Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- Submarine Telephone cable (UK & France) Transoceanic Long Wave Communication (Europe & America) Short wave communication (UK & Europe) Microwave Transmission System (Europe & America) Geo stationery Satellite concept by Arthur C Clarke Co-axial multi channel submarine cable (UK & USA)
1957 First man made satellite Sputnik by USSR 1964 Formation of Intelsat Organization (UK, USA, Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy & France) 1965 First Communication Satellite (Intelsat - 1)
Satellites
Arthur
C. Clarkes vision:
Illumination Lines
Satellite 1
Satellite 2
Satellites
Three
Basic Orbits
Inclined Orbit Polar Orbit
Equator
Equatorial Orbit
Satellites
What
Geo = Earth, Stationary = Not Moving Satellite is a Fixed Point in the Sky
Rotation
of the Satellite = Rotation of the Earth (~24 Hrs/Rot) Equatorial Plane (only possible orbit) 35,786 km above the Earths surface (only possible distance)
Satellites
Geostationary
Orbits
box
Variation due to Orbital Ellipticity Latitudinal Variation +0.1 Station-keeping Box
km 65 ,1 42
Communications Satellites
What
is a Communications Satellite?
amplifies and re-directs analog and digital signals carried within a carrier frequency
Transmit Antenna
Communications Satellites
What
Main subsystems:
Electrical Power
Communication Satellite
Centrifugal Force Satellite (m) At equilibration
mV2/R
mV2/R=GmM/R2
Since
V=R
Gravitational Force R=(GM)1/3/ 2/3 Resolving R=42,000 km Earth (M) From Surface of Earth R=42,000km-6,378km=35,786km
GmM/R2
wheel motor
S Local Vertical
Satellite Position
Communications Satellites
What
identifies a S/C?
N
Latitude (Lat=0 for all Intelsat Satellites)
Satellite Architecture
Communications data passes through a satellite using a signal path known as a Transponder. Typically satellites have between 24 and 72 transponders. A single transponder is capable of handling up to 155 million bits of information per second. Simple voice or data to the most complex and bandwidth-intensive video, audio and Internet content.
Communications Satellites
Why
do we use satellites?
Global reach Distance insensitive Mobility and flexibility Rapid deployment of ground equipment / ease of expansion Bundling of applications
Communications Satellites
Where
178E 180E
Co-located S/C
Communications Satellites
How
How
Communications Satellites
Spacing
error (E/S mispointing) System margins (small error => BIG mistake)
S/C 1
S/C 2
2 3 Distance between 3-degree Satellites: ~ 1900 km
S/C 3
E/S
Communications Satellites
Spacing
Small E/S (wide beam, low gain) Large E/S (narrow beam, high gain)
margins (ASI)
Small E/S Large E/S
Communications Satellites
Satellite
Spacing:
UNDESIRED SATELLITE SPACING
RADIO LINK
Communications Satellites
What
is a Footprint?
Composite Plot/IBN
Communications Satellites
How
to visualize a footprint?
Like Mountains Profile:
Satellite Communication
How
Frequency isolation
Multiple
10 to 12
Global
Zone
Satellite Communication
Why
C- and Ku-band?
ITU-assigned frequency band: 1 - 30 GHz Low rain degradation Low sky noise
1000
Galactic Background
100
Microwave Window
(Ka-Band)
10
Atmosphere Absorption
0.5
5 Frequency GHz
10
50
C-Band
Ku-Band
Satellite Communication
What
is Polarization?
Linear Polarization
Horizontal Polarization
Vertical Polarization
Circular Polarization
Communications Satellites
Why
during eclipse
Communications Satellites
What
Spring
Eclipse: 21 March
Max. Outage = 70 min. + preceding & following days
Summer
Autumn
Eclipse: 23 September
Max. Outage = 70 min. + preceding & following days
Winter
Satellite Communication
What
Transponder satellite bandwidth Receiver satellite antenna (G/T) Amplifier TWTA/SSPA (wattage) Switching matrix connectivity Transmitter transmit power (D/L e.i.r.p.)
Full Transponder Layout:
Satellite Communication
Some
8
typical carriers
Voice:
kb/s 16 kb/s 64 kb/s
Data:
64
Video:
2
Mb/s 8 Mb/s
Satellite Communication
What
to keep in mind?
Time delay
One-way
delay: location dependant Sub-satellite point: 119.3 ms Horizon: 138.9 ms Path length: Location dependant (elevation angle)
Sub-satellite
Horizon
SSP
HPA
HPA
LNA
LNA
RF COMB
U/C IF COMB MOD
RF COMB
U/C IF COMB MOD LHCP
RF DIV
D/C IF DIV DEMOD RHCP
RF DIV
D/C IF DIV DEMOD LHCP
RHCP
HPA
HPA
LNB
LNB
RF COMB
U/C IF COMB
ENCODER
RF COMB
U/C IF COMB
ENCODER
RF DIV
D/C IF DIV
DECODER
RF DIV
D/C IF DIV
DECODER
RHCP
LHCP
RHCP
LHCP
G/T (dB/K)
F3
F2 F1 H
29
27 22.7 22.1 for H4 18.3 for H3 15.1 for H2
9 10 m
6.5 7.3 m 3.7 4 m 3.7 m 2.4 m 1.8 m
37 34 29 25 23.3 19.8
ELLIPSOID
PARAXIAL FOCUS
SPHERICAL REFLECTOR
Satellite Communication
Transmission
via satellite
Modulation (change of properties of an electrical signal) Coding (change an analog signal to a digital signal) Multiplexing (combine several signals) Up/Down converter (change of frequency) Amplifier (enhance signal strength) Multiple access techniques (procedure to access the satellite)
Types of Propulsion
Chemical Propulsion Performance is energy limited Propellant Selection Electric Propulsion ElectrostaticIon Engine Electro thermalArc Jet ElectromagneticRail gun Solar Sails Would use large (1 sq. km.) reflective sail (made of thin plastic) Light pushes on the sail to provide necessary force to change orbit. Still on the drawing board, but technologically possible! Nuclear Thermal
Launching
Geo stationary orbit
Parking orbit Va
Launching
N
Orbital velocity
Equator
W