This article was downloaded by: [TÜBTAK EKUAL]

On: 7 August 2009

Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 772814176]
Publisher Informa Healthcare
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

International Journal of Neuroscience

Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713644851

Relationships among Nonverbal Intelligence, Hand Speed, and Serum

Testosterone Level in Left-Handed Male Subjects
Üner Tan a; Ahmet AkgÜn b; Münir Telatar c
a
Department of Physiology, Atatürk University, Medical Faculty, Erzurum, Turkey b Department of Physiology,
Black-Sea Technical University, Medical Faculty, Trubzon, Turkey c Black-Sea Technical University, Medical
Faculty, Clinic for Internal Diseases, Trabzon, Turkey

Online Publication Date: 01 July 1993

To cite this Article Tan, Üner, AkgÜn, Ahmet and Telatar, Münir(1993)'Relationships among Nonverbal Intelligence, Hand Speed, and
Serum Testosterone Level in Left-Handed Male Subjects',International Journal of Neuroscience,71:1,21 — 28
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.3109/00207459309000588
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207459309000588

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or
systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or
distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents
will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses
should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss,
actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly
or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
 Intern. J . Neuroscience, 1993, Vol. 71, pp. 21-28 0 1993 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers S . A .
Reprints available directly from the publisher Printed in the United States of America
Photocopying permitted by license only

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG NONVERBAL

INTELLIGENCE, HAND SPEED, AND SERUM
TESTOSTERONE LEVEL IN LEFT-HANDEID
MALE SUBJECTS

UNER TAN
Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Erzururn, Turkey

AHMET AKGUN
Black-Sea Technical University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology,
Trabzon, Turkey
Downloaded By: [TÜBTAK EKUAL] At: 13:45 7 August 2009

MUNIR TELATAR
Black-Sea Technical University, Medical Faculty, Clinic f o r Internal Diseases,
Trabzon, Turkey

(Received July 15, 1992)

The relationships among nonverbal intelligence, hand speed, and serum testosterone level were studied
in male left-handers ranging in age from 17 to 19 years. Hand speed was measured by a peg moving
task. T o assess the differences between nonverbal IQs. Cattell’s Culture Fair Intelligence Test was used.
There was a direct correlation between IQ and testosterone. IQ increased linearly with right-hand speed,
which was directly related to testosterone. There was no significant correlation between IQ and left-
hand speed, which was not significantly correlated with testosterone. IQ decreased with left- minus right-
hand speed, which also decreased with testosterone. It was suggested that nonverbal spatial reasoning
ability may be directly associated with the efficiency of left brain, which is favored by testosterone in
male left-handers. It was also concluded that the left to right asymmetry in hand speed may depend on
efficiency of the right brain in left-handed males.

Keywords: Nonverbal intelligence. testosterone, hand skill, left-handedness, cerebral laterulization

It was frequently reported that there is an association between sex hormones and
cognitive performance in humans. For instance, Money and Meredith (1967) found
an elevated full scale IQ in precocious puberty. Galatzer et al. (1984) have reported
that a high IQ is associated with both precocious puberty and precocious adrenarche.
In accord with these findings, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) have reported that the
male spatial superiority is generally evident only after puberty. Nass et al. (1990)
have found a deficit in spatial performance in females with precocious adrenarche.
On the other hand, Nash (1979) has even argued that individuals will perforrn better
on cognitive tasks when their self-concepts match the sex stereotyping of the tasks.
Signorella and Jamison ( 1986) have evaluated this hypothesis and reported that re-
sults from spatial and mathematical tasks, which are usually stereotyped as mascu-
line, support Nash’s hypothesis.

Address correspondence to Prof. Dr. Uner Tan, Atatiirk University, Medical Faculty, Depairtment of
Physiology, Erzurum, Turkey.

21
 22 U. TAN, A . AKGUN AND M . TELATAR

Sex hormones have also been reported to alter spatial performance in rodents (Jo-
seph et al., 1978; Stewart et al., 1975). Roof and Havens (1992) have studied the
sexual dimorphism in the granule cell layer of the hippocampus of rats and found a
strong correlation between the size of granule cell layers and maze performance;
neonatal testosterone treatment of females resulted in a more male-like hippocampus.
I have previously shown that nonverbal intelligence (Cattell’s Culture Fair Intel-
ligence Test) is directly related to serum testosterone level in right-handed young
men (Tan, 1990 el. In a subsequent work, I have reported that there is a direct
correlation between nonverbal intelligence and serum total testosterone level in right-
handed young men with consistent and moderate right-hand preference; IQ is directly
related to serum testosterone in strongly right-handed young women, but IQ first
increased and then decreased with testosterone in moderately right-handed young
women (Tan, 1990 f). Tan and Akgun (in press b) have confirmed these results in
right-handed young men from a different sample.
I have found that there is close correlation between serum testosterone level and
hand skill in right-handed young subjects. Only right-hand skill increased linearly
Downloaded By: [TÜBTAK EKUAL] At: 13:45 7 August 2009

with serum testosterone levels in right-handed young men; right-hand skill decreased
with serum testosterone in right-handed young women (Tan, 1990 c). Right-hand
performance (dot-filling test) was found to be increased and left-hand performance
decreased with testosterone level in right-handed male subjects; in right-handed young
women, the right- and left-hand performance linearly decreased with testosterone
(Tan, 1990 d). I have also shown that the right-hand skill and its motor learning are
better in right-handed young women with low testosterone levels than those with
high testosterone levels; motor learning linearly decreased with testosterone for the
right hand, not for the left hand (Tan, 1991 a). I have also studied the relationship
between visuomotor learning and serum testosterone level and concluded that tes-
tosterone may be advantageous for visuomotor performance as well as for the motor
learning of the right cerebral hemisphere in right-handed young adults (Tan, 1991
b).
Nonverbal intelligence was also found to be related to hand performance. I have
established that nonverbal intelligence linearly increased with the right-hand perfor-
mance (dot-filling test) in left-handers; but there was no relationship between IQ and
left-hand performance in these subjects (Tan, 1989). I have also found that the right-
and left-hand skill (peg moving task) largely increased with nonverbal intelligence
(Tan, 1990 a). In a subsequent work, I have found that the relationship between IQ
and hand performance (dot-filling test) in left-handers depends on familial sinistrality
and writing hand (Tan, 1990 b), but, in general, right-hand performance linearly
increased and left-hand performance linearly decreased with nonverbal intelligence.
The above mentioned works suggest that there is a close relationship among in-
telligence, testosterone, and hand speed. Galton (1892) tried to explain intelligence
by a single variable: reaction time. This proposition was re-emphasized by Eysenck
(1967, 1983, 1986). Eysenck suggested that reaction time is useful as an elementary
and relevant measure of intelligence (see Lehrl & Fischer, 1990). Eysenck (1983)
has posited that a simple parameter speed of information processing (mental speed)
determines or constitutes more complex mental achievements. Speed of information
processing may determine or constitute the efficiency of activities that are all related
to intelligence (see Lehrl & Fischer, 1990). In accord with this argument, Vernon
and Mori (1989) have found that there is a direct correlation between peripheral nerve
conduction velocity (in the median nerve of the forearm) and IQ.
My works on nonverbal intelligence (Cattell’s Culture Fair Intelligence Test) sup-
ported the notion of “speed of information processing” with regard to intelligence.
 IQ, TESTOSTERONE, AND HAND SPEED 23

Additionally, testosterone seemed to be related to nonverbal intelligence. Accord-

ingly, latency of the Hoffmann reflex decreased linearly with IQ in right-handed
male subjects (Tan, 1991 c); in left- and right-handed subjects, the H-reflex latency
usually decreased with IQ (Tan, 1991 d). I have also found that latencies of the
somatosensory evoked potentials evoked by posterior tibia1 nerve usually decreased
with serum testosterone levels (Tan, 1990 g; Tan, 1991 e; Tan, in press a). These
works show that there is a negative correlation between IQ and neural speed on one
hand, and similarly, a negative correlation between IQ and testosterone on the other
hand. It can thus be concluded that IQ depends on speed of information processing,
which, in turn, depends on testosterone. The above mentioned works on neural speed,
IQ, and testosterone also showed that the relationships among these variables exerted
sex-related and handedness-related variations depending on asymmetric motor con-
trol. To test this triad hypothesis (IQ-neural speed-testosterone), the interrelation-
ships among IQ, hand speed, and testosterone were restudied in left-handed male
subjects in the present work. Hand speed was measured by a peg moving task. The
difference between nonverbal spatial reasoning abilities was assessed by the Cattell’s
Downloaded By: [TÜBTAK EKUAL] At: 13:45 7 August 2009

Culture Fair Intelligence Test. It will be shown in this work that IQ was directly
relhted to right-hand speed, which, in turn was directly related to serum testosterone
level in left-handed male subjects.

METHODS
Subjects
The experiments were performed in left-handed male students from the Medical Fac-
ulty of Black-Sea Technical University (Trabzon). These students ranged in age from
17 to 19 years. They participated in the study voluntarily and did not have psycho-
logical or neurological signs or symptoms.

Nonverbal Intelligence
Difference between nonverbal spatial reasoning ability was assessed by the Cattell’s
Culture Fair Intelligence Test (Cattell, 1971). Scale 2 was used as a group test. The
raw scores were converted into IQs using the table for converting raw scores directly
into intelligence quotients (IQs).

Hand Preference and Hand Skill

Hand preference was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield,
1971). Subjects having Geschwind scores (see Tan, 1988) less than zero wlere con-
sidered as left-handed.
Hand skill was assessed by a peg moving task (see Annett, 1985). This procedure
was modified to obtain more accurate measurements of hand skill (see Tan, 1985).
There were two parallel rows of 25 holes 2 mm in diameter. The distance lbetween
rows was 10 cm. Twenty-five pegs were inserted into the holes within the first row
on the right side. Subjects were asked to insert the pegs from the right row into the
holes within the left row as fast as possible first with right hand from righi to left
and then with left hand from left to right (first trials for the right and left hands).
Subjects repeated this procedure 10 times (10 trials for each hand). In order to ex-
clude the examiner’s reaction time error, peg moving time was measured by an elec-
 24 U . TAN, A . AKGUN AND M . TELATAR

REGRESSION OF 10 ON SERUI TESTOSTERONE

LEVEL IN LEFT-HANDED /ALE SUBJECTS

140
c
2

120

100

80
: .,+ /
: / /
- ? ,.
60 _ . . . . . . . .
Downloaded By: [TÜBTAK EKUAL] At: 13:45 7 August 2009

C..... ..........................................................

0 7.5 15
TESTOSTERONE [ng/ml)
FIGURE 1 Relationship between IQ and serum testosterone level in left-handed male subjects Abscissa:
serum testosterone level (ng/ml) Ordinate: IQ. y = 76.1 + 4.1 x.

tronic device. An electronic clock began to measure time as the subjects inserted the
first peg into the first hole. The clock stopped as the subject inserted the last peg
into the last hole in one row. In doing so, peg moving time (PMT) for the first trial
was measured accurately. The mean right and left PMTs for 10 trials were calculated
for each subject. The right- and left-hand speeds (5/mean PMT) were calculated for
each subject.

Measurement of Testosterone
Venous blood was taken from subjects. Total testosterone was measured using a
Coat-A-Count-Kit supplied by Diagnostic Products Corporation. Aliquots of serum
were placed in antibody-coated tubes. This antibody was highly specific for testos-
terone. Following the addition of I'25-labeledtestosterone, the tubes were incubated
and then counted in a gamma counter after decantation. Samples were read against
a logit-log representation of the calibration curve, which was prepared by addition
of known amounts of testosterone.

RESULTS
Direct Relationship between I Q and Testosterone
Figure 1 illustrates the relation of nonverbal IQ to serum testosterone level. There
was a positive linear correlation between IQ and serum testosterone level. This was
found to be statistically highly significant ( r = .85,t = 5.53, df = 13, p = .OOO;
R2 = .72, R2 adjusted for df = .69).
 IQ, TESTOSTERONE, AND HAND SPEED 25

A . IQ US RIGHT-HAND SPEED D . RIGHT-HAND SPEED US TESTOSTERONE

h

4---
- -
0.16 0.19 0 .zz K 0 5 10
HAND SPEED (mfsl TESTOSTERONE (ny/ml)

B . IQ US LEFT-HAND SPEED E . LEFT-HAND SPEED US TESTOSTERONE

n

.
Downloaded By: [TÜBTAK EKUAL] At: 13:45 7 August 2009

03
I 0.15
0.18 0 -21 0.24 d 0 5 10
HAND SPEED (m/s) TESTOSTERONE (ny/mll

C. IQ US L-R HAND SPEED F . L-R HAND SPEED US TESTCISTERONE

(X 1E-31
120
110
100
90
80
70
0 5 10
-31 TESTOSTERONE (ny/ml)
FIGURE 2 Relationships among IQ, hand speed, and testosterone in left-handed male sulbjects Ab-
scissa: hand speed (m/s) in A and B; L-R hand speed in C; serum testosterone level (ng/ml) in D, E ,
and F Ordinate: IQ in A, B, and C; hand speed (m/s) in D and E; L-R hand speed in F (m/s). A: IQ
vs right-hand speed ( y = 1 . 1 + 512.4 x ) ; B: IQ vs left-hand speed ( y = 71.2 + 118.6 x ) ; C: IQ vs left
minus right hand speed ( y = 101.3 - 316.7 x); D: right-hand speed vs testosterone (y = . I 6 + .004
x ) ; E: left-hand speed vs testosterone (y = .2); F: left minus right hand speed vs testosterone ( y = .04
~ ,005 x).

Relation of l Q to Hand Speed

There was a positive linear correlation between IQ and right-hand speed. This was
found to be statistically significant ( r = .82, t = 3.52, df = 7 , p = .012; see Figure
2A). IQ linearly increased with right-hand speed. The left-hand speed did not show
a significant relation to IQ ( r = .23, t = .57, df = 7 , p = .59; see Figure 2B).
The left minus right hand speed tended to be negatively linearly correlated with
IQ, which, however, did not reach the 5 % significance level ( r = -.53, t = 1.52,
df = 7 , p = .18; see Figure 2C).

Hand Speed and Testosterone

The right-hand speed was found to be positively linearly correlated with serum tes-
tosterone level, which was statistically significant ( r = .71, t = 2.49, df 7 ,p = =I
 26 U. TAN, A . AKGUN AND M. TELATAR

.047; see Figure 2D). Thus, the right-hand speed directly depended on serum tes-
tosterone level. High testosterone levels were found to be associated with high hand
speeds. The left-hand speed did not show a significant relation to serum testosterone
levels, however ( r = .06, t = .15, df = 7, p = .89; see Figure 2E).
The left minus right hand speed was found to be negatively linearly correlated
with serum testosterone levels. This was statistically significant ( r = -.76, t = 2.83,
df = 7, p = .030; see Figure 2F). The difference between the right and left hands
in speed decreased as the serum testosterone levels increased.
The left minus right-hand speed did not depend on the right-hand speed, since
there was no significant correlation between the right-hand speed and the L-R hand
speed (Y = -.14, t = .32, df = 6, p = .76). The left-hand speed determined the
left-minus right-hand speed. Namely, there was a highly significant positive linear
correlation between the left-hand speed and the L-R hand speed (r = .88, t = 4.09,
df = 6, p = .009).
Downloaded By: [TÜBTAK EKUAL] At: 13:45 7 August 2009

DISCUSSION

The results of the present work support the notion that “speed of information pro-
cessing” is the physiological basis of intelligence tests (see Lehrl & Fischer, 1990).
Namely, it was found, in the present work, that the right-hand speed linearly in-
creased with nonverbal intelligence in left-handed male subjects. Lehrl and Fischer
(1990) have argued that the correlation of speed of information processing with global
intelligence is substantial. Mackintosh (1986) has stated that a high IQ is largely
determined by the speed and efficiency of the nervous system. However, the present
work revealed that this notion should be modified according to cerebral lateralization
of subjects. Namely, there was a direct correlation between right-hand speed (left
brain) and IQ in left-handed male subjects, but there was no significant correlation
between left-hand speed and IQ in these subjects. Thus, the relation of IQ to the
speed of information processing in the nervous system seems to be true only for the
left brain of male left-handers.
It is conceivable that there was a significant positive linear correlation between
motor efficiency of the left brain and IQ, since only the left brain is specialized for
nonverbal spatial reasoning in left-handed male subjects; IQ was found to be related
only to right-hand speed, since testosterone specialized only the left brain for spatial
reasoning. So, testosterone seems to be beneficial for the left brain in left-handed
males. This may be a direct action of testosterone on the left brain, since there was
no correlation between IQ and left-hand speed, and no correlation between left-hand
speed and testosterone. As mentioned above, I have frequently shown that IQ is
directly related to serum testosterone level, even in right-handers. So, this work
supported the others.
The triad of IQ-hand speed-testosterone is clearly envisaged from figures of the
present work. As seen in Figure’s 1 and 2 , the relationships between IQ and tes-
tosterone, IQ and right-hand speed, and right-hand speed and testosterone have the
same trends. On the other hand, the relationships between IQ and left minus right
hand speed, and L-R hand speed and testosterone have also the same trends. These
results also suggest that IQ, testosterone, and right-hand speed constitute a triad with
interrelated effects. As shown in this work, left minus right hand speed is inversely
related to testosterone. That is, high testosterone levels are associated with relatively
symmetric motor control. This can only be achieved by a better developed left brain,
since right brain did not show any relation to serum testosterone levels. On the other
 IQ, TESTOSTERONE. AND HAND SPEED 27

hand, the L-R hand speed was found to be determined by the left-hand speed. This
indicates that testosterone also affects the right brain; high testosterone levels seem
to be associated with better developed right brain. This, in turn, suggests that the
right brain may be more importantly affected by testosterone to create a motor asym-
metry in left-handed males; low testosterone levels would create a more efficient
right brain and high testosterone levels would create a less developed right brain
producing relatively symmetric motor organization.
The hippocampus, which was suggested to be involved in spatial processing (Best
& Thompson, 1989; Boufford & Jarrard, 1988; Nadel & McDonald, 1980; Olton,
1977; Sutherland et al., 1983; Whishaw, 1987) seems to be important in testosterone
effects on spatial reasoning. Furthermore, Roof and Havens (1992) have recently
reported that there is a strong correlation ( Y = .86, p < .OOl) between maze per-
formance and the width of the right DG-GCL (dentate gyrus granule cell layer) in
rats. Roof and Havens have suggested that testosterone may act by increasing the
size of this specific cell population of the hippocampus of rats. So, testosterone has
trophic effects on a specific region in the right brain of rats. The results of the present
Downloaded By: [TÜBTAK EKUAL] At: 13:45 7 August 2009

work suggested that testosterone may have beneficial effects on the left as; well as
right brain in left-handed male subjects.

REFERENCES

Annett, M . (1985). h f t , right, hand and brain: the right shqt theory. London: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates Ltd.
Best. P. J . , & Thompson, L. T. (1989). Persistene, reticence, and opportunism of place-field activity
in hippocampal neurons. Psychobiology, 17, 236-246.
Boufford, J . P., & Jarrard, L. E. (1988). Acquisition of a complex place task in rats with selective
ibotenate lesions of hippocampal formation: combined lesions of subiculum and enthorhinal cortex
versus hippocampus. Behavioral Neurology, 102, 828-834.
Cattell, R. B. (197 I). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Eysenck, H . J . ( 1 967). Intelligence assessment: a theoretical and experimental approach. British Journal
of Educational Psychology, 3 7 , 8 1-98.
Eysenck, H. J . (1983). A measure of intelligence. New Scientist, 10, 668-669.
Eysenck, H. J. (1986). Toward a new model of intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 7 ,
73 1-736.
Galatzer, A., Beth-Halachmi, N . , Kauli, R . , & Laron, 2 . (1984). Intellectual function of girls with
precocious puberty. Pediatrics. 7 4 , 246-249.
Galton, F. ( I 892). Hereditaq genius: An i n q u i q into its laws arid consequences. London: hilacmillan.
Joseph, R., Hess, E . , & Birecree, S . (1978). Effects of hormone manipulations and exploration on sex
differences in maze learning. Behavioral Biology, 24, 364-377.
Lehrl, S . , & Fischer, B. (1990). A basic information psychological parameter (BIP) for the reconstruc-
tion of concepts of intelligence. European Journal of Personality, 4 , 259-286.
Maccoby. E., & Jacklin, C . (1974). The psychology of sex djfferences. Stanford: Stanford University
Press.
Mackintosh, N. J . (1986). The biology of intelligence. British Journal of Psychology, 7 7 , 1-8.
Money, J . , & Meredith, T . (1967). Elevated verbal IQ and idiopathic precocious sexual maturation.
Pediatric Research, I , 59-65.
Nadel, L., & McDonald, L . (1980). Hippocampus: cognitive map or working memory. Behavior and
Neural Biology, 29, 405-409.
Nash, S. C . (1979). Sex role as a mediator of intellectual functioning. In M . A. Witting & A. (1. Petersen
(Eds.), Sex-related differences in cognitive functioning (pp. 263-302). New York: Academic Press.
Naas, R . , Baker, S . , Sadler, A. E . , & Sidtis, J . J . (1990). The effects of precocious adrenarche on
cognition and hemispheric specialization. Brain arid Cognition. 14, 59-69.
Oldfield, R. C . (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness. Neuropsychologia, 9 , $17-1 14.
Olton, D . S. (1977). Spatial Memory. Scienttfic American, 236, 82-98.
Roof, R. L . , & Havens, M . D . (1992). Testosterone improves maze performance and induces devel-
opment of a male hippocampus in females. Brain Research, 5 7 2 , 3 10-313.
 28 U . TAN, A. AKGUN AND M. TELATAR

Signorella, M. L., & Jamison, W. (1986). Masculinity, femininity, androgeny, and cognitive perfor-
mance: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 207-228.
Stewart, J., Skvarenina, A . , & Pottier, J. (1975). Effects of neonatal androgens on open-field behavior
and maze learning in the prepubescent and adult rat. Physiology and Behavior, 14, 291-295.
Sutherland, R. J., Whishaw, I. Q., & Kolb, B . (1983). A behavioral analysis of spatial location fol-
lowing electrolitic, kainate, or colchicine-induced damage to the hippocampal formation in the rat.
Behavioral Brain Research, 7 , 133-153.
Tan, U. (1985). Relationship between hand skill and the excitability of motoneurones innervating the
postural soleus muscle in human subjects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 289-300.
Tan, U . (1988). The distribution of hand preference in normal men and women. International Journal
of Neuroscience, 4 1 , 35-55.
Tan, U. (1989). Manual proficiency in Cattell’s Intelligence Test in left-handed male and female sub-
jects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 4 4 , 17-26.
Tan, U. (1990 a). Relation of hand skill to spatial reasoning in male and female left-handers with left-
and right-hand writing. International Journal of Neuroscience, 53, 121-133.
Tan, U. (1990 b). Relation of spatial reasoning ability to hand performance in male and female left-
handers to familial sinistrality and writing hand. International Journal of Neuroscience, 53, 143-
1.55.
Tan, U. (1990 c). Testosterone and hand skill in right-handed men and women. Inrernational Journal
OfNeuroscience, 53, 179-189.
Downloaded By: [TÜBTAK EKUAL] At: 13:45 7 August 2009

Tan, U . (1990 d). Testosterone and hand performance in right-handed young adults. International Jour-
nal of Neuroscience, 5 4 , 267-276.
Tan, U . (1990 e). Testosterone and nonverbal intelligence in right-handed men and women. International
Journal of Neuroscience, 5 4 , 277-282.
Tan, U. (1990 0 . Relationship of testosterone and nonverbal intelligence to hand preference and hand
skill in right-handed young adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 5 4 , 283-290.
Tan, U. (1990 8). Testosterone and somatosensory evoked potentials from right and left posterior tibial
nerves in right-handed young adults. Inrernational Journal of Neuroscience, 55, 161-170.
Tan, U. (1991 a). The relationship between serum testosterone and visuomotor learning in hand skill in
right-handed young women. International Journal of Neuroscience, 56, 13- 18.
Tan, U. (1991 b). The relationship between serum testosterone level and visuomotor learning in right-
handed young men. Internarional Journal of Neuroscience, 56, 19-24.
Tan, U. (1991 c). The relationship of latency characteristics of the Hoffmann reflex from the right and
left thenar muscles to serum testosterone levels in right-handed male and female subjects. Inrer-
national Journal of Neuroscience, 57, 5 1-59.
Tan, U. (1991 d). The inverse relationship between nonverbal intelligence and the latency of the Hoff-
mann reflex from the right and left thenar muscles in right- and left-handed subjects. International
Journal of Neuroscience, 57, 219-238.
Tan, U. (1991 e). Association of serum testosterone withZ latencies of somatosensory evoked potentials
from right and left posterior tibial nerves in right-handed young male and female subjects. Inter-
national Journal of Neuroscience, 60, 249-277.
Tan, U. (in press a). Relation of nonverbal intelligence assessed by Cattell’s Culture Fair Intelligence
Test to latencies of the somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by stimulation of the posterior
tibial nerves in right-handed male and female subjects. International Journal of Neuroscience.
Tan, U . , & Akgun, A. (in press b). There is a direct relationship between nonverbal intelligence and
serum testosterone level in young men. Inrernarional Journal of Neuroscience.
Vernon, P. A., & Mori, M. (1989). Intelligence, reaction times, and nerve conduction velocity. Be-
havior Generics, 19, 799.
Whishaw, I. Q. (1987). Hippocampal, granule cell, and CA 3-4 lesions impair formation of a place
learning-set in the rat and induce epilepsy. Behavioral Brain Research, I I , 59-72.