21, since the vector eld is a scalar multiple of E(x) dened
in the text. Problem 2 is easily answered using the Divergence Theorem.
Answers:
1. The divergence is
2x
2
y
2
z
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
5/2

x
2
+2y
2
z
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
5/2

x
2
y
2
+2z
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
5/2
= 0 2. No
1008
SECTION 17.9 THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Core Exercises: 1, 5, 10, 19, 25, 27
Sample Assignment: 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27, 30, 31
Exercise D A N G
1
4
5
6
10
12
17
19
21
25
27
30
31
1009
GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 17.9
A Handy Way to Find Flux
Consider F =
xy
2
2
i +
y
3
6
j + zx
2
k over the surface S, where S is the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 1 capped by the
planes z = 1.
1. Is the net ux of F from the surface positive or negative?
2. What is the value of the ux?
1010
GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 17.9
Finding Surface Integrals
Compute
_ _
S = R
F dS
where
F = (x z) i +(y x) j +(z y) k
and S is the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 1 capped by the planes 2z = 1 x and 2z = x 1.
1011
GROUP WORK 3, SECTION 17.9
When Are Surface Integrals Always Zero?
Let U be the solid interior of a closed surface S, and assume that the origin does not lie in the set U or on its
boundary S.
1. Show that
__
S
x
|x|
3
dS = 0, where x = xi + yj + zk.
2. If S is the surface of the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+(z 2)
2
= 1, then is it true that
__
S
x
|x|
2
dS = 0?
1012
17 SAMPLE EXAM
Problems marked with an asterisk (*) are particularly challenging and should be given careful consideration.
1. Match up each entry in the rst column to one in the second. A given entry in the second column can be
used once, more than once, or not at all.
If a vector eld F is the gradient of some scalar function, then F is
.
conservative
If a curve C is the union of a nite number of smooth curves, then
C is .
curl
If
_
C
F dr = 0 for every closed path C in D, then
_
C
F dr is
in D.
divergence
If F = P i + Q j, F is dened everywhere in R
2
and
P/y = Q/x, then F is .
ux
If a curve C doesnt intersect itself anywhere between its endpoints,
then C is .
irrotational
If F is a vector eld on R
3
then F is called the
.
path independent
If F is a vector eld on R
3
then F is called the
.
piecewise smooth
If F is a continuous vector eld dened on an oriented surface S
then
__
S
F dS is the .
simple
If F is a vector eld and curl F = 0 at a point P, then F is
at P.
simply-connected
2. Consider the oriented surface S for z 0, consisting of the portion of the surface of the paraboloid
z = 4
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
above the xy-plane and with outward normal.
(a) What is the boundary curve C = S and what direction is its positive orientation?
(b) What surface S
1
and what assignment of a normal in the xy-plane has the same boundary curve
C = S
1
with the same orientation?
(c) Compute
__
S
curl F dS, if F = (xe
z
3y) i +
_
ye
z
2
+2x
_
j +
_
x
2
y
2
z
3
_
k.
3. Parametrize the boundary curve C = dS of the surface S:
x
2
9
+
y
2
9
+
z
2
16
= 1, z 0, so that it has positive
orientation with respect to S.
1013
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
4. (a) Find a counterclockwise parametrization of the ellipse x
2
+
y
2
4
= 1.
(b) Compute the double integral
__
0 x
2
+y
2
/4 1
3x
2
y d A
Hint: Can you nd a vector function F = P i + Q j such that
Q
x

P
y
= 3x
3
y?
5. Consider F(x, y, z) =
y
x
2
+ y
2
i +
x
x
2
+ y
2
j + z k.
(a) Compute
_
C
F dr, where C is the circle x
2
+ y
2
= 1 in the xy-plane, oriented counterclockwise.
(b) Show that curl F = 0, 0, 0 everywhere that F is dened.
(c) Indicate why you cannot use Stokes Theorem on this problem. [That is, explain why your answers to
(a) and (b) dont contradict one another.]
6. (a) Use the Divergence Theorem to show that, for a closed surface S with an outward normal which
encloses a solid region B,
Volume (B) =
__
S
F dS
where F(x, y, z) = x, 0, 0.
(b) Use part (a) to show that the volume enclosed by the unit sphere is
4
3
.
(c) Compute
__
F dS if F(x, y, z) = 3x, 4y, 5z.
7. Compute the work done by the vector eld F(x, y) =
_
sin x + xy
2
_
i +
_
e
y
+
1
2
x
2
_
j in R
2
, where C is
the path that goes around the unit square twice.
8. Consider the vector eld F(x, y, z) = 2xi +2yj +2zk.
(a) Compute curl F.
(b) If C is any path from (0, 0, 0) to (a
1
, a
2
, a
3
) and a = a
1
i +a
2
j +a
3
k, show that
_
C
F dr = a a.
9. Consider the vector elds F(x, y) =
y
x
2
+ y
2
i +
x
x
2
+ y
2
j and
G(x, y) =
(y 3)
(x 2)
2
+(y 3)
2
i +
x 2
(x 2)
2
+(y 3)
2
j.
(a) Given that curl F(x, y) = 0 for (x, y) = (0, 0), compute curl G(x, y) for (x, y) = (2, 3).
1014
CHAPTER 17 SAMPLE EXAM
(b) Below is the plot of the vector eld F(x, y) + G(x, y). Describe where this vector eld is dened.
Describe where it is irrotational.
10. Consider the shaded region below.
(a) Draw arrows on the boundaries R of R to give it a positive orientation.
(b) If the outer circle has radius 4 and the two smaller circles have radius 1, evaluate
1
2
__
R
y dx x dy
_
.
(c) Compute
1
2
_
_
R
1
y dx x dy
_
, where R
1
is the new shaded region in the gure below. Each smaller
circle has radius 1.
11. Show that the surface parametrization given by r (s, t ) =
_
2 cos t sin s, sin t sin s,
1

2
cos s
_
, where
0 t 2, 0 s , describes the ellipsoid
1
4
x
2
+ y
2
+2z
2
= 1.
1015
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
12. Consider the following vector eld.F.
(a) Is the line integral of F along the path from A to B positive, negative, or zero? How do you know?
(b) Is the line integral of F along the path from C to D positive, negative, or zero? How do you know?
13. Consider the vector eld below.
(a) Draw and label a curve C
1
from (1.5, 0) to (1.5, 0) such that
_
C
1
F ds > 0.
(b) Draw and label a curve C
2
from (1.5, 0) to (1.5, 0) such that
_
C
2
F ds < 0.
(c) Draw and label a curve C
3
from (1.5, 0) to (1.5, 0) such that
_
C
3
F ds 0.
1016
CHAPTER 17 SAMPLE EXAM
14. The following parametric surface has grid curves which can be shown to be circles when u is constant.
x = (2 +sin v) cos u y = (2 +sin v) sin u z = u +cos v
(a) Find the center and radius of the circle at u =

2
.
(b) Find the normal vector to S at the point P generated when u = v =

2
.
15. Find the equations for the following parametrized surfaces in rectangular coordinates, and describe them
in words.
(a)
_
t,

1 t
2
sin s,

1 t
2
cos s
_
(b)
_
t
2
, s
2
, s
2
+t
2
_
16. Find a parametric representation for the surface z = in cylindrical coordinates.
1017
17. Consider the surfaces S
1
:
x
2
9
+
y
2
9
+
z
2
4
= 1, z 0 and S
2
: 4z = 9x
2
y
2
, z 0. Let F be any vector
eld with continuous partial derivatives dened everywhere. Show that
__
S
1
curl F dS =
__
S
2
curl F dS.
18. Set up and evaluate the integral for the surface area of the parametrized surface
x = u +v y = u v z = 2u +3v
0 u 1 0 v 1
17 SAMPLE EXAM SOLUTIONS
1. Conservative; piecewise smooth; path independent; conservative; simple; curl; divergence; ux;
irrotational
2. (a) C is the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin in the xy-plane. It has positive orientation if it is
parametrized in the counterclockwise direction as viewed from above.
(b) If S
1
is the disk of radius 2 centered at the origin with upward normal, then C = S
1
with the same
orientation.
(c) By Stokes Theorem,
__
S
curl F dS =
_
C=S
F dr =
_
C=S
1
F dr =
__
S
1
curl F dS. Since z = 0
on S
1
, F = (x 3y) i +(y +2x) j +0k, n = k, and curl F =

i j k
/x /y /z
x 3y y +2x 0

= |5k| = 5.
So
__
S
1
curl F dS = 5
_
area of disk x
2
+ y
2
4
_
= 20.
3. r (, ) = 3 sin cos i +3 sin sin j +4 cos k
4. (a) x
2
+
y
2
4
= 1 can be parametrized counterclockwise by F(t ) = cos t, 2 sin t , 0 t 2.
(b) Note that if F = 0i + x
3
yj, then Q/x P/y = 3x
2
y. So
__
0 x
2
+y
2
/4 1
3x
2
y d A =
_
boundary
P dx Q dy =
_
2
0
cos
3
2 +2 sin t (2 cos t dt )
= 4
_
2
0
cos
4
t sin t dt (Let u = cos t , du = sin t dt )
= 4
_
1
1
u
4
du = 0
This can also be found directly, as follows:
_
1
0
_
2

1x
2
2

1x
2
3x
2
y dy dx =
_
1
0
_
3
2
x
2
y
2
_
2

1x
2
2

1x
2
dx = 0
5. F(x, y, z) =
y
x
2
+ y
2
i +
x
x
2
+ y
2
j + z k.
(a) r (t ) = cos t, sin t, 0, 0 t 2.
_
C
F dr =
_
2
0
sin t, cos t, 0 sin t, cos t, 0 dt =
_
2
0
1 dt = 2
(b) curl F(x, y, z) =
_
0 0, 0 0,
y
2
x
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2

y
2
x
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
_
= 0, 0, 0 everywhere except the z-
axis (where F is undened).
1018
CHAPTER 17 SAMPLE EXAM SOLUTIONS
(c) Since F is not dened along the z-axis, we cannot nd a surface such that C is its boundary and F is
dened everywhere on the surface.
Another reason: If P =
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
, then
P
y
=
y
2
x
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
, which does not have a limit at (0, 0) and
is discontinuous there.
6. (a) If we assume an outward normal, then by the Divergence Theorem,
__
S
F dS =
___
B
div F dV =
___
B
dV (since div F = 1), which is simply the volume of B.
(b) Parametrize the sphere by r (, ) = cos sin , sin sin , cos . Then
r

=
_
sin
2
cos , sin
2
sin , sin cos
_
, which points outward, and
f (r (, )) = cos sin , 0, 0, so
__
S
F dS =
_

0
_
2
0
cos
2
sin
3
d d =
_
2
0
cos
2
d
_

0
sin
3
d =
4
3
.
(c) div F = 12, so
__
S
F dS = 12 Volume(B) = 16.
7. Using Greens Theorem with P = sin x + xy
2
and Q = e
y
+
1
2
x
2
, we get
Work =
_
C
P dx + Q dy = 2
_
Square
_
Q
x

P
y
_
d A = 2
_
1
0
_
1
0
(x 2xy) dx dy
= 2
_
1
0
_
1
2
x
2
x
2
y
_
1
0
dy = 2
_
1
0
_
1
2
y
_
dy = 2
_
1
2
y
1
2
y
2
_
1
0
= 0
8. (a) curl F = 0
(b) Let f (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
. Then F = f and by the Fundamental Theorem for line integrals,
_
C
F dr = f (a) f (0) = a
2
1
+a
2
2
+a
2
3
= a a.
9. (a) If G = Pi + Qj, then computation gives
curl G =
_
Q
x

P
y
_
k =
_
(y 3)
2
(x 2)
2
(x 2)
2
+(y 3)
2

(y 3)
2
(x 2)
2
(x 2)
2
+(y 3)
2
_
k = 0 for (x, y) = (2, 3).
Or: curl G = 0 since the vector eld G is just F translated to the right 2 units and up 3 units.
(b) F + G is dened at all points except (0, 0) and (2, 3), since F is not dened at (0, 0) and G is not
dened at (2, 3). At all other points, curl (F +G) = curl F +curl G = 0, and F +G is irrotational.
10. (a)
(b)
1
2
__
R
y dx x dy
_
= area(R) = 4
2
2 1
2
= 14
(c)
1
2
_
_
R
1
y dx x dy
_
= 0, since the two smaller circles have equal areas and opposite orientations.
1019
CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS
11. If x = 2 cos t sin s, y = sin t sin s, z =
1

2
cos s, then
1
4
x
2
+ y
2
=
1
4
_
4 cos
2
t sin
2
s
_
+sin
2
t sin
2
s = sin
2
s
_
cos
2
t +sin
2
t
_
= sin
2
s, and so
1
4
x
2
+ y
2
+2z
2
= sin
2
s +2
_
1

2
cos s
_
2
= sin
2
s +2
_
1
2
cos
2
s
_
= sin
2
s +cos
2
s = 1.
12. (a) Since F points in almost the same direction as vectors tangent to the path from A to B, F(t )r

(t ) > 0
everywhere along the path, and hence the line integral
_
F dr > 0.
(b) Since F is perpendicular to the path from C to D at every point, we have F(t ) r

(t ) = 0 everywhere
along the path, and hence the line integral
_
F dr = 0.
13.
14. (a) When u =

2
, x = 0, y = 2 +sin v, and z =

2
+cos v, so the center is
_
0, 2,

2
_
and the radius is 1.
(b) The normal vector at P
_
0, 3,

2
_
is 3j.
15. (a) x = t , y =

1 t
2
sin s, and z =

1 t
2
cos s gives y
2
+z
2
= 1t
2
= 1x
2
, or x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1,
a sphere of radius 1.
(b) x = t
2
, y = x
2
, and z = s
2
+t
2
= y + x, x 0, y 0, part of a plane above the rst quadrant.
16. If z = , then x = r cos , y = r sin , z = and R(r, ) = r cos i+r sin j+k, r 0, 0 2
is a parametrization.
17. Both surfaces have the same boundary curve C: x
2
+ y
2
= 9, z = 0. By Stokes Theorem,
__
S
1
curl F dS =
_
C
F dr =
__
S
2
curl F dS.
18. F(u, v) = u +v, u v, 2u +3v F
u
= 1, 1, 2, F
v
= 1, 1, 3, and F
u
F
v
= 5, 1, 2.
Thus the surface area is
_
1
0
_
1
0
|F
u
F
v
| du dv =
_
1
0
_
1
0

30 du dv =

30.
1020