Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B ^ EEfi ifio
LIBfi/
UNIVE6SI CALIfORNJ
ZJL
lERKf Y
I
\^iii.
MALAGASY GRAMMAR.
GRAMMAR
OF THE
MALAGASY
IN
LANGUAGE,
DAVID
GRIFFITHS,
WOODBRIDGE
1854.
TO
Jie i^eb,
^ aa, iWeller,
RECTOR
ilW.
^,
OF WOODBRIDGE, SUPEOLK,
AND
THE EDITORIAL SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
SCRIPTURES FOR THE
BRITISH
IN DIFFERENT
THIS
GRAMMAR
IS
MOST RESPECTFULLY
INSCRIBED,
BY HIS
OAVID GRIFFITHS.
120
PREFACE.
IN
Had
Madagascar, acquired a
perfect
knowledge
of
its
Grammar
by many
friends of missions at
different christian
home and
denomina-
abroad.
Gentlemen of
tions, offered
it
accomplished.
VI
PREFACE.
Being, at this present time, engaged in revising the
W. Meller, M. A.,
Such time
as
to
command,
and he
it
inter-
D. G.
Woodbridge,
July, 29th. 1854.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Introduction
Part I.ORTHOGRAPHY.
Alphabet
Consonants
.
11
13
14 15
17
Vowels
Diphthongs
Syllables
....
19
20
79
81
Compound words
Classification of
words
The Noun
83
85
87
Number
Gender
Case
The Adjective
Comparison of Adjectives
...... ....
89
92 98
100
The Pronoun
CONTENTS.
Page.
106
divisions of the
Verbs
107
division
112
.
.
of Verbs
119
119 120
122
. .
Moods
Examples of the Imperative Mood
Tenses
Auxiliaries
Participles
123
128
130
131
Verbal Nouns
Conjugations
First conjugation
133
133
135
Second
Third
ditto
142
151
ditto ditto
Fourth
160
Inflections of regular
Verbs
162
The second
form
168
The
third ditto
180
negatively and interroga.
.
185
187
Irregular, Defective,
The Adverb
Classification of
Adverbs
....
. .
.
188
189 189
191
196
197
of Quality
198
......
199 201
202
CONTENTS.
Page.
Syntax of Articles
203
.
of
Nouns
205
208
210
214
219
221
223
226
of Interjections
Part IV.PROSODY.
Pronunciation
Accent
229
Emphasis
230
Pauses, or Stops
Hyphen
Apostrophe
Versification
.
231
232
233
234
Figures of Speech
Dialects
236
Analogy
240
to other languages
Some
242
244
INTRODUCTION.
THE
is
so mellifluous
and
soft, that
it
Italian of the
Southern Hemisphere.
so peculiar, philosophical,
and
original, as to
render
it
and semi-civilized
in such perfection.
it
They have no
reached
its
literature
by
or-
justice.
Though
the
and
own
peculiar
modes of accenis
same language.
The Ankova
by
far the
It has
many
;;
6
close analogy
signification,
;
INTRODUCTION.
have certain
exchanged,
or added.
The Ankova
try in
following
Dialect, as
Grammar
it is
is
has been
of government in the
and
and
parts,
also
by the
chiefs
visit,
and
their people
from distant
and sold
as
Such intercourse
retentive
Hova
people,
who have a
memory, an opportunity of learning the other dialects, and of introducing many words and expressions into
their
own
dialect, while
and
retain their
own
who had
it
resided on the
to
years,
professed
to
have
be very de-
that
it
to
But the
who made
INTRODUCTION.
ness to find, that
it
7
in regular
excels
many languages
respects,
its
Though
it
may be
abound
vatives,
defective in
some
resources
their deri-
and
in the
name
such
name and
;
but, when
any new
it
new name, formed out of their own language, or learn and adopt the name given by the person that imports
it,
but pronounce
it
to their
own
language.
bears some analogy to the Malay
The Malagasy
and the Arabic
in the
sound and
signification of
many
but to say
would be
as unreasonable
Hebrew,
or the
Hebrew
to
Europe
to the
viz.
in
placing the
syllable, in giving a
broad sound
vowel
;
and
is
in
the formation of
compound
of
words
but there
no analogy
in the construction
INTRODUCTION.
It is a general rule in
as
Malagasy, Voninahitra
Fanjakana
Fiakarana.
Esginiad, ascent.
The
Every word
ter-
triple
tr,
ndr, ntr,
because
final
they
sound.
The
vowel of
is
almost
every
accented,
The
Hebrew
languages.
cast.
This gives
it
an
and philosophic
;
before an effect
an agent before an
so
many
Some
roots, or primitives,
and copious.
no
less
The
speaker, or writer
mode
precision,
and
perspicuity.
INTRODUCTION.
As
the
roots
are
common
terms,
of
expressing their
to both the
and figurative
and proverbs,
literal,
and a figurative
fine
meaning.
It is capable of
becoming a very
be cultivated
its
and
senwell
expressive language.
If
it
if its
antithesis
formed, and
its
diction bold
and
figurative,
an orator,
as
affinity
for
known
fact, that
own language,
language of
much from
the language of
diflfer
from one
to institute a
comparison between
the Malagasy, and any other language, either Western, or Eastern, but to observe the general arrangement of
Western languages; not on account of any resemblance, but rather for convenience, as being on the
whole the
to the
easiest
10
INTRODUCTION.
different
from
hU
diversities
from such
arrangement.
From
the
it
when he opens
pects to find
Grammar
of a
new language,
ex-
ORTHOGRAPHY.
11
MALAGASY
PART
GE AMM AR.
I.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Orthography treats of the Alphabet, Consonants, Vowels, Diphthongs, Tripthongs, and Syllables,
SECTION
I.
THE ALPHABET.
is
THE
letters
number.
S,
A, B, D, E, F, G, H,
I,
J,
K, L, M, N, 0, P, R,
T, V, Y, Z.
a, b, d, e,
f,
g, h,
i,
j,
k,
1,
m,
n, o, p,
r, s, t,
v, y, z.
Malagasy
Name.
English Sound.
Malagasy Sound.
English
Signification.
A.
a.
as a in
man
as a in afo, as as
fire.
B. b. by
bee dee
as e in
in biby,
beast.
D.
E.
F. G.
d.
e.
f.
dy
e
ef
d in didy,
command.
done, effected,
four.
silly, foolish.
men
as e in efa,
as f in efatra,
as
ef
g.
ge
gay
in gegy,
12
ORTHOGRAPHY.
SECTION
13
II.
CONSONANTS.
THERE
viz.
B, D, F, G. H. J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, Z.
single
sound, and
j.
The
The consonants
vowels.
are
m,
n, r,
v, z
1,
m,
b, p,
f, v by the
g,
and k are
called Palatals
are
formed by the
teeth.
nt,
;
are,
and the
triple
expresses the
Every consonant
is
mb. mp.
nd.
ng.
2.
3.
4.
Mangataka,
14
5. 6. 7.
OBTHOGRAPHY.
nk.
nt.
dr.
tr.
ts.
Mankato,
8.
9.
Triple consonants.
1
ndr.
ntr.
to.
2.
SECTION
III.
VOWELS.
e,
i,
THE
e,
vowels are
i,
six, a,
o,
6,
and y
a,
and
in
as o in English,
is
the final
i,
in the
plenty^ godly.
A,
a.
As a
in
man, land, or aa
(2)
E,
e.
As a in Adala, a fool^ a simpleton, in Malagasy. As a in la, mal, madame, in French. As a in bara, marw, tarw, in Welsh. As e in men, ten, and Kent in English. As e in teny, a word, speech, in Malagasy. As As
e in lever, pe'che, lettre in French. e in nef,
lief,
ceg in
Welsh.
viz. u,
sound
Delta,
or
of
mb
w,
mp
x, ts
c,
dr
q, tr
Gamma, ng;
Pi,
and Rho, nk
any
ORTHOGRAPHY.
(3)
I,
i.
15
and
y, the final
i.
As As
(4)
O,
As y in county, lovely, godly, in English. As i in French and Welsh. As 00 in moon, boon, book, in English. As in to, tnUh, in Malagasy. As ou in French and w in Welsh. As
in English, French,
o, o.
and Welsh.
When
quires
the vowel
i,
as
re-
to follow
it
in the English.
As
kasa, intention,
Mihaingo,
Mihamaro beto
comes mihiamaro,
to increase in
number,
become
many.
Komy,
rebellion, insurrection.
Mikomy, be-
comes mikiomy,
to rebel, to raise
an
insurrection.
SECTION IV.
DIPHTHONGS
and are
the
easily learnt
by
to
correct pronunciation
The Diphthongs
ai, ay,
ao
ia, ie, io
1. a,
The Diphthongs
by the vowel
16
ORTHOGRAPHY.
i
in the English
words
mine, wine
in
dri/, ray,
fa-
Ao Ao
2.
ea, ei,
as cow,
now, in English.
desolate, uninhabited place, in Malait,
as lao,
take
it, let it
he fetched.
e,
are
and
eo,
i
Ei
as ei in height, or as
in hite, night.
Ei
that
as ei in Malagasy,
eikia,
indigo
eingia,
Oh
Eo Eo
3.
ia, ie,
as aoo in English.
as eo in
let
it
he given,
eo there about.
i,
are
As
ia in
As
ie in
Io as eeoo in English.
As
4.
io in
;
let
an answer
io, that.
be given
bought ;
o, are
Oa
as
As oa
mandoa,
to vomit, to eject, to
pay money.
Oe
as
ooa in English.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
17
As oe
Oi
in Malagasy,
hoe, saying.
as ooee in English.
oi in
As
lever.
as
Section
v.
Syllables.
SOME
thongs,
syllables
are
as I-va, low,
;
eo,
here about,
there near
io,
that, but
combina-
a vowel
except
when
more consoman-ka-to,
lo-dai-a
way, course
to obey
;
ta-ny, earth
te-ny,
to
word ;
an-dro,
day ; ma-nia,
divided
into
go astray ;
Judea.
Syllables
are
Monosyllables,
Dis-
syllables, Trisyllables
and Polysyllables.
(1)
(2)
ro,
maas
dead.
syllables,
(3)
words of three
la-ni-tra,
(4)
Polysyllables are
words of many
syllables,
as
18
ORTHOGRAPHY.
The vowel or diphthong makes the first syllable, when the word begins with a vowel or diphthong, the
consonant and the following vowel makes the succeed-
ing
syllable, as a-lo-na,
waves or
^
it
he left.
When
the
first
latter, the
fan-dra-ka, chisel.
ETYMOLOGY.
19
PART
II.
ETYMOLOGY.
of the derivations of words and
Etymology
treats
of speech.
Section
i.
Roots, or Stem-words.
THE
dissyllables,
and
trisyllables
ging a favour.
Roots
in
;
general
as asa,
are
either
tsara,
it is
nouns, adjectives,
ela, as,
or adverbs
work,
good,
longtime;
mitondra,
a verb,
mililotra
to stick to,
to
adhere
The
roots,
when they
are
common
substantives
mood of
by changing the
last syllable.
As
20
drink,
let
it
ETYMOLOGY.
he
drunk
eject
loa,
vomit^
;
an
ejection,
payment, loavy,
hano, eat
thing
it,
it, let it
he paid
hanina, food,
let it
;
he eaten
fantatra,
it, let it
known
fantaro,
know
he
known, or a known.
Strict attention
RULES.
1.
are preceded
written
voa
soratra, is written
haona, meeetingy
tafahaona, are
2.
met together,
and
suffixes
The
prefixes
faha,
fana,
fanka, and the suffixes ana, na, ena, ina, avana, vana,
as fisotroana,
of,
to
drink out
ana,
reject
root,
the
and the
;
suffix
and the
goodness,
root
sotro,
drink
reject
remains
faha,
;
fahatsarana,
na,
kindness,
and
and
the
tsara,
good,
remains
fanasarotana, hardness,
;
hardening
reject
r,
fana,
and na,
sarotra,
radical letter
remains
Ma
to
adverbs,
must be rejected
as,
xa3i\dizsi,
famous,
clever,
famed^
ROOTS.
reject
21
ma,
and the
root, laza,
t,
fame, remains
and
tany,
was
there, reject
and the
remains.
4.
to nouns,
;
pro-
nouns,
must be rejected
as,
mankalaza,
laza, to glorify,
fame, remains ; mankaiza, to go where, reject mank, and the root, aiza, where remains ; maninona, to do
what, reject man, and the root, inona, whai, remains.
5.
The
prefixes
dilfferent
conjugations, in
the
voice
as
mi,
maha,
mifan,
miha,
mana,
mampi,
suffixes of
mampa,
mampaha,
;
and the
and
as
i,
ifampa, ifampaha
and the
suffixes,
and zana;
maneky,
root eky,
to
submission,
reject
consent, remains
mankato,
truth,
obey,
manka and
the
root
to,
remains.
6.
which they
reject
must be
;
restored,
to
before the
root
as
mamaly,
first
answer,
letter
reject
is
mam, and
restore
the
radical
v that
rejected,
remains.
22
7.
ETYMOLOGY.
The
K,
first
H,
L,
p,
s,
T,
TR,
V,
and
z.
Strict
attention
must be paid
jected
letter.
to the
WHEN
by
ROOT.
F,
is
the
;
first
radical letter,
it is
rejected
transitive verbs
as
ENGLISH.
s.
FADITRA,
an offering to avert an
evil,
piaculum,
offscouring.
Mamaditra,
to
v. a.
to offer
evil,
pay a
fine for
FAFA, 5, cleansing,
Mamafa,
v. a.
to sweep, to cleanse
by sweeping.
FAFY,
s.
dispersion,
v. a. to
s.
Mamafy,
FAHANA,
Mamahana,
musket
gers, a cannon, or
v. a.
musket loaded.
money, or provisions,
to en-
to give
FAHY, s, stalls,
Mamahy,
confine.
^?.
FAKA,
s.
root, or roots.
v. a, to root, to
Mamaka,
radicate. Jig.
to
examine
minutely
FAN A, 5. food
Mamahana,
two
v. a.
warm,
to
make
hot.
^Qefahana,
same
transitive verb.
HOOTS.
ROOT.
23
ENGLISH.
FANDRAKA,
Mamandraka,
with a chisel.
s,
chisel.
v. a.
to
chisel,
to mortise, to
work
FANDRIKIA,
Mamandrikia,
s.
FANGITRA,
Mamangitra
boundary,
s,
2?.
mark,
a. to
line,
boundary.
out, to
set a line, or a
mark
FANTATRA, a thing
Mamantatra,
to
v. a. to try, to test, to
make
a thing known.
s. nails, pins,
XI.
FANTOKA,
Mamantoka,
adj. fixed,
brads.
FANTSIKIA,
immovable
s.
an anchor.
Vato-fantsikia,
thing.
Mamantsikia,
2?.
a. to
burst
its
FAOKA,
s.
clearing
off,
up the earth
with
his horns.
Mamaoka,
to tear
V, a. to clear off, to
bull.
FARA,
s.
fixed.
file,
Mamara,
smooth.
to rub, to scrape,
to
to
make
FARAFARA,
agreement.
s.
24
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
V. a,, to
Mamarafara,
tell,
make
FARAINGIO,
curved
like a
hook.
v. a.
Mamaraingio,
to hook, to curve, to
bend
like
PARANA,
Mamarana,
ad. level,
flat,
even, smooth.
v. a. to level, to
s.
make an even
surface.
FARANGO,
Mamarango,
hook.
hook.
to hook, to
v. a.
FARITRA,
s.
Mamaritra, v.
mark
out, to set a
boundary
line,
FATO-BAVA,
s.
fetters,
and
VAVA, mouth)
chains, or fetters.
Mamato-bava,
V, a.
to confine, to imprison, to
keep
FATOTRA,
Mamatotra,
s.
v. a. to
FEFY,
8. wall,
embankment,
Mamefy,
h. a. to
to raise an
embankment.
a knot, fig. superintendence, ad, go-
FEHY,
s.
tie,
ROOTS.
ROOT.
25
ENGLISH.
FEHI-VAVA,
s.
(from pehy,
tie,
Money given
money and
the rice
ground return to
Mamehi-vava,
V, a. to
FEJA,
s.
Mameja,
v. a. to
FELIKIA, s FELIPELIKIA5.
Mamelikia,
v. a.
impeded
in his flight.
making a
circuitous way.
V, a. to
Mamelipelikia,
stop a person.
make
a circuitous course, to
FENJAFENJA,*.
Mamenjafenja,
of,
thing held
fast,
a firm grasp.
V, a.
FENO,
ad.
full,
Mameno,
number.
V, a.
to
fill
up,
to
complete the
EETA,
s. clay,
mud, mortar,
to
plaster
26
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
FETAKA,
Mametaka,
letter,
muddy, besmeared
to stick, to seal a
with mud.
v. a. to plaster, to
make
confine to a fixed
time, or point.
Mametr'andro, v. a.
FETSAKA,
Mametsaka,
v. a. to wet, to damp Jig. to beat. Menetsaka v. a. to throw down, to strike, to beat. FIA, s. pressing, squeezing, compression. Mamia, v. a. to squeeze, to press, to compress.
FIAKA,
s.
Mamiaka,
v. a.
FINA,
s.
thumb and
;
the fore-
finger
a small bundle, a
skein of thread.
Mamina,
the
fina.
t?.
make
as large as could
measure by the
removed,
FINDRA,
Mamindra,
removal, translation
ad.
translated, transplanted.
v. a. to step, to
remove
fig. to translate,
to transcribe.
ROOTS.
ROOT.
27
ENGLISH.
FITO,
ad. seven.
v. a,
Mamito,
to
make
into sevens, to
make seven
parts, to seven.
FITSAKA,
s.
by wind and
Mamitsaka,
hide one's
ad levelled, laid
flat
on the
to press
down
jig.
to couch, to
to lie in wait.
;
FITSOKA,
smitten.
beating, striking
Mamitsoka,
v. a.
FOANA,
Zava-poana,
vanity, a thing
good
for nothing.
Mamoana,
'g.
a. to
FODY,
;
s.
the
home Mamody,
the
?7.
make void, to nullify, to annihilate. mode of returning home, returning name of a bird.
home,
to
a. to return
bought or borrowed, to
retaliate.
;
FOFOKA,
Mamofoka,
s.
cough, cold,
v, a. to beat, to cast, or
s.
throw down.
FOFONA,
Mamofona,
and
v. n.
to
smell,
to stink
FOHA V. n.
awake.
Mamoha,
'g.
a,
to
sleep,
mamoha,
to open, is
FOHATRA,
agitation
ad. withered,
28
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH,
v. a.
Mamohatra,
contest.
to renew,
to
agitate,
to
revive a
FOHETRA,
Mamohetra,
hurt.
s. disaster,
calamity
ad,
disastrous,
to
spoil,
to deprive, to injure, to
FOHY,
FOY,
a
tall
Mamohy,
Mamoy,
boil.
to
evacuate, to break as
FOY,
AMOY,
Mamoi-fo,
failing
^ ^
v. n.
one's heart
him.
s.
FOKATRA,
Mamokatra,
goods
box or
chest.
by the
ordeal, tangena.
FOLA-BAROTRA,
Mamala-barotra,
s.
FOLAKA,
Mamolaka,
cated, broken.
v. a.
to bend,
subdue, to
make
docile.
FOLY,
s. silk
ROOTS.
ROOT.
29
ENGLISH.
Mamoly,
v. a.
s.
to spin,
FONGOTRA,
Mamongotra,
Mamongotra,
extermination
extirpate, to
eradicate, to consume.
v. a. to take
feet.
;
hold of the
feet, is
derived
from TONGOTRA,
FONO,
like
5-i
a cover, a wrapper
a corpse.
v. a. to
Mamono,
like a corpse.
Mamono,
v, a, to kill,
is
s,
the
act of killing.
FORONA,
s.
a name of Mamorona,
to
produce.
FOSITRA,
s.
to produce fire
by
a.
friction.
Mamositra,
friction,
v.
to produce fire
with
sticks
by
in-
to get fire.
s.
FOTITRA,
ad,
Mamotitra, v. a.
FOTSY,
ad. white.
v. a,
to
Mamotsy,
whiten, to
make any
thing to
shine, or bright.
FOZA, s. FOZAFOZA,^.
?
\
30
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
v.
Mamozafoza,
a.
to
use roughly,
to
crush,
to
squeeze, to crumble.
WHEN H
by
is
the
;
first
radical letter,
it is
rejected
transitive verbs
as
HADINO,
Manadino,
mindful, negligent.
v. a,
s,
to forget, to neglect.
will,
HAFATRA,
a
ordered.
testament;
willed, requested,
Manafatba,
v. a.
to send a
message by another, to
HAFITRA, s. HAFOTRA, s.
>
the inner bark of a tree used for making cords and ropes.
to take the inner bark of a tree,
for
making cords or
ropes.
;
HAHA,
s.
ad.
MAMAHA,orMANAHA,v.,
HAHY,
fire,
$.
exsiccation
cated, dried.
Manahy,
or
v. a. to dry, to
spread, to dry
by the
fire,
by exposure
Manahy^
v. a. to fear, to
fear.
be anxious,
is
derived from
ahy, anxiety,
HAY,
8.
knowledge,
ability,
capability
ad.
able,
ROOTS.
ROOT.
Ol
ENGLISH.
Mahay,
v. a.
to
know
a thing, to be able to do a
ability of
knowledge and
doing
a thing.
HAJA,
s,
Manaja,
to
regard, to
HALADY,
8.
son to withdraw.
Malady, ad. quick, quick of hearing, making haste. Manalady, v. a, to request a person to withdraw, to make an apology to a person for withdrawing himself.
HALATRA,
s.
theft,
robbery.
in-
on money.
V. a, to
MAuaNA,
borrow money on
interest.
Manana,
v. a. to have,
;
to possess, is derived
from
an obsolete root
ana, possession.
agreeable
HANITRA,
Manitra, ad,
8,
fragrance,
odour,
sweet
Mahamanitra,
HANTA,
Mahanta,
s.
indulge, to
humour,
to gratify a
child, or friend.
HANTONA,
suspended.
8.
hanging, suspending;
ad,
hanged,
32
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
v. a, to hang, to suspend.
s.
Manantona,
back
HANTSIKIA,
;
Manantsikia,
make
to
bend backwards,
to
beat, to strike, to
HAKABY,
Manaraby,
HARAKA,
Jig.
fair
s.
ad.
dried
up,
scorched,
parched
way.
v. a. to v. a. to
Manabaka,
Manaralca,
obey,
is
dry up, to
tire, to fatigue.
to, to
acting according
to, following.
HARAKAOTRA,
added
s.
ulceration, sores
fig.
sorrow
to sorrow, trouble v. a. to
upon
trouble.
Manararaotra,
fig. to
ulcerate, to
produce sores
wound
s.
HARARO,
Manararo,
impediment, obstruction,
prevention,
discouragement.
v. a. to prevent, to
impede, to dishearten,
to discourage.
HARATRA,
Manaratra,
s.
v. a. to shave.
s.
HARATSAKA,
Manaratsaka,
and smooth,
even
to shave.
HOOTS.
HOOT.
33
ENGLISH.
HARIVA,
Manariva,
s.
v. n.
HARO,
s.
mixture
(id.
mangaro,
to mix, to mingle.
HAROHARO,
Mangaroharo,
mixed, mingled.
mix, to mingle.
silver or
v. a, to
HASINA,
gold,
his, or
s.
her sovereignty
name
of a tree.
Manas iNA,
v. a. to present,
HARONA,
to feel.
8.
Mangarona,
v. a. to
HATAKA,
Mangataka,
8.
v. a. to beg, to request, to
8,
ask a favour.
HATAKA,
dispersed.
Mampihiataka,
to disperse.
v. a. to
HATONA,
8.
approach,
;
towards a person
ad. approached.
to approach, to
advance towards, to
HATSIAKA,
Mangatsiaka,
8.
v. n. to
be cold,
frigid, chilly.
HATSIKIA,
Manatskia,
call
8.
him one
side, to pull
back a
trigger;
34
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
HAVANGANA,
Manavangana,
ad.
stirred
up the
fire,
to arrange
HAVIA,
Manavia,
ad,
left, left
hand, or
foot, or side.
v. n, to
use the
left
thing awkwardly.
HAVOKAVOKA,
Manavokavoka,
s.
beating, flogging.
HEL AK A,
Manelaka,
s.
a peeling
a skinning off ;
ad, ex-
foliative, peeled,
skinned
off.
v. a. to peel off,
to exfoliate.
HELATRA,
lightning.
s.
lightnings,
figurations,
flash
of
Mauelatra,
v. w. to
flash as
hghtning
fig, to
be
HELIHELY,
Manelihely,
and forward
s,
v. n.
;
HELIKIA,
Manelikia,
armpit.
s,
armpit.
v. n, to
be up
HELINA,
Manelina,
by
swiftly, to
gUde
rapidly.
HELO, s. ? HELOLELO,^.^
Manelo,
v. a. to
u hovermg, wavermg.
like a shade, to pass
move
backwards
ROOTS.
ROOT.
35
ENGLISH.
HELOKA,
s,
Manameloka,
v. a. to
make
guilty, to
condemn, to
HEMOTRA,
MiHEMOTRA,
s.
V.
to backslide, to relapse.
to re-
HE^JAHENA,
Manenahena,
stubbornly, to be obstinate.
HEBAHERA,
daring.
Manerahera,
v. n. to
turous, presumptuous.
HEROHERO,
Manerohero,
s.
indecision,
doubt;
ad. wavering,
perplex,
to
stupify,
to
con-
found, to confuse.
HEROTRA,
Manerotra,
s.
cream, scum.
to
v. a,
s.
HEVITRA,
MiHiEviTRA,
Manevitra,
cause to tremble.
HEVITREVITRA,
Manevitrevitra,
shake.
v. n.
tremble,
to
agitate,
to
36
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
HY, s, HIDY,
gums.
s.
Manidy,
HIHY,
s.
Manihy,
v. a.
from the
HINAKA, s. HINAKINAKA, s.
Maninaka, ti, a, Maninahinaka, v.
> \
? a, \
HINDRAHINDRA,
a child.
ad. childish,
boyish, acting as
Manindrahindra,
. n.
to toss a child
up and down,
HITRIKIA,
and
brisk.
ad.
stiff,
fixed erect,
walking upright
Manitrikia,
fix
t>.
a thing firm.
s.
HITSAKA,
Manitsaka,
spurn
treading,
trampling
ad.
trodden,
trampled, despised.
v. a.
upon, to
at, to despise.
s,
HITSY,
v. a.
Mahitsy, ad.
to
right
be
Manitsy,
v. a. to straiten,
to rectify, to correct, to
adjust, to justify.
HOATRA,
ROOTS.
ROOT.
37
ENGLISH.
Manoatra,
MiHOATRA,
rounding
v. a.
to surpass, to excel.
V. n. to surpass, to excel,
s.
to
go beyond.
HODIDINA,
;
circle,
Manodidina,
compass.
surround, to encircle, to
en-
HODINA,
Manodina,
s.
ad. turned
round, revolved.
V, a. to
s.
HODITRA,
Manoditra,
v.
to peel, to take
HOFA,
s, rent,
;
or
money paid
ground
Manofa,
for the
v. a. to
money
sift,
to
winnow,
by a
sieve.
HOHOKA,
bom
subversion, infanticide,
the
act
of
down
on an unlucky day.
v. a.
Manohoka,
to death.
an infant
HOMBO,
8.
nail,
Manombo, v. a. to nail, to fasten with nails, or pins. ManombOy v. a. to increase, to cause to grow, is derived
from TOMBo,>. increase, gain,
profit;
HONTSANA,
Manontsana,
s.
rinsing
v. a.
to rinse
HORAKA,
s.
noise.
38
HOOTS.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
HORAKORAKA,
Manorakoraka,
halloo
at.
V, n.
make
a noise, to
shout, to
HORIRANA,
Manorirana,
V. n, to
place
thing
on
its
side
look sideways.
s,
HORONA,
roll,
a fold
Mangorona,
v. a. to fold, to roll
fiscated property.
HOSY,
s.
rice
ground
rice
trodden
by bullocks
for
planting
the
plants,
confiscations,
property
confiscated.
Manosy,
?.
a. to turn bullocks to
tread, or trample
HOSOTRA,
smeared.
s.
unction, anointing
MoNosoTRA,
cleanse.
?.
HOTIKOTIKA,
Manotikotikia,
to abuse.
HOTO,
s.
HOTOHOTO
Manoto,
. a.
Manotohoto,
HOVOTRA, s. HOVOTROVOTRA,*.
Mangovotra,
v. n.
tremor, trembhngs.
.y
to tremble, to be agitated.
ROOTS.
ROOTS.
39
ENGLISH.
not
fast.
WHEN K
by
is
the
;
first
radical letter,
it is
rejected
transitive verbs
as
KAMBANA,
Manambana,
s,
twins
Ji^,
resemblance
to add.
KANINA,
s.
a roast, roasting
ad. roasted.
KARAMA,
Manarama,
s.
wages, hire.
v. a. to hire, to
8.
KEKITRA,
Manekitra,
a bite, biting.
V, a. to bite.
KENDA,
gled.
choked,
stran-
Manenda,
ranging,
v. a. to
KENINKENINA,
made
Maneninkenina,
arrange.
make
ready, to
KEOKA,
Maneoka,
s.
small waist,
s.
Keokeoka,
v. a.
Maneokeoka,
v. a.
champ,
to
chew champingly.
40
ETYMOLOGY.
KEPOKA
>
'''''^^
KEPOKEPOKA, s. S
Manepokepoka,
tering.
v. n, to
KETRAKA,
energy.
Manetraka,
v. a. to
s.
dishearten, to discourage.
KETRONA,
Manetrona,
v. n.
KETSA,
Manetsa,
s. rice plants.
v. a. to set
s.
KETSIKIA,
Manetsikia,
v. a. to
move, to
stir.
KIBO,
s.
belly.
e>.
Manibo,
a. to tickle, to titillate.
KIFAKIFA,
Manifikifa,
KIEIKIA, s. KIFIKIFIKIA,
Manifikifikia,
\
s.
v. a.
head
at
any
KILEMA,
Manilema,
s.
deformity,
blemish, cripple,
scar;
deform
fig. to dis-
honor, to degrade.
KIPIKIPY,
Manipikipy,
s.
wood hurled
at
KIRAKIRA,
fingering,
finger.
ROOTS.
ROOTS.
4i
ENGLISH.
Manirakira,
V, a. to finger, to
to play with.
KISAKA,
Manisaka,
to
s.
creeping, crawhng.
v. a. to
cause to creep, to
make
to crawl,
make a
make
one's
way through a
make a
s.
bustle.
KIZAKIZA,
Manizakiza,
a disregard, a depreciation.
v. a. to depreciate, to disregard.
s.
KOLIKOLY,
Manolikoly,
coaxing, wheedling.
v. a, to coax, to
s,
wheedle.
care,
KOLOKOLO,
Manolokolo,
in
latter
m^ith,
attention;
ad. cultivated.
v. a. to cultivate,
to
keep a plantation
good
KOTROKOTROKA,
thunder.
rumbUng
in
the
bowels,
Manotrokotroka,
v. a. to
rumble, to thunder.
it
WHEN L
by
is
the
;
first
radical letter,
is
rejected
transitive verbs
as
rejection.
to refuse, to reject.
LADY,
prowl.
LADINA,
s.
Mandadina,
42
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
LAFATRA.
obstructions,
impediments
ad. ob-
Mandafatra,
to impede.
v. a. to hinder, to
hem
in, to
prevent,
LAFIKIA,
to lay on.
s.
for
man
or beast
Mandafikia,
v. a. to
make a bed
of
straw,
or of
LAHATRA
s.
Mandahatra,
v. a. to
arrange
regularly,
to
set in
to state a case,
to defend
by a regular statement.
a falsehood. of being done,
LAINGIA,
s.
lie,
falsehood, untruth,
Mandaingia,
v. a. to lie, to tell
LAITRA,
ad.
penetrable, possible
effective, acted
Mandaitra,
v. a. to adhere, to stick as
wax.
LALO,
$.
Mandalo,
to pass by, to
go by.
;
LALOTRA, s. the
Mandalotra,
smoothing of a thing
ad. poHsh-
LAMA,
s.
slipperiness, glibness.
Malama, ad. shppy, slippery, smooth, glib. Mandama, v. a. to make smooth, to lubricate.
LAMAKA,
a
$. flatness, level,
compressed
flat
with the
rain,
ROOTS.
ROOT.
43
ENGLISH.
Mandamaka,
even,
to
v. a, to press
down,
to level, to
make
be unable to move
like
fat,
or lean
animal.
LAMBOLAMBO,
s,
smoothness, glibness.
LAMINA,
Mandamina,
LANY,
Mandany,
consume, to exhaust.
LANJA,
s.
Mandanja,
v. a. to weigh, to carry
5.
on the shoulders.
LANONA,
Mandanona,
v. a. to collect, to gather.
LANTO,
s.
Mandanto,
LAO,
s.
ad. deserted,
uninhabited, desolate.
Mandao,
v. a. to desert, to leave
s.
a place, to depart.
LATSA,
a reproach, an upbraiding.
v. a. to upbraid, to reproach.
s.
Mandatsa,
LATSA-BATO,
(from
latsaka,
dropping,
and
44
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
v. a. to
Mandatsa-bato,
LATSAKA,
Mandatsaka,
to
s.
the
act
of dropping,
of
falling;
cast into,
throw down.
s.
LAVAKA,
rock.
or in a
Mandavaka,
v. a. to
make
a hole, to
make
holes in
LAVO,
strike
s,
ad. fallen.
fall,
Mandavo,
cause to
to
throw down, to
down.
s.
LAVOKARY,
Mandavorary,
thing well.
the act of
do a thing
well, to finish
any
LAZA,
s.
Malaza,
v. a. to
be famous, to be renowned.
LAZO,
s.
a fading, a withering
Malazo,
v. n. to fade, to wither.
v. a. to
Mandazo,
cause to fade, to
make
;
to wither.
LEFA,
s.
ad. set at
liberty,
freedom given.
v. a. to set at liberty,
Mandefa,
cannon.
to give
freedom to
a gun, or
a slave, to release,
to send
off,
to
fire
BOOTS.
ROOT.
45
ENGLISH.
LEFITRA,
folding
;
s.
Mandepitra,
LEFONA
LEMY,
8.
s,
Mandefona,
through.
Malemy, v. n. to be soft, tender, gentle, meek. Mandemy, v. a. to make soft, tender, to cause to be
gentle,
meek.
s.
LEMPONA,
LENA,
hoUowness, concave.
Mandempona,
Mandena,
ad. simk.
to put
under water, to
submerge, to immerse
Ji^, to convince, to
make
in.
aggravating accusations.
LETRA,
LETSY,
s.
a thing pushed
v. a, to
Mandetra,
s.
push
drive in.
lowering,
extenuation,
degradation
Mandetsy,
v. a.
s.
to lower, to
humble, to
lessen.
LEVILEVY,
fulness,
fear-
a tender heart;
Mandevilevy,
bles
;
v. a. to
boil, to
make
to rise in
bub-
have a
tender heart.
46
nOOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
LEVINA,
the act
of burying,
of interring
Mandevina,
v. a. to
bury, to inter.
LEVONA,
s.
of vanishing
Mandevona,
v. a.
consume,
to cause
LO,
s-
ad. rot-
Mando,
v. a. to rot, to putrify,
to
produce rottenness
or putrefaction.
LOA,
s.
a vomit, ejection
Ji^.
money
paid,
a debt
discharged.
Mandoa,
v. a. to
vomit, to eject
Jl^. to
pay money,
LOAKA,
s,
a hole, an aperture.
v. a. to
MandoakA,
bore a hole, to
make an aperture.
LOATRA,
to eat.
s.
;
rice boiled
Mandoatra, v. a. to serve out food cooked, and place it on the table ; Ji^. to serve, to attend to.
LOHALIKIA,
Mandohalikia,
s.
knee.
v. a. to kneel, to
LOKA,
MiLOKA,
s.
Mandoka,
LOKOj
$,
ROOTS.
ROOT.
47
ENGLISH,
Mandoko,
jig, to fasten.
LOMY,
LONA,
s.
Mandomy,
s,
the
Mandona,
v. a, to steep, to
s.
soak, as corn.
LOSITRA,
escape, a flight
Mandositra,
v. a. to escape, to flee
filth,
away, to avoid.
LOTO,
s.
uncleanness,
dirtiness,
abomination;
ad. soiled,
made
dirty.
filthy,
Maloto,
v. n, to
be dirty,
unclean.
Mandoto, v. a. to make
LOVA,
LOZA,
s.
inheritance, patrimony.
v. a. to inherit, to possess.
Mandova,
s.
ad. Jig,
wonderful, surprising.
Mandoza,
signify a
v. n. to act cruelly, to
be mischievous, to
bad omen.
8.
LOZOTRA,
pursuit
;
fig,
fig. pursued.
Mandozotra,
cooked;
WHEN
by
P,
is
the
;
first
radical letter,
it is
rejected
transitive verbs
s,
as
PEPETRA,
Mamepetra,
to
v. a, to charge, to dictate, to
show how
do a thing.
48
ROOTS.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
PETAKA,
Mametaka,
the act of
adhering,
adhesion
ad,
stuck, adhered.
v. a. to cause to adhere, to
seal,
to
ad-
gum.
any
thing
POKA,
s,
the
act
of
striking against
Mamoka,
v. a.
to strike, to
s.
knock
against.
PONDIPONDY,
Mamondipondy,
a crush, pressure.
squeeze.
in
V, a, to crush, to press, to
PORITEA,
Mamoritra,
s.
the
act
of crushing or
dashing
a. to
dash, to smash, to
crush,
to
break in pieces.
POTIPOTIKA,
Manotipotika,
bits.
to
make
by
bits.
s.
POTRAKA,
Mamotraka,
to
fall.
ad. fallen.
V, a. to
WHEN
by
S,
is
the
;
first
radical letter,
it
is
rejected
transitive verbs
s.
as
SAFO,
SAFOSAFO,
Manajo, .a. Manafosafo, v.
Manafo,
> a. ^
v. a. to thatch, is
s,
SAEOTRA,
Manafotra,
v. a,
ROOTS.
ROOTS.
49
ENGLISH.
S AH AN A,
s.
prevention, obstruction
ad, prevented,
obstructed, stopped.
Manahana, SAIKIA, s.
to
v. a.
be
filled
Manaikia,
v. a. to dip,
wet, to soak.
SAKAMBINA,
Manakambina,
s.
the
;
act of
embracing, caressing,
V, a. to
s.
embrace, to caress.
SAKELIKIA,
the armpit
;
Manakelikia,
SAKOBONA,
any thing
;
Manakobona,
SAMAKA,
a tree
;
s.
from
Manamaka,
to separate, to sever,
it
to
rive, to
roughly.
SAMPANA,
Manampana,
s.
separation, a branch,
or branches;
to
SAMPONA,
article,
s.
new
thing, a specimen of
any new
tive, imperfect
hindered, prevented.
hinder, to prevent.
Manampona,
v. a. to
s.
SANATRY,
the
name
50
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
potsherd
with
white,
charm.
Mananatry,
. a.
SANDA,
s,
agio,
cany the charm sanatry to the commenced. a premium given for whole dollars
to
in exchange of cut
five to fifteen
money.
The
per cent.
Mananda,
whole
^. a. to
charge or demand
an agio for
dollars, to
s.
SANDOKA,
forgery
;
imposition, fraudulence,
name,
Manandoka,
assume a
false
name, to impose
SANDRATRA,
dignity
;
s,
Manandratra,
elevate, to raise to
power, or dignity.
SANTATRA,
first
s.
commencement of works,
Jig. an earnest.
the laying
first fruits,
work,
first fruit
Manantatra,
first fruits,
v. a. to
commence a
;
to see a place
SARA,
s.
freight.
Manara, v. a. Manara,
be cold,
chilly, is
root KARA,
cold, chilliness.
BOOTS.
BOOT.
51
ENGLISH.
SAROTBA,
difficult,
s,
high price,
;
difficulty
hard
Manasarotra,
v. a. to raise
difficult.
make any
thing
SASAKA,
s.
half of a thing
frank, plain.
ad, half,
equal part
j%. open,
Manasaka,
v. a. to halve, to
parts, to cut
Jiff,
to
be
half a fool.
SASA,
s.
ad. washed,
cleaned, cleansed.
Manasa,
v. a. to
wash, to lave
Jiff,
to
entertain
to invite to a feast.
SAROMPATRA,
Manarompatra,
truth, to
s.
whole
truth.
SAZY,
s.
fine, forfeit,
mulch, penalty.
cause to pay a
fine.
Manazy,
v. a. to fine, to
SEHO,
show,
s.
the act
manifestation;
ap-
pearing.
Maneho,
s.
to
point out,
SARONA,
veiled.
s.
ad. covered,
Manarona,
v. a. to
52
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
SASATRA,
lassitude
;
Manasatra,
SERANA,
ed
5.
ad. touch-
passing by.
Manerana,
??.
a. to
SESY,
s.
name of
Manesy,
SESIKIA,
Manesikia,
or forcing in
push
push by
force, to propel.
SETRA,
Manetra,
s.
obstruction,
hinderance,
impediment
surmount
to
face
all
oppositions, to
difficulties, to attack.
SETRY,
s.
added
it
in
dividing, or weighing
money
to
to
make
it
equal;
ad. added
to, equalizing.
Manetry,
Manetry.,
is
v. a.
to
add money
make
equal, to
equalize, to rectify.
v. a.
to
SETROKA,
smoke, fumes.
ROOTS.
ROOT.
53
ENGLISH.
Manetroka,
smoke,
t?.
a. to
smoke, to fume,
to
produce
to fumigate.
SIA,
5.
Mania,
v. n.
err, to
go wrong.
astray,
wandered.
way, to go
lose
the
SIKINA,
s.
ad. girded,
Manikina,
v. a. to gird, to
s.
encompass, to encircle.
off,
SILAKA,
or of taking off
Manilaka,
v. a.
bark of a
SIMAKA,
faced.
s.
a sphnter, a chip
Manimaka,
v. a.
SIMBA,
s.
Manimba,
v. a. to spoil, to stain, to
deface, to injure,
to destroy.
SINDA,
s.
the act of
its
place
place.
Maninda,
place
;
v. a. to
misplace,
to miss.
to
remove out of
its
fig. to
s,
fail,
SINGOTRA,
54
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
V. a. to entangle, to
Maningotra,
fetter
with cords,
SINTA,
s.
from over
Maninta,
V, a. to feel
s.
shooting pains
by over
fatigue.
SINTAKA,
Manintaka,
SISA,
v. a. to
commit adultery.
s.
Manisa,
some
isa,
Manisa,
from
SISIKIA,
s.
the act of
pushing forward
ad.
en-
Manisikia,
v. a,
to
push on, to
force, to encourage,
to bribe, to fee.
SITRAKA,
Sitra-po,
s.
s,
the
act of acknowledging
favor
will, gratification.
Mankasitraka,
v. a. to
SITRIKIA,
s.
sion, plunging;
ad.
made
to
dive, plunged,
im-
mersed, dipped.
Manitrikia,
v. a. to
plunge,
to
immerse, to dip, to
cause to dive.
HOOTS.
ROOT.
55
ENGLISH,
SOFINA,
Manofina,
s. ear.
v. a. to seize
by the
ears, to take
hold of
SOKA,
s.
black silk
v. a. to
s.
ad. soaked.
Manoka,
dye black.
retirement
;
SOKANA,
Manokana,
ration,
separation,
ad, separated,
make a
is
sepa-
to
place in
to
set
another place.
to
Manokana,
apart,
consecrate
derived
SOKATRA,
covered.
s,
Manokotra,
v. a, to
8.
open, to uncover.
;
SOLATRA,
Matjolatra,
ad.
shot at
shoot
at.
SOLO,
s.
thing in the
room of
another, a substitute.
place in the
Manolo,
v. a. to substitute, to
room
or
stead of another.
SOLOKY,
Manoloky,
v. a. to
SOMBA,
Manomba,
s.
v. a. to spoil, to injure, to
s.
mar.
;
SOMBINA,
crumb, or crumbs,
bits
ad, chipped,
mutilated, broken.
SOMBIN'AINA,
s.
crumb of
life
^y. a beloved
56
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
v.
Manombina,
tilate.
a. to
make crumbs,
to chip, to
mu-
SOMINDA,
'
s.
decapitation, beheading
ad. decapi-
tated, beheaded.
v. a.
Manominda,
to behead, to decapitate.
selfish, ill-natured.
SOMPATRA,
ad. churlish,
self
disagreeable,
churlish.
SOMPIRANA,
Manompirana,
to slope, to turn
hill.
on one
side, to
go on the side of a
SONDROTRA,
s.
act of
sandratra
ad. exalted,
Manondrotra,
honour.
v. a. to raise
SONGA,
s.
ad. un-
Manonga,
V. a.
to
uncover, to
strip, to
take away
one's clothes.
SONGONA, s. the act of raising a thing higher. SONGONA-BAROTRA, s. the act of offering
higher price, a higher price.
Manom-barotra,
v. a. to offer
SORATRA,
marks
;
s.
writing,
marked.
colour,
to
Manoratra,
arrange
to
write,
to
mark, to
silk
ROOTS.
ROOT.
57
ENGLISH.
SORITRA.
Manoritra,
s.
an engraving, sculpture
ad. engraved,
sculptured.
v. a, to
engrave, to sculpture, to
mark out.
SOSOKA,
Manosoka,
s.
;
appendage
V, a. to
s,
SOSOTRA,
Manosotra,
Manosotra,
unction.
anger, to tease.
v. a. to anoint, is derived
from hosotra,
WHEN
by
T,
is
the
;
first
radical letter,
it is
rejected
transitive verbs
s.
as
TABOROAKA,
hole
;
Makaboroaka,
through, to
to
hole.
bore, to pierce,
to
thrust
make a
TADY,
s.
act of seeking
mitad^/, to seek.
twist, to cord,
Manady,
rope.
v. a. to
to
make a
cord, or
TAFY,
ments
s,
;
Manafy.
TAFIKIA,
Manafikia,
v. a. to
go
to war, to
make
war,{to send
an expedition, to invade.
58
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
TAFINTOHINA,
bled, offended.
Manafintohina,
to offend.
v. a.
to
cause to stumble, to
trip,
Mahatqfintohina, to offend.
ad. thatched, covered.
cover.
TAHA,
take
s.
a fine
for
libel,
or false
accusation.
Manaha,
v. a. to
first
wife for
TAINGINA,
Manaingina,
s.
;
mounting, raising
any thing up
V, a,
TAITRA,
Manaitra,
to
s,
an agitation of mind;
ad. starthng,
shocked, moved.
t?.
TAITAITRA,
Manaitaitra,
a. to startle often, to
purge often.
TAKALO,
Manakalo,
8.
'G.
barter, exchange.
a. to barter, to exchange.
TAKATRA,
name
s,
of a bird
; ;
ROOTS.
ROOT.
59
ENGLISH.
Manakatra,
v. a, to reach, to
extend
TAKONA,
by any
s.
thing.
v. a. to
Manakona,
TAMANA,
ated.
ad.
accustomed,
acquainted,
habitu-
Manamana,
liarize.
v. a. to
TAMBATRA,
total
s.
a heap,
collection
of any thing,
amount.
v. a. to
Manambatra,
TAMBY,
Manamby,
s.
v. a. to hire, to
s.
TAMBITAMBY,
Manambi TAMBY,
to caress.
V. a. to bribe, to wheedle,
TAMI-TRANO,
Manami-trano,
s.
v. a. to
TAMPINA,
Manampina,
fill
s.
up, to hinder.
s.
TAMPOKA,
Ji^, cooled
suddenness
60
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
V. n. to
Manampoka,
pectedly, suddenly.
TAMPONA, s. TAMPON-DOHA,
Manampona,
X).
\
s. \
the top of
a, to
on the
top.
is
Manampona^
v. a. to hinder, to prevent, s.
s.
derived
from tsampona,
prevention, hinderance.
shade, umbrage, shadow.
to shade, to
TANDINDONA,
Manandindona,
v. a.
shadow.
skin,
TANDRA,
Manandra,
s.
tongs,
pincers,
a mole on the
is
born.
is
born.
TANDRY,
s.
the
act
of
observing,
observation
MiTANDRiNA,
to, to
V.
a. to
obscrvc, to notice, to
attend
guard, to watch.
v. a, to
Manandry,
TANDRIFY,
ad. opposite
capable
of,
able to do,
TANGY,
Manangy,
s.
v. a.
TANTERAKA,
thing
;
the
act
of
accomplishing any
finished,
ad. accomphshed,
fulfilled,
com-
pleted.
Mananteraka, v. Mahatanteraka,
a.
to
v. a^ \
ROOTS.
ROOT.
61
ENGLISH.
TANTY,
s.
a basket, a small
;
mat basket
to carry
meat, endurance
ad. enduring,
sustained, falling
Mananty,
v. a.
to
hand
as receiver,
TAPAKA,
or
s.
or
managing
ctd.
broken, snapped,
governed, managed.
Manapaka,
v. a.
to break, to snap
Ji^. to rule, to
govern, to manage.
TAPITEA,
tion
;
s.
Manapitra,
TARANAKA,
tary, entailed.
generation, posterity
ad. heredi-
Manaranaka,
inherit the
'0.
a. to
same
disposition, or maladies.
TATAKA,
Manataka,
s,
the act. of
TAVONA,
Makavona,
s.
ad.
besmear, to bedaub.
;
TEBAKA,
contempt, contemptuousness
ad. con-
62
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
V. a. to
Manebaka,
contemn, to
slight, to despise.
;
TEFY,
s.
ad.
Manefy,
to
v. a. to malleate,
to forge,
to
work
in iron,
make
earthen vessels
s.
TEMITRA,
tapestry, a house, or
;
room embellished
Manemitra,
centre
v. a. to
s.
TENATENA,
;
or half way.
Manenatena,
s.
to
TENDA,
Mat?enda,
s.
8.
neck.
to seize a person
is
by the neck.
derived from kenda,
Manenda,
v. a. to strangle,
strangling.
TENDRY.
Manendry,
s.
ad. ap-
TENDRO,
Manendro,
summit. summit, to
v. a.
TENITRA,
Manenitra,
s.
despicableness, vileness
ad. despica-
mean, despised.
TENON A,
Manenona,
s.
warpt, a thing
woven
v. a. to weave.
; ;
ROOTS.
ROOT.
63
ENGLISH.
Manenona,
crow
noise.
v. a. to
sound, to
is
make
a noise, or to
as
a cock,
TENTINA, s
spots
;
ad.
marked with
Manentina,
Jig. to
fill
TERY,
ed
;
s.
straint,
compulsion
Manery,
TETIKIA,
Manetikia,
in
the
skin
Jig. consultation.
v. a. to
Jig. to consult.
Manetitetikia,
v. a.
s.
to cut in pieces.
TEVATEVA,
disrespect,
disregard,
;
the act
of
ad. disregarded,
Manevateva,
despise.
v.
a.
to
disregard,
to
degrade,
to
TEVIKIA,
through
through.
s.
stitches, spasms,
Manevikia,
v. a, to
huve
stitches, spasms, or a
cramp,
TIA, V. a. Mankatia,
to love, to esteem.
v. a. to love,
mifankatia,
v. a.
to
love
64
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
TIFITRA,
fired at.
shooting,
firing
a gun;
ad,
shot,
Manifitra,
shoot.
v.
a.
to
shoot, to
fire;
mitifitry, to
the truth.
;
TODY,
s.
retaliation,
retribution
ad.
retaliated,
requited.
. n.
to
be-
TOHY,
tied.
5.
junction,
a joint, a knot;
ad.
joined,
Manohy,
X).
a. to join, to tie.
if.
TOHITRA,
Manohitra,
dict, to
opposition, contradiction
ad. opposed,
a.
to
oppose, to
resist, to
contra-
speak against.
s.
TOKANA,
individual,
individuality,
;
single
set
one
apart,
jig.
Manokana,
v.
a.
to
individualize,
to
set
apart
jig, to consecrate.
TOKO,
s.
trivet,
section.
Manoko, v. a. to divide into companies, or sections, to make separate lots, or sections. TOLAKA, s. the name of a small fish ad. prevented
;
in-
ROOTS.
ROOT.
65
ENGLISH.
Manolaka,
v. a.
to hinder, to
blame another,
to pre-
Manolaka,
v. a.
to tame, is derived
from folaka,
s,
TOLOTRA,
reel
;
s.
a small piece
of
bamboo used
as a
;
Jig. a present,
a presentation, an exhibition
Manolotra,
the hand.
V, a. to give, to
Manoloira,
v, a.
to,
is
derived
from OLOTRA,
nearness.
TOMBO,
s.
ad. in-
Manatombo v. a. Manombo, v. a,
succeed.
to exceed, to surpass.
to
gain,
to
profit,
to prosper,
to
Manombo,
nail.
v. a.
to
nail, is
s,
TOMPO,
Manompo,
brooks
s.
. a.
s.
to serve, to minister.
flood,
TONDRAKA,
;
an overflowing of
rivers,
or
fig.
cattle trespassing,
or breaking into
Manondraka,
v. a.
to
flood,
to
overflow,
to
pour
;
or broth
TONDRO,
s.
an index,
finger, pointer
ad. pointed
66
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
v. a.
Manondro,
grace.
TONDKO-MASO,
Manondro-maso,
a confronting,
dishonour, dis-
v. a.
to confront,
to bring face to
face, to oppose, to
shame.
to
TONGILANA,
to one side.
s.
a leaning
one side
ad. leaned
Manongilana,
V, a. to incline, to
make
to lean to one
TONY,
ManjONY,
TONITONY,
Manonitony,
mode
of washing clothes by
;
to beat, to press, to
wash clothes
;
by
them on stones
Ji^. to beat,
to pommel.
TONONA,
Manonona.
s.
;
a knot, joint
Jiff,
utterance, dictation,
declaration
v. a. to
Jiff,
to utter,
to
dictate, to
mention.
s.
TONTOLO,
whole,
all,
the whole,
all
things,
universe
ad.
total.
v. a.
Manontolo,
possess
all.
to
embrace
all,
to
have
all,
to
TONTONA,
Manontona,
s.
refuse,
dregs
a sieve, or basket.
TOPY,
s,
;; ;;
ROOTS.
ROOT.
61
ENGLISH.
Manopy,
V. a. to
sprinkle,
to bespatter
any liquid
fy.
to
upon any
of
any object.
s,
TOKAKA,
Manoraka,
stone.
the
act
throwing
stones
ad.
a,
to throw,
to cast, to pelt,
to
TOEANA,
Manorana,
s.
fits,
a fainting
cause
fits,
to
produce
faintings,
faintness, or langour.
TOKO,
s.
Jig, a bruise
fig. bruised.
;
Manoro,
v. a. to v. a. to
point out
fi^. to bruise.
s,
Manor0,
bum,
is
the
act of burning.
TOROTORO,
Manorotoro,
s.
ad.
a. to
bruise,
to
produce contrition.
TOSIKIA,
Manosikia,
s.
to push, to thrust
fig. to urge, to
encourage.
TOTO,
s.
Manoto,
v. a.
to
68
HOOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
TOTOTRA,
ad.
filled
the act of
filling
up a
hole, or cavity
up, covered.
v.
Manototra,
a.
to
fill
up, to
TOVANA,
dition
;
s.
Manovana,
to
add
to,
to append, to
add
to the
TOVANTOVANA,
Manovantovana,
dom.
s.
5.
at
a.
act
at
ran-
TOVO,
Manovo,
5.
to
draw water.
TRAINGIO,
s.
Manatraingio,
'0.
a. to
hough, to hamstring.
TRETRIKIA,
Manetrikia,
to
v. a,
comfortable,
make
TRIATRA,
the act of
;
thing torn, as
cloth, or papers
ad. torn.
Mandriatra,
?.
TROTRAKA,
weary
;
s.
the state
Manatrotraka, Mahatrotraka,
TSAINGIOKA,
Manaingioka,
s.
snap.
ROOTS.
69
TSANGANA,
set
;
s.
a figure, shape, a
pillar,
any thing
up erect ad, raised, erected, set up. Manangana, v. a. to raise up, to erect, to build.
TS ATOKA,
place
;
s.
j%. an appointment,
a time appointed.
Manatoka,
v. a.
to fix, to stick.
TSENTSINA, $.
Manentsina,
a cork, a plug
v. a.
TSILO,
Manilo,
8.
ad. prickled
TSIMINA,
Manimina,
a thatch.
s.
rushes
;
for
thatching a house
v. a. to
for
TSINDEY,
Manindry,
s,
the
ad.
pressed, squeezed.
v. a. to press, to
s.
squeeze
j^^. to assist.
TSINDRIKA,
Manindrika,
a particular
mode
of thatching.
v. a. to thatch.
s.
TSINDEONA,
Manindrona,
the act of
;
pricking,
or
piercing
TSINY,
Maniny,
s.
blame,
censure, imperfection.
v. a. to
s.
blame, to censure.
;
TSIPAKA,
Manipaka
a kick, kicking
to kick.
ad, kicked.
v. a.
; ;
70
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
s.
TSIPY,
Manipy,
the
act
of
to
throw away,
to cast
away.
TSOBOKA,
ad. drenched,
unexpected;
deluged.
Manoboka,
v. a. to
drench
to impose upon.
TSOFA,
Manofa,
s.
a saw, a
file. file.
v. a. to
saw, to
WHEN
VAHA,
s.
V,
is
;
the
as
first
radical letter,
it is
rejected
by
transitive verbs
slacking
Mamaha,
unbind.
v. a, to
loosen,
to
slacken,
to
VAHAVAHA, s. an announcement before hand, a previous declaration; ad. declared previously, foretold.
Mamahavaha,
before hand.
V, a,
to
declare
previously,
to
tell
VAHOAKA,
Mamahoaka,
to
s.
'c,
district
work on a
particular occasion,
VAHOTRA,
Mamahotra,
benumbed
jig. to
a. to perplex,
tie.
to
confound
bind, to fetter, to
HOOTS,
ROOT.
71
ENGLISH.
VAINGIA, .. VAINGIAVAINGIA,
Mamaingiavaingia,
s. i
""
^""^P'
v. a,
to
up lumps,
VAKY,
vessel
s.
the
;
act
of
breaking any
thing brittle
as an
jig. reading
;
earthen
Mamaky,
to break, to
smash
fig. to read, to
VAKI-LOHA,
rice ground.
s.
Mamaki-loha,
ground.
v. a,
to
VAKI-SERANA,
Mamaki-serana,
s.
commencement, a beginning.
begin, to
v. a. to
s.
commence.
a
VAKI-TRATRA,
Mamaki-tratra,
being a burden to
person;
be
VALA,
s.
wooden
pen
Mam ALA, V. a. to make a fence, or partition. VALY, s. an answer, reply, response ad. answered,
;
responded, repHed.
Mamaly,
v. a. s,
'g.
VANGY,
Mamangy,
welfare
visit, visitation,
prominent teeth.
after a person's
letter.
a. to visit, to enquire
either
s.
by word of mouth, or by a
;
VANGO,
72
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
V. a.
s.
Mamango,
to beat, to strike.
VANKONA,
Mamankona,
a plane.
to plane, to
v. a.
make smooth,
to
work
with a plane.
VANTANA,
Mamantana,
to
to
go
to,
VARINA,
Mamarina,
s.
precipitation
v. a.
VATSY,
s.
victuals, provisions
for a journey;
to
ad.
for a
money
buy food
Mamatsy,
v.
a. to give
or to give
VAVA,
s.
loquacious, talkative,
abusive language.
Mamava,
v. a.
s.
to
to open.
s.
VAZANA,
Mamazana,
sever.
vazan-tany,
the
to strike
VELA,
ad,
s.
offals,
residue,
dung,
any thing
left;
left,
forgiven, pardoned.
1).
Mamela,
a. to leave,
to permit, to
allow
Jig.
to
VELATRA,
expansion
;
s.
ROOTS.
ROOT.
73
ENGLISH,
Mamelatra,
V. a.
VELY,
s.
Mamely,
leate.
v. a.
to beat, to
strike,
to thrash,
to
mal-
VELONA,
Mamelona,
maintain
to support
>
s. ]
as with food.
VENDRY, s. VENDRIVENDRY,
Mamendrivendry,
ad.
be-
to
VERAKA,
s.
the act of
opening
as
packages, or
;
Mameraka,
v. a.
to open,
to untie,
to
loosen
fig.
to disclose, to explain, to
VERY,
very
;
s.
not found.
to
forfeit
Mamery,
liberty,
a. to lose
any thing,
to
one's
to
reduce
slavery,
to
make one
;
slave.
VERINA,
Mamerina,
s.
a return,
ad.
VETA, s. VETATEVx\, s.
Mametaveta,
v. a.
74
ROOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
$.
VEZATRA,
Mamezatra,
v. a. to press heavily, to
make any
thing
VEZAVEZA,
Mamezaveza,
open, to expose.
VILY,
tion,
s.
Mamily,
v. a. to
VILINA,
$.
Mamilina,
v. a.
s.
hem,
to
make
a border.
;
VINANY,
Maminany,
a prophecy, prediction
ad. foretold,
guessed, surmised.
v. a.
to prophesy,
to predict, to foretell,
to guess, to conjecture.
VINGY, s. VINGIVINGY,
ried
;
}
5.
the act of carrying any thing between the fingers; ad. car-
Mamingy, . a. Mamingivingy,
VINTSITRA,
Mamintsitra,
s.
ad. sucked.
v. a.
s.
VIRAVIRA,
lion
;
Mamiravira,
to tear in pieces.
ROOTS.
ROOT.
75
ENGLISH.
VITA,
thing
$.
;
or
completing
any
Mamita,
to complete.
VITRANA,
Mamitrana,
a seam
ad.
a border made, or a
seam made.
v. a. to
make a seam,
seed,
fruit
to
sew, or
to
weave a border
to a cloth.
;
VOA,
s.
kidneys,
;
ad.
struck, shot,
wounded Mamoa, v. a.
v.
Mahavoa,
to hit, to strike.
VOA-FADY,
stained.
a desecration
ad. spoiled,
injured,
Mamoa-fady,
to stain.
v. a.
to desecrate, to spoil,
to injure,
VOAKA,
out.
s.
Mamoaka,
v. a. to
VOANJO,
sidence.
s.
Mamoanjo,
v. a. to
send, or to
order to return to a
former residence.
VOIVAVA,
Mamoivava,
tion.
s.
a.
to
pay a
accusa-
VOKY,
s.
the
state
of
being satiated
ad.
filled,
satiated, satisfied as to
food
76
HOOT.
ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
;
Mamoky, v. a. to satiate, to satisfy with food to make many accusations against a person, to
courage opposition.
Jig.
en-
VOKOKA,
Mamokoka,
deformed.
s,
v. n,
have a
hump on
cooked
the back, to be
VALOVOLA,
Mamolavola,
s.
1).
a ball of
a. to
rice.
;
make
VONY,
VONJY,
s.
blossoms, flowers.
to blossom.
Mamony,
helping
v. n.
s.
;
rescuing, delivering,
Mamonjy,
help.
a.
to save,
to deUver,
to rescue,
to
VONKINA,
drawn up.
s.
contractedness
ad.
contracted
Mamonkina,
to contract.
v. a. to
become contracted,
to
draw up,
VONO,
beaten
s.
;
Mamono,
murder,
to destroy, to beat
Mamono,
v. a.
to cover, to swathe, is
derived from
VONOSOTRY,
Mamonosotry,
it
s.
the
to a chicken.
the ordeal
by giving
to a chicken.
ROOTS.
ftOOt.
77
ENGLISH.
VORY,
s.
ad.
col-
Mamory,
v. a.
to collect, to gather.
VORIVORY,
Mamorivory,
circular.
a.
to
make any
thing round, or
VOROVORO,
Mamorovoro,
s.
v. a. to entangle,
VOSITRA,
Mamositra,
s.
ad,
castrated, gelded.
v. a.
to castrate, to geld.
?
s. ]
VOSOTRA, s. VOSOBOSOTRA,
Mamosotra, v. a. Ti/r Mamosobosotra, v.
^ J^^^' ^ J^^^'
? >
x
a. ^
to joke, to jest.
'
'
'
VOTSOTRA,
young
;
s.
the
act
of
animals
casting
their
Mamotsotra,
young
Ji^. to release,
to set at liberty.
VOVO,
s.
net, a
v. a.
s.
Mamovo,
VOVOKA,
dust
a.
ad.
filled
with dust.
to
to
VOZONA,
Mamozona,
s.
neck.
to seize a person
v. a.
by the neck
jig.
to force, to compel.
78
ROOT.
fiTYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH.
WHEN
by
is
the
;
first
radical letter,
it
is
rejected
transitive verbs
s.
as,
;
ZAITRA,
needle work
v. a. to
ad. sewed.
Manjaitra,
sew.
;
ZAKA,
s. ability,
capacity, strength
enough
to bear a burden.
v. a, to reign, to rule, to
Manjaka,
sway a
sceptre.
ZEHY,
ZERA,
s,
a span
ad. spanned.
Manjehy,
s.
v. a, to span.
Manjera,
cause to tumble, to
;
ZEZIKIA,
Ji^,
dung, manure
Manjezikia,
manure, to beat, to
Ji^. to
make
a great
number.
ZINGIA,
s.
a ladle
made
Manjingia,
any
V. a. to
vessel.
are
made
s.
verbal adjectives,
by
prefixing
them; asvory,
collection,
a gathering; voavory,
COMPOUND WORDS.
79
Section il
Compound Wobds.
A COMPOUND
;
word
is
more
words together
small; Sain'olona,
sain A, mindy
or words in a compound,
;
as,
zanaka*
from zanaka,
child, offspring,
tanan'ankavanana, right
;
hand ; from
zava-tsaro-
zavatra, things^
SAROTRA, dear,
3.
difficult
is
When
there
an
speci-
fied
an
elision of
hyphen
but neither
used,,
man
zava-tsaro-pantarina,
difficult,
and
; ;
masoandro, suUy
vavolombelona,
80
4.
ETYMOLOGY.
compound word
is
Of Substantives joined
;
to Substantives,
with
a pronominal affix
as, tranon'olona,
a man's house,
from TRANO,
(2).
Jiouse, ny of him, and olona, man, Of Adjectives joined to Substantives as, zava;
tsara,
a good
and tsara,
good.
(3).
Of Adjectives joined
;
to Adjectives, or Partidifficult
ciples
as, saro-pantarina,
mysterious,
difficult,
of
fantarina,
Of Verbs joined
to Verbs
as,
mitsaha-miasa,
to cease
and
Arthe
MiASA, to work.
(5).
to
;
ticles
as, Itrano,
Articles I,
and Ea,
trano, a
given to individuals.
(6).
Of Adverbs joined
;
to
Substantives, and to
;
Adjectives
as, rava-ela,
from
very
lavitr'indrindra,
exceed-
mgly.
5.
The
D,
K,
first
with
DR,
z, V, s, R, L, H,
and
in
f,
are
changed into
j, b,
ts
and
the
formation of
compound
words, viz.
(1).
Z,
is
changed into
b,
as,
manan-javatra mare
CtASSrPICATION OF WORDS.
8t
?iave,
hy,
lie
has
many
things
from man an A, to
and
into B,
manam-bady,
;
to
have a husband, or
wife, to
be married
a husband, wife,
(3).
or partner.
S into
difficult
road
from
lalana,
difficult.
(4).
into DR,
manan-draharaha
to have,
izy,
he has
and raharaha,
way, from
lala-
na,
(6).
mam
from
Section hi.
ALL
which are
Articles^
commonly
called
*'
parts
of
speech."
Nouns, Adjectives,
Conjunctions,
Eepletives.
Pronouns, Verbs,
Adverbs^
Prepositions,
Interjections,
and
Definitions^
1.
Articles.
I,
The
Articles
words,2.
asj^
Nouns*
A Noun
is
the
name
of an)r things,
cattle..
82
3.
lity
ETYMOLOGY.
Adjectives.
of the
Adjectives
tell
Noun,
as, lehibe,
great.
4.
Pronouns.
as,
The Pronouns
manetsa izy^
stand instead of
Nouns,
olona njiasa,
he plants trees ;
plants.
his head,
5.
as,
ny tongowy,
Verbs
his feet.
tell
Verbs.
sing,
6.
Adverbs.
;
The Adverbs,
tell
how
things are
done
7.
as, faingiana,
Conjunctions.
as,
Sentences together,
ny
olona,
na ny
earth
ankizy,
men
;
or children;
tany sy lanitra,
olona,
and heaven
Mandeha ny
ple walk,
8.
and
and Pronouns,
amSS^o, with me.
9.
amy ny
prise,
10.
The Interjections show suras, Endry mahagaga izany Oh it is wonderful, Eepletives. The Kepletives enhance the
Interjections.
!
signification of
words, as
Ho
tahin'
Andriamanitra
anie hianao.
May God
Section, iv.
hless you.
May
you
he
Messed of God.
ARTICLES.
1.
Ad
Auticle
is
meaning.
NOUNS.
83*
Definite Articles
in
the Malagasy,
izy.
i,
The Articles
i,
to the
names of persons,
terms.
rity,
to distinguish
i,
The
Article
as,
Raioana,
3.
I only is
names of places
4.
name of
a town,.
the,
is
applied to Nouns,
same power of
as,
ny vorona
izay
thM fly
ny
;
lehilahy izay
ma-
the
man
that writes
ny omhy
izay lafoy
Section
v.
NOUNS.
exists, or
A Noun
supposed to
is
the
name of whatever
may be
exist.
There are
Abstract,
ticipial.
1.
six kinds of
Nouns
Proper, Common^
Verbal, or Par-
Collective,
Compound,
Proper Nouns,
anarana
;
names of persons,
things,
and places
rehetra,
as,
Adama
gave
taona.
nanome
ny
biby
Adam
names
to all cattle
Madama
Tsakalava Imania,
Salcalava Country.
Imania
is
84
2.
ETYMOLOGY.
Common Nouns.
human
beings
;
Common
kind
;
Nouns
ahitra,
denote
;
;
individuals of a class, or
olona,
as,
;
biby, animals
hazo,
trees
grass
I,
Names by
prefixing
or
ra
Abstract Nouns.
also of acts,
is
Abstract
Nouns
are
the
names of
and
from substances
and
;
states,
as,
paper
white
hafotsy, whiteness,
means or ways of making a thing white ; saina, mind, hery, strength, teny, word. Most of the roots^
are Abstract
4.
Nouns.
Collective
Collective Nouns.
Nouns
express,
gasy Nouns,
may be
called
immediate
as,
reference
to
the individuals
olona,
man,
or
mankind, omby,
cattle, biby,
Compound Nouns.
of the Article
and by
Ny
before Adjectives,.
as,
tanim-boly, a
ny,
it,
garden ^ a plantation
;
from
tsara,.
tany, earth,
the good,
ny
ny
ratsy,
mine
ny amidy,
the thing
fan
sale
;;
KOUNS.
85
the
ny
ankehitriny,
the now, or
present moment
ny amy ny
6.
con^
Verbal Nouns.
as,
Verbal
Nouns
are
Nouns
MP, and F
fanoratra,
;
mode of writing, fanoratana, things used for writing mamono, to kill, mpamono, killer, murderer^ famono, mode of killing, famonoana, the place, or
things used for killing
drinker, fisotro,
;
mode of drinking,
a cup
TO
1.
Number
Gender
Case
;
many;
a man,
men.
;
2.
is
as, lehilahy,
Noun
bears to
another
as. tranon'olona,
people's house.
NUMBER.
Malagasy Nouns have
Dual, and Plural.
1.
Singular.
is
used,
is
;
when
Nouns
iray,
or thing, and
specified
as,
omby
hullock,
or one
lullock,.
house.
86
2.
ETYMOLOGY.
Dual.
signifies
;
that the
Noun
as,
'^
1'
V
}
Mirahavavy Mpirahavavy
*^^
'^'*^^''
^u
a.
'''*^^'-
MafadJhy
Mpianadahy
^^^^
^f
^'^
S
>
Mi
n b
Mpianabavy
and a
S
I
sister.
mambana
Mianaka Mpianaka
}
S >
*^'^
**y
Mpikambana S
father
^''^
'^
and
child,
Mivady Mpivady
husband and wife, or wife and husband, a couple, two persons united together.
tsirora,
Olona mandeha
izy roa lahy, the
two men,
two
women,
3.
plural
by adding
AVY
Tvyr
as,
-^ ? Mpirahavavy avy
sisters.
Mianakavy Mpianakavy
4.
it
all
When
the
is
expressed by
;
as telo mianaka,
UOtJNS.
8^
und Mid,
telo
miraha^
three sisters^
sisters,
&c.
The Plural number is used, when the Noun refers to more persons or things than two, and is specified by an Adjective of the Plural number
Plural.
as,
olona maro,
many
people, ireo
omby
ireo, these
cattle, ireny
6.
by a
The first person plural of Nouns, is specified Pronominal Affix^ which is both exclusive and
tranow^y,
inclusive;
ixdXiiQntsikia,
our
house
i.
(exclusively),
e.
our house
(inclusively),
mine and
person
spoken
to.
GENDER.
THE
lahy,
masculine
dis-
words
male,
denotes sex.
By
different
words
as,
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
Kay,
father.
Reny>
mother.
Ikiaky,
mother
as
ad-
ed by a child.
dressed by a child.
Lahy, husband.
Lehilahy,
man.
Vavy,
wife.
Vbhivavy,
woman.
S8
MASCULINE.
ETYMOLOtSY.
tEMlJJiNE.
Rahalahy,
ed by a
brother.
Rahavavy,
Anabavy,
sister.
Anadahy, brother
sister.
address-
sister address-
ed by a brother^
Andriandahy,
Zaodahy,
prince.
Andriambavy,
Zaobavy,
princess.
brother-in-law.
sister-in-law.
TsiNDRANOLAHA, male
royal attendants.
(2).
TsiNDRANOVAVY, female
royal attendants
By adding
MASCULINE.
the
male.
ToMPOKOLAHY,
my
lord,
Tompokovavy,
tress.
my
mis-
my
master.
ser-
Mpanompolahy, male
vants.
Mpanompovavy, female
servants.
Andevolahy, male
slaves
Andevovavy, female
slaves.
Lahinomby Ombelahyi
Ondrilahy,
OsiLAHY,
bull.
Ombivavy,
cow.
ewe.
ram.
Ondrivavy,
OsivAVY,
he goat.
cock.
boar.
Akoholahy,
KisoALAHY,
Akohovavy,
KisoAVAVY,
sow.
bitch.
Amboavavy,
Zanakavavy,
Zazavavy,
chil-
daughter.
boy.
girl.
male
AiiKizivAVY, female
dren.
chil-
Rainjaza,
child,
father
of a
Reinjaza,
child,
mother of a
mother.
father.
NOUNS.
(3).
W
that
;
omby,
cattle,
Nouns
culine
of the
Common
;
by adding
lahy, male,
as,
Zanaka-lahy,
son,
!:nZIv
(4).
^-^'
B^^'OMBY,
is
cor..
neither Masculine
earth,
nor
Feminine
as,
lanitra,
heaven, tany,
hazo, trees,
vato, stones,
vary, rice,
ahitra, grass,
ony, river.
5.
or Fe-
When
it is
the
Noun
often
as,
vatolahy,
it
hard stone
as,
but when
is
denotes
productiveness,
it
expressed in the
river,
Feminine Gender;
waters.
renirano,
mother of
CASE.
CASE
to
associated.
Nominative,
90
1.
ETYMOLOGY.
Nominative Case.
are in the
or dokng
ny om-
The Nominative
is
it
precedes the
Verb,
when
;
the agent
word
in the sentence
is
but
when
the act
more emphatic
speak, miteny
as,
Izaho miteny,
Izaho mitoetra,
I stay.
3.
Nouns spoken of
as, tanan'
a man^s hand, i. e. the hand of him, the man, tendrok'omby, a bullock's horn, i. e. the horn of him, the bullock, ny lalany ny tany, the law of the
land,
4.
last
i.
e.
the law of
final
it,
the land.
if
The
if
the
syllable
changed into y ;
and
the succeeding
Noun
is
elision of the
vowel y,
specified
by an apostrophe,
k',
and the
last syllable
n',
ny
as,
ny
zanak'anabaviko,
her,
my
sister's child,
i.
e.
the child of
my
sister,
ny
taratasiny
lars' copies,
5.
i. e.
Objective Case.
Nouns spoken
;
as,
mihiady ny
;
manoratry
copies.
ny
taratasy
ADJECTIVES.
91
An-dray,
of,
or belonging to a father.
father.
Objective,
Ray, or An-dray,
And-rahalahy, of or belonging
brother, or brothers.
to
Objective,
Rahalahy,
brother, or brothers.
Section
vii.
ADJECTIVES.
1.
THE
to
;
Noun
Tiouse
2.
which
is
joined ;
olona maro,
many people,
follows the
The Adjective
is
Noun
3.
it
word
in the sentence
tsara,
as,
man^ lamba
is
good
cloth,
precedes the
;
Noun
as, lehibe
ny
trano, large is
is
the house
tsara
the
man
ny lamba, good
the cloth.
it
Future Tenses
as,
it
mafana ny andro,
a hot day,
nafana ny andro,
it
was
92
ETYMOLOGY.
CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES.
MALAGASY
Glasses,
Participial,
Adjectives
are
divided into
Six
Verbal or
and Diminutive, or
Reduplicative.
1.
denote
Common
;
Adjectives
or as
mamy,
sweety
mangidy,
kely, small.
^,
NyjSjiERAii
Adjectives.
Numeral
in the
Adjectives
to
number
Nouns
;
which
Cardinal and
1.
ADJECTIVES.
Cardinals
100, zato.
continued.
400, efa-jato.
500, diman-jato. 600, enin-jato. 700, fiton-jato.
800, valon-jato.
155,
dimy ambydimam-polo
amby
roan-jato.
amby
tens
roan-
^ve
above
900, sivin-jato.
two hundred,
300, telon-jato.
1000, arivo.
1110, 1111,
folo
1100, zato amby ariv<x amby zato amby arivo. iraika amby ny folo, amby zato amby arivo.
10000, 11000,
arivo
21012,
roa
amby roa
alina.
myriads.
so forth to
and
2.
(1).
Ordinals.
Faharoa,
Fahatelo,
Fahefatra,
Fahatelo-polo,
Fahefa-polo,
fortieth.
the fourth,
the
fifth,
Fahadimy,
Fahenina,
Fahafito,
the sixth,
the seventh,
Fahavalo-polo,
Fahasivi-folo,
Fahavalo,
Fahasivy,
ninetieth.
Fahazato, hundredth.
Faharivo,
folo.
thousandth,
and
Faharaika
amby ny
eleventh, &c.
(2).
mcs^
once.
twice.
thrice, three timesv
indimy,
Inenina,
Impito,.
five times;
six times.
seven times..
eight timeSi.
Inefatra,
four times.
Imbalo,
94
ETYMOLOGY.
Ordinals used in multiplying
continued.
Intsivy,
nine times.
ten times.
Impolo,
Indraika
amby ny folo,
ven times.
Indroa-polo,
Injato,
Avy
twenty times.
hundred times.
thousand times.
ten fold.
Avy
Inarivo,
hundred fold.
Folo heny,
(3).
;:
as
Indrai-ampahaxoa, l-hal. Indroa-ampahatelo, 2-thirds.
Intelo-ampahefatra, 3-fourths.
Imbalo-ampahasivy,
8-9ths..
Intsivi-ampahafolo, 9-lOths..
Indroa-ampahafolo, 2-lOths.
Ordinals expressing a
Number
of Days
as,
this
Hafitoana,
seven days.
eight days.
Hefarana,
four days.
Havaloana,
Hasiviana,
Hadimiana,
fve
days.
nine days.
ten days.
Henemana,
3.
six days.,
Hafoloana,
Pronominal Adjectives.
They
are
Pronominal Adjec-
used alone.
(1).
nominal
viz.
my,
nay,
ntsikia,,
or jareo,
our, your^,
ADJECTIVES.
SINGULAR.
1st.
m
PLURAL,
otir house,
Per. tranoko,
my home,,
tranonay,
(exclu-
sively),
tranontsikia,
clusively),
her
(2).
When
ka, or tra,
is
Noun, they
are
;
zanaka, zanako
viz.
SINGULAR.
1st.
PLURAL.
zanakay,
Per. zanako,
my. child,
our child,
(exclu-
sively).
zanatsikia,
our
child, (inclu-
sively).
her
zanany,
or
zanajareo,
their
child.
SINGULAR.
1st.
PLURAL.
things.
Per. zavatro,
my
zavatray,
sively),
(inclu-
zavatrareo,
your things,
zavajareo,
their-
zavany,
or
icings..
When the
Pronominal
ny,
nay,
tsikia
lazanao,
was said by
thee,
told lyt
him, or by her^
96
(2).
ETYMOLOGY.
Distributives
denote
the
separate indivi;
duals of a
number
singly considered
EXAMPLES.
Samy nahazo ariary avy ny mpiasa, the workmen had a dollar each nomeny kirobo manesy ny ankizy, he gave a shilling to every child samy nande;
away
isan-trano, every
heaven or earth
tsy olona,
man
nor beast
(3).
tsirairay,
Sing.
Plural.
Sing.
Plural.
that.
those.
Common
or or
these.
that
those.
EXAMPLES.
Ity
lamba
ity, this
cloth
io vola io,
;
this
money
people
man
;^
iny andevo
;
izany
ADJECTIVES.
97
;
omby
or those bullocks
iny on-
general,
be,
720,
many
much
none
;
seseheno, several
hafa, other
;
;
vitsy,
^w
tsy misy,
;
anankiray, one,
koa,
certain one
sasany,
some
;
anankiray
another ;
others
;
hafa-koa,
another
samihafa, different
all,
ones^
avokoa,
rehetra, tontolo,
4.
boughty
buy
voa
bought
;
judged
voa
;
sandratra,
voa
lefa,
alefa, lefana,
liberty,
released
voa
Compound Adjectives.
tive is
an intervening hyphen
maro-soratra,
as, toroto-fo,
many
;
colours
saro-bidy,
difficult
bought
saro-pantarina, mysterious,
be
known
6.
or understood
Intensive
Adjectives.
An
its
Intensive
primitive
fotsy,
Ad-
meaning of
bad,
by prehafotsy,
HA
;
as,
maro, hamaro,
haratsy,
many,
tsara,
ratsy,
hatsara,
little,
goody
lehibe,
it is
made
to be
98
SO,
ETYMOLOGY.
ANA is affixed ; as, hamaroana, heing made to he many, hafotsiana, heing made to he white^ hatsarana,
heing
8.
made
to he
good.
Diminutive, or
Adjective,
its
Eeduplicative
Adjectives,
is
The
when doubled, or
;
repeated,
diminu-
tive in
signification
as, kely,
small,
scaeet,
tsara,
good,
tsaraisaia.,
rather good,
mamy,
hitter^
mamimamy, rather
sweet,
mangidy,
mangidingidy, rather
hitter, or hitterisK
Section
viii.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
ADJECTIVES
which is termed
exist,
first,
in
the
simple
form
degrees of Comparison.
1.
of
Adjective
as, tsara,
good,
kely, small^
vitsy,
little,
lehibe, great,
large, maro,
many^
few,
mainty, hlack,
fotsy, white,
madio, clean,
maloto,
holy,
The Degrees
;
two
3.
the
used,
when the
as,
is
of another;
colder
than yesterday.
ADJECTIVES.
4.
99
There are
five Classes of
Comparatives
the
Simple, the Eepletive, the Progressive, the Conditional, and the Reduplicative.
(1).
is
formed by adding
NOHO
than
as, tsara
noho
izy, better
;
ratsy
noho
hianareo,
;
noho ny tany,
The Eepletive
noho
izy,
is
formed
by adding the
;
as, tsara-
far
tsara
letter
than he
ny lambanao
is
tsara lavitra
far
better
kokoa noho
is
izy, better
than he,
The Progressive
as, tsara dia tsara,
(a
step),
;
tive
i.
e.
truly
good
even
evil.
(4).
The Conditional
;
RAHA
to the Adjective
as,
tsara
koa raha
koa raha
ratsy,
(5).
worse if there be
ratsy
The Reduplicative
as tsaratsara kokoa,
formed by doubling
form
good even
;
better
ratsilittle
ratsy kokoa,
kelikely kokoa,
even
less.
100
5.
ETYMOLOGY.
is
used,when the
more
PRONOUNS.
the person speaking, and the person spoken
ye, or you, izy, or izareo, they*
(1).
101
to, hianareo,
The
Inflections of
when
with
thief,
person
,
is
addressed
with
contempt
as,
;
masculine
a a runa-
Tday, feminine.
SINGULAR.
Nora.
1.
PLURAL,
/.
1.
2.
Hianao,
ialahy,
2.
itena, thou.
3.
3.
Poss.
1.
Per. Ahy,
ny ahy,
1.
mine,
Antsikia,
ny antsikia, ours
(inclusively).
2.
Per.
Anao, ny anao,
thine.
2.
3.
Azy, nyazy,
his.
3.
AEy,nyazy,Gr,anjareo,ny
anjareo, theirs.
Obj.
1.
Ahy, me.
1.
Anay, m, (exclusively).
Antsikia, us, (inclusively.
2.
Anao,
thee.
2.
Anareo, you.
3.
Azy, him.
3.
(2)
Sin-
gular
when joined
to
102
ETYMOLOGY.
Pronoun
with Verbs
write,
as,
i.
manoratra aho, I
e.
I write
i.
mihinana aho,
;
I eat,
haniko,
eaten hy me,
e.
I eat
misotro
Fantray,
(in-
we know,
clusively).
(3).
(exclusively),
fantatsikia,
we know,
its
The
first
in-
excludes
all
others,
first
is inclusive,
because
it
includes
sons spoken to
izahay,
isikia,
as,
we worship we preach
thee,
God ; mitory ny
i.
filazantsara
the gospel,
e.
and you, or
we both preach
the gospel.
relate
more
closely
They
as,
such
which
as,
ny olona ilehy
remained
the
there
locks which
hy
the people,
;
e.
izany no lazaiko,
is
what
is told
hy me,
i.
e.
that
what I
tell.
Relatives Indefinite.
or
They
are,
na
iza
na
iza,
NA zovT NA zovY, whoso, whosoever, whoever, whichever, whichsoever na inona na inona, what;
; ;
PRONOUNS.
ever, whatsoever, "whichsoever, whichever
;
103
NA HO
AIZA,
wherever,
whithersoever
na aiza na ho Aiza na
IZY, whcrCVCr,
AIZA, or
NA HANKAIZA, NA HANKAIZA
;
or withersoever he will go
na nankaiza, na nankaizA
he went ; na avy taiza
NA AVY TAIZA
soever he came.
3.
IZY, henccsoevcr
he came, whence-
are
used in
asking questions
akory,
an'iza,
or
ahoana,
an-jovy,
?
how,
or
;
in
what manner
inona
or
whose
as, iza,
who
what
did
stole the
hen ?
no
mampahory azy ?
izy
?
troubles
w%
?
he that
an'iza, or an-jovy
uy omby
?
hulloclcs ? ombin'iza,
or ombin-jovy ireny
whose
akory hiany
?
how do you do
inona izy
or,
?
ahoana izany
is
wh^t
or,
? or,
?
how
is it
with you
4.
how
is it
signify
that the
action
reflected,
hiany and tena, to the Personal Pronouns, and to the Pronominal Affixes ; as, Izaho hiany, I myself, or
I only
;
Izaho tena,
self alone
;
my own
/ my own
Izaho
fantatro hiany,
tena
mahafantatra,
104
ETYMOLOGY.
it is
1 myself
or, it is I
my own self
only that
knows
it.
Hiany,
self,
very
or, alone.
Nom.
2.
Per.
Poss.
3.
1
.
ahiko hiany, ny
ny ahiko
tena,
ny ahiko tena
2.
tena,
ny
-^
3.
-^
Azy
Obj.
1.
Per.
Ahy
2.
3.
Per.
Anao hiany, anao tena, anao tena hiany. Azy hiany, azy tena, azy tena hiany.
Plural.
Nom.
1.
hiany (inclusively).
PRONOUNS.
105
Nom.
2. Per.
Poss.
3.
Per.
tena hiany.
1
.
tena,
ny
ny
2.
Azy Many,
hiany, or,
ny azy
tena,
ny azy
ny anazy
ny azy
tena, or,
anjareo
tena,
ny anjareo
tena,
tena hiany, ny azy tena hiany, or, anjareo tena hiany, or, ny anjareo tena hiany.
Obj.
Per.
tena,
3.
Azy
azy
tena,.
106
ETYMOL06T;.
Section x.
VERBS.
soul
THE VERB
I,
is
the
of language;
as,
ife
(1).
It signifies
existence,
exists,
i.
or,^
being;
is
as,
misy^
Andriamanitra,
God
e.
there
a God, misy^
(2).
doing;
as,
tia
aho,.
I love
(3).
BEARING,
or,
enduring;
as, tiana
aho,
am
To
;
loved
ITS USES.
(1).
35,
affirm,
or does, or is done
as,
strong miasa ny olona, the people work ; nomeny By olona vola aho, money is given me by the people : or negatively ; Tsy mahery loana^ is not John strong ? Tsy miasa va ny olona, the people do not work;,
tsy
nomeny ny olona
aho,
me by
ihe people.
(2).
To command,
invite,
or entreat; as,mande-
or, negatively
Aza mandeha, yo
not
hitJie^, or,
mahantra, }>ity not the miserable^ or, do not commiserate the miserable.
VERBS.
(3).
107
va ny miaramila
?
To
question
Mahery
?
Are the
arranged
tively
;
soldiers brave
?
Miasa va ny olona
?
Do
the
people work
?
Voa
voatra va ny trano
?
Is the
?
house
Tiana va aho
Am
I loved
or nega-
Tsy
soldiers brave
Do
?
not
the-
people work
Is not I not.
Tsy
tiana
va aho
Am
loved
(4).
To pray
or,
mandehana soa
;
aman-tsara,
go
^eace,
go and prosper
ho
tahin'
Andriamanitra
anie hiano, may you be blessed of God, i. e. may God bless you r or, negatively; botriamila hianao^ may you never prosper aza mba ho tahin' Andriamanitra anie hianao, may you nt be blessed by God^ may God never bless you* i. e.
III.
ITS DIVISIONS.
Verbs.
Malagasy Verbs are called Simple and Reduplicative The Reduplicative is a repeating of the root
is
diminutive in
;
its significa-
as,
mandeha, to walk
;
mandehandeha, to walk
to-
about often
be
talkative, to chat, to
be loquacious.
ITS
PRIMARY DIVISIONS.
VERBS
I.
doing, or
;:
mam-
108
pianatry
ETYMOLOGY.
ny olona aho,
I I
mandai.
e.
called
;
birect,
follows
the
Verb
as,
miteny aho,
speak
miasa
aho,
work.
It is called
(2).
as,
Izaho miteny,
speak
Izaho miasa,
(3).
work.
It
is
called exclusive,
when
as,
the Repletive
it
excludes
all
Izaho no mi-
that speak,
it is
i.
e.
I speak
and no other
i.
Izaho no mitoetra,
or stay, and
II.
I that remains,
e.
I remain,
nobody
else*
ing
ampianarina aho, I
am
/ am
(I).
it is
opposed.
the
The
tive
it
word
as,
i.
be drunk,
drink
sotroina,
;
is
drunk ;
it
r. laha-
row, rank
be
filed,
;
ordered,
laharana,
(2).
or
arranged,
i.
order,
file,
or arrange
is filed, set
The Second is
as,
ampianariko
i.
are
taught by me,
e.
I;
VERBS.
nao, the slave was
sent the slave to
(3).
it
lOP-
sent
by
me
to
tell
thee
i.
e.
tell
is
thee.
called
The Third
Circumstantial, because
as,
fangady nihia-
e.
by the people,
house.
e.
Omaly nitoerany ny olona teo an-trano, yesterday was spent by the people to stay in the house, i. e.
all
day
yesterday..
Each of
its
subdivisions.
1.
The Simple
ajid
Exclusive form.
(I).
as, tiana
aho, I
am
loved^
toherina aho, I
(2).
am
opposed.
;
as,
Izaho tiana, I
am
loved
am
;
opposed,
as Izaho
is
(3).
no
;
tiana. It is
am
is
he that
loved
Izaho no
toherina, I
2.
am
he that
is
opposed.
The Adjmictive
in Signification.
(1).
as,
i.
tiako
e.
ny zanako,
my
I love
my
children
HO
(2).
ETYMOLOGY.
ny zanako
as,
tiako, I love
my
children
ny
ratsy halako,
;
I hate wickedness.
(3).
ny zanako no tiako.
no halako,
It is
It is
my
ny
ratsy
The
Circumstantial
;
Passive in
its
Direct
as
The Direct form; as, fangady nihiadiany ny olona ny tanim-bary, spades were used by the people
to dig the rice ground,
rice
i.
;
e.
by the people
e.
(2).
as,
fangady no nihi-
i.
e.
the
e.
out of cups.
III. to the
alive
2.
;
as,
velona aho, I
am
mandeha
(1).
as,
mandeha aho,
andehanako,
I walk,.
I go.
(2).
The
Passive form
i.
as,
walk
ctver
by me,
e.
VERBS.
traversed by me,
i.
Ill
;
e.
I traversed
i.
ny lalana nalehako,
tJie
the
way
traversed by me,
e. I
went over
way,
2.
Emphatic,
in the
as,
mandeha
aho,
I walk,
(2).
as,
Izaho man-
as,
Izaho no
;
mandeha.
am he
that walks
Izaho no mitoetra. It
stays, or, remains.
(I).
am
he that
as,
nandehananareo
i.
ny
lalana,
e.
you
e.
you dwelt
in the house.
(2).
The
Passive form
Emphatic
as,
ny
i.
lalana
e.
nandehananareo, the
way
traversed
by you,
the
over
Tiouse
(3).
The
as,
ny
lalana
e.
the very
ny trano no
by you,
i.
e.
12
ETYMOLOGY.
Malagasy Verbs,
ded
into five classes
;
in the second
viz.
place, are-divi*
The Reflective,
I.
the
Reflective
Verbs express
that the
action is
reflected, or
by
milahatra aho,
1 ar-
range myself,
(2).
myself in order.
;
as,
Izaho milahatra,
/ arrange
(3).
as,
Izaho no milahatra.
It is I, or, I
2.
am
The
as,
Ilaharana aho,
my-
self
am
(2).
as,
Izaho
ilaharana,
myself
(3).
am
arranged.
;
as,
Izaho no ilaharana,
myself am he that
3.
arranged,
is
The Adjunctive
and Exclusive.
Passive in
three
in
Signification.
It has
forms
Direct,
Em-
phatic,
VERBS.
(1).
lip
as,
ilaharako,
arranged
by myself, i. e. I arrange myself. The Emphatic form; as, ireny vato ireny (2).
nilaharako,
or,
set in
order by myself,
(3).
e.
as,
me
myself,
i.
e.
ranged myself.
these
forms,
cxpress
PoTENTATivE Verbs
power,
will,
accompUshing what
its
primitive form,
and
are formed
1.
by
prefixing
maha
to the root.
as,
;
mahalahatra aho, I
mahavonjy aho, I
am am
and
opportunity to save,
(2).
The Emphatic
;
as,
Izaho mahalahatra,
/am
able to arrange
(3).
Izaho mahavonjy,
;
/ am
;
able to save.
as,
Izaho no maha-
vonjy, I
lahatra,
2.
The
114
(1).
ETYMOLOGY.
as,
;
ahalaharana aho, I
able
ahavonjena aho, I
am am
able to save.
;
I I am
as,
Izaho ahalaharana,
;
able
Izaho ahavonjena,
able.
;
(3).
as,
Izaho no ahavonis
jena, I
am he
that
is
able
Izaho
no ahalaharana, I
order by one that
3.
am he
is able.
arranged or set in
is
Passive in
its
Direct,
as,
ahavonjeko mpanota,
i.
by me,
I
e.
am
to
able to save
soldiers can
be
arranged by me,
soldiers.
e.
am
;
able
arrange the
The Emphatic form as, mpanota ahavonby me, i. e. I am able to save sinners ; ny miaramila ahalaharako, the soldiers can be arranged by me, i. e. I am able to arrange the
(2).
soldiers.
(3).
as,
mpanota no aha-
vonjeko
be,
i.
by
e.
am
able to save
men
that I
am
1.
able to arrange.
The
wish
POTENTATIVE
it
Because
expresses
all tliat
to be, or to possess.
VERBS.
2.
115
is
prefixed, is
made a
?
Potentative Verb
as,
?
what
what makes
him a beast
3.
Because
denotes that the agent has absolute power, persuitable opportunity to act
fect liberty,
and a
as,
or
to
do what
is
expressed
am
he that can
do
my own pleasure.
III.
as,
mahatsara, to be able
;
mihiatsara,
;
to get
become
better,
to
grow better
hendry,
wise
wiser, or
1.
becoming wiser.
mihiatsara ny tany,
(I).
as,
the land
improving
as,
ny ankizy mihia;
ny tany
as,
hiahendry,
dom; ny
2.
(1).
tany no mihiatsara,
is
improving.
as,
ihiatsarana
ny tany,
the
the land
improved
ihiahendrena ny ankizy,
in
children are
made
to
grow
wisdom.
ETYMOLOGY.
(2).
as,
ny tany
ihiatsarana,
the land
improved
made to grow in wisdom. The Exclusive form as, ny ankizy no ihia(3). hendrena, it is the children that are made to grow in wisdom ny tany no ihiatsarana, it is the land that
children are
;
is
improved.
3.
(1).
as, ihiatsarako
e.
;
ny
tany, the
land
is
i.
(2).
as,
ny tany
i.
ihiatsarako,
the land
land.
(3).
improved by me,
e.
improved the
as,
ny tany no
ihiait is
tsarako, it
is
improved by me, i. e
IV.
radical letter
is
rejected
as,
man-
the transitive
is
1.
(1).
as,
mandahatry ny mia-
VERBS.
117
The Emphatic form as, Izaho mandahatry (2). ny miaramila, / arrange the soldiers.
(3).
as,
Izaho no mandasoldiers.
hatry ny miaramila, I
2.
(1).
am
as,
andaharana ny miara-
as,
as,
andaharana, It
3.
(I).
as,
andaharako ny miai.
arranged by me,
e. I
arrange
the soldiers.
(2).
as,
ny miaramila andai.
harako,
are
arranged by me,
e.
as,
ny miaramila no
andaharako. It
V.
action,
Reciprocative
Verbs express
a reciprocal
changing
1.
into mif.
(1).
as,
mifandahatra ny mia-
118
(2).
ETYMOLOGY.
as,
as,
mifandahatra,
is
(1).
as,
ifandaharana ny miara-
as,
ny miaramila
ifan-
as,
ny miaramila
no.
ifandaharana,
is
arranged,
3.
(1).
it
as,
ifandaharanay izany,
(inclusively),
is
which
e.
is
arranged by us
reciprocally,
(2).
reciprocally.
as,
izany ifandaharai.
nareo, that
is
e.
you
arrange
(3).
it
reciprocally.
;
as,
izany no ifandait is
harantsikia, that
arranged by
reciprocally
us (exclusively) reciprocally,
e.
we
arranged
it
Its Subdivisions
or Additional Classifications.
divisions of the
Tub secondary
Malagasy Verbs
ai?e^
VERBS.
H&
1.
Causative.
2.
Ke-
ciPROcATivE Causative.
I.
3.
Potentative Causative.
CLASS.
I.
Causative Verbs express the making of another and are formed by prefixing mamp
the Reflective Verb.
to the
to act, or to do,
and AMP
1
Simple Verbs.
The Causative of
to be
caused to be arranged of
made
able to be arranged.
The Causative
The Causative
A. Mampandahatra, to
in order.
cause to
arrange, or to set
The Causative of
arranged.
If.
CLASS.
II.
Reciprocative
Causative
Verbs
120
reciprocally,
ETYMOLOGY.
and are
formed
by
changing m,
into mif.
of
Verb
the Reflective
be caused reciprocally
to.
be
arranged.
2.
the Potentative
Verb.
to
be able
P. Ifampahalaharana, to be reciprocally
made
able to
be arranged.
3.
[Verb.
of the Intensive
the Transitive
Verb.
arranged.
III.
CLASS.
III.
the Verbs
VERBS.
1
121
Keflective Verb.
ability to
P. Ahampampilaharana, to be
procally arranged.
2.
made
able to be reci-
The
Verb.
grow
become
better of themselves.
The
The
Verb.
The preceding
the
; ;
522
ETYMOLOGY.
IV.
ITS MOODS.
Moods,
or
THERE
are five
usually called,
the Indicative,
declares, or questions
miasa aho,
/ worTi ;
?
nandeha
reo,
2.
v' izy
did he go ? mampianatra
?
moa hianaexhorts
do you teach
The Imperative
permits;
confess
Mood commands,
sins,
entreats,
mandehana,
i.
;
begone; mivaloza,
for
repent,
tahio
thy
and cry
e.
mercy
avelao
aho, let
me
he blessed,
bless
me ;
handeha
let
izy, allow
him
to
go
me
write.
1.
expresses prohibition,
;
when
the
as,
aza manga-
e.
Aza mii.
ampanga
e.
Emphaas,
when a
vowel, or
a syllable
added,
is
placed
on
the
Penultimate;
mandrara,
to go
forbid, prohibit
mandeha,
3.
to go, to
walk
mandehdna,
away, begone.
vary in both
As
Mood
the Active
and Passive
and remembered.
VERBS.
123
EXAMPLES.
The Emphasis
English
Signification.
is
on the
Italic
Infinitive
Imperative
Active.
;
Present.
B.
Ba,be,by, bo
ha, beaza,
baza, boa
To
adhere,
Momba,
Mahabe,
mombo,
mahabeaza,
ombao.
ahabeazo, lehibeazo.
magnify,
hire,
flatter,
Manamby,
Mandrobo,
manambaza,
mandroboa,
anambazo, tambazo.
androboy, roboy.
D.
Da, dy, do
doa
doy.
To
cry out,
idadada-
mandava,
mandidia,
andavao, lavao.
andidio, didio.
midodododoa, idodododoy,
doy.
dra, dria, drasa,
dododo-
droa
To look
up,
migadra
mandria,
miandrasa,
igadrao, gadrao.
andrio.
to
iandraso, andraso.
watch,
bathe,
F.
Mandro,
Fa,
mandroa,
foa,
androy.
fao,
fazo,
foy,
izo,
oy;
iza, foiza;
foizo.
To wipe,
Mamafa,
mamafa,
mamafaza,
Mamafy,
Mamofo,
mamofoa,
mamoiza,
mahafoiza,
amofoy, fofoy.
amoizo.
ahafoizo, foizo.
Mamoy,
Mahafoy,
124
ETYMOLOGY.
Examples (continued).
Engflish
Signification.
Infinitive
Imperative
Active.
Imperative
Passive.
Present.
G.
cry loud,
H.
migaga,
mamangia,
migogogoa,
amangio, vangio,
igogogogoy,
goy.
gogogo-
Ha, hy,ho;
Mivaha,
To
get loose,
tie,
mivaha,
show,
J-
Mamehy,
Maneho,
Ja, jy, jo
mameheza,
manehoa,
ja, jia, joa;
amehezo, fehezo.
anehoy, sehoy.
To
respect,
Manaja,
manaja,
mikiajia,
anajao, hajao.
ikiajio, kajio.
mijejoa,
ijejoy, jejoy.
To
reign,
manjaka,
mangataha,
anjakao, zakao.
angataho.
maneke,
anekeo, ekeo.
manokoa,
anokoy, tokoy.
L.
La,
lao, ly, lo
lio,
loy.
To be
able to
deny,
Mahala,
Milalao, or milaolao,
mahalava,
milalaova,
ahalavao, alavao,
ilalaovy, lalaovy.
play,
mamalia,
amalio, valio.
mameleza,
manoloa,
amelezo, velezo.
anoloy, soloy.
substitute.
VERBg.
Examples (continued).
English
Signification,
Infinitive
125
Imperative
Active.
Imperative
Passive.
Present.
To
pass by,
spin,
Mandalo,
mandalova,
andalovy, lalovy.
To
Mamoly,
mamoleza
amolezo, folezo.
M.
cry aloud,
ma,
-give,
;;
126
ETYMOLOGY.
Examples
(continued).
Imperative
Active.
ra,
English
Signification.
Infinitive
Imperative
Passive.
Present.
R.
Ra,
re,
or re;
renesa,
ny, ry, ro
ria,
roa
andrarao, rarao.
To
forbid,
Mandrara,
mandrara,
niandrenesa,
hear,
Mandre, or mandreny,
Mandrary,
andreneso, reneso.
plait mats,
mandraria,
andrario, rario.
bum, point
S.
Mandoro
out,
mandoroa,
manoroa,
andoroy, doroy.
anoroy, toroy.
Manoro,
Sa, sy, so,
soa;
soava
manisa, manisa,
manisia,
anisao, isao,
isao, sisao.
To reckon,
To
create,
to Manisa,
Manisy,
anisio, isio.
upbraid,
bless, to
Maneso,
manesoa,
anesoy, esoy.
Mahasoa,
mahasoava,
hasoavy, soavy.
benefit,
T.
Ta,
te, ty,
to
toava
To
mihanta,
ihantao, hantao,
dulgence,
drop obey,
shear,
as
Mitete,
miteteva,
itetevo, tetevo.
water,
Manety,
maneteza,
anetezo, hetezo.
Mankato,
Tra,
mankatoava,
ankatoavy, toavy.
Tr.
titra, hi-
tra, nitra
hera, nera
nero.
iantrao, antrao.
Tocommise- Miantra,
rate,
miantra,
know, send a
present,
Mahafantra,
Manatitra,
mahafantatara,hafantaro, fantaro.
manatera,
anatero, atero.
VERBS.
Examples (continued).
English
127
128
4.
ETYMOLOGY.
The Subjunctive
or Conditional
Mood
implies
is
pre-
as,
if
you come,
shall
be glad
is
son
as,
misy, to
be, or to exist
to
mandeha,
to walk,
mangataka, to ask,
beg a favour.
The Verb has
the
same form
in the Infinitive
Mood, Present
and of the
VI.
TENSES, OR TIMES.
VERBS
Tenses.
1.
and Future.
(1).
represents what
is
now
Primitive State
as,
;
mifaly
hianareo,
you
rejoice
eo iso-
drunk by them
there.
is past,
The
or
completed, and
the
as,
nisotro aho,
VERBS.
129
;
drank ; nomeko, was given by me rano, the water was drank by them
(3).
teo nisotroany
ny
there.
represents an action, or
is
as hisotro
homeko,
shall or will
be
given by
me
The
letter
as,
are the
Present Per-
precedes
the
Verb
in
its
and
Future Tenses.
(1).
The Present
Perfect
Tense
represents an
is still
going on
(2).
The
had worked.
(3).
The Future
an event coming to
pass immediately
as,
efahandeha aho, I
about going, I
am on
the
point of going, I
am
am
going.
130
ETYMOLOGY.
VII.
AUXILIARIES.
THE
1.
and Adverbs.
Of Verbs.
They
mahay,
Efa
signifies
forms the
Compound
shot,
Voa,
struck, killed
Both
and render
Nouns and
Indefinite
written,
(3).
Adjectives,
Passive Voice.
Past Tense
as,
voa
soratra, is
or
was
voa
soratra,
is,
tense ; as, tafaray ny olona, the people have been perfectly united together, from tafa,
one
tafangona
all as-
Mahay,
suitable,
mety,
;
is
proper,
is
lawful,
expedient,
or wiUing
mahazo,
attainable,
Mood.
one thing to
Avelao,
let
he,
and
VERBS.
2.
131
are
Of Adjectives.
Of Adverbs.
it
They
tokony,
worthy,
They
;
are, aza,
let not,
he not
aoka, enough,
maitsy,
let it suffice
signifies
absolutely necessary,
must be of
necessity.
(1).
Aza
is
Mood
Aoka
is
(3).
Mainkia and
tsy maitsy
liaries to
or Potential Mood.
VIII.
PARTICIPLES.
like
THE
Participles,
the
Verbs, have
It
is,
three
Compound
is
Tenses.
because
there
Present Active.
Passive.
Mandahatra, arranging.
Andaharana, arranged.
Nandahatra, having arranged.
2. Perfect Active.
Passive.
Nandaharana,
ranged.
having
been
ar-
3.
Future Active.
ar-
132
ETYMOLOGY.
Tenses (continued).
3.
Efa
mandahatra, begin-
ning to arrange.
Passive.
5. Pluperfect Active.
Efa nandahatra,
arranged.
having
had
Passive.
having had
6.
handahatra,
having
be arranged.
2.
There are
six
Present,
Perfect,
Present Passive.
Perfect
Alahatra, arranged.
Future
Perfect Passive.
arranged.
Pluperfect
3.
All
Participles
become
Participial
Common
i,
Nouns by
Proper
them,
viz.
ny
to
Names by
ra
to
VERBS.
133
Participial Nouns.
Common Nouns
as,
ny mandahatra, he
that arranges.
ny handahatra, he that
range.
is
about to ar-
ny voa
Proper Names
;
as,
Imandahatra, or Kamandahatra,
the
name
of a person.
or
Ilahatra,
Ealahatra,
name
of a
person.
IX.
VERBAL NOUNS.
Classes
THERE
of
Verbal
specified
f,
and the
aflSx
na, viz.
Man-
mpanoratra, writer.
;
manner of arranging^ fanoratra, mode of writing. or of setting in order Eandaharana, parade. The former is formed 3.
Fandahatra
mode^
;
or
by changing m,
the
into f,
and the
latter
by prefixing p
to
Circumstantial Verb,
and by
affixing
na
to
the
X.
CONJUGATIONS.
is
THE
the
tenses.
arrangement of
the
34
;
ETYMOLOGY.
second, the Passive
;
Active
third, the
Pronominal
Adjunctive
The
as,
first
is
it
shows
manpianatra, to teach.
The second
plest
is
called
Passive Voice,
because
it
as,
ampianarina, to be taught.
The
cause
as, soratako,
written
by me,
e.
I write.
The
it
fourth
is
called the
Circumstantial,
because
when a
thing
is
done
Objective Case
as, penisily
e.
pencil
is
the in-
yesterday.
VERBS.
135
First Conjugation.
The Conjugation
mampianatra,
of
a regular
Verb
alone
Active
the
is
to teach.
The English of
dijQferent tenses
first
given
Indicative Mood.
Direct Form.
Present Tense.
Singular.
\st Person.
Plural.
I
Mampiantra aho,
teach.
\st
Person
Mampianatra
isi-
kia. Inclusive.
2nd
Zrd
Mampianatra
izy.
3rc?
Perfect.
1.
Nampianatra
alio,
I taught.
1.
2.
2.
Nampianatra hianareo.
Nampianatra
izareo.
3.
3.
Future.
1.
Hampianatra aho,
will teach.
I shall, or
1.
2.
2.
Hampianatra hianareo.
Hampianatra
izareo.
3.
3.
Present Perfect.
1.
have
1.
2. 3.
2.
3.
136
ETYMOLOGY.
Conjugation (Continued).
Pluperfect.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
I
had
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Future Perfect.
1.
I shall
L
2.
3.
2.'
3.
Efa hampianatra
izy.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
1.
2.
Hianao mampianatra.
Izy raampianatrara.
2. 3.
Hianareo mampianatra.
Izareo mampianatra.
3.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Izaho no mampianatra,
I
It is
1.
that teaches, or I
amhe
2.
that teaches.
2.
3.
Hianao no mampianatra.
Izy no mampianatra.
Hianao no mampianatra.
no mampianatra.
3. Izareo
Note.
By
and
VERBS.
137
Conjugation (continued).
Imperative Mood.
Direct Form.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
let
1.
Aoka hampianatra
aho,
me
2.
teach.
2.
Mampianara hianao.
Mampianara hianareo.
3.
Aoka hampianatra
izy.
3.
Aoka hampianatra
izareo.
Emphatic Form,
1.
2.
3.
Aoka aho hampianatra, let me teach. Aoky hianao hampianatra. Aoky izy hampianatra.
1.
2.
3.
Aoky izahay hampianatra. Aoky isikia hampianatra. Aoky hianareo hampianatra. Aoky izareo hampianatra.
Exclusive Form.
1.
Aoky
let
izaho no hampianatra,
1.
me be he that is to teach.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Subjunctive Mood.
Direct form.
Present Tense.
1.
Raha mampianatra
I teach.
aho, If
1.
2.
2.
3.
Raha mampianatra
izy.
3.
hianareo.
izareo.
The
first
second Inclusive.
138
ETYMOLOGY.
CONJUGATION.
Ferfect.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
aho, if I
1.
hianao.
2. 3.
Raha nampianatra
Raha nampianatra
hianareo.
izareo.
Future.
'
1.
aho, If I
1.
izahay.
isikia.
!
hianao,
izy.
2. 3.
hianareo.
izareo.
Present Perfect.
1.
1.
Rehefa mampianatra izahay. Rehefa mampianatra isikia. Rehefa mampianatra hianareo. Rehefa mampianatra izareo.
2.
2. 3.
3.
Pluperfect.
1.
1.
had
taught.
2.
3.
2. 3.
Fviure Perfect.
1.
if
I.
have taught.
2. 3.
2.
3.
VERBS.
139
CONJUGATION.
Plural.
1.
be he that
is
teaching.
Rahaizahaynomampianatra. Rahaisikianomampianatra.
2.
3.
Raha'izareo no mampianatra.
Present Perfect.
1.
1.
be he that
is to
have been
teaching.
2.
Rehefa
2.
isikia
no mampianatra.
3.
3.
Potential
Mood.
Direct Form.
Present Tense.
1.
1.
2.
3.
2. 3.
Perfect.
1.
1.
2.
Nahampianatra hianao.
Nahampianatra
izy.
2. 3.
3.
Nahampianatra
izareo.
40
ETYMOLOGY.
CONJUGATION.
Future Perfect.
Singular.
Plural.
1.
1.
2. 3.
2.
3.
Hahampianatra
izareo.
Present Perfect.
1.
Efa mahampianatra aho, I could have taught, or I have had ability to teach.
Efa mahampianatra hianao. Efa mahampianatra
izy.
1.
2.
3.
2. 3.
Pluperfect.
1.
1.
had had
ability to teach.
2. 3.
2.
3.
Future Perfect.
1.
1.
2.
3.
2. 3.
Efa hahampianatra
izy.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
1.
Izahay mahampianatra.
Isikia
/ can teach.
2.
3.
mahampianatra.
2. 3.
Hianao mahampianatra.
Izy mahampianatra.
Hianareo mahampianatra.
Izareo mahampianatra.
VBRBS.
141
CONJUGATION.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense,
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Izaho no mahampianatra,
I
am
he, or
it is I
that is able
Isikia
or have
2.
3.
power
to teach.
2. 3.
Hianao no mahampianatra,
Izy no mahampianatra.
Hianareo no mahampianatra.
Izareo no mahampianatra.
Infinitive
Mood,
or Participles.
142
etymology.
second eonjugation.
The Simple
Passive.
I
am
taught.
Direct Form.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
I
Ampianarina aho,
am
1.
taught.
2. 3.
Ampianarina hianao.
2. 3.
Ampianarina
izy.
Perfect.
1.
Nampianarina aho,
taught.
was
1.
2. 3.
2. 3.
Future.
1.
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
Present Perfect.
1.
have
1.
Efa ampianarina izahay. Efa ampianarina isikia. Efa ampianarina hianareo. Efa ampianarina
izareo.
2.
3.
2.
3.
* The
first line
of the Plural
is
exclusive, the
second inclusive.
VERBS.
143
Second Conjugation,
Pluperfect
Singular.
1.
Plural.
Efanampianarinaaho, Ihadl. Efa nampianarina izahay. Efa nampianarina isikia. been taught.
2.
3.
2. 3.
Efa nampianarina
liianareo.
Efa nampianarina
izy.
Efa nampianarina
izareo.
Future Perfect.
1.
Efa hampianarina aho, I shall have been taught. Efa hampianarina hianao.
1.
2.
2.
3.
Efa hampianarina
izy.
3.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Izaho ampianarina,
taught,
lam
1.
Izahay ampianarina.
Isikia ampianarina.
2. 3.
Hianao ampianarina.
Izy ampianarina.
2.
3.
Hianareo ampianarina.
Izareo ampianarina.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Izaho no ampianarina, It
that
that
is is
is I
1.
taught, or I
am
he
Isikia
taught.
2.
3.
2.
3.
Hianao no ampianarina.
Izy no ampianarina.
Hianareo no ampianarina.
Izareo no ampianarina.
44
ETYMOLOGY.
Second Conjugation.
Imperative Mood.
Direct Form.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
Aoka hampianarina
let
aho,
1.
me
be taught.
2.
izahay.
isikia.
2.
3.
Ampianaro.
Aoka hampianarina
izy.
3.
Aoka hampianarina
izareo.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
1.
me
be taught.
2. 3.
2.
3.
Aoky
izy hampianarina.
Aoky izahay hampianarina. Aoky isikia hampianarina. Aoky hianareo hampianarina. Aoky izareo hampianarina.
Exclusive Form.
Future.
1.
1.
2.
3.
3.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
aho,
1.
1.
Raha ampianarina
if I
Rahaampianarina izahay.
be taught.
hianao.
izy.
2.
isikia.
2.
3.
Raha ampianarina
Raha ampianarina
hianareo.
izareo.
3.
Raha ampianarina
VERBS.
145
Second Conjugation.
Terfect.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
were taught.
2.
3.
Baha nampianarina izahay. Baha nampianarina isikia. 2. Baha nampianarina hianareo. Baha nampianarina
izareo.
3.
Fidwre Tense.
1.
Baha hampianarina
if I shall
aho,
1.
izahay.
isikia.
he taught.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Baha hampianarina
izareo.
Present perfect,
1.
1.
2. 3.
Vluperfect.
1.
1.
2. 3.
Behefa nampianarina
izareo.
Future perfect.
1.
1.
2.
3.
Behefa hampianarinahianareo.
Behefa hampianarina
izy.
3.
Behefa hampianarina
izareo.
H6
ETYMOLOGY.
Second Conjugation.
Plural.
1.
Rahaizaho no ampianarina,
if I
be he that is tanght.
2. 3.
no ampianarina.
2.
3.
Raha
izy no ampianarina.
Raha
izareo
no ampianarina.
Fresent perfect.
1.
1.
be he that
is to
be taught.
Rehefa
2.
isikia
no ampianarina.
2.
3.
3.
Rehefaizareo no ampianarina.
Infinitive
Present.
Perfect.
Mood
or Participles.
Pre. Per.
Pluperfect.
Futu]:e Per.
lEfa ampianarina.
Ampianarina.
Nampianarina.
Future.
Hampianarina.
The Paj-ticipal Nouns are formed by placing KY before the Participles of the different Tenses.
the
VERBS.
147
Second Conjugation.
Potential Mood.
Direct Form.
V resent
Singular.
1.
Tense.
Plural.
Ahampianarina aho,
I
1.
Ahampianarina izahay.
can be taught.
2.
3.
Ahampianarina
isikia.
2.
3.
Ahampianarma hianao.
Ahampianarina
izy.
Verfect.
1.
Nahampianarina aho,
I
1.
Ahampianarina izahay.
Ahampianarina
isikia.
could be taught.
2.
3.
2. 3.
Nahampianarina hianao.
Nahampianarina
izy.
Ahampianarina hianareo.
Ahampianarina
izareo.
Future.
1.
Hahampianarina aho,
I shall
1.
Hahampianarina izahay.
be able to be taught.
2. 3.
Hahampianarina
isikia.
2.
3.
Present perfect.
1.
1.
Efa ahampianarina
isikia.
2.
3.
148
ETYMOLOGY.
Second Conjugation.
Pluperfect.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Efa nahampianarina
Efa nahampianarina
isikia.
2.
3.
Future perfect.
1.
1.
taught.
2.
2. 3.
3.
Emphatic Form.
Present.
1.
Izaho ahampianarina,
1.
Izahay ahampianarina.
Isikia ahampianarina.
/ can be
2.
taught.
2. 3.
Hianao ahampianarina.
Izy no ahampianarina.
Hianareo ahampianarina.
Izareo ahampianarina.
3.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Izaho no ahampianarina,
it is
1.
Izahay no ahampianarina.
Isikia
I that
can be taught.
2.
3.
no ahampianarina.
2.
3.
Hianao no ahampianarina.
Izy no ahampianarina.
Hianareo no ahampianarina.
Izareo no ahampianarina.
VERBS.
149
Second Conjugation.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
aho,
1.
Raha ahampianarina
if I
can be taught.
hianao. 2.
izy.
3.
isikia.
2.
3.
Raha ahampianarina
Raha ahampianarina
Perfect.
1.
Raha nahampianarina
if I
aho,
1.
could be taught.
2. 3.
2.
3.
Raha nahampianarina
izareo.
Future Tense.
1.
Raha hahampianarina
I shall
aho,
1.
be able to be taught.
hia2.
2.
Raha hahampianarina
nao.
3.
Raha hahampianarina
izy.
3.
Raha hahampianarina
izareo.
Present perfect.
1.
1.
2.
3.
Rehefa ahampianarina
izy.
3.
150
ETYMOLOGY.
Second Conjugation.
Pluperfect
Singular.
Plural.
1.
1.
Rehefanahampianarinaizahay
2.
Rehefa nahampianarinahianao.
3.
Future p&rfect,
1.
1.
taught.
2.
2.
Rehefa
nareo.
hahampianarina hia-
3.
Rehefa hahampianarina
izy.
3.
1.
Rahaizahaynoahampianarina.
2.
3.
Raha
izy no ahampianarina.
3.
Raha
izareo
no ahampianari-
na.
Presefni p&rfect.
1.
1.
3.
3.
VERBS.
151
SECOND CONJUGATION,
Infinitive
Present.
Perfect.
Mood
or Participles.
Pre. Per.
Ahampianarina.
Efa ahampianarina.
Nahampianarina.
Future.
Hahampianarina.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Ampianariko ny ankizy,
the children are taught
i.
Ampianarinay ny ankizy.*
Ampianarintsikia ny ankizy.
by me,
e. I
2. 3.
Ampianarinao ny ankizy.
Ampianarinareo ny ankizy.
Ampianariny ny ankizy.
Ampianarinao ny ankizy.
Perfect
1.
Nampianariko ny ankizy,
the children were taught by me,
i.
1.
Nampianarinay ny ankizy.
Nampianarintsikia ny ankizy.
e. I
2. 3.
Nampianarinao ny ankizy.
Nampianarinareo ny ankizy.
Nampianarinjareo ny ankizy.
second inclmive.
Nampianariny ny ankizy.
The
jfirst
152
ETYMOLOGY.
Third Conjugation.
Future.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Hampianariko ny ankizy,
the children shall be taught
Hampianarinay ny ankizy.
Hampianarintsikia ny ankizy,
by
me,
i.
e. I
dren.
2.
Hampianarinao ny ankizy.
2. 3.
Hampianarinareo ny ankizy.
Hampianarinjareo ny ankizy.
3.
Hampianariny ny ankizy.
Present perfect.
1.
1.
by me,
2.
i.
e. I
children.
2.
3.
3.
Pluperfect.
1.
1.
by me,
i.
e.
children.
2.
Efanampianarinao ny ankizy.
2.
3.
3.
VERBS.
153
Third Conjugation.
Future Perfect.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
taught by me,
i.
e. I shall
have
2.
3.
3.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Ny
me,
ankizy ampianariko,
1.
by
dren.
2. 3.
Ny Ny
ankizy ampianarinao.
ankizy ampianariny.
2.
3.
Pi^fect.
1.
Ny
me,
ankizy nampianariko,
1.
the children
i.e. I
were taught by
taught the chil-
dren.
2.
3.
2. 3.
Ny Ny
ankizy nampianarinareo
ankizy nampianariiy weo.
154
ETYMOLOGY.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
Singular.
Plural.
1.
1.
Anareo no ampianariko,
it is
Anareo no ampianarinay,
Anareo no ampianarintsikia,
you
i.
by
me,
e.
is
you
that I
teach.
2.
3.
2.
3.
Subjunctive Mood.
Direct form.
Present Tense.
1.
Raha ampianariko
if if I
anareo,
i.
1.
Raha ampianarinay
anareo.
e.
2. 3.
Raha ampianarinao
anareo.
Raha ampianarinareo
anareo.
3.
Perfect.
1.
1.
Raha nampianarinay
reo.
anareo.
taught you.
2. 3.
Future.
1.
Raha hampianariko
if
anareo,
1.
Raha hampianarinay
reo.
anareo.
you
i.
shall
be taught by
teach you.
anareo. 2.
3.
me,
2. 3.
e. if I shall
Raha hampianarinao
Raha hampianariny
anareo.
VERBS.
155
Third Conjugation.
Present Perfect,
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
me,
2.
e. if I
3.
3.
Pluperfect.
1.
1.
taught by me,
e. I
might
2.
3.
Rehefanampianariny anareo.
3.
Future Perfect.
1.
1.
you
shall
i.
have been
taught by me,
e. if I shall
2.
3:
3.
156
ETYMOLOGY.
Third Conjugation.
Plural.
1.
to
be be
taught by me,
e. if it
you
2.
that I
am to
teach.
2.
3.
3.
Present Perfect,
1.
1.
e. if
2.
3.
3.
The
manner by
retaining
their characteristics.
Imperative Mood.
Direct Form.
1.
Aoka hampianariko
let
i.
anareo,
1.
e. let
me
teach you.
2.
2. 3.
Aokahampianarinareo anareo.
Aokahampianarinjareo anareo.
3.
VERBS.
157
Third Conjugation.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
you be taught by
me,]
^.
2.
e. let
me
teach you.
2. 3.
3.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
1.
1.
taught
by me,
i.
e.
let
me
2.
3.
3.
Potential Mood.
Direct Form.
PresejU Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Ahampianariko anareo,
Ahampianarinay anareo.
Ahampianarintsikia anareo,
e. I
2.
3.
Ahampianarinao anareo.
Ahampianarinareo anareo.
Ahampianarinjareo anareo.
Ahampianariny anareo.
3.
158
ETYMOLOGY.
Third Conjugation.
Perfect.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Nahampianariko anareo.
Nahampianarinay anareo.
Nahampianarintsikia anareo.
e. I
2.
3.
Nahampianarinao anareo.
Nahampianarinareo anareo.
Nahampianarinjareo anareo.
Nahampianariny anareo.
3.
Future.
1.
Hahampianariko anareo,
1.
Hahampianarinay anareo.
Hahampianarintsikia anareo.
you
me,
shall
1.
e. I shall
teach you.
2. 3.
Hahampianarinao. anareo.
2. 3.
Hahampianarinareo anareo.
Hahampianarinjareo anareo.
Hahampianariny anareo.
Present Perfect.
1.
1.
by me,
2. 3.
i.
e.
may have
2.
3.
taught you.
Pluperfect.
1.
1.
by me,
2.
i.
e.
I could
have
taught you.
2.
3.
3.
r'
VERBS.
159
Third Conjugation.
Fwftire perfect.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
you
shall
to
I
be taught by me,
shall
teach you.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
1.
e.
2.
3.
Anareo ahampianarinareo.
Anareo ahampianarinjareo.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Anareo no ahampianariko,
It is
1.
you
i.
that can
e.
it is
be taught
by me,
you alone
2.
3.
Anareo no ahampianarinareo.
Anareo ahampianarinjareo.
160
ETYMOLOGY.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
The Conjugation
which
is
of the
Circumstantial
Verb
;
and
as the Simple
;
and
also
a Verbal Circumstantial
Noun
as.
Simple Passive.
CiR. Passive.
Ampianarina, to be taught.
Ampianarana, to be taught by
means
of.
Verbal Noun.
Fampianarana, doctrine.
Indicative Mood.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
marikia,
slates
are
the
marikia.*
Solatra ampianarantsikia anareo marikia.
to teach
I
e.
teach
figures
on
slates.
2. Solatra
ampianarinao ana-
2. Solatra
reo marikia.
3. Solatra
reo marikia.
3. Solatra
ampianarany ana-
reo marikia.
reo marikia.
The
first
second
inclusive.
VERBS.
161
Fourth Conjugation.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Solatra no ampianarako a-
reo marikia.
Solatra
by me
i.
to
I
teach
no ampianarantsikia
you
figures,
e.
have
anareo marikia.
you
2.
figures.
Solatra
no
ampianaranao
2.
Solatra
no
ampianaranareo
anareo marikia.
anareo marikia.
3. Solatra
no
ampianaranjareo
anareo marikia.
This verb
is
conjugated in
all
the
Pronominal Adjunc-
Participle Present.
for teaching.
Verbal Noun.
Fampianarana,
doctrine,
it signifies,
and used
162
ETYMOLOGY.
The
Perfect,
1.
milahatra, to arrange
himself.
Future
Active Present
hilahatra.
iilahatra.
milahatra.
;
Perfect
nilahatra.
Imperfect
milahara.
Verbal
Noun ;
mpilahatra,
Per.
;
nilaharana.
Fut.
hilaha-
Imp.
ilaharo.
V. N.
filaharana.
2.
mahalahatra, to be
able to arrange.
Active pre.
lahatra.
;
mahalahatra.
;
Per.
nahalahatra.
Fut.
haha-
Imp.
;
mahalahara.
V. N. ; mpahalahatra, fahalahatra.
Pas. pre.
harana.
ahalaharana.
;
Per ; nahalaharana.
V. N.
;
Fut.
hahala-
Imp.
ahalaharo.
fahalaharana.
3.
mihiatsara, to improve
Active pre.
mihiatsara.
nihiatsara.
Fut.
hihiatsara.
Imp.
mihiatsara.
;
V. N.
mpihiatsara, fihiatsara.
;
Pas. pre.
ihiatsarana. Per.
nihiatsarana. Fut.
hihiatsarana.
Imp.;
ihiatsarao.
V.N.
fihiatsarana
; ;
VERBb.
163
4.
mandahatra,
to
ar-
mandahatra.
Per.
nandahatra.
Fut.
handa-
Imp.
mandahara.
;
V. N.
Per.
mpandahalra, fandahatra.
nandaharana.
;
Passive pre.
andaharana.
;
Fut.
han-
daharana.
Imp.
andaharo.
V. N.
fandaharana.
5.
mifandahatra, to
mifandahatra.
Per.
nifandahatira.
Future
Imp.; mifandahara.
V.
N.
mpifandahatra.
Per.
nifandaharana.
;
Future
Imp.
ifandaharo.
V. N.
fifandaharana.
The Causative
of
the Reflective
Verb;
mampilahatra.
Per.
nampilahatra.
Future
Imp.
mampilahara.
V. N.
mpampilahatra,
Passive pre
ampilaharana.
Per.
nampilaharana.
;
Future
hampilaharana.
7.
Imp. ampilaharo.
V. N.
fampilaharana.
The Causative
of the Potentative
Verb;
mampahalahatra.
Per.
nampahalahatra.
Fu-
hampahalahatra.
Imp.
mampahalahara.
V. N.
mpam-
pahalatra, fampahalahatra.
Passive pre.;
ampahalaharana.
Per.;
;
nampahalaharana.
V. N.
;
Future
hampahalaharana.
Imp.
ampahalaharo.
fampahalaharana.
; ;
164
ETYMOLOGY.
8.
The
Causative
of
the
Intensive
Verb;
Active pre
mampihiatsara.
Per.
nampihiatsara.
Future
hampihiatsara.
fampihiatsara.
Imp. mampihiatsara.
V. N.
mpampihiatsara,
Passive pre.
ampihiatsarana. Per.
;
nampihiatsarana. Future;
;
hampihiatsarana. Imp.
ampihiatsarao. V. N.
fampihiatsarana.
9.
The
Causative
of the Transitive
Verb
mampandahatra,
Active pre.
to cause to arrange.
mampandahatra.
Imp.
;
Per. nampandahatra.
Future
hampandahatra.
mampandahara.
V. N.
mpampanda-
hatra, fampandahatra.
Passive pre.
ampandaharana.
Per.
nampandaharana.
Fu-
ture; hampandarana.
Imp.; ampandaharo.
V,N.; fampan-
daharana.
10.
The Causative of
the Reciprocativb
to
Verb
mampifandahatra,
another.
to cause persons
arrange one
Active pre.
mampifandahatra.
Per.
;
nampifandahatra.
Future
hampifandahatra.
Imp.
mampifandahara.
V. N.
mpampifandahatra, fampifandahatra.
Passive pre. ;
ampifandaharana.
Per.
;
nampifandaharana.
V. N.
;
Future
hampifandaharana.
Imp.
ampifandaharo.
fampifandaharana.
; ; ; ;
VERBS.
165
1 1
The Reciprocative
;
flective Verb
mifampilahatra,
cause recipro-
mifampilahatra.
Per. nifampilahatra.
Future
hifampilahatra.
tra,
Imp.
mifampilahara.
V. N.
mpifampilaha-
fifampilahatra.
;
Passive pre.
ture;
ifampilaharana.
Per.
nifampilaharana.
Fu-
hifampilaharana.
Imp.; ifampihalaro.
V. N.
fifampi-
laharana.
12.
tative Verb
cally to
mifampahalahatra,
to
cause recipro-
to set in order.
;
Active pre.
mifampahalahatra.
Per.
nifampahalahatra.
Future
hifampahalahatra.
Imp.
mifampahalahara.
V. N.
mpifampahalahatra, fifampahalahatra.
Passive pre.
;
ifampahalaharana.
Per.
;
nifampahalaharana.
Future
hifampahalaharana.
Imp.
ifampahalaharo.
V. N.
fifampahalaharana.
mifampihiatsara. Per
nifampihiatsara.
Future
hifampihiatsara.
Imp.;
mifampihiatsara.
V. N.
mpifampi-
hiatsara, fifampihiatsara.
Passive pre.;
ifampihiatsarana.
Per.
;
nifampihiatsarana.
Future
hifampihiatsarana.
Imp.
ifampihiatsarao.
V. N.
fifampihiatsarana
;;
166
t^tUGtGGt,
14.
I^he
sitive
Verb
mifampandahatra,
to
cause recipro-
cally to arrange.
Active pre.;
mifampandahatra.
Per.;
nifampandahatra.
Future
hifampandahatra.
Imp.
mifampandahara.
V. N.
mpifampandahatra, fifampandahatra.
Passive pre.
;
ifampandaharana.
Per*
;
nifampandaharana.
Future
hifampandaharana.
Imp.
ifampandaharo.
V. N.
fifampandaharana.
15.
tive
mahampilahatra.
Per.
nahampilahatra.
Fu-
hahampilahatra.
Imp.
mahampilahara.
V. N,
mpa-
hampilahatra, fahampilahatra.
Passive pre.
ture
;
ahampilaharana.
Per.
;
nahampilaharana.
Fu
;
hahampilaharanai
Imp.
ahampilaharo.
V. N.
fa-
hampilaharana*
16.
Tative
mahampahalahatra.
Per.
nahampahalahatra.
V. N.
Future
hahampahalahatra.
Imp,
mahampahalahara.
inpahampahalahatra, fahampahalahatra.
Passive pre.
;
ahampahalaharana.
Per.
;
nahampahalaharana.
V. N.
Future
hahajnpahalaharana.
Imp.
ahampahalaharo.
fahampahalaharana^
; ;
VERBS.
167
17.
sive
mahampiliiatsara.
Per.
;
nahampihiatsara.
Fuj
hahampihiatsara.
Imp.
mahampihiatsara.
V. N.
mpaham pihiatsara,
Passive pre.
;
fahampihiats ara.
ahampihiatsarana.
Per.
;
nahampihiatsarana.
Future
hahampihiatsarana.
Imp.
ampihiatsarao.
V.
fahampihiatsarana.
18.
tive
cause to arrange.
Active pre.
;
mahampandahatra.
Imp.
;
Per.
nahampandahatra.
V. N.
Future
hahampandahatra.
mahampandahara.
mpahampandahatra, fahampandahatra.
Passive pre.
;
ahampandaharana.
Imp,
;
Per.
nahampandaharana.
V. N.
Future
hahampandaharana.
ahampandaharo.
fahampandaharana.
19.
of the Recipro-
cative
Verb
mahampifandahatra.
hahampifandahatra.
Per.
nahampifandaha-
Future
;
Imp.
mahampifandahara.
V. N.
mpahampifandahalra, fahampifandahatra.
;
Passive pre.
ahampifandaharana. Per.
nahampifandaharana.
168
ETYMOLOGY.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
The Conjugation
of a Passive Verli in
its
simplest
form.
Indicative Mood.
Direct Form.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
Terena aho,
am
pressed.
1.
2.
Terena hianao.
Terena
izy.
2.
Terena hianareo.
Terena
izareo.
3.
3.
Perfect.
1.
No
terena aho,
was
2.
3.
Future.
1.
Ho Ho Ho
terena aho,
I shall,
or
1.
will be pressed.
2.
3.
terena hianao.
terena izy.
Present Perfect.
1.
have
1.
been pressed.
2.
2.
3.
izy.
3.
Efa terena
izareo.
* The
second inclusive.
VERBS.
169
Conjugation
continued
Plural.
1.
Pluperfect,
Singular.
1.
2. 3.
Future Perfect.
1.
I shall
1.
Efa ho terena
2.
3.
isikia.
Efa ho terena
izareo.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Izaho terena.
1.
Izahay terena.
Isikia terena.
I am
2.
3.
pressed.
terena.
2.
Hianao
Hianareo terena.
Izy terena.
3. Izareo terena.
Perfect.
1.
Izaho no terena,
1.
Izahay no terena.
Isikia
I was
2. 3.
pressed.
2. 3.
no
terena.
Hianao no terena
Izy no terena.
Hianareo no terena.
Izareo no terena.
Future.
1.
Izaho ho terena,
1.
Izahay ho terena.
Isikia
I
2.
3.
shall or will
be pressed.
2.
3.
ho
terena.
Hianao ho
terena.
Hianareo ho terena.
Izareo ho terena.
Izy ho terena.
170
ETYMOLOGY.
Conjugation
continued.
Plural.
1.
Present Perfect,
Singular.
1.
/ have been
2. 3.
pressed.
2.
Hianao efa
terena.
Pluperfect.
1.
1.
I had been
2.
3.
pressed.
terena.
2.
no terena.
Hianao efa no
3.
Future Perfect,
Izaho efa ho terena, I shall
or will have been pressed.
2. 3.
1.
1.
ho terena.
Hianao efa ho
terena.
2. 3.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense,
1.
Izaho no terena,
is
it is
I that
1.
Izhay no terena.
Isikia
pressed, or,
is
am
he
no terena.
that
2. 3.
pressed.
2.
Hianao no terena.
Izy no terena.
Hianareo no terena.
3. Izareo
no
terena.
VERBS.
171
Conjugation
continued.
Plural.
#
Singular.
1.
Perfect.
Izaho no terena, It
is I that
1.
Izahay no terena.
Isikia
was
that
2.
pressed, or I
am he
2.
no terena.
was
pressed.
terena.
Hianao no
Hianareo no terena.
3.
Izy no terena.
3. Izareo
no
terena.
Future.
Izaho no ho terena,
It is I
1.
Izahay no ho terena.
Isikia
no ho terena.
am he
that shall
or will be pressed.
Hianao no ho
terena.
2.
Hianareo no ho terena.
Izy no ho terena.
3. Izareo
no ho terena.
Present Perfect.
1.
it
is I
1.
no efa terena.
am
he that has
been
pressed.
2.
Hianao no
efa terena.
2.
3.
3. Izareo
no efa terena.
Pluperfect.
1.
It
1.
or I
am
efa
he that had
no efa no terena.
been pressed.
2.
3.
Hianao no
no terena.
2.
3.
172
ETYMOLOGY.
Conjugation
continued.
Plural.
1.
Future Perfect.
Singular.
1.
it is
am he
efa
that shall
no efa ho terena.
Hianao no
ho terena.
2. 3.
Imperative Mood.
Direct Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Aoka ho
me
1.
be pressed.
2.
terena izahay.
terena isikia.
2.
3.
Aoka ho
terena izy.
3.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
let
me
1.
2.
Aoky hianao ho
Aoky
izy
terena.
2.
3.
3.
ho terena.
Aoky izahay ho terena. Aoky isikia ho terena. Aoky hianareo ho terena. Aoky izareo ho terena.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
1.
1.
2. 3.
2.
3.
VERBS.
173
C onj ugation
continued
Direct Form.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
if I
aho,
be
1.
Raha Raha
Raha Raha
pressed.
2.
3.
terena hianao.
izy.
2. 3.
Raha terena
Perfect.
1.
terena aho,
if
1.
terena izahay.
were pressed.
2. 3.
terena isikia.
terena hianao.
2.
terena hianareo.
terena izareo.
terena izy. -
3.
Raha no
Future.
1.
Raha ho
terena aho,
if I
1.
shall or will
2. 3.
be pressed.
2.
Raha ho Raha ho
terena hianao.
terena izy.
3.
Present perfect.
1.
if I
have
1.
been pressed.
2. 3.
2.
3.
Pluperfect.
1.
if I
1.
Rehefa no terena
2. 3.
isikia.
174
ETYMOLOGY.
Conjugation
continued
Plural.
Future perfect.
Singular.
1.
Rehefa ho terena
shall
alio,
if I
1.
or will
have been
2.
3.
2.
3.
Raha izaho no
be he that
terena,
if I
1.
Raha izahay no
Raha
isikia
terena.
is to
be pressed.
terena.
2.
3.
no terena.
terena.
2. 3.
izy no terena.
izareo no terena.
Perfect.
1.
Raha izaho no
if I
efa terena,
1.
Raha izahay no
efa terena.
Raha
3.
isikia
no efa terena.
efa terena.
2. 3.
Raha hianareo no
Raha
Future.
Raha izaho no ho
if I
terena,
shall
1.
be he that
be
2. 3.
Raha hianao no ho
terena,
2.
Raha
izy no ho terena.
3.
Raha
izareo no ho terena.
VERBS.
175
Conjugation
continued.
Plural.
1.
Present perfect.
Singular.
1.
if I
am
2.
he
that
has
been
no terena.
2.
3.
3.
Pluperfect.
1.
1.
be he that could or
Rehefa
isikia
no efa no terena.
2.
Rehefa
hianareo no
efa
no
terena.
3.
3.
Future perfect.
1.
1.
be he that
shall
have
Rehefa
isikia
no ho terena.
been pressed.
2.
3.
2.
3,
Infinitive
Present.
Mood
or Participles.
Present perfect.
Terena, pressed.
Efa terena,
Future.
No Ho
terena.
terena.
Pluperfect.
Efa no terena.
Efa ho terena.
Future Perfect.
Note.
By
ny
become
Participial
Nouns.
176
ETYMOLOGY.
Conjugation
continued.
Direct Form.
Potential Mood.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
Atery aho,
can or
may
1.
Atery izahay.
be pressed.
2.
3.
Atery
2. 3.
isikia.'
Atery hianao.
Atery
izy.
Perfect.
1.
Natery aho,
could or
1.
Natery izahay.
might be pressed.
2.
Natery
2.
isikia.
Natery hianao.
Natery
izy.
3.
3.
Future.
1.
Hateryaho,
I shall
be made
1.
H atery izahay.
Hatery
isikia.
able to be pressed.
2.
Hatery hianao.
Hatery
izy.
2.
Hatery hianareo.
3.
3.
Hatery izareo.
Present Perfect.
1.
can or may
I.
2. 3.
VERBS.
177
C onj ugation
continued
Plural.
1.
Pluperfect.
Singular.
1.
might or
2.
Efa natery
izy.
3.
Future perfect.
1.
shall or
1.
be pressed.
2. 3.
2.
3.
Emphatic Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Izaho atery,
I may
or can
1.
Izahay atery.
Isikia atery.
be pressed.
2.
3.
Hianao
atery.
2,
3.
Hianareo atery.
Izareo atery.
Izy atery.
Perfect.
1.
Izaho natery,
I might
or
1.
Izahay natery.
Isikia natery.
could be pressed.
2.
Hianao natery.
Izy natery.
2.
Hianareo natery.
3.
3. Izareo natery.
Future.
1.
Izaho hatery,
I shall or will
I.
Izahay hatery.
Isikia hatery.
Hianao hatery.
Izy hatery.
2.
Hianareo hatery.
3.
3. Izareo hatery.
178
ETYMOLOGY.
Conjugation
continued.
Plural.
1.
Present perfect.
Singular.
1.
/ may
or
Hianao
efa atery.
2.
3.
Pluperfect.
1.
I might
1.
Hianao
efa natery.
2.
3.
3.
Future Perfect.
1.
1.
to
be
pressed.
2.
Hianao
efa hatery.
2. 3.
Exclusive Form.
Present Tense.
1.
Izaho no atery,
It is I that
1.
Izahay no atery,
Isikia
can be pressed.
2. 3.
no
atery. atery.
Hianao no
atery.
2. 3.
Hianao no
Izy no atery.
Izareo no atery.
Perfect.
1.
Izaho no natery,
am he that
1.
Izahay no natery.
Isikia
could be pressed.
2.
3.
no natery.
Hianao no natery.
Izy no natery.
2.
Hianareo no natery.
Izareo no natery-
3.
VERBS.
179
Conjugationed
continued.
Plural.
Fviure.
Singular.
1.
Izaho no hatery,
am
he
1.
Izahay no hatery.
Isikia
made
2.
no hatery.
able to be pressed.
2.
Hianao no hatery.
no hatery.
Hianareo no hatery.
Izareo no hatery.
3. Izy
3.
Present Perfect.
1.
am
1.
no efa atery.
been pressed.
2.
3.
Hianao no efa
atery.
2. 3.
Pluperfect.
1.
am
1.
he that might
or could
no efa natery.
Hianao no
efa natery.
2. 3.
Future Perfect.
Izaho no efa hatery,
1.
am
I.
he
tliat shall
or will have
no efa hatery.
been able
2. 3.
to
be pressed.
2. 3.
Hianao no
efa hatery.
180
ETYMOLOGY.
Conjugation
continued.
Participles.
The
Present.
Perfect.
Infinitive
Mood, or
Atery.
Present Perfect.
Pluperfect.
Efa
atery.
Natery. Hatery.
Efa natery.
Future.
Future Perfect.
Efa hatery.
THIRD
The
tion.
CONJUGATION.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Tercko,
i.
pressed by me,
I press.
Terenay.*
Terensikia.
e.
2.
Terenao.
2. 3.
Terenareo.
Terenjareo.
3.
Tereny.
Perfect.
1.
No
tereko, pressed
i.
by me.
e.
pressed.
2.
3.
No terenao. No tereny.
first line
* The
VERBS.
181
Conjugation
continued.
Plural.
Future,
Singular.
1.
Ho
tereko,
will or
shall,
i.
I.
be pressed by me,
shall or will press.
2.
3.
e.
Ho Ho
terenay.
terentsikia.
Ho Ho
terenao.
tereny.
2.
3.
Ho terenareo. Ho terenjareo.
Present Perfect.
1.
1.
e.
have
2. 3.
2.
3.
Pluperfect.
1.
Efa no tereko,
pressed
had been
i.
1.
by me,
e. I
had
2.
3.
2. 3.
Efa no terenareo.
Efa no terenjareo.
Future Perfect.
1.
Efa
will
ho
tereko,
shall or
1.
Efa ho terenay.
Efa ho
terentsikia.
me,
e.
I shall
or will
have pressed.
2.
3.
2. 3.
182
ETYMOLOGY.
C onj ugation
continued
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
Raha
me,
tereko,
i.
if
pressed by
1.
Raha Raha
terenay.
terentsikia.
e.
if I
press.*
2.
3.
2.
3.
Raha
terenao.
tereny.
Raha
Raha
terenareo.
terenjareo.
Raha
Pei^ect.
1.
tereko, if I might
1.
or could press.
2. 3.
terenay.
terentsikia.
terenao.
tereny.
2. 3.
terenareo.
terenjareo.
Raha no
Future.
1.
Raha ho Raha ho
tereko, if I shall
1.
Raha ho
terenay.
terentsikia.
or will press.
2. 3.
terenao.
tereny.
2.
3.
terenareo.
terenjareo.
Raha ho
Present Perfect.
1.
Rehefa tereko,
if
have
1.
Rehefa terenay.
Rehefa
2.
3.
terentsikia.
Rehefa terenao.
2.
3.
Rehefa tereny.
is
literal translation.
VERBS.
183
Conjugation
continued.
Plural.
Pluperfect.
Singular.
1.
Rehefano
tereko, if I
had
1.
Rehefa no terenay.
pressed.
2.
3.
Rehefa no
2.
3.
terentsikia.
Rehefa no terenao.
Rehefa no tereny.
Future Perfect.
1.
Rehefa ho tereko,
if I shall
1.
have pressed.
2.
3.
Rehefa ho terenao.
Rehefa ho tereny.
2.
3.
Potential Mood.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
Ateriko, I
Aterinay.
Aterintsikia.
2. Aterinao.
3. Ateriny.
2.
Aterinareo.
3. Aterinjareo.
Perfect.
1.
1.
Naterinay.
Naterintsikia.
2. 3.
Naterinao.
Nateriny,
2. Naterinareo.
3. Naterinjareo.
184
ETYMOLOGY.
[Conjugation
continued.
Plural.
Future.
Singular.
1.
Hateriko,
I shall
or will
1.
Haterinay.
Haterintsikia.
be able to press.
2. Haterinao.
3.
2.
Haterinareo.
Hateriny.
3. Haterinjareo.
Present perfect.
1.
Efa ateriko,
may
or can
1.
Efa aterinay.
have pressed.
2.
3.
Efa
2.
3.
aterintsikia.
Efa aterinao.
Efa aterinareo,
Efa
ateriny.
Efa
aterinjareo.
Pluperfect.
1.
Efa nateriko,
might or
1.
Efa naterinay.
Efa
2.
naterintsikia.
Efa naterinao.
Efa nateriny.
Efa naterinareo.
Efa naterinjareo.
3,
Future perfect.
1.
Efa nateriko,
I shall or will
1.
to press,
2.
3.
3,
VERBS.
1^
to
be ask^
Perfect,
Tsy nangataka,
asked, or asked.
not to have
Future.
to ask.
Present, Neg.
I ask not, or I
'
Neg. and
Inter.
do
Perfect,
I not ask
Neg,
Neg. and
Neg.
Future,
Tsy hangataka
Inter.
izy,
he
will
not ask.
will
Neg. and
Tsy hangataka
?
v' izy,
he not ask
Present Perfect Neg.
'
Tsy efa mangataka izahay, we have not asked. Ex. Neg. and Inter. Tsy efa mangataka v' isikia, have we not asked. In. R
186
ETYMOLOGY.
Pluperfect Neg.
Tsy
efa
nangataka hianareo,
you
Tsy
efa
nangataka
?
Tsy
they
Neg. and
Inter.
Tsy
efa
hangataka
v' izareo,
to ask
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular.
1.
Aoky
let
me
me
2.
Aza mangataka
not ask.
3.
Aoky
him not
ask.
Plural.
1.
Aoky
Ex.
Let us not
let
ask,
us not ask.
ask.
2.
Aoky tsy hangataka isikia. In. Let us not Aza mangataka hianareo, do not you ask,
not you.
or ask
3.
let
them not
let
ask,
or
not
them
ask.
VERBS.
187
1.
as,
;
They are
gotten^
atao,
done
;
come
tonga, arrived
dJio^
obtained
hay,
;
is able,
capable
seho,
;
manifested,
appeared
efa,
effected,
perfected
;
vita,
finished
voky, satiated,
2.
certain Tenses.
is
They
are,
;
;
hoy
izy,
he says : bono,
is,
it
said,
or
it
is
reported
misy,
tafa,
tafa,
it
there
is
or eivists
;
lavorary,
is
well done
complete
voa, is
done, perfected.
Primitive word,
voice
;
When
makes
or voa,
precedes
it
Verb Passive
united,
as, tafaray,
become one
tion
;
tafa
voa
;
soratro,
is
is
or was or was
written
by me,
i.
i.
e.
I wrote
voa vidjko,
bought by me,
e.
I bought.
3.
as
have no person
;
They
it
are,
is
hoe, saying
tamy,
comes
tokony, should,
;
worthy of ;
tsy maitsy,
;
ought, must
vao,
begins, just
commenced
bono
188
reported, said ;
ETYMOLOGY.
hanky,
is
is it
so ? manko, is it that T
;
preferable
leo, is
;
equal
to,
match
to,
to,
tsileo, is
unable
or to bear
Ho,
to
become, to be,
;
is
a characteristic of the
Future Tense
No,
is
it
;
or was,
is
when
it
follows an In-
terrogative Pronoun,
signifying
is,
a Eepletive Interrogative,
or was
upon
who
it,
did that ?
or I
Izaho no
that did
it.
nanao izany,
It is also
is
I that did
am he
Section xi.
ADVEEBS.
Adverbs
aho, I
to Participles,
and
;
to other
Adverbs ;
izy,
as,
miasa tsara
is
work
;
well
maditra tolioa
he
obstinate
indeed
ally,
or always
;
ankehitriny
Many,
evenr
now
moment.
ADVERBS.
189
I.
adverbs of number.
hiany, iray monja, only one;
1.
Cardinal
as, iray
voalohany,
first;
indroa, twice;
intelo, thrice.
II.
adverbs op time.
ankehitrio,
1.
Present.
Ankehitriny,
now;
an-
moi.
e.
day ;
miarakaminizay, instantly,
i.
immedivery
ately
e. this
day
i.
e.
all
day
2.
Past.
Sahady, already
;
vao
lasa, lately
fahiny, formerly
fore, aforetime
efahiny,
;
in time past,
at
former
afak'o-
omaly, yesterday
;
maly,
before
yesterday
;
andro
afak'omaly,
;
day
before yesterday
loak' andro,
day ago
at
ankeho, just
now,
recently
taminizao,
this
moment
; ;
190
ETYMOLOGY.
moment j
i.
ela,
long
ago
mandrak'ankehitriny,.
e.
from
one's existence.
3.
Future.
;
Hatrizay, hereafter
arakizao, hence^
forth
hiarakaminizao,
;
presently
hiarakaminizay,
rampitso,
immediately
ramaraina,
faingiana,
soon
ampitso,
;
afak'ampitsOj
intsony,
any more j
no more.
4.
Indefinite
Eepetition.
Matetikia,
oft,
;
often
indra-
now and
when.
then^
occasionally;
oviana,
raho-
5.
Definite Eepetition.
Indray,
oncOj
again;
indroa,
twice;
intelo,
thrice;
isan'andro, daily;
;
isan'alina, nightly,
f
every
night
;
isan-kerinandro^
isan-taona, yearly.
6.
Eelative.
Aloha, before
oviana, rahovianaj
when
dia,
;
man;
draka, ambaraka,
rivahariva, late,
till,
until
maraina-koa, early
;
haall
towards evening
all
mandrak'alina,
night long
mandrak'andro,
day long*
7.
Absolute.
perpetually, constantly
ADVERBS.
91
Mandrakizay mandrakizay,
for ever
and ever
;
mandra;
eny, yes
tsia,
sana^
God,
ill.
ADVERTS OF PLACE*
To Adverbs
Future Tenses.
is
1.
Answering
Ao,
to w^er^,
aiza?
Present.
Per.
Tao, teo^
was here,
Fut.
Ho
.
aO)
ho
eo,
ho
eto,
ho
aty,
ho
ety, will
be
Tiere.
Pre.
Any, eny,
there.
ery, there.
Per.
was
Fut.
Ho
any,
ho eny^ ho
ery,
will
be there
eny
Pre.
Ambony, above,
aloft,
on high.
Per*
Tam^
aloft.
Ho
ambony,
will
be above or
beneath.
aloft.
Ambany,
below,
Pre*
Tambany,
Ho
ambany,
will
be below or beneath.
Per.
was yonder, ot
there yonder*
192
Fut.
ETYMOLOGY.
Ho
erikitra,
ho erokatra, ho eroany,
will
be
Aiza, where.
was or were.
Fut.
Pre.
Ho
aiza,
where
Manodidina, around.
around.
Per.
Nanodidina, was
Fut.
Pre.
Tanaty,
was within.
Fut.
Pre.
Ho
Any
there within.
Per.
Tany
anaty,
Ho
Any
any anaty,
will
be there within.
Per.
Tany
ive-
lany,
Fut.
Pre. Pre.
Ho
any ivelany,
be there without.
An-dafy,
Fut.
Ho
water.
Pre
of the water.
Per.
Fut.
Ho
any an-dafy,
will
Pre.
Per.
hill.
Fut.
Ho
bank or
ADVERBS.
Pre.
193
side of the
Any
Tany
an-koatra, there
hill.
on the other
bank or
Per.
the bank, or
Put.
Ho
any an-koatra,
will
Pre.
Per.
Tan-drano,
tany an-trano,
Ho
any an-drano,
any an-drano,
Put.
Pre. Per.
Ho
Any
will
Tany
Put.
Pre.
Per.
Ho
any an-trano,
be there
in the house.
Any
Put.
Ho
any an-tanana,
will
2.
Answering
to whither,
na aiza na
aiza.
Pre.
Per.
Na Na
aiza
na
taiza
na taiza
or
whithersoever he was.
Put.
Na ho
aiza
na ho aiza
izy,
whithersoever he
will go.
Pre.
he comes hither.
194
Per.
ETYMOLOGY.
Nankao, nankeo, nankato, nanketo, nankety
he came hither.
izy,
Fut.
come
hither.
thither.
Pre.
Per.
thither.
Fut.
Pre. Per.
go
thither.
Na Na
na teo
izy,
about.
Fut.
Na ho
Na Na
ao na ho eo,
whether
will
be here, or
here about.
Pre.
Per. aty na any.
tato
na tany
there.
Fut.
Na ho
aty na
ho any, whether he
will
be here
or there.
Pre.
Per.
Na ato na eny, whether here or there. Na tato na teny izy, whether he was
there.
here or
Fut.
Na ho
ato na
ho eny
izy,
whether he
will
be
here or there.
Pre.
Per.
Na ety na ery, whether here or there yonder. Na tety na tery izy, whether he was here
there yonder.
or
Fut.
Na ho
ety na
ho
ery,
whether he
will
be here
or there yonder.
Pre.
Per.
Na ambony na ambany, whether above or below. Na tambony na tambany izy, whether he was
above or below.
ADVERBS.
Pre.
195
Per.
Na aloha na aoriana, whether before or behind. Na taloha na taoriana izy, whether he was before or behind.
Fut.
Na ho
be before or behind.
Pre.
Na
Na
eo anatrehany na eo ivohony,
fore his face or behind his back.
whether be-
Per.
was before
Fut.
Na ho
whether he
his back.
Pre.
Na
eo imasony na eo anilany,
whether there
Per.
Na teo Na
Na Na
izy,
whether he
his side.
izy,
by
ho eo imasony na ho eo anilany
will
whether
he
Pre.
Per.
lavitra
teny
lavitr'
whether
he was
Fut.
far off, or
lavitr'
Na ho
eny
izy,
whether he
Per.
will
be
Na
tafiditra
na tafavoaka
or
whether he
e.
is
gone
in
gone
out,
inside
or
outside.
Per.
Na
tafakatra,
na tafidina
izy,
whether he has
whether he
is
1^
3.
ETYMOLOGY.
Answering
to
Pre.
Per.
Fut.
Pre.
Avy aiza izy, whence he comes. Avy taiza izy, whence he came. Avy ho aiza, whence he will come. Avy ao, avy eo, avy aty, avy eto
he comes.
izy,
hence
Per.
Avy
tao,
avy
teo,
avy
taty,
avy
tety,
avy teto
izy,
hence he came.
ao,
Fut.
aty,
avy ho
ety,
avy ho eto
Pre.
hence he
will
come.
Per.
he came.
Fnt.
Ho
izy,
thence
he
come.
;
gone
out.
III.
ADVERBS OF QUANTITY.
Be, hehe, much, ^reatli/
;
1.
Abundance.
bebe-
kokoa,
much more
;
kokoa,
;
more
even more
not
afa-tsy, besides
omhy, fully
all,
;
raha
tsy, except, if
;
lavitra,/ar
avokoa,
completely
indrindra, very,
exceedingly, especially
2.
Equality.
fitly,
Aoka, enough
;
ampy,
sufficiently
;
sahaza,
as
if,
suitably
;
sahala,
alike, equally
toa,
as equal
dia,
in like
man-
jaer
even
araka, accordingly.
; ;
ADVERBS.
3.
Ifft
Defective.
Latsaka,
less,
;
sJwrtof;
vaiky,
almost ;
madiva, nearly^
IV.
ADVERBS OP QUALITY.
Tsara
1.
Manner.
la,
la,
well-,
tsara
hiany, very
la,
well; ratsy
bravely, awfully
haingiana, haingiana
;
la,
quickly
malakilaky, speedily
softly
;
miadanadana, slowly
moramora, gently,
;
man-
nately
2.
adaladala, foolishly.
Affirmation.
;
Eny,
yes,
yea
eany, aye
;
mari-
marin-
tokoa,
3.
very true.
;
Negation.
;
Tsy, not
tsia,
all
;
no
tsy
akory,
;
nowise
tsia tsy
akory, not at
forbid
;
sanatria, never,
4.
God
Doubt.
;
perhaps
tahiny,
perchance
5.
mosala,
toatoa,
at
random, accidently.
Eelation.
Ambany,
;
gether
unitedly
;
tafatokana,
;
tafasaraka,
asunder
6.
ahoana, however
Degree.
Koa and
;
koa
signifies
indrindra, very,
198
7.
ETYMOLOGY.
Cause, or Interrogation.
;
fore
ahoana,
;
how
manner
8
Prayer or intercession.
;
may
engehe,
would
oh
that.
Section xii.
PREPOSITIONS,
I.
PREPOSITIONS.
PREPOSITION
is
a word placed
before Nouns,
and Pronouns,
to connect
me.
1.
Amy,
is
used to
to,
as,
from, with,
to,
unto,
and
its
precise
it
meaning
as,
is
miasa ny tanim-bary
ro'iih
amy ny
I
a spade.
Niala tamy ny
omby
went
from
the cattle
CONJUNCTIONS.
2.
199
Amy
when
is
is
prefixed,
and when ho
Its tense is
determined
by the Tense of the Verb with which it is connected. Izaho niala tamy ny tanana hankany amy ny tanimbary,
I went from the town to
ground.
3.
gasy language
Verb
as, andria-
manitra itokiako,
I put
4.
I confide in
God ;
as
I trust in
God
are
my
;
trust in
God.
words
used
Prepositions
The
other
as
Adverbs
any
w-trano,
there in
the
house
amhony
heaven
;
tany,
ujpon earth;
arnbany
hefore
lanitra,
under
people;
alolia
ny
olona,
the
aoriana ny omby,
after or
behind the
cattle.
II.
CONJUNCTIONS.
Conjunctions
tany sy lanitra
;
as
olona,
fa
men
three Classes
the Compound.
1.
The
first
is
and supposition.
200
(1).
ETYMOLOGY.
Addition;
as,
/feoa,
also;
Cause.
of,
Satria, because,
fa,
for,
noho, on
account
(3).
Consequence.
Dia, then,
lea,
and then,
Tea
dia,
(4.)
Eaha,
if,
as
if,
as
when, mha,
if that, if so
2.
The second
because
They denote
(1).
and exception.
Separation.
;
JSTa,
na,
neither, nor;
tsy, tsy,
neither, nor
(2).
Concession.
;
JVa
dia,
although
nefa,
ka-
andrefa, though,
kandrefa, however,
notwithstanding,
(3).
Opposition.
Andrao,
androa,
lest,
fandrao,
fandroa,
(4).
Choice.
Mhola,
would
yet,
that,
engy,
it
enga ka,
that,
hany,
may
be.
(5).
Exception.
Afatsy,
save,
except, besides,
The
third
is
more words.
then,
therefore,
yet,
Ka ndhoana, why
;
ahoana,
how
fore, ary
aminy izany,
and
as
if,
ary anefa,
dia,
fandeha,
fa nefa,
but yet, ka
;; ! !
INTERJECTIONS.
201
as when, as if
and
also,
ka
mba
so
that
it is
nony^
;
when
done
na
tsia,
whether or not,
sa, sa,
na, na,
neither, nor, tsy, tsy, neither, nor, toy izao, thus, toy
Ill,
INTERJECTIONS.
attention,
welcome, joy
Admiration,
!
amazement,
re
! !
wonder,
!
!
surprise;
Endry
Bravo
!
Oh
Endrey
la
!
Akory
Ha
Heyday
2.
Attention,
!
welcome, joy.
Indro
!
Behold
!
Indry
Lo By
!
Ere
!
Oh
!
Lozala
!
Bravo
!
Ehe
Hia
Endrey
re
!
re
Hark
!
Avia
3.
Maitia re
Hanky Oh come
!
Oh
!
Andeha re
Indrisy
!
He
!
!
re
Ah
!
Indrisy la
anie aho
4.
!
Indrisy ka la
!
Alas
maty aho
disgust,
mateza
Mahita loza
hate,
!
Alack
"Woe
Dislike,
!
contempt,
!
horror.
!
Hia
Hia
pooh,
Pooh
Sia
Siasia
Pooh
202
ETYMOLOeT.
IV.
KEPLETIVES.
Optative Eepletives.
1.
The
?
Interrogative are,
is
No, moa,
va.
Inona no
?
ataony
is to
What
?
Who
?
go
Manoratra va hianao
2.
The
tsia,
Tsara
very
all
hiany izy,
well
;
he
tsy
is
well,
i.
e.
he
is
even
i.
well, or
e.
not at
mba
3.
handeha, I
e.
The
Optative are,
anie, hany,
Ho
you
may God
!
!
hany malalako.
!
Oh my
!
beloved
Inay ka ho
hendry izareo
Oh
that they
would be wise
Enga ka
would
Oh
SYNTAX.
203
PART
III.
SYNTAX.
SYNTAX
teaches
the proper
arrangement
and
Section
i.
Syntax of Articles.
Eule
only,
1.
Articles
limit
to
the
;
as,
ny
or
andro,
the day
ny omby,
Itsara,
Ratsara, the
name of
full,
a person either
man
or
woman
e.
from
tsara,
good.
Ifenoarivo, the
name
of a town
i.
from feno,
thousand.
and
arivo,
thousand,
full
Rule
2.
The
names of
places, towns
and
and
also
to the
name
204
of persons,
SYNTAX OF
when they
inferiority or
contempt.
the
;
name
from
of a
fara,
man
Ifaravavy, the
name of a woman
last,
or last born,
female.
Eule 3. The Article ba is only prefixed to the names of persons, when they are addressed with respect, or with a consideration of superiority
;
as,
Mr.
a
and Mrs.
lahy, male,
first
in
Enghsh.
Ralahimatoa, the
;
name of
born
born.
Rule
4.
The
Article
ny
is
prefixed to
all
Nouns,
;
when
tsara
them
as,
ny
trano, a
good house
Rule
5.
The
Article
ny
;
is
prefixed to Adjectives,
Participles,
and Adverbs
Common
Substantives.
Ny
tsara, the
;
good
ny mividy, the
moment.
Rule
6.
The
Article
ny
is
Noun
silver
;
Volamena
mavesatra noho ny
heavier than
more valuable
than iron.
NOUNS.
205
usually omitted
Rule
7.
The
Article
ny
i.
is
when
beall
Nouns
every living
human
i.
cattle,
e.
Rule
the
8.
is
The
Article
ny
is
frequently omitted,
;
when
rano
Noun
as, nisotro
aho,
rice.
I drank water
Section
ii.
Syntax of Nouns.
1.
Every Noun,
Pronoun,
or
Nominative
Miteny ny
olona,
Mivovo ny
cold.
Rule
2.
The Adjunct of
its
not control
Niandry
henemana
telo taona
Nitoetra teo
he remained there
miaramila,
Voa sakan-drano ny
vented by the water.
Rule
lective
3.
Nouns,
require
Numeral and
Pronominal
206
SYNTAX OP
Lehilahy iray,
i.
a man,
i.
e.
one man.
Ity
e.
many men.
ireo,
omby
ity,
Ireo _omby
these bullocks.
Kule
4.
The
latter
Noun
that
is
joined by a hy-
Tanim-boly, garden.
e.
Ta-
human hand.
Tandrok'-
Every
definite
Noun
signifies
the
name
Ny
lehilahy,
the man,
e.
Ny
Ny omby,
the cattle.
Rule
6.
Genitive
or Possessive
the latter
affix
is
put in apposition
e.
money
i.
of
e.
them the
people.
Tranon' olona,
a man's house,
a house of
glish ship,
e.
Rule
7.
Noims which
Nito-
Nandeha
ney.
for one
lalan-kerinandro aho,
hundred
years.
NOUNS.
207
Rule
is
8.
The
or understood.
Ny
is
mine, or
my
by the
or
people.
Ny
mine,
my
property,
remains.
Rule
case.
9. Nouns in Apposition are put in the same Radama, mpanjaka nanjaka valo amby ny folo
taona,
le-
ny
Jehovah God,
is
the
earth,
lesio Kiraisity
Rule
10.
When
case.
no
it
follows the
is
No-
the Exclusive
Nominative
writes.
Izaho no manoratra, I
it
am
he that
Izy no miasa,
it is
is
he that works.
Hianareo
no miteny,
Rule
11.
When
;
Noun
into
is
changed
KY ky, ny or try substitutes the Pronominal Y affix NY. Mpanapaky ny olona, the ruler of the peoor
ple.
i.
e.
e.
writing of
them the
people.
208
SYNTAX OF
Section hi.
Syntax op Adjectives.
Rule
1.
Every Adjective
qualifies a
Noun, ProTrano
cattle.
a large house.
vitsy,
Omby
maro,
many
Olona
wise.
few people.
Hendry
hianareo,
you are
Rule
its
2.
The Adjective
is
Noun.
Vehivavy
tsara-tarehy, a pretty
woman.
people.
Rule
3.
Ny
tsara,
the good,
Ny
Ny
Ny
When
good
is
the Adjective
it is
is
the sentence,
trano,
placed before
the house.
the people.
Mahagaga ny
works.
Rule
5.
The
Intensive Adjective
it
does invariably
precede the
Noun which
the land
!
qualifies.
Hatsara ny tany
olona,
how good
money
is
Hahendry ny
!
how
is
wise
the
Hakely ny vola
Havitsy ny mpanoratra
How How
little
scholars, or
what a few
scholars.
ADJECTIVES.
209
The same Adjective Pronouns precede and Nouns. Ity lehilahy ity, this man. lo vehivavy io, this or that woman, (that is near). Ireo
Eule
6.
follow their
olona ireo,
cattle.
these people.
Ireny
omby
ireny,
those
Eule
qualify
7.
them
Miasa
fatatra,
working
hard.
Eule
itony,
8.
The
irery, isany,
avy, samy,
qualify
iray,
Nouns
in the Singular
i.
i.
Number.
Vehivavy
Lehilahy
ananki-
a man,
e.
one
man.
ray, a
woman,
e.
a certain
woman.
this stone.
Itony rano
Io
omby
io, that
bullock.
Samy
Samy nahazo
ariary
avy ny
isan' olona,
every one of
dollar
omby
Eule
any,
9.
The
Noims
number.
cattle.
Ireto
omby
these
those sheep.
Olona maro,
210
SYNTAX OF
people.
many
tsaka,
Omby
be,
many
cattle.
Ondry be-
many
all
sheep.
ple, multitude.
Olon-drehetra,
people.
all
Tany
went.
tontolo,
lands.
Nandeha avokoa, we
languages,
or
Teny
samihafa,
different
different
speeches, or words.
Rule
10.
A Noun
with
its
Adjective taken as a
additional Adjective.
i.
e.
good news,
i.
e.
Marina
Section
iv.
Syntax of Pronouns.
Rule
The Nominative
case
expressed, or understood.
Izaho manoratra,
write.
Mandeha
he walks. Nanoratra izahay, we wrote. we worked. Hiteny hianareo, you shall Niasa Handeha izareo, they shall or will or will speak.
izy,
isikia,
walk.
Rule
2.
The Nominative
is
when
the emphasis
is
emphasis
on the
we speak.
tell.
Izahay Niasa
we worked,
Hilaza
PRONOUNS.
211
governed by a Verb,
;
Rule
3.
The Objective
case
is
Participle, Preposition, or
Adverb
he
Singular.
Miantso ahy
izy,
calls
me.
him.
call
Plural.
Miantso anay
izy,
he
calls us.
Ex.
Miantso antsikia
izy,
he
Hiantso anjareo, he
ambony tany
hianareo,
Rule
4.
The
Ahy ny omby,
the house
the
mine,
Anao ny
trano,
is thine.
is theirs.
Rule
5.
The
first
Izaho miteny,
/ speak.
Niasa
Izaho follows
Hoy
izaho,
e. I
am
he, or I
am
the
person
who
speaks, or acts.
212
SYNTAX OF
6.
Kule
The Pronominal
joined to
meaning
as the Personal
i.
I write.
it
Nanao izany
done by him,
he did
e.
it.
it.
Nataony izany,
was
he did
by
was proclaimed
The Pronominal
is
Affix of a
i.
e.
put in Apposition.
i.
people's money,
e.
money
children's house,
e.
house
Kule
to
8,
The Pronominal
Affixes
Singular.
"
Tranoko,
my house,
his cattle,
i. i.
e.
house of me.
e.
money
of thee.
Ombiny,
Plural.
i.
e.
cattle of him.
Tokinay,
us.
our confidence,
i.
e.
confidence of
Ex.
i.
e.
work of you.
i.
e.
country of
them.
PRONOUNS.
213
is
Eule
case
to
9.
The
the
Relative
Pronoun
the Nominative
Verb,
the
when
Verb.
no Nominative
between
it
and
izay nankany
into the
an-tafikia.
The
that went
Ny
ny
lamba
fahiny, nividy
omby
the
people that
cattle to-day.
Ny
rice,
The
agent
na
is
when
11.
the
is
expressed
as,
vidina, bought,
The
Relative,
2;2?^2^,
and
if
ilehy,
or lehy, often
is
a reference to them
but thd
rejected,
ny
prefixed to the
antecedent
is
omby
taminay,
i.
the
e.
such
men men
me
my
house,
went with
me
formerly
came
first
my
in
house.
12.
Rule
The
?
i.
Interrogative
is
generally the
?
word
the
sentence.
e.
is
Inona no ataonao
art
what
is
done by thee
anaranao
?
what
thou doing
?
Iza
moa no
hianao
?
what
?
your name
?
Izovy
are
moa
?
who
art thou
Akory hiany
how
you
214
SYNTAX OF
13.
Rule
The
doing ?
?
?
akory hianao
of thy health
Manao inona moa hianao ? what Manao ahoana moa hianao ? manao how art thou ? i. e. what is the state
Section
v.
Rule
1.
or understood.
Tia
izy,
he
Rule
2,
Tia anao
he loves
Nanome ahy
vola ny havako,
my
relations
gave
me some money.
the Infinitive
Rule
3.
Mikiasa hanoratra aho, I intend to write. Mood. Mandeha hanao zavatra izy, he goes to work. Miangona
hitora-bato azy
Rule
three
4.
Verbs have
six
Tenses
Compound.
m, n,
VSBBS.
215
and H
is
rejected, but
n and h are
retained.
Active Pres.
Perfect.
Mangataka aho, I
Nangataka
izy,
ask.
he asked.
Future.
Pas. Pres.
Per.
Fut.
will or shall
be
2.
Pluperfect,
as,
have asked.
Pluperfect.
Fut. Per.
shall
or will
Rule
5.
The
Transitive Passive
Soratako ny taratasy,
i.
the letter
by me,
e.
Voa
i.
soratro
I wrote
ny
e.
the letter.
Nomeko
to
money was
given by
me
him,
i.
e.
Rule
6.
The
Vola nanavorelatives
216
to
SYNTAX OP
i.
redeem him,
e.
my
relatives
redeemed
Mm with
anto
money.
tsikia,
Eany
us,
i.
lesio
anavotan'
is
Andriamanitra
redeem
Jesus,
God redeems
us by the hlood of
Rule
7.
The Nominative
lesio ifaliako,
case
is
act expressed
minal Affixes.
rejoiced in
by
me,
i.
e.
I rejoice in Jesus.
Jesus
is
object of
my
joy.
i.
Vary ivelomako,
e.
used by
me
in
for support,
I live
shall
upon
rice.
Andriama-
nitra hitokiako,
God
be entrusted, or confided
by me,
i.
e.
I will trust in
God
meaning God
shall
be the object of
my
trust.
Rule
8.
The
is
final syllable
Mood
often cut
ofi",
and
one Verb
Hyphen.
Present.
Miara-mandeha
isikia,
i.
we go e. we go
we went
in
company
together.
Niara-nandeha
isikia,
together.
Future.
miaraka,
from
go.
accompany,
and mandeha,
;
to
from mitsahatra, to
and
raiasa, to
Work.
VERBS.
217
is
Eule
Verb,
9.
The
Infinitive
Mood
governed by a
Participle,
is
case and
(1).
By
I ask to go.
to go.
hke
Ta and te
is
is
tia,
to love.
The former
vowel
I
Verbs, whose
I
first
syllable has
the
Tahampianatra aho,
like to teach.
Tehitenyaho,
wish
to speak.
(2).
By
Participle.
it is
Mahafinaritra hizaha ny
(3).
By
a Noun.
eat.
izy,
he has no rice to
izareo, they
(4).
it
By
it is
is
good
Ratsy haneso
olona,
(5).
bad
mock
By an
Objective Case*
me
to go.
me
Rule
to a
10.
The
Infinitive Absolute is a
Nominative
izay
Hanao
ma-
rina
is just, is
what ought
218
to
SYNTAX OP
Misotro rano, mahafa-ketaheta, to drink
be done.
Eule
11.
Every Verb
signifying doubt,
supposi-
tion, or condition,
or Adverb, must be put in the Subjunctive Mood. Eaha mandeha aho, dia ho avy izy, if I go, he will come. Eaha tonga izy, dia handeha aho, when he arrives, I will go. Eaha manao izay mety izareo, ho
faly aho,
if
they do what
is
right
and proper, I
shall
be glad.
Note.
all its
as in every other
Mood.
Eule
12.
The Verb
is
is
when
NO
others,
Izaho no
that writes.
it,
manoratra,
It is
I that writes, or I
am he
or
it.
Eule
it
is
after
the
Verb
follows the
Nivarotr'
omby
aho, I sold
some
cattlle
a cloth.
Avy any
an-tsena va hianao
Eule
14.
when governing the Objective Case ny prefixed, change ka, na, and tra.
ADVERBS.
into KY, NY,
219
and try.
Manaraky ny lalana izy, he Mampiangony ny olona hianareo, you the people, i. e. you cause the people to
assemble,
Mahafantatry ny omby, I
know
the cattle.
Section
vii.
Syntax op Adverbs.
Rule
1.
and Conjunctions.
Examples,
1.
The Adverb
Anke-
triny
famonjena.
2.
izy,
Now
is
The Adverb
he writes
qualifies a
Verb.
Manoratra tsara
well.
Miasa
fatratra,
he works hard.
call
out loud.
The Adverb
qualifies
ticiple.
Tsara
filaza,
well told.
Miteny
4.
tsara,
speaking well.
The
Adverb
is
quaUfies
Pronoun.
Tsara
?
hiany izy, he
very well.
How are
you ?
5. The Adverb qualifies a Preposition. Saiky namaky ny tanana izy, he went almost through the
220
city.
SYNTAX OF
Any amikOf
is
Amiko
anke-
hitriny, with
6.
me
now.
qualifies
The
Adverb
Conjunction.
Ary
Tsy
also.
izy hiany
Eule
2.
to qualify, but
The Adverb follows the word, it is intended when it is emphatic, it precedes the
it
quahfies.
Hita marimarina
quite evident.
there.
stayed
a long time
3.
Rule
Tany an-trano
aho, I
was
in the
house.
lanitra, all
on
Rule
4.
is
prefixed to
them
will
and ho of the
Future.
Any,
is
there.
Ho
any,
be there.
house.
house.
house.
Rule
5.
The Tense
when
the Tense of the Verbs with which they are connected, except,
the
word
first
Adverb
signifies
is
ADVERBS.
put in the Present Tense.
221
Tamatave in
Tamatave.
Rule
6.
when
action,
or motion,
is
inquired.
Inona no izany
was there
What is it ? Iza moa no teo ? Who ? Ho aiza izy, or hankaiza izy ? Where will he
?
go
Han-
When
will
he go
Section
vii.
Syntax op Prepositions.
Rule
1.
Mangataka
aminaxeo aho,
beg of you.
Niala
tamiko ny olona,
go with you.
Rule
2.
The meaning
If the
connected.
Verb
out
signifies to
;
go to a place,
signifies
then am?/
unto, into,
from,
of,
with,
together with.
izy,
he
is
aho,
I will
222
SYNTAX OP
3.
Eule
Prepositions
have Tenses
like
Adverbs,
to ex-
signs, t prefixed to
them
Amiko ny
ankizy, the children are with me. the children were with me. children shall be with me.
Tamiko ny ankizy,
Ho
Rule
4.
Nitoetra
Aoky
me
go with thee.
Rule
6.
Many
Nandeha namaky ny tany aho, I passed through land. Manohitra azy ny olona, the people
against him.
Rule
7.
by the Circumstantial form of the Passive voice. Tanana mahery namoahany ny olona, with a strong hand did he bring the people out. Fangady nihiadiany ny olona ny tany
with spades.
;
Ny
CONJUNCTIONS.
223
Section
vii.
Syntax op Conjunctions.
Rule
1.
sentences together.
Tany sy lanitra, earth and heaNandeha izahay, fa nitoetra hianareo, we went away, but you remained.
ven.
Rule
2.
Moods
sell.
buy and
Nivarotra
omby sy ondry
and sheep.
Rule
tive
3.
Some
after
Mood
them.
rahalalinao,
mamela ny helony
rebuke him ; and
if
Rule
4.
The Conditional
Con-
between
it
it
is
Raha mody
when you
I shall
Raha mahazo
I receive
ny volanao aho,
If
money,
Raha izy no
stays,
be he that
then I
be glad.
224
Eule
5.
SYNTAX OP
Conjunctions after an Objective case, or
Nanavotra ahy
i.
he redeemed
me
and you,
e. na'oO'
tany,
is
understood.
sell
I was able to
is
nahalafo,
understood.
Observations,
Obs.
1.
is
often
used
as
word of a sentence,
and the
last
to connect
phrases, or sentences,
word or sentence.
Ary
we went and
ary lava ny
long.
Fohy ny
andro,
is
alina, the
day
is
short,
Lanitra, sy tany,
and
earth,
and the
sea.
Obs. 2.
sY, connects
Omby
sy
and righteous.
Mividy sy
Obs. 3.
nects
father
The Copulative Conjunction Amana conwords that have co-existence. Ray aman-dreny,
and mother.
Andriana amam-bahoaka, king
riches.
and people.
CONJUNCTIONS.
Obs.
4.
225
sons or things.
women.
Obs.
5.
good and
But
it
often has
its
NO,
when
it
The
commandment
death,
i,
is
holy, just,
it
and good.
makes
alive
revives and
kills.
Obs. 6.
dia, connects
words that are put in apposition, and Verbs that imply motion, progress, or advancement.
Izaho miva-
Lord of heaven and earth. Niala ny olona, dia nankany an-tsena, the people departed and went into
the
sina,
market.
Obs.
or consequence.
Ni-
Ninona
izy,
and died.
226
Obs.
8.
SYNTAX OF
that are used in pairs
The Conjunctions
should correspond.
thou.
will go.
Na
izy
na hianao, whether he or
izareo, neither I, nor they
drakariva,
continually.
him
all.
Tsy misy
least,
i.
e.
Section
ix.
Rule
1.
Interjections precede
and
follow
friend
!
the
By
sakaiza
!
Oh
E ry
Ineny
Oh mother
2.
Ikiaky 6
Oh
father
Rule
are
Interjections
upon.
father
!
Ry
Ineny 6
E
3.
re Andriamanitr' 6
Oh
Rule
Interjections
are placed
!
before Personal
I
!
Pronouns.
am
ruined
!
Lozako
re
Woe
is
!
Oh me
!
am
Oh I Woe unto me
lost
!
Oh that he would Enga ka ho hendry izareo Oh that they were wise Mateza anie aho Oh how sorry I am
Inay izy
!
.'
227
Rule
4.
is
signifies in
order that, or
it
denotes
Did not you buy any thing ? ? Did not you happen to buy any thing ? Lasa ny
miaramila
i.
mba
e.
Rule
5.
is
placed before
Nouns
people.
and Pronouns,
Verbs.
Hotahin' Andria-
Ho
Rule
VA,
after
6.
The
Interrogative
moa and
}
are placed
before
moa
hianao
?
Who
.
art
thou
Handeha
v' izy }
Will he go
?
Tezitra va
ny olona
228
PROSODY.
PART
IV.
PROSODY.
PROSODY
Accent of
Verses.
regulates
the
Proper
Quantity
and
Syllables,
Section
t.
Pronunciation.
phasis, Pause,
1.
is
syllable of
a word
more
forcibly
other, or others.
ACCENT.
(1).
229
first
The Accent
is
placed on the
of Dissyl-
lables,
on the second of
Trissyllables,
and on the
Syllable.
On
Maro many.
Manga, purple.
Lena, wet.
-
Mandeha,
to walk.
Mividy, to buy.
Mandena,
to wet.
Mangataka, to ask.
Mivarotra, to see.
Mahamarina, to
justify, to
make
righteous.
(2).
Words
meaning,
hand.
lalana,
way, road
tanana,
Manda,
lalana,
to deny.
Imp.
(3).
Verbs
in the Imperative
to the
when
is
there
is
but
when
there
as,
miangona, to
Mandroso, to
Mangataka, to
advance.
ask.
Imp. Mangataha,
(4).
Verbs and
Participles of
retain the
230
PROSODY.
;
as,
mandrara,
(5).
The
last
lables
odour.
2.
nunciation.
Some words
called
others are
haste.
long.
Maro,
many.
Maika, in
Mangataka, to ask.
Andriamanitra, God.
3.
Emphasis
is
mark
its
peculiar signi-
Vohi'tra, village.
The Emphasis
is
Examples.
(1).
Mandeha any
Do you go
(2).
Do you
(3),
Any an-tsena va
alehanareo anio
?
Do you
(4).
Do you
PUNCTUATION.
4.
231
Pause
is
in a sentence.
by the same points, or stops, as in the English. They are the comma, (,) ; the Semicolon, (;) the Colon,
;
(:)
the Period,
(.)
(?)
the Dash,
'*
and
Quotation
".
5.
6.
Inflection
is
voice in reading.
The
marked
'
and the
1.
adopt the
?
rising inflection
as,
?wawa-maso va ny biby
Have
Jfw?2-tanana aman-tongotra va ny
feet
?
2.
(1).
(2).
Inona no ataonao
W%at
art
thou doing
.^
Why
hast
Anay ny omby
and the sheep.
sy
ny ondry
cattle
232
(4).
PROSODY.
Ankehitriny
no
is
Now
is
the ac_
now
3.
When
as,
Hendry va hianao
wise.
4.
The Opposition
sentences, rev'
Aleonao
izay ratsy
is
bad, rather
than what
is
good
vany malemi-fanahy
(i. e.
Section
ii.
1.
The Hyphen
also the Elision,
is
Conjunction, and
syllables,
and
or a
syllable in
as,
maro,
many
tanim-boly,
garden
2.
The Hyphen
or
is
omitted,
when
object
is
expressed.
Masoandro,
Tanim-bary
Mitsaha-miasa
izy,
he ceases to work.
; ;
233
to another
by a Hyphen quapeople.
lifies it
i.
an Adjective.
e.
an iron bar.
Olo-maro,
many
Olon-
4.
as, Substantives
joined to Substantives.
Trano-fiaro-
Adpublic
joined to Substantives.
Lalam-be,
road, highway.
tives.
to Substani.
e.
Aza mitsahaunjust,
e.
Adverbs
to Adjectives.
unrighteous.
Tsi-madio,
unclean.
Tsi-mety,
im-
5.
in
Apposition.
e.
the iron.
wooden
house.
The Apostrophe shows the eUsion of an unarticulated vowel, when its true sound is completely
6.
Sain'olona,
mind
cattle
human mind.
cattle,
Ombin'olona,
men's
from omby,
7.
Noun
is
Pronominal Affix
as,
volan'-
234
olona, the people's
PROSODY.
money
Section hi.
Versification.
Versification
certain
is
number of
Hymns
are
composed according
The
following
is
Hymn
on the uncertainty of
first
con-
and rendered
by E.
J.
HYMN
1
L. M.
aina.
Tavim-bilany ny
Tsy
Tsy
2
Fofo-nahandro ny aina,
hita izay halevonan'.
fetry
Ny
Tsy
ny maty
tsy hita,
Hazo amoron-tevana,
hita izay hianjeran',
Na
ho andro, na ho
alin'.
Ny
faty
mpanazakazak',
Zanahary,
Tompony ny
ain'.
YERSE.
235
Maty 'ndroa no
tsy tanty
Fa hahazo
fiainana.
Another Verse
Tsy
haharitr' ela,
tafiotr'
P.
M,
Ny
alina
Akeky ny
finaritra.
(Translation,)
L.
M.
lid.
is
Life
is,
Is brittle,
Is but a
breaks, but
when
hid,
rise.
No
it flies.
2 Uncertain
No
it
will fall,
By day, by night, that is hid from all. 3 Young many times, we shall not be, It 's once for life, all men must see,
With
rapid strokes, death plies his sword,
of
life,
though, once
we may
bear,
can endure,
236
PROSODY.
How
There
who
in Christ trust,
P.M.
The dark tempestuous night. For e'er will not endure Long time 's allotted not, For none, the cross to bear, The lovely dawn that shines afar,
Declares that the beauteous
morn
is
near.
Section
iv.
Figures of Speech.
The
1.
The Proverbs
or Adages,
Ohabolana,
is
a short
Examples,
(1).
Tahaky ny voan-kazo
ny
an'
ala,
Ny
in
mangidy
ariana,
mamy
atelina
ary
ny
mety
alaina.
Like
the
;
forest
swallowed
so in
is
is
right.
(2),
Aleo joko
It is
mihiasolanga,
toy
izay
solanga
mihiajoko.
more
become
straight,
PIGUEES OF SPEECH.
(3).
237
andro hariva.
of the evening,
(4).
The youth of
i.
the morning
is
the age
e. early rising
Misoroka-adidy,
ka manan-tiana,
henatra,
ka hanana
azy,
He
and
Tsy misy
tafintohina an-danitra,
fa an-tany
no mahatafintohina.
There
is
nothing to offend in
is
e.
what offends.
tsy
(6).
Rano madio,
full
iray
siny,
mahaleo rano
maloto, eran-tsotro.
A spoonful of
a vessel
of clean water.
Moral.
One
sin
mars
2.
Parable,
SimiUtude, or Comparison,
ohabo-
Ny
The
ranomasina
manahaky ny Ombelahy
mitrena.
3.
is
expressed
Saba-
arivo
ny
feritreritra
conscience
is
a thousand
swords.
God
4.
is
my
Allegory,
Fanoharana, Oha-teny,
;
is
as,
"Hianao
ary
238
PROSODY.
namboly izany. Nanarony ny tendrombohitra ny fanalofany, ary tahaky ny haze Sedera tsara ny sampany.
Ni-
ony ny rantsany."
it.
"Thou The
were
like sea,
goodly Cedars.
5.
Antithesis, teni-mifanandrify,
;
is
the contrast,
as,
marina, ary
and bad.
sakaiza, ary
and
dirty.
Ny
ny fahavalo, the
friends,
6.
Metonymy,
Solo-anarana,
is
a change of
effect,
or the
as,
pot boils,
hajaina.
i.
e.
the water.
Ny
to
fotsi-volo
tokony ho
i.
be honoured,
e.
the
aged,
7.
Synecdoche, or
Comprehension,
as,
bangobango
ny tany rehetra
Matt.
5, 6.
ny helony."
iii.
all
Judea,
were
baptized of
him
FIGURES OF SPEECH.
8.
239
Personification,
mampody ny
ho
and action
objects
as,
is
Tezitra
ny ranomasina.
The angry
or th^ sea
angry,
is
Masiaka ny
furious.
Ny
saw
ranomasina nahita
it,
Bxidifled.
9.
Apostrophe, Miteny
tsy eo,
endowed
with
life.
Ry
!
lonatana, teo
!
amy ny
fitoeran'
Avonao
namonoana anao
high places
Death, where
dresenao
!
Ry
is
thy sting
Ry
fasana, aiza
!
ny
fan-
Grave, where
is
thy victory
10.
Hyperbole, tapAhoatry
;
ny
izy, consists in an
extravagant exaggeration
blood.
as,
Onin-dra,
Rivers
of
the slain.
omby
raha no soratana,"
" If they
were
written
itself
could not
11.
as,
very
silly.
Adala
v* ialahy
meaning that he
is
wise man.
240
12.
PROSODY.
Interrogation,
is employed, when moved ; as, " Manantsandry tahaka an' Andriamanitra moa hianao ? sa mahampikiotrokotro feo tahaka Azy va hianao ? " " Hast thou an arm like God ? or canst thou thunder with a voice hke him ? " Job xl. 9.
manontany,
13.
Exclamation,
;
fiantsoana,
*'
is
the
effect
of
14.
rises
by
misy lalana
;
tsy
tsy
misy
mpanapaka raha
olon-drehetra.
sitraky
ny fony ny
is
without government
gistrate
;
DIALECTS.
The
principal Dialects are those
of the Central,
DIALECTS.
241
and
also of the
different
1.
Examples*
Ankova.
Betsimisaraka.
Sakalava.
English.
Amboa,alikia kivahy
fandroaka
dog.
Omby
242
PROSODY.
Examples (continued).
Marivo, shallow.
Vady, husband,
Hala, spider.
drink any
^ing.
Ampela, spindle.
Sotro, spoon.
Ampela,
girl, lass.
Maria, come.
Vohoka, preg^ant.
Vakana, beads.
Vohoka,
Vakana,
belly, stomach.
riches.
ANALOGY.
The Malagasy
1
To
of Verbs.
2.
To To
the
Hebrew
in the
in the
which
ANALOGY.
4.
243
To
at the
end of words.
5.
To
the
Welsh
and
in placing the
Emphasis on the
same
syllable,
in the
the exception of o.
6.
To
several words.
Malagasy.
244
LOAN
9^
DEPT.
RENEWALS ONLYTEL. NO. 642-3405 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
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1969
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