Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Naga Campus College of Engineering and Architecture A/Y 2011-2012 2ND Semester

CIRCUITS 2 Experiment no. 2

R-L-C COMPONENTS

Submitted by: TheBoys Cantillo, Donna Baluyo, Katherine C. Bello, Mutya Esguerra, Bennyvic Joyce J. Espion, Leizel BS EcE 3A

Submitted to: Engr. Antonio Ricardo T. Ayen Instructor December 5, 2011 Date Performed December 12, 2011 Date Submitted

OBJECTIVE
To measure the impedance of a resistor, inductor, and capacitor at a fixed frequency

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Resistors 1 10-, 100-, 1.2-k, 3.3-k Inductors 2 10-mH Capacitors 2 1-F Instruments 1 DMM (or VOM) 1 Oscilloscope 1 Audio oscillator (or signal generator)

EQUIPMENTS USED
TABLE 2.1

Item DMM (or VOM) Oscilloscope Audio oscillator (or signal generator)

Manufacturer and Model No. Alexan IEC 61010

TABLE 2.2

Resistors Nominal Value 10 100 1.2 k 3.3 k Measured Value

RSUM OF THEORY
For impedance in series, the total impedance is the sum of the individual impedances: ZT = Z1 + Z2 + Z3 + + ZN

eq (2.1)

For resistors in series,

RT =

R1 + R2 + R3 + + RN

eq (2.2)

which is independent of frequency. For inductors in series, XL = X1 + X2 + X3 + + XN

T

= 2fL1 + 2fL2 + 2fL3 + + 2fLN = 2fLT

and LT = L1 + L2 + L3 + + LN

eq (2.3)

Note that the individual and total inductive reactances are directly proportional to frequency. For capacitors in series, XC
T

= X1 + X2 + X3 + + XN

1 2fC
1

1 2fC
2

1 + 2fC + 2fC
3 N

1 = 2f CT

where 1 CT = 1 C1 + 1 C2 + 1 + 1 + C3 CN
eq (2.4)

Note that the individual and total capacitive reactances are inversely proportional to frequency. Consider the special case of only two capacitors in series: 1 XC = 2fC
T

where CT = C1C2 C1 + C2

For resistors in parallel,

1 RT

1 R1

1 R2

1 + 1 + R3 RN
eq (2.5)

which is independent of frequency. For inductors in parallel, 1 1 1 1 1 = + + ++ XL X1 X2 X3 XN

T

1 = 2fL1

+ 2fL + 2fL + + 2fL

2 3 N

1 2fLT

where 1 LT = 1 L1 + 1 L2 + 1 + 1 + L3 LN
eq (2.6)

XL

Consider the special case of only two inductors in parallel: X1X2 = = 2fLT X1 + X2

where X1 = 2fL1 X2 = 2fL2

LT =

L1L2 L1 + L2

1 XC
T

For capacitors in parallel, 1 1 1 1 = + + ++ X1 X2 X3 XN

= 2fC1 + 2fC2 + 2fC3 + + 2fCN = 2fCT

where CT = C1 + C2 + C3 + + CN

eq (2.7)

XC

Consider the special case of only two capacitors in parallel: X1X2 = = 2fLT X1 + X2

where CT = C1 + C2

PROCEDURE
Part 1 Resistance a) Construct the circuit of Fig. 2.1. Insert the actual values of the resistors as determined by the ohmmeter section of your multimeter.
FIG. 2.1

Caution: Always insure that the ground of the oscilloscope is connected to the ground of the oscillator. Otherwise a hazardous situation may result. b) Set the voltage across R to 4 V (p-p) using the oscilloscope. Measure the rms voltage across the sensing resistor with the DMM (or VOM) and calculate the peak-to-peak value (in volts) from Vp-p = 22 (Vrms)

VRS(p-p) =

c) Calculate the current through the series circuit from VRS(p-p) Ip-p = RS

I (p-p) =

d) Determine the resistance R from Vp-p 4 R= = Ip-p Ip-p

and compare to the ohmmeter measured value.

R=

Rohmmeter =

e) Connect a 1.2-k and a 3.3-k resistor in series in place of the resistor R of Fig. 2.1. Using the measured resistor values, calculate the total resistance RT (excluding Rs).

RT(calculated) =

f) Set the voltage across the series combination to 4 V (p-p) and then measure the voltage VRS with the DMM (or VOM). Calculate the voltage VRS(p-p) and the current Ip-p.

VRS(p-p) =

Ip-p =

g) Calculate the resistance RT from your readings and compare to the result of (e). Vp-p 10 RT = = Ip-p Ip-p

RT(measured) =

RT[from (e)] =

h) Connect the 1.2-k and 3.3-k resistors in parallel in place of the resistor R of Fig. 2.1. Using the measured values of each resistor, calculate the total resistance RT.

RT(calculated) =

i) Set the voltage across the parallel combination to 4 V (p-p) using the oscilloscope and then measure the voltage VRS with the DMM (or VOM). Calculated VRS(p-p) and Ip-p.

VRS(p-p) =

Ip-p =

j) Calculate the resistance RT from your readings and compare to the result of (h). Vp-p 10 RT = = Ip-p Ip-p

RT(measured) =

RT[from (h)] =

Part 2 Capacitive Reactance a) Construct the network of Fig. 2.2. Insert the measured resistor value for Rs.
FIG. 2.2

b) Set the voltage across VC to 4 V (p-p) and measure the voltage VRS with the DMM (or VOM). Calculated VRS(p-p) and Ip-p.

VRS(p-p) =

Ip-p =

c) Calculate the reactance XC from the measurements of (b). VC(p-p) 4 XC = = Ip-p Ip-p

XC(measured) =

d) Calculate the reactance using the applied frequency and capacitor nameplate value. Compare the result of (c)

XC(calculated) =

e) Connect two capacitors in series (each 1-F) in place of C in Fig. 2.2 and set V C to 4 V (p-p). Then measure the value of a VRS with the DMM (or VOM). Calculate the value of VRS(p-p) and Ip-p.

VRS(p-p) =

Ip-p =

f) Using the results of (e), calculate the value of XCT. VC(p-p) 4 XC = = Ip-p Ip-p

XC (calculated) =
T

g) Calculate the total reactance using the applied frequency and the capacitor nameplate values. Compare to the result of (f).

XCT(calculated) =

XCT[from (f)] =

h) Connect two capacitors in parallel (each 1-F) in place of C in fig. 2.2 and set V C to 4 V(p-p). Then measure the value of VRS with the DMM (or VOM). Calculate the value of VRS(p-p) and Ip-p.

VRS(p-p) =

Ip-p =

i) Using the results of (h), calculate the value of XC . VC(p-p) 4 XC = = Ip-p Ip-p
T T

XC (measured) =
T

j) Calculate the total reactance using the applied frequency and the capacitor nameplate values. Compare to the result of (i).

XCT(calculated) =

XCT[from (i)] =

Part 3 Inductive Reactance a) Construct the network of Fig. 2.3. Insert the measured values of Rs and Rl.

FIG. 2.3

b) Set the voltage VL to 2 V (p-p) and measure the voltage VRS with the DMM (or VOM). Calculate the value of VRS(p-p) and Ip-p.

VRS(p-p) =

Ip-p =

c) Calculate the reactance XL from the measurements of (b). Ignore the effects of Rl. VL(p-p) 2 XL = = Ip-p Ip-p

XL(measured) =

d) Calculate the reactance using the applied frequency and the inductor nameplate value. Compare to the result of (c).

XL(calculated) =

e) Connect two inductors in series (each 10-mH) in place of L in Fig. 2.3 and set VL to 2 V (p-p). Then measure the value of VRS with the DMM (or VOM). Calculate the value of VRS(p-p) and Ip-p.

VRS(p-p) =

Ip-p =

f) Using the results of (e), calculate the value of XLT. Ignore the effects of Rl. VL(p-p) 2 XLT = = Ip-p Ip-p

XL(measured) =

g) Calculate the total reactance using the applied frequency and the inductor nameplate values. Compare to the result of (f).

XLT(calculated) =

XLT[from (f)] =

h) Connect two inductors in parallel (each 10-mH) in place of L in Fig. 2.3 and set VL to 2 V (p-p). Then measure the value of VRS with the DMM (or VOM). Calculate the value of VRS(p-p) and Ip-p.

VRS(p-p) =

Ip-p =

i) Using the results of (h), calculate the value of XLT. Ignore the effects of Rl. VL(p-p) 2 XLT = = Ip-p Ip-p

XL(measured) =

j) Calculate the total reactance using the applied frequency and the inductor nameplate values. Compare to the result of (i).

XLT(calculated) =

XLT[from (i)] =

DISCUSSION

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION