INITIAL INVESTIGATION OF SHIP RESISTANCE AT RIVER MOUTH AREA

MUHAMMAD NASUHA MANSOR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

INITIAL INVESTIGATION OF SHIP RESISTANCE AT RIVER MOUTH AREA

MUHAMMAD NASUHA MANSOR

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Mechanical Marine Technology)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

MAY 2009

iii

To my beloved wife Nordiana binti Jamil whose sacrifice a lot during this period of study and support that made me stronger every single day. For my family and friends who gave their utmost support.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim...

All praise to Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful, Who has created the mankind with knowledge, wisdom and power. Being the best creation of Allah, one still has to depend on other for many aspects, directly and indirectly. This is, however, not an exception that during the course of study, I had received so much help, cooperation and encouragement that I need to duly acknowledge.

In the first place, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Faizul Amri Adnan, for encouragement, guidance, and valuable comments in completion of this work. Without his continuous and supportive effort, this thesis would not have been materialised. I also came across several people who are very nice enough to offer help in term of ideas and physical assistance.

I also would like to relay a deep and warmest gratitude to my family and in law family for their understanding, patient and support in this period of study. Special dedication to my beloved wife Nordiana bt Jamil who experienced the most suffering and endure pain of sacrifice. Thank for the patient and supports.

Finally, special gratitude to my all colleagues in UniKL MIMET especially those who directly influence my thought in this thesis. Last but not least, many thanks for my friends who are unnamed here and were involved directly or indirectly during my study.

ABSTRACT

Lateral drift is one of the phenomenons when ship operates in open sea. It is possibly occurs due to waves and/ or wind and/ or current. In this study, the phenomenon of lateral drift effect onto ship resistance is investigated. As the early stage of this research, the study is focused on ship resistance prediction in calm water condition. In executing this research, the principle that will be used is by using the selected ship resistance prediction method as a basis. Any parameters in the formula which are influenced by drift effect will be reviewed. In this study, two cases are considered, namely Case 1 and Case 2. For Case 1 it is mainly considered the factor of ship velocity influencing the total resistance with lateral drift effect. For Case 2, other parameters are taken into account, which is length and breadth, as well as ship velocity. Due to the presence of drift angle, the velocity is separated into longitudinal and lateral component, and consequently, the process of total ship resistance determination is solved separately in longitudinal and lateral as well. At the end, the resultant of total ship resistance is determined using trigonometric solution. Thus, this becomes the total ship resistance, RTOTAL with lateral drift effect and it varies with the variation of drift angles. This principle of investigation considerably as an initial step in gaining some insights about this complicated problem. The result indicates that there is significant difference of total ship resistance, RTOTAL produced with lateral drift effect, comparing to the condition without lateral drift effect.

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ABSTRAK

Lateral drift merupakan salah satu fenomena yang berlaku ketika kapal beroperasi di laut terbuka. Ia berkemungkinan berlaku disebabkan oleh ombak dan/ atau angin dan/ atau arus. Di dalam kajian ini, fenomena kesan lateral drift terhadap rintangan kapal akan disiasat. Di peringkat awal, kajian ditumpukan ke atas anggaran rintangan kapal di air tenang. Dalam penyelesaian masalah ini, sebagai asas, prinsip yang akan digunakan ialah dengan menggunakan kaedah anggaran rintangan kapal sedia ada yang terpilih. Formula anggaran Holtrop dan Mennen dipilih dalam mengambil kira kesan lateral drift terhadap rintangan kapal. Semua parameter dalam formula ini yang dipengaruhi oleh lateral drift akan dikaji, dan dalam kajian ini, dua kes akan diambil kira. Untuk kes 1, faktor halaju kapal yang mempengaruhi nilai rintangan dengan kesan lateral drift hanya akan diambil kira. Untuk kes 2, parameter- parameter yang lain selain dari halaju diambil juga kira iaitu panjang dan lebar kapal. Disebabkan adanya sudut drift, halaju kapal di pecahkan kepada komponen memanjang dan sisian. Oleh yang demikian, proses penentuan nilai rintangan kapal juga akan diselesaikan secara berasingan, dalam keadaan memanjang dan melintang. Kemudian, paduan nilai rintangan kapal akan ditentukan dengan menggunakan penyelesaian trigonometri. Nilai paduan ini dikenali sebagai jumlah rintangan kapal, RTOTAL dalam keadaan kesan lateral drift. Nilai ini berbeza dengan kepelbagaian nilai sudut drift. Prinsip asas pengkajian ini adalah merupakan langkah awal dalam memperolehi gambaran awal mengenai masalah yang rumit ini. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan ianya terdapat perbezaan yang ketara terhadap jumlah rintangan kapal keseluruhannya, dengan mengambil kesan kira lateral drift, jika dibandingkan dengan keadaan tanpa kesan ini.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

DECLARATION DEDICATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF APPENDICES

ii iii iv v vii vii x xii xiv xvi

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.7 Preface Problems Statement Research Objectives Research Scopes Significant of Research

1 1 4 5 5 6

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Resistance Theory Components of Total Hull Resistance 2.3.1 Frictional Resistance

7 7 8 9 10

viii 2.3.2 Wave Making Resistance 2.3.3 Eddy Resistance 2.3.4 Air Resistance 2.4 Other Types of Resistance Not Included in Total Hull Resistance 2.4.1 Appendages Resistance 2.4.2 Steering Resistance 2.4.3 Wind and Current Resistance 2.4.4 Added Resistance Due to Waves 2.4.5 Increased Resistance in Shallow Water 2.5 Prediction of Ship Resistance 2.5.1 Holtrops and Mennens Method 2.5.2 Van Oortmerssens Method 2.5.3 Guldhammers and Harvalds Method 2.5.4 DJ Dousts Method 2.6 Lateral Drift Effect 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 22 26 29 31 33 13 15 16

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 3.2 Introduction Research Methodology

37 37 37

LATERAL DRIFT EFFECT 4.1 4.2 Introduction Lateral Drift Factors 4.2.1 Current 4.2.2 Wind 4.3 4.4 4.5 Definition of Lateral Drift Effect Lateral Drift Effect in Specific Case Direction of Drift Factors

42 43 44 44 45 46 48 50

MATHEMATICAL DERIVATIONS 5.1 5.2 Introduction Holtrops and Mennens Derivation

53 53 54

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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Introduction Computer Programming Verification Program Flowchart Input and Output Data 6.4.1 User Input Data 6.4.2 Data in the Programming 6.4.3 Output Data

60 60 60 61 61 61 62 63

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7.1 7.2 Introduction CASE 1: Severe Drift Effect on the Ship Total Resistance, RTOTAL 7.2.1 Ship Total Resistance, RTOTAL with the Drift Effect (due to wind) 7.2.2 Ship Total Resistance, RTOTAL with Current Effect 7.2.3 Ship Total Resistance, RTOTAL with Lateral Drift Effect Due to Combination of Wind and Current (Severe Case) 7.3 7.4 Analysis the Effect at Other Ship Velocities CASE 2: Severe Drift Effect on the Total Ship Resistance, RTOTAL

65 65

66

70

72

73 75

80

CONCLUDING REMARKS 8.1 8.2 Conclusion Recommendation for Future Research

87 87 88

REFERENCES

89

Appendices A- B

91- 96

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

TITLE Limitation for Holtrops and Mennens method. Limitation for Van Ootmersen method Values of regression coefficient Limitation of Guldhammers and Harvalds method Value for increament resistance coefficient at every ship displacement

PAGE 22 28 29 30

31 32 33 46 55

2.6 2.7 3.1 5.1 5.2

Limitation for DJ Doust method. Values of parameter a Beaufort scale Frictional Resistance Component due to Drift Angle, Frictional Resistance Component due to Current Direction angle, (In severe case)

56

5.3

Wave Making Resistance Component due to Drift Angle, 57

5.4

Bulbous Bow Resistance Component due to Drift Angle, 57

5.5

Immersed Transom Resistance Component due to Drift Angle, 58

5.6

Model Correlation Resistance Component due to Drift Angle, 58 62

6.1 7.1

List of datas set in the programming CASE 1: Result of Ship Total Resistance with Lateral Drift Effect at Various Drift and Current Direction Angles

67

xi 7.2 Resultant ship total resistance at speed 25 knots with various drift angles 7.3 Comparison resistance of differences in between total ship with 75 72

produced

normal

condition

maximum and minimum 7.4(a) Total Ship Resistance Produced Due to Lateral Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Heading Current, = 0o 7.4(b) Total Ship Resistance Produced Due to Lateral Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Starboard Beam Current, = 90o 7.4(c) Total Ship Resistance Produced Due to Lateral Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Following Current, = 180o 7.4(d) Total Ship Resistance Produced Due to Lateral Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Port Beam Current, = 270o 7.5 CASE 2: Longitudinal, Lateral and Resultant Total Resistance at Various Current Direction Angle and Drift Angle.

76

77

78

79

82

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

TITLE Methods of ship resistance evaluation Typical curve of total hull resistance Components of total hull resistance Boundary layer around ship hull at LWL Lord Kelvin wave pattern Schematic diagram of typical ships wave system Pressure distributions around a ship hull given by Van Ootmersen

PAGE 2 9 10 13 14 15

27

2.7

Wave system at fore and aft shoulder given by Van Ootmersen 27 Total resistance, CT, and drift moment, -CM of singlepropeller cargo/container model for a range of drift angle, and Froude number, Fn 34 39

2.8

3.1 3.2

Flowchart of the research methodology Definition of length, L and breadth, B in lateral direction for a laterally drifting ship

41

4.1

Typical nature of lateral drift effect due to wind and/ or current on travelling ship 47

4.2

Schematic diagram of drift effect in severe case (due to current and wind) specifically at river mouth area 49

4.3

Direction of current (for severe case) in several main cases 51

7.1

CASE 1: Result of total ship resistance with lateral drift effect at various drift and current direction angles 69

xiii 7.2 Total ship resistance, Rtotal at various ship speed, VS with lateral drift angles (due to wind). 7.3 7.4(a) 71 Schematic diagram of lateral drift effect due to current 74 Total ship resistance curve produced with drift effect (in severe case) at various ship velocity in heading current case, = 0o 7.4(b) Total ship resistance curve produced with drift effect (in severe case) at various ship velocity in starboard beam current case, = 90o 7.4(c) Total ship resistance curve produced with drift effect (in severe case) at various ship velocity in following current case, = 180o 7.4(d) Total ship resistance curve produced with drift effect (in severe case) at various ship velocity in port beam current case, = 270o 7.5 CASE 1: Lateral Total Resistance, RT(T) at Various Current Direction Angle, and Various Drift Angle, (at speed 25 knots) 7.6 CASE 1: Lateral Total Resistance, RT(T) at Various Current Direction Angle, and Various Drift Angle, (at speed 25 knots) 84 83 79 78 77 76

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

VS VS (L) VS (T) VC

Ship velocity/ speed Drift angle Longitudinal ship velocity/ speed Lateral ship velocity/ speed Current speed Current direction angle Longitudinal current velocity/ speed Lateral current velocity/ speed Length of ship Length of waterline Length perpendicular Length of run Longitudinal centre of buoyancy Breadth Draught Wetted surface area of the ship Ship displacement (weight) Volume displacement Prismatic coefficient Midship coefficient Waterplane area coefficient Block coefficient Wetted surface area of appendages Transverse sectional area of the bulb at the position where the stillwater surface intersects the stem

VC (L) VC (T) L LWL LPP LR LCB B T S CP CM CWP CB SAPP ABT

xv hB iE AT Position of the centre of the transverse area ABT above the keel line Half angle of entrance Immersed part of transverse area of transom at zero speed Density of salt water Viscosity of salt water Gravity acceleration Reynolds number Froudes number Froudes number based on the transom Froudes number based on the immersion Effective power Total Resistance Total ship resistance with lateral drift effect Frictional resistance Appendages resistance Wave- making resistance Additional resistance due to presence of bulbous bow Additional pressure resistance due to immersed transom Model- ship correlation resistance Residuary resistance Total resistance coefficient Frictional resistance coefficient Steering resistance coefficient Air resistance coefficient Correlation factor Residuary resistance coefficient CR Correction factor regression coefficient

SW SW
G Rn Fn FnT Fni PE RT RTOTAL RF RAPP RW RB RTR RA RR CT CF CAS CAA Ca CR Corr di

xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A1

TITLE Flowchart of computer programming using FORTAN to calculate longitudinal total resistance with drift effect

PAGE

91

A2

Flowchart of computer programming using FOTRAN to calculate lateral total resistance with drift effect 93

B1

Total ship resistance, RT determination in longitudinal and lateral component with drift effect caused by drift angle, (due to wind) 95

B2

Total ship resistance at service speed 25 knots with lateral drift effect due to current (4 knots) at various current direction angles. 96

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1 In this research, the study about one of the ship performances in actual sea is carried out. It is about the initial investigation of ship resistance specifically at river mouth area. This river mouth area is highlighted since one of the main effect which experienced by a moving ship is a lateral drift. As an initial study, this effect will be focused and taken into account onto the ship resistance. This specific case of study is initiated due some previous researches about the effect of lateral drift on the other ship performances. One of the remarkable studies was carried out by Faizul A. A and Yakusawa H. (Faizul and Yakusawa, 2007), which about the influence of lateral drift on seakeeping performance. They found out and summarized that as far the ship motion study is concerned, the effect of lateral drift is not negligible. Due to this finding basically motivates this initial study, which considering on the ship resistance study. Before the discussing more about this lateral drift and the effect on ship resistance, an overview about introduction of this topic will be outlined first. Preface

2 In ship design stage, there are a number of important scopes or disciplines that need to be concerned in detailed. All of the related scopes basically with one aim; to get an optimum performance of the ship that to be designed. For this particular project, one of the studies will be focused and discussed in deeper, which is the ship resistance. As we know, ship resistance study is one of the essential parts in ship design in order to determine the effective power, PE required by the ship to overcome the total resistance, RT and certain speed, VS. From there, total installed power then can be calculated and determined for that ship. Prediction in preliminary design stage is one of the important practices in ship design.

Concerning of fuel price growth basically increases the requirements to the quality of ship resistance and propulsion study on the design stage. To evaluate the resistance of a ship, in practice, designer has several options available. Figure 1.1 in general summarized four basic classes of approach to the ship resistance determination; the traditional and standard series, the regression based procedures, the computational fluid dynamics approach and the direct model test. The choice of method basically depend not only the capability available but also on the accuracy desired, the fund available and the degree to which the approach has been developed. Other than that, types of the ship and the limitation also are taking into account.

Ship resistance evaluation methods

Traditional and standard series methods

Regression based methods (statistical methods

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

Direct model test

Figure 1.1: Methods of Ship Resistance Evaluation (Carlton, 1994)

3 Traditional and standard series methods considerably more reflects to the application of the theory of ship resistance, which will be discussed more on the next chapter. The last method is considered the most accurate among others because it use model with geometrically similar to the ship and applicable to any kind of ships. The others are only can be used to predict ship resistance between certain limits or only for a ship that have similar particulars to such group.

In executing this study, there are several stages that will be approached and discussed orderly. As well known, ship resistance can be evaluated either in calm water or in waves condition. Particularly in ship design practice, for the early stage, the prediction of ship resistance is highlighted more in calm water condition. Thus, power required to attain a certain speed in seaway have been determined from the still water performance after making allowance of 15 to 30% for wind or/ and waves or/and current. The prediction is applied (early stage) basically using a numerical/ statistical/ regression prediction method. There are a number of reliable methods that had been applied in predicting ship resistance in calm water and further discussion about that will be outlined later on Chapter II. Besides the ship resistance prediction in calm water, another approach is determining a ship resistance in wave. To this extent of ship resistance evaluation, in practice, experimental data of ship resistance in waves is necessary and contributes the most reliable and good result for predicting ship resistance in waves. The result is taken and summarized as an added resistance, where by subtracting the result of ship resistance in calm water with the results of ship resistance in waves.

However, from one point of view, effects of drift angle are important for all types of structures and vehicles, including those for land, sea, air, and space. Same goes to ship, where practically, when ship traveling at certain forward speed in actual sea or river, she experiences the effects of wind and current drifting forces. The ship will move with certain drift angle, considerably in this case influences on the ship resistance. This effect basically has not been studied in detail previously (ship resistance prediction). It is therefore important to capture the influence of lateral drift and investigate in ship resistance performance.

As far as lateral drift effects is concerned, there is a necessary and additional steps to be taken to extent those mentioned approach (ship resistance evaluation). In completing this research, for the first stage, ship resistance prediction in calm water will be studied first, by investigating the lateral drift effect. Thus, since this calm water condition is focused, the effect of lateral drift caused by wind and current will be concerned in this study. Due to that, several methods of ship resistance prediction will be detailed in and accompanying with basis ship resistance theory, extended study will be carried out to consider lateral drift effect for this ship resistance prediction (calm water). At this earlier stage of research, study and investigation of those prediction methods will be made, and a number of parameters or elements in those formulas will be identified and used as a basis in considering the influence of the lateral drift effects. This principal and approach basically is used in order to get some insight views on this topic. This could be regarded as an initiation and invantion of research activity.

1.2

Problem Statement

In practical, one of the natures when she operates in its real environment is traveling with the effect of current. This current effect exist either in open sea, coupled with effect of waves and strong winds, or in calm water condition. Focusing on calm water condition, for this present study, it can be viewed one of the area that could contribute very significant effect is at river mouth area. This area specifically can be seen especially during low and high tides time. One of the most important effects when she operates in these times and this area is a lateral drift effect. Due to this severe current effect which causes lateral drift, it considerably influences on the ship resistance. Hence, the captain has to reconsider the power required at the desired speed of his ship to travel at this area with a lateral drift effect. This effect basically

5 has not been studied previously and it is therefore important to capture the influence of lateral drift and investigate in ship resistance performance.

1.3

Research Objectives

The objectives of this present study are:

1. To investigate the effects of severe lateral drift on ship resistance. 2. To propose the suitable ship resistance prediction method by taking the effect of high speed current and/ or wind (lateral drift) into account. 3. To develop a calculation program based on the purpose ship resistance prediction method.

1.4

Research Scopes

In ensuring this study can be completed successfully, several scopes will be covered during completing this research. The scopes that have to be covered phase by phase are:

1. Literature review on ship resistance theory, ship resistance prediction method and lateral drift effect. 2. For lateral drift effect, literature is reviewed due to severe current effect, with a bigger drift angle will be specified. 3. Correlate the effect of lateral drift in ship resistance study. 4. Since prediction of ship resistance with lateral drift effect will be focused, the most suitable and applicable prediction method will be identified as a basis.

6 5. Derive the suitable ship resistance prediction method. 6. Develop the calculation software for predicting ship resistance with lateral drift effect in severe case. 7. Make a comparison between the computed result of ship resistance in severe lateral drift effect and ship total resistance in normal condition.

1.5

Significant of Research

During the design stage, designers/ naval architects perform their best effort in achieving as accurate as possible in designing the ship. This activity definitely includes in the ship resistance determination. Concerning this practice initially made this research significantly necessary, especially when it is considered in specific case. It is viewed that this effect of lateral drift could contribute very significant, specifically at river mouth area due to existing of current effect. Due to this current effect makes the lateral drift effect more severe, and it is believed it will influence on the ship resistance performance. This effect basically has not been studied previously in ship resistance point of view. Hence, by taking into account this specific condition in ship resistance determination, a better, specific and more accurate result possibly can be obtained at early of design stage.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction

Prior to the start of the present study and development, several literature researches have been put in focus first. The main role of these literature basically to motivate the present study in ensuring the objectives is successfully achieved. Regarding to that purpose, the literature research will be divided into several parts of discussion. At first, the discussion and focus will be given onto the ship resistance part. The discussion including the basis theory related to ship resistance and the approach methods in predicting and evaluating ship resistance. Deeper understanding against methods of ship resistance prediction is very important in order to put directly the relationship with effects in lateral drift condition. The drift effects, as per discussed earlier might be due to wind or/ and waves.

Then, in second part of the literature research, lateral drift effect will be highlighted more, particularly which contributed to the ship resistance performance. The objective can be successfully achieved by digesting the relationship between ship resistance and the lateral drift effect of the ship when travelling through water.

Since the literature onto the ship resistance prediction methods is carried out, the initial investigation is highlighted in studying ship resistance with lateral drift effect.

2.1

Resistance Theory

When a body moves through a fluid it may experiences forces opposing the

motion. As a ship moves through water and air it experiences both water and air forces. This force is the waters resistance to the motion of the ship, which is referred to as total hull resistance (RT). This resistance force consequently is used to calculate a ships effective horsepower. A ships calm water resistance is a function of many factors, including ship speed, hull form (draft, beam, length, wetted surface area), and water temperature. Total hull resistance increases as speed increases as shown below in Figure 2.1. Note that the resistance curve is not linear. The water and air masses may themselves be moving, the water due to currents and the air as a result of winds. These will, in general be of different magnitudes and directions. The resistance is studied initially in still water with no wind. Separate allowances are made for wind and the resulting distance travelled corrected for water movements. Unless the winds are strong the water resistance will be the dominant factor in determining the speed achieved.

Figure 2.1: Typical curve of total hull resistance

2.2

Components of Total Hull Resistance

As a ship moves through calm water, there are many factors that combine to form the total resistance force acting on the hull. The principle factors affecting ship resistance are the friction and viscous effects of water acting on the hull, the energy required to create and maintain the ships characteristic bow and stern waves, and the resistance that air provides to ship motion. In mathematical terms, total resistance can be written as: RT = RV + RW + RAA Where: RT RV RW RAA = total hull resistance = viscous (friction) resistance = wave making resistance = resistance caused by calm air

(2.1)

10

Other factors affecting total hull resistance will also be presented. Figure 2.2 shows how the magnitude of each component of resistance varies with ship speed. At low speeds viscous resistance dominates, and at high speeds the total resistance curve turns upward dramatically as wave making resistance begins to dominate (Arizam, 2003)

Figure 2.2: Components of Total Hull Resistance

2.2.1

Frictional Resistance

As a ship moves through the water, the friction of the water acting over the entire wetted surface of the hull causes a net force opposing the ships motion. This frictional resistance is a function of the hulls wetted surface area, surface roughness, and water viscosity. Viscosity is a temperature dependent property of a fluid that describes its resistance to flow. Although water has low viscosity, water produces a significant friction force opposing ship motion. Experimental data have shown that water friction can account for up to 85% of a hulls total resistance at low speed (Fn

11

0.12 or speed-to-length ratio less than 0.4 if ship speed is expressed in knots), and 40-50% of resistance for some ships at higher speeds. Naval architects refer to the viscous effects of water flowing along a hull as the hulls frictional resistance (Bertram, 2000).

The flow of fluid around a body can be divided into two general types of flow: laminar flow and turbulent flow. A typical flow pattern around a ships hull showing laminar and turbulent flow is shown in Figure 2.3. Laminar flow is characterized by fluid flowing along smooth lines in an orderly fashion with a minimal amount of frictional resistance. For a typical ship, laminar flow exists for only a very small distance along the hull. As water flows along the hull, the laminar flow begins to break down and become chaotic and well mixed. This chaotic behaviour is referred to as turbulent flow and the transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs at the transition point shown in Figure 2.3 (Harold, 1957).

Turbulent flow is characterized by the development of a layer of water along the hull moving with the ship along its direction of travel. This layer of water is referred to as the boundary layer. Water molecules closest to the ship are carried along with the ship at the ships velocity. Moving away from the hull, the velocity of water particles in the boundary layer becomes less, until at the outer edge of the boundary layer velocity is nearly that of the surrounding ocean. Formation of the boundary layer begins at the transition point and the thickness of the boundary layer increases along the length of the hull as the flow becomes more and more turbulent. For a ship underway, the boundary layer can be seen as the frothy white band of water next to the hull. Observation of this band will reveal the turbulent nature of the boundary layer, and perhaps we can see some of the water actually moving with the ship. As ship speed increases, the thickness of the boundary layer will increase, and the transition point between laminar and turbulent flow moves closer to the bow, thereby causing an increase in frictional resistance as speed increases.

12 Mathematically, laminar and turbulent flow can be described using the

dimensionless coefficient known as the Reynolds Number in honor of Sir Osborne Reynolds (1883) contribution to the study of hydrodynamics (Harold, 1957). For a ship, the Reynolds Number is calculated using the equation below: Rn = VL / Where: Rn L V = Reynolds number = length (ft) = velocity (ft/sec) = kinematic viscosity of water (ft /sec)
2

(2.2)

For external flow over flat plates (or ship hulls), typical Reynolds number magnitudes are as follows: Laminar flow: Rn < 5 x 10
5

Turbulent flow: Rn > 1 x 10

Values of Rn between these numbers represent transition from laminar to turbulent flow.

13

Figure 2.3: Boundary Layer around Ship Hull at LWL 2.2.2 Wave Making Resistance

A ship moving through still water surface will set up a very characteristic pattern of waves. There are essentially two primary points of origin of waves, which are at the bow and at the stern. However the bow wave train is more significant, because the waves generated here persist along the ship's hull. Generally the bow waves also larger and more predominant. These wave systems, bow and stern, arises from the pressure distribution in the water where the ship is acting and the resultant of net fore-and-aft force is the wave making resistance. Wave making resistance is the result of the tangential fluid forces. Its depends on the underwater shape of a ship that moves through water. The size of wave created shows the magnitude of power delivered by the ship to the water in order to move forward.

14

Figure 2.4: Lord Kelvin Wave Pattern

Lord Kelvin (1887) has illustrated a ships wave pattern in order to explain the features. He considered a single pressure point at the front, moving in straight line over the water surface. The generated wave pattern consists of a system of transverse wave following behind the pressure point and a series of divergent waves radiating from the same pressure point. The envelope of the divergent wave crests makes an angle of 19 28' for a thin disturbance travelling in a straight line, regardless of the speed. Figure 2.4 shows the wave pattern illustrated by Lord Kelvin (Edward, 1988).

Furthermore, the actual ships wave system is more complicated such that in Figure 2.5 below. A ship can be considered as a moving pressure field sited near the bow and moving suction field near the stern. The bow produces a series of divergent wave pattern and also the transverse wave in between on each side of the ship. Similar wave system is formed at the shoulder, and at the stern with separate divergent and transverse pattern.

15 In the case of a deeply submerged body, travelling horizontally at a steady

speed far below the surface, no waves are formed, but the normal pressures will vary along the length. The magnitudes of the resistance reduce with increasing the depth of a submerged body. This force will be negligible when the depth is half-length of the body.

Figure 2.5: Schematic Diagram of Typical Ships Wave System (Edward, 1988).

2.2.3

Eddy Resistance or Viscous Pressure Resistance

In a non-viscous fluid the lines of flow past a body close in behind it creating pressures which balance out those acting on the forward part of the body. With viscosity, this does not happen completely and the pressure forces on the after body are less than those on the fore body. Also where there are rapid changes of section the flow breaks away from the hull and eddies are created. The effects can be minimized by streamlining the body shape so that changes of section are more gradual.

16 However, a typical ship has many features which are likely to generate

eddies. Transom sterns and stern frames are examples. Other eddy creators can be appendages such as the bilge keels, rudders and so on. Bilge keels are aligned with the smooth water flow lines, as determined in a circulating water channel, to minimize the effect. At other loadings and when the ship is in waves the bilge keels are likely to create eddies. Similarly rudders are made as streamlined as possible and breakdown of flow around them is delayed by this means until they are put over to fairly large angles. In multi-hull ships the shaft bracket arms are produced wider streamlined sections and are aligned with die local flow. This is important not only for resistance but to improve the flow of water into the propellers.

Flow break away can occur on an apparently well rounded form. This is due to die velocity and pressure distribution in the boundary layer. The velocity increases where the pressure decreases and vice versa. Bearing in mind that the water is already moving slowly close into the hull, the pressure increase towards the stern can bring the water to a standstill or even cause a reverse flow to occur. That is the water begins to move ahead relative to the ship. Under these conditions separation occurs. The effect is more pronounced with steep pressure gradients which are associated with full forms.

2.2.4

Air Resistance

Air resistance is the resistance caused by the flow of air over the ship with no wind present. This component of resistance is affected by the shape of the ship above the waterline, the area of the ship exposed to the air, and the ships speed through the water. Ships with low hulls and small sail area will naturally have less air resistance than ships with high hulls and large amounts of sail area. Resistance due to air is typically 4-8% of the total ship resistance, but may be as much as 10% in high sided ships such as aircraft carriers. Attempts have been made reduce air resistance by streamlining hulls and

17

superstructures, however; the power benefits and fuel savings associated with constructing a streamlined ship tend to be overshadowed by construction costs.

2.3

Other Types of Resistance Not Included in Total Hull Resistance

In addition to frictional resistance, wave making resistance, eddy resistance and air resistance, there are several other types of resistance that will influence the total resistance experienced by the ship.

2.3.1

Appendage Resistance

Appendage resistance is the drag caused by all the underwater appendages such as the propeller, propeller shaft, struts, rudder, bilge keels, pit sword, and sea chests. Appendages will primarily affect the viscous component of resistance as the added surface area of appendages increases the surface area of viscous friction. Appendages include rudders, bilge keels, shaft brackets and bossings, and stabilizers. Each appendage has its own characteristic length and therefore, if attached to the model, would be running at an effective Reynolds' number different from that of the main model.

Thus, although obeying the same scaling laws, its resistance would scale differently to the full scale. That is why resistance models are run naked. This means that some allowance must be made for the resistance of appendages to give the total ship resistance. The allowances can be obtained by testing appendages separately and scaling to the ship. Fortunately the overall additions are generally relatively small,

18

say 10 to 15% of the hull resistance, and errors in their assessment are not likely to be critical.

2.3.2

Steering Resistance

Steering resistance is added resistance caused by the motion of the rudder. Every time the rudder is moved to change course, the movement of the rudder creates additional drag. Although steering resistance is generally a small component of total hull resistance in warships and merchant ships, unnecessary rudder movement can have a significant impact. Remember that resistance is directly related to the horsepower required to propel the ship. Additional horsepower is directly related to fuel consumed (more horsepower equals more fuel burned). A warship traveling at 15 knots and attempting to maintain a point station in a formation may burn up to 10% more fuel per day than a ship traveling independently at 15 knots.

2.3.3

Wind and Current Resistance

The environment surrounding a ship can have a significant impact on ship resistance. Wind and current are two of the biggest environmental factors affecting a ship. Wind resistance on a ship is a function of the ships sail area, wind velocity and direction relative to the ships direction of travel. For a ship steaming into a 20-knot wind, ships resistance may be increased by up to 25-30%. Ocean currents can also have a significant impact on a ships resistance and the power required to maintain a desired speed. Steaming into a current will increase the power required to maintain speed. For instance, the Kuroshio Current (Black Current) runs from South to North off the coast of Japan and can reach a speed of 4-5 knots. What is the impact of this

19

current? For a ship heading south in the current and desiring to travel at 15 knots it is not uncommon to have the propulsion plant producing shaft horsepower for speeds of 18-19 knots. Therefore, the prudent mariner will plan his or her voyage to avoid steaming against ocean currents whenever possible, and to steam with currents wherever possible.

2.3.4

Added Resistance Due to Waves

Added resistance due to waves refers to ocean waves caused by wind and storms, and is not to be confused with wave making resistance. Ocean waves cause the ship to expend energy by increasing the wetted surface area of the hull (added viscous resistance), and to expend additional energy by rolling, pitching, and heaving. This component of resistance can be very significant in high sea states.

2.3.4

Increased Resistance in Shallow Water

Increased resistance in shallow water (the Shallow Water Effect) is caused by several factors. i. The flow of water around the bottom of the hull is restricted in shallow water, therefore the water flowing under the hull speeds up. The faster moving water increases the viscous resistance on the hull. ii. The faster moving water decreases the pressure under the hull, causing the ship to squat, increasing wetted surface area and increasing frictional resistance.

20

iii. The waves produced in shallow water tend to be larger than do waves produced in deep water at the same speed. Therefore, the energy required to produce these waves increases, (i.e. wave making resistance increases in shallow water). In fact, the characteristic hump in the total resistance curve will occur at a lower speed in shallow water. The net result of resistance for ship traveling in shallow water is that it takes more horsepower (and fuel) to meet the required speed. Another more troublesome effect of high speed operation in shallow water is the increased possibility of running aground. Just as shallow water will adversely affect a ships resistance, operating in a narrow waterway such as a canal can produce the same effect. Therefore when operating in a canal, the ships resistance will increase due to the proximity of the canal walls and the decrease in pressure along the ships sides is likely to pull the ship towards the edge of the canal. The prudent mariner is advised to operate at moderate speeds when steaming in shallow and/or narrow waters (Harvald, 1983).

2.4

Prediction of Ship Resistance

In the design stage, particularly at the preliminary stage, early estimation of total resistance of the ship contributes an important part. It is important to predict the total resistance of a ship during design stage for used of determination the installed power. As far as an early estimation of total resistance is concerned, regarding to the Figure 1.0 earlier, there are two methods of resistance evaluation is approached, which are standard series method and regression based method. Regression based method or also known as systematic series is a prediction method that base on the statistical analysis of resistance results from ad-hoc testing of models in the towing tank. The standard series prediction method is based on the testing of series of model

21

that carried out for the resistance prediction purposes. However these methods only applicable to be used for ship having similar characteristics. It should be emphasized that resistance prediction is not an exact science and that the algorithms implemented in this program, while they are useful for estimating the resistance of a hull, may not provide exact results (Carlton, 1994).

Since early 1900s, number of studies onto prediction of ship resistance were carried out and published. Various methods and approaches had been discovered and apart from that, this development process is still keep on improving for better satisfactory for the application. Particularly for the preliminary stage in ship design process, number of prediction methods for ship resistance had been developed and significantly applied. These variations basically applicable to various different families of hull shapes. For example, some of the algorithms are useful for estimating the resistance of displacement hull or planing hulls, while others are useful for estimating the resistance of sailing boat hulls.

Prediction methods such as Van Ootmersens method, Holtrops & Mennens method, Cedric Ridgely Nevitts Method, DJ Dousts Method and Guldhammers and Harvalds Method are among of the significantly useful methods in solving the study of ship resistance prediction. As a summary, most of these methods basically considered several elements in contributing to the prediction of total resistance of the ship. From the basis theory of ship resistance, as discussed previously, elements such as frictional resistance, wave making resistance and other components of resistance such as viscous pressure resistance and air resistance are viewed as major elements in formulating and development of ship resistance prediction. All of these elements mainly contribute as a forms and factors to correlate in ship resistance prediction. The relationship of those factors is applied differently for each type of prediction methods and can be discussed on the next sub- topic.

22

2.4.1 Holtrops and Mennens Method

In 1982 Holtrop has published results of resistance and propulsion tests with 191 models of various types of ship using statistical analysis. It was found that for 95 percent of the cases the accuracy of the statistically derived formulas is satisfactory in preliminary design work. Holtrop and Mennen extended then their method to include the Series 64 hull forms. Also better formulas were obtained for the higher speed ranges. After deriving formula from the statistical analysis of model data the next step was to use the regression equation to investigate the optimum of parameters to suit any given design requirements. The regression analysis was based on the results for 334 models (Holtrop and Mennen, 1982).

In their approach to establishing their formulas, Holtrop and Mennen assumed that the non-dimensional coefficients representing the components of resistance for a hull form might be represented by appropriate geometrical parameters, thus enabling each component to be expressed as a non-dimensional function of the sealing parameter and the hull form. The range of parameters for which the coefficients of the basic expressions are valid as following:

Table 2.1: Limitation for Holtrops and Mennens Method (Arizam, 2003). Ship types Max. Froude No. Tankers, bulk carriers Trawlers, coasters, tugs Containership. 0.45 0.55 0.67 6.0 9.5 3.0 4.0 0.38 0.55 0.65 3.9 6.3 2.1 3.0 0.24 Min 0.73 CP Max 0.85 Min 5.1 L/B Max 7.1 Min 2.4 B/T Max 3.2

23 Destroyers Cargo liners RORO ships, car ferries 0.30 0.35 0.56 0.55 0.75 0.67 5.3 5.3 8.0 8.0 2.4 3.2 4.o 4.0

Holtrops and Mennens method is suitable for resistance prediction of small vessel. However, there are still errors that exist in the final result. Therefore, all the factors below should be considered to determine the degree of uncertain parameters:

i. Increasing in Froude number which will create a greater residuary resistance (wave making resistance, eddy resistance, breaking waves and shoulder wave) is a common phenomenon in small ships. As a result, error in total resistance increases. ii. Small vessels are easily influenced by environmental condition such as wind and current during operational. iii. For smaller ship, the form size and ship type has a great difference. This method only limited to the Froude number below 0.5, (Fn < 0. 5) and also valid for TF/ LWL > 0.04. For an extrapolation that only carried out in two dimensions, there is a correlation allowance factor in model ship that will affect some 15% difference in the total resistance and the effective power. This method also limited to hull form resembling the average ship described by the main dimensions and form coefficients used in the method. Below are the procedures of calculation ship resistance using Holtrops and Mennens method (Holtrop and Mennen, 1982).: i. Calculate Frictional Resistance R F = 0.5 V 2 S C F Where C F =

0.075 (log Rn 2) 2

24
1 + k1 = c13 {0.93 + c12 ( B / L) 0.92497 (0.95 C P ) 0.521448 (1 C P + 0.0225lcb) 0.6906 }

ii. iii.

LR = L(1 C P + 0.06C P lcb /( 4C P 1)

When T/L>0.05

c12 = (T L )

0.2228446

When 0.02<T/L<0.05

c12 = 18.20(T L 0.02) 2.078 + 0.479948

When T/L<0.02

c12 = 0.479948 iv. v. c13 = 1 + 0.003Cstern Calculate Wave- making Resistance,

RW = c1c 2 c5 g exp m1 Fnd + m2 cos Fn2

)}

3 Where c1 = 2223105c.78613 (T B )1.07961 (90 i E ) 1.37565

When B/L<0.11
c = 0.229577( B / L) 0.3333

When 0.11<B/L<0.25
c = B / L

When B/L>0.25
c = 0.5 0.0625 L / B vi.
c 2 = exp(1.89 c 3 ) c 3 = 0.56 A1.5 /{BT (0.31 ABT + T F h B )} BT

vii. viii.

c5 = 1 0.8 AT /( BTC M ) m1 = 0.0140407 L / T 1.752541 3 / L 4.79323B / L c16

When CP<0.8
2 3 c16 = 8.07981C P 13.8673C P + 6.984388C P

25

When CP>0.8
c16 = 1.73014 0.7067C ix.
2 m2 = c15 C P exp(0.1Fn2 )

When L3/<521,
c15 = -1.69385

When 512<L3/<1727
c15 = 1.69385 + ( L / 1 3 8.0) / 2.36

When L3/>1727
c15 = 0.0

x.

Calculate
When L/B<12

= 1.446C P 0.03L / B
When L/B>12

= 1.446C P 0.36
xi.
3 1. 5 2 Calculate Bulbous Bow Resistance, R B = 0.11 exp(3PB2 ) Fni ABT g /(1 + Fni )

Where PB = 0.56 ABT /(TF 1.5hB )

And Fni = V /[ g (TF hB 0.2 ABT ) + 0.15V 2 ]1 2 xii. Calculate Immersed Transom Resistance, RTR = 0.5 V 2 AT c6
When FnT<5

c6 = 0.2(1 0.2 FnT )

When FnT5

c6 =0 Where FnT = V /[ 2 gAT /( B + BCWP )]1 2 xiii. Calculate Model Ship Correlation Resistance, R A = 0.5 V 2 SC A


4 C A = 0.006( L + 100) 0.16 0.00205 + 0.003 L / 7.5C B c 2 (0.04 c 4 )

26

When TF/L0.04

c4=TF/L
When TF/L>0.04

c4=0.04 xiv. Calculate Total Resistance, RTotal = RF(1+k) + RAPP + RW + RB + RTR + RA

This method is based on a numerical regression, which is obtained with experiments from models of small ships, drag ships and tugboats "The Netherlands Ship Model Basin" in Wageningen. With this method is possible to predict the required power in small ships like trawler ships, fish boats, tugboats, etc. With a reliability level of 95%, consequently the error in the speed range is lower than 18%.

2.4.2

Van Oortmerssens Method

G. Van Oortmerssen derived a mathematical model to describe the resistance and propulsion properties of ships as function of the Froude number, Reynold number and other general parameters for small ships such as trawlers and tugs from random tank data. In addition, several assumptions were made for predicting resistance and powering of small craft such as follows: i. The approximation of the surface disturbance of the ship by a pressure distribution consisting of a positive and a negative pressure peak is very realistic. There are regions of high pressure at the bow and the stern, whilst there are regions of low pressure near the shoulders. This as shown in Figure 2.6.

27 ii. Small ship can be characterized by the absence of a parallel middle body, so the regions of low pressure and the wave systems of fore and after shoulder coincide and consequently the pressure distribution is as illustrated in Figure 2.7 iii. The summation of viscous resistance and wave-making resistance representing the components of the total resistance.

Figure 2.6: Pressure distributions around a ship hull given by Van

Ootmersen

Figure 2.7: Wave system at fore and aft shoulder given by Van

Ootmersen

The range of parameters for which the coefficients of the basic expressions are as follow:

28
Table 2.2: Limitation for Van Ootmersen method. Parameter Limitation

LWL L/B B/T CP CM LCB ie V/L1/2 Fn

8- 80 m 3 to 6.2 1.9 to 4.0 0.50 to 0.73 0.70 to 0.97 -7% L to +2.8% L 10o to 46o 0 to 1.79 0 to 0.50

Van Ootmersen suggested that the final form of the resistance equation is represented by the summation of viscous resistance and wave-making resistance as follows (Arizam, 2003).

2 2 2 2 RT = [C1e (1 / 9) mFn + C 2 e mFn + C 3 e mFn sin( Fn 2 ) + C 4 e mFn cos( Fn 2 )] 0.075 SV 2 ] +[ 2(log Rn 2) 2

Where i.
10 3 Ci = d i ,0 + d i ,1 LCB + d i , 2 LCB 2 + d i ,3 C P + d i , 4 C P 2 + d i ,5 ( LWL / B
+ d i ,6 ( LWL / B ) 2 + d i ,7 CWL + d i ,8 CWL 2 + d i ,9 B / T + d i ,10 ( B / T ) 2 + d i ,11C m

ii.

m = b1 C P

( b / 2)

or for small ships this can be represented by m = 0.14347 C P iii.

( 2.1976 )

CWL is a parameter for the angle of entrance of the load waterline, ie where CWL = ie ( LWL / B )

iv.

Approximation for wetted surface area is represented by:

29 S = 3.223V 2 / 33 + 0.5402 LWLV 1 / 3

Table 2.3: Values of regression coefficient i
di,0 di,1 di,2 di,3 di,4 di,5 di,6 di,7 di,8 di,9 di,10 di,11 1 79.32134 -0.09287 -0.00209 -246.45896 187.13664 -1.42893 0.11898 0.15727 -0.00064 -2.52862 0.50619 1.62851 2 6714.88397 19.83000 2.66997 -19662.02400 14099.90400 137.33613 -13.36938 -4.49852 0.02100 216.44923 -35.07602 -128.72535 3 -908.44371 2.52704 -0.35794 755.186600 -48.93952 -9.86873 -0.77652 3.79020 -0.01879 -9.24399 1.28571 250.64910 4 3012.14549 2.71437 0.25521 -9198.80840 6886.60416 -159.92694 16.23621 -0.82014 0.00225 236.37970 -44.17820 207.25580

2.4.3

Guldhammers and Harvalds Method

This method is based on a group of model resistance test results that have been collected and analyse using International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) 1957. The specific residual resistance coefficient CR has been expressed as a function of Froude number, Fn =

VM . CR then has been plotted against Froude number gLWLM

in a group according to length-displacement ratio, L/ 1/3. Here is the volumetric displacement which is = / LBT. Furthermore, the resistance curves diagram is only corresponds to vessel with standard form, which is standard position of location of buoyancy, standard B/T, normal shaped sections, moderate cruiser stern and raked stem. The limits of the hull form parameters covered by this method are:

30
Table 2.4: Limitation of Guldhammers and Harvalds method
Parameter
L/1/3

Limitation 4.0 8.0 0.15 0.45 0.5 1.5 0.55 0.85

Froude number Fn V/L (knots/ft) Prismatic coefficient, CP

This method is applicable to many types of vessels that fulfill the limitation given above. However, correction needs to be taken into consideration for ships having different standard form such mentioned in the concept and also for hull form shape and model-ship correlation factor, CA.

Below is the procedure of calculation ship resistance using Gulghammers and Harvalds method. i. ii. iii. Calculate wetted surface area, S = LPP (C B B + 1.7) Calculate Reynolds number, Rn = VL / Calculate frictional resistance coefficient, C F =
0.075 (log Rn 2) 2

Residuary resistance is a function of three parameters which are L/ 1/3, CP and Froudes number, Fn iv. v. vi. vii. Calculate parameter,

L L 1 / 3
gL

Calculate Froudes number, V

Determine the residuary resistance coefficient from the graph residuary resistance coefficient against speed- length ratio Calculate increment resistance coefficient, 10 3 C R = 0.5 log 0.1(log ) 2

viii.

Calculate CR correction for deviation from standard B/T= 2.5

31

Corr1, C R = Where xv. ix.

LCB Std LCB Fn 90 ( 2 )( ) 3 L L 10 C P + 1.1C P 0.0875

LCB Std = 0.44 Fn 0.094 L

Calculate air and steering resistance, CAAS = CAA + CAS Calculate total resistance coefficient, CT CT = CR + CF + CA + Corr1 + Corr2 + CAAS and values for increment resistance can be referred to table 2.9 as a function

of

ship displacement
Table 2.5: Value for increment resistance coefficient at every ship

displacement
Displacement (tonne) CA (10 )
-3

1000 10000 100000 1000000

0.6 0.4 0 -0.6

2.4.4

DJ Dousts Method

DJ Dousts method is a method that yields a regression equation that expresses ship resistance for a particular ship type in term of certain basic form parameters at any required Froude number. Evaluation of this regression equation for specific combinations of form parameters provides corresponding estimates of resistance for the vessel under consideration. Those parameters are L/B, B/T, Cm, Cp, LCB and e. All of these six design parameters can be calculated at an early stage of the design. Doust has plotted the graph of changes in all this
o

32 parameter for the standard ship length (200 ft). DJ Dousts method is applicable to predict the resistance for fishing vessel and other ship that fulfill the limitation given above. However, correction needs to be taken into consideration for ships having different length compare to the standard ship length (200 ft). Table 2.5 shows the limitation for DJ Doust resistance prediction method (Arizam, 2003).

Table 2.6: Limitation for DJ Doust method. Parameter Limitation 4.4 5.8 2.0 2.6 0.81 0.91 0.6 0.7 0% - 6% aft of midship 5o 30o

L/B B/T Cm Cp LCB

o e

Procedures of calculation for DJ Doust method are as follows (Arizam, 2003). i. Calculate three parameters required to determine factors used to calculate residuary resistance for the ship having standard length, 200 ft. These parameters are L/B, B/T and V / L ii. Calculate three factors used to calculate residuary resistance using graph given. These three factors are F1 = f (CP, B/T), F2 = f(CP, LCB) and F3 = f(CP, oe, L/B) iii. Calculate residuary resistance, CR(200) = 100a(CM-0.875). The parameter a is a function V / L and given by Table 2.6. iv. v.
vi. vii. viii.

Calculate residuary resistance, CR(200) = F1 + F2 + F3 + F6 Calculate S = 0.0935 S

2 / 3 !

Calculate L' = 1.05V / L Calculate Froudes skin friction correction Calculate ( 200) = (200 / LBP ) 3

33 ix. x. xi. Calculate 1 = (152.5 SFC )

3 1(/200 )

Calculate residuary resistance for the new ship, C R ( New) = C R ( 200 ) + 1 Calculate total resistance, RT =
C R ( New) V 2 L

Table 2.7: Values of parameter a V/L

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

a
-0.045 -0.053 -0.031 -0.035

2.5

Lateral Drift Effect

Study about this lateral drift effects basically is initiated from successful study about the other ship performance that had been carried out before. The previous study discussed the motion of the ship which influenced by the effect of lateral drift, performed by Faizul A. A. (Faizul, 2006). The study of hydrodynamic forces and ship motions were carried out for various hull drift angles in regular head and beam waves and was found contributed significant differences and effects. The effects which influence ship performance in lateral drift condition such as amplitude of sway, roll and yaw motion is confirmed that is not negligible. Due to that relationship basically motivated further study on the effect of lateral drift, specifically for this case, onto ship resistance.

On top of that, another earlier study and investigation about the relationship between lateral drift effect and ship resistance was produced. (Longo and Stern,

34

2001) From the investigation onto the Series 60, with CB = 0.6 single-propeller cargo/container model ship flow, they concluded that resistance increases linearly with angle of drift for all Froude number, Fn. And the result of the investigation is represented by the Figure 2.8

Figure 2.8: Total resistance coefficient, CT, and drift moment coefficient, -CM of
single- propeller cargo/container model for a range of drift angle, and Froude number, Fn (Longo and Stern, 1999)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction

Upon completion of this research, a proper and sequence steps are developed in determining its successfulness. Concerning the earlier objectives and scopes, the research is divided into two parts. The first part of the research is carried out in semester one and the second part of the research is performed in the second semester.

3.2

Research Methodology

As for the first part of the study, the research work began with the understanding and familiarization of the background and conducting literature review on the ship resistance fundamental and theory, methods for predicting ship resistance as well as effect of lateral drift in ship resistance. All those materials of literature review are obtained through several different sources such as books, journals also electronic resources such as e-journal, internet, websites and online materials.

38 Consequently, with familiarization of research topic, and understanding the

related and useful literature, in the second part, the next step is to identify and investigate the suitable parameters or factors in ship resistance prediction that can be correlated with the effect of lateral drift. This approach, will be the main principle of this research. It was decided purposely to get the first insight in relating the ship resistance determination with the effect of lateral drift. At this stage, it mainly will bring to the mathematical modification/ derivation of ship resistance prediction with lateral drift effect. A number of methods for ship resistance prediction will be reviewed and modified to correlate with lateral drift effect. The modified

mathematical ship resistance prediction will then be developed in calculation program for further analysis. For this initial investigation, Microsoft Excel and FORTRAN program can be seen capable to be applied for calculation program. From there, the computed results can be analyzed by comparing the resistance performance between with and without lateral drift effect. Also the comparison with lateral drift effect can be investigated between forward speed and lateral speed on ship performance. The flow of the research methodology as described above can be referred to the Figure 3.1.

39

Identifying of Problem Statement

Literature Review

Ship Resistance Theory/ Ship Resistance Prediction

Lateral Drift Effect (River Mouth Area)

Identifying Applicable Ship Resistance Prediction Method

Mathematical Derivation

Calculation Program

Data Gathering/ Data Analysis

Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the research methodology

Based on the sequence of flow of the research methodology, it can be summarized that several main activities will be carried out in ensuring objectives and outcomes of this study are successfully achieved. The main activities are: i. Identifying the applicable and suitable ship resistance prediction method ii. iii. Familiarizing and specifying the lateral drift condition Derivation of ship resistance prediction formula with the effect of high speed current and/ or wind

40 iv. Computer Programming Development

All these summarized activities are explained in detail separately in the next Chapters.

In deriving the ship resistance prediction method by taking the lateral drift effects into account, there have two main methodologies that will be used, which are specified as Case 1 and Case 2. The methodologies applied are as follows;

i. Case 1; Effects of Ship Speed

In this case, the assumption made is the drift effect due to drift angle considerably only has an effect on the ship velocity, VS.

Due to that, the ship velocity, VS is broke down into two separate components which are longitudinal component, namely as longitudinal ship velocity, VS(L) and lateral component, known as lateral ship velocity, VS(T).

The detail discussion about Case 1 is explained in the next Chapters, which in Chapter IV and Chapter V.

ii. Case 2; Effects of Ship Speed, Length and Breadth

In this case, the assumption made is drift effect due to drift angle considerably only has the effect on ship velocity, VS, length, L and breadth, B of the ship.

Similarly to the Case 1, the ship velocity, VS is broke down into separate components which are longitudinal component, namely as longitudinal ship velocity, VS(L) and lateral component, known as lateral ship velocity, VS(T).

41 The ship length, L and breath, B values basically are inverted in lateral component. The explanation for the Case 2 can be referred to the Figure 3.2.
Longitudinal velocity, VS (L)

Lateral velocity, VS(T)

Figure 3.2: Definition of length, L and breadth, B in lateral direction for a laterally drifting ship

Referring to the Figure 3.2, in longitudinal direction, the value of ship length and breadth certainly similar to the original ship coordination. This is because the direction of longitudinal velocity is the same as ship direction without lateral drift effect. In lateral direction, if we consider the direction of lateral speed, then the ship length becomes a ship breadth while the ship breadth becomes a ship length. The different of speed direction cause the changing values between ship length and breadth.

In Case 2, the main problem is due to the unsymmetrical of ship form, which possibly will bring the assumption and results slightly difference. However, for comparison purpose with the result in Case 1, the result for Case 2 will be analyzed as well. Both detail discussion about the results and analysis will be presented in the Chapter VI later.

CHAPTER IV

LATERAL DRIFT EFFECT

4.1

Introduction

In practical, when ship travels in real nature, there have several elements of nature which considerably cannot be neglected and will influence its operation. These environment elements which acting on the operated ship could contribute to the drift effect, which certainly will influence the ship performance. Before discussing further about the definition of the lateral drift effect, as well as its detail, it is certainly to overview first about the possible causes of lateral drift effect. These causes are essential to be identified in comprehending entirely the lateral drift effect.

4.2

Lateral Drift Factors

When dealing with real nature operation, there are several major factors or sources which can possibly cause a drift effect, depending on the situation. In general, lateral drift effect can be caused by individually or combination of action of following factors;

44 i. ii. iii. Waves Current Wind

However, as far as the main scope is concerned (as outlined earlier) the concentration is given for the case of operated ship in calm water. Due to that, in this study the effect of lateral drift due to waves is excluded. Due to this, it considerably can be said this lateral drift effect is caused by combination these following factors;

i. ii.

Current and/ or Wind

4.2.1

Current

Current, in general is defined in two separate types, namely ocean current, and tidal current. Firstly, ocean current basically is continuous and generated by the forces acting upon the water, such as the earth rotation, wind, temperature and salinity differences. Current in the upper layers of the ocean or surface current are mainly generated by the atmospheric wind system over the sea surface. Surface current generally restricted to the upper 400 meters of the ocean.

The ocean current is also generated by the heat exchange at the sea surface together with the salinity changes, which preferably referred as thermohaline current or deep ocean current. These currents, which flow under the surface of the ocean and are thus hidden from immediate detection also called as submarine rivers.

Secondly, the other types of current, called tidal current basically is caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. This type of current preferably can be

45

seen at river, especially river mouth. In coastal region, this tidal current is obtained has a high speed current. In fact, speed between 2 to 3 knots or more certainly can be measured. Specifically referring to this research scopes, this type of current as well as the area will be mainly focused for this study.

4.2.2

Wind

A ship sailing on a smooth sea and in still air experiences air resistance but this is usually negligible and it may become appreciable only if wind is appear. Although the wind speed and direction are never constant, a constant speed and direction are usually assumed. The main influence of the wind is through the waves it generates on the surface of the sea. The effect of waves it generates depends on it velocity, the time it acts and the distance over which it acts

The strength of wind is classified by the Beaufort Scale. This scale numbers of 0 to 12 were introduced was introduced in 1806. Scale 0 referring to a calm water and scale 12 to a wind of hurricane force. There were no specific winds speeds related with these numbers but the values have now been adopted internationally. The values of the scale are shown in Table 3.1.

46 Table 3.1: Beaufort Scale (Edward, 1988). Limits of Speed Knots 0-1 1-3 4-6 7-10 11-16 17-21 22-27 28-33 34-40 41-47 48-55 56-63 64- and over m/s 0-0.3 0.3-1.5 1.6-3.3 3.4-5.4 5.5-7.9 8.0-10.7 10.8-13.8 13.9-17.1 17.2-20.7 20.8-24.4 24.5-28.4 28.5-32.6 32.7 and over

Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Calm

Description

Light air Light breeze Gentle breeze Moderate breeze Fresh breeze Strong breeze Near gale Gale Strong gale Storm Violent storm Hurricane

4.3

Definition of Lateral Drift Effect

First of all, when discussing about the lateral drift effect onto the ship, we need to clarify the definition as well as the coordination of the traveling ship with lateral drift effect. The basic feature of traveling ship with lateral drift effect are shown in Figure 4.1.

47

Windand/or current

A B

Vs(L Vs

Vs(T

Figure 4.1: Typical Nature of Lateral Drift Effect Due to Wind and/ or Current on Traveling Ship

In general, the condition of ship travels from point O to A represents as an intended course with speed, VS, which traveling completely in longitudinal direction. At this condition, which no lateral drift effect, speed longitudinally, VS (L) is similar to the ships speed, VS. This course represents the condition of traveled ship without effect of lateral drift (ideal travel). The other condition (real sea) can be referred to the ship which travels from point O to point B. It represents the condition where the ship experiences the effect of lateral drift with angle due to some reasons. It is known as an actual course and the traveled ship is drifted with the ship speed, VS becomes the average speed. This condition was happened due to the lateral drift force acting on the ship which produced lateral speed, VS (T). Another component of speed produced due to the drifting effect is longitudinal speed, VS
(L).

As initial

finding, these components of speed basically leads as part of the elements/ factors that will be investigated further in the next phase in correlating the effect of lateral drift in ship resistance prediction. This effect is found has not been studied in detail previously, particularly in ship resistance prediction. For the early stage of study, concentration is put in considering this effect in prediction method of ship resistance in calm water condition.

48 Lateral Drift Effect in Specified Case

4.4

Concerning the investigation in calm water condition, the lateral drift effect mainly is specified caused by the wind action. The action of wind naturally affects the traveled ship and produced the drift angle. It produces a range of drift angles, which represented by the sign However, must be borne in mind that this action of wind is not able to give the extreme effect of drift onto the ship. The effect of drift (drift angle) is considerably small and has the limitation. Full scale measurement of a ship drift angle using GPS shows that the magnitude is about 10 degrees even though the wind speed is not so strong (Tanaka, 2003). In this case, the maximum drift angle, is taken up to 10 deg. Apart of the wind factor, as far as the main research scopes and objectives are concerned, the lateral drift effect in this study is specified in the case of severe lateral drift effect. In detailing more about this severe lateral drift study, particularly onto ship resistance performance this drift effect which is caused by wind is considered incorporating with the other element, which is due to the high speed current.

This current is a tidal current and is said brought a severe case onto the lateral drift effect due to the existing of the high current velocity, VC. This current velocity, is known sometimes produces relatively higher speed at certain time and angle of directions, and could give significant effect onto ship resistance performance. Due to that, as mentioned earlier, the specific case of river mouth area is concerned. The river mouth is focused, since it is one of the sources which could provide significant current effect and consequently could cause more severe effect of lateral drift. Moreover, severe effect of current particularly can be considered during low and high tides, due to its flow and velocity at this period. During ebb and flood at typical river mouth region, the velocity of the current is measured can be up to 4 knots (2.058 m/s), depending on the situation and place. Depending on the direction and coordination of both current action and ships travel, a significant lateral drift effect might be happened and the overview of this severe lateral drift situation is simulated and shown in Figure 4.2.

49

50

Besides she is experienced by the drift effect due to wind, in severe case, the drift effect also is incorporated with the current acting in various direction angles. This current direction angle is represented by and at certain , it might contribute the significant drift effect in ship resistance performance. .

4.5

Direction of Drift Factors

In reviewing the condition of lateral drift effect in severe case as visualized in Figure 4.2, especially due to current factor, it can be observed that there are various possibilities of acting direction. In this severe case, the drifted ship due to wind (with a small drift angle, ) is experienced by the various direction of current as well, possibly ranging from = 0o up to 360o. To investigate more specific these various direction angles, which is due to current, new terms of direction is created and it can summarized in several main cases below Heading current; when current experienced at 0o or 360o direction Beam current (starboard); when current experienced at 90o direction Following current; when current experienced at 180o direction Beam current (port); when current experienced at 270o direction

i. ii. iii. iv.

These cases also are illustrated in Figure 4.3

51
Heading current

Vc

Vs Beam current (Port) Beam current (Stbd)

Longitudinal axis, x

Lateral axis, y Following current

Figure 4.3: Schematic Diagram of Current Direction (for severe case) in Several Main Cases

Figure 4.3 was illustrated the condition of severe case of drift effect where the drifted ship at drift angle, is then together experienced with the current action. This particular condition, which is due to the combination of two drift components considerably called as severe case of drift effect. In addition, it is specifically investigated in several main cases, namely as following current, beam current (either port or starboard) and following current.

In general, heading and following current, does not have effect of drift because the current experiences in same direction of ship axis (longitudinally). In these cases, however the effect of lateral drift is significantly can be seen at the total ship resistance produced. The traveled ship at these cases possibly produced extra of

52

less total resistance, and this will be discussed in detail in the next chapter. On the other hands, in the case of beam current (port or starboard), it illustrated that the current experiences entirely in lateral direction. The effect of severe lateral drift possibly might occur significantly in the beam current case. This will be discussed more detail as well later.

From one point of view, it is concerned that this effect can be taking into account and correlated with the study of ship performance, specifically in this particular case, ship resistance. It possibly can allocate room for element or effect of lateral drift to be considered in ship resistance. It is therefore important to capture the influence of lateral drift and investigate in ship resistance. More detail about this investigation will be discussed in next chapter.

47

Current direction angle,

Current

Vs Vs(L) x y Vc

Up to 360o current direction angle

Vs(T) y Wind effect

Figure 4.2: Schematic Diagram of Drift Effect in Severe Case (due to Current and Wind) Specifically at River Mouth Area

CHAPTER V

MATHEMATICAL DERIVATIONS

5.1

Introduction

As discussed in the earlier chapter of this ship resistance study, which incorporate with the effect of lateral drift due to wind and/ or current (for severe case) as the main mission, an initial investigation will be concentrated first. As the early phase, the study about this ship resistance by taking the lateral drift effect is developed by approximate resistance prediction method. At this stage, method approached by Holtrop and Mennen is selected due to wider range of types, sizes and limitation of ships/ vessels can be applied.

5.2

Holtops and Mennens Derivation

As far as ship resistance prediction is concerned, the original ship resistance prediction formula which was developed by Holtrop and Mennen (1982) is used as the main reference and guidance.

54 RTotal = RF(1+k) + RAPP + RW + RB + RTR + RA (5.1)

Where;

RF

: frictional resistance according to the ITTC 1957 friction formula

(1+k) : form factor describing the viscous resistance of the hull form in relation to RF RAPP RW RB RTR RA : resistance of appendages : wave- making and wave- breaking resistance : additional pressure resistance of bulbous bow near the water surface : additional pressure resistance of immersed transom stern : model- ship correction resistance

Base on this mathematical formulation, together with the literatures, the effect of lateral drift in the ship resistance prediction using the method is investigated and developed. In deriving the ship resistance prediction with lateral drift effects formula, it is determined that the element/ parameter of ship velocity, VS principally is the main point of concerned. It is viewed that due to the severe lateral drift which is caused by the wind and/ or current, the vector of the ships velocity is modified, depending on the drift angle produced, . As a result, there exists components of velocity, which represented by the longitudinal velocity, VS (L) and lateral velocity, VS
(T).

The drift angle, presents due to the effect of drift, and it will be the main

variables in influencing the velocitys components. With the presence of lateral drift effect, it will modify the parameter of ship velocity (into longitudinal and lateral component) in the Holtrops and Mennens, and consequently, the related equations with the velocity parameter will be modified as well.

Modifying the existing formulae of the selected ship resistance prediction method, the ships velocity, VS parameter (due to the action of drift angle, ) started with the Frictional Resistance, RF. The Frictional Resistance, RF is broke down into

55

longitudinal component, RF (L) and lateral component, RF (T). With the same concept of frictional resistance determination, the ITTC 1957 is applied in determining the Frictional Resistance longitudinally and laterally. Table 5.1: Frictional Resistance Component due to Drift Angle,
R F = 0.5 V 2 S C F

CF =

0.075 (log Rn 2) 2

Rn =
Longitudinal Component
R F ( L ) = 0.5 (VS cos ) 2 S C F

VL

Lateral Component
R F (T ) = 0.5 (VS sin ) 2 S C F

CF =
Rn =

0.075 (log Rn 2) 2
(VS cos ) L

CF = Rn =

0.075 (log Rn 2) 2 (VS sin ) L

Besides the effect of lateral drift (drift angle, ) due to wind, when concerning the case of severe effect, there has another element that need to be considered. The significant lateral drift effect (severe case) which is caused by current is to be highlighted as well. This current element is said gave a severe case in lateral drift due to its velocity which acts onto the moving ship. As a result, a part of Frictional Resistance, RF due to ship velocity, VS, it is identified that there has additional frictional resistance interacts with the ships hull which is due to the velocity of current, VC. It is known as Frictional Resistance due to current velocity, RF(C). The value will be taken into account and combined with the existing Frictional Resistance due to ships velocity, RF(S). The additional resistance which due to the current is said only affects at this frictional resistance component since at the other components of resistance, namely appendages resistance (RAPP), wave- making resistance (RW), bulbous bow resistance (RB), immersed transom resistance (RTR) and model- ship correlation resistance (RA) the effect is not so significant. It is found that

56

the values produced by these components of resistance are very small and considerably neglected.

Frictional Resistance due to current, RF(C), mainly is determined depending on the current velocity, VC, as well as the current direction angle. In this study, current direction angle is the direction of the current (with its velocity) acting on the moving ship and it is represented by . The various values of current direction angle, will break down the current velocity components into longitudinal current velocity, VC (L) and lateral current velocity, VC (T). Thus, it also will give the various effect of lateral drift (severe) with different current direction angle. Similarly applying the ITTC 1957 of frictional coefficient, the additional frictional resistance RF(C), which is due to the current velocity (longitudinally and laterally) is considered and determined as followed.

Table 5.2: Frictional Resistance Component due to Current Direction angle,

(In severe case)
R F = 0.5VC 2 S C F

CF =

0.075 (log Rn 2) 2

Rn =
Longitudinal Component

VC L

Lateral Component

RFC ( L ) = 0.5 VC cos

S CF

RFC ( L ) = 0.5 VC sin

CF = 0.075 (log Rn 2) 2

S CF

CF =

0.075 (log Rn 2) 2 VC cos L

Rn C ( L ) =

Rn C ( L ) =

VC sin L

57 By referring to the main reference of ship resistance prediction method, the

other component of resistance which will be influenced by the modified ships velocity is the wave making and wave breaking resistance, RW. In RW calculation, the component of ships velocity mainly influences the Froudes number, Fn parameter and also coefficient of m2 as shown below.

Table 5.3: Wave Making Resistance Component due to Drift Angle,

RW = c1c 2 c5 g exp m1 Fnd + m2 cos Fn2

Longitudinal Component
Fn ( L ) = (VS cos ) L
Fn (T ) =

)}

Lateral Component
(VS sin ) L

2 m2 = c15 C P exp(0.1Fn2 )

Longitudinal Component
(VS cos ) L

Lateral Component
(VS sin ) L

Fn ( L ) =

Fn (T ) =

The other component of resistance prediction which is modified due to the ships velocity parameter is called additional pressure resistance of bulbous bow near the water surface, or indicated as RB. In this component of resistance, it is affecting the parameter of Fni and the modified equation related as followed;
Table 5.4: Bulbous Bow Resistance Component due to Drift Angle,
3 1.5 2 RB = 0.11exp(3PB2 ) Fni ABT g /(1 + Fni )

Fni = V /[ g (TF hB 0.2 ABT ) + 0.15V 2 ]1 2

Longitudinal Component
Fni ( L ) = (V S cos ) /[ g (TF hB 0.2 ABT ) + 0.15(V S cos ) 2 ]1 2

Lateral Component
Fni (T ) = (V S sin ) /[ g (TF hB 0.2 ABT ) + 0.15(V S sin ) 2 ]1 2

58

Same goes to the resistance component due to the additional pressure resistance of immersed transom stern, RTR. The additional resistance due to the immersed transom part is modified due to the modified c6 coefficient, which is influenced by the FnT as described below.
Table 5.5: Immersed Transom Resistance Component due to Drift Angle,

RTR = 0.5V 2 AT c6
when FnT<5
c6 = 0.2(1 0.2 FnT )

when FnT5
c6 =0

Longitudinal Component
FnT = (V cos ) /[ 2 gAT /( B + BCWP )]1 2

Lateral Component
FnT = (V sin ) /[2 gAT /( B + BCWP )]1 2

The ships velocity also one of the parameters in predicting the model-ship correlation resistance, known as RA. Due to that, it also modifies the model-ship correction resistance, RA as stated below;

Table 5.6: Model Correlation Resistance Component due to Drift Angle,

R A = 0.5 V 2 SC A

Longitudinal Component
R A( L ) = 0.5 (V S cos ) 2 SC A

Lateral Component
R A (T ) = 0.5 (V S sin ) 2 SC A

By taking into account and modifying all the related resistance components, coefficients and functions which influenced by the ships velocity due to drift angle, , and the additional frictional resistance due to acting current velocity, RF(C) at various angle, , the problem of ship resistance prediction with lateral drift effect can be solved. There are slightly differences with the original procedure, which due to the presence of ships and current velocity component (longitudinal and lateral). The

59

prediction of ship resistance using the proposed prediction formula can be performed by solving it separately; longitudinally and laterally. Applying the original Holtrops and Mennens prediction approach as the guideline, it is explored by considering the lateral drift effect due to wind and severe current. Both of these effects (small drift angle due to wind and severe drift angle due to current) are calculated separately at each component (longitudinal and lateral). The modified procedure in determining the total ship resistance, RTotal are written as follows: RTotal (longitudinally) = RF (L) (1+k) + RAPP + RW + RB + RTR + RA RF (L)= RFS (longitudinal) + RFC (longitudinal) RTotal (lateral) = RF (T) (1+k) + RAPP + RW + RB + RTR + RA RF (T) = RFS (lateral) + RFC (lateral)

(5.2)

Where

(5.3)

(5.4)

Where

(5.5)

RFS RFC

= Frictional Resistance due to ships velocity, VS = Frictional Resistance due to currents velocity, VC

The results of each component are combined in view of trigonometric relationship to obtain the Total Ship Resistance, RTOTAL with severe drift effects (at various angles). The proposed trigonometric relation for this Total Ship Resistance, RTOTAL is written as follows:

RTOTAL=

( RTotal ( longitudinally ) 2 + ( RTotal ( laterally ) ) 2

(5.6)

CHAPTER VI

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

6.1

Introduction

At this stage, a calculation programming are essentials due to the complication of the calculation itself. Therefore, calculation template using Microsoft Excel and FORTRAN were developed. The results from both calculation tools will be used for comparison and verification purpose and to further confirm the correctness of the proposed ship resistance prediciton method.

6.2

Computer Programming Verification

The developed calculation program (FORTRAN) certainly requires to be verified in order to ensure its validity. The verification of this developed programming is started upon the source code is written. Stage by stage each of the derived equation is verified by running the program and comparing the output result with the result calculated by the Microsoft Excel. Must be borne in mind that in performing these two mode of calculation, some data is required. In this study, those

61 data are taken similarly with example data provided by Holtrops example calculation (Holtrop J.and Mennen G. G. J.,1982).

6.3

Program Flow Chart

Upon development of this program, the flow chart is produced in visualizing the flow of this calculation program. The flowchart is available in Appendix A.

6.4

Input and Output Data

As an input, the data in this program is divided into two categories, namely user input data and datas set in the programming.

6.4.1

User Input Data

For this particular calculation program, in executing the problem of ship resistance with lateral drift effect, incorporating the severe case, it requires ship velocity, VS and current velocity, VC as user input data. These two data are defined as user input data since they will be the main variables in determining total ship resistance with lateral drift effect, especially in severe case (due to current).

62 6.4.2 Data in the Programming

This type of data is required and initially is set in the programming. Means, these data is a fixed and can only be modified or changed by changing the source code. In performing this particular calculation, main particulars of any proven ships, are needed, as long as it is within the scopes and limitations of the Holtrops and Mennens criteria range. In this case, main particulars data of container ship type is used, since it is provided by Holtrops and Mennens example calculation (as mentioned previously). Apart of the main ship particulars, the main hydrostatics data of corresponding ship also is required to complete the calculation. Other than that, properties of water, as a medium for the ship to operate also are necessary data to be set for the calculation program. The list of data which is set initially in the program are shown in the Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: List of datas set in the programming (Holtrop, J. and Mennen, G. G. J.). MAIN PARTICULARS Length of Waterline, LWL 205.000 Breadth Moulded, B 32.000 Draught Moulded, T 10.000 Volume displacement, 37500 Wetted surface Area, S 7381.45 Wetted Surface Area of Appendages, SAPP 50 Prismatic Coeff., CP 0.5833 Midship Area Coeff., CM 0.98 Block Coefficient, CB 0.586 Waterplane. Area Coeff., 0.75 CWP LCB from zero pt. (+ve fwd) -0.75 Transverse sectional area of bulb, ABT 20 1/2 angle of entrance, iE 12.080 Transverse area of immersed transom, AT 16 Centre of bulb area above keel line, hB 4 Stern shape coefficient, CStern Density of salt water, SW 10.0 1.026 tonne/m3 UNIT m m m m3 m2 m2

m m2 degree m2 m

63 Viscosity of salt water, SW Gravity Acceleration, g Drift Angle, Current Direction Angle, 1.19-06 9.81 0-10 0-360 m2/s m/s2 deg deg

6.4.3

Output Data

The output data from this computer programming are listed as follows:

1) Parameters, Coefficients, Functions and Sub- components of Total Resistance Longitudinal Ship Velocity, Vs(L) and Lateral Ship Velocity, Vs(T) Longitudinal Current Velocity, Vc(L) and Lateral Current Velocity, Vc(T) Length of run, Lr Coefficient of C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6(L), C6(T), C7, C12, C13, C15, C16, PB and CA Wetted Surface Area, S Reynold Number (longitudinal), Rn(L) and (lateral), Rn(T) Frictional Resistance Coefficient, CF, (longitudinal), CF(L) and (lateral), CF(T) Froudes Number, (Fn), (longitudinal), Fn(L) and (lateral), Fn(T) Lambda, Coefficient of m1, m2, m2(L) and m2(T) Immersion Froudes Number, Fni, (longitudinal), Fni(L) and (lateral), Fni(T) Transom Froudes Number, Fnt, (longitudinal), Fnt(L) and (lateral), Fnt(T)

64 2) Total Resistance Components Form factor, (1+k) Frictional Resistance, RF, (longitudinal), RF(L) and (lateral), RF(T) Frictional Resistance (due to current), RFC, (longitudinal), RFC(L) and (lateral), RFC(T) Appendages Resistance, RAPP, (longitudinal), RAPP(L) and (lateral), RAPP(T) Wave- making Resistance, RW, (longitudinal), RW(L) and (lateral), RW(T) Bulbous Bow Resistance, RB, (longitudinal), RB(L) and (lateral), RB(T) Immersed Transom Resistance, RTR, (longitudinal), RTR(L) and (lateral), RTR(T) Model- Ship Correlation Resistance, RA, (longitudinal), RA(L) and (lateral), RA(T) Resultant Frictional Resistance, RF(Total) Resultant Appendages Resistance, RAPP(Total) Resultant Wave- making Resistance, RW(Total) Resultant Bulbous Bow Resistance, RB (Total) Resultant Immersed Transom Resistance, RTR (Total) Resultant Model- Ship Correlation Resistance, RA (Total)

3) Final Results Total Resistance with Severe Drift Case

CHAPTER VII

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1.

Introduction

Based on the proposed ship resistance prediction formulae that were discussed in previous chapter and the calculation tools which is based on Microsoft Excel and FORTRAN, the output results are calculated and analyzed. In this chapter, it presents and discusses in more detail and wider about the results obtained. Data of related results are presented effectively in tables and several necessary graphs are produced to illustrated clearly about the results and related analysis. In this study, the analysis and discussion also remarks about two case of study as highlighted earlier.

7.2.

CASE 1: Severe Drift Effect on the Total Ship Resistance, RTOTAL

As discussed in the earlier chapter, it clearly highlighted that the assumption of this lateral drift with severe effect are due to two separate elements, wind and current (maintaining the calm water condition). First effect of lateral drift which

66

caused by wind is considerably limited up to 10 degrees drift angle, , assuming relatively wind effect is small comparing to the forward speed of the ship. However, as severe lateral drift effect is concerned, it is incorporated with the current cause. This current is said could give a severe drift effect due to the current velocity (as set earlier) acts on the moving ship, which considerably gives more severe lateral drift effect. In measuring wider about this lateral drift effect, the current velocity acting on the moving ship, especially at river mouth area is varied in term of direction angle. The current direction angle (with fixed velocity) is represented by and varies from 0o (also known as heading current) up to 360o, with 10o intervals.

As results, it can be summarized that this lateral drift investigation on the ship resistance is influenced by two types of variables with fixed values of current velocity, VC. Consideration is given on the variables from range of drift angles, , as well as range of current direction angles, . The calculated result of the lateral drift effect on the ship total resistance, RTOTAL is shown in Table 7.1. According to this result, the total ship resistance is calculated at various drift angles incorporating with the various current direction angles. The ships velocity, VS is set at 25 knots (service speed) and current velocity, VC is assumed 4 knots (considerably the typical maximum value). The mathematical calculation for this total ship resistance, RTOTAL is executed by solving the proposed ship resistance prediction formulae separately into two components of total ship resistance, namely longitudinally (RT(longitudinal)) and laterally (RT(lateral)). Both values are then combined by applying the trigonometric solution as described in previous chapter. These results are plotted and visualized in Figure 7.1

67

Table 7.1: CASE 1: Result of Ship Total Resistance with Lateral Drift Effect at Various Drift and Current Direction Angles
0 Current direction angle, (deg)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360

Drift angle, (deg) 2

RTOTAL(L) 1824.859 1823.946 1821.308 1817.232 1812.168 1806.675 1801.370 1796.867 1793.728 1792.481 1791.229 1788.086 1783.581 1778.275 1772.782 1767.720 1763.647 1761.013 1760.104 1761.021 1763.663 1767.741 1772.807 1778.301 1783.604 1788.105 1791.240 1792.481 1793.739 1796.885 1801.393 1806.700 1812.193 1817.254 1821.323 1823.954 1824.859

RTOTAL(T) 0.000 1.081 3.797 7.692 12.279 17.029 21.408 24.931 27.211 27.998 27.207 24.924 21.399 17.018 12.268 7.681 3.789 1.076 0.000 1.085 3.805 7.702 12.290 17.040 21.417 24.938 27.214 27.998 27.204 24.917 21.389 17.007 12.257 7.671 3.781 1.071 0.000

R (TOTAL) 1824.859 1823.946 1821.311 1817.248 1812.209 1806.755 1801.497 1797.040 1793.935 1792.700 1791.436 1788.260 1783.709 1778.357 1772.825 1767.736 1763.651 1761.013 1760.104 1761.021 1763.667 1767.758 1772.850 1778.382 1783.733 1788.278 1791.446 1792.700 1793.945 1797.058 1801.520 1806.780 1812.234 1817.270 1821.327 1823.955 1824.859

RTOTAL(L) 1822.333 1821.420 1818.781 1814.706 1809.642 1804.149 1798.844 1794.341 1791.202 1789.955 1788.703 1785.560 1781.055 1775.749 1770.256 1765.194 1761.121 1758.486 1757.578 1758.495 1761.137 1765.215 1770.281 1775.775 1781.078 1785.578 1788.714 1789.955 1791.213 1794.359 1798.867 1804.174 1809.667 1814.728 1818.797 1821.428 1822.333

RTOTAL(T) 2.510 3.760 6.900 11.404 16.710 22.203 27.266 31.340 33.977 34.887 33.972 31.332 27.255 22.190 16.697 11.393 6.891 3.754 2.510 1.255 -1.890 -6.396 -11.703 -17.195 -22.257 -26.328 -28.961 -29.867 -28.948 -26.304 -22.225 -17.158 -11.664 -6.361 -1.862 1.271 2.510

R (TOTAL) 1822.334 1821.424 1818.794 1814.742 1809.719 1804.285 1799.051 1794.615 1791.524 1790.295 1789.025 1785.835 1781.263 1775.888 1770.335 1765.230 1761.135 1758.490 1757.580 1758.495 1761.138 1765.227 1770.320 1775.858 1781.217 1785.773 1788.948 1790.204 1791.447 1794.552 1799.005 1804.256 1809.704 1814.739 1818.798 1821.429 1822.334

RTOTAL(L) 1814.751 1813.838 1811.199 1807.124 1802.060 1796.567 1791.262 1786.759 1783.620 1782.373 1781.121 1777.978 1773.473 1768.167 1762.674 1757.612 1753.539 1750.904 1749.996 1750.913 1753.555 1757.633 1762.699 1768.193 1773.496 1777.996 1781.132 1782.373 1783.631 1786.777 1791.285 1796.592 1802.085 1807.146 1811.215 1813.846 1814.751

RTOTAL(T) 9.250 10.499 13.640 18.144 23.449 28.942 34.006 38.080 40.716 41.627 40.712 38.072 33.995 28.930 23.437 18.132 13.631 10.494 9.250 7.995 4.850 0.343 -4.963 -10.456 -15.518 -19.589 -22.221 -23.128 -22.209 -19.565 -15.485 -10.418 -4.924 0.378 4.877 8.011 9.250

R (TOTAL) 1814.774 1813.868 1811.251 1807.215 1802.212 1796.800 1791.585 1787.165 1784.085 1782.859 1781.586 1778.386 1773.799 1768.404 1762.830 1757.705 1753.592 1750.936 1750.020 1750.931 1753.562 1757.633 1762.706 1768.224 1773.564 1778.104 1781.270 1782.523 1783.769 1786.884 1791.352 1796.622 1802.091 1807.146 1811.222 1813.864 1814.774


Drift angle, (deg) 8

68

6 Current direction angle, (deg)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360

10

RTOTAL(L) 1802.097 1801.184 1798.546 1794.471 1789.406 1783.913 1778.608 1774.106 1770.967 1769.720 1768.467 1765.325 1760.819 1755.514 1750.021 1744.958 1740.886 1738.251 1737.342 1738.259 1740.902 1744.980 1750.046 1755.539 1760.843 1765.343 1768.478 1769.720 1770.977 1774.124 1778.632 1783.939 1789.431 1794.492 1798.562 1801.193 1802.097

RTOTAL(T) 19.808 21.058 24.198 28.702 34.008 39.501 44.564 48.638 51.275 52.185 51.270 48.630 44.553 39.488 33.995 28.691 24.189 21.052 19.808 18.553 15.408 10.902 5.595 0.103 -4.959 -9.030 -11.663 -12.569 -11.650 -9.006 -4.927 0.140 5.634 10.937 15.436 18.569 19.808

R (TOTAL) 1802.206 1801.307 1798.709 1794.700 1789.729 1784.350 1779.167 1774.772 1771.709 1770.489 1769.210 1765.994 1761.383 1755.958 1750.351 1745.194 1741.054 1738.378 1737.455 1738.358 1740.970 1745.014 1750.055 1755.539 1760.850 1765.366 1768.517 1769.764 1771.016 1774.147 1778.639 1783.939 1789.440 1794.526 1798.628 1801.289 1802.206

RTOTAL(L) 1784.332 1783.419 1780.781 1776.706 1771.641 1766.148 1760.843 1756.341 1753.202 1751.955 1750.702 1747.560 1743.054 1737.749 1732.256 1727.193 1723.121 1720.486 1719.577 1720.494 1723.137 1727.215 1732.281 1737.774 1743.078 1747.578 1750.713 1751.955 1753.213 1756.359 1760.867 1766.174 1771.666 1776.727 1780.797 1783.428 1784.332

RTOTAL(T) 33.924 35.173 38.314 42.818 48.123 53.616 58.680 62.754 65.390 66.301 65.386 62.746 58.669 53.604 48.110 42.806 38.305 35.168 33.924 32.668 29.524 25.017 19.711 14.218 9.156 5.085 2.453 1.546 2.465 5.109 9.189 14.256 19.749 25.052 29.551 32.684 33.923

R (TOTAL) 1784.655 1783.766 1781.193 1777.222 1772.295 1766.962 1761.821 1757.461 1754.421 1753.209 1751.923 1748.686 1744.042 1738.575 1732.924 1727.723 1723.546 1720.845 1719.912 1720.805 1723.390 1727.396 1732.393 1737.832 1743.102 1747.585 1750.715 1751.955 1753.214 1756.366 1760.891 1766.231 1771.776 1776.904 1781.042 1783.727 1784.655

RTOTAL(L) 1761.371 1760.459 1757.820 1753.745 1748.680 1743.187 1737.883 1733.380 1730.241 1728.994 1727.742 1724.599 1720.094 1714.788 1709.295 1704.232 1700.160 1697.525 1696.617 1697.534 1700.176 1704.254 1709.320 1714.813 1720.117 1724.617 1727.752 1728.994 1730.252 1733.398 1737.906 1743.213 1748.705 1753.766 1757.836 1760.467 1761.371

RTOTAL(T) 51.370 52.620 55.760 60.264 65.570 71.062 76.126 80.200 82.837 83.747 82.832 80.192 76.115 71.050 65.557 60.253 55.751 52.614 51.370 50.115 46.970 42.464 37.157 31.665 26.603 22.532 19.899 18.993 19.912 22.556 26.635 31.702 37.196 42.499 46.998 50.131 51.370

R (TOTAL) 1762.120 1761.245 1758.704 1754.780 1749.909 1744.635 1739.549 1735.234 1732.223 1731.021 1729.726 1726.462 1721.777 1716.259 1710.552 1705.297 1701.074 1698.340 1697.394 1698.273 1700.824 1704.783 1709.724 1715.106 1720.323 1724.764 1727.867 1729.098 1730.366 1733.545 1738.110 1743.501 1749.101 1754.281 1758.464 1761.181 1762.120

69

1850

1800

(kN)
TOTAL

1750

Total Resistance,R

1700 R(t) with 0 deg drift 1650 R(t) with 2 deg drift R(t) with 4 deg drift 1600 R(t) with 6 deg drift R(t) with 8 deg drift 1550 R(t) with 10 deg drift

1500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

Current Angle, a (deg)

Figure 7.1: CASE 1: Result of Total Ship Resistance with Lateral Drift Effect at Various Drift and Current Direction Angles

Referring to the calculated and analyzed result in Table 7.1 and Figure 7.1, it is showed that the total ship resistance, RTOTAL incorporating with the effect of lateral drift decreased with increase of drift angle, . However, the values of total ship resistance incorporating with severe drift effect showed decrease trend with the increase of current direction angle until = 180o. After 180o, total resistance starts to increase until current direction angle, = 360o. From =0o to 10o and from =0o to 180o shows that the values of total ship resistance linearly decrease. Must be borne in mind that this severe drift effect is caused by combination of two types of sources; due to wind, which produces drift angle, and due to current, which at its speed of 4 knots (max.) acts at various current direction angle, .

In discussing more about this effect, we might view the effect of both causes of severe drift effect separately. In other words, first, we possibly discuss the effect of lateral drift due wind which causes drift angle, .

70 Ship Total Resistance, RTOTAL with the Drift Effect (due to wind)

7.2.1

Appendix B1 shows that the trend of total ship resistance is decrease with the increase of drift angle, . The total ship resistance determination at this case is made by solving it in separate components; longitudinally and laterally. As a result, total ship resistance is calculated as Longitudinal Total Ship Resistance, RT (L) and Lateral Total Ship Resistance, RT (T) as shown in Table 7.1. From there, as a resultant of total ship resistance, it is combined and solved by applying a trigonometric solution.

As indicated in Table 7.2, the total resistance with lateral drift effect due to drift angle is influenced by component of ships velocity parameter, which is ship longitudinal velocity, VS
(L)

and ship lateral velocity, VS

(T).

Due to that, ship

resistance determination is made by breaking down into longitudinal and lateral component as well, where all the component of resistances, coefficients and functions are solved separately in longitudinal and lateral direction (as per discussed in Chapter V). As the result, from the table, it shows that longitudinal total resistance of the ship, RT(L) decrease with the increase of drift angle, , whereas in lateral component, the trend of total resistance, RT(T) is proportionally increase with the increment of drift angle. It explains that with the increase of drift angle, from = 0o to 10o, the resistance acting longitudinally becomes less, but the magnitude increases in lateral component point of view.

However, we also find out that although the total ship resistance laterally, RT(T) is proportionally increase, the resultant value of total ship resistance, RTOTAL still decrease with the increase of drift angle (refer to Table 7.2). This is due to the increasing values of total resistance in lateral direction, RT (T), which is relatively small comparing the decreasing values of total resistance in longitudinal component with the increase of drift angle. This trend are looked similarly with other range of ship speed values, as shown in Figure 7.2

71

Table 7.2: Resultant Ship Total Resistance at Speed 25 knots with Various Drift Angles Ship Velocity= 25 knots RTOTAL(L) RTOTAL(T) R (TOTAL) Drift angle, (deg) (kN) (kN) (kN) 0 2

1792.48 1789.96 1782.37 1769.72 1751.95 1728.99

0.00 2.51 9.25 19.81 33.92 51.37

1792.48 1789.96 1782.40 1769.83 1752.28 1729.76

Ship speed,v=15 knots Ship speed,v=30 knots

6 8 10
Ship speed,v=5 knots Ship speed,v=20 knots 3500 Total Resistance, RT (kN) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 1 2 3

ship speed,v=10 knots Ship speed,v=25 knots

10

Drift Angle, (deg)

Figure 7.2: Total Ship Resistance, RTOTAL at Various Ship Speed, Vs with Lateral Drift Angles (due to wind).

72 Ship Total Resistance, RTOTAL with Current Effect

7.2.2

On the other hand, besides drift effect due to wind which produces drift angles, since concerning the severe lateral drift effect at the river mouth, it also is caused by the current acting on the ship. This factor of lateral drift is said to give severe effect to the ship, due to the presence of current velocity itself. The mathematical investigation due to this current speed on the ship resistance is made by approaching the so called a relative solution. With the fixed value of current velocity, VC = 4 knots (approx.), the analysis is made by considering various direction of angles, . The varying of current direction angles begin at 0o, which also namely as heading current, with 10o of interval up to 180o (following current), then continues until = 360o (which considerably back to heading current). At these various current direction angles, a wider effect of drift on the ship resistance can be analyzed. For the analysis of total ship resistance with drift effect only caused by current itself, is shown in Appendix B2.

In reviewing the total ship resistance at 25 knots with lateral drift due to 4 knots current from point view of longitudinal and lateral component, it shows that the total ship resistance produced longitudinally, RT(L) decrease with increase of current direction angle until = 180o. However, the trend then indicates linearly increase from = 190o until reach up to = 360o (which considerably back to heading current). There also indicates that the total ship resistance is determined as maximum value at current direction angles, = 0o or = 360o with RT (L) is 1824.86 kN. Whilst, the value of total ship resistance laterally, RT (T) at this angle is zero. This situation happened since at = 0o, the current is said in the position of heading current. Means, the traveled ship at 25 knots is encountered by the current with 4 knots speed completely in longitudinal component and in opposite direction of traveled ship, and there is absence of lateral component at this direction. Relatively, at this condition, ship total resistance is added by the resistance produced due to the heading current at 4 knots and the resistance due to the current is found at highest value at the = 0o or = 360o (heading current).

73 As passed with the increment of current angle, the longitudinal component of

total resistance starts decreasing, while in lateral component proportionally increase. This increasing value of lateral component came to the highest point when the current direction angle, = 90o, also namely as starboard beam current. The lateral total resistance, RT (T) is determined 28 kN at this angle. This due to the magnitude of lateral velocity component at 90o is the maximum magnitude, since there only has the absolute lateral component, without longitudinal current velocity. This condition also occurs in the case of port beam current. The only difference is that the total resistance laterally, RT
(T)

produced is in the opposite direction of the case of

starboard beam current. After current direction angle passing starboard beam current (90o), both total resistance produced longitudinally and laterally decrease till reaching 180o. This trend can be explained that at this range of angle current, the longitudinal resistance is encountered in opposite direction of current, which is the same direction with traveled ship. As a result, it is found that the longitudinal resistance due to current effect is produced in negative values, hence brought the total ship resistance lesser as compared to the total ship resistance produced in normal condition. These negative reading of resistance can be interpreted and converted into the additional force or thrust in moving the ship forward (longitudinally). The traveled ship is gained a merit in term of powering requirement at this range of current angles. The peak of this merit was achieved when the current angle, at 180o. At this direction (following current) resistance due to this current produced absolutely in longitudinal component, same direction with the traveled ship direction. In other words, it produced the maximum value of additional force/ thrust (negative resistance) for the traveled ship forward. The comprehension of this various condition of current action in effecting lateral drift is shown in Figure 7.3 below.

74

Current velocity, Vc Current direction angle Vc(T)

Vc(L) Vc X

Ship velocity, Vs Up to 360o

Figure 7.3: Schematic Diagram of Lateral Drift Effect Due to Current

7.2.3

Ship Total Resistance, RTOTAL with Lateral Drift Effect Due to Combination of Wind and Current (Severe Case)

In general discussion about total ship resistance produced with the effect of severe drift; these two causes are combined together. The severe lateral drift due to combination of wind (due to drift angle) and current (current direction angle), it can be summarized that the trend is decreased with increase of these angles. In this case, at ship service speed of 25 knots, the maximum value of total ship resistance produced is RTOTAL = 1824.86 kN, at the condition when she is encountered by the heading current (= 0o or = 360o) and no drift effect due to wind (= 0o). Whereas, the lowest value produced is RTOTAL =1697.39 kN when she is drifted by wind at maximum drift angle, = 10o incorporating with the following current (= 180o). It is possibly clearer to view the comparison and difference between the total ship resistance calculated using original Holtrop;s and Mennens formula (at normal

75

condition), with maximum and minimum total ship resistance produced due to the effect of severe drift (caused by combination of wind and current). The exact values are shown in Table 7.3 Table 7.3: Comparison of differences between total ship resistance produced in normal condition with maximum and minimum total ship resistance produced due to drift effect

Condition at service speed 25 knots

Total Resistance, RTOTAL (kN)

Percentage of difference

Total ship resistance at normal condition Maximum of total ship resistance produced due to drift effect (caused by combination of wind and current) Minimum of total ship resistance produced due to drift effect (caused by combination of wind and current)

1792.48 1.81 %(added)

1824.86

1697.39

5.31 % (reduced)

7.3

Analysis the Effect at Other Ship Velocities

Furthermore, in reviewing the total ship resistance with this drift effect, it also can be further reviewed at other ship velocities. Result in Table 7.4 (a), (b), (c) and (d) and graphs in Figure 7.4 (a), (b), (c) and (d) visualized the totals ship resistance calculated at various ship velocities. It is evaluated by taking into account the increase of drift angle ( up to 10o) incorporating with current direction angle. On the whole, the curve of total resistance still follows the ideal trend of total resistance curve, which increases proportionally when the ship velocity increased. However, in relating the total ship resistance with drift angles case, the trend of result at other ship velocities remarkably showed similar with the result discussed earlier, (particularly at VS = 25 knots). The total ship resistance, R (TOTAL) curves produced at velocity 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 knots individually decreases with the increase of drift angle, . The

76

results specifically are overviewed in four main cases, which is in heading current ( = 0o), starboard beam current ( = 90o), following current ( = 180o) and port beam current ( = 270o) and most of them, the total ship resistance produced with the effect of drift, are decreased when the drift angle is increased. Table 7.4 (a): Total Ship Resistance Produced Due to Lateral Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Heading Current, = 0o
Drift angle, (deg) 0 Ship Velocity, Vs (knot) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 99.27 273.83 546.51 981.20 1824.86 3025.49 2 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 99.19 273.57 545.90 979.81 1822.33 3018.45 4 R (TOTAL) (kN)) 0.000 98.96 272.76 544.06 975.67 1814.78 2997.52 6 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 98.59 271.43 541.05 968.91 1802.21 2963.26 8 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 98.07 269.60 536.89 959.70 1784.66 2916.59 10 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 97.41 267.30 531.67 948.27 1762.12 2858.74

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ship Velocity, Vs (knot)
Drift Drift Drift Drift angle, angle, angle, angle, (deg) 0 (deg) 2 (deg) 4 (deg) 6

Total Resistance, R TOTAL (kN)

Drift angle, (deg) 8 Drift angle, (deg) 10

Figure 7.4 (a): Total Ship Resistance Curve Produced with Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Heading Current Case, = 0o

77 Table 7.4 (b): Total Ship Resistance Produced Due to Lateral Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Starboard Beam Current,

= 90o
Drift angle, (deg) 0 Ship Velocity, Vs (knot) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 66.89 241.45 514.13 948.82 1792.48 2993.11 2 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 74.21 243.41 514.10 948.04 1790.29 2986.28 4 R (TOTAL) (kN)) 0.000 74.24 242.77 512.93 944.06 1782.85 2965.45 6 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 74.13 241.71 510.18 937.54 1770.48 2931.36 8 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 73.97 240.25 506.39 928.67 1753.10 2884.93 10 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0.000 73.76 238.41 501.63 917.67 1731.02 2827.38

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 20 Ship Velocity, Vs (knot) 25 30
Drift Drift Drift Drift angle, angle, angle, angle, (deg) 0 (deg) 2 (deg) 4 (deg) 6

Total Resistance, R TOTAL (kN )

Drift angle, (deg) 8 Drift angle, (deg) 10

Figure 7.4 (b): Total Ship Resistance Curve Produced with Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Starboard Beam Current Case, = 90o

78

Table 7.4(c): Total Ship Resistance Produced Due to Lateral Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Following Current, = 180o
0 Ship Velocity, Vs (knot) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 34.51 209.07 481.75 916.44 1760.10 2960.73 2 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 34.43 208.80 481.14 915.05 1757.58 2953.69 Drift angle, (deg) 4 6 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 34.21 208.00 479.31 910.92 1750.02 2932.76 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 33.84 206.68 476.30 904.16 1737.45 2898.50 8 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 33.34 204.87 472.16 894.96 1719.91 2851.83 10 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 32.72 202.59 466.96 883.55 1697.39 2794.00

3500
Drift angle, (deg) 0

3000 Total Resistance, R TOTAL (kN) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0

Drift angle, (deg) 2 Drift angle, (deg) 4 Drift angle, (deg) 6 Drift angle, (deg) 8 Drift angle, (deg) 10

10 15 20 Ship Velocity, Vs (knot)

25

30

Figure 7.4 (c): Total Ship Resistance Curve Produced with Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Following Current Case, = 180o

79 Table 7.4 (d): Total Ship Resistance Produced Due to Lateral Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Port Beam Current, = 270o
Drift angle, (deg) 4 6 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 73.84 242.33 512.48 943.64 1782.52 2965.17 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 73.28 240.76 509.22 936.64 1769.76 2930.75

0 Ship Velocity, Vs (knot) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 66.89 241.45 514.13 948.82 1792.48 2993.11

2 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 74.19 243.28 514.47 947.92 1790.20 2986.20

8 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 72.51 238.61 504.73 927.11 1751.95 2883.85

10 R (TOTAL) (kN) 0 71.54 235.90 499.08 915.28 1729.09 2825.72

3500 3000 Total resistance, R TOTAL (kN) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 20 Ship velocity, Vs (knots) 25 30
Drift angle, (deg) 0 Drift angle, (deg) 2 Drift angle, (deg) 4 Drift angle, (deg) 6 Drift angle, (deg) 8 Drift angle, (deg) 10

Figure 7.4 (d): Total Ship Resistance Curve Produced with Drift Effect (in Severe Case) at Various Ship Velocity in Port Beam Current Case, = 270o

80 CASE 2: Severe Drift Effect on the Total Ship Resistance, RTOTAL

7.4

The total ship resistance in Case 2 is solved and approached similarly as in Case 1 which treated as resultant of longitudinal and lateral component. Comparing to the Case 1, based on the methodology, the values of total resistance is totally depend on the lateral resistance component, since the longitudinal resistance values is similar with the values in Case 1. So that, in this particular section, the discussion is focused more on the result of total resistance in lateral direction. The difference in Case 2 is that, besides the effect of ship velocity, VS the other main modified parameters including ship length and breadth as well.

Referring to the Table 7.5, it is indicated that the values of total resistance (laterally), RT (L) is remarkably large in comparison to the values in Case 1. However, from point view of lateral total resistance, it still follows the trend in Case 1. The obvious difference is about the values obtained. Comparing to the Case 1, in Case 2, the lateral total resistance calculated gave a drastic increase. Even though with the same trend, the values obtained are very big in comparison to Case 1. Taking one point as an example, when the ship is drifted at = 10 degrees incorporating with the current direction angle, = 90 degrees, it is obtained that the lateral total resistance, RT
(L)

is 828.03 kN for the Case 2. If compared to the Case 1, the lateral total

resistance produced at this point is just about 83.75. kN. In comparison these two values, which is taken at maximum point, the lateral total resistance determined at Case 2 almost 43.19% of total ship resistance (resultant of total resistance). Whereas, the percentage of the maximum lateral total resistance obtained in Case 1 is only.4.84% of the resultant of total resistance.. Figure 7.5 and Figure 7.6 illustrated clearer about the comparison between Case 1 and Case 2, as far as lateral total resistance is concerned. In overall, the large differences of lateral total resistance obtained between Case1 and 2 might be due to some assumptions decided earlier, which possibly could contribute to the error. One of reason, maybe due to the unsymmetrical form of ship in Case 2. By changing inversely the length and breadth, it created the form of ship unsymmetrical. Obviously the solution of this unsymmetrical condition is a complicated problem to be executed.

81

Table 7.5: CASE 2: Longitudinal, Lateral and Resultant Total Resistance at Various Current Direction Angle and Drift Angle.
Drift angle, (deg)
0 Current direction angle, (deg)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360

R RT (L)
1824.86 1823.95 1821.31 1817.23 1812.17 1806.67 1801.37 1796.87 1793.73 1792.48 1791.23 1788.09 1783.58 1778.28 1772.78 1767.72 1763.65 1761.01 1760.10 1761.02 1763.66 1767.74 1772.81 1778.30 1783.60 1788.10 1791.24 1792.48 1793.74 1796.89 1801.39 1806.70 1812.19 1817.25 1821.32 1823.95 1824.86

R RT (L)
1822.33 1821.42 1818.78 1814.71 1809.64 1804.15 1798.84 1794.34 1791.20 1789.96 1788.70 1785.56 1781.05 1775.75 1770.26 1765.19 1761.12 1758.49 1757.58 1758.49 1761.14 1765.22 1770.28 1775.77 1781.08 1785.58 1788.71 1789.96 1791.21 1794.36 1798.87 1804.17 1809.67 1814.73 1818.80 1821.43 1822.33

R RT (L)
1814.75 1813.84 1811.20 1807.12 1802.06 1796.57 1791.26 1786.76 1783.62 1782.37 1781.12 1777.98 1773.47 1768.17 1762.67 1757.61 1753.54 1750.90 1750.00 1750.91 1753.56 1757.63 1762.70 1768.19 1773.50 1778.00 1781.13 1782.37 1783.63 1786.78 1791.29 1796.59 1802.08 1807.15 1811.22 1813.85 1814.75

RT (T)
0.00 15.00 51.88 104.26 165.61 228.89 287.07 333.79 364.00 374.43 363.95 333.70 286.94 228.74 165.46 104.13 51.78 14.94 0.00 -15.06 -51.99 -104.40 -165.76 -229.03 -287.19 -333.88 -364.05 -374.43 -363.90 -333.61 -286.82 -228.60 -165.32 -103.99 -51.67 -14.87 0.00

(TOTAL)

RT (T)
23.61 38.61 75.49 127.87 189.22 252.50 310.67 357.40 387.61 398.03 387.56 357.31 310.55 252.35 189.07 127.74 75.38 38.54 23.61 8.54 -28.38 -80.79 -142.15 -205.43 -263.59 -310.28 -340.44 -350.82 -340.30 -310.00 -263.21 -204.99 -141.71 -80.39 -28.06 8.73 23.61

(TOTAL)

RT (T)
84.31 99.31 136.19 188.57 249.92 313.20 371.38 418.10 448.31 458.73 448.26 418.01 371.25 313.05 249.77 188.44 136.08 99.24 84.31 69.25 32.32 -20.09 -81.45 -144.72 -202.88 -249.58 -279.74 -290.12 -279.59 -249.30 -202.51 -144.29 -81.01 -19.69 32.64 69.44 84.31

(TOTAL)

1824.86 1824.01 1822.05 1820.22 1819.72 1821.12 1824.10 1827.61 1830.29 1831.17 1827.83 1818.96 1806.52 1792.93 1780.49 1770.78 1764.41 1761.08 1760.10 1761.09 1764.43 1770.82 1780.54 1792.99 1806.58 1819.01 1827.86 1831.17 1830.28 1827.59 1824.08 1821.11 1819.72 1820.23 1822.06 1824.01 1824.86

1822.49 1821.83 1820.35 1819.21 1819.51 1821.73 1825.47 1829.59 1832.66 1833.68 1830.21 1820.96 1807.93 1793.59 1780.32 1769.81 1762.73 1758.91 1757.74 1758.52 1761.37 1767.06 1775.98 1787.62 1800.48 1812.34 1820.82 1824.01 1823.25 1820.94 1818.02 1815.78 1815.21 1816.51 1819.01 1821.45 1822.49

1816.71 1816.55 1816.31 1816.94 1819.31 1823.66 1829.35 1835.02 1839.10 1840.46 1836.66 1826.46 1811.91 1795.67 1780.28 1767.68 1758.81 1753.71 1752.03 1752.28 1753.85 1757.75 1764.58 1774.11 1785.06 1795.43 1802.97 1805.83 1805.41 1804.09 1802.70 1802.38 1803.90 1807.25 1811.51 1815.17 1816.71

82

Drift angle, (deg)

6 Current direction angle, (deg)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360

10

R RT(L)
1802.10 1801.18 1798.55 1794.47 1789.41 1783.91 1778.61 1774.11 1770.97 1769.72 1768.47 1765.32 1760.82 1755.51 1750.02 1744.96 1740.89 1738.25 1737.34 1738.26 1740.90 1744.98 1750.05 1755.54 1760.84 1765.34 1768.48 1769.72 1770.98 1774.12 1778.63 1783.94 1789.43 1794.49 1798.56 1801.19 1802.10

R RT (L)
1784.33 1783.42 1780.78 1776.71 1771.64 1766.15 1760.84 1756.34 1753.20 1751.95 1750.70 1747.56 1743.05 1737.75 1732.26 1727.19 1723.12 1720.49 1719.58 1720.49 1723.14 1727.21 1732.28 1737.77 1743.08 1747.58 1750.71 1751.95 1753.21 1756.36 1760.87 1766.17 1771.67 1776.73 1780.80 1783.43 1784.33

R RT (L)
1761.37 1760.46 1757.82 1753.74 1748.68 1743.19 1737.88 1733.38 1730.24 1728.99 1727.74 1724.60 1720.09 1714.79 1709.29 1704.23 1700.16 1697.53 1696.62 1697.53 1700.18 1704.25 1709.32 1714.81 1720.12 1724.62 1727.75 1728.99 1730.25 1733.40 1737.91 1743.21 1748.71 1753.77 1757.84 1760.47 1761.37

RT (T)
177.70 192.70 229.58 281.97 343.32 406.59 464.77 511.50 541.70 552.13 541.65 511.40 464.65 406.45 343.17 281.83 229.48 192.64 177.70 162.64 125.71 73.30 11.94 -51.33 -109.49 -156.18 -186.34 -196.72 -186.20 -155.91 -109.12 -50.90 12.39 73.71 126.03 162.83 177.70

(TOTAL)

RT (T)
301.42 316.42 353.30 405.68 467.03 530.31 588.49 635.21 665.42 675.85 665.37 635.12 588.36 530.16 466.88 405.55 353.20 316.36 301.42 286.36 249.43 197.02 135.66 72.39 14.23 -32.46 -62.63 -73.01 -62.48 -32.19 14.60 72.82 136.10 197.43 249.75 286.55 301.42

(TOTAL)

RT (T)
453.60 468.60 505.48 557.87 619.21 682.49 740.67 787.39 817.60 828.03 817.55 787.30 740.54 682.35 619.07 557.73 505.38 468.54 453.60 438.54 401.61 349.20 287.84 224.57 166.41 119.72 89.55 79.18 89.70 119.99 166.78 225.00 288.28 349.61 401.93 438.73 453.60

(TOTAL)

1810.84 1811.46 1813.14 1816.49 1822.04 1829.66 1838.33 1846.37 1851.96 1853.85 1849.56 1837.91 1821.09 1801.95 1783.35 1767.57 1755.94 1748.89 1746.41 1745.85 1745.43 1746.52 1750.09 1756.29 1764.24 1772.24 1778.27 1780.62 1780.74 1780.96 1781.98 1784.66 1789.47 1796.01 1802.97 1808.54 1810.84

1809.61 1811.27 1815.49 1822.43 1832.17 1844.05 1856.58 1867.68 1875.23 1877.79 1872.88 1859.39 1839.68 1816.82 1794.07 1774.17 1758.95 1749.33 1745.80 1744.16 1741.10 1738.42 1737.58 1739.28 1743.14 1747.88 1751.83 1753.48 1754.33 1756.65 1760.93 1767.67 1776.89 1787.66 1798.23 1806.30 1809.61

1818.84 1821.76 1829.06 1840.34 1855.08 1872.03 1889.13 1903.84 1913.69 1917.04 1911.41 1895.81 1872.73 1845.56 1817.95 1793.17 1773.68 1761.00 1756.21 1753.26 1746.97 1739.66 1733.39 1729.46 1728.15 1728.77 1730.07 1730.81 1732.58 1737.55 1745.89 1757.67 1772.31 1788.27 1803.20 1814.31 1818.84

83

RT (T)
Current Angle,

Figure 7.5: CASE 1: Lateral Total Resistance, RT

(T)

at Various Current

Direction Angle, and Various Drift Angle, (at speed 25 knots)

84

RT (T)
Current Angle,

Figure7.6: CASE 2: Lateral Total Resistance, RT

(T)

at Various Current

Direction Angle, and Various Drift Angle, (at speed 25 knots) On the whole, even though the longitudinal total resistance, RT

(L)

values

similar with Case 1, with the remarkable values of total resistance (laterally), RT(L) produced in Case 2, it consequently will reflect the resultant total resistance, RTOTAL. Due to that, the end result of total ship resistance (applying the described methodology) gave a certain difference between Case 1 and Case 2, where the result for the Case 1 is significantly higher. It considerably can be concluded that the result obtained in Case 1 is preferable and more acceptable. It is said so since the values of lateral total resistance obtained in Case 2 were too large at every current angle. Referring to the Figure 7.6, the maximum lateral total resistance obtained is at drift angle, = 10 degrees with the current experienced at = 90. At this point, the values is up to 828.027 kN, which approaching almost half of the longitudinal total resistance, and considerably a large value. The values in this lateral component preferably should not be at this range because the ship has a forward velocity, which definitely contribute the major influence in total resistance. Other than that, although it is said as severe lateral drift due to the combination of wind and current, in the

85

assumption of no effects of waves, there is not possible to the values obtained up to this range. In fact, although in the condition of extreme sea, the influence is still small because the main effect is come from ocean waves.

CHAPTER VIII

CONCLUDING REMARKS

8.1

Conclusion

On the whole, concerning about the earlier objectives of this research, it can be summarized that they are successfully achieved. As far as this preliminary study is concerned, base on the literature reviewed, the mathematical derived and calculated results, this research potentially could contribute significant differences in certain condition in this ship resistance study. In this particular study, with specific case of severe lateral drift, instead of existing ship resistance prediction formulas, it is viewed that more detail and specific value can be calculated and predicted.

Although the condition of severe lateral drift effect due to wind and current is not entirely experienced by the ship in actual operation, but for a specific case of river mouth area (as discussed on the earlier part), it also can be considered that the predicted value would be more practical for a ship which travelling in this case. It is viewed that this matter is practical especially in ship operations which economy issue become the priority. This is because determining engine power requirement correctly at this particular condition will determine the correct fuel consumption for the engine to be used. As discussed in the previous chapter, in certain case (Case 1) such as

88 when ship traveled at her service speed (25 knots) with drift angle ( = 0 deg) in heading current ( = 0 deg), it produced the maximum of total ship resistance (RTOTAL = 1824.86 kN). This can be interpreted that about 1.806 % of total ship resistance is added in comparison to the normal condition of operation (with no drift effect). Another case is when ship is experienced a maximum drift angle ( = 10 deg) and traveled in following current, the total resistance produced is reduced up to 5.305 % of total ship resistance. Meaning, there exists an additional thrust or force for the ship when operating at this specific condition.

As far as the first initiative of research is concerned in this study, an investigation which is made by using Holtrops and Mennens prediction formulae as a guideline and main basis is considerably promising. A few information and understanding about this complicated problem are gained in initiating more detail studies in the near future. Some argument possibly will arise here regarding the principle used in this problem determination, since Holtrops approach is considerably a statistical method. However, it is highlighted that, at earlier of the Holtrops finding, an attempt also was made to extend the method by adjusting the original numerical prediction model to test data obtained in specific case, because the accuracy of the method was reported to be insufficient when unconventional combination of main parameters were used. Due to this adaption of the method has resulted this set of Holtrops formulae with a wider range of application (Holtrop and Mennen, 1982).

8.2

Recommendation for Future Research

Lastly, it is viewed that there have a large rooms of research opportunity possibly be explored and studied for the next stage of investigation. This initial investigation possibly can be made onto other methods of ship resistance prediction, as well as another types of ships and hull forms. Besides, as the future research, more

89 study is needed and developed especially for strong verification of this initial investigation. In this nearer period of time, computer simulation approach, such as Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) could provide a better promising result in solving the lateral drift effect onto ship resistance. Other than that, a specific model experiment is seen one of the approaches that possibly to be focused in the near future, which can further verify the proposed ship resistance prediction formulae.

REFERENCES

Arizam, A. W. (2003) Resistance Prediction of the Tugboat Undergraduate Thesis. University Technology Malaysia, Skudai

Bertram, V. (2000). Practical Ship Hydrodynamics. Butterworth- Heinemann. Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford.

Carlton, J. S. (1994). Marine Propellers and Propulsion. ButterworthHeinemann. Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford.

Takao I. (1962). Wave Making Resistance of Ships. The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 70. pg 283-353.

Edward, V. L. (1988). Principles of Naval Architecture, Volume II. Resistance, Propulsion and Vibration. Jersey City, NJ: The Society of Naval Architectures and Marine Engineers.

Faizul A. A. (1996). A Study of Ship Resistance Prediction Method. Undergraduate Thesis. University Technology Malaysia, Skudai.

Faizul A. A, (2006). A Strip Method for a Laterally Drifting Ship in Waves. Ph.D Thesis. Hiroshima University, Japan.

Faizul A. A. and Yasukawa, H. (2007). Strip Method for a Laterally Drifting ship in Waves. J Mar Sci Technol. 12: 139149

90 Gillmer, C and Johson, B. (1982). Introduction to Naval Architecture. London: E. & F. N. Spon Ltd.

Harold, E. S. (1957). Hydrodynamics in Ship Design. (Vol III). New York: The Society of Naval Architectures and Marine Engineers.

Harvald, S. V. (1983). Resistance and Propulsion of Ships. Lyngby, Denmark: John Wiley & Sons.

Holtrop, J. and Mennen, G. G. J. (1982). An Approximate Power Prediction Method. Netherlands Ship Model Basin, (Marin), Netherland

Holtrop, J. (1984), A Statistical Re-Analysis of Resistance and Propulsion Data. International Shipbuilding Progress, Vol. 31, No. 363,

Iwasaka, N. and K. Hanawa (1990). Climatologies of marine meteorological variables and surface fluxes in the North Pacific computed from COADS. Tohoku Geophys. J., 33, 188239.

Longo, J. and Stern, F. (2001). Effects of Drift Angle on Model Ship Flow. University of Iowa, USA Tupper, E.C. (1996). Introduction to Naval Architecture. (3rd ed.) Formerly Muckles Naval Architecture for Marine Engineers.

APPENDIX A1 Flowchart of Computer Programming to Calculate the Longitudinal Total Resistance with Drift Effect.
START Cont A

Ship Velocity, Vs Current velocity, Vc

IF (B/L .GT. 0.25) true C7 = 0.5-0.0625*(L/B)

elseIF (0.11 .LT. B/L .AND. B/L .LT. 0.25)

10

Cp = 0.5833 LCB = -0.75 L = 205 T = 10 B = 32 Cb = 0.5860 Cm = 0.98 Cwp = 0.75 Abt = 20 rho = 1.025 V = Speed*0.5144 Vc = Speed_c*0.5144 Visc = 0.0000011906 S = 7381.45 Sapp = 50 Vdisp = 37500 Tf = 10 Hb = 4 At = 16 gvt = 9.81

else

true

C7 = 0.229577*(B/L)**0.33333

C7 = (B/L)

Lr = (1-Cp+(0.06*Cp*LCB)/ (4*Cp-1))*L else

x5=(Lr/B)**0.34574*(100*Vdisp/ L**3)**0.16302 x4=-(L/B)**0.80855*(1Cwp)**0.30484*(1-Cp0.0225*LCB)**0.6367*x5 ie = 1+89*EXP(x4) C1= 2223105*(C7**3.78613)*(T/ B)**1.07961*(90-ie)**(-1.37565) x6 = B*T*(0.31*Abt**0.5+Tf-Hb) C3 = 0.56*Abt**1.5/x6 C2 = EXP(-1.89*C3**0.5) C5 =1-(0.8*At)/(B*T*Cm) Fn = V/(gvt*L)**0.5

If(T/L .GT. 0.05)

true

IF (0.02 .LT. T/L .AND. T/L .LT. 0.05)

else IF (L/B .GT. 12) true Lamda = 1.446*Cp-0.03*L/B

true

C12 = 48.20*(T/L0.02)**2.078 + 0.479948

false

C12 = (T/L)**0.2228446 C12 = (T/L)**0.2228446 Cstern=10 C13 = 1 + 0.003*Cstern

Lamda = 1.446*Cp-0.36

IF (Cp .GT. 0.8) else true

x1 = (1-Cp+0.0225*LCB)**0.6906 k1 = C13*(0.93+(C12*(B/ Lr)**0.92497*(0.95-Cp)**(0.521448)*x1))

C16 = 1.73014-0.7067*Cp C16 = 8.07981*Cp13.8673*Cp**2+6.98 4388*Cp**3

Beta = Angle*3.142/180 Alfa = Angle_2*3.142/180 V = V*cos(Beta) Vc = ABS(Vc*cos(Alfa)) Rn = V*L/Visc Rnc = Vc*L/Visc Cf = 0.075/(ALOG10(Rn)-2)**2 Cfc = 0.075/(ALOG10(Rnc)-2)**2 RFs = 0.5*rho*S*(V**2)*Cf RFc = 0.5*rho*S*(Vc**2)*Cfc

m1=0.0140407*L/T(1.75254*Vdisp**(0.33333)/L)(4.79323*B/L)-C16

IF (L**3/Vdisp .GT. 1727) else true C15 = -1.69385+(L/ Vdisp**0.66667-8)/2.36

else

IF (L**3/Vdisp .GT. 1727) true C15 = 0

IF (270 .GE. Angle_2 .AND. Angle_2 .LE.360)

else
IF (90 .GE. Angle_2 .AND. Angle_2 .LE.270)

else

true true RFL = RFs + RFc RFL = RFs - RFc C15 = -1.69385

k2 = 1.5 k2eq = k2*Sapp/Sapp RAPPL = 0.5*rho*(V**2)*Sapp*K2eq*Cf

m2 = C15*Cp**2*EXP(-0.1*Fn**(-2)) x3 = m1*Fn**(-0.9)+m2*cos(Lamda*Fn**(-2)) RWL = C1*C2*C5*Vdisp*rho*gvt*EXP(x3)

Cont A

Cont B

APPENDIX A1 Flowchart of Computer Programming to Calculate the Longitudinal Total Resistance with Drift Effect.
Cont B 10

x7 = gvt*(Tf-Hb-0.25*(Abt**0.5))+0.15*V**2 Fni = V/x7**0.5 Pb = (0.56*Abt**0.5)/(Tf-1.5*Hb) RBL = (0.11*EXP(-3*Pb**(2))*Fni**3*Abt**1.5*rho*gvt)/(1+Fni**2)

else

Current Angle_2 <=350

true Angle_2 = Angle_2 +10

Fnt = V/(2*gvt*At/(B+B*Cwp))**0.5

IF (Fnt .LT. 5) true

else

else

Drift Angle Value <= 8

true C6 = 0.2*(1-0.2*Fnt) C6 = 0

Angle = Angle +2 RTRL = 0.5*rho*V**2*At*C6

RTL = RFL*(k1) + RAPPL + RWL + RBL + RTRL + RAL x8 = 0.003*(L/ 7.5)**0.5*Cb**4*C2*(0.04C4) Ca = 0.006*(L+100)**(0.16)-0.00205+x8 RAL = 0.5*rho*V**2*S*Ca IF (Tf/L .GT. 0.04) else true C4 = 0.04 END

C4 = Tf/L

APPENDIX A2 Flowchart of Computer Programming to Calculate the Lateral Total Resistance with Drift Effect.
START Cont A

Ship Velocity, Vs Current velocity, Vc

IF (B/L .GT. 0.25) true C7 = 0.5-0.0625*(L/B)

elseIF (0.11 .LT. B/L .AND. B/L .LT. 0.25)

10

Cp = 0.5833 LCB = -0.75 L = 205 T = 10 B = 32 Cb = 0.5860 Cm = 0.98 Cwp = 0.75 Abt = 20 rho = 1.025 V = Speed*0.5144 Vc = Speed_c*0.5144 Visc = 0.0000011906 S = 7381.45 Sapp = 50 Vdisp = 37500 Tf = 10 Hb = 4 At = 16 gvt = 9.81

else

true

C7 = 0.229577*(B/L)**0.33333

C7 = (B/L)

Lr = (1-Cp+(0.06*Cp*LCB)/ (4*Cp-1))*L else

x5=(Lr/B)**0.34574*(100*Vdisp/ L**3)**0.16302 x4=-(L/B)**0.80855*(1Cwp)**0.30484*(1-Cp0.0225*LCB)**0.6367*x5 ie = 1+89*EXP(x4) C1= 2223105*(C7**3.78613)*(T/ B)**1.07961*(90-ie)**(-1.37565) x6 = B*T*(0.31*Abt**0.5+Tf-Hb) C3 = 0.56*Abt**1.5/x6 C2 = EXP(-1.89*C3**0.5) C5 =1-(0.8*At)/(B*T*Cm) Fn = V/(gvt*L)**0.5

If(T/L .GT. 0.05)

true

true

IF (0.02 .LT. T/L .AND. T/L .LT. 0.05)

else IF (L/B .GT. 12) true Lamda = 1.446*Cp-0.03*L/B

C12 = (T/L)**0.2228446

C12 = 48.20*(T/L0.02)**2.078 + 0.479948

false

Lamda = 1.446*Cp-0.36

C12 = (T/L)**0.2228446 Cstern=10 C13 = 1 + 0.003*Cstern IF (Cp .GT. 0.8) else true x1 = (1-Cp+0.0225*LCB)**0.6906 k1 = C13*(0.93+(C12*(B/ Lr)**0.92497*(0.95-Cp)**(0.521448)*x1)) C16 = 1.73014-0.7067*Cp C16 = 8.07981*Cp13.8673*Cp**2+6.98 4388*Cp**3

Beta = Angle*3.142/180 Alfa = Angle_2*3.142/180 V = V*sin(Beta) Vc = ABS(Vc*sin(Alfa)) Rn = V*L/Visc Rnc = Vc*L/Visc Cf = 0.075/(ALOG10(Rn)-2)**2 Cfc = 0.075/(ALOG10(Rnc)-2)**2 RFs = 0.5*rho*S*(V**2)*Cf RFc = 0.5*rho*S*(Vc**2)*Cfc

m1=0.0140407*L/T(1.75254*Vdisp**(0.33333)/L)(4.79323*B/L)-C16

IF (L**3/Vdisp .GT. 1727) else true C15 = -1.69385+(L/ Vdisp**0.66667-8)/2.36

else

IF (L**3/Vdisp .GT. 1727) true C15 = 0

IF (180 .GE. Angle_2 .AND. Angle_2 .LE.360)

else

true RFT = RFs - RFc RFT = RFs + RFc C15 = -1.69385

k2 = 1.5 k2eq = k2*Sapp/Sapp RAPPT = 0.5*rho*(V**2)*Sapp*K2eq*Cf

m2 = C15*Cp**2*EXP(-0.1*Fn**(-2)) x3 = m1*Fn**(-0.9)+m2*cos(Lamda*Fn**(-2)) RWT = C1*C2*C5*Vdisp*rho*gvt*EXP(x3)

Cont A

Cont B

APPENDIX A2 Flowchart of Computer Programming to Calculate the Lateral Total Resistance with Drift Effect.

x7 = gvt*(Tf-Hb-0.25*(Abt**0.5))+0.15*V**2 Fni = V/x7**0.5 Pb = (0.56*Abt**0.5)/(Tf-1.5*Hb) RBT = (0.11*EXP(-3*Pb**(2))*Fni**3*Abt**1.5*rho*gvt)/(1+Fni**2) else Current Angle_2 <=350 Cont B 10

true Angle_2 = Angle_2 +10

Fnt = V/(2*gvt*At/(B+B*Cwp))**0.5

IF (Fnt .LT. 5) true

else

else

Drift Angle Value <= 8

true C6 = 0.2*(1-0.2*Fnt) C6 = 0

Angle = Angle +2 RTRT = 0.5*rho*V**2*At*C6

IF (Tf/L .GT. 0.04) else true C4 = 0.04 END

C4 = Tf/L

x8 = 0.003*(L/ 7.5)**0.5*Cb**4*C2*(0.04C4) Ca = 0.006*(L+100)**(0.16)-0.00205+x8 RAT = 0.5*rho*V**2*S*Ca

RTT = RFT*(k1) + RAPPT + RWT + RBT + RTRT + RAT

APPENDIX B1: Total Ship Resistance, RT Determination in Longitudinal and Lateral Component with Drift Effect Caused by Drift Angle, (due to wind)
Ship Speed, V(knot) Ship Speed, V(m/s) Fn 25 12.86 0.286767239 Longitudinal Component Drift angle, (deg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Longi. Ship Speed, VL(m/s) 12.86000 12.85216 12.82867 12.78953 12.73481 12.66458

Fn(L) 0.28677 0.28659 0.28607 0.28520 0.28398 0.28241

RF 869.62581 868.62892 865.64271 860.68048 853.76434 844.92512

m2 -0.170823598 -0.170570408 -0.169810624 -0.168543633 -0.166768499 -0.164484096

RW 557.2074 556.1132 552.8204 547.2940 539.4617 529.1939

FnT 5.4316 5.4283 5.4183 5.4018 5.3787 5.3490

C6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

RTR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

RAPP 8.8359 8.8258 8.7955 8.7450 8.6748 8.5850

Fni 1.50826 1.50766 1.50584 1.50280 1.49854 1.49304

RB 0.0492 0.0492 0.0491 0.0490 0.0487 0.0484

CA 3.52E-04 3.52E-04 3.52E-04 3.52E-04 3.52E-04 3.52E-04

RA 220.7493 220.4803 219.6748 218.3367 216.4724 214.0912

RTOTAL(L) 1792.4813 1789.9552 1782.3732 1769.7198 1751.9548 1728.9939

Lateral Component Drift angle, (deg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Lateral Ship Speed, VT(m/s) 0.00000 0.44887 0.89718 1.34441 1.79000 2.23340

Fn(T) 0.00000 0.01001 0.02001 0.02998 0.03992 0.04980

RF 0.00000 1.64827 5.96096 12.65676 21.58593 32.63145

m2 0 0 -1.8078E-109 -2.74644E-49 -3.17767E-28 -1.7831E-18

RW 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

FnT 0.0000 0.1896 0.3789 0.5678 0.7560 0.9433

C6 0.20000 0.19242 0.18484 0.17729 0.16976 0.16227

RTR 0.0000 0.3182 1.2212 2.6301 4.4645 6.6436

RAPP 0.0000 0.0167 0.0606 0.1286 0.2193 0.3316

Fni 0.00000 0.06484 0.12948 0.19372 0.25737 0.32024

RB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0014

CA 0.0003525 0.0003525 0.0003525 0.0003525 0.0003525 0.0003525

RA 0.0000 0.2689 1.0744 2.4126 4.2768 6.6581

RTOTAL(L) 0.0000 2.5100 9.2496 19.8080 33.9235 51.3698

APPENDIX B2: Total Ship Resistance at Service Speed 25 Knots with Lateral Drift Effect due to Current (4 knots)at Various Current Direction Angles.
Ship Speed, v(knot) Fn Current speed, VC(knot) Current Direction, a 0.00001 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 25 0.287 4 Ship Speed, v(m/s) 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 12.860 Current speed, Vc component VC(L) 4.000 3.939 3.759 3.464 3.064 2.571 2.000 1.367 0.694 0.001 0.695 1.369 2.001 2.572 3.065 3.465 3.759 3.939 4.000 VC(T) 0.000 0.695 1.368 2.000 2.571 3.064 3.464 3.759 3.939 4.000 3.939 3.758 3.464 3.063 2.570 1.999 1.367 0.693 0.002 RF 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 869.626 RF (due to current) component RFC(L) 27.998 27.209 24.927 21.403 17.024 12.274 7.686 3.793 1.078 0.000 1.083 3.801 7.697 12.285 17.035 21.413 24.934 27.213 27.998 RFC(T) 0.000 1.081 3.797 7.692 12.279 17.029 21.408 24.931 27.211 27.998 27.207 24.924 21.399 17.018 12.268 7.681 3.789 1.076 0.000 RW 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 557.207 RTR 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 RAPP 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 8.836 RB 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 RA 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 220.749 RTOTAL (due to current effect) RTOTAL(L) 1824.859 1823.946 1821.308 1817.232 1812.168 1806.675 1801.370 1796.867 1793.728 1792.481 1791.229 1788.086 1783.581 1778.275 1772.782 1767.720 1763.647 1761.013 1760.104 RTOTAL(T) 0.000 1.081 3.797 7.692 12.279 17.029 21.408 24.931 27.211 27.998 27.207 24.924 21.399 17.018 12.268 7.681 3.789 1.076 0.000 RTOTAL 1824.859 1823.946 1821.311 1817.248 1812.209 1806.755 1801.497 1797.040 1793.935 1792.700 1791.436 1788.260 1783.709 1778.357 1772.825 1767.736 1763.651 1761.013 1760.104