1 Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach Teun A.

van Djik

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1. Novita Arsillah 2. Ryan Aditya Achadiat 3. Widya Astuti 4. Widya Novianti

CRITICAL DISCOURSE STUDIES: A SOCIOCOGNITIVE APPROACH TEUN A. VAN DJIK An Analysis of An Article Entitled Fearing Police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai Taken from The Jakarta Post Online

1. TEXT TO BE ANALYZED

Title Source

: Fearing Police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai : The Jakarta Post online,

<http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/07/fearing-police-500villagers-take-refuge-paniai.html > on 8 December 2011 About 500 inhabitants of Dagouto village in Paniai Regency, Papua, have opted to leave their homes and seek refuge following the deployment of 150 Mobile Brigade officers to their area, Paniai tribe council chief John Gobai said Wednesday. Our people have become refugees at Uwatawogi Hall in Enarotali, Paniai, for several weeks. They are now afraid they may not be able to celebrate Christmas at home, John told reporters at the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM).

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John, along with four other Paniai people, was at the commission to complain about the presence of police officers in the area, which they said exacerbated the security situation. The National Police has increased its numbers of personnel in the regency following several deadly shootings, reportedly claiming the lives of eight traditional miners working on the Degeuwo River, near Dagouto, last month. Later reports revised the number of victims to only one villager. A former lawmaker who is also a Paniai patron, Ruben Gobai, said the situation in the Dagouto area had returned to normal, and that the presence of Mobile Police Brigade officers was unnecessary. Komnas HAM commissioner Ridha Saleh said his team would ask National Police chief Gen. Timur Pradopo for clarification of the deployment of police personnel to the Dagouto area. The government has repeatedly pledges not to use a security approach to address issues in Papua. But this may have been empty rhetoric, Ridha said. Violence has been escalating in Papua since the Third Papuan Peoples Congress was held from Oct. 16-19 in Abepura, Jayapura, when police and military officers forcefully dispersed the event, seizing both organizers and participants of the congress, and shooting and injuring countless congress participants in what was largely described as a completely unnecessary display of police brutality and violence. Numerous unidentified gunmen shooting civilians in Papua have been reported in the past two months, with dozens, including four police officers, being killed.

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The term CDA or Critical Discourse Analysis is commonly known to refer to critical approaches to discourse. It emerged in the early 1990s through the support of the University of Amsterdam, Teun van Djik, Norman Fairclough, Gunther Kress, Theo van Leeuwen and Ruth Wodak (Wodak and Meyer, 2009:3). Those figures of CDA have proposed their own approach to CDA. Here, the study is based on Van Djiks sociocognitive approach. As one of the figures in CDA, Van Djik prefers to use the term CDS or Critical Discourse Studies. The term CDS is believed to suggest the notion that this approach does not merely involve critical analysis but also critical theory as well as critical applications (Van Djik, 2009:62). Based on the belief that some forms of text and talk may be unjust, CDS aims to formulate the norms that define this discursive injustice, expose and help to combat such injustice (Van Djik, 2009:63). Van Djik further states that a discourse is said to be unjust when it violates the internationally recognized human rights of people and contributes to social inequality. CDS typically has three properties (Van Djik, 2009: 63). Firstly, CDS aims to analyse, and thus to contribute to the understanding and the solution of social problems. Next, the analysis is conducted within a normative perspective and concerned with the interests, the expertise, and the resistance of the victims of discursive injustice. Talking about Van Djiks sociocognitive approach, one cannot not deal with the terms discourse, cognition, and ideology. Van Djiks term cognition refers to the set of functions of the mind, such as thought, perception, and representation. While the term discourse, according to Van Djik, is a notion which is hardly to define. However, in order to understand the notion, one needs whole theories or disciplines of the objects he or she is dealing with. Van Djik further asserts that discourse is a multidimensional social phenomenon which is at the same time a linguistic object, an action, a form of social interaction, a social practice, a mental representation, an interactional communicative event or activity, a cultural product, or even an economic commodity that is being sold. The next term which is hardly to define related to discourse study is ideology. Ideology has been defined in many ways by politicians, sociologists, and

4 Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach Teun A. van Djik

physiologists. As Kress cited in Jinan (2008) asserted, the meanings of ideology vary from the inoffensive ones such as system of ideas or worldview to more challenging ones such as false consciousness or ideas of the dominant, ruling class. Since the study is based on van Djiks sociocognitive approach, the next part of this literature review will focus on van Dijks approach to discourse. In doing so, the first step in using the approach is to analyze context. Context is an indication that some phenomenon, event, action, or discourse needs to be seen or studied in relationship to its environment, involving Setting (Time, Place), Participants and their properties and relation, as well as on their Goals, the Knowledge presupposed by the participants, and the Ideology of the participants (van Dijk, 2008, van Dijk, 2009). The second step is to analyze semantic macrostructures, that is, topics or themes. Topic is a significant structure to study because it is usually controlled by powerful speakers in which it embodies most important information of a discourse, express the overall content of mental models of events, and represent the meaning or information (van Dijk, 2009). Topic also influences many other structures of a discourse and has the most obvious effects on the recipients and hence on the process of reproduction that underlies social power and dominance. The next step is analyzing local meanings; these are a function of the selection made by speakers or writers in their mental models of events or their more general knowledge and ideologies (van Dijk, 2009). He furthermore stated that local meanings may also be controlled by context models in which one of the components of these models is a knowledge device that controls the ways the personal or socially shared knowledge of the speaker (including their knowledge regarding the knowledge of the recipient) is managed so as to produce appropriate discourses or interpretations (2008). Therefore, such meanings are related to underlying beliefs for various contextual reasons, including the well-known ideological objective. Moreover, the relevance of subtle formal structure is the next step to be considered in van Dijks approach. This relevance of subtle formal structure is usually less consciously controlled or controllable by the speakers, such as intonation, syntactic structures, propositional

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structures, and rhetorical figures, as well as the many properties of spontaneous talk, such as turn-taking, repairs, pauses, hesitation, and so on (van Dijk, 2009). The next step to be considered is relating text and context which is called as context models. Context models represent verbal communication or interaction in which in the same way as more general models of experience or interaction organize how we adapt our actions to the social situation or environment, context models organize the ways our discourse is strategically structured and adapted to the whole communicative situation (van Djik, 2008). Context models are not only control discourse production and comprehension but also can be combined with other mental models in which they explain how the same personal model of an event (such as a personal experience, or a public event) is usually expressed by different discourses in different social situations. Then, the next consideration is event models. Event models accounts for the fact that they subjectively represent the events the discourse refer to. According to van Djik, they have not only categories, involving Setting, Participants and Actions or Events, but also respective subcategories and properties (2009). This means that event models may influence not only the content or meaning of the discourse, but also the current context models that control its style or interactional strategy although the control of event (situation) models and context models is often quite independent. Social cognition is the next step in analyzing van Dijks approach. Social cognition is the beliefs or social representations that people share with others of their group or community (van Dijk, 2009). Furthermore, he stated that knowledge, attitudes, values, norms and ideologies are different types of social representations. Thus, it involves ideology in which it is the fundamental social beliefs that organize and control the social representations of groups and their members. The basic beliefs of an ideology organize specific attitudes which may influence specific event models which finally may be related to discourse under the final control of context models. On the other hand, it is not always possible to read-off ideologies from discourse because it needs to be general and fairly abstract.

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The next step is social situations in which CDS requires an analysis of both micro (local) and macro (global) structures of society, that is, of individual social actors and their situated interactions, on the one hand, and of social groups, movements, organizations and institutions, as well as their relations, such as power and dominance, on the other hand (van Dijk, 2009). In this step, there is micro vs. macro as part of social situations. Micro which is called as local deals with text and talk, and it is assumed that society and its structures are locally produced by its members that is possible only if members have shared social representations such as knowledge and ideologies. On the other hand, macro is cognitively constructed by the mental representations of groups of individual social actors. Micro and macro has two central categories of social situations, involving actions and actors. Discursive acts accomplished in or by discourse can also hardly be separated from the social acts that define social situations: discourse is inherently part of both cognition and situations (van Djik, 2009). Moreover, he defined actor as participants in various roles, such as communicative roles (various kinds of producers or recipients of text or talk), social roles such as friends and enemies, occupational roles such as politicians, or political roles such as members of parliament or members of a party. Relating to discursive acts with social acts, actors may also engage in various identities at the same time although some identities will be stronger than others in a particular context. The last step of this van Djiks approach is societal structures. Societal structures such as groups and institutions, as well as overall relations such as power or global societal acts such as legislation and education, provide the overall constraints on local actions and discourse (van Djik, 2009). These constraints may affect discourse properties that control turn-taking, speech acts, topic choice, local coherence, lexical style or rhetorical figures.

3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

a) How are the two main parties involved in the event (villagers of Paniai and the police) represented? b) Is there any illegitimate domination or inequality captured in the text? If yes, how do the two main parties involved react towards the issue in the text?

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4. FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS The approach used The steps in analyzing the text : Teun A. van Djiks Sociocognitive Approach :

a) Context analysis which focuses on Setting (Time, Place), Participants and their properties and relations, as well as on their Goals, the Knowledge presupposed by the participants, and the Ideology of the participants. b) Semantic macrostructures analysis which focuses on the topics embodied in the text. c) Local meanings analysis which focuses on the structure of the text and the nature of propositions and coherence and other relations between propositions such as implications, presuppositions, level of descriptions, and analysis on the Participants and their identities, roles, and relationship. d) The relevance of subtle formal structures analysis which focuses on general theories, concepts and methods that may (also) be used in critical analysis. e) Relating text and context (context models) by analysing context models which are organized by a relatively simple schema consisting of fundamental categories, such as: a spatiotemporal setting participants o identities, roles, relationships o goals o knowledge o ideologies the ongoing social action f) Discourse semantics (event models) analysis which provides a framework for many other, hitherto problematic, aspects of discourse and discourse processing as follows: Event models are a crucial cognitive aspect of the constructionist way people view, understand, interpret and recall reality. In other words, our personal experiences, as represented in episodic memory, consist of mental constructs: models.

8 Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach Teun A. van Djik

Event models are not only the result of discourse comprehension, but are also the basis of discourse production. Event models may be part of our planning of discourse (what we want to say). Event models are subjective (personal interpretations of events), but have a social basis, because they instantiate socially shared knowledge and possibly also group ideologies. Event models account for the fact that different language users, members of different communities and of different social (e.g. ideological) groups, may have different interpretations of events, and at the same time, different interpretations of the same discourse. g) Social cognition analysis which focuses on the beliefs or social representations that people share with others of their group or community. Knowledge, attitudes, values, norms and ideologies are different types of social representations. Ideology has a basic beliefs that organizes specific attitudes, that is, the socially shared opinions of a group, which in turn may influence specific event models (about specific participants and actions), which finally may be related to discourse under the final control of context models. h) Social situations analysis which requires an analysis both micro (local) and macro (global) structures of society, that is, of individual social actors and their situated interactions, on the one hand, and of social groups, movements, organizations and institutions, as well as their relations, such as power and dominance, on the other hand. Micro vs. Macro. Micro (local) deals primarily with text and talk which is called as discursive. While, the non-discursive deals with non-text. Macro (global) deals with society and its structures, and social representation (e.g. ideology and knowledge). o Discursive action as social-political action focuses not only on an analysis of speech acts, such as assertions, promises or threats, or typical discursive interactions such as turn taking, interruptions, agreeing, or the opening and closing of a conversation, but also an analysis of social acts, such as consequences, or implications of discursive (verbal) interaction. Thus, holding a speech in parliament may involve a sequence of speech acts such as assertions, questions, or accusations, as well as conversational moves and strategies such as responding to critique,

9 Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach Teun A. van Djik

agreeing with members of their own party, refusing to be interrupted, and many more. o Actors define situations as participants in various roles, such as communicative roles (various kinds of producers or recipients of text or talk, social roles such as friends and enemies, and occupational roles such as politicians, or political roles such as members of parliament or members of a party. i) Societal structures such as groups and institutions, as well as overall relations such as power or global societal acts such as legislation and education, provide the overall constraints on local actions and discourse.

5. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS This part presents the result of the analysis of the article, it covers:

a. Context The context analysis focuses on Setting (Time, Place), Participants and their properties and relations, as well as on their Goals, the Knowledge presupposed by the Participants, and the Ideology of the participants. The text Fearing police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai is an article in The Jakarta Post online < http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/07/fearing-police-500-villagers-takerefuge-paniai.html> posted on Wednesday, 12 July 2011 at 9:26 PM. The Jakarta Post is daily English Language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office is in the nation's capital, Jakarta. Since the newspaper is in English, its intended recipients are people who use the web (especially) those who understand English. The writer of the article is Bagus BT Saragih. He is The Jakarta Post's journalist, loves peace, and hates injustice (taken from the bio description of Saragihs twitter account @ @btsaragih). The article Fearing police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai tells about 500 inhabitants of Dagouto village in Paniai Regency, Papua, who have opted to leave their homes and seek refuge following the deployment of 150 Mobile Brigade officers to their area. To have a full understanding of what the article is about, participants or readers might need to read

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previous related news such as workers riots and strike in PT Freeport Indonesia. The setting of the article Fearing police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai is in Papua, specifically it is in Paniai. Participants involved in this text include: a. 500 inhabitants of Dagouto village in Paniai Regency, Papua who have opted to leave their homes b. 150 Mobile Brigade officers who belong to inhabitants area c. John Gobai as Paniai tribe council chief d. Ruben Gobai as a former lawmaker who is also a Paniai patron e. Ridha Saleh as National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) commissioner f. Government (indirectly described by Ridha Saleh)

b. Topics: semantic macrostructures

In the article, the title, Fearing police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai expresses not only part of the topic (500 villagers take refuge), but also the representation of image of the actors in the article (Fearing police or parties who are being afraid of). In line with Van Djik (2009), topics or macrostructures are derived from a text by inference through a process of information reduction that is being practiced especially in text summarization. Thus, we may summarize this text by, for example, the following macropropositions:

M1

500 villagers of Paniai, Papua, leave their homes to seek refugee following the deployment of 150 Mobile Brigade officers to their area

M2 M3

Painai people have become refugees for several weeks The complain posted by the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) is a reaction towards the act of police officers in Paniai

M4

The National Police has increased its numbers of personnel in the regency following several deadly shootings in Degeuwo River, last month.

M5 M6 M7

Later report revised the number of the shooting victims were only one person The situation in the Dagouto area had returned to normal The presence of Mobile Police Brigade officers was unnecessary

11 Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach Teun A. van Djik

M8

Violence has been escalating in Papua since the Third Papuan Peoples Congress was held from October

M9

Police and military officers are represented with the image of violence and brutality

c. Local meanings

Local meanings analysis focuses on the structure of the text and the nature of propositions and coherence and other relations between propositions such as implications, presuppositions, level of descriptions, and analysis on the Participants and their identities, roles, and relationship. At this local semantic level, we may for instance examine the choice of the word fearing in the title of the text, a choice that has various implications that express the ideological perspective of the author (Bagus BT Saragih from The Jakarta Post): police officers are represented in negative term implying a form of morally or legally reprehensible harassment or force, or abuse of power. At the same time, the choice of this word implies that police officers are no longer the protector of the society; rather they have become something of which the society is afraid of. At the same time, the title implies that Paniai people are the victim of the police and military officers. They are described as being frightened that they must look for refugee. Similarly, relevant is the repeated use of the word police officers in the text, typically associated with forces and exploitation. The text seems to focus on the police officers; here, the police officers are the main actors being told. However, these police officers are ill portrayed. It is mainly described by the adjectives attributed to the police officers. Mostly, the adjectives have negative association, for example unnecessary which has meaning not needed or wanted, or more than is needed or wanted.

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d. The relevance of subtle formal structures At both global and local levels, our text sample also has formal properties that according to Van Djik (2009) enhance the general underlying topic and argumentation. Indeed, as we have seen, the informative structure of this news is one of the global, formal properties that organizes the text: the general premises expressed in the first paragraph, focus on the Paniai people who have opted to leave their homes and seek refuge on the one hand, and the act of police officers that have caused them to do so. Both are then applied to the more particular premise that Paniai people are victims of the violation done by police officers. In the same way, several of the meanings in these and other paragraphs have specific argumentative functions, such as the more thorough elaboration of how police officers deal with security matter in Papua, especially in Paniai. e. Relating text and context: context models Context model is defined as specific mental models in which it defines the genre as well as the style of text and talk. Since context models are organized by a simple schema involving a spatiotemporal setting, participants (including identities, roles, relationship, goals, knowledge, ideologies), and the ongoing social action, it controls all the variable aspects of discourse, such as intonation, syntax, lexicon, etc. The meanings of the text are all understandable within the broader framework of the five semantic domains of defense and security, Paniai people, police officers, Komnas HAM commissioner, and the government. The action of the police officers is defined as a brutality and violation towards Paniai people, while Komnas HAM commissioner here is defined as a side party who supports those Paniai people. These actions are being performed through the speech act which is one form of revealing the domination and the power abuse of one group over others (police officers over Paniai people) that is the aim of the text. The opinions stated in the text express the attitudes and the ideology of the police officers, and try to influence those of the readers. The text is both informative and argumentative. It is informative in a way it gives an information in a clear way about Paniai people who have to leave their homes and seek refuge.

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At the same time, it is argumentative in a way that the author implicitly gives his own opinion in describing the party involved in the news. The text presupposes existent general knowledge about defense and security, laws, government, and Paniai, Papua, etc. are, as well as specific knowledge about the the domination and the power abuse of one group over others (police officers over Paniai people). f. Discourse semantics: event models Discourse Semantics here provides a theory of discourse meaning and interpretation. The semantic theory then is shaped into some terms of abstract meaning including concepts, propositions and their mutual relations. Based on the text this study is discussed about, propositions refer to either content/meaning of a meaningful statement in the text, kinds of symbols that mark up the statement or sentence in the text. Thus the meaning of a proposition will have the quality of being true or false in commonsense beliefs. The meaning of the term proposition in the text is extended by some analysts to include the meaning content of units within the clause and sentence. Example: (Paniai people) complain about the presence of police officers in the area, which they said exacerbated the security situation. The statement is said to express propositions corresponding to the following: Paniai people feel inconvenience caused by police officers. Paniai people confirm that police officers make worse in security situation. Police officers are unnecessary needed. The common content of each of the following utterances in the text is also a proposition which means referring to what symbols that come from the text so that they convey certain meaning in reality:

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Example: The government has repeatedly pledges not to use a security approach to address issues in Papua. But this may have been empty rhetoric, Ridha ( Komnas HAM commissioner) said. The Government only says purposeless words. Komnas HAM seems to blame the government relating the issue that happens in the text.

All the utterances in the text may be analyzed as consisting of a predicate naming an event and some arguments naming referents who participate in that event. The agents Paniai people (500 inhabitants, John Gobai, Ruben Gobai) Police Officers (the national police, military officers, National Police chief Gen. Timur Pradopo) The actions have opted to leave have become refugees are now afraid report (to Komnas HAM) to complain exacerbated the security situation (said by Paniai people) has increased (the police officers) (The existence) was unnecessary. Forcefully dispersed the event, seizing both organizers and

participants of the congress, and shooting participants. Was described as a completely unnecessary display of police and injuring the

brutality and violence. Komnas HAM (Rhida Saleh) shooting civilians in Papua would ask (National Police for

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clarification) says (about the Government)

The Government

Was reported only giving empty rhetoric (by Komnas HAM)

In a handout of van Dijk (1985), he stated people may merely assume (1) that discourse expressions can be analyzed as sequences of sentences and (2) that the meaning units assigned to sentences are propositions, which consist of a predicate and a number of arguments that may have various (case) roles. The following examples of propositions from the text Fearing police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai are not only concerning about the specific rules of textual terms but also the specific terms about how the meaning of sentences can be derived from the meanings of words and phrases. Thus, the semantic discourse analysis is to investigate how sequences of sentences of a discourse are related to sequences of propositions and how the meaning of such sequences is a function of the meaning of the constituent sentences or propositions. g. Social Cognition

A cognitive approach needs to consider social cognition (Van Djik, 2009). It is the beliefs or social representations that are shared by a large group of society or community. These include norms, knowledge, attitudes, values and ideologies. Ideologies According to Van Dijk (2009), ideologies may be assumed that they are organized by general schema consisting of the basic categories that organize the self and other representations of a group and its member, such as: Membership devices Typical acts Aim

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Relation with other groups Resources, including access to public dicourse From the text, the writer tends to support the people in Painai. The fact that the news is

one-sided information; it supports the people from Painai more. Komnas HAM are represented as the party that also support Paniai people. The aim of the text is to combat the inequality caused by the police officers who come to Painai and make the people in Painai opt to leave their homes and seek for refuge eventhough the situation in Painai has been deemed normal. This text aims to make people aware o the fact that the presence of police officers in the Painai only exacerbat the security situation in Painai. The text uses some verb which are attributed to the police officers. The words such as exacerbated, dispersed, seizing, shooting, and injuring are attributed to the police officers together with some adjectives such as unnecessary, brutally, deadly, and forcefully. Those words have effects that might make people think that the police officers are nothing but a group of brutal and violent people. h. Social situation The processes of discourse production and comprehension of the text may assume as the importance aspects to define cognitive representation of social situations in particular issue. Many situations that has represented by the actions and the actors in the text show an explicit relationship between social situations, cognition, and discourse requires an interdisciplinary approach. There seems to provide the general framework for our discussion about the cognitive dimension of such social situations (Argyle, Furnham, & Graham, 1981; Forgas, 1979, 1981; Furnham & Argyle, 1982 cited in van Dijk, 1985). He further added that the development of its work has supported the socio-cognitive theory of the representation and the structure of ethnic prejudice and its strategic expression in everyday discourse (van Dijk, 1983b, 1984a cited in van Dijk (1985).

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Macro vs micro It was said by Van Djik (2009), the roles of social structures in CDS requires an analysis of both micro (local) and macro (global) structures of society relating to the social actors and the interaction through power and dominance. In the text, the term of microstructures mostly are represented by the whole content in the text such as by its structure of each sentence is given. For example in the very first sentence of the text that indicates particular assumption about police officers who is discussed in the next following text. About 500 inhabitants of Dagouto village in Paniai Regency, Papua, have opted to leave their homes and seek refuge following the deployment of 150 Mobile Brigade officers to their area, Paniai tribe council Chief John Gobai said Wednesday Microstructure is structured by the sentence and builds the text into the meaningful content which is spread through the society (the reader). The sentence supports the headline Fearing police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai to shape the ideology in the text. It can be said that microstructure here plays as the system with function as the pillar that constructs the text. Other microstructures of the text are the rest of the content of the news, except the headline or the title of the new. Macrostructure is only represented by the headline or the title of the text which apparently gives society about the representation of police officers in Indonesia today. In conclusion, the meanings of whole text parts or entire texts are derived from the local meanings of words and sentences, which is a fundamental principle of semantics. This derivation takes place by micro-macro structure rules, which will be discussed when we deal with the thematic structures of news discourse. (vanDijk, 1988) Discursive action as social-political action Discourse is inherently part of both cognition and situation. In CDS, the action of analysis text and talk is not limited to discursive doings; rather it examines the ways in which these acts are organized in the performance of broader social and political act. The representation of discursive action as social-political action can be easily traced by the actors involved in the text.

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Actors There are four actors described in the text including Paniai people, national police officers, Komnas HAM, and government. These actors are described as follows: Actors Paniai people Discursive Actions Report Complain Say Tell Police officers This party is mostly described Disperse and seize the Non-Discursive Actions Opt to leave their home Seek refuge

in passive. Thus discursive participants of the congress actions of this party are more passively described than the other actors. Present a hundred and fifty mobile brigade in Paniai

Komnas HAM

Ask Say

Intends to confirm to the National police chief Gen. Timur Pradopo for

clarification of the deployment of police personnel to the Dagouto area Government This party is described in None passive. Thus discursive

actions of this party are more passively described than the other actors.

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i. Societal structures It has been repeatedly mentioned, the text consists of four actors including Paniai people, police officers, Komnas HAM, and government. However there are these two actors who become the main focus of the text: Paniai people and police officers. Both actors seem to be polarized and neatly differentiated. Readers are provided with the knowledge of who is good and who is bad. In one hand, police officers are represented as the enemies, Paniai people in the other hand are represented as those who are being victimized.

6. DISCUSSIONS The previous parts of the paper might have repeatedly elaborated that Fearing police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai is a news article in the Jakarta Post online written by Bagus BT Saragih. In line with Van Djik (2009), topics or macrostructures are derived from a text by inference through a process of information reduction that is being practiced especially in text summarization. From the topics of the text which have been mentioned in earlier parts, in further reduction, one can summarize the macropropositions with the overall macroposition (topic): The police and military officers are asked to stop the brutality and violence in Papua, and also to leave the area, for the situation has been deemed back to normal. We see that these various topics in fact present one general ideology of which military and police officers are now more or less represented as parties who are likely to abuse their power and authority. The title of the article has well described to people about what it is about. Yes, there are these five hundred people of Paniai who opt to leave their homes and seek for refuge since the presence of a hundred and fifty mobile brigade officers in the area. The word fearing in the title further implies that the people in Paniai are those who are being disadvantaged or the victim of the event. In contrast, this choice of word seems to suggest the image of police as a group of people who are being afraid of. The article has made a kind of polarization that neatly differentiates who are the bad guys and who are the good ones. There are in fact four actors told in the story: the Paniai people, police and military officers, government, and Komnas HAM. However, there are only two actors which become the main focus of the text: Paniai people and national police officers. As elaborated earlier, the text suggests an idea of which it is likely to describe Paniai people as the good, powerless guys, and

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Police officers as the bad, violent and brutal ones. It is well described by the lexical choices attributed to the police officers like forcefully, disperse, seize, brutality, and violence. See how this party is ill portrayed in the text. Talking about system of dominance (or the resistance against dominance) of the text, discursive acts and structures have arranged the terms in boarder social and political acts. Based on the text analysis this study discussed, police officers seems to be the dominant majority in the text. It is proven by police officers actions which are mostly emerged in the text. Paniai people and Komnas HAM play the role as the resistance who against the dominance (police officers). Many stereotypes also seem to be communicated through sentences and noun clauses that are presented by the text. This study, thus, have been trying to convey socio-cognitive terms that has highlighted by the actions and actors that relate to the social situations in reality. These social situations provide societies perception, representation, and attitudes about certain groups and deals with the ways how the actors expressed their beliefs in words and thus shared throughout society. The relation between the police officers and the Painai people is not very good. The Painai people think that the presence of the police officers only makes the situation in that district more insecure. The news does not seem to make any relation with the police officers party, for it only provides the opinion from those coming from Paniai and the Komas HAM. The news has no information or clarification from the police officers party. Yes, there is this thing called illegitimate domination portrayed in the text. Passages mentioned earlier have provided evidence and elaboration of how police officers are described as the bad guys who violate their power and authority. Paniai people have shown their reaction toward this matter. They have attended a congress held by Komnas HAM and expressed their complaint. However, the text does not provide any access for the reader(s) to the second party (police officers party). The author, Bagus BT Saragih, who loves peace and hates injustice, should have put the argument of the police officers. He could be deemed partial not putting the argument. Furthermore, the text should have provided the access, for the reader(s) who are in the need of the clarification and argument coming from the police officers. In doing so, the text might be deemed fairer and impartial. The overall elaboration has been a way that leads us to the main ideology of the text, and the author in particular. The way the text portrays one side worse than the other seems to suggest

21 Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach Teun A. van Djik

partiality issue. Police officers are deemed to abuse their power and have made the people of Paniai leave their homes and seek for refuge. However, the text has provided the reader(s) with supporting ideas of this claim. It is clear to see how the role of police officers as a guardian or security keeper turns out into a group of brutal and violent oppressors. Van Djiks sociocognitive approach has provided a method of analysis which enables one to see the way of how discourse (re)produces social domination, that is, the power abuse of one group over others. The approach has contributed in unmasking hidden ideologies of certain discourse. However, the approach has also weakness in approaching discourses. This mainly deals with the analyst him or herself. In analyzing certain discourses, he or she might be trapped in something called prejudice. He or she might have presupposed the text or the discourse he or she is working with unjust without knowing every detail related to the issue discussed. Moreover, the study assumes that this Van Djiks sociocognitive approach would be much applicable if it is used for spoken discourses, such as, interview, petition, or speech. Not to say it cannot be used well in written discourses, but, the methods of which Van Djiks approach is applied tend to be intended for those that are spoken. One of the analyses in Van Djiks approach is concerned with the relevance of subtle formal process. It deals with the analysis of the structures of text or talk that are usually less consciously controlled by the speakers such as intonation, syntactic structures, propositional structures, and rhetorical figures, as well as the many properties that signal the pragmatic properties of a communicative event, like turn taking, repair, pauses, hesitation, and so on.

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References Inetword. (n.d.). PRIMARY LEARNING Grammar Basics and Usage: Writing : Genre and Text Types. Retrieved January 6, 2012, from inetword.com:

http://www.inetword.com/mc10617316/Grammar%20Website_files/page0006.htm Saragih, B. B. (n.d.). @btsaragih. Retrieved January 6, 2012, from twitter.com: http://twitter.com/btsaragih Saragih, B. B. (2011, December 8). Archipelago: Fearing police, 500 villagers take refuge in Paniai. Retrieved December 8, 2011, from The Jakarta Post.com:

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/07/fearing-police-500-villagers-takerefuge-paniai.html VanDijk, T. A. (2009). Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach. In R. W. Meyer, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 62-86). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. VanDijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and Context: A sociocognitive approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. VanDijk, T. A. (1988). News as Discourse. In D. Z. Bryant, Communication: A series of volumes edited by Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. VanDijk, T. A. (1985). Semantic Discourse Analysis. In Handbook of Discourse Analysis: Dimensions of Discourse (Vol. II, pp. 103-112). London: Academic Press London. VanDjik, T. A. The Expression of Ethnic Situations in Prejudiced Discourse. In Cognitive Situation Models in Discourse Production.