DEPARTEMTN OF NURISNG SCIENCE FACULTY OF MAEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA MASTER OF NURSING SCIENCES Session 2011/2012 Semester 1

MTGW 6107/6112 Statistical Computing Lecture 11 & 12 Correlation Learning Outcome: At the end of the module, learners are able to: 1. Perform analysis of data using correlation 2. Interpret the output of analysis in SPSS

Correlation: y y y Used to describe the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. Pearson moment correlation coefficient Example of research question: o is there an association between the amount of control people have over their internal states and their levels of perceived stress? o Do people with high levels of perceived control experience lower levels of perceived stress? What you need: two variables : both continuous What it does: correlation describes the relationship between two continuous variables, in terms of both the strength of the relationship and the direction

y y

Preliminary analysis for correlation: y y Generate a scatterplot. Inspect the nature of the relationship between the variable.

Procedure for generating a scatterplot y Refer lecture 3 &4

Interpretation of output from scatterplot: y y Step 1; checking for outlier---go to chart editor---data label mode. Step 2: inspecting the distribution of data points o Are data points spread all over? o Are all the points nearly arranged in a narrow shape? o Is there a linear line across the data? Step 3 : determining the direction of the relationship between the variables o Negatively or positively associated o Strength (weak, moderate, strong) Answer for a, b, c.

a) Create a scatter plot of total perceived stress and total perceived control of internal states ( PCOISS ) which variables should be on the X- axis and y axis? X= dependent (total perceived stress), Y= independent (PCOISS) b) For the graph created in (a) put in a regression line in the graph. What sort of regression line do you think it should be there? Linear regression c) What is the direction of the association between the variables above? Total perceived stress is negatively associated with PCOISS with R2=0.33

Procedure for requesting Pearson r y y y y y Analyze correlatebivariate Select variables Correlation thick Pearson r Missing value click exclude cases pairwise continue

ANSWER D,E.

Correlations Total perceived stress Total perceived stress Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Total PCOISS Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 433 -.581
**

Total PCOISS 1 -.581** .000 426 1

.000 426 430

Interpretation of output from correlation y step 1 : checking the information about the sample o exclude cases pairwise o only 426 that had scores on both of the scales used in this analysis. Step 2: determining the direction of the relationship Step 3: determining the strength of the relationship o Size of the value correlation coefficient, range from -1 to +1 o A correlation of ) indicate no relationship  Small r= .1 to .29  Medium r= .30 to .49  Large r= .50 to 1.0

y y

Step 4: calculating the coefficient of determination o How much variance the two variable share o Square r value o Convert to percentage o E.g. R= .58 r2 = .3376 o It means perceived control helps to explain nearly 34 percent of the variance in respondents scores on the perceived stress scale.
Model Summaryb Adjusted R Std. Error of the Estimate .336 4.760

Model 1

R .581
a

R Square .337

Square

a. Predictors: (Constant), Total PCOISS b. Dependent Variable: Total perceived stress

ANOVA Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 4884.668 9606.957 14491.624 df

Mean Square 1 424 425 4884.668 22.658

F 215.583

Sig. .000
a

a. Predictors: (Constant), Total PCOISS b. Dependent Variable: Total perceived stress

The p value is less than 0.001. this means height can be used to predict weight.

Coefficients Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1 (Constant) Total PCOISS B 43.918 -.283 Std. Error 1.192 .019 Coefficients Beta

95.0% Confidence Interval for B t 36.853 Sig. .000 .000 Lower Bound 41.575 -.321 Upper Bound 46.260 -.246

-.581

-14.683

a. Dependent Variable: Total perceived stress

Step 5: assessing the significance level

Presenting the results from correlation: o The relationship between perceived control of internal states (as measured by the PCOISS) and perceived stress (as Measured by the perceived stress scale) was investigated using Pearson Product moment correlation coefficient. Preliminary analyses were performed to ensure no violation of the assumptions of normality. o There was a strong, negative correlation between the two variable, r=-.58, n=426, p < .0005, with high levels of perceived control associated with lower levels of perceived stress. Perceived control helps to explain nearly 34 percent of the variance in respondents scores on the perceived stress scale. o The regression equation: perceived stress = 43.92 -.28(PCOISS). 95%CI for 1 =[-.321, -.246] for every one point increase in PCOISS , total perceived stress is expected to decrease by .28 point.