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IN MANSA INFOTECH, MOHALI
AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
DEGREE IN MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SWAMI SATYANAND COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
AMRITSAR



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A AK KS SH HI I A AR RO OR RA A


CONTENTS
y 1 Introductlon : About Compuny
o 1.1 Ob|ectlves of the Compuny
y 2 Product und Servlces
y 3 Customlzed Softwure Development
y 4 Webslte Deslgn Solutlons
o 4.1 E-Commerce Solutlons
y 5 Seurch Englne Optlmlzutlon
y 6 Dutubuse Deslgn und Development
y 7 Content Munugement Solutlon
y 8 Mlsslon Stutements
y 9 personnel of the Compuny
y 10 Work Experlence
o 10.1 HTML
o 10.2 CSS
o 10.3 PHP
o 10.4 ADOBE PHOTOSHOP
o 10.5 DBMs
o 10.6 SQL
y 11 Introductlon & Ob|ectlves of Web Development
y 11.1 Web development us un lndustry
y 12 Typlcul Areus
y 12.1 Cllent Slde Codlng
o 12.2 Server Slde Codlng
o 12.3 Cllent Slde + Server Slde
o 12.4 Dutubuse Technology
y 13 Pructlcul Web Development
o 13.1 Buslc
o 13.2 Advunced
y 14 Securlty Conslderutlons
y 15 Web Site Development Process

y 16 Web Components
o 16.1Client and Server Side Coding
o 16.2 Domains Names, URLs and IP Address
o 16.3 Registrars
y 17 Coding
y 18Conclusion































MANSA INFOTECH: Mansa Infotech is an offshore Web
Development and Web Solutions Company in India with client base all
over the world. They provide versatile, high quality and cost effective
services which include web hosting, Internet marketing, SEO Services,
Search Engine Marketing, Software Development, E-Commerce
Solutions, Graphics Design, flash website design, website design, logo
design, Wordpress, Joomla and Content Management Solutions . Their
designers are very well versed in these services. Their creative Web
developers, Designers, Software Engineers, Content Writers and Search
Engine Optimizers are extremely experienced and possess an exhaustive
knowledge of the contemporary web standards and the most up-to-date
techniques .The team has been serving businesses succeed online for
more than 5 years.
They have the best tariffs within your means. They are reliable, user-
friendly and equipped with the latest technologies. They are committed
to quality of work and deliver tasks on time because we believe that
customer contentment is fundamental for a successful business. They
aspire to bring forth quality output as per your necessities. Explore their
website, to know more. They are here to help us with our web
development projects.







ABOUT COMPANY
Our Management Team:
We provide design, development and direction to clients locally,
nationally and worldwide. Mansa Infotech (M.I.T) is owned and
operated by successful Internet entrepreneurs. Weve helped hundreds of
Internet business of all shapes and sizes succeed online. We keep our
promises and we deliver on time. We dont inflate our prices, pad our
work-logs or make routine fixes a hassle. We believe in making your
experience as fast, fun and easy as possible. To prove this we provide a
tool to allow you to track and monitor our work in real-time. We dont
hide anything. We hope you decide to learn more about us and hopefully
well talk soon.

Sumant Handa, Director
Sumant Handa's has enjoyed a successful career, spanning more than 8
years in technology engineering, operations and project management. As
a Certified Project Management Professional with experience in the
Information Technology field he has supported the development,
implementation, and maintenance of software solutions including
successful preparation and delivery of planning, requirements, analysis,
design, and implementation and testing artifacts.



OBJECTIVES OF COMPANY
Survival a short term objective, probably for small business just
starting out, or when a new firm enters the market or at a time of crisis.
Profit maximization try to make the most profit possible most
like to be the aim of the owners and shareholders.
Profit satisfaction try to make enough profit to keep the owners
comfortable probably the aim of smaller businesses whose owners do
not want to work longer hours.
Sales growth where the business tries to make as many sales as
possible. This may be because the managers believe that the survival of
the business depends on being large. Large businesses can also benefit
from economies of scale.
A business may find that some of their objectives conflict with one and
other:
Growth versus profit: for example, achieving higher sales in the short
term (e.g. by cutting prices) will reduce short-term profit.
Short-term versus long-term: for example, a business may decide to
accept lower cash flows in the short-term whilst it invests heavily in new
products or plant and equipment.
Large investors in the Stock Exchange are often accused of looking too
much at short-term objectives and company performance rather than
investing in a business for the long-term.
Ethical and socially responsible objectives Organizations like
the Co-op or the Body Shop have objectives which are based on their
beliefs on how one should treat the environment and people who are less
fortunate.
Public sector corporations are run to not only generate a profit but
provide a service to the public. This service will need to meet the needs
of the less well off in society or help improve the ability of the economy
to function: e.g. cheap and accessible transport service.
Public sector organizations that monitor or control private sector
activities have objectives that are to ensure that the business they are
monitoring comply with the laws laid down.
Health care and education establishments their objectives are
to provide a service most private schools for instance have charitable
status. Their aim is the enhancement of their pupils through education.
Charities and voluntary organizations their aims and objectives
are led by the beliefs they stand for.
Changing Objectives
A business may change its objectives over time due to the following
reasons:
A business may achieve an objective and will need to move onto another
one (e.g. survival in the first year may lead to an objective of increasing
profit in the second year).
The competitive environment might change, with the launch of new
products from competitors.
Technology might change product designs, so sales and production
targets might need to change.



Products and Services
Mansa Infotech provides the following solutions:
y Customized Software Development
y Website Design Solutions
y E-Commerce Solutions
y Search Engine Optimization
y Database Design and Development
y Content Management Solutions

Customized Software Development
Mansa Infotech can help with your software development needs.
We have experience with the design and implementation of Custom
Software such as:
y Desktop Application: An application that runs in a desktop or
laptop computer. The term is used either to contrast such "local"
applications with Web-based applications that also run in the same
computer, or to contrast personal computer applications with
mobile phone applications. See desktop computer, Web application
and smart phone.
y Client-Server Application: The clientserver model of
computing is a distributed application that partitions tasks or
workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called
servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and
servers communicate over a computer network on separate
hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same
system. A server machine is a host that is running one or more
server programs which share their resources with clients.

y Game Development: Game Development is the software
development process by which a video game is developed.
Development is undertaken by a game developer, which may range
from a single person to a large business.
y Software Plug-ins: In computing, a plug-in is a set of
software components that adds specific abilities to a larger
software application. If supported, plug-ins enable customizing the
functionality of an application.
y Mobile Applications: Mobile application development is the
process by which application software is developed for small low-
power handheld devices such as personal digital assistants,
enterprise digital assistants or mobile phones. These applications
are either pre-installed on phones during manufacture, or
downloaded by customers from various mobile software
distribution platforms.
y Software Project Management:Software project management
is the art and science of planning and leading software projects. It
is a sub-discipline of project management in which software
projects are planned, monitored and controlled.
Website Design Solutions
Mansa Infotech offers superior website design services. We do not use
canned templates or outdates design practices. We leverage all the best
of Web 2.0 to deliver a visually stunning website that outperforms the
competition. We have experience designing websites using:
y HTML: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the
predominant markup language for web pages. HTML elements are
the basic building-blocks of webpages.HTML is written in the
form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle
brackets (like <html>), within the web page content.

y FLASH: Adobe Flash is a multimedia platform used to add
animation, video, and interactivity to web pages. Flash is
frequently used for advertisements, games and flash animations for
broadcast.
y PHP: PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language
originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web
pages.
y ASP.NET: ASP.NET is a Web application framework developed
and marketed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic
Web sites, Web applications and Web services.
y JAVA: Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-
oriented language that is specifically designed to have as few
implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let
application developers "write once, run anywhere.

E-Commerce Solutions
This is our specialty. They are ecommerce experts. They
understand how to build a website that sells. They can help design
an end-to-end ecommerce solution from start to finish. They will
help you:
y Set up a merchant account and negotiate the best rate
y Pick a domain name that sells
y Design an ecommerce friendly website
y Implement payment methods such as Visa/MC and PayPal
y Integrate shopping cart functionality
y Create a trusted web presence with a valid SSL certificate
and risk prevention tools
y Manage risk from fraud with industry leading fraud
management tools.

Search Engine Optimization
Having a great website is only half the battle; we still need
qualified traffic to present our ideas to. Mansa Infotech can deliver
a traffic driving strategy for your business. They can:
y Optimize your website for organic search
y Keyword research
y Search engine friendly content and copy
y Landing page optimization
y Pay per click advertising(P.P.C)
y Implement Web2.0 tools such as blogs, forums and RSS feeds to
enhance traffic
y Provide website monitoring tools to track results

Database Design and Development
Mansa Infotech can provide expert solutions for database design &
development. Their team consists of, Developers, Architects, Quality
Assurance (QA)Personnel, Database Administrators and are all fully
equipped with the tools, error prevention methodology and
procedures that enable active participation in the prevention of errors
throughout the entire database development lifecycle. Their main
strength in database development process is continuous monitoring of
database performance and detection of data pollution. Your Edge
Online Provides following services for database design &
development process:- and data conversion. This involves taking data
from one or more sources and changing the way it is formatted or
structured and placing it back into its required file platform. They can
provide:
y Document conversion: Converting data between formats like
.doc to .XML.
y Data Migration: This involves taking data out of source or
platform and properly placing it into another database.
y Database Re-Design: This involves the taking of an existing
database and re-designing all or part of it in order to make it more
useful or perform better in non-redundant manner.
y Database Integration: This involves taking an existing
database and integrating it into existing or new web application.
y Database Design: this involves taking an ideas from a current
system or business process and carrying it through to reality.
y This includes thorough business process research, database
relational design, database production, and database
implementation.

Content Management Solutions
They deliver tools to help us control the creation, management,
publishing and updating of our data. Their proprietary Web Content
Management solution gives us the ability to make sure that their
customers, employees, vendors and partners always have the latest news
and information about their company. A C.M.S allows non-technical
authors and editors to easily and quickly publish their content without
the help of a web developer. It also reduces stream of calls to the I.T
department to make changes to the website. Plain and simple our
Content Management System will reduce your websites time-to-publish;
allowing us to get content published faster and get on with your day.
This is an important challenge for any modern organization to address.



MISSION STATEMENTS
A mission statement sets out the business vision and values that enables
employees, managers, customers and even suppliers to understand the
underlying basis for the actions of the business. At MANSA, we strive
to lead in the invention, development and manufacture of the industrys
most advanced information technologies, including computer systems,
software, storage systems and microelectronics. We translate these
advanced technologies into value for our customers through our
professional solutions, services and consulting businesses worldwide.

PERSONNEL OF COMPANY:
Number of emplyees 70
Education Level BCA,MCA,B-TECH,M-
TECH,MBA-IT
Dress Formal
Age GROUP 21-45
Behaviour Respectable,Moral,Ethical,Discourge
Discrimination related to
race,gender,color,religion,marital
status etc.
Groming Web/online e-learning





















During training, I learn following language:
HTML: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the predominant
markup language for web pages. HTML elements are the basic building-
blocks of webpages.
HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags,
enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within the web page content.
HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>,
although some tags, known as empty elements, are unpaired, for
example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is
the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In
between these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments, and
other types of text-based content.
The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose
them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the
HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.
HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows
images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive
forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting
structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links,
quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as
JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages.
Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define
the appearance and layout of text and other material.
CSS: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to
describe the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a
document written in a markup language. Its most common application is
to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can
also be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML,
SVG and XUL.
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content
(written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document
presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts.
This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more
flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics,
enable multiple pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and
repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web
design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in
different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in
print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen
reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. While the author of a
document typically links that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can
use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own computer, to
override the one the author has specified.
CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if
more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called
cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that
the results are predictable.
SYNTAX
CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to
specify the names of various style properties.
A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of
one or more selectors and a declaration block. A declaration-block
consists of a list of declarations in braces. Each declaration itself
consists of a property, a colon (:), a value. If there are multiple
declarations in a block, a semi-colon (;) must be inserted to separate
each declaration.
In CSS, selectors are used to declare which of the markup elements a
style applies to, a kind of match expression. Selectors may apply to all
elements of a specific type, or only those elements that match a certain
attribute; elements may be matched depending on how they are placed
relative to each other in the markup code, or on how they are nested
within the Document Object Model
Use
Prior to CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML
documents were contained within the HTML markup; all font colors,
background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to be
explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS allows
authors to move much of that information to a separate style sheet
resulting in considerably simpler HTML markup.
Headings (h1 elements), sub-headings (h2), sub-sub-headings (h3), etc.,
are defined structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice
of font, size, color and emphasis for these elements is presentational.

PHP: PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language
originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web
pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source
document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module,
which generates the web page document. It also has evolved to include a
command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone
graphical applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers and as
a standalone interpreter, on almost every operating system and platform
free of charge. A competitor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP)
server-side script engine

and similar languages, PHP is installed on
more than 20 million websites and 1 million web servers.
USAGE
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to
server-side web development where PHP generally runs on a web server.
Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime,
usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on
web sites or elsewhere. It can also be used for command-line scripting
and client-side GUI applications. PHP can be deployed on most web
servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with
many relational database management systems (RDBMS). It is available
free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code
for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.
SYNTAX
The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters.
Anything outside its delimiters is not processed by PHP (although non-
PHP text is still subject to control structures described within PHP
code). The most common delimiters are <?php to open and ?> to close
PHP sections.
ADOBE PHOTOSHOP: Adobe Photoshop is a graphics editing
program developed and published by Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Adobe's 2003 "Creative Suite" rebranding led to Adobe Photoshop 8's
renaming to Adobe Photoshop CS. Thus, Adobe Photoshop CS5 is the
12th major release of Adobe Photoshop. The CS rebranding also resulted
in Adobe offering numerous software packages containing multiple
Adobe programs for a reduced price. Adobe Photoshop is released in
two editions: Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Photoshop Extended, with
the Extended having extra 3D image creation, motion graphics editing,
and advanced image analysis features Adobe Photoshop Extended is
included in all of Adobe's Creative Suite offerings except Design
Standard, which includes the Adobe Photoshop edition.
Alongside Photoshop and Photoshop Extended, Adobe also publishes
Photoshop Elements and Photoshop Lightroom, collectively called "The
Adobe Photoshop Family". In 2008, Adobe released Adobe Photoshop
Express, a free web-based image editing tool to edit photos directly on
blogs and social networking sites; in 2011 a version was released for the
Android operating system and the iPhone.
DBMS: A database management system (DBMS) is a software
package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance,
and the use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently
develop databases for various applications by database administrators
(DBAs) and other specialists. A database is an integrated collection of
data records, files, and other database objects. A DBMS allows different
user application programs to concurrently access the same database.
DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational
model or object model, to conveniently describe and support
applications. It typically supports query languages, which are in fact
high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that
considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database
languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving
and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for
controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency
control, recover in the database after failures and restoring it from
backup files, as well as maintaining database security.
SQL: SQL often referred to as Structured Query Language designed
for managing data in relational database management systems
(RDBMS).
Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus its
scope includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and
modification, and data access control.
SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's
relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, "A
Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Despite not
adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became the
most widely used database language. Though often described as, and to
a great extent is a declarative language, SQL also includes procedural
elements. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for
Standards (ISO) in 1987.































INTRODUCTION:
Web development is a broad term for the work involved in developing a
web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private
network). This can include web design, web content development, client
liaison, client-side/server-side scripting, web server and network security
configuration, and e-commerce development. However, among web
professionals, "web development" usually refers to the main non-design
aspects of building web sites: writing markup and coding. Web
development can range from developing the simplest static single page
of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications,
electronic businesses, or social network services.
For larger organizations and businesses, web development teams can
consist of hundreds of people (web developers). Smaller organizations
may only require a single permanent or contracting webmaster, or
secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic designer
and/or information systems technician. Web development may be a
collaborative effort between departments rather than the domain of a
designated department.
Objective and Scope
Web development is the process of designing websites a collection of
online content including documents and applications that reside on a
web server/servers.
As a whole, the process of web development includes planning, post-
production, research, advertising, as well as media control that is applied
to the pages within the site by the designer or group of designers with a
specific purpose. The site itself can be divided into its main page, also
known as the home page, which cites the main objective as well as
highlights of the site's daily updates; which also contains hyperlinks that
functions to direct viewers to a designated page within the site's domain.
Web development as an industry
Since the mid-1990s, web development has been one of the fastest
growing industries in the world. In 1995 there were fewer than 1,000
web development companies in the United States, but by 2005 there
were over 30,000 such companies in the U.S. alone. The growth of this
industry is being pushed by large businesses wishing to sell products and
services to their customers and to automate business workflow.
In addition, cost of Web site development and hosting has dropped
dramatically during this time. Instead of costing ten thousands of dollars,
as was the case for early websites, one can now develop a simple web
site for free using one of the many free website builders such as Google
Sites etc., depending on the complexity and amount of content. Smaller
Web site development companies are now able to make web design
accessible to both smaller companies and individuals further fueling the
growth of the web development industry. As far as web development
tools and platforms are concerned, there are many systems available to
the public free of charge to aid in development. A popular example is
the LAMP (LINUX,MYSQ,PHP) stack, which is usually distributed free
of charge. This fact alone has manifested into many people around the
globe setting up new Web sites daily and thus contributing to increase in
web development popularity. Another contributing factor has been the
rise of easy to use WYSIWYG web development software, most
prominently Adobe Dreamweaver, Netbeans, WebDev, or Microsoft
Expression Studio, Adobe Flex. Using such software, virtually anyone
can develop a Web page in a matter of minutes. Knowledge of Hyper
Text Markup Language (HTML), or other programming languages is not
required, but recommended for professional results.
The next generation of web development tools uses the strong growth in
LAMP, Java Platform Enterprise Edition technologies and Microsoft
.NET technologies to provide the Web as a way to run applications
online. Web developers now help to deliver applications as Web services
which were traditionally only available as applications on a desk based
computer.
Instead of running executable code on a local computer, users are
interacting with online applications to create new content. This has
created new methods in communication and allowed for many
opportunities to decentralize information and media distribution. Users
are now able to interact with applications from many locations, instead
of being tied to a specific workstation for their application environment.
Examples of dramatic transformation in communication and commerce
led by web development include e-commerce. Online auction sites such
as eBay have changed the way consumers consume and purchase goods
and services. Online resellers such as Amazon.com and Buy.com
(among many, many others) have transformed the shopping and bargain
hunting experience for many consumers. Another good example of
transformative communication led by web development is the blogWeb
applications such as WordPress and Movable Type have created easily
implemented blog environments for individual Web sites. Open source
content management systems such as Joomla!, Drupal, XOOPS, and
TYPO3 and enterprise content management systems such as Alfresco
have extended web development into new modes of interaction and
communication.
In addition, web development has moved to a new phase of Internet
communication. Computer web sites are no longer simply tools for work
or commerce but used most for communication. Websites such as
Facebook and Twitter provide users a platform to freely communicate.
This new form of web communication is also changing e-commerce
through the number of hits and online advertisement.


Typical Areas
Web Development can be split into many areas and a typical and basic
web development hierarchy might consist of:
Client Side Coding
y Ajax Asynchronous JavaScript provides new methods of using
JavaScript, and other languages to improve the user experience.
y Flash Adobe Flash Player is an ubiquitous browser plugin ready for
RIAs. Flex 2 is also deployed to the Flash Player (version 9+).
y JavaScript Formally called ECMAScript, JavaScript is a ubiquitous
client side platform for creating and delivering rich Web applications
that can also run across a wide variety of devices.
y JQuery Cross-browser JavaScript library designed to simplify and
speed up the client-side scripting of HTML.
y Microsoft Silverligt Microsoft's browser plugin that enables
animation, vector graphics and high-definition video playback,
programmed using XAML and .NET programming languages.
y Real Studio Web Edition is a rapid application development
environment for the web. The language is object oriented and is
similar to both VB and Java. Applications are uniquely compiled to
binary code.
y HTML5 and CSS3 Latest HTML proposed standard combined with
the latest proposed standard for CSS natively supports much of the
client-side functionality provided by other frameworks such as Flash
and Silverlight
Looking at these items from an "umbrella approach", client side coding
such as XHTML is executed and stored on a local client (in a web
browser) whereas server side code is not available to a client and is
executed on a web server which generates the appropriate XHTML
which is then sent to the client. The nature of client side coding allows
you to alter the HTML on a local client and refresh the pages with
updated content (locally), web designers must bear in mind the
importance and relevance to security with their server side scripts. If a
server side script accepts content from a locally modified client side
script, the web development of that page is poorly sanitized with relation
to security.
Server Side Coding
y ASP (Microsoft proprietary)
y CSP, Server-Side ANSI C
y ColdFusion (Adobe proprietary, formerly Macromedia, formerly
Allaire)
y CGI
y Groovy (programming language),Grails (framework)
y Java, e.g. Java EE or WebObjects
y Lotus Domino
y Perl, e.g. Catalyst, Dancer (all open source)
y PHP (open source)
y Python, e.g. Django (web framework) (open source)
y Real Studio Web Edition
y Ruby, e.g. Ruby on Rails (open source)
y Smalltalk e.g. Seaside, AIDA/Web
y SSJS Server-Side JavaScript, e.g. Aptana Jaxer, Mozilla Rhino
y Websphere (IBM proprietary)
y .NET and .NET MVC Frameworks (Microsoft proprietary)
The World Wide Web has become a major delivery platform for web
development a variety of complex and sophisticated enterprise
applications in several domains. In addition to their inherent
multifaceted functionality, these web applications exhibit complex
behavior and place some unique demands on their usability,
performance, security and ability to grow and evolve. However, a vast
majority of these applications continue to be developed in an ad-hoc
way, contributing to problems of usability, maintainability, quality and
reliability.(1)(2) While web development can benefit from established
practices from other related disciplines, it has certain distinguishing
characteristics that demand special considerations. In recent years of
web development there have been some developments towards
addressing these problems and requirements. As an emerging discipline,
web engineering actively promotes systematic, disciplined and
quantifiable approaches towards successful development of high-quality,
ubiquitously usable web-based systems and applications.(3)(4) In
particular, web engineering focuses on the methodologies, techniques
and tools that are the foundation of web application development and
which support their design, development, evolution, and evaluation.
Web application development has certain characteristics that make it
different from traditional software, information system, or computer
application development.
Web engineering is multidisciplinary and encompasses contributions
from diverse areas: systems analysis and design, software engineering,
hypermedia/hypertext engineering, requirements engineering, human-
computer interaction, user interface, information engineering,
information indexing and retrieval, testing, modeling and simulation,
project management, and graphic design and presentation. Web
engineering is neither a clone, nor a subset of software engineering,
although both involve programming and software development. While
web engineering uses software engineering principles, web development
encompasses new approaches, methodologies, tools, techniques, and
guidelines to meet the unique requirements for web-based applications.
Client Side + Server Side
y Google Web Toolkit provides tools to create and maintain complex
JavaScript front-end applications in Java.
y Opa is a high-level language in which both the client and the server
parts are implemented. The compiler then decides which parts run on
the client (and are translated automatically to JavaScript) and which
parts run on the server. The developer can tune those decisions with
simple directives. (open source)
Pyjamas is a tool and framework for developing Ajax applications
and Rich Internet Applications in python.
y Tersus is a platform for the development of rich web applications by
visually defining user interface, client side behavior and server side
processing. (open source)
However languages like Ruby and Python are often paired with database
servers other than MySQL (the M in LAMP). Below are example of
other databases currently in wide use on the web. For instance some
developers prefer a LAPR(Linux/Apache/PostgreSQL/Ruby on Rails)
setup for development.
Database Technology
y Apache Derby
y DB2 (IBM proprietary)
y Firebird
y Microsoft SQL Server
y MySQL
y Oracle
y PostgreSQL
y SQLite
y Sybase
Practical Web Development
Basic
In practice, many web developers will have basic interdisciplinary skills
/ roles, including:
y Graphic design / web design
y Information architecture and copywriting/copyediting with web
usability, accessibility and search engine optimization in mind
The above list is a simple website development hierarchy and can be
extended to include all client side and server side aspects. It is still
important to remember that web development is generally split up into
client side coding, covering aspects such as the layout and design, and
server side coding, which covers the website's functionality and back
end systems.
Advanced
Some more advanced web developers will also have these
interdisciplinary skills / roles:
y GUI (Graphic User Interface) design
y Audio, Video and Animation processing & encoding (for web usage)
y Flash Capabilities (animation, audio, video, scripting)
y Web content management system Deployment and/or Content
management infrastructure design, development and integration
y Web applications development, integration and deployment
y Web server stress testing (how much traffic can a web server running
a specific application endure before collapsing)
y Web site security analysis & testing
y Web site code optimization (which is an important aspect of search
engine optimization)
y Project management, QA and other aspects common to IT
development
Security Considerations
Web development takes into account many security considerations, such
as data entry error checking through forms, filtering output, and
encryption.
[2]
Malicious practices such as SQL injection can be executed
by users with ill intent yet with only primitive knowledge of web
development as a whole. Scripts can be exploited to grant unauthorized
access to malicious users trying to collect information such as email
addresses, passwords and protected content like credit card numbers.
Some of this is dependent on the server environment (most commonly
Apache or Microsoft IIS) on which the scripting language, such as PHP,
Ruby, Python, Perl or ASP is running, and therefore is not necessarily
down to the web developer themselves to maintain. However, stringent
testing of web applications before public release is encouraged to
prevent such exploits from occurring.
Keeping a web server safe from intrusion is often called Server Port
Hardening. Many technologies come into play keeping information on
the internet safe when it is transmitted from one location to another. For
instance Secure Socket Layer Encryption (SSL) Certificates are issued
by certificate authorities to help prevent internet fraud. Many developers
often employ different forms of encryption when transmitting and
storing sensitive information. A basic understanding of information
technology security concerns is often part of a web developer's
knowledge.
Because new security holes are found in web applications even after
testing and launch, security patch updates are frequent for widely used
applications. It is often the job of web developers to keep applications up
to date as security patches are released and new security concerns are
discovered.





Web Site Development Process-The life-cycle
steps



Like the traditional software development, the process of web site
development can also be divided into different life cycle steps. This can
help to format the team effectively, and the standards and procedures
can be adopted to achieve maximum quality. This article explains the
steps of development which can be possibly arranged as a process of
web engineering. This is just a guideline to help you, to know, how a
process can be done. The steps may vary from application to application.
A system development process can follow a number of standard or
company specific frameworks, methodologies, modeling tools and
languages. Software development life cycle normally comes with some
standards which can fulfill the needs of any development team. Like
software, web sites can also be developed with certain methods with
some changes and additions with the existing software development
process. Let us see the steps involve in any web site development.
1. Analysis:
Once a customer is started discussing his requirements, the team gets
into it, towards the preliminary requirement analysis. As the web site is
going to be a part of a system, It needs a complete analysis as, how the
web site or the web based application is going to help the present system
and how the site is going to help the business. Moreover the analysis
should cover all the aspects especially on how the web site is going to
join the existing system. The first important thing is finding the targeted
audience. Then, All the present hardware, software, people and data
should be considered during the time of analysis. For example, if a
company XYZ corp is in need of a web site to have its human resource
details online, the analysis team may try to utilize the existing data about
the employees from the present database. The analysis should be done in
the way, that it may not be too time consuming or with very less
informative. The team should be able to come up with the complete cost-
benefit analysis and as the plan for the project will be an output of
analysis, it should be realistic. To achieve this the analyst should consult
the designers, developers and testers to come up with a realistic plan.
2. Specification Building:
Preliminary specifications are drawn up by covering up each and every
element of the requirement. For example if the product is a web site then
the modules of the site including general layout, site navigation and
dynamic parts of the site should be included in the spec. Larger projects
will require further levels of consultation to assess additional business
and technical requirements. After reviewing and approving the
preliminary document, a written proposal is prepared, outlining the
scope of the project including responsibilities, timelines and costs.

3. Design and development:
After building the specification, work on the web site is scheduled upon
receipt of the signed proposal, a deposit, and any written content
materials and graphics you wish to include. Here normally the layouts
and navigation will be designed as a prototype.
Some customers may be interested only in a full functional prototype. In
this case we may need to show them the interactivity of the application
or site. But in most of the cases customer may be interested in viewing
two or three design with all images and navigation.
There can be a lot of suggestions and changes from the customer side,
and all the changes should be freezed before moving into the next phase.
The revisions could be redisplayed via the web for the customer to view.
As needed, customer comments, feedback and approvals can be
communicated by
e-mail, fax and telephone.
Throughout the design phase the team should develop test plans and
procedures for quality assurance. It is necessary to obtain client approval
on design and project plan.

4. Content writing:
This phase is necessary mainly for the web sites. There are professional
content developers who can write industry specific and relevant content
for the site. Content writers to add their text can utilize the design
templates. The grammatical and spelling check should be over in this
phase.


5. Coding:
Now its programmers turn to add his code without disturbing the design.
Unlike traditional design the developer must know the interface and the
code should not disturb the look and feel of the site or application. So
the developer should understand the design and navigation. If the site is
dynamic then the code should utilize the template. The developer may
need to interact with the designer, in order to understand the design. The
designer may need to develop some graphic buttons when ever the
developer is in need, especially while using some form buttons. If a team
of developers is working they should use a CVS to control their sources.
Coding team should generate necessary testing plans as well as technical
documentation. For example Java users can use JavaDoc to develop their
documents to understand their code flow. The end-user documentation
can also be prepared by the coding team, which can be used by a
technical writer who can understand them, writes helps and manuals
later.
6. Testing:
Unlike software, web based applications need intensive testing, as the
applications will always function as a multi-user system with bandwidth
limitations. Some of the testing which should be done are, Integration
testing, Stress testing, Scalability testing, load testing, resolution testing
and cross-browser compatibility testing. Both automated testing and
manual testing should be done without fail. For example its needed to
test fast loading graphics and to calculate their loading time, as they are
very important for any web site. There are certain testing tools as well as
some online testing tools which can help the testers to test their
applications. For example ASP developers can use Microsoft's Web
Application Test Tool to test the ASP applications, which is a free tool
available from the Microsoft site to download.
After doing all the testing a live testing is necessary for web sites and
web based applications. After uploading the site there should be a
complete testing(E.g.. Links test)
7. Promotion:
This phase is applicable only for web sites. Promotion needs preparation
of meta tags, constant analysis and submitting the URL to the search
engines and directories. There is a details article in this site on site
promotion. The site promotion is normally an ongoing process as the
strategies of search engine may change quite often. Submitting a site
URLs once in 2 months can be an ideal submission policy. If the
customer is willing, then paid click and paid submissions can also be
done with additional cost.
8. Maintenance and Updating:
Web sites will need quite frequent updations to keep them very fresh. In
that case we need to do analysis again, and all the other life cycle steps
will repeat. Bug fixes can be done during the time of maintenance. Once
your web site is operational, ongoing promotion, technical maintenance,
content management & updating, site visit activity reports, staff training
and mentoring is needed on a regular basis depend on the complexity of
your web site and the needs within your organization.
Mentoring is needed on a regular basis depend on the complexity of
your web site and the needs within your organization.








y Clients and Servers Side Coding
y Domains Names ,URLs and IP Address
y Registrars


Client & Server Side Coding
y Web Development comprises of server-side coding & client-
coding
Client-Side Coding Server-Side Coding
CSS PHP
HTML

Domains URLS and IPs
y Domain name: The specific address of a computer on the internet.
y Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
http://www.microsoft.com
y Internet Protocol (IP) Address:
192.168.1.1

Domain Register
y A company that provides domain name registration services for a
free.
y Maintain database which maps domain names to IPs.
y Propagate new domain name/IP address information across the
internet.
Creating A Web Site
y Choose a domain name
y Register with a registrar
y Choose a hosting service
y Tell Registrar the IP address
y Create Web Content
y Submit new site to search engine
Creating your Web Site
Technologies & Tools
Markup Languages
o HTML, DHTML etc
Cascading Style Sheets(CSS)
Scripting Language
o PHP, JAVASCRIPT etc..
Web Creation And Editing Software
o Notepad, Adobe Dreamweaver etc.





























HTML-Fundamental
Basic Structure
<html>
<head>
<title>The title of your html page</title>
</head>
<body>
<!your web page content and markup -->
</body>
</html>

HTML Fundamentals
Headings
.
<h1>Heading 1 level text</h1>
<h2>Heading 2 level text</h2>
<h3>Heading 3 level text</h3>
<h4>Heading 4 level text</h4>
<h5>Heading 5 level text</h5>
<h6>Heading 6 level text</h6>

HTML Fundamental
Lists
Unordered List
<ul>
<li>apples</li>
<li>bananas</li>
<li>grapes</li>
</ul>
Ordered List
<ol type=i>
<li>apples</li>
<li>bananas</li>
<li>grapes</li>
</ol >

HTML Fundamental
Lists
Unordered List
apples
bananas
grapes
Ordered List
i. apples
ii. bananas
iii. grapes

HTML Fundamental
Tables
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TH>Student</TH>
<TH>Grade</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Tom</TD>
<TD>B+</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Sue</TD>
<TD>A-</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>


HTML Fundamental
Tables
Student Grade
Tom B+
Sue A-

HTML Fundamental
DIV
<div attributes> content </div>
attributes
ID=name
STYLE = style parameters re: CSS

HTML Fundamental
DIV
< DIV ID=fred
STYLE = POSITION:absolute|relative;
WIDTH:width in pixels;
HEIGHT:height in pixels;
PADDING:margin in pixels;
other style attributes; >
content
</DIV>


HTML Fundamental
CASCADING STYLE SHEETS (CSS)
Styles enable you to define a consistent 'look' for
your documents by describing once how
headings, paragraphs, quotes, etc. should be
displayed.
Style sheet syntax is made up of three parts:
selector {property: value}
selector = element.class












A Small Sample Code Of PHP

<html>
<head>
<title>PHP test</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo Hello World
?>
</body>
</html>


OUTPUT

Here the Output is:
Hello World

Conclusion
The process described on these pages is a basic way of determining what
is called the "Information Architecture" of your web site. Information
Architecture is a standard practice across almost any technology
development effort, particularly web development. A good Information
Architecture is what separates a well designed site from one that is
thrown together without much thought about how the site will be used.
Once this process has been completed, you should have a good idea
about your site's content and functional requirements. If you are going to
build your own site, this will help you break down what you will need to
learn. If you are going to hire a developer, this will help them determine
exactly what you want and how to build it. This process should also give
you an idea of the technical requirements of your site, and help you
determine which hosting plans are available that will meet your needs.
Any good developer will go through a similar process when they start a
web development project.