This

Volume

is

for

REFERENCE USE ONLY

CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
SKEAT

Oxford University Press

London
-

Edinburgh
Toronto
Calcutta

Glasgow

Copenhagen

New

York

Melbourne

Capetown

Bombay

Madras

Shanghai

Humphrey Milford

Publisher to the UNIVERSITY

A CONCISE

ETYMOLOGICAL DICXIQNAR
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BY THE REV.

WALTER
LiTT.D.,

W.
C.L
,

SKEAT
PH.D., F.B A,

LL D., D

FLRINCTON AND nOSUORIH PROM SSOR OP ANGLO-SAXON IN THF, UNIVERSITY OP CAMBRIDGE, AND FLLLOVV Ot CHRIST 's COLLLGE

NEW AND

CORRECTED IMPRESSION

'Weie man

to live co-eval \vith the sun,

The

patriarch-pupil

would be learning still.' YOUNG, Night Thoughts,

vii

C6

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

Printed in England

At

the

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

By John Johnson
Printer to the University

Reference

Impression of 192?
First edition^ 1882

CONTENTS
PAGE

INTRODUCTION
KEY TO TKK GENERAL PLAN OF THE DICTIONARY
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

vii

xi

*ii

CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

APPENDIX
I.
:

LIST OF PREFIXES

624
630
632

II.

SUFFIXES

III.

SELECT LIST OF L^TIN WORDS SELECT Lisr OF GREEK WORDS

644
647 64$

IV.

HOMONYMS

V.

LIST OF DOUBLETS

VI. DISTRIBUTION

OF

WORDS ACCORDING TO THE LANGUAGES

652 662

FROM WHICH THEY ARE DFRIVED

SUPPLEMENT

...

PREFACE
TO THE EDITION OF
*

A Concise

Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

was

published in 1882, and, after passing through several editions, appeared in 1901 in a new form, so largely re-arranged and re-written as to become, practically, a new book.
first

The

edition

of 1901 has now been again

revised,

corrections have been made, chiefly due to the

new

and numerous light which has

the

been thrown upon some woids by the advance of the publication of New English Dictionary, and by the appearance of new works

upon etymology. Among the latter I may especially instance the Lalemisches Etymologisches Worterluch by Dr. Alois Walde, published
at

Heidelberg

1906.

CAMBRIDGE, Dec., 1910.

INTRODUCTION
THE
first

edition of

my

'

Concise Etymological Dictionary of the

in

English Language* was published

1882, and

it

has since passed

through several editions.

Each
in

successive edition contained several corrections

and

additions,

order that the work might be, to some extent, brought up to

date.

Meanwhile, numerous and important contributions have been made, by many writers, to the study of Indo - germanic philology; more exact methods of analysing phonetic changes have been
adopted, and important advances have been

made

at

many

points.

Such works as Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of German, Franck's Etymological Dictionary of Dutch, Godefroy's Dictionary of Old French, the Modern French Dictionary by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter, in addition to other highly important books such as the Comparative

Grammar

contributed to a

of the Indo-germanic languages by Brugmann, have all much clearer and more exact view of the science of

Hence the time has come when partial comparative philology. emendations of my Concise Dictionary, however diligently made, have (as I fear) failed to keep pace \\ith the requirements of
present day; and I have accordingly rewritten the book from beginning to end, making improvements in nearly every article, whilst at the same time introducing into the body of the work
the

words
tinually

which have hitherto necessarily been relegated to a conThe result is less a new edition increasing Supplement.

than a

new book.

Since the year 1882 above-mentioned, a great advance has been made in English lexicography. An entirely new edition of Webster

appeared

in 1890,

and The Century Dictionary, of which the publication

viu

INTRODUCTION
in 1891.

was begun in 1889, was completed

In both of these works

'

my

name appears

in the

'

List of Authorities cited

expressly mentioned except in But the chief the writer preferred not to risk an opinion of his own. event during this period has been the publication of The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the unique value of

seldom cases of considerable difficulty, where

;

though

it

is

which
in

is

even

general public.

now The

too
first

little understood and respected by the part of this great national work appeared

1884.

The

chief difference

between the second and

later editions of

my

Concise Etymological Dictionary and the present one can now be The former editions were mainly reproduced from readily explained. the first edition, at a time when, from the nature of the case, little
fact

help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the that they either did not exist or could not be much utilised.

But
their

in the present

most important

work, I have endeavoured to glean from them all results. The work has been collated with the

Century Dictionary throughout, and with the New English Dictionary from A to H (excepting a small portion of G). I have endeavoured to make good use of Kluge, Franck, Brugmann, and other authorities and have gladly adopted a large number of corrections. In
;

particular,

have

now marked

the

quantities

of

all

the

vowels

in

Latin

words, as this often throws

much

light

upon Romance

And in many cases where the result is tolerably certain phonology. I have given the primitive types of Teutonic and even of Indo-germanic words.
I endeavoured, by help of cross-references, words under a more primitive form. Thus arrange ex-cite, in-cite^ re-cite and resus-ctt-ate were all given under Cite. But experience has shewn that this endeavour was more ambitious than practical, often causing needless delay and trouble. Hence the viz. an alphabetical one, has been here only truly practical order,
all

In

former editions,
derivative

to

adopted, so that the required word can

now

be found at once.

But

have pretwo lists, one of Latin and one of Greek words, which account pared for a large number of derivatives. These will be found in the
III, at pp. 632 and 644. Appendix, I have much pleasure in mentioning two more circumstances by which I have been greatly assisted and encouraged. Some few years

in order to retain the chief advantages of the old plan, I

INTRODUCTION
ago,

ix

my

friend the Rev. A. L.

Mayhew was

so

good

as to

go

patiently

through every word of

in

the Concise Etymological Dictionary, hundreds of suggestions for improvement; and finally sent

making

me

the

They have all suggestions were entered. copy been carefully considered, and in a very large number of instances have been fully adopted. Again, while the revises were passing
all

which

these

through the press, they were read over by Mr. H. M. Chad wick, M.A., Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, author of 'Studies in Old
English' published by the Cambridge Philological Society in 1899; and his exact knowledge of Indo-germanic phonology has been
I have only to add, in justice to suggestive of many improvements. these scholars, that they are not responsible for all the results here In some few cases I have held to my own preconceived given.
Still it was best that the final opinion ; perhaps not always wisely. form of each article should be left to the author's decision for the
;

reader

is

Many

then sure as to where he must lay any blame. articles which, in former editions, appeared

only in

the

Supplement have now been incorporated with the rest, so that the number of words now explained (in alphabetical order) amounts to

more than 12,750.

Considerable pains have been taken
to

ensure accuracy in the

printing of the forms cited ; and I have received much help from the care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be

who will kindly send me a note of any error which he may detect. I have myself discovered, for example, that under the word Cemetery the Skt. fi is an error for the Skt. ft!
thankful to any reader
* ' '

few belated corrections appear at pp. 662-3.

As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary and common. They deserve to be learnt by heart at once.

ANGLO-SAXON. The
by the occurrence of an
*

most usual vowel-change

is

that

produced

or/ (which often disappears by a subsequent contraction of the word) in the following syllable. Owing to this, we

INTRODUCTION
row
(i) below, are
in

frequently find that the vowels, as arranged in

changed into the corresponding vowels

(1)
(2)
<z,

row

(2).
ea,
eo.

(0), ea,

eo,

5,

<?,

u,

<?,

y,

ie(y\ ie(y\ a,
to
fill,

<?,

y, ie(y,

O. Merc. e\ u(y\
full.

Example \-fyllan,

for *fulljan\ from/ull,

Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from

bases seen in the past tense singular, past tense plural, or past participle of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood. Thus band and bend are from the base seen in the A. S. band, pt. t. of bindan, to bind
;

whilst bundle

By way
as the
'

derived from that which appears in the pp. bund-en. of distinction, I refer to bind- as the * prime grade/ to bandis

second grade/ and

to

bund- as the

'

weak

grade.'

Lastly, our

modern words

Midland (or Old Wessex ; and Old Mercian employs a (mutated has ea, and sometimes e for A. S. eo.

of native origin belong rather to the dialect than to the 'Anglo-Saxon' or Mercian)
to e)

where the A.

S.

ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowelBut we must not changes, but very few of these appear in English. pass over the frequent formation of derivatives from the past tenses
(singular or plural)
bait, Icel. beita,
*

and the past

participles of strong verbs.

is

Thus
;

lit.

to cause to bite/

the causal of
t.

bila, to bite
is beii.

its

form

may

be explained by the

fact that the pt.

of blta

Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it must be borne in mind thai they are also subject to phonetic laws.

These laws

are sufficiently illustrated in

Mr. Paget Toynbee's transIn particular, I

lation of Brachet's Historical

French Grammar.

may
;

note that most French substantives are derived from Latin accusatives

and

that to derive bounty

is

from bonitas (nom.), or honour from Lat.

is

honor (nom.),

For

fuller information,

simply impossible. the reader

First

referred to
;

English Etymology, with the native, and the

language.
I

and Second Series

latter

my Principles of the former deals chiefly

elements of the

with

the

foreign

My

Primer of English Etymology contains some of the

facts.
list

more important

subjoin a key to the plan of the work, and a

of abbreviations.

INTRODUCTION

xi

KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF THE DICTIONARY.

Order of Words. Words are given in their alphabetical but a few secondary derivatives are explained under some order; more important form. Thus campaign is given under Camp, and cannon under Cane.
i.

The Words selected. The word-list contains nearly all primary words of most frequent occurrence, with a few others that are remarkably prominent in literature, such as unaneled. Homonymous forms, such as bay (used mfive senses), are numbered.
2.

3.
;

Definitions.

Definitions are omitted in the case of

common

words but explanations of original forms are added wherever they seemed to me to be necessary.
4.

Language.
marked,

The language

to

which each word belongs

letters within

is

distinctly

in every case,

by means of
or

marks of

parenthesis.
from.'

Here the symbol

is

is

to
;

be read as 'derived
i.e.
its

Thus Abbey
;

(F.

L.

Gk.

Syriac)
in

a French word

derived from Latin

whilst the

the Latin
is

word being,

turn,

from Greek,

Greek word

of Syriac origin.
is

The

order of derivation

always upward or backward, from

late

to early,

and from

early to earlier forms.

+ is employed to distinguish forms which are merely and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming cognate, the etymology. Thus, bite is a purely English word, derived from the bi tan. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bijten, Anglo-Saxon Icel. bita, Swed. bita, Dan. bide, G. beissen, and the other IndoThe symbol
germanic forms, viz. Lat. findere (base/*/-) and Skt. bhid, to cleave, are merely cognate and illustrative. On this point, there commonly exists the most confusion of ideas; and there are many singular

Englishmen who are accustomed

to derive English, of all things,

from

Mtdern High German !

of warning.
It

I therefore

introduce this

symbol

by way

usual algebraical value of plus or additional \ and indicates 'additional information to be obtained from the comits

has

parison of cognate forms/

XH

INTRODUCTION
The symbol

>
'

means

'

older than,' or
l

symbol
5.

<

means

younger than/ or

primitive than derived from.'

'

more

'

the

Symbols of Languages.

The

symbols, such as

F.= French,

are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to baffle the enquirer who wishes to find the words referred to. Every symbol has a special
sense,

word them most

to certain books, in one at least of which the be found, as I have ascertained for myself by looking I have purposely used, as far as was practicable, the all out. The exact sense of each symbol is easily accessible authorities.

and has reference

cited

may

given in the
6.

list

below.

Hoots.

Indo-germanic
read as 'root/

root.

In some cases, a word is traced back to its original The root is denoted by the symbol */, to be

Thus

bear, to carry,
lists

is

from

\/BHER.
is

Some

of

these roots are illustrated by the

7.

in

III of the

Appendix.
used to

Derivatives.

The symbol

Der.,

i.e. Derivatives,

introduce forms related to the primary word. Thus, under Act, I note such derivatives as act-ion, act-we, &c., which cause no difficulty.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Arab.
sian

Arabic ; as in Richardson's Perand Arabic Diet., ed. F. Johnson 1829. See also Devic's Sup;

Corn.

Cornish; as

in Williams' Diet.;

1865.

Dan
Dan.

Danish
1861.
dial

as in

Fen all and Repp

;

plement to
A. S.
aries

Littre's F. Diet.
;

Anglo-Saxon as in the dictionby Bosworth and Toller, Ettin the Vocabumuller, and Grein laiies edited by T. Wright and Prof. and in Sweet's Oldest Wulker
;

Danish dialects

as

in

Molbech, 1841. Du. Dutch; as in Calisch and in the Tauchnitz Dutch Diet. Middle Dutch words are from Oudemans,

English Texts. Bavarian Bavar.

Bayerisches
1837Bret.

Hexham
as
in

Schmeller's
;

E.

Modern English

(1658), or Sewel (1754). as in N. E. D. ;

;

Worterbuch

1827-

(New English Dictionary) the Century Dictionary.

M.E.

and

in

Breton

as in Legonidec's Bret
veri.

Middle English (English from

Diet., ed. 1821.

the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries inclusive); as in Stratxnann's

Brugm.

Brugmann, Grundriss der

;

gleichenden Grammatik, &c.

vol.

Old English
F.

Diet.,

new

edition,

(2nd ed.}, 1897; vol. ii. 1889-90. C.~ Celtic used as a general term for
;

1891. French.

Most of the forms

cited

Irish,Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish

are not precisely modern French, but from Cot. - Cotgrave's Dictionary,

INTRODUCTION
ed. 1660.

Xlll

This accounts

for citation
,

Malay.
cf.

of forms, such as F. recreation without accents ; the F. accents

Mex.

As in Marsden's Diet., 1812; Notes by C. P. G. Scott Mexican as in the Diet, by

;

being mostly modern.

Such words

are usually maiked M. F. (Middle French). See also the dictionaries

Simeon, Paris, 1885. M. E. Middle English; see under E.

above.

by Hatzfeld and Littre. O. F. Old French; as

tionaries

M. H.G.
in

Middle High German;

;

see

the

dic-

under G. above.

by Godefioy, Burguy, or

Roquefort.
Fries.

Gael.

Friesic; as in Richthofen, 1840. Gaelic ; as Macleod and

Norwegian as in Aasen'b Norsk Ordbog, 1873. O. F. Old French see under F. above. O. H. G. Old High German; see under
;

Norw.

Dewar, 1839; or Macbain, 1896.

G.

G. above.
O. Sax.

German

Low

G.

as in Flugel, 1883. Low German; as in

;

Old Saxon

as in the Heliand,

the

&c., ed. Heyne.

Bremen Worterbuch, 1767. M. H. G. Middle High German

in

O. Slav
;

Old Slavonic;
Etym.
;

as

in

Mik-

as
Pers.

losich,

Diet., Vienna, 1886.

Schade,

Altdeutsches

Worteras in

Persian

as in Richardson's Arab.
in Palmer's Pers.

buch, 1882. O. H. G. Old

the

and Pers. Diet. ; or

High German

Diet., 1876

cf.

Horn, Neupersische
in

Gk.
Goth.

same volume. Greek as in Liddell and Scott's

;

Peruv.

Etymologic, 1893. Peruvian as

;

the Diet, by

Lexicon.

Gon9ales, Lima, 1608.

;

Moeso - Gothic

as

in

Balg's

Port.

Portuguese; as

in Vieyra, 1857.

Glossary, 1887-9. Heb. Hebrew as in Gesenius' Diet.,

;

Prov.

1893.

in Raynouard's Bartsch's Lexique Roman, and Chrestomathie Proven9ale.

;

Provenal

as

Hind.
or

Hindustani
Wilson's

Glossary

as in Forbes, Bate, of Indian

Kuss.

Russian;

as

in

Reiffs

Diet.,

1876.

Terms.
Icel.

Scand.
;

Scandinavian

used as a general

Icelandic

as in Cleasby and Vig-

term for Icelandic, Swedish, Danish,

fusson, 1874.

and Norwegian.
;

Idg.

Indo-germanic

the

family of

Skt.

Sanskrit

as

in

Benfey's Diet,

languages which includes Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, English, &c.

Irish.
Ital.

1866.

as in O'Reilly, 1864. Italian as in Meadows, 1857

Irish
;
;

Neumann, ed. Span. Spanish ; as Seaone, 1862 Pineda, 1 740 ; or

;

Torriano, 1688 ; and Florio, 1598. L.-~ Latin ; as in Lewis and Short, 1880.

Minsheu, 1623. as Swed. Swedish

;

in the

Tauchnitz

Diet., or in

Late L.

Late Latin

edition of

Ducange

1884-7. (Low L. of non-Latin origin.)

Lith.-

m the latest Swed. dial. Rietz (1867). by L. Favre, Late L. words Teut. Teutonic
as

Widegren, or in Oman. Swedish dialects; as in

a general term for
Gothic,

Lithuanian

as in Nesselmann's

English, Dutch, German, and Scandinavian.

Diet., 1851.

Turk.
;

Turkish

as in Zenker's Diet.,

Low

G.

Low German

see under G.

1866-1876.

above.

W.

Welsh; as

in Spurrell, 1861.

XIV

INTRODUCTION

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.
ace.
adj.

accusative case.
adjective.

nom.
ol)s.

nominative case.
obsolete.
original or originally.
plural.

adv.

adverb.

orig
pi.

A.V.
cf.

Authorised Version of the

i. e.

Bible, 1611.

pp.

past participle.
preposition.

confer,

compare.

prep.

Ch.

Chaucer,
comparative,
conjunction, dative case,
dec! ensional
.

pres. part pres.

1

comp.
conj.

t.

present participle. present tense.

>rob.

pi obably.

dat
decl.

pron.
prov.
pt. t.

pronoun.
provincial. past tense.

Der.

Derivative,
diminutive,
feminine,
frequentative,

dimin.
f.

q. v.
s v.

quod vide = which

substantive.
.

see.

or

fern.

sub verbo = under the word.

frequent.

sb.

gen.
i.

e.

genitive case, id est, that is.

infinitive

Sh ak
smg.
str.

Shakespeare.
singular.

inf.

mood,

vb.

strong verb.

interj.
lit.

interjection,

literally,

supeilative. tr.- translated, or translation.

stiperl.

m. or ma&c.
n. or neut.

masculine.
neuter.

trans.

transitive.

vb.

verb.

Some
clearer,

of the Greek

of the longer articles are marked off into sections by the use letters p, y. This is merely intended to make matters

by separating the various statements from each other. Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginning with the symbol f XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced
.

in the i4th, i5th, or i6th century, respectively.

Hyphens

are freely

Thus the introduced to shew the etymological division of a word. word concede is derived from Lat. con-cedere ; meaning that conccdcre
can be resolved into con- and
cedere.

This etymological division

is

often very different from that usually adopted in printed books when words have to be divided ; thus capacious can only be divided, etymologically, as cap-ac-i-ous,

when

because cap- is the root-syllable whereas, divided according to the pronunciation, it becomes ca-pa-ci-ous. Theoretical forms are marked by an asterisk preceding them. Thus,
;

under Barrow (i), the Teutonic type *bergoz, a hill, is the primitive Teutonic form whence the A. S. beorg and the G. berg are alike descended; and under Beetle (2), the A. S. form bytel must have been
^

betel in

Old Mercian.

INTRODUCTION
The symbols
"5

xv

and

]>

are both written for

tS

the sound of tk in thin^

and

/h. In Icelandic, f> has that of th in that\ but the M.E. and A.S.

at symbols are confused. The M.E. symbol 5 commonly represents the beginning of a word, and gh in the middle. A. S. short and long vowels, such as a and a, are as distinct from each other as e and 17,

or o and

o>

in

Greek.

The distinction between the two values of A. S. long <z (as made by Dr. Sweet in his A. S. Diet.) has been carefully observed.
Thus
the A. S.

&

invariably represents the mutation of A. S. a (as

but A. S. & represents the usual), and corresponds to Goth. ai\ Wessex sound corresponding to the Anglian and Kentish and to Goth. e. For example, heal is from A. S. hcflan, cognate with Goth.
<?,

hailjan,

G.

heilen]

but deed

is

from O. Merc, ded (Wessex ddd),

cognate with Goth. deds> G,

that.

ADDENDA ET EMENDANDA
IN the course of
is

revision, the following Errata

have been observed.

This

list

added

for the sake of completeness, as the errors are not serious.

Adieu, l.n Adulation.

latio^

History,
Read adulationem, adu(F.

1.

5.

For base tead weak

For G. hnlst read
stem read
type.

grade.

adulatus, adiilarl.

Allegory. Read
cent.

- L. - Gk.) XIV Low G. hulse. Hone, 1. 4. For

Holly.

11.

5,

6.

Audience, Chicken, Choose, Hesen.

1.

1.

5.

1.

5.

3.

Read afiaOhOai. Read kjuklingi. Read Du. kiezen, G.

Hyson,
1.

1.

6.

Indigent, 1. Read -/MEIGHw, 9. Mist,

darken
;

For Chin, read Amoy. 6. Not allied to axfiv.

to

distinct from,
l.

&c.

Cost,
kosten
;

vb.

Prob.

(Du.-F.-L.) Du.

Nasturtium,
nastu)cium\

3.

Read

from O. F.
1.

coster.

both foims are

3.

for

also spelt *nas-

Curl,

4.

Cypress

(2),

Fur krulla read kt idle. torctiom (Walcle). For (F.-L.) read Notorious, 1. 1. 2.
witness
1.
;

Read

voucher,

(F.-L.-Gk.).

cf.
1.

L. pp. nfftus, &c.

ami 1 eut.)

Diphthong, 4. Engage, tot (F.-L.)

1.

For G. read
read

Gk

Pier,
pere, the

2.

Read ~- M. E. pere

F.

(F.-L
decl

Noiman equivalent of O. Plait, 1. 3. Read *pltctum.

1

.J>iere.

Erotic,
stem.

2.

For crude form read

1.

Scraggy,
weak

5.

skragger* (Ross gives

i.

For skragga read Norw. skragg, a pooi

Exponent,
Falcon.

Read

exponent-.

creature, skraggen> scraggy.)

Some

take falco to be of

Shaddock,
seventeenth.

4.

Read

late

in

the

Teutonic origin.

Fern, last line. The Gk. irr '/? vreptv, are merely given by way of illustration. They are not allied words. Fusil
but
Ital.

Shah, Smith,

1.

2.
1.

Read khsayathiya.

8.

Read pp. *snndanoz.

.

(i).

The L./OC&
2, 3.

is

not found

has this very form.

11.

Throstle, L 5. Read led. }r$str. Vernal, last line. For Air read/07; Wheel, 1. 8. For QEL read QwEL.
P. 652.

Gunny,
Hare,
;

11.

4, 5.

Read gdti> gdni. Read sasnis, *&asnis.

'

The

lists

given in this Section

VI

N.B. The Skt. fasa is not from (etc., to ' jump but perhaps meant gray ; cf. A. S.
hasu, gray

are

uncertain, and are only given tentatively. Several will hereafter require slight readjustment.

somewhat

A
CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
ABBEY
A, mdef. A- (0,
(E.)

art

(E

See

An.

lies to

the aft.
;

Cf.

M.E.

biaften.

Gen.

as in a-down --= A. S. ofdiine. Heie a- - A. S. of\ see Of, Off.

and Exod. 3377 A. (2), By, and Aft.

S. bedftan.

See

A-

AAA.
S.

(2),

as

in

afoot.
is

(E.)

foot ; see On. ^f This value of the prefix a-.

(3),

the

as in
;

a-long.

(E

and;

see
in

Along.
a-nse.
(E.)

A-L.
#</,

A S. 0A- (5\
;

(4), as

For on Abandon. (F.-Low L.-O. H.G.) commonest M. PI abandounen, vb. F. abandonner. F. a bandon, at liberty; orig. in the power Here a- = (of). L. ad, at Low L. bandum, bannum, from O. H. G. ban, an order, decree Here a- = summons, ban see Ban.
;
;

see Arise. as in a chieve, a-stringent. or L) Here <z = F. prefix a

Abase.
(F. = L.
-

(F.

L.)
;

M.E. abasen,irom

A-

(5)

and Base

imitating O.F. abaissier,

to lower.

to

see

Ad-.
as in a-vcrt.
(L.)

AL Ais

(6),
;

Here

see

Ab;

(i).

(7), as in

a-mend
and
e-

for

e-mend

=L

(L.) Herea-/H<?w</ or e?.r ; see Ex-.

AAGk.

See Alas. (8), as in a-las. (F.) Here a(9)1 as in a-byss. (Gk.)

d- or
di/;

=
,

see

Asee

(10). as in

Un-, Abyss For at do a-do. (E )

At, Ado. A- (i 0, as in a-ware (E.) Here a- is for E.y-, i-, A.S ge-\ see Aware. A- (12), as in a-vast. (Du.) For Du. /&<?W vast see Avast. Ab- (i), prefix. (L.) L. tf/>, from;

Abash. (F.) M. E. abase hen, abatsF. esbatss-, stem of pres. chen, abasen. to astonish. part, of esbatr (F. tbahir], O. F. es- ( = L. ex, out, veiy much) and batr* bahir, to cause astonishment, a word of imitative origin from the interj. bah ! of astonishment. <[f Sometimes conSee Bashful. fused with abase in M. E. M. E. abaten.Abate. (F.-L.) Late L. *abbattere, to beat F. abatre

down

and batere, (as in Ital.) -L. ad, to; for batuerc to beat. See Batter, ^f Hence
bate, for a-bate,

Cf.

Ab-

(2).

Abbot.
abbot, abbod,

M. E. tL.-Gk.-Syriac A.S abbod. \* abhat- (nom.

lit.

In F., it of; see Of. becomes a- or av- see Advantage. For L. ail, to, (L.) (2), prefix. by assimilation see Abbreviate. For on back. A. S. (E.)

cognate with

abbas], an abbot,

a father -Gk.djfySas.

Ab-

Aback.

onb(fc\ see

(2) and Back. Abaft. (E.) From the prefix a- (2), and b-aft, short for bi-aft, by aft. Tims "/=on by aft, i.e. at the part which

A-

M. E abbesse.- O. F. abesse, abaesse. Late L. abbdt-issa - L. abbat- (as above) and -issa - Gk. -taaa, fern suffix. M.

-Synac abba>* father; Rom. vm 15. abbess. (F.-L - Gk. - Syriac )

;

abbey.
E.
albeye.

(F.

L.

Gk.

O. F.

abeie,

- Syriac ) - Late L,
B

-ia.-L. abbdt- (above).

ABBREVIATE
Abbreviate. (L.) From pp. of L. L. ab-, for ad, abbreuidre, to shorten. and brenis, short. to, by assimilation
;

ABRIDGE
Cf. Habit. habere, to have. from L. ace. habilitatein.

Der.
;

ability

Ablution.
ace.

See

Ab- (2) and Brief. Abdicate. (L.) From

(F.-L.)

F.

fiom

L.

pp. of L. ab;

L. ab-lutionem, a washing away. ablilfus, pp. of ab-luere, to wash away.

L. ab, from dicdre, to renounce. to proclaim. Allied to Diction.

dicdrc,

Abdomen.

(L.)

L. abdomen

(stem

abdomin-'}, lower part of the belly. L. abditctionem, Abduction. (L ) ace. of abductio, a leading away. L. abL ab, from ; dncere, dfuere, to lead away. to lead. Cf. Duke Abed. (E.) For on led, see A- (2)

pp. of L. abL. ab, from negdre, to deny. ncgdre, to Cf. Negation. say no. Aboard. (E.) For on board see A, ;

L ab, from lucre, to wash. Abnegate. (L.) From

;

(2)

and Board.
sb.

Abode,
abiding 2nd stem
of
pies.

(E

M.
as
if

E. abood, delay,

Formed
of

from

S.

dbdd,

dtidan, to abide.

and Bed.

Abolish. (F.-L.)
Piom
;

See Abide. aboliss-, stem

abolere,

Aberration. (L)

ace. of L.

pt.

of

abolir.

'L

to

aberratio, a wandering fiom; from pp. of errare, to L. ab, from L. ab-errdre. wander, err. See Err.

abolish.

From pp. of L. iL.) ab-dfnindrt, to turn away from that which

Abominate.

Abet,

to

incite.

(F.

Scand.)

O. F.

abetcr, to excite, set a- (Lat. ad-) ; and

F. beter, to bait (a beai), to set on, from Icel. beita, to make to bite, causal of blta, to bite. See Bait, Bite. Der. /v/, shoit for abet, sb.
(F.

on (Godefroy)

is of ill omen. omen, an omen.

JL

ab,

away; omin-,

for

Aborigines,
(L.)

L.

abongines,

inhabitants. original the nations which,

previous to historical record, drove out the Sicuh (Lewis and Short). Formed

Abeyance, L A.
}

expectation, F. abeiamc,
;

waiting (Roq ). F. a of O. F. beer (F. bayer), to gape, expect L. ad, at and baddre, to gape. anxiously. Abhor. (L.) L. ab-horrete, to shrink
;

suspension. suspension, and bcant, pres. pt.

fiom L ab online, fiom the beginning, where origins is the abl. of ongo (Vergil, TEn 642).
i

Abortion.
abortio,

(L)

From
L.

ace.

of L.

an

untimely birth

L
ab,

abortus,

from

in terror.

L
to

ab,
\vait

from
for.

horrete, to
(E.)

pp of ab-oriri, to fail Cf. orlri, to arise, begin,

away

diead.

Cf.

Horrid.

Abide
;

(i),

Abound.
S.

(F -L.)

Orient. A. F. abunder,

O. F. abotider.

from a-, prefix, and bidan, to d-bidan bide. See A- (4) and Bide.

Abide
In Sh.
;

L ab, away; itnda, a \\ave. About. (E ) M. E. abuten,

A.
S.
;

L. ab-undare, to overflow.

aboutm.

(2), to suffer for,

pay

for

;E

corrupted from M. E. abyeu, to lit. to buy up, redeem. A. S. dbycgan, to pay for. See A- (4) arid Buy. Abject, mean, lit. cast away. (L.) L ab-iectus, cast away, pp of ab-icere, to cast away. L. ab awaj facet e, to cast.

ittan

dbtltnn, onbfitan ; short for on-bewhere be answer^ to E. by, and u tan,

///,

pay

for,

outward, is i elated to By and Out

out.

See

A- (2\

Cf.
lit.

Jet
to

(i).

Abjure. (L)
iurdre, to swear.

swear away from

Cf.

L. ab-iurare, to deny; L. ab, from L. inr-, from nom. ius,

M.E. aboven, abufen. Avhero be abnfan, for. on-be~itfan ans\\cii> to E. by, and iijan, upwaid, is extended fiom (loth nf, up See A- (2\ A. S. By, Up. (A S tifan-<Ci obcn be-ufan - T)u boven.}

Above. (E)
S

law, light.

Jury.
;

L. abldtlttus, lit. Ablative. (L.) L. ab, from and Idtum taking away. = tldtum], to bear, take ; allied to tollere, ( to take. See Tolerate.

Abrade, to scrape off. (L ) L. abL ab, ofi tddere, adere,\& scrape off to scrape. Der. abiasion f:om L pp.
,

abrdsus}.

Abreast. (E)
ee

A-

(2) arid

Put for Breast.

on

breast-,

Ablaze.
(2)

(E.)

For on

blaze

see

A-

and Blaze.
skilful.

Abridge. (F.-L.)
shorten.
ab-,

M.E.

abreggen.

Able,
M.

powerful, (F. E. able, hable. - O. F. habile, able, able. L. habiliS) easy to handle, active. L.

- L)

A. F. abreggcr, O. F. abrcger, abregier, to

L. abbreuidre, to shorten. L. put for ad-, to; and breuis, short. Cf. Brief. Doublet, abbreviate.

ACOLYTE
Low L. a servitor. (F. F. acolyte, Cot. -Late L. acolythus. Gk. oK6\ov0os, a follower. Gk. d-, with (akin to Skt. sa-, with) ; tefatvOos, a = path ; so that atc6\ovOos a travelling-companion, L. ( F. Aconite, monk's-hood. L. aconitum. Gk. aconit. F. Gk.) O.KOVITOV, a plant ; perhaps so called from
Acolyte,
Gk.)
*

ADDRESS
upper city.' Gk. axpo-s, pointed, upper; and ir<5Xis, a city. Across. (E. a*K/Scand.) Ji QI on cross ; see A- (2) and Cross. Acrostic, a short poem in which the initial letters spell a word. (Gk.) Gk. Gk. cfopo-s, pointed, also aKpoonxis. first and <m'xos, a row, line, from weak
;

grade of ar^i\tiv y to go

growing \v

dicovai?,

on steep sharp rocks.

Act,

sb.

(F.

-L )

a whetstone, sharp stone. M, E. acorn. A. S acern, fruit of the field/ from fruit; properly A. S. cecer, a field see Acre.+Icel. akarn, Dan. agern, Goth, akran, fruit from I eel. akr, Dan. ager, Goth, akrs, a field, ^f Not
atc-6vij,

Gk.

Acorn.

(E.)

'

m., and actum, n. agere,\.Q do, drive. See Agent. Der. act' ion act-ive (F. actif) act-or\ act-u-al (L. cr/-actnalis) ; act-tiary (L actuartus" a/^ (from pp. of Late L. actuate, to per;
,

F. acte. - L. at tus, L. actus, done pp. of

;

(V STEIGH.)

form, put in action).

from oak.

Acumen.
ness, acuteness.

(L)

L. ac-u-mcn, sharp-

Acoustic.
relating

to

(Gk.) hearing

Gk.
(or

dirovcrri/ifos,

Cf. acuere^ to sharpen.

sound).

Gk.

dtcovetv, to hear.

Acquaint. (F
ten,
earlier

acointer, to acquaint with. Late L. adcognitdre, to make known (Brachet). L. ad, to ; and *cogmtare> formed from See cognitus, pp. of cognoscere, to know.
acointier,

L.) acointen.

M.E. acqueynQ.F.

Acute. (L.) L. acutits, sharp ; pp. of ac-u-eie, to sharpen. (-y^AK, to pierce.) Ad-, prefix. (L.) L. ad, to, cognate with E. At. ^[ L. ad becomes ac- before
c\ af- bef./; ^- bef. g\ al- bef. /; awbef. n a/- bef. / ; ar- bef. r ; as- bef. 5 ;
;

at- bef.

/.

Quaint.

Acquiesce.
rest in.
rest.

L acquiescere, to (L.) L. ac- (for ad\ to; quiescere, to

See Quiet.
L. acqulrtre, to get, L. ac- (for ad) 9 to; quterere, to
;

Acquire. (LJ
obtain.
seek.
qiilsltus.

Der. acqmsit-ion

from pp.

cc-

F. adage. a saying. (F. L.) L. a</; and flf7-, as in L. adagiutn. *agio, orig. form of aio, I say. - L. - Gk.) M. E. (F. adamaunt, a diamond, a magnet. O. F. adamant. L. adamanta, ace. of adamas. Gk. d5d/tay, a very hard metal or stone ; * lit. unconquerable/ Gk. d- ( = E */-) ; and 8a/xdo>, I conquer, tame. See Tame.

Adage,

Adamant.

L.) M.E. aguiten.(F. F. aquitcr, to settle a claim ; Late L. <ic([uietdre.'lu. ac- (for ad), to; qtnetare^

Acquit.

Adapt. (F.-L^
;

Early

XVII

cent.-

vb

formed from quietus discharged, Jree, See Quiet. orig. at lest. Acre. (E.) M. E aker A. S. <ecer.+ Du. akker, Icel. akr, Swed. aker, Dan. ager, Goth, akrs, G. arir L. a^r, Gk. d-ypos,
,
^
;

F. adapter L. ad aptare, to fit to. L. <&/, to aptare, to fit, from aptus, fit, apt. Add. (L.) M.E. adden. lLj. addere,
lit.

See

M. E. adders; (E.) also naddcie, neddere. [An adder resulted

from a nadder, by mistake.] A. S. nddre, G. natter, a snake; also ntfddre, a snake. cf. Icel nabr, Goth, nadrs (with short a). Addict. (L.) From L. addict-us, pp.

A bscond. Adder, a viper.

to put to.

L. ad

and

-dere, to put.

Skt. ajra. Teut. type *akroz ; Idg. type, The ong. sense was 'pasture.' *agros. (^AG.N Der. acor-n, q. v.

Acrid,
-'/

tart.

acri-, stem the analogy of ac-id.

to

(L.)

of acer, sharp
F.

Coined by adding on
;

to

Acrimony.
(above).

(F.

-L.)

acnmome.

L. d(ri~tttdn-ta.

L. acri-, stem of Acer

(F.

of ad-dlcere, to adjudge, assign. L. ad, Cf. Diction. dicere, to say, appoint. Addled, corrupt, unproductive. (E.) Due to an attributive use of the M. E. sb.
;

adel, filth, used in the

- Gk. dtfpoflaros, lit. urine-egg; mistaken form of L. duurn Gk. dtcpo-v, a point, neut. of urfnum, wind-egg, due to Gk. ovptov &ov, and 0ar6s, verbal adj. of wind-egg. Orig. 'mud,' from A.S. adela, o#-poj, pointed mud Grein). Cf. Low G. adel, a puddle. mVi/, to walk see Come.
acrobate.
tiptoe.
; ;
(

Acrobat,

a tumbler.

F Gk.) walking on

lit.

filth-egg

'* Late

compound adel-ey, L. ovum urina,

Acropolis,

citadel.

(Gk.)

Lit.

Address,

vb.

(F.-L.)

F. adresstr.

ACCOLADE
(F.

ACME
a knight Cotgrave,

Accolade, the dubbing of F. accollade, in Ital. - L.)

Accrue,
(F.-L.)

to come to by way of increase. From A. F. acru, O. F. acreu,

ed. 1660; lit. an embrace round the neck, pp. of acroistre (F. accrottre}^ to increase. L. accrescere see above. then a salutation, light tap with a sword in dubbing a knight. Ital. accollata, fern, Accumulate. (L.) From pp. of L. L. ac- (ad], to ; of pp. of accollare, to embrace about the ac-cumuldre, to amass. neck (Florio). L. ac- (for ad), to, about cumuldre, to heap up, from cumulus, a collum, the neck. heap. Accommodate. (L.^ From pp. of Accurate. (L.) From pp. of L. L. ac- (ad), L. accommodare, to fit, adapt. L. ac- (for accurdre, to take pains with to L. com- ( curare, to care for, from cur a, care. acf), to; and commodus, fit. See Cure. cum), with and modus, measure, mode Accompany. (F.-L.) F. accom- Accursed, cursed. (E.) Pp. ofM.E. acursien. A. S. a-, prefix and cursian, F. a (L. ad], to pagner, to accompany. and O. F. competing, companion see to curse ; see A- (4) and Curse. - L.) A. F. acuser. - L. Accuse. (F. Company. Accomplice. (F.-L.) Put for a accusdre, to lay to one*s charge. L. acF. complice, (ad), to ; and causa, caussa, a suit at law, complice; a is the indef. art. a cause. *a complice, confederate;* Cot. L. ace
; ;
;

complicem, from complex, confederate, lit. * interwoven.' L. com- (ctitn\ together; and stem plic-, allied to phcdre, to weave.
Cf. Ply.

Accomplish. (F. L.) M. E. acornO. F. acomplis-, stem of pres ptisen. L. ad, to part, of acomplir, to complete.
;

L.) A.Y.acustumer (F. F. a accoutumer], to make usual. (from L. ad, to) ; and A. F. custume, custom. See Custom. ' Ace, the one on dice. (F. - L. - Gk. ?) E. as. - O F. as. - L as [Said to be the Tarentine a?, lor Gk. cfs, one.]
(F.

Accustom.

L. comcomplere, to lulfil. gether plere, to fill.

;

(cunt],

to-

Acephalous, headless. (Gk.) dffc^a\-o$, headless; with suffix -ous.

a-,

Gk. Gk.
(9).

Accord. (F. L.) A. F. acorder,io Late L. cfcorddre. L. ac- (for ad^ agree. to and cord-, stem of cor, heart. Cf.
, ;

un-

and

Kt<pa\rj,

head.

See

Acent.

Acerbity. (F.-L.)
acerbitd

F. L. ace. acerbitdtem (nom. acer;

XVI

Concord.
instrument. Ital. accord-are, to with suffix accord, to tune an instrument -ton (as in clar-ioti). Late L ac cor dare, to agree. See above. AcCOSt, to address. (F. L.) F. Late accoster, lit. to go to the side of.' L. accostare (same). L. ac- (for ad}, to;

Accordion, a From (Ital. L.)

musical

'

costa, rib, side.

Account, vb
pute, from comthink.

See Coast. L. ) A. F. acounter, ( F.

;

acunter. O. F. a, to confer, compter, to count. L. ad\ and com-putare, to com-

(cum}, and putdre,

?)

to

A-

L. acer-b-us, bitter bitas\ bitterness cf ac-er, sharp, lit. piercing. L. arere, to be sour Ache, verb. (E.) M. E. aken, vb. pt. t. ook. A. S. acan. (^AG, to drive.) ^f Spelt ache by confusion with M.E. ache, sb., from A. S. tfce, a pain. The verb survives, spelt as the obs. sb. Achieve. I F. - L.) M. E. acheven. A. lit. to come to achever, to achieve a head. O. F. a chef, to a head. L. ad, to caput, a head. Cf. Chief. Achromatic, colourless (Gk.) See
;

(9)

and Chromatic.

Accoutre. (F.-L.
Etym.
;

F.

accoutrer,

formerly also a(coustrer, to dress, array quite uncertain perhaps from O. F. coustre, coutre, a sacristan who had charge of sacred vestments, from Late L. custor s*L. custos, a custodian, keeper. Accretion, increase. (L.) From ace of L. accretio, increase. L. accretus, pp. of ac-crescere, to increase. L. ac- (for ad ; crescere, to grow, inchoative form from
>

sour, sharp. (F.-L.; or L.) F. acide L. ac-idus, lit piercing. (^AK, to pierce.) Der. acid-i-ty; actd-ul-at-ed (from L. acid-ul-us, dimin. of acid-us^.

Acid,

E. know/echen mod. E. knowledge

prefix is

M.

Acknowledge.
;

(E.)
see
.

XVI

cent.

from the sb. knowleche*

;

due to E. aknowen oncndwan\ with the same sense

the prefix
is

Knowledge. The

(A. S.
;

hence
top,

A-

(2).

Acme,

top.

(Gk.)

Gk.

d/r-juij,

cre-are, to

make.

Cf.

Create.

sharp edge.

(-/AK,

to pierce.)

ACOLYTE
Low L. a servitor. (F. F. acolyte, Cot. -Late L. acolythus. Gk. oK6\ov0os, a follower. Gk. d-, with (akin to Skt. sa-, with) ; tefatvOos, a = path ; so that atc6\ovOos a travelling-companion, L. ( F. Aconite, monk's-hood. L. aconitum. Gk. aconit. F. Gk.) O.KOVITOV, a plant ; perhaps so called from
Acolyte,
Gk.)
*

ADDRESS
upper city.' Gk. axpo-s, pointed, upper; and ir<5Xis, a city. Across. (E. a*K/Scand.) Ji QI on cross ; see A- (2) and Cross. Acrostic, a short poem in which the initial letters spell a word. (Gk.) Gk. Gk. cfopo-s, pointed, also aKpoonxis. first and <m'xos, a row, line, from weak
;

grade of ar^i\tiv y to go

growing \v

dicovai?,

on steep sharp rocks.

Act,

sb.

(F.

-L )

a whetstone, sharp stone. M, E. acorn. A. S acern, fruit of the field/ from fruit; properly A. S. cecer, a field see Acre.+Icel. akarn, Dan. agern, Goth, akran, fruit from I eel. akr, Dan. ager, Goth, akrs, a field, ^f Not
atc-6vij,

Gk.

Acorn.

(E.)

'

m., and actum, n. agere,\.Q do, drive. See Agent. Der. act' ion act-ive (F. actif) act-or\ act-u-al (L. cr/-actnalis) ; act-tiary (L actuartus" a/^ (from pp. of Late L. actuate, to per;
,

F. acte. - L. at tus, L. actus, done pp. of

;

(V STEIGH.)

form, put in action).

from oak.

Acumen.
ness, acuteness.

(L)

L. ac-u-mcn, sharp-

Acoustic.
relating

to

(Gk.) hearing

Gk.
(or

dirovcrri/ifos,

Cf. acuere^ to sharpen.

sound).

Gk.

dtcovetv, to hear.

Acquaint. (F
ten,
earlier

acointer, to acquaint with. Late L. adcognitdre, to make known (Brachet). L. ad, to ; and *cogmtare> formed from See cognitus, pp. of cognoscere, to know.
acointier,

L.) acointen.

M.E. acqueynQ.F.

Acute. (L.) L. acutits, sharp ; pp. of ac-u-eie, to sharpen. (-y^AK, to pierce.) Ad-, prefix. (L.) L. ad, to, cognate with E. At. ^[ L. ad becomes ac- before
c\ af- bef./; ^- bef. g\ al- bef. /; awbef. n a/- bef. / ; ar- bef. r ; as- bef. 5 ;
;

at- bef.

/.

Quaint.

Acquiesce.
rest in.
rest.

L acquiescere, to (L.) L. ac- (for ad\ to; quiescere, to

See Quiet.
L. acqulrtre, to get, L. ac- (for ad) 9 to; quterere, to
;

Acquire. (LJ
obtain.
seek.
qiilsltus.

Der. acqmsit-ion

from pp.

cc-

F. adage. a saying. (F. L.) L. a</; and flf7-, as in L. adagiutn. *agio, orig. form of aio, I say. - L. - Gk.) M. E. (F. adamaunt, a diamond, a magnet. O. F. adamant. L. adamanta, ace. of adamas. Gk. d5d/tay, a very hard metal or stone ; * lit. unconquerable/ Gk. d- ( = E */-) ; and 8a/xdo>, I conquer, tame. See Tame.

Adage,

Adamant.

L.) M.E. aguiten.(F. F. aquitcr, to settle a claim ; Late L. <ic([uietdre.'lu. ac- (for ad), to; qtnetare^

Acquit.

Adapt. (F.-L^
;

Early

XVII

cent.-

vb

formed from quietus discharged, Jree, See Quiet. orig. at lest. Acre. (E.) M. E aker A. S. <ecer.+ Du. akker, Icel. akr, Swed. aker, Dan. ager, Goth, akrs, G. arir L. a^r, Gk. d-ypos,
,
^
;

F. adapter L. ad aptare, to fit to. L. <&/, to aptare, to fit, from aptus, fit, apt. Add. (L.) M.E. adden. lLj. addere,
lit.

See

M. E. adders; (E.) also naddcie, neddere. [An adder resulted

from a nadder, by mistake.] A. S. nddre, G. natter, a snake; also ntfddre, a snake. cf. Icel nabr, Goth, nadrs (with short a). Addict. (L.) From L. addict-us, pp.

A bscond. Adder, a viper.

to put to.

L. ad

and

-dere, to put.

Skt. ajra. Teut. type *akroz ; Idg. type, The ong. sense was 'pasture.' *agros. (^AG.N Der. acor-n, q. v.

Acrid,
-'/

tart.

acri-, stem the analogy of ac-id.

to

(L.)

of acer, sharp
F.

Coined by adding on
;

to

Acrimony.
(above).

(F.

-L.)

acnmome.

L. d(ri~tttdn-ta.

L. acri-, stem of Acer

(F.

of ad-dlcere, to adjudge, assign. L. ad, Cf. Diction. dicere, to say, appoint. Addled, corrupt, unproductive. (E.) Due to an attributive use of the M. E. sb.
;

adel, filth, used in the

- Gk. dtfpoflaros, lit. urine-egg; mistaken form of L. duurn Gk. dtcpo-v, a point, neut. of urfnum, wind-egg, due to Gk. ovptov &ov, and 0ar6s, verbal adj. of wind-egg. Orig. 'mud,' from A.S. adela, o#-poj, pointed mud Grein). Cf. Low G. adel, a puddle. mVi/, to walk see Come.
acrobate.
tiptoe.
; ;
(

Acrobat,

a tumbler.

F Gk.) walking on

lit.

filth-egg

'* Late

compound adel-ey, L. ovum urina,

Acropolis,

citadel.

(Gk.)

Lit.

Address,

vb.

(F.-L.)

F. adresstr.

ADDUCE
F. a, to; dresser , to direct, dress; see

ADROIT
standing the sense of O. F. ajoster, to and L. ad, to put side by side, arrange. mxtd, near see Joust.
; ;

Dress.

Adduce.
to,

(L

bring forward.

L. ad-dilcere, to lead L. ad, to ducere, to

;

Adjutant,
L.

lit.

assistant.

(L.)

From

lead, bring.

Adept,
one

who

L ad, to; apisci,\o adipisci, to obtain. obtain, perhaps related to aptus, fit.
Cf.

a proficient. (L ) L. adeptits, has obtained proficiency pp. of

;

of pres. part, of adiutare, to assist, frequent, of ad-iuudre, L. ad, to; iuuare, to help. Cf. to aid.
adi it fant- em,
ace.

Aid.

Apt.
(L.^
to

Adequate.
of
to
;

L. adaqudtus, pp.

Administer. (F. L.) O F am in ist rer. L (rare, to minister (to).

i

M.

E. amin-

stren

L. ad-in in is-

adffqua

c,

(pqiidre, to

make equal to. L. ad, /rare, to seive, from make equal, from aquus, See Minister.
'

ad, to; mini'!' minister, a servant.

equal.

Adhere. (L.) L. ad-hierete, L to to; ha) ere, to stick. Adieu, farewell (F.) M E.
fl<oT,

to stick

</z<w.

F.

<)

dieti, (I

commit you)

to

God.

See Deity. Adipose, fatty. (L.) Late L adtL adtp stem of adeps, sb., postts, fatty. fat. Connection with Gk. dAt</>a, fat, is
to
,

ad Deum,

God.

doubtful. Adit, access to a mine. (L ) L. adtt-us, L. adit-um, supine of approach, entrance. ad- ire, to go to. L ad, to tre, to go
;

M.E. adAdmiral. v F.-Arab.) miral, more often amiral.~Q. F. amiral, cf. Low L. adimamirail, also ant ire Arab, amir, a raldus, a prince, chief. The suffix is due to prince see Emir. Arab, al in annr-al-bahr, prince of the sea. Admire. (F -L.) F. admirer (O. F. ami rer}. L. admirdn, to wonder at. L. ad, at mTrdriy to wonder. Admit. (L.) L. ad-mittere, to let L. ad, to; mitt ere, to send. to, send to.
;

Der. adnnss-ion

irom pp. adnnss-its

(F.

of prcs pt. of L ad- iacere, to L. ad, near ; iacere, to lie.

Adjacent,

near

to.

(L.)

trom
lie

base near

L) M.E. amonadmonish has taken the place of amonest, with changed suffix due to verbs in -ish I amoneste or warne
esten
;

Admonish.
so
that

Adjective. (F.-L.^ Y

adjecttf

(km.

L. ad-iectiuus, lit. put near to -ive}. L. ad-tectus, pp. of ad-icere, to put near L. awf, to iacere, to cast, throw. Adjoin, to he next to. (F.-L.) O.K.
;

amonester.*Late L. admonestdre, new formation from L. admonerc, to advise. L. ad, to; monere,
\\yclif,
i

Cor.

iv. 14.

O F

to advise.

A-do,
do, to do was used
in Icel.,

adjotndre.
to join to.

L,.

ad-iungere (pp. adiuncfns),

fl^/,

Cf. Monition. M.E. at to-do, trouble. (E.) a Northern idiom, whereby at ;

iungere, to join. Adjourn, to put off till another day. O. F. ajorner, properly to draw L.) (F. near to day, to dawn also, to appoint a day for one. ' Late L. adjwndrc, diem dicere ahcui Ducange. L. ad, to and Late \^.jurnus (Ital.?0r0), a day, from L. adj. dnitnus, daily. L. dies, a day.
;
;

L.

to

as the sign of the infin.

Swedish, &c.

See

Do

mood,

as

(i).

Adolescent,
adolestent-em,3(.Q.c,.

L. (L.) gi owing up. of pres. pt. of ad-olescere,

L.
;

to

grow up.
(

See Adult.
L.)

Adopt.
choose

ad-optdie, to adopt,

Adjudge. (F.-L.)
also aiugen

M.E.

(~ajugen\

adtugen; O. F. ajnger, to

optdre, to wish. Adore. (L.) L. ad-di'are y to pray to. L. ad, to ordre, to pray, from os (gen. or-is^ the mouth. Cf. Oral.
; ,

L. ad, to

decide
to
;

L. adiUdicdre, to award. L. ad, iiidicdre, to judge, from iudic-, base

Adorn.
adune.
hill.

L. ad, to

vfiudex, a judge.

See Judge.
(L.)

Adown,
pp. of L.

Adjudicate.

From

L. ad-omdre, to deck. orndre, to adorn. downwards. (E.) M. E. A.S. of-dnne, lit. from a down or
(L.)
;

adiudicdre (above).
L. ad-iurare, to sweai (L.) L. ad, to; in late L., to put to an oath. to ; iurdre, to swear. See Jury.

A.

S.

of,
;

off,

Adjure.

of diin, a
(2)

hill

see

A-

Adrift.

(E.)

and dune, dat. and Down (2). For on drift-, see A;

from

(i)

and Drift.

Adjust,

to
'

fit

exactly.

(F.-L.) From
'
;

F. adjuster, to adjust, place justly Cot. L. ad, to ; iustus, just, exact ; see Just. new F. formation, due to misunder<J"

Adroit. (F.-L.) Y. adroit, dexterous. -F. a droit, rightfully. - F. a (L. ad), to;
Late L. directnm, right, justice, neut. of L. dtrec(us, pp. of di-rigere, to direct,

ADULATION
from L.
ifi-

AFFECT
and legere, to
warn.
tere, to
;

Late L. aduertere, put for L. aduerturn to, heed see above. F. Advice. (F.-L) M. E. avis (avis}, Adulation, flattery. (F.-L) O. F. avis, an opinion orig. L. ace. adulatwnem, from without ^. adulation. of a compound word, put for a vis, i.e. acaduldtio, flattery. -L. adulatus, pp. L. ad, according coiding to my opinion. adulari, to flatter. Adult. (L-) L. adultus, grown up to uisum, that which has seemed good
(for dw-), apart,
rule.
; ;

L. #<, to pp. of ad-olescere, to grow up. *oleseere, inceptive form related to akre, to see Aliment. nourish
;
;

to one, orig. nent. of ulsus, pp. of nideie^ to see. M. E. aduisen, also ) Advise. (,F.

XVI to corrupt. (L.) L. adulterates, pp. of adulterare, to cent. I aditlter, an adulterer, a decorrupt. baser of money.
Adulterate,
.

auisen (aviscii), without d. O. F. aviser, O. F. avis (above). to be of opinion

Advocate, &. (F.-L.) M.

'an

F. advocat,

E. avoutrie Adultery. (F. L ) but a later foim was adultene, in imitaF. avoutrie avoitterie, tion of Latin. Cf.
.

from avontre, an adulterer, adultery which represented L adult er (see above) *<> that avontnc was equivalent in sense to L. aditlterium, adultery Adumbrate. (L.) From pp. of L. ad-umbrare, to shadow forth. L. ad, to, umbra, a shadow. Advance, to go forward. \'F. L.)
; ;

XVI cent. A mistaken form for M. K. F. avan<er, to go forauancen^ avanccn.

;

ward
from
;

or before. ante, before.

L ab. avant, before. See Ante-, Van.

(F.-L)
Amis-

taken form for M. K avantagc. F. avantage\ foimed with suffix -age from avant, before see above.
;

Advantage,

piofit

approach. (L ) L aducntus, L. aduentus, pp. of ad-iiemte. approach. to approach. L. ad, to; itentre, to come

Advent,

Cf.

Venture.

(F.-L.) M.E aventitte; with F. a- replaced by L. ad-. F. L. adaventure, a chance, occmrence

Adventure.

L. aduocatus, an advocate;' Cot advocate, one 'called upon* to plead. L. aduocatus, pp. of ad-uocare, to call to, L. ad, to; uocare, to call. call upon AdvOWSOn. (F.-L.) A. F. avoeson, also advouson, patronage ; hence the right of presentation to a benefice (Roquefort) Late L. adtioiationem, ace. of aduocatw, Late L aduocatus, a patron; patronage. the same as L. aduocatus, an advocate. Adze, a cooper's axe. (E.) M.E adse, A.S adfsa, an adze. adese. Aerial. (L. Gk ) Formed with suffix fl/from L. acri-its, dwelling in the air. Gk. drjp, air see Air. L. aer, air. Aerolite, a meteoric stone. (Gk.) Also aerohth, which is a better form. Gk. dfpo-, from dijp, air A/0-osr, a stone. Aeronaut, a balloonist. (F. Gk.) Gk. dfpo-, from d-fjp, air; F. atronaute. I'auT-qs, a sailor, from raCs, a ship. Aery, an eagle's nest, brood of eagles or * hawks. (F. - Late L.) - F. aire, an airie Late L. area, a or nest of hawkes ; Cot. of uncertain origin. nest of a bird of prey ^1 Sometimes misspelt eyry, by confusion with M. E. ey, an egg ; see Egg.
; ; '
;

uentura, fern, of aduenturus, about to happen, fnt. part, tf aduenire, to approach;

see above.

JESsthetic,
ntfo's,

refined.

perceptive.

ceive.

(VAW
Gk.

(Gk.) Gk. cuVfyGk. aiaOtaOai, to persee Brugm. ii. 841.)

Adverb. (F.-L.)

verb. F. advcrbe. to ; uerbum, a word, a verb.

Used to qualify a L. aduerlnum.^ L ad,

anaesthetic,
sensation.

relieving pain, dulling dv-, not ; and alaOrjntcos.

Adverse. (F.-L) MV.ativers(Q..

avers}.

Afar. (E.) For<w/ar. Affable. (F.-L.) V.affablt.-l^affdbills,

;

L. afad, easy to be spoken to. fan, to speak. to (see below). Der Affair. ( F. - L.) M. E. a/ere - O. F. advers-ary, adversity. Advert. (L.) L. ad-ueitere, to turn afeire, afatte, a business; orig. a fane, - L. ad, to facere, i. e. to, regai d, heed.-L. ad, to; uertere, to (something) to do. turn see Verse. Der. in-advert-ent, not to do.

opposed to

L. aduersus, turned towards, also ; pp. of L. adticrtere, to turn

to

Affect. (L.) L. affectare, to apply E. avertisen, oneself to (hence, to act upon) frequent, of later advertise. From the base of aver- afficere, to aim at, treat. L. of- ad, to ; Der. dis-affect. tiss-ant, pres. pt. of avertir, to inform, facere> to do, act.
regarding.

Advertise.

(F.

- L.) M.

AFFEER
to assess, confirm. L.) (F. afeurer, to fix the price of a thing Late L. affordre, to fix a (officially). m L. pdce..-L. af (/or ad] ; and forum, market,

AGATE
af-, for

AiFeer,

O.

L. ad-, prefix ; and F. fret, the freight of a ship. See Fraught, Freight. The Affright, to frighten. (E.)
late.

double/ is

From M.
A.

E. afright, used

price

as a pp., affrighted.

S. dfyrht, afyrhted,

from infin. dfyrhtan (not O.F.^/fowrt?, trust; pp. affrighted A. S. d-, intensive and fyrhtan, used). (whence E affy}. O. F. a (L. ad), to; and /7V/<z^-, stem of to terrify, iivmfyrhto, fright; see Fright. of Late L. fiddre, to trust, from Affront. (F.-L.) M. E. afronten. pres. pt. L. fldere, to trust. Cf. Late L. fid'intia, O. 1". afronter, to confront, gppose face to L. af- (for ad\ face. Late L. affrontdre. a pledge. Affidavit, an oath (L ) Late L ajfi- to; front -em, ace. of from, forehead,

Affiance.

cf. affier, after,

L.) (F. to trust

biow. dduit, 3 p. s. pt t. of affiddre, to pledge. L. of- = 0</, to ; Late L fiddre, for L.fidere, Afloat. (E.) For on float. to trust. Afoot. (E.) For on foot. F. affiliation, Afore. (E.) For on fore A. S. on* Affiliation. (F.-L.) Late L. ace. affilid- foran, afore. an adoption as a son. tionem. L. ofAfraid. (F -L. and Teut.) ad, to filius, a son. Oiig. F. affinitf.-I*. Pp. of Affray, affrayed, i. e. 'frightened.' Affinity. (F.-L) L. cj.v. affinitdtem, ace of affinitas, nearness. L. of- (for rtt/>, Afresh. (E.) For on fresh or offresh affiniS) near, bordering on. see Anew. to, near, finis, boundary, end. E. affermen. A. S. aftan, beAffirm. (,F. L.) Aft, After. (E.)
;
;
1

O. F. afermer, to
af- (for ad), to
;

fix.

L. affirmdre.

l,

hind
Icel

after, after, both prep,

and adv

firnidi e, to make fnm, fiom firnins, strong see Firm Affix. (L.) LateL. afflxdrg(Ducn.ngc\ frequent, of L. affigere (,pp. affix-us}, to fasten to.- L af- (toraa'), \.o \ftge re, to fix.
;

Dan and Swed.

aftar, piep.
is

efter, Pu. achter, O. H G. and adv. behind, p. Aftan extended from Goth, af, off; see Of.

apian, behind, aptr, aftr, backwards;

Af-ter\s a

comp

Afflict, to
afflict us,

harass. (L.)

XVI
;

cent.

-L.

a second crop of mown and math and cf. pro-flig-ate. gi ass. (L.) Hei e after is an adj. inflict F affluence - means a mowing,' unaccented form of Affluence. (F. - L.) Allied to Mead, Mow. Cf. L. affluent-em A. S ;;/<?/. L. affluentia, abundance. of G. mahd, a mowing nachmahd, aftermath. (ace ), flowing towards, pres. part L. af- (for Aftermost, hindmost. (E.) A. S. ajfluere, to flow to, abound. <zr/), to flue re, to flow. aftemest, Goth. aftumists\ but affected The Goth, af-tu-mAltered from aforth, by after and most. Afford. (E.) M.E. aforthen, to provide, P. PI. H. vi ists is a treble supeil. form. See Aft. A. S. gefordian,fot8ian, to further, 201. Aga, Agha, a chief officer. (Turk.) Turk, aghd, master. *-, prefix; and promote, provide. A. S /0r#, forth, forward see Forth. Again. (Noith E.) Cf M.E. ayein, Affray, to frighten. (F. - L. and Tent.) A. S. ongegn (pngeari^. A. S. on and XIV cent. M. E. affrayen O. F. effjaier, gegn, of which the primary meaning seems or Low L exfriddie, to to have been direct/ straight.' esfreer, to frighten break the kmg*s peace, cause an affray or (N.E.D.)-f Han. igien, Swed. igen, again. to disturb, frighten. L. ex K.) The / is added. fray; hence, against. (North and O. H. G.frMu (G.friede), peace. (See CfTKl. K. ayeines, against extended from E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix -e$. vii. 121.) Der. affray, sb., Romania, 1878, also spelt/ray and afraid, q v. A. S. ongean, against the same as A. S. Affreightment, the hiring of a vessel ongean, ongegn, again; see above. Icel. to convey cargo. (F. An /" gegn, G. entgegen, against. L. and G.) E spelling of F. affretement, now written Agate. (F.' - It. - L. - Glc.) O.F. agate, of a F. agathe. - Ital. agala, agatha, an agate the

pp. of afflTgere, to strike to the ground. L. af- (for#</),to vji&Jligere, to dash So also conflict, from pp conjlirlus;
;

further off; it hence behind.

form, hkeGk. means more off,

aira-rep-a),

further
v.
;

off,

Der.
1

ab-aft,

after-

ward

(see

Toward

Aftermath,
'

affrttement, hiring ship. ajfreter ,now affrtcr\ to hire a ship.

F.

(Florio).

achdtem^ ace. of achdtcs.

AGE

AGREE

Gk. dx^rr/s, an agate ; so named from being Agitate. (L.) L. agitatus, pp. of found near the river Achates (Sicily). of agitare, to keep driving about, - L.) O. F. aage, edage. - Late agere, to drive ; see Agent. (frequent VAG.) Age. (F. L. atdti-, stem of cet&s (from L. (Ktaticttm Also Aglet, a tag of a lace. (F. ) L. (fuum, life, period. F. aiguil*ccui-t&s\ age. aygulet, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3. 26. Gk. alo/v\ Goth, atws; Skt. dyus, life. lette, dimin. of aiguille, a needle. - Late L. 112. actlcula, dimin. of ac-us, a needle, pointed Brugm. ii.

-L

Agent.
aj, to drive.

(L.)
pt.

XVI

cent.

L.

agent-,
;

thing.

Cf.

Acme.

(V AK -)

of agerc (pp. acttis^, to do, Skt. drive, conduct. f"Gk. dytiv ; Icel. aka

stem of pres.

agglomerare, to form into Leechdoms, ii. 81, 34); with which cf. L ag- ( - ad) and glomer-, stem O. Fnesic ogneil, ongneil, appaiently used a mass. From a prefix ang-, of glomus, a m.iss, ball, clue of thread, in a similar sense. allied toglobus, a globe; see Globe. signifying afflicting, paining, and A. S. From pp. of nagl, a nail (as of iron), hence a hard Agglutinate. (L.) L. ag- round-headed excrescence or wart fixed in aggTntzndre, to glue together. tue flesh ; see Anger and Nail, p Soon (- off), to; glut in-> im gluten, glue Aggrandise. (F. L.) M. k.aggran- misunderstood as referring to the nails of dis-, >.tem oi pres pt. of aggrandtr, to the toes or fingers, and so made to mean J a sore beside the nail ; prob. by comF. enlarge. AKo agrandir (with one ). a (for L. ad} and grandir, to in ci ease, paring (wrongly) the Gk. irapovvxta, a from L. grandlre, to enlarge, which is whitlow (lit. beside the nail\ or by confusion with F. angonaillC) a sore (Cot.). from L. grandiS) great.
of L.
;

From pp

(^ AG.) Agglomerate, to mass

together. (L.)

on the foot, (i\ a sore beside the nail. (E.) The sense has been confused or perverted. From A. S. angncegl, a corn on the foot (see A. S.

Agnail,

(i) a corn

'

L. ag- (=-0</), graudre, to add to a load. to; grauare, to load, from grants, heavy. Aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L agL. ag- (for gregare, to collect into a flock. 'a(f), to greg-, stem ofgvex, a flock.
;

Aggravate. (L) From

pp. ofL. ag-

See N. E. D.

Agnate,
allied
;

to

allied. L. agnatus, (L.) L. ad, pp. of agnasci = ad-gnasd. nasci, earlier form gnasct, to be born.

AggreSS, to attack.
vance.

- L.) (F.

M F. ag-

L. aggresstts, pp. of aggredt, to gresser. assail L. ag- (for0<tf), to; gradi, to ad-

gone away, past. (E.) E. ago, agon, agoon, pp. of the verb agon, to pass by, pass away. A. S. dgdn, See A- (4) pp. of dgdn, to pass away.

Ago, Agone,

and Go.

E. agreven. 1< O. F. a, to agrever, to overwhelm. L #</, to graudre, to grever, to burden.

Aggrieve. (F.-L.) M.
.

Agog,
in
;

activity,

in eagerness. ^F.) For a-gog, in eagerness, where a- is

weigh down, from grauis, heavy, grave.

See

Grave

(2).

horror-struck. (E.) Misspelt is short for agasted, pp. of M. E agasten, to terrify Ch. C. T. 2341 Leg. of Good Women, Dido, 248. A. S.

Aghast,

the prefix A- (2). Adapted from O. F. en gogues (Littre), or a gogue (Godefroy), in mirth. Cot. has estre en ses gogues, to be frohcke, ... in a veme of mirth.' The origin of O. F. gogue, fun, diversion, is
'

for agast,

v hich

unknown.

Agony. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.
1*

.airorue.

P.

and g<cstan, to terrify, torment. prefix A. S. gSstan is from the base iZj--= Goth, gais- in us-gais-jan, to terrify. (^
-,
;

a contest.
to drive.

Gk aywv, contest. Gk. ayctv, (^ AG.) Agouti, a rodent animal, of the guinea-

E. agonie. L. agoma.**Gk. aywvia, 01 ig.

GHwALS.) Brugm n. 802. Agile. F.- 10 XVI cent.

>

L. agihs, nimble; lit. about. L agci e, to drive. Agistment, the pastuiage

agi cement. (F. agister, to assign

F. agile. easily driven

by
(

L.ad},\.o ; ing verbal sb. from O. Y.gesir (F. gtsir), to lie, from L. iactre, to lie.

=.

of cattle the F. vb. a resting-place. F. a and O.F.^r'j/^, a couch, lodg-

- L.)

From

Brazil ) F. agouti, pig iamily. (F. Sp. Sp. fl>///2*.- Brazil, aguti, acuti, Agraffe, a kind of clasp F. - O.H.G.) F. agrafe also agraphe (in Cotgrave), a hook, clasp; agrafer, to clasp. The verb is from F. a (= L. acT), to; and
(,

M. H. G. krapfe, O. Ii. G. crapo, chrapfo, a hook, which is allied to E. cramp. Agree, to accord. (. L.) (X F, O. F. agre% agreer, to receive favourably.

B3

AGRICULTURE
= favourably. -O. F. a ( L. ad), according to ; gre, gret, pleasure, from L. grdtum, neut. vlgrdtus, dear, pleasing. Cf. Grace.
Der.
dis-agree.
field.

ALBUM
Ajar. (E.) From a char, on char, on the turn (G. Douglas, tr. of Virgil, b. vii, A.S. on cierre, on the turn; cf. A.S. prol.). cyrran, cierran, to turn. See Char (2). in a bent position. (Scand.) M. E. in ktnebowc, Beryn, 1838. Perhaps from Icel t keng, into a crook; with

Agriculture.
culture of a

L. a&'t cultura, (L.) -=L. agri, gen. of ager,

Akimbo,
bow,
i.

field

and

cultfira.

See Acre and Cul-

ture.
L. a plant. Gk.) (F. M. E. agremoine, egremotne. 'M.. F. aigriL. argemonia, argemone.**(jVi moine. (Lewis arid Short, L. Diet.) dpic/Jtuvrj.

E.

e.
is

Agrimony,

Here keng
twist,

bend, superfluously added. the ace. of kengr, a crook,

O. F. ague, attack. agu acfita (febris}, acute (F. aigu), acute. see Acute. (fever) ; fern, of acfttus
*

won ground Aground. (,E.) Ague, a fever-fit. (F-L) of fern,

acute
'

Lit.

kink. Cf. also Icel. kengboginn, bent into a crook, from kengr, a ciook, twist, kink, and boginn, bowed, pp. of See Kink and lost verb bjfiga, to bow. (Very doubtful a guess.) (i).

Bow

-L

Akin, of kin. (E.) Tor of kin. Alabaster. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.E

bastre.-V.\ f
.

ala-

Ah!
L. ah
!

(F.-L.)
(E.)

M.E. fl!-O.F. a!i.e.

alabastre (F. alb&tre).-\* alabaster, alabastrum.<~(j\L. aKafiaorpov, Said to be derived from Ala<l\<i/3acrTos.
bastron, a

Ahead.
Ai,
aider.

For on head,
See

town
(E.)
'

forward direction.
a sloth.

(Brazil.)

A- (2). From

Alack.
Brazil, at
'

Aid. (F.-L)

M.E.

aiden.

O. F.

a ! lack alas cannot be the same as alas

!
j

Egypt. (Pliny.) Prob. a corruption of M.E. a shame lit. lack/ (It

'

in

L. adn't fare, frequent, otadwuarc, L. ad; and tuudie, to help, pp. to assist Cf. Brugm a. ititus. 583. S eg/an, Ail, v. (E) M.E. eilen

Alacrity. (I .) Formed by analogy with celerity from L. alacritdtem, ace. of

alacritiis, briskness. a call to

alaier, brisk.

Alarm,
'

arms.

(F.
Ital.

Ital.

L.)

to

pain
S.

egle,

cognate with Goth, agljan. troublesome (allied to Goth.

t

M. IL.alarme.
to
illas

a/ar///f.

aWarme,

Cf. A.S. ege aglus, hard). pain see Awe.

;

terror,

orig.

for aile arme arms armas, for L ad to your arms those arms
'

Late
ilia
'

ad
to

anna,

A. F esmer, from L asttrndre, to estimate, aim L. at, intend; and (2) O. F. aesmer, from
eimen.

Aim, to endeavour after.

From
confusion

(F.

L.)
(i)

M.

E.

alarum.

(F.

Ital.

L.)

The same

of

word, with an old pronunciation, in which the r was strongly trilled. Alas! (F.-L.) M.E atas.-O.lF alas
F. ////tfj). O F. a, ah' and las, and lassns, wretched that I am L. ah tired, wretched. (Allied to Late.) Alb, a white vestment. (F.-L.) albe O. F. albe. Late L alba, sb.; orig fern, of L albui>, white. AlbaCOre, a kind of tunny. (Port. ~ Arab ) Port albator, albatoia. Said to be of Aiab. origin.
(cf
' '

ad-(Bstimdre,

comp. with

prefix

ad-, to.
air, eir,

See Esteem.

Air
air

(1).

(F.-L.-Gk.)
L. der.

M. E.

F. air.
(2),

Gk.

&}/>, air.

ME.

mien, affected manner; tune. - It. - L. - Gk. ) F. air, look, tune. (F. Flouo. a tune Ital aria, a looke, Folk-L. neut. pi dera, treated as a fern, Gk. drjp (above). L. der. sing. (Diez) Airt, a point of the compass. (Gael.) Gael, aird, a quarter or point of the compass. Cf O Irish aitd, a point, limit. Aisle, the wing of a church. (F. L.) Better spelt aile. - F. aile. - L ala, a wing. Prob. for *axla, dimin. of Axis.
' '
.
.

AlbatrOSS,
Span.

a large sea-bird,

Port.

Gk.) Formerly also algaiross. mm Port, ahatraz, a cormorant, albaPort. tioss; Span, alcatraz, a pelican alcatruz, a bucket, Span, arcaduz, M. Span. alcaduz (Minsheu), a bucket on a water-;

Arab.

Ait.

(E.)

SeeEyot.

the rump-bone. (Hyb. ; Orig. spelt ttache bone. O. F. nache, sing, of naches, the buttocks ; and E. bone. Naches = Late L. naticds, ace. of nafica, dimin. of L. nates, the but-

Aitch-bone, F. - L. and E.)

Arab al-qddus, the same (Dozy). wheel. Similarly Arab, saqqa, a water-carrier, a pelican, because it carries water in its
pouch.

(Devic
lit.

supp. to Littre.)

Album,
white.

that

which

is

white.

(L.)

L. album, a tablet, orig. neut. of albus,

tocks.

ALBUMEN
ite

ALIVE
L. albu-

of egg (L.)

out (also album out), white of egg. L. albus, white. Alcayde, a judge see Cadi,

men

Arab, at, the ; and algebra, computation. jabr, setting, repairing also, the reduction of fractions to integers in arithmetic ; hence, Arab, root jabara, to set, conalgebra.
;

Alchemy. (F.-Arab -Gk.)

alchemic.
;

o.F.

solidate

Arab, a!, the arid kimid, chemistry; alchemy. Late Gk. x*?^* probably confused with xfyta, a mingling, from Gk x /tv to pour out, mix. Alcohol. <Med. JL-Aiab.) Med. L.
* >

Algnazil, a police-officer. (Span. Arab, at, the; Arab.) Span, alguazil, wazir, a vizier, officer see Vizier. Algnm, sandal-wood. (Heb. Skt.) In 2 Chron. n. 8, ix. 10 spelt almug,
; ;

alcohol, applied to pure spirit, though the 01 ig. sense was a fine impalpable powder.

the; and kohl or kuhl. a cully riuni, very fine powder of antimony, rsed to paint the eyelids with.

Aiab.

al)

Heb. algiimmirn, or (transposed) alnmgim a borrowed woi d. Supposed by Max Muller (Set. Lang. i. 232) to be from Skt. valgu-ka, sandal-wood; where
i

Kings

x.

1 1.

-ka

is

suffix.

Alcoran
Arab)
in a

sec

Koran.
i

Alcove, a vaulted
F. alcdve.

ecess.

F.

Span.

L. alias, otherwise. iL.) alins, another ; see Alien.

Alias.

L.

Span, alcoba, n recess the; and qobbah, a hence a vaulted space Alder, a tiee. ^E.) M. E. alder, allcr A. S. a/or (aler, (d being excrescent). Swed. #/;).-f-Ihi. els\ Iv.cl. olr (for f //-) a. Dan die, el; G. erle\ O II G. en la,

alibi. (L.)
i-bi^ there, u-bi,

L.

alibi, in
;

another place.
suffix -bi as in

room. Arab vault, dome, cupola

a/,

L. ah-, as in aliits

and

where.

See below.

E. alietie. - O. F. L altcntts, strange; a stranger. L. alien. Gk. a\Ao?, another; O. tittuSj another.

alien.

F.

- L.)

M.

Irish atle,
atjo-},

W.
;

attl, all;

Goth,

aljis

(stem

earlier
'J

ehra; Span, aliso 'Jrom GothicX

other

see Else.

stems *ahiz-, *<//<":-, *ahs-. Allied Lith. alksim, L. alnus ifor *a/sn0s) ; Kuss oli'kka; and perhaps to
cut.

to

dm.

Alder-,
(Sh
)
;

here

In aldcr-liefat prefix, of all. is for allet , O. Merc. fl/afc;

pi.

t^ha, A. S. calm, gen

of a/,

tv?/, all.

See All.

Alight (0, to descend from (E.~] M. E. ahhten, to alight from horseback A. S. = A. S. -. dllhtc.n, the prefix a- being The simple form lihtan also occurs in A. S , meaning to make light, relieve of weight, from liht, light, alight (from a hoise) See Light (3). adj.
;

Merc, aldorman, (E.) cahlorman Merc, aider ^caldor,, a chief; and ;;/#;/, man. Allied to O. Fries. G. eltern, pi. parents; i.tder, a parent; and to 1,. al-tor, a bringei up, from alere, to nourish. Cf. Old. Ale. (E ) M. E. ate. A. S catu, gen. 1 eel., Swed., and Dan. rt/0/ (stem *//*).

Alderman.
S

alight (2), to light upon. (E.) M.E. ahhten, with reference to the completion of the action of alighting. See above.

Align
Alike,
A.

see Aline.
similar.
;

(E.}

M. E.
lie, like,
N
,

alike, ohke.

S. onltf, like

from

with prefix

on- - on, prep.

Aliment,
L.
suffix

food.

(F.-L.
food
;

Y.ahment.
with
to nouribh.

07; Lithuan.

fl/ttjr;

Russ. olovina.

alimentuni)

formed

a vessel for distilling. (F. Span -Arab -Gk.) M. E. alembyk. F. Span, alambique. alambique v Cot.). Arab, at, the and anlnq (pronounced ama still. Gk. a/*/3<, a cup, goblet; b7q\ cap of a still. Cf. Limbeck.

Alembic,
(

-mcnium from

alere,

Y.alcrU\ formerly aUertC) and (in Rabelais) a Ihertc, i.e on the watch. Ital. alVerta, on the watch; from the phr. stare alfetta, to stand erect, be on one's guard. Ital. alia (for a /), at the, on the erta, fern, of
erto, erect.

Alert. (F.-ItaL-L.)

alimony, money allowed for a wife's support upon her separation from her husband. (L.) L. ahmonia, nourishment. L. alere, to nourish see above. Aline, Align, to range in a line. (F. L.) Adapted from mod. F. aligner, to range in a line. From the phr. d ligne^ into line. L. ad, to ; linca^ a line. See Line (Aline is the better spelling for
;

- L. ad, to, at illam, fern. ace. of Ufa, he; ercciam, fern. ace. of ctectus,
;

the

E word

Aliquot.

(L.) L. aliquot,

some, several

eiect; see Erect,

Algebra.

(Late

L.- Arab.)

Late L.

(hence, proportionate). and quot, how many. Alive, in life. (E.)

L. ali-us, other;

From A. S. on

life.

ALKALI
in life;

ALLOW
of
Iff, life:

where

life is dat.

see

something else Galat. iv. 24. -Gk. aAAo~, stem of <itAAos, other and dyopeveiv, to and gaK, ashes of salt-wort, which abounds speak, from dyopd, a place of assembly cf. in soda. dydptv, to assemble. Gk. aAAos L. alius\ All. (E.) M.E. al, sing.; alle, pi.- see Alien. O. Merc, al, all\ A. S. eal, pi. *//* +Icel Allegro, lively. (Ital -L.) Ital. //*fl//r; Swed.a//; Dan. a/; Du. a/; O.H. G. gro.L. alacrem, ace. of alacer, brisk. al Goth. //?, pi. #//#/. Tent, type *WAlleluia. (Heb.) See Hallelujah. w03 allied to Irish #/&, all, from Idg. Alleviate. (E.) From pp. of Late L4| type *oljos. allemdre, used for L. alleudre, to lighten. all, adv., utterly. In the phr. a//-/i L. al- (for ad\ to leudre, to lift, lighten, ^ra&tf (correctly all to-brake], Judges ix. 53. from lent s, C light. Here the incorrect ail-to, for utterly,' came Alley, a walk. (F.-L. 9) M. E. aley. O. F. alee, a gallery a participial sb. tip about A.D. 1500, in place of the old idiom which linked to to the verb; cf. 'Al O. F. aler, to go F. aller. p. The ety-(. is tobrosten thilke legioun,' Chaucer, C. T. mology of aller, much and long discussed.^ See To-, /r^frr. is not yet settled the Prov. equivalent is 2757. almost. (E.) A. S eal-mSst, i.e. quite anar, allied to Ital. andare, to go. the greatest part, nearly all ; affected by Alliance; see Ally. mod. E. most. See Most. Lit. the Alligator. (Span. - L. alway, always. (E.) (i) A.S */* lizard.' Span, el lagarto, the lizard, i.e. weg, every way, an accus. case. (2) M.E. the great lizard. L.ttte, he, that; laterta^ alles wets, in every way, a gen. case. a lizard. See Lizard.
;

Life.

Gk. d\\r}yopiv, to speak so as to imply

;

Alkali, a

salt.

(Arab.)

Arab,

al,

the

'

'

Allay.
stem
ol

(E.)

M.E.

aleyen, alaien, the

Alliteration,
;

repetition

of

initial

which is due to A. S. dleg-es, dleg- letters. ^L ) Coined from L. al- (/or ad), and litera, a letter see Letter eS, 2 and 3 pres. t. sing, of A.S. dlecgan, to to lay down, put down, which produced also Allocate, to set aside. (L.) Frorn^ M.E. aleggen, to lay or set aside. A.S. pp. of Late L. allocate, to allot L. al d- prefix ; and lecgan, to lay, place see (-ad), to; locdre, to place, from locus, a A- (4) and Lay ^i). p. But mucli con- place. Cf. Allow (i).
,

fused with other forms, especially \\ ith M.E. aleggen, to alleviate, from O. F. aleger, and with old forms alegier, L. allcuidre oi alloy SeeN.E. D.
;

Allocution,
L.
to
allociitto,
;

locutio,

an address an address. L. a speaking, from

(I,.)

From
pp.
Late'

al- (for ad],

lociitus,

of loqut, to speak.

L.; TAJ&.alegen, aleggen. Allege. In form, the word answers to A. alegier,

(F.
.

Allodial. (LateL.-O.Frankish.)
*

aligier

= O..

cshgier

(see

Godefroy)

L. allodidhs, from allodium, alodium, a derivative of alodis, a free inheritance

It means entirely (one's) (Lex Sahca). propei ty,' from O. Frank, alod where al' is related to E a//, and od signifies pro' This O. Frank, od is perty or wealth.'
;
*
-

from A. F. - O. F. es-, and hgier. l,. ex-; and littgdre, to contend (Ducange), from L. hs (gen. lit-is), strife. Latinised as adlegidre (Ducange and treated as if allied to L. allegare (F. alttguer) hence
,
\

the sense usually answers to that of L. L. al- (for ad), to allegare, to adduce.
legdre, to dispatch, to tell, of lex, law.

auftr, wealth

from

leg-,

base

cognate with O. H. G. ot, A. S. ead, IceL Cf. Goth, audags, blessed. Allopathy, a treatment by medicines which produce an opposite effect to that of
disease.

(Gk.)

Opposed

to homoeopathy, i
;

Allegiance, the duty of a subject to his lord. F. - O. H. G.) M. E. alegeaunce. Formed from F. a ( = L. ad), to; O F.
(

Gk. aA.Ao-, for aAA.os, other q. v. iraO-tiv y to suffer ; see Alien and

and Vl

Pathos.,

hgance, tigeance, homage, from O F. lige, See Liege, ^f The form hege, liege.

Allot, and E.)

ad, to
;

to assign a portion to. A. F. aloter. A. F. a,

;

(F.~L.*

and M. E.

ligance (Godefroy) was due to a supposed Allow (i), connexion with L. hgdre, to bind. F. allouer, to let out for hire, assign for Allegory. (L.-Gk.) XVI cent. L. an expense. -Late L. allocdre, to allot. Gk. dKKrjyopia, a description L. al- (for ad], to and locare, to place, allegoria. of one thing under the from locus, a place. image of another.
;

from L, see Lot. r lot, A. S. hlot to assign, grant. (F.-L.)

ALLOW
Allow

(F. L. alot (2), to approve of. L.) Aloe, a plant. (L Gk.) M. E. alouen.Q. F alouer, later allouer, (Phny^ -Gk. a\6rj ; John xix. 39. L. allauddre. "L. al- (for to approve of Aloft. (Scand.) Icel. a lopt (pron. ad], to; lauddre, to praise, from laud-, loft), aloft, in the air. -Icel. a ( = A. S. stem of laus, praise. in See Loft. on], lopt, air.
;

ALTER -

Alone. (E.) M. E. al one, al oon, proportion in mixing Formerly allay M. E. written apart here a/, adv., means en(F. O. F. a/ay, a ley, alloy. O.F. aleier, tirely/ and oon is the M. E. form of one. alay. L. alligdre, to bind Cf. Du. alleen, G. alletn. See All and aleyer, to combine. together see Ally. The O. F. alei, sb., One.
Alloy,
metals.
L.)
' ; ;
;

due

became

jbemg d or law (Littre").

aloi, which was misunderstood as loi L. ad legem, accoidmg to rule

"Allude.
at
;

L. allftdere, to laugh at, (L.) allude to (pp. allilsus). L. al- {ad),

ludere, to

sport
;

Der.

allus-ion.

L. S Allure, to tempt by a bait. (F. length/ long and G.) A. F. alurer from F. a leitrre from end to end.'+G. entlang, along. See ^= to the bait or lure. L. ad, to M. H. G. A- (3) and Long (j) and see Anti-. luoder (G. htder\ a bait See Lure. in all (2)
;

M. E. (1), lengthwise of. (E.) A. S. andlang, along, prep, with along. O. Sax. antlang) an adj., gen. ; orig. (like meaning complete (from end to end). A. S. and- t prefix (allied to Gk. <W, Skt. anti, over against) lang, long. The sense is ' over against in or '

Along

phr. along of you, Equivalent to M. E. Hong, A. S. gelang, dependLayamon, 15502.( ing on/ as in on 8dm gelang, along of to bind together. (F. M. E. that. A. S. ge-j prefix lang, long. L.) Ally, ahen. Q. F. alter, to bind up. L. ad, Aloof, away. (E. and Du.) For on loof; to to bind. Der. alli-ance, M. E. answering to Du. te ligdre, loef, to windward.
;

Alluvial, washed down,

;

soil.

applied to (L ) L. alluui-us, alluvial. L. alad), to, in addition Itiere, to wash.

&>c.

Alon^

(E.)

<

Almanac, Almanack.
L. almanack. ^J Origin of Arab, origin (Dozy).
(E.)

(Late L.)

/-.ate
//<?/

unknown

O. Merc, almtehtig, Almighty. to S. The prefix is O. Merc, Aloud, loudly. ^E.) From a-, prefix, almihttg. r/-, O. Sax. alo-, O. H. G. aia-, related to due to A. S. on, prep. and A. S. hludt All And see Might. loud. See A- (2) and Loud. Almond. (F -L.-Gk.) M. E. al- Alp. (L.) L. Alpes, the Alps; of \Haund. Q F. almandre, more Connected with L albus, correctly, Celtic origin. amandre the al being due to Span, and white (Stokes). Der. trans-alp-ine, i. e. Arab, influence; mod. F. amande.* beyond the Alps. L. amygdala, amygdalum, an almond Alpaca. (Span. -Peruvian.) Span, alwhence the forms amygdala, amyd'la, paca-, irvmpaco, the Peruvian name, with amynd la, amyndra (see Brachet). Gk. the Arab. def. art al prefixed. df*vy8a\T), ci/utrySaAoi/, an almond. L. - Gk. - PhoeAlphabet. (Late Almoner ; see Alms. nician. ) Late L. alphabet um. Gk. d\<pa, Almost. (E.) A. S ealmast see All. #77x0, the names of a and the first two Alms. (L. Gk.) M. E. almesse, later letters of the alphabet Heb. dleph, an ox, A S. almasse. Folk-L. *<///"- the name of the first letter; and beth, a }almes. \nosma (whence O. F. almosne, F. au- house, the name of the second lettei. Late L. ekcmosyna. fine, Ital. hmosina) Already. (E.) M.E. al redy, quite -Gk. i\r}no<rvvr], pity; hence alms. ready; from al, quite, representing the k. f \frmcuv, pitiful. (ik. cAcctV, to neut. of O. Merc, al, all, used pity. adverbially, ,^-Gk. cAcos, pity. if Thus alms is a and Beady. singular form. M. E. also, quite so; A. S. Also. (E.) almoner. (F.~ L.-Gk.) O.Y.almos- ealswd see above. O. F. almosne, nier, a distributor of alms. Altar. (L.) A. S. altdre, Matt. v. 24. alms F. aumdne. Folk-L. *alimositia -L. altdre > an altar, high place. -L.
;
|
.

Cf. Du. loef hotiden, to keep the luff or weather-gage, Dan. holde luven, to keep to the windward ; which suggested our phrase 'to hold aloof/ i e. to keep away (from the leeward shore or rock). See Iiuff.

(above).
y

altus, high.

the

same

as

Algum,

q. v.

Alter.

(L.)

Late L. alterdre, to

alter.

ALTERCATION
L. alter, other.
L. al- (as in
suffix -tero-.

AMBITION
amatorius, loving. L. amdre, to love with suffix -tor-, -tor, of agent. to astound. (E.) M.E amasen. A. S. dmasian, pp. amasod; Wulfstan's
(L.)

Amatory.
L

with comparative

amdtor, a lover.

a dispute. L.;> (F. O. F. altercation. L L rt//<?raltercdtionem, ace of altercdtio. catus, pp. of altercari, to dispute, speak in turns. L. #//<?;% other, another,

altercation, M. E. altercation.

Amaze,
p.
;

Horn.
(prenx)

From A.S. a137, 1. 23. and *masian, to perplex See

alternate. (L)
of alterndre,
//.?,

I,,

to

do by
L.

turns.

alternates, pp L. #//<?/-

Maze.
dfjLafyv, one in Scythia.

reciprocal.

alter

(with

suffix

-HO-y.

Although. (E.) M. Already and Though.

Altitude.
altitude.

E. al thogh

see

(F.-L)
voice. (ItaL

XTV
L.)

cent.

-F

L. altitude, height.

alt us,

female warrior. (Gk.^ Gk. of a warlike nation of women for the name, <[f To account the Greeks said that these women cut off the right breast to shoot better; from Gk. and juafo?, the breast. Obviously d-, not an invention.

Amazon, a

high.

Ambassador, Embassador.
Ttal alto.
;

(F.

L altus, high. Altogether.

quite together.

alto, high

(E.)

M.

E. al together,
(Ital

See Already.
regard for others

Late L. C. F. anibat>sadeti>'. F. ambassadt, an embassy prob. borrowed L ambascia from Ital. ambaseiata Late (Lex Salica) more correctly *ambactia
;

Altruism,
;

L. with Gk. suffix^} Coined from Ital altrui, another, others, a form of altro, another, when preceded by a preposition.

a mission, service. L. ambactus, a servant, emissary; Caesar, de Bell. Gall. vi. 15.

L altei i huic, to tinOrig. a dat. case. other ; datives of alter, other, and hie,
this.

Alum.
alum\ F
Ait^,

E. alum -O. F. (F.-L.) alun L alftmen, alum.

(E.)

The L woid is borrowed from an O. Gaulish (Celtic) word (ajnbactos ) a slave, one driven about, a pp. form from lit ewibi-, prefix, about, and the verb ag-, cognate with L. agere cf O. Irish imiiiFick, agim, I drive about, send about
ff)

Alway, Always.
(E
)

See

AH.

1894,11. 34; Brugni amacth, a husbandman.

ii

79."

Cf

\V.

See Are.
;

Amber.

(F.

ambergris, \\h'ch is really quite a different Origin unknown ; said by some to be a substance. corruption or an alchemist's anagram of ambergris, i e. gray amber Called The malagma, a mollifying application per- gris ambo in Milton, P. R. n 344. Gk. F. gi is, gray, is from O. H. Ci. grh, gray haps with Arab al (=the; prefixed. Gk. cf G. ^reis, hoary. pakayna, an emollient.
;

(F. or Late L -Gk. T) F. amalgame, Late L atnalgama, a mixture, other metah esp. of quicksilver with

(E.) For on main, in strength, with strength see A- ( 2) and Main, sb.

Amain.

-Span

Arab.)

M.

E.

F. ambre. anmfae. Span, ambar Arab, 'anbar (pronounced "ambar^, am-

Amalgam.

amber was so

The resinous bergris, a rich perfume. *([ called from a resemblance to

(for ^naXaic-yeiv}, to soften

soft.

Gk.

Ambi-, Amb-,
about
E.
;

piefix.

(L.)

L L

ambi-,

cf.

Gk. d^i, on both

amphi-.
both.

sides,

whence
ambo,

Amanuensis, one who M rites to dictation. (L.) L. amanuensis. L. a manu, by hand with suffix -ensis. Amaranth, an unfading flower (L Gk.) Properly amarant, as in Milton but -anth is due to confusion with Greek L. amaranttts. Gk avOos, a flower.
;
;

prefix
dfJL<poj,

Related
Cf.

to

Gk.

A.S ymb,
/

Irish irn,

about.

L ambabout (L stem of pres. part, of amb-tre, to go about, from /><?, to go.

Ambient,

gmg

ient-,

Ambiguous,
ignns, doubtful,
;

doubtful.
lit.

(L

L.

amb-

dpapavros,
flower.
fade.

Gk.

unfading, or as sb. unfading and f*apaivii' ) to <i-, not;

to

(VMEK.)
heap
up.

Amass,
ftafa,

(F.-L.-Gk.)

F. amasser, to heap up. F. <$ masse, into a mass. L. ad, to; massa, a mass. Gk.

a barley-cake.

See

Mass

(i).

driving about (with L. (-L. -osus) place of L. -w^). a fnb-, about and agere, to drive. - L.) F. ambition. - L. Ambition. (F. ambitioncm, ace. Giambifid, a going round, esp. used of going round to solicit votes ; L.hence, a seeking for preferment.
-otts

in

AMBLE
Amenity

AMITY

O. F. amende^ reparation. O. F. to go about (but sb. pi. w, supine of amb-ire, note that ambttio retains the short * of amender (above). F. L.) Hum, the supine of Ire the simple verb). ^pleasantness. (F. Amble. (F. - L.) M. E. amblen. - O F. and F. amenite L. amccnitdtem^ ace. of L. amcenus, pleasant. Cf. L. ambler to go at an easy pace. L. ambu- amamtas. amdre t to love. late, to walk. Amerce, to fine. (F.-L.) A. F. (not ambulance, a moveable hospital. (F O. F. a ( * L. ad), L. ambulant-, stem O. F.) amercier, to fine. L.) F. ambulance. to meraer^ to pay, acquit, but usually to of pre=. part, of atnbuldre, to walk. ambulation, a walking about. (L.) thank cf. Late L. mercidre, to fix a fine. From L. ambulatio, a walking about. L. Cf O. F. merdt (F. merci), thanks, pardon. L. mercedeni) ace. of merces, reward, ambuldtus, pp viambulare. Ambrosia, food of the gods. (Gk.) wages, also pity, indulgence, thanks Gk ajjLftpoaia fern, of d^puoios, length- (passing into the sense of 'fine'). L. ened form of a /*/8 par os, immortal. Gk, d-, mere-, stem of meroc, merchandise, traffic. and *f*0por6s t f r *ppor6s not (E. un-} Amethyst, a gem, (L. - Gk.) L ameGk. dyucflvaros, an amethyst; so (Gk. /Sporos), mortal; see Mortal. Cf. thystus. called because supposed to prevent drunkSkt a-mita, immortal. See Amaranth. - enness. Gk. d/u'0i/(7Tos,not drunken. Gk. a cupboard. (F. L ) M. E. awmebry, aivmcry, Prompt. d-, not; and ptOvtiv, to be drunken, from
,

Ambry, Aumbry,

O F. ctumaire, Parv. ; the b is excrescent. almaire, armarie, a repository; pioperly, Late L. ior arms ; but also a cupboard. armdnmti, a rearmaria, a cupboard L. arma, arms. pository for aims.
;

ptOv, strong drink; see

Mead.

Amiable.
friendly; also

(F.-L.)
lo^s

F. amiable,

cable,

by confusion with

aimable (from L. aMabihs}. \^.amicabilis, L. anncus, a friend. L. amare^ friendly.

to love.

Ambulance, -ation Ambuscade. i>pan.

(

see

Late L.)

Amble. Piom

amicable. (L.)
as above.

L. amicdbihs, friendly ;
linen,

an ambush. cmboscada, Ong. Late pp. of emboscar, to set in ambush. a bush or Lat imboscare, lit. to set and Late L L. ini" (for in}, in thicket. See Bush. boMuni) a bush.

Span,

Amice
variously
aviysT,

(i),

an oblong piece of
priests.

worn by

(F.

L.)

M.

E.

and

(earlier)

amit.

O. F. amis,

amit (Burguy).

Late L.) Formerly em bush. OF. embuscher, embwssier, to set in ambush. Late L. imboscdre\ as
(F.

ambush.

L. amict-us, a coxering. L. amictus, pp. of amicire, to throw L. am- (amb-} t aiound ; iaeere y to round.
cast.

above.

same as Emir, q. v. Ameliorate. (F.-L.; with *L. suffix.} Formed with suffix -ate ( = L. -atus) from

Ameer,

the

F. a amtliorer, to better, improve. L. ad), in addition -meliorcr ( = Late L. meliorare^, to make better. L me nor-, from mclioi better. Gk. Heb.") L. dmen. (L. Gk. d/A^v, verily. Ileb amen, verily, so be
F.
(
;
,

Amen.

it.

Heb. amen,
;

firm, tiue.
'

Ileb.

dman,

to confirm

to be firm.' (F.-L.) easy to lead. From F. amener, to lead to, bring to. F. a, to mener, to conduct, drive. L. a<f,

ong.

Amenable,
;

to
al c

LateL. mindre, to conduct, lead about, o to drive out, chase away; L. minan,
;

L. mina:, threats. L) E. amenden. (F. F. amender. lu. emenddre, to free from fault. L. e, from ; mendum^ a fault.

to threaten

Amend.

(2), a pilgrim's hood. (O. F. ? In amice gray Teut. ? ) Milton, Span. P R. iv. 427. O F. aitmi(ce (F. attmusse)\ Late L. almm ia Span, almucio (Pineda) ; where al seems to he the Arab. def. art. G. mutze, a cap (cf. (cf. Poit tnttrfa} Lowl. Sc. mutch^. But G. mittze may be from Late L. Amid, Amidst, in the middle of. (E.) E. amiddes. Amids-t is lengthened from Again, amidde-s was due to adding the adv. suffix -s to amidde A. S on middan* where middan is the dat. of in the middle A. S. mid, tnidd^ midde, sb., the middle. adj., middle. Amid- A. S. on middan (as See Mid. before). Amiss, adv. wrongly. (E or Scand.) M. E. on Mt'sse, i. e. in error. Icel. d mis, amiss. Icel. d ( = A. S. on), in ; mis, adv., See wrongly (due to an older lost pp.).
*

Amice

'

Miss

(i).

amends. (F.-L.)

M. E. amendes.

Amity.

(F.

L.) O. F. amistet amisted,

AMMONIA
Late L. *amicitdtem, ace. of*amtL. amicus, friendly. atds, friendship. L. amdre, to love.
amistet.

ANAGRAM
rpovj a theatre with seats all round the Gk. dptyi, around; Oearpov, a arena. theatre. full. (F. F. ample. - L. L.)

Ammonia,
Egyptian.)
sal

moniacum, Amputate. (IO From pp. of L. amputdre, to cut off round about. L. am-, ammoniac, lock-salt. Gk. Gk. &wuv, the Libyan Zeus- short for amb-, ambi-, round about; Libyan. Ammon a word of Egyptian 01 igm putdre,\. cleanse, also to lop or prune trees. L. putus, clean. Herod, ii. 42. ^f It is said that sal ammoniac was first obtained near the temple Amulet. (F.-L.) F. amulette. ^,. of Ammon. amulctum, a talisman hung round the neck.
;
;

an alkali. Gk. (L. Suggested by L. sal amrock-salt. Gk. a

Ample,

amplus, spacious.

ammonite, a fossil shell. (Gk.) Coined

(Gk. -ITTJS] from the name Ammon because the shell resembles the twisted ram's horn on the head of the

[Once thought to be of Arabic origin

but

with

suffix -ite
;

now
'

given up.]

image of Jupiter Ammon.

From Mid. F. amunition, a soldier's L.) corruption of munition, due to substituting r amunition for la munition ^Littre). L. ace. mnnltioncm, a defending. L. miinttus, pp. of munire, to defend. Amnesty, In. a forgetting of offences. L. (F. Gk.) F. amnestte. L. amnes/z'a.*Gk. uiwijffTia, forgetfulncss, esp. of
wrong. Gk. a/at/crro?, forgotten. Gk. d-, not and pvaoncu., I remember. (^MEN.)
;

Ammunition, store for defence.

(F.

L.) F. amuser, (F. to amuse, make to muse or think of, to gaze at;' Cot -F. ^ (-L. ad}, to, at; O. F. muser, to gaze at, stare at, muse ; see

Amuse, to divert.

Muse

is indefinite article. (E.) short for an and an is an unaccented form of A. S. dn, one see One.
; ;

An, A,

neg. prefix. d-, cognate with L. in-,

An-, A-,
if.

^Gk.) Gk. di/-, and E. un- see

;

Tin-, In-,

ASee

(9).

An,

And.
;

M. E. form is amonge, whence amonges with ndded s (a common adverbial suffix) and hence amongs-t with excrescent t. A. S. onmang, prep., among. A. S. on, in Cf. Mingle. viang, a mixture, crowd.
, ;

Among, Amongst.

(E.)

The

earliest

Gk. dva-,av~; from Gk. ava, upon, on, up, back, again cognate with E. on see On.

Ana-, &XL-, prefix. (Gk

;

Ana, Anna, a sixteenth of a rupee. Hind. ana,*, sixteenth part, esp. (Hind.) of a rupee. (H. H. Wilson.)
(Gk.) One who baptizes Coined from Gk. ova, again and See Baptize. baptist. Anachronism, error in chronology. (Ok.; Ok. d'axf>"* 0><us. Gk. avaxpoviGk. dva fciv, to refer to a wrong time. up, back wrong) xpoyos, time.

Anabaptist.

AmorOUS.
amoureux.

Amorphous,
Gk.
a-,

F.amoros;Y. L.) (F. L. amor, love. L. amorosu<>. From formless. (Gk.)

>

again.

not

and ^0^0-77, shape, form.

to
to.

to. O F. a 0. 1*. mont, towards a mountain or large heap. L. ad, to; montem, ace. of mow, a

Amount,

mount up amonter, to amount

(F.

L.)

Anaconda, a large serpent. (Ceylon.) Now a S. Ameiican boa; at first applied

to a large snake it was really a
111

mountain.

svvifi
'

Ceylon. Hut wrongly whipsnake; Cingh.

;

Amour.
amorem,
both
sides,

fF.

L.)

F.

amour.

L.

henakandayd,

ace. of

amor, love.
(Gk.)
see

Anaemia,
Gk.
d/^>/,

lit. lightning stem.* bloodlcssness (L. Gk.)

A
ut

Amphi-, prefix.
around
;

on

Latinised

form of Gk. dvai^ia, want

tii/-,

Ambi-.

Gk. ci/*</>/#toy, (Gk.) living a double life, on land and water Gk. dfMfri, on both sides /3/os, life.

Amphibious.

af/m, blood. rendering insensible to Coined from Gk. dv-, not pain. (Gk ) and aioOrjTiKos, full of perception see An-

blood

Gk.

not

Anaesthetic,

Amphibrach,
(Gk.)

foot

in

prosody.

and ^Esthetic.
a change in a word due to L. Gk.) F. transposition of letters. ^F. agtamme. "L. anagramma.<*'Gk. dvd-

The

foot

composed of a short
;

Anagram,
anfM.

syllable on each side of a long one fw-u). Gk. dftff>i0pa\vs. Gk. dfjupi, on both sides and Ppaxvs, short; see Amphi- and

Gk. dva, up, here used

ypdupa, a

distribu-

Brief.

tively

letter of the alphabet.

Amphitheatre.

(Gk.)

Gk.

Gk.
16

ypd<f>iv t to write.

ANALOGY
Analogy, proportion. (F. L. Gk.) L. ana/ogia. Gk. dva\oyiaj F. analogic Gk. dvd, upon, of ratios. equality throughout; -Koyla, from \6y-o$, a word,

ANGEL
Ancient
excrescent
/.

(0,

old. With (F.-L.) M. K. auncien. ancien.

.

Late L. antianus, old, belonging to former time. Formed with suffix -anus from ante, before. statement, from \iytiv, to speak. Analysis. (Gk.) Gk.dvd\vms, a resolv- Ancient (2) a banner, standard-bearer. Gk. wa\vw, to (F. - L.) Confused with ancient ( I ) but ing into parts, loosening. undo, resolve. Gk. dvd, back and Atmi>, from O. F. enseigne, m. 'ensigne, auncient, to loosen. (y'LEU ) Der. analyse, verb, a standard-bearer Cot. also for O. F. encoined word. a banner; Cot. See Ensign. seigne, f., Ananas, the pine-apple plant. (Span. And. (E.) A S. and, end. O. Fries. Braz.) Span, ananas (^Pineda); mod. anda, ende; O. H. G anti, unta, G. und. Brazil, nanas or nana. Prob. related to L. ante, Span, anana, beiore, Gk. di/rt, The Peiuv. name is achupalla. over against. fl"
,

'

'

'

Anapaest, Anapest,
ody.

^Gk.)

L.

anapuCstus.

a foot in prosGk. dvd;

an,

if.

(E.)
,
;

Formerly

also

and\

iraiffTos, it is the

struck back, rebounding because Gk. avairaietv, reverse of a dactyl.

Ilavelok, 2861 &c the same word as the if if, a above. An if reduplication. But and if but if if; Matt xxiv. 48.

to strike back. to stuke.

Gk. d^d, back

and iraifiv,
cent.

Andante, slowly.
moving slowly,
pres.

(Ital.)

Andiron, a fire-dog. (F. L/) Not connected with iron, but corrupted from a ruler. Gk. di>-, neg. prefix; M. E. anderne, aundcrne, aundtre. O. F. andier mod. F\ landier, put for Candier, niler, from apxtw, to rule, to be first. Anathema, a curse. (i.-Gk.) I,. where /* is the def. art. Cf. Late L. andeanathema. Gk. avdOffj-a, a thing devoted } ius, andena, a fire-dog. or accursed Gk. tn/cm^T/^u, I devote. Anecdote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. anccGk. dvd t up set. Cf. dote, Late L. ane^dota, orig. aneut.pl. riOijfju, I place, Theme. Gk. di><5oTa, neut. pi. of d>'/c5oro?, Anatomy. (F.-L. Gk.) F. ana- unpublished hence an unpublished story, tomte.i-L,. anato?n?a. (^k. dvaro^ia, the story m Gk. dv- t not, IK, private life.
s,

F. anarihie L. ananhia lack of government. Gk.

Anarchy. (F.-L.-GIO XVI

pt.

Ital andante, of andare, to

Gk. d^apx/a,

without

same
cut.

vuv, to cut up.

as dvaTopfj, dissection. Gk. avdy up Cf. Tome.

Gk. dvar^;

out

and

Soros, given, allied to

5/5cu/4t, I

Ttpvtiv, to

give.

L.) M.E.(i) an as t re, (F. O. F. ancestre, from L. antecessor, nom., a predecessor, foregoer and M. E. (2 anF\ ancessout , from L. antecessour,
;

Ancestor.

Anemone,
(Jtwvrj, lit.
| \

a flower.

wind flower.

(Gk.) Gk. di>Gk. ai/e/^o?, wind.

;

cessorem, acc.-.L. ante, before;

cess-u*,

pp. of cedere, to go.

Anchor. ^L.-Gk.) The current spelling imitates the false L. foim, anchora S. ancor. L. ancora \ wrongly ant hora] Gk. cijKvpa, an anchor, lit. a bent hook cf. Gk. dyKuv, a bend. (y^ANQ )

Anent, regarding, with reference to. M.E. anent, anentis older form E.) A. S. onefent, where the / is excrescent. later form onemn. anefen, onefen, near A. b on, on ; efen, even. Hence onefn ~= even with, on an equality with. Cf. G. See Even. neben, near (for in eben Aneroid, dry, applied to a barometer
V
;

F.

Anchoret, Anchorite, a recluse. - Late L. - G k. ) F. anachorete (Cot

)

Late L. anachdreta. ^ik. dyaxw/oT/TTj?, one who retires from the world. Gk dvato retire. Gk. di>d, back and to withdraw, from x^P 0? space, room. (-/GHE, GHO.) Anchovy, a fish. (Span. Basque ') and New. Span, anchova cf. Basque anchoa,anchua, Angel. (F.-L.~Gk.) O.F. angcle. an anchovy. Perhaps dried fish ; from L. angelus* Gk. ayytkot, a messenger. Cf, Gk. dyyapos, a mounted courier, from Basque antzua, dry.
,

>

having no liquid mercury in it. v Gk.) Coined from ok. d-, not; vrjpo-s, wet; *f5-oy, form, kind. Aneurysm, a tumour due to dilataGk. dvtvpvana, a widening. tion. (^Gk ; Gk. dv-, for dvd, up; and v/>i>tK, to Also aneurism. widen, from tvpvs, wide. Anew. (E.) M.E.o/-nfwe. A.S.of> niowe,John iii. 7 (Rushworth), From Of

'

17

ANUtK
O. Persian.
angel-ist,

ANNUL
',

Der. arch-angel

q. v.,

cv-

engel,

^f The A. S. form was directly from L. angelus.

q. v.

Q. Fries, ankel; also A.S. ancleow, with a longer suffix (cf. O. Fries, onklef}.^
.

M. E. anger, often (Scand.) with the sense of vexation, tiouble. Icel. a> n r > g grief; Dan. anger, Swed. anger, reL. angor, a strangling, anguish. gret. (VANGH.) See below. Angina, acute pain. (L.) L. angina, quinsy, lit. choking. L. angerc, to choke. (0, a corner. >K-L.) M.K.

Anger.

Dan. and Swed. ankel\ Icel. ^/^/d! (for onkla-^*anknla'\ Du. and G. ^w^/. Perhaps allied to Skt. anguli, a linger, anga t
a limb.

Anna,
yearly

a small coin
(F.

Annals.

L.)

see Ana. F. annales, pi. sb.

Angle
Gk.

L. anndles, pi. adj., for hbri annale^ books, chiomcles; from antidlis, L. annus, a year. yearly.
to temper by heat. ( (i) E.; F. L.) Two distinct words have been E. anclen, to inflame, confused. 1. M. kindle, heat, melt, bum. A. S. onielan, to burn, kindle; from on, prefix, and (elan, to
(

angle.
Cf.

Angle

F. angle. L angnlus, an angle. ayiev^os, bent. S. (2), a hook, fish-hook. ^E.)

Anneal,
)

diniin. of cinga, onga, angel, a fish-hook a feting, prickle cf Icel angi^ a prickle, Gk. a-yttvpa, a bent hook, Skt. anka(s), a hook.+Dan. angel G. angel, diniin. of O. H. G ango, a prickle, fish-hook. Allied
;

to

to

Anchor.

Der. angle,
;

verb, to fish.

Cf. A. S icled, fire. 2 M.E. anelen^ enamel glass. Prefix a- (perhaps = F. a, and O. F. neeler, nieler, to enamel, L. ad) orig. to paint in black on gold or silvei

burn.

Anguish. (F.-L.)
angoise.

M. E. anguisc,

Q. F. anguisse F. angoisse. \*. august la, narrowness, poveitv, perplexity L. anguslus, narrow. L. angere, to choke. )

Late L. nigellare, to blacken fiom niger, black. blackibh

;

L. nigelhts,

(VANGH

Aniline,
Pers.
Skt.)

a substance which furnishes

(F.

a number of dyes.

Span.

Foimed,

\\ilh suffix -ine*

Arab. from
-

F. anil. anil, a dye-stuff Span, anil, azure. Arab. an-nJl\ for ctl-ml, where al
is

Annex. (F.-L) F annexer. \^.anncxus, pp. of annectere, to knit or bind to. L an- (for ad), to and nutere, to bind. Annihilate. (L.) \annihttatus>\>\>. of annihilare, to i educe to nothing. L. an- (for ad), to and nihil, nothing. Anniversary. (L.) For anniver;
;
'

the

clef, art.,

and nil

is

borrowed fiom
Skt.

Pers. nil, blue, or the indigo-plant. mla, blue ; mil, the indigo-plant.

Animal.
ture.

(L.)

animal, a living crealife.

L. anima, breath,
to

(<^AN
(L.)

animadvert,

censure.

L.

animaduertere, to turn the mind to, hence, L. anun-, for animus, the to criticise.

!,, sary memorial/ anmtiersdrius, reL anni- (from anno-},, turning yearly. from annus, a year and uersus, pp. of uertere, to tnrn (^ee Verse). Annotate, to make notes on. (L.) From pp. of L. annotare, to make notes on. L. an- (for acf), to, on; notare, to mark, from not a, a mark. See Note.
;

Announce.
L. annuntiat
e,

mind (allied to anima, breath) and uerlere, to tuin (see Verse).

ad, to

animate. (L.) L. animatus, pp. of L amma, Annoy, to vex. (F. L.) M. E. anoicn, aniware,\o endue with life life. Der. in-animate, re-animate anuien O. F. anoier, anuier, to annoy animosity. (F.-L.) F. ammositt. O. Y.anot,anui (F ennui), vexation. Cf. L. animositatem, ace. of animontas Span, enojo, O. Venetian inodio, vexation.
^

L. an- ( ad),\.Q\ nuntnuc, to bring tidings, from See Nuncio. nunliiis, a messenger.

L. ) F. (F. to announce.

annoin er.

vehemence.
of mind

L. animosus, \ehemerit, full or courage. L. animus, mind,

courage, passion. Anise, a herb. (F.-L.-Gk) L. anisuin anese, anys.~>. anis (Cot.).
also

ME.
;

L. /;/ odio, lit in hatred, common in the Late L. phr. in odio habui, lit. 1 had hatred, 1 was annoyed with cf. L. in odio L. in, in; esse, to be hated by (Cicero).

odio, abl. of

odium, hatred.

anethum.

Gk.

aviaov, avijaov, orig.

Annual,
nitel.

avrjOov, anise.

M. E. anyearly. (F\~L ^ F. anmtel. L. annualis, yearly.

Anker, a liquid measure. (l)u. LateL.) L. annus, a year. Du. anker, the same. Late L. anceria, annuity. (A. F.-L) A Y.annuitt; the same, -f- Swed. ankare G. anker\ from A. D. 1304. Late L. annuitdtem^ ace. of the same. nnuitds,-*^. annus, a year.
;

Amide.

(E.)

M.E.

ancle

also an-

Annul.
18

(L,)

L. annullaiC) to bring to

ANNULAR
nothing.

ANTICIPATE
;

one

see

L. anNull.

(for ad), to

nnllus, no

Annular,
Idris, adj.
;

like a ring.

(L.)

I*

annu-

from anmilus, a ring, earlier dim in. of L anus, a spelling anuhts rounding, a circular form (Lewis).
;

F. Q. i. 6. 26.-O. F. a/i/i/o/.-Late'L. antalopus. Late Gk. &v0o\oir~, the stem of dvOokoi//, used by Eustathius of Antioch Of to signify some uncertain quadruped.

unknown
antenna,

Antennae,
pi. of

origin. feelers of insects.

Anodyne, a drug to allay pain (L. Gk.) XVI cent. Late L. anodynus,
;

(L.) L. antenna, properly the yard

last syllable
ante,,

of a

sail.

drug relieving pain. <*k. dvubvvos, free and Mvij, Gk. dv-, not from pain.
pain.

Antepenultima, the
two
in a

but

word.

(L.)

ptfnultima, fern, adj., E. anoint, used pifn-e, almost, ultima, last. O. F enoint, pp. of Anterior. (L ) L. anterior, former, as a pp -* anointed O. F. en, upon, more in front, compar. adj. from ante, enoindre, to anoint. L. in, upon; ttngere, before oindre, to smear.

before; last but one, from

L.

Anoint.

(F.

L.)

M.

to anoint.

See Unguent.

viation from rule.

Gk. dpa>fta\o?, uneven. not; and o^aXos, even, related to upas, one and the same. Anon, immediately. (K ^ M. K. anon, A. S. on an, lit. anoon also onan. one moment.' A. S. on, on, in an, one. Anonymous, nameless. (Gk. Gk. with -ous added. dvwvvfji-os, nameless
Gk.
Ay-,
'
;

Anomaly. (Gk)

Gk.

upw/aiXta, de-

Anthem. (L. Gk.) Formerly antem. A. S. antefn. Late L. antiphona, an anthem. Gk. avritywa, considered as fem. but really neut. pi. of avrityowos, sing sounding in response to from the alternate Gk. dvri, over singing of the half-choirs.
,
;

against

<f)oji>r),

Anther,
a flower
ing.

the

voice, sound. summit of the

(Gk.)

From Gk.
a

dvOrjpos,
;

stamen of bloom-

Gk.

QV-,

neg piefix
(E.)

and

opo/xa,

name.
one
and-

Gk. apfletV, to bloom bud or sprout.

avOos, a

young

Another.
other.

For an
(K
)

other,

Answer,
;

to

icply.

A.

S.

swenan, andsivarian, a weak verb. reply

reply.

to answer, speak in S. andswaru, a

collection of choice a collection of flowers. Gk. dv0o\oyia, a gathering of flowers. Gk. Gk. di'0o\6yos, flower-gathering.

anthology,

potms. (Gk.)

Lit.

avOo-, for avOos, a flower;

cull.

and /fyfiv, to

and-, against, nverian, to speak, to swear. a?id- = G. ant- (in ant-worfen^

see

A. S.

in

icply

The A. S. = Gk. dvri

Anthracite,
(Gk.)

kind

Gk.

dirOpa^irrjs,

of haid coal. resembling coals.

coal.

Anti- and Swear. (E ) M. K. amtc, short for amett, A. S. cemette, an emmet, ant. Doublet, emmet, q. v. Antagonist, an opponent. (^L.-Gk.) Late L. antagonista Gk dvrayouvtffT^, an opponent. Gk. cW-, foi av-ri, against and dyajvi^o^at, I struggle, from d^wv, a contest (-/AG.^

Gk. dvOpaK-, stem of avOpa,

Ant.

Anthropophagi,
Lit.
'

cannibals.

men-eaters.'

Gk.

(Gk.) dvOparroQayos,

man-eating.
tpuytti',

Gk.

avOpwiros, a

man; and
;

to eat

(y^HIIAGw

Brugm.

i.

641.)

Antarctic.

(L.
t

G1O

*L.antar<ticus

Gk. &vrapKTtK6s, southern, opposite to arctic. Gk. dvr- for cirri, opposite to; and dpKnKvs, arctic. See Arctic.

Ante-,
before.

prefix, before.

(L.)
v.

L. ante,

Allied to Anti-, q.
(L.)
pres.

Antecedent.
stem of
before.

ante, before; cedere,to go. Antediluvian, before the flood. (L.) L. ante, before; diluuium, deluge, a washing away. L. dtluere, to wash

pa it. of anteicdere

antecedent-, to go
t

(Ital. -L.) Oiig. the XVI cent, from Ital. antico* with the * sense of grotesque'; lit. antique, old. L. anttqwts* old. See Antique. Antichrist. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.

(Gk.) prefi*.* against allied to L. ante, dvri, against; before. Cf. Skt. anti, over against, allied to anta, end ; see End. ^[ In anticipate, ante. the prefix is for Antic, fanciful, odd ; as sb. a trick. an adj. Adopted in

Anti-, Ant-,

Gk.

Antichrlstus (Vulgate). Antecrtst.-L. Gk. bvrixpiaros (i John ii. 18). Gk.

dvri, against; xpiaros, Christ.

Anticipate.
before
;

(L.)

From

away.

L. di-, apart

lucre, to

wash.
In Spenser,

antidpare, to take beforehand.

the pp. of L. L. anti-,

Antelope. (F.-L.-Gk.)

and capere, to take.

ANTICLIMAX
Anticlimax.
Climax.
(Gk.)

APHORISM
to fold up, but from M. H. G. valzen, as above. Cf. L incus, an anvil, from in, on, and cudere, to strike ; and note the

From Anti- and

F. anti-

Antidote.
dote
SOT-OP,

(F.-L.-Gk.)
i

L. antidotum, a emedy.

Gk. avri-

A. S.

'

gloss:

Cudo, penutio,

anfilte

;'

a thing given as a Voc. 217. 5. remedy Anxious. (L.) L. anxi-its, remedy. Gk. di/', against; Sorov, neut. of Soros, given, from &'5<w/uf, I give. with suffix -0HS. L. angere,
:

distressed

to

choke,

Antimony,
L. antirnomum.

a metal.

(XI
(Gk.)
'

cent.)

(Late L.) Late Origin undvriird-

distress.

known.

Any.
one, with

^E
t

Antipathy.
0(ia, antipathy,

From Gk.
suffering

lit.

(feeling

from cen See One.

<r nig, any ; from an, (E. -y). 4- Du. eenig, one; G. eimger, from ezn, one.

A.

S.

suffix

-ig

Gk avri, strongly) against.' See Pathos. irafofp, to suffer.

against

Aorta.
Gk.
the

(L.

Gk)

doprrj, the great

Antiphon.
Phrase.

(L.
;

Gk.)
see

Late L. antiSee Anti- and

heart

Gk.
(E.

phona, an anthem

Anthem.

Late L. aorta artery 'rising' from atiptoOcu, to rise up ;

F.)

dfipfiv, to raise.

Antiphrasis.
men with

(Gk.)

Apace.
at

(good) pace;
;

(Gk.) Gk. dj/T/Vo5s,pl., on (cf. opposite to ouis, from nom. pas, is Gk. dvri, opposite to ; and Pace. sing, dvriirovs. TTOVS. foot, cognate with Foot. Apart, aside. (F.-L.) F. <* part, L. ad partem, Antique, old. (F. L.) F. antique. apart, alone, singly Cot L. anliquus, also anticus, formed with lit. to the one part or side, L. ad, apart. suffix -tats from ante, before ; as posticus is to partew. ace. of pars, a part. Doublet, antic. from/tfj-/, behind. apartment, a separate room. (F. Antiseptic, counteracting putrefac- Ital. L.) F. appancment. Ital. appar-

Antipodes.
feet

For a pace, i.e. where a is put for see A- (2 \ a-Joot) Pace, M. E. from F. pas (L. passus}. See

and

tion.

o-T/wTt/f<5s,

Gk. dvri, against and (Gk.) putrefying, cn/Trr-os, rotten, from

;

tamento^n apartment, a
ration.
Ital.

ariirtiv,

to rot.
Cik.)

Antistrophe.
and Strophe.

From Anti-

partition, lit. sepaappartare, to separate. Ital. a parte, L. ail partem ; see apart. above.

Antithesis.
Thesis.

(Gk.)

From Anti- and want

Apathy.
(E.)

^Gk

>

From Gk.
d-,

dtrafcrn,

of feeling Gk. suffer. See Pathos.

not

7ra0V, to

Antitype.
Type.

vGk.)

From Anti- and

E.

Ape.
aap;
Irish
'

M. K ape
apt
,

A.

S.
;

apa -f Du.
G.
affe
;

Icel.

Swed.
;

for auntelerc, auntoher(l\ Q. F. antoilher, said to have been once in use (Littre). In this case the O. F word is supposed to be equivalent to a Late L. *antocularcm, ace., i.e. the branch (of the horn) in front of the eyes ; cf. G. aiigen-sprotse, a brow-

Antler.

(F.)

M.

apa (from

KJ
iL.)

apa

Bohem.

Aperient.

XVII

op. cent.

Lit.

L. aperient-, stem of pres. pt. opening.' of aperire. to open. Perhaps from ap-, old form of ab, from, away, and -0r- = Lith.

we)i.

in

whence
$

iverti. to move (to and fro), Lith. at-weili^ to open. Brugm,

antler

(lit.

349.
eye.

From

See Romania, iv eye-sprout). ante, before, and oculus, the

orifice of the

361.
(L")

Apex.

apex, summit.

Anus, the lower L dmts. (L.)

Anvil.
A.
(E.)
felt.

bowels.

anfeld, anonfihi - A. S. an, on, on, upon; and a verb *ficltan (see below), causal of *fealtan, to infix, redupl. verb G. *fa/zan, M. H. G. cognate with O.
S.
anfilte,

M. E. anvdt^

See Apo-. taking away of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word. (L. -Gk ) Late L. aph(jeresis.

Aph-,/>r/fcr. (Gk.j

Aphaeresis,

the

Gk.
ttTro,

d</>cu/xfa/y,

a taking away.

Gk

<</>-,

for

away

a'ipcois,

a taking, from aipfiv,

to take.
farthest

See Heresy.

vahen, whence G.falz, a groove, ^f Some derive it from on and fealdan, to fold however, the O. H. G. anafah, an anvil, is not derived from ana, on, and faldan.
;

the point in a planet's orbit from the sun. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. d<p-, for drro, from #\ios, the sun. Aphorism, a definition. (Gk.) Gk.

Aphelion,

<$y

a definition.

Gk. fyopifav, to

APIARY
define,
limit.

APPEAL
for
air6,

Gk.

d</>-,

opifrw, to limit, from opos, a boundary. Apiary, a place for bees. (L.) L apiarium, neut. of apidrius, belonging to L. api-, stem of apis, a bee. bees. Apiece. (. and F.) Ong. (at so

Gk. diro<rroAo?, one who is off;j L. apostolus. sent off. Gk. diro, off; oreAAfii/, to send.

Apostrophe.
strophe.
in

L. apoa turning away ihetonc, a turning away to address

(L.

Gk.)

Gk.

djro(rrpo<i7,

some one
to turn,

else.

Gk.

diro,
it

away;

<TTp4<t>tv,

much) a piece, where a

is

the indef. article.

off,

^f In the sense of a

mark used

to

Gk. diro, (Gk.) from cognate with E. of, off; see Of. becomes aph- before an aspirate

ApO-, prefix,
;

off.

denote an omission,
(L. apostrophus,

should be apostroph

It

Gk.

diroVT/wx^os).

Apocalypse. (L.-Gk.)
calips

M.E

apo-

(Wychf).

diroK&kviftis,

L. apocalypsis: Gk. a revelation. Gk. drroKa\vir-

Q. F. apoteapotecary, potecary. caire. L&te L. apothecdrius lit. a storeLate L. apotheca, a store-house keeper.
,

M. E.

Apothecary.

(F.

Late L.

Gk.)

rew, to uncover, reveal.

Gk.

diro,

nnd

Kakvirrfiv, to cover.

Of

tca\td,

off; cot.

(esp.

for drugs).

Gk. dvoQ^K^, a

store-

house.

Gk.

diro,

Apocope. (L.-Gk)
diroKoinj,

a cutting
;

Gk.

diro, off
'

L. apocope.- Gk (of a letter). and Khimiv, to hew, cut.

off

away

ri-Orj-fu, I

put.

Apotheosis,
L. apotheosis
.

deification.

(L.

Gk^

Lit. 'hidden (Gk.) hence, uncanonical books of the things Gk. diroKpvQa, neut. pi. Old Testament. of dir6Kpv<f>os, hidden. Gk. diro/epvirTciit, to hide away. Gk. diro, from, away;

Apocrypha.
;

Gk. Gk.
sense
'

diroQtajvts, deification. diro0f6a>, I deify, set aside as a god.

diro,

Gk.

away, fully

0*6*?,

a god.

Appal,
is

to terrify. late; the

' ;

rendered pale

cf.

Kpvirrciv, to hide.

Apogee,
furthest

from the earth

the point of the moon's orbit x F. L. Gk (F.

F. apallir, apalir, appalir, to wax pale, also to make pale (Cot.). O. F. a-, prefix; F. pale,palle, pale.L. ad, to pallidus, pale Cf. Pale.

1^365).

(F.-L.) The present M.E. apalled meant Chaucer, C. T., 10679

L. apogaum. Gk. diroapogee (Cot.). yatov, neut. of dnoyaios, away from earth.

Gk.

diro,

away from

777, earth.

a fable, story (F.-L. L. apologus. - Gk Gk.) apologue. Gk. diro, off; \6yos, dwoAo-yos, a fable. speech, from \fyav, to say. apology, a defence. (L. Gk) L. Gk. aTro\oyia, a speech made in apologia. defence. Gk. diro, off; Ao-yos, a speech

Apologue,

Appanage, Apanage, provision for a dependent, &c. (F. L.) O. F. apanage ^also appanage^, properly, a provision for maintenance. O. F. apaner, lit. to supply with bread (Late L. appdndre}.~\*. ap(ior

pan-is, bread. L. apparatus, L. apparatus, pp. of appapreparation. L. ad, for ; parare, rdre, to prepare for.

ad\

to, for;

Apparatus,

gear. (L.)

to get leady.

(above).

Gk drro, saying. I cry aloud, utter

Gk. dirwpOtyna, a thing

off,

Apophthegm, Apothegm.
uttered, a
;

Apparel,
(Gk.)
terse

to clothe.

(F.-L.)

M.E.

out

and tyOcyyopai,

apareiller, to dress, O. F. a, to ; pareiller. parailler, apparel to assort, put like things with like, to L. arrange, from pareil, like, similar.

apaiailen.

O. F.

Apoplexy. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F. ad, to; Med. L. pariculus (Ducange Late L apoplexia. Gk. dno- has partita, pancula}, similar, fiom L. apoplexie Gk. diroirhrjv- pari-, stem of par, equal. Cf. Par. Der. ir<\Tjia, stupor, apoplexy. ofiv, to cripple by a stroke. -Gk. diro, off; apparel, s. ir^Tffffftiv, to strike. (F. L.) Y.apparittan
Apostasy. (F.-Late
apostasie. ffra<ria, late

L-GkM

Apparition.

F.

L. ace. apparittoftem.

'Li.

appdreie, to

Late L. apostasia. Gk. diroform for diroaTcuns, revolt, lit.

appear.

'a standing

away

away

0-rdaiy,

Gk. OTTO, off, a standing, from ara-,

from.'

base allied to
apostata.
crrdriys,

apostate.

place. Cf. Statics - Gk.) M. E (Late Late L. apostata. Gk. diroiVrry/it, I

vTdrrjs, a deserter, apostate.

- Gk. diro, off

S.

standing, from era- (see above).

Apostle. (L.-Gk.)

A.

apostoL-

who attends execute their orders; an officer who serves the process of a spiritual L. appdntor, an attendant, court. (L.) L. appdrere, to appear as attendlictor, See Appear. ant, wait on. Appeal, v. (F.-L.) M. E. apelcn. O. F. apeler, to call.-L. appelldre, to address, call upon, speak to ; trom L, apmagistiates to

See Appear. apparitor, an officer

APPEAR
(for acT), to
;

APPROPRIATE
Appoint. (F.-L.) M.E. apointen O. F. apointer, to prepare, arrange, settle. Late L. apptinctarc, to repair, appoint,
settle a dispute
;

and

*pcllarc, to speak, allied

to A. S. spell, a tale. Appear, to become visible. (F. L.) M. E. aperen. O. F. aper-, tonic stem (as

Ducange

- L./- (for ad)',

apareir, apere) pres. L. apL. appdrere. aparoir, to appear. (for <&/), to, forth parere, to come in
subj.
;

in

of O. F.

pacem,
pres.

spelt parrere. Cf. Apparition. M. E. ape sen, (F. L.) A. F. apeser, apeiser, O. F. /, in imitation of L. ap-=^ad\ to; portion, apaisen. see Portion. a apeser (F. apaiser^), to bring to a peace portion O. F. a pets, a pats, to a peace. L. ad Appose. (F. L.) F. apposer ; formed to represent L. apponere, on the analogy of to a See Peace.
sight,

aLo

Appease.

Late L. punctdre, to mark by a point, from Late Is.puncta, a prick, fern, of puntttu, Der. disappoint. see Point. pp. Apportion. (F.-L.) F. apportioned F. ap- (put for a before to portion out to.
;
;

Appellant.
pt.
;

peace. (,F.-L.)
appeller,

F.

of

O. F.

apcler,

appellant, to

- L.) Formerly pausare). See Pose. to attach. ( M. E. apcnden, to pertain to. O F Apposite. \L ) L. appositus, suitable L. ap' (for I,, appendert, foi pp. of apponere, to put near. apendre, to depend on. L. ap- ad), to; poneie, to put. Sec Position. L. appendere, to hang to 01 upon.

appeal
also

see

Appeal.

composer, exposcr, and other presumed representatives of compounds of L. pone re but really formed on F. poser (horn L.

Append,

penderc, to hang. appendix, an addition. (L ) L. L. appendtrc, to suspend upon. appendix.

(for ad), to
;

Appraise.
to value

her

in

-L E. apraiwi, (F. O. F. *aprciser (cf O. apreO. i' a-, prefix Roquefort)

)

L. 0/- (for a./), to

pendcre, to weigh.

tenen.Q

Appertain.' (F -L.)
L
<?/-

F.

aper-

F. apartenir (F.

appaitcmr),
to; yVr-

preiser, to value, from/;v/j, value, pi ice. L. ad, at ptetuun, a price U>0 Fiom pp. of L.
;

appreciate.
^/
).
,

to belong to.

(for #</),

appretidre, to
(tor

value

at a price.

L.

ap-

tinere, to belong.

See Pertain.

at

Appetite.
L.
appctitus,

F.-L.)
an

O.
;

I<

appetit.'

upon.'
m/), to
;

assault lit. appetite L appetere, to attack. L. a/- i,for petere, to seek, attack

L ) F appt ehtnd) e ( F. apprehcndcre, orig to lay hold L. a/- ^foi ad), to, al prchendeie, of. See Prehensile. to grasp.

prctium, a

Apprehend.
L

price.

(Cot

Applaud.
applaud. applaud,

L. applaudcre, to (L.) L. ap- (for a<f), at plaudeie, to Dsr. applause, clap (hands).
;

apprentice. ;F.-L.) O ^.apnntls, nom of apientif (see Godefroy, s. v. The (). F aprentis, apientif, aprcntic).
lepiescnt

from pp.

applaiisus.
(E.)

^//.-f-Du. appel; Iccl. *///; Swed. //<?, Dan. <?/<?; (j.apfel; Irish abhal', Gael. ubhal] W. /?//; Kuss. iabloko\ Lithuan. Origin unknown. Some connect obolys.
it

Apple.

M.

E.

tf/A'f

A. S.

,*//<?/,

and

with Abella

in

^7,n.

Campania

cf.

Verg.

vn. 740. Apply. (F.

"L.

- L.) M.

E. aplyen.
to,
;

aplter.

apply

to.

applicare, to join ap- (for ad), to

F. turn or plicare, to

- O,

Late L. *apprendit~ivus, nom., apprenditivttm , ace., from a Late L. used as a pp. of L. *apprenditus, apprendcre, to learn, short for L. apprehcndcre, to lay hold of (above). apprise, to inform (!". L.) From the M. E. sb. apHse, information, teachO F. O. F. aprise, instruction. ing.
*

ctppris,
1^

fold, twine.

also appli; cation (F. application^. Appoggiatura, a grace-note or passing tone prefixed, as a support, to an essential L. and Gk.) note of a melody. *ltal.

Der. appli-ance

apn^, pp of aprendre, to learn. apprendcre (above). Approach. (F. L.) TA.HL.approchen, O F. aprochicr, to approach. aproc hen. L appropidre, to diaw near to (Exod. iii.
5").

Approbation.
tion.

L. ap- (for ad), to; prope, near. F. - L } F. approba(

Ital. Ital. appoggiatura, lit. a support. Ital. ap- (for appoggiare, to lean upon. ad\ to, upon ; poggio, a place to stand or L. ad to; podium, an elelean on, &c. vated place, a balcony, irom Gk. TTO&OJ/.
t

-L ace. approbationem, approval. L. approbatits, pp. viappt obare, to approve. See Approve. Appropriate. (10 From pp. of L. L. fl/appropridrc, to make one's own. See (for ^/), to; proprius, one's own.

See Pew.

Proper.

APPROVE
Approve. (F. L.) O. F. approver. L. op- (for </), L. approbdre, to approve to probdre, to test, tiy, esteem as good. Per. appro-val\ dis-approve. Approximate. (L.) From pp. of I.. approximdre, to draw near to. L. ap;

ARCH
.

As

if

a form not used.

;

from L. *aqueus L. aqua, water.

adj.,

Aquiline, like an eagle. (F. L.) F. * aquilin hence nez aquilin, a nose like an eagle Cot. L. aquillnus, adj. from Cf. Eagle. aquila, an eagle.
'
;

(for adj.

ad), to; proximus, very near, superl. iromprope, near.

Arabesque.
cent.
full
.

(F.-Ital.-Arab.)
Arabian-like
-esco
'E..
;

XVI I
also
-ish.

Arabesque,
;

(F.-L.) K.Y.apurtenaunce (O. F apartenance], that which

Appurtenance.

of flourishes, like fine Arabian work.

belongs to. O. F. apartcmr, to belong to. See Appertain. Gk. Apricot. (F. - Port. - Arab.

Ital. Arabesco where Arab. *arab, Arabia.

Foimerly also apricock, from Port. Also abricot. F. albricoquc directly. ' ' the abricot, or apricock plum abricot, Port, albricoque. Cot. kxizb. al barqilq, \\here al is the def. art. Mid. Gk. irpaiKoI,)
;

Arable. (F.-L.) F. arable. L. L. ardre, ardbtlis, that can be ploughed. to plough. A1<-) See Ear (3).

(V

KIOV

(Dioscorides)

pi.

rrpniK6/cia.

The
prii-

pi. irpaiKotcta

was borrowed from L

coqua, apricots, neut. pi of pracoquus, another form of pracox, precocious, early

ripe

L. arbiter, (L.) In Milton. a witness, judge, umpiie. arbitrary. (L.) In Milton. - L. arbitrdnus, oiig. like the decision of an umpire. L. arbitrdre, to act as umpire. L. arbiter (above). From pp. of L. arbitrate. (L.) arbitrdre, to act as umpire (above).

Arbiter.

(Pliny; Martial,
;

13.

46)

I,,

pne,

ArboreOUS,
suffix -ous.

belonging to

trees.
;

(L.)

beforehand and coquere, to cook, ripen. See Precocious and Cook, ^f Thus the \\ord reached us in a very indirect mannei April. (L.) L. Aprttis said to be so named because the earth then opens to
;

L. arbore-us, adj. fiom arbor, a tree

with

Arbour,

a bower. (F.

L.)

The word

scenib to be really also erbtre, from

produce new fruit. see Aperient.

Jh
.

L. aperire, to open

due to M. E. hcrbere, O. F. herbier, L. herbarium, a heib-garden, also an orchard.

L. herba, grass, herb.

The

special

sense

Apron. (F. IO Foimerly napion O naperon, a large cloth augmentative

;

was due to confusion with L. arbor, a

tree.

form of O. F. nape, a cloth (F. nappe)." L ntappa, a napkin, cloth (with change of in to ;/, as in F. natte, a See mat).

Arc. (F.-L.) XIV cent. L arcum, ace. of arcus, a bow, arcade. (F. Ital. L.)

F. arc.arch, arc. F. arcade.

Map.

Apse.
at

(L.

the end

Gk.) Now used of a recess of a church formerly apse,

;

Ital. arcata, an arched place; fern, of Ital. area, a bow, pp. of arc are, to arch. L. ace. (above).

apsis, a turning-point of a planet's orbit.

L. apsis, pi. apsides, a bow, turn. Gk tti/i's, a tying, fastening, felloe of a wheel,
cui ve,

secret, secrets.

bow, arch.
fit

Gk.

ait-rtiv,

apt us, i' bed as pp. of apisd, to reach, get, but really pp. of O. Lat. apeie, to fit or join
together.

Apt,

(L.)

XIV

to tie, bind.

cent.

L.

L. arcana, things kept to keep. (0, a vault, &c. (F.-L.) O. F. arc he, a chest, box (L. area, see Ark) also, by confusion, an arch, owing to the use of Mcd. Lat. ana \\ith the sense of L. arcus a bow, aich. See Arc.

anum Arcana. (L.)

L.

an ere,

Arch

Arch
'

(2\ roguish, waggish. (L.

Gk.)

So arch a leer;' Tatler, no. 193. The ing to water examples in the New E, Dictionary prove aqua-fortis. L aqua fort is strong that it is nothing but the prefix Arch-, water. chief (for which see below \ used separately aquarium.. L. aquarium, a water- and peculiarly. Cf. The most atch act

Aquatic.

L. aquaticus, pertain(L.) L. aqua, water.

,

'

L. aqua, water. aquarius. L. aquarius, a waterbearer. L. aqua, water. aqueduct. L. aqiuzductus, a convessel.

in

An heretic, Shak. Rich. III. iv. 3. 2 an arch one;' Hen. VIII. iii. 2, 102. Also Byends ... a very arch fellow, a
* ;
*

'

duit

from aqua, gen. of aqua, water, and a duct ; see Duct. ,

Bunyan's Pilgrim's downright hypocrite A. S. arce-, O. F. arche*, L. Progress. arM- Gk. a/>x- (prefix). See below.
; t

ARCH-

ARGENT

The principal, and Lat. trabem, ace. of trabs, prefix, chief. (L.-Gk.) form arch- is due to A. S. arce-, as in arce- a beam. See Trave. Archives, s. pi., public records but bisceop, an archbishop, and toO. F. arc he-, This properly an archive is a place where reas in arche~diacre, an archdeacon. F. ar~ form was borrowed from L. archi-^Gk. cords are kept. (F.- L.-Gk.) dp\i-, as in dpxi-(iri0Koiros, an archbishop, chif, pi. archives; Cot.-L. archtuum, Gk. dipxfw, to be first, to rule; cf. Gk. archium.*- Gk. dp\nov, a public building, Der. arch-bishop, arch- residence of magistrates. Gk. dpxn, a ip\r), beginning.
;

deacon, Sec.

but,

in

arch-angel, the

ch

beginning, a magistracy

remained hard (as k> in the Romance Arctic. (F.- L.-Gk) U.E.arttk.L arcticus. languages, on account of the following a. O F. artique\ F. antique Gk. dpKTiKos, near the constellation of Cf. Ital. anangelo, Span, arcangel. a bear. archaeology. Gk.) Gk. dpxato\oyia the Bear, northem. Gk. dptcros, see Ursine. Gk. dpx<*ios, ancient, which is from Cognate with L. ursus and the suffix -logy, Der ant-antic. apxrf, the beginning Ardent. (F.-L.) XIV cent. M.E Gk. -Ao7a, due to \6yos t discourse, from
;
;

\tyav, to speak.

ardaunt.
dpxaifcos, antique, Gk. apx*), dpxaios, old.
)

Q. F.

archaic. <Gk
p'imitive.

Gk.

ardre,

to

bum.

atdant, pres. part, L. ardent-em, ace.

of of

Gk.

a beginning.

archaism. (Gk
antiquated phrase. speak antiquatedly. v above).
;

Gk. apxaivpos, an Gk. apxaifriv, to

Cik.

apxatos,

old

pies pt. of ardere, to burn. F. ardour, at dor, ardour. ( F. L.) L. ardorem, ace. of ardor, a burnheat. L ardere, to burn. ing, fervour. L. ardu~us, steep, ArdtLOUS. (L.)

difficult,

E. archer. A. F. archer O F. archier, a bow-man. Late L. arcdnus, a bow-man; from arms, a bow. Archetype, the original type (F.

high

with

suffix -ous. 4* Irish ard,

Archer. (F.-L.)

M.

high
(L.)

Gk. opOos, upright.

pres. pi. of the verb substantive. O. Northumbrian aron, O. Merc. as distinguished from A.S.(Wessex) earun,

Are,

sint,

sind,sindon

Cf

Icel. er-u,
-

they are.

F. archetype, 'a prmcipall Gk.) ' Cot L. atchetypum, the original type Gk. dpxcrvnw, a model; neut. pattern. Gk. of dpxfTviros, stamped as a model.
;

the Idg. V^^> to DC ^rom whence also are Skt s-anti, Gk. tla-tv, L. s~unt, G. s-md, Icel. er-u (for *jv),they are.

Prom

dpx(- dpx*-, prefix (see Archi-) a type

TVITOS,

- Gk ) L. prefix, chief. (L. see Arch-. archi-. for Gk. dpxiarchimandrite. (L. Gk.) L archimandrlta, a chief or principa) of monks,
Archi-,
;

an abbot. Late Gk. apxtfAar^pirr^, the Gk. dpxi-: chief; jidvopa, an ensame closure, fold, afterwards a monastery. See Arch-.

O. Northumb. am, O. Merc earn, eom.+Skt. as-mi, Gk. t-/x*, Goth. &c. i-ni, Icel e-m art. O Northumb ard, O. Merc, eard A.S. eart (with / due to / in sceal-t, shalt, &c.\ Icel. est, ert. Cf. also later er. is. A S is -f Icel. (ioth. and (i is-t, Skt. as-ti y Gk. ccr-rt, L. es t. See also Be, "Was Area. (L.) XVI cent. L. area, an

am.
S.

open space.
genus of palms. (Port. Canarese afaki, r being substituted for a<\ike, areca-nut the cerebral d (II. H. Wilson). Accented

archipelago,
TTfArryos, <;en.

chief sea,

e.

Aegean

Areca,

sea 'Ital. Gk.) Ital. arcipelago. modified to archipelago. Gk. d/>x'-, chief; and

Canaree.)

Port, areca
;

- L. - Gk. ) F. archi( F. L. architectus^ the same as archttecfon.Gk. apxtTeKTajv, a chief builder or artificer. Gk. '^x'"> chief i^see Archi-)
architect.
/eite.
;

on the

first

syllable.

Arefaction; Arena. (L)

sanded space
in
;

see

Arid (below).
a^ena, sand
;

the

which gladiators fought.

$o\A\\t fasena, sand.

TKTOW, a carpenter, builder. architrave. (F -Ital - L. and Cik

In

Ong. hat'ena
)

cf.

Milton. Ital. archiF. architrave trave, the part of an entablature resting barbarous immediately on the column.

compound

from Gk.

d/>x<-t

prefix, chief,

White; in heraldry. atgentum, silver; from Cf. Gk. apyvpos, silver, its brightness Skt. arjuna(s\ white. (-y^ARG, to shine.) Brugm. i. 529, 604. See below.

Aigent.

(F.

F. argent.

L.)

ARGILLACEOUS
Argillaceous,
clayey. (L.)

ARRACK
L. aresp.

tiom argilla, clay, gilldceus, adj white clay. Cf. Gk. d/ryos, white.

armada, an armed fleet fern, of arwado, L. ar mdre, to arm pp. of armar, to arm Doublet, army. (above).
;

Gk. dpyovavrrjs one who sailed in the Gk. dpyu, the name of Jason's ship Argo. from dpy6s, swift) and ship (lit. swift, see Nautical. vavrrjs^ a sailor Argosy, a merchant-vessel. (Dalmatian.) Formerly spelt nrguze and ragusy Arbef's Eng. (see N. and Q. 6 S. iv. 490 Garner, 11. 67). The orig. sense was 'a ship of Ragusa,' which is the name of a Ragusa appeals in port in Dalmatia.
,
;

Argonaut.

(L.

Gk.)

L. argonauta.

armadillo, an animal. (Span. L.) Span, armadillo, lit 'the little armed one,' because of its hard shell. Dimin. of armado, pp. of armar, to arm as above. armament. (L.) L. armamcntnm> an equipment. L. armdre, to arm, equip. L. arma, arms. armature, doublet of armour.
;

armistice.
Mod.

(F.

L.)

*armistitium,
;

coined
i.e.

E. as Aragouse. M. E arguen. L.) (F. O. 1 . argner. Late L. argutare (L. argiltari), frequent, of argue? e, to prove by argument, lit. to make clear ; cf. argutus,
(

XVI cent. Argue.

analogy of sol-stitium,

armistice. on the L. solstice.

and -stitium, foi armi-, for arma, arms -stafium (through atonic position), from statum, supine of stare, to stand. (Cf.
Solstice.)

clear.

Arid,
dry.

dry. (LO XVII cent. L. drcre, to be dry.

aritfus,

armour. (F L) M. E. armour, armure. O. armitre, armeute.'Ij. arL. armdtus, pp. ol mdhlra, armour.

a;-wtf?r,toarm.

<zrw<3,arms.
(F.

Doublet,

arefaction.
to be dry
;

(L.)

XVI

cent.

Coined

armature.

from L. arefaceie,to make dry. L. dre-re, tm&facere, to make. Aright. (E.) For on right, in the right
way.

arms,
ar/nes.
pi.,

s.

pi.
*

weapons

P. armes, pi
fittings.

L.) M. E, L. arma, neut,

to
fit.;

arms,

lit.

<VAR,

Arise.
drisan.

(E.)

M.

E. arisen.
;

A.

S.

A. S.

d~, prefix

man,

to rise.

(F L.) O. F. armee, fern, oi L armdta, fern pp. of armer, to arm. of pp. of armdre, to arm. L. arma

army.

See Hi se.
dpiaTOKpana, government by the nobles or 'best' men. Gk. dpiaro-, for and ftpartiv, to be strong, a/xffros, best The form govern, from Kparvs, strong. dp-iaros is a superlative from the base
;

aims.
(Gk.)

Gk.

Aristocracy.

Modified from

Aroint thee
known.

begone

'

Oiigin

tin
in

The

usual reference to ryntye

not help us. Aroma, a sweet smell. (L.Gk.) Late L. aroma Gk. dpvjjia, a spice sweet herb. Der. aroma t-ic, from the

Ray does

dp- seen in dp-trrj, excellence. Der. aristocratic

;

Gk. stem
L.j

dpcyftar-.

whence

aristocrat, for

'

aristocratic

Around,
M.
A(2)

person.'

prep, and adv. (E. and F. E. around', for on round sec

\

In sh F. anthmetiqiie Cot. L. arithmetica. Gk. dpiBfjLrjTLKrj, the science of numbers; fern, of dpiBfjLijTiKus, adj., from dpiOfit-fiv, to number. Gk. d/xfytos, number, reckon-

Arithmetic. (F.-L.-Gk.)
;

and

Bound.
(4}

Arouse. (E^/^Scand.) From Aand Bouse.

'

ing.

Ark, a chest, box hence a large floatA. S. arr.-L. area, a ing vessel. (L.)
;

chest,

Arm (i\ part of the body.

;

box;

cf.

L. arccie, to keep. (E.)

;

M.E.
\

A. S. eai w.-f-Du. arm Icel. armr, Dan., Swed., and G. arm Goth, arms L. armus, the shoulder Russ. ramo, bhoulder. See Brugm. i. 524. (2), to furnish with weapons. (F. F. armer. L. armdre, to furL,) nish with arms. L arma, arms.
;

arm.

Arquebus, a kind of gun. (F. Do.' an harquebuse, or handF. arquebuse, gun/ Cot.; Walloon haikibitse, dialectal variation of Mid. Du. haeckfnisse, Du, haakbus, lit. *a gun with a hook/ This refers to the hook whereby it was attached to a point of support. Mid. Du. haeck^ Du. haak, a hook and Mid. Du. busse, See Du. bus, a hand-barrel, a gun.
;

Hackbut.

Arm

Arrack, an ardent spirit. (Arab.) Arab. *araq, sweat, juice, essence, distilled Arab, root 'araqa, to sweat. spirit.
^|

Sometimes shortened to Rack',

cf.

Span.

armada,

fleet.

(Span,-L)

Span.

raquc, arrack.

ARRAIGN
M. E. arainen. O. F. areisnier, to speak to, discourse O. F. a (L. ad}, to with, cite, anaign. rcisncr, reisoner, to reason, from O. F. reson, raison, reason, advice, from L. ace. rationem see Reason. Arrange. (F. - L. and O. II. G.) M. E. arayngen, arengen. O. F. arengter, to put into a rank. O. F. a (L. ad},\Q\ ? angier, rengier* to range, from O. F. rang, reng, a rank. See Rank. Arrant, knavish, notoriously bad. (F. L) This word is now ascertained to be a mere variant of errant (cf parson for person}. Chancei has thcef erraunt arrant thief, C. T. 17173; and see Piers Plowman, C. vii. 307. See Errant. Arras, tapestry. (F.) So named from Arras, in Artois, noith of France.
;

ARTILLERY
(Span. -Arab.) Span, armagazine, dock- yard, arsenal longer forms, atarazanal, atarazana, whcie the a- answers to Arab, al, def. article. Cf. Ital. darsena, a wet dock. Arab, ddr af-find'a/i, a house of construction, place for making things, dock-yaid. Arab, diir, a house al, the and pita ah, art, trade,
senal,

Arraign. (F. - L.)

Arsenal.
a

construction.
(L. - Gk. - Arab. - Pers.) arsenicvm. Gk.d/wrmffoi/,aisenic; seeming to mean a male principle (the alchemists had a strange fancy that metals were of

Arsenic.

Late

different sexes \
def".

Arnb. az-zernikh
art.,

But really borrowed from where az is for al, the, and zcrmkh, orpiment, is from
;

Pers. zcrnj, orpiment, yellow arsenic (from

zar, gold).

See Devic,

p. 4.

Array,
C).

\erb.
,

F arraio

L. (F. to array
;

andQ. Low
O. F.
,

G.) arrai.

L. ad becoming a> arroi, preparation. befoie r}, to, for Low G. and O. Fries. rede (cf. Goth garaid-s], ready, A. S.

incendiarism. (F. O. F. L.) Late L. ace. ararson, incendiarism. L. ars-us, pp. of sionem, a burning. See Ardent. ardere, to burn. See (i), 2 p. s. pres. of verb. (E.)

Arson,

Art Art

Are.
O.

riede,

leady,'

ready so that to array See Ready.

;

'

ib

to get

From M. E ) Arrears, sb. pi. (F. O. F. arere (F. arere, adv., in the rear. Late L ad ret) o, backarritre] behind.
,

-L

M.E. art.(2), skill. (F.-L.) F art. L artem, ace. of ars, skill. Artery. (L. Gk.) L arteria, properly
Gk. d/m;wind-pipe, artery.

the wind-pipe; also, an artery.

pia,

L. ad, to; retro, behind. ^| What call arrears answer* to M. E. aremges, s. pi. formed from M. E. arete

ward

we now

named fiom

with F.

suffix -age.

to stop. (F. O. F. ares) ter (F. arreter], to stay O. F a ( = L. ad], to; L. restore, to stay, remain, from re-, back, and stare, to stand ; see Rest

Arrest,

-L

adj. <F.) Artesian wells are F. Arttsien, adj. formed from Artois, a province in the north of f ranee, where these wells were early in use.

Artesian,

(Ital. Arab.) Ital. arti* a corrupt form Flono also ^ives the spellings auhicioico, archicioffo; also (without the ar, which answeis to the Arab. def. ait al, the") the forms carciouo,

Artichoke.

ciocco,

Arrive. (F. L ) F. arnver. Late L. arnpare, adrJpare, to come to shore, land L. ad, to ; ripa, shore, bank. Der. arnv-al. Arrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. arrogare, to ask, adopt, attribute to, add L. ar- (for ad], to rogdre, to ask. arrogant, from the pres. pt.
;

Cf. Span, alcachofa, an aitiArab, al kharshuf, or harsliaf, an artichoke. ^[ Not Arab, ardi shaukl

canioffo.

choke

(Diez'i,

which

is

modern corrupt form

to.

Der

Arrow.

(E.)

M.&.arewe,arwe. A.S.

part of speech. L. articulus, a joint, knuckle, article in grammar lit. a small Pimm, of artus* a joint, limb. joint.'
(F.

bonowed from Italian Article, a small item,

L. )

artii

le.

'

articulate. (L.) L. articnlatu*, disarwe, and earh (rare).-f- Icel. or, an arrow allied to Goth, arhwazna, tinct pp. of articulate, to supply with (gen. orvar] an arrow. From Tent, base arhw- ; cog- joints, divide by joints. L. articnlus, a nate with L. an-us, a bow. joint (above). In Milton. -F. arrow-root. (E.) So called, it is said, Artifice. (F -L.) lLs. the tubers of the Maranta were artiJice. because artificiittn, a trade, handiL. arti-, stem of ars, used as an antidote against poisoned craft; hence skill. Der. arrows. art; and -Jic-, for facere, to make. Arse. (K) M. E. ars, ers. A. S. ars. artific-er, a skilled woikman.
;

-f*Gk. fyfos, the rump.

Idg. type *orsos.

artillery. (F.-L.)

Q.Y.artillerte,

ARTISAN
equipment of war, machines of war,
in-

ASPECT
Ashes.
little

cluding cross-bows, &c., in early times. O. F. artiller, to equip. Late L. *artil~ /are, to make machines: a verb inferred from the sb. artillator, a maker of machines. Extended from arti-, stem of ars, art. We also find artillidtor, answering to an older
fice

pi. is

The pi. of ash, which is M. E. asche, axe, sing. the commonly aschen, axen, but in North(E.)
used.
it
;

ern E.

is

asches, ashes.

A.

S. azsce, pi.

astan, cexan, ascan.+I)u. asch ; Icel. and Swed. aska Dan. aske\ Goth, azgd, pi. G. asche. Teut. stems *askon-, azgon
;

a workman. (F. - Ital. L.) F. artisan. ltd. ^artigiano, a workman. Late L. *artttianus, not found, but formed from L aititus, cunning, artful. L. arti-, stem of ars, art.

*articulator\ also Late L. artiiufum, arti; articula, art.

artisan,

M. E. as, als, ahe, also, (E.) a contraction of also. (Proved by Sir F. Madden.) See Also.

As,
so.

conj.

al

As

is

(Med. L.
mastic
;

Asafoetida, Assafcetida, a gum. Pers. and L.) From Pers. aza,

the L. fotida,
fetid,

a facing made of It consists of (F. L.) thin slabs of stone for facing a building formerly applied to a square hewn stone and, probably, so called because it took the place of the wooden beams used for the same purpose. O. F. aiseler (Livre des Rois), extended from O. F. aiselle, aisiele, a little board, dimin. of ais, a L. ajcil/a, dimin. of L. axzs an plank axis, also, a board, a plank.

Ashlar, Ashler,

squared stones.

refers to its

offensive smell.

See Fetid.
a mineral.
;

Asbestos,
crpeaTos,
-tr/30To?,

t^Gk.)

Gk. ait

Ashore. (E.) For on shore. or on side. Aside. (K.) Ask. (E.) TA.K.asken,axien.
;

A.

S.

unquenchable

because
neg.

is

in-

combustible.

Gk.

d-,

prefix;

and

the last answers to dscjan, ahnan, acsian Du. eischcn ; Swed. aska prov. E. ax.

quenchable, from a&ivvviu, I Dan tuke G. hcischen, O. H. G. eiscon. Teut. types *aiskon, *aiskojan. Cf. Russ. quench, extinguish. See Biugm. i. 653. Ascend. (LO L ascendere, to climb ukate, Lith jcskuti, to seek; $fo\..ichchha, L. ad, to; standeie, to climb. See a wish, desne, esh, to search. up Scan Der ascens-wn, from pp. ascensus. Askance, obliquely. (Fiiesic). Spelt - L.> From O. F. a-scance by Sir T. \Vyat ; ascanche by PalsAscertain. <F. make ceitam grave, who gives de trauers, tn lorgnant, atertazner, aceitcner, to (with s inserted). F. a = L.^/, to) and as the F. equivalent. Hardly from Ital. to go a-slope or a-sconce, or See Certain. scansare, cettatn^ certain Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. a<7Kr)Titc6s, given a-skew, to go sidelin;' Florio. Rather from
,
v

aa Skands, obliquely, to one side from skdn, oblique. Cf. E. Fries. Gk. dcr/frjrrjs, one who sch in, oblique, sihuns, obliquely; Low G. gious devotion. Gk. d<ri>, schuns Du. schitin, oblique (whence Dan. practises an art, an athlete. to work, exercise O. lories. <f=Teut. au. also, to mortify the flaa skom'}. body, as an ascetic. Askew, awry. (O. Low G ) For on Ascititious, incidental. (L.) Coined, skew ; Hexham gives M. Du. scheef, askew, as if from L. *ascTt7u'tis, from ascitus, pp. awry see Skew. of asdscere, or adsciscere, to receive, learn. Aslant. (ScandJ For on slant. L. ad, to; sciscere, to learn, inceptive Asleep. (E.) For on sleep Acts xiii. form of sctre, to know. 36. Ascribe. (L.) L. ascr7bcre, to write Aslope. (E.) Foi on slope. down to one's account. L. a- (for ad}, to Asp, Aspic, a serpent. (F. - L. - Gk.)

who

to exercise, industrious; applied to hermits, strictly exercised themselves in reli-

Friesic

(Outzen)
;

'

scnbere, to write. Ash, a tree. (E.) M. E asch. A. S. <PSC. Icel askr ; Dan. and Swed -f-Dn. esch ask ; G. esche. Teut. type *askiz. Cf. Kuss. iasene, Lith. fists, ash. (E.) A. S. dscamod, pp. of
;

Ashamed.

dscamian, to put to shame. A. S. a-, extremely ; scamian, to shame, from scamu, shame, 0. Or for A. S. of seamed, with the

L. aspidem, ace. of aspis. an asp. Asparagus, a vegetable. (L. Gk. Gk. dcnrapayos. L. asparagus. Pers V) Supposed to be of Pers. origin ; cf. Zend {paregha, a shoot, a prong ; Lithuan. spurgas, a shoot (Fick, Prellwitz).
F. aspe, aspic

Gk.

dtnn's (gen. <i<riri&os\

same sense (with

prefix of-, off, very).

Aspect. (L-) L. aspectus, look. L. L. a* aspectns, pp. of aspicere, to look. (for ad), to, at ; specere, to look.

ASPEN, ASP
Aspen, Asp, a tree. (E.) M. E. asp, Chaucer, C. T. 2923 aspen is an adj. (like golden} ,and is used for aspen-tree cf. Ch Du. /; A. S a>spe, <rps. C. T. 7249. G. ^r/tf <z.rjv. Icel. osp, Dan. and Swed asp Russ. osina. Cf. Lithuan. apuszis
;
;

ASSOCIATE
ad, to
sat/us, a leap, attack, from saltus, ; See Assail. pp. of satire, to leap. Assay, s. the same as Essay, q. v. Assemble. (F. L.) O. F. assembler. Late L. assimulare, to collect (different from L. assimnldre, to feign). L. as- (for
;
;

Asperity. (F.-L.)

F.

#/#. -L

ad), to

simul, together.

aspentdtem, ace. Qiaspentds, roughness L. asper, rough Asperse, to cast calumny upon. (L.) l<rom L. aspersus, pp. of aspergere, to
besprinkle.
scatter.

Assent. (F.-L.)
;

O.F. <WJ*/*>.-L.

L. as- (for ad}

spargere, to

L. as- (for assentire, to assent, agree to. ad), to sentire, to feel, perceive. Assert. (L.) From L. assertus, pp. L. of asset ere, to add to, claim, assert.
serere, to join, connect. O. F. to fix a tax. (F.-L.) Late L. assessdte, to sit as asassesser. cf. L. sb. assessor, one sessor, to assess who adjusted taxes ong. a judge's assisL. assessus, tant, one who sat by him.
as- (for ad), to
;

(Gk.) Gk. rov, asphalt, bitumen.

Asphalt.
of

dff<}>a\Tos, dff<t>a\~

Assess,

foreign word.
d<r</>o5Aos

Asphodel. (Gk
plant
C
J-

Gk.

the

lily

kind.

Der.

daffodil,

Gk. d(Gk.) stopping of the pulse; cf. a* Gk. <l-, not <r<t/tfTos, without pulsation. and cr</>vts, the pulse, from cr<pv*tv, to pul-

Asphyxia, suffocation.

pp. of asndere, to

sit

near. See

Assize

(i).

a<pvia, a

Assets,
debtor. (F.

sufficient effects of

a deceased

L.)

sate

cf. (r</>v7/ios,
(

Aspire.

F.

covet, aspire to.

pulsation L.) F. aspirer, to breathe, L. asplrdre, lit. to breathe

sufficient (to pay with) but, in E., mistaken to

satis,

O. F. asses (pron assets}, properly an adv., be a pi. sb. L. ad

;

L a- (for rt^/i, to; spirare, to towards. Der. aspir-ate, v. to pronounce breathe. with a full breathing. E asse. A. S. assa. Affg (C. L) Irish assan.<- L. asinus; whence also

enough. L. aswuerdtus, pp. L. asof asseuerdte, to speak in earnest.

up to what

is

Asseverate. (L )
;

(for ad), to

seuet us, earnest.

Assiduous.
down
-ous.

to,

(L ) L asstdu-us, sitting applying closely to with suffix

;
;

W. asyn, Swed. asna, Icel. asni. Hence also (or from L. dimin. asetlus) came Irish a sal, Du. ezel, Dan. and G. esel, Goth.
asilus.

L. as- (for L. assidere, to sit near. See Sit. sedere, to sit. ad), at, near

Prob of Semitic origin ; cf. Arab at an, Heb. dthon, a she-ass. Assail. (F.-L.) M. E amilen -O. F.
asatllir, to attack. L. #</, to assillre

L. asassignare, to assign, mark out to. (iorW), to, signdre, to maik,from signum^ a maik, sign.

Assign. (F.-L) O F.aw^/w.-L.

Assimilate.
simildre, to
to
,

Late L. assalire
;

make

From pp. ofL. as(L.) L. as- (for ad\ like to.

See Similar.
F. assister.
assist.

satire, to leap, rush

forth

See Salient.

Assist. (F - L.)
sistere, to step to,

stmtlis, like.

Assart, the offence of giubbmg

and destroying the coverts of a L.) From A. F. assarter. F.
;

up

trees

approach,

L. asL. as-

forest.

(F. essarter, to

(for ad), to; stitere, stare, to stand

to place, stand,

from

grub up, clear ground of shrubs. L ex, Late L sartdie, frequent out, thoroughly of L. sarrire, sarire, to grub up weeds.

Assassin, a secret muiderer. (F.Arab.) F. assassin. From Arab, haskdshtn, hashish,' the name of a pi., eateis of * the Old Man of sect in the 1 3th centiuy the Mountain roused his followers' spirits by help of this preparation, and sent them to stab his enemies, esp. the leading crusaders. Arab. hashtsh an intoxicating preparation from the </nV</ leaves of CanCf. Arab. nabis indtca, a kind of hemp.
'

of a court of justice. O. F. assise, an E. asstse. assembly of judges ; also a tax, an impost. Probably fern. pp. of O. F. asseoir, to sit L. assidere, to sit near, assist a judge.
(F.

Assize ( i )i a session
L.)

M.

near
sion.

see

Assiduous, Assess.
(2), a fixed quantity or dimenL.) O. F. assise, a tax, impost ;

assize
(F.

'

the Late L. asslsa was also used in the sense of a fixed allowance of provisions. The same word as the above. Another

form

is

Size,

q. v.

fyashiy, dry.

Assault.

(F.

-L )

O. F. assalt. - L.

From pp. of L. as(L.) as- (for ad-\ to; socidre, to join to. L. socius, a socidre, to join, associate.

Associate.

ASSOIL
companion,
follow.
lit.

ATHWART
L. sequi,
to

follower.

See Sequence.

absolve, acquit. (F.-L.) F. as(s]oille, pies. subj. of assondre, asoldre, to absolve. L. absoluere, to absolve. - L. ab, from soluere, to loosen. See Solve. Doublet, absolve. Assonant. (L.) L. assonant-, stem of

AsSOll, to M. E. assoilen.

draw

From L. ace. as(L.) trictionem, a drawing together. L. astrtctus, pp. of astringere see Astringent. Astride. (E.) For on (the] stride. Astringent. (L.) From stem of pres. pt. of astringere, to bind or draw closely L. a- (for ad], to ; stringere, to together.
Astriction.
;

tight.

assonans, sounding like; pres. pt. ofaswnL. as- (for ad-\ to are, to respond to sonare, to sound, from sonus, sound.

Astrology. (F.-L.-Gk.)
logie.
lu.

Y. astro(2)

atlrologia, (j)

astronomy;

Assort. (F.-L.)
sort, assort,
0.r- (

O. F.
;

assortir,
sort-,

to

match

= L.

(i.sth century).

L. JWT,

as-, for lot. See

L. </), to Sort.

O. F. stem of a discourse, from \iytiv, to speak.

;

astrology, or science of the stars. -Gk. Gk. dffrpo-, for do-rpo\oyia, astronomy. and -Ao7i, allied to \6yot, do-rpov, a star

F. asonagicr, asoagter, to soften, appease (Piov. asua= L. a</), to and L. suauts, Y. a ( viar}. sweet. See Sua^e. L. assfimere (pp. as(L.) sumptus], to take to oneself. L. as- (for 0aT), to sftmere, to take, which is from

Assuage.

(F.-L.)

O
;

Astronomy. (F.-L.-Gk.)
trononne.

F. as-

astrononna. Gk. dcrrpoGk. darpo-v, a star; and -i/o/zia, vo/Ma. allied to fo/ioy, law, from vtpeiv, to distribute

L.

Assume.
;

Astute.
ning.

(L.)

L
Jh

astfitus, crafty, cun-

L. astus, craft.
(E.)

Asunder.

emere, to take, with a prefix of doubtful Der. assumption (from the ppA origin.
F. assurer, to make secure. O. F. a ad), to seur, sure, from L. seciirus 9 See Sure. secure, sure. Aster, a flower (Gk ) Gk. dar-qp, a star. See Star. Gk. drrrcpcV/coj, a asterisk. (Gk ) little star, also an asterisk *, used for dis(

on-sundran, apart.

or on sunder, See Sunder.

A. S.

Assure. (F.-L.)
= L.
;

M.E. assuren.-

Asylum.
not
;

(L.-Gk.)
;

L. asy/um

-Gk.

dav\ov, an asylum

unharmed, safe and 0v\ij, a right of seizure avKdoj, I despoil an enemy.

neut. of dVvAoy, adj. from violence. Gk. d-,

;

cf.

fine passages in MSS. Gk. stem of darrjp, a star asteroid, a minor planet. (Gk.) Prostar-like.' Gk. perly an adj., signifying

tinguishing

Asymptote, a line which, indefinitely produced, does not meet the curve which it continually approaches. (Gk.) Gk. davfiirTUTos,not falling together, not coincident. Gk. d-, not ; avu, for avv, together; and
TTTCUT^?, falling, TTTw/ra), to fall.

dcrrf/j-,

from niwretv
(

(pt.

t.

iri-

'

dffTfpo-ftSrjs, star-like.

Gk.

currepo-,

for

dorffp, a star;

Asthma,

?5-oy, form, figure. difficulty in breathing. (Gk.)

and

Gk. aaBy*a, panting. Gk. ddf *tv, to breathe hard. Cf. Gk. dtT/fii, I blow. See Air. Astir. (E.) For on stir harbour's
;

At. (E.) M.E. at, A.S. **. Icel. at\ Goth, at; Dan. ad; Swed.d/; L. ad. Atabal, a kettle-drum (Span. - Arab.) Arab, at (for al, def. article) Span. atabaL
. ;

VPET

tab/, a

drum.
;

Bruce, xix. 577

d9f-os,

Astonish, Astound. (F.-L.) The

-ts/i, as in exttngu-ish, is due to analogy with other verbs in -ish, M.E. astonien, astitnien, astonen ; whence later astony, afterwards lengthened to astonish ; also astound, by the addition of excrescent
,

addition of

Coined from Gk. (Gk.) denying the gods, without a god; with suffix -ism. Gk. d-, negative prefix ; 9(6s, a god.

Atheism.

Ataghan

see

Yataghan.

Athirst. (E

M.

E. ofthurst, athurst,
;

d after

as in sound, from F. son. All from O. F. estoner (mod. F. ttonner^, to amaze. Late L. *extonarc, to thunder out, from ex, out, and tondre, to thunder. Cf. L. attonare, to thunder at, astound ( with prefix at- for L. ad, at).

A. iS. very thirsty; ong. pp. ot a verb. o/pyrsted^ very thirsty pp. Qfoffiyrstan, to be very thirsty. - A. S. of, very (prefix); and fyrstan, to thirst see Thirst. Athlete. (L.-Gk.) L. <*////#*. -Gk. dO\rjT7i$ t a combatant, contender in games. Gk. Gk.dflA.^-fii'jto contend for a prize. a0Aos (for dfe^Xos), a contest ; S.9\.ov (for See Wed. affflAoc), a prize.
;

Astray.
xiii,

195.

or on stray, Barbour's Bruce, See Stray.

across. the transverse, across

Athwart,

For on thwart, on
;

see

Thwart.

ATLAS
Atlas. (Gk
)

ATTORNEY
after Atlas, the
attain.

Named
;

L. at-

(for ad}, to;

tangere,

to

demi-god who was said to bear the world touch. on his shoulders his figure used often to attainder. (F.-L.) From the O. F. appear on the title-page of atlases. Gk. ateindre, verb, to convict; used substan"ArXas (gen. "AT\avros), prob. 'the sus- tively see above. tainer or bearer, from ^TEL. to bear. attaint, to convict. (F. - L.) From at 1 antic, an ocean, named after Mt. M. E. atteynt, ateynt, convicted, whence
;

'

Atlas, in the N.W. of Africa. 'ArA.aim-, stem of "ArAas ;

-/cos.

(Gk

From
suffix

with

the verb has been evolved orig. pp. of O. F. ateindre (above). fl" Confused with L attmctus whence E. tatnt.
;
,

(Gk.) Lit. 'a sphere Coined from of air round the earth/ and aTfj.6-, stem of dittos, vapour, air

Atmosphere.

Attar of Roses.
correctly, otto
'itr,

(Arab.)

Also, less

of roses, i.e. perfume. Arab. Arab, root 'atara, to smell pei fume.

coral islands forming denve the a ring. (Maldive Islands.) * expression from the Maldive islands

Sphere. Atoll, a group of

sweetly.

We

to modify.

Attemper. F. L.) Q.. atempter O F. a ( = L. ad], to tempter,

;

where the form of the word is atolu. It is prob connected with the Singhalese prep.
'

atul, inside

(Yule

Atom.

(F.

Gk.)

af owe (Cot)
indivisi-

L. temperare, to tcmperer, to temper. apportion, regulate, qualify. See Temper. Attempt. (F.-L.) O. F. atcmpler> to undertake. L. attentare, to attempt L. at- (for ad), to; tenta re, to try; see

L. atomus

Gk. arouos, sb.,an

;

Tempt.

ble particle; allied tod'ro/ios, adj , indivisiGk. d-, not TO/A-, 0-grade of Tyn-, as ble. seen in rc/i-i/eii/, to cut, divide. Atone, to set at one, to reconcile (E ) Made up from the words at and one, and due to the frequent use of the phrase at
ooi,
at

Attend. (F.-L)
wait.

O. F. atendre, to
(pp.

attenttts\ to L. at- (for stretch towards, give heed to. Der. attenttender e, to stretch ad}, to

L.

attcndere

ion (from the pp.)

vi
j

aitent, adj., 2

Chron.

40, vii. 15.

one

(i.

English.

Al

e reconciled) in Middle at on all agreed; Rob. of

Attenuate.
tenudre, to

(L. }
thin.

make
)

From pp. of L. atL at- (for ad), to;

Glouc. p. 113.
i.e. reconciler,
',

Tyndall has alone maker, Woiks, p. 158. Der. atone;

tcnu-is, thin.

See Thin.

Attest. (L
to.

at testa n, to be witness

ment i. e. at-one-ment we actually find the word onement, leconciliation, in old

authors; see Hall, Satires,
(F. L.) F. at recite, Cot. L. atrdcitatem, ace. of atroatas, cruelty. at rod-, from atrojc, ciuel.

Atrocity.

in. 7.

69

Atrophy. (Gk.) Gk. drpo^ia, want of nourishment or food, hunger, wasting away Gk. d-, not; and an attic, Atiiquc, Attic. of the body, atrophy. E atir, atvr, Attire. F. - Tent. '>) Tp<f>tv (pt. t. T-Tpo<-a) to nourish. Attach. (F.-Teut.?) O. F. attacker, sb. atiren, a'yren, verb O. F. atuier, O F. a, for L. ad, to to adorn (Roquefort). O. F. a ( = L ail, to attach, fasten. and (perhaps) a Low G. word with the prefix); andO. F. tire, iiere, a row, file Cf. so that atirier is properly to arrange.' Cf. See Tack. sense of E. tack, a nail. Bret, tacha, to O. Prov. tiera, a row BartschX See Tier. Picard attaker, to attach and see Attitude. (Ital. L.) Orig. a painter's fasten, from tack, a tack, nail Ital. attitudine, aptness, Detach, Attack. Der. attach- ment. term, from Italy.
'

(-^ad}, to; test an, to be witness, fioin L. test is, a witness. Attic, a small upper room. (L. Gk ) It orig meant the whole of a parapet wall, terminating the upper facade of an edifice. Named from the Attic order of architecture ; L. Atticus. see Phillips, ed. 1 706. Gk. Cf. F attiqtte, 'Arrt/fos, Attic, Athenian.
L.
at-

'

attack. (F.-Ital.-Teut.?)

Y.atta-

skill,

attitude.

\\a\. attaccare, to fasten, attach; quer. attaccare battaglia, * to ioyne battell/ Florio. Cognate with F. attaJier ; so that attack is a doublet of attach.

aptitiido, aptitude.

Attorney.

L. aptitiidinem, ace. of L. aptus, apt. (F. L.) M. E. attonrne.

*

Attain.
ataindre,
to

(F.-L.)
reach
to.

M.
stem

O. F. ateign-, pres.

E. ateinen.of atetndre,
to

L. atiingere,

O. F. atom* [i. e. atornd], lit. one appointed or constituted ; }>p of atorner, to F. a ( L ad], direct, prepare, constitute. to ; O. F. torner, to turn, from L. tornare. See Turn.
'

ATTRACT
From L. attractus y pp. (L.) of attrahere, to attract. L. at- (=ad), to ; trakere, to diaw.

AUSTRAL
an increase.
L. augere, to increase.

Attract.

See

Auction.

(L.) Yromattributtis,w. of L. aftribuere, to assign. L. at- ( ad} to tribttere, to assign ; see Tribute. Attrition. (L ) From L. ace. attrl,
;

Attribute.

Augur. (L.) M. E. augur. L. augttr, a sooth-sayer said to mean a diviner by the flight and cries of birds. Hence a supposed etymology (not certain) fiom at/ts, a
;

bhd, and -gur,

shout.

tzcmem, a rubbing or wearing away. L. L. attritus, pp. of afterere to rub away. at- ( =*ad), at See Trite. terere, to rub.
i

telling, allied iogarrire to Cf. L. au-ccps, a bird-catcher.

t

and L

Attune,

Gk.)

to bring to a like tune. (L From L. at- (~ad], to;

whence K. august, venerable, and August, the month named after Augustus Caesar.
Cf. Skt. djas, strength. Bmgm. i. 213. a sea-biid. (Scand.) Swed. alka

August.

(L.)

L. augustus, venerable ;

abonte, aulurne, orig. citron- coloured or light yellow. O. F. albornej auborne, blond (Godefroy) L. alburnus, whitish, lightLate coloured. Torriano explains Ital. alburno by that whitish colour of women's hair called an aburn colour.' Cf. L. alburnum, the sap-wood or inner baik of tree;* albus, white. (Pliny). Auction. (L.) L. auctionenii ace. of auctio, a sale by auction, lit. 'an increase/ because the sale is to the highest bidder. "L. auctes, See pp. of au^t'tc, to increase.
. '

and E. Tune, q v. Auburn. (F.-L.)

M.E.

Auk,

Dan. alke

Aunt. (F. - L.

Icel alka, dlka, an auk.

)

M.E aunte. - A. F.

azinte\ O. F. ante (mod. F. t-ante}.*~ L. ainita, a father's sistei . Cf. G. attune, nurse. Aureate. (L.) Late L. auredtus, gilt,

fiom aureus, golden;

;

in place

of L. au-

-L

L. ratus, gilded, pp. of aitrdre, to gild. O. L. ausutn. Der. aurcturitw, gold a gold- coloured chrysalis ; aur-eelia, ol a, aur-c-ole, the halo of golden glory
in

Eke.

Audacious.
bold,
aitdax, bold

(F. L. audacious.

L)

auda^ieux,
not

*andaciostts t

found; extended fiom

audan-, from

L. audere, to daie. Audience. (F. 1,.^ F. audience, 'an L. audientia, Cot audience or hearing
'

a hearing.
oi
a.L(j$ca0ai,

L. audient-, stem of pres. pt. audit e, to heai For *aitndne cf. Gk.
.

paintings auriferous, gold-producing, fiomferre, to bear. Auricula, a plant. (L.) L. auritula, used to mean the the lobe of the ear see below. bear's ear,' a kind oi primrose auricular, told in the ear, secret (L.) Late L. auricularis, in the phr. aunculans L. auriconfessio^ auriculai confession. double dimin. cula, the lobe of the ear from aun-s, the ear. See Ear. Aurora, the dawn. (L ) L aurora,
; ;
'

perceive, for dfiffOea&cu. 240. Biugm. i. audible. (L.^ Late L. audibilis, that can be heard. L. audlre, to hear. From L. audilus, a audit. (L.) L. audire, to hear whence also hearing,
to
;

the dawn ; from prehistoric *ausosa.^Gk. y^olic a&uy, Ion, ijws, dawn, from prehistoric *avff(u$.

See East.
a listening.
ace.

audi-tor.

naueFor nauger. naugcr, a tool for boring holes A. S. nafogar, an auger, lit. navepiercer, tor boiing holes in the nave of a wheel. A. S. nafu, a nave gar, a piercer,

Auger.
(

E.)

ME

L. (L.) of au:>cultatio, a listening; from the pp. of auscultate, to L. *aus-, base of aun's, the ear. listen. See Ear.

Auscultation,

auscultationem,

gar

= navgar},

Auspice, favour, patronage. (F. L.) F. auspice, a token of things by the flight L. auof birds, an omen, good fortune. spidum, a watching of biids for the purShort for *auispidum. pose of augury. L. atn-, for auis, a bud ; and spicere, ipecerc, to spy, look into. Austere. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. austere. - O. F. austere. - L. austerus, Gk. avvrypos, making the harsh, severe.

which gores; see Nave (i) and Gore (3). -J- Du. avcgaar (for navegaar) Icel. nafarr\ Dan. naver\ Swed. itafvare O. H. G. nabager.
that
;

Aught.

(E.)

M.

E. aht y aght, aught.

;

S. aht> earlier

awiht

from a, ever, and

;

wtht, a creature, wight, whit

whit.'

lit.

e'er a

tongue dry, haish. See Sere.

*

Gk.

avctv,

to

dry.

- L ) F. augmenter. (F. L. auginentare, to enlarge. L. augmentum,

See Whit.

Augment.

australe,

find F. <?rL.) L. Austratis, southerly;' Cot. - L, Austcr, the South wind. southerly.

Austral. (F.-L.;

We

AUTHENTIC
Authentic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
tentike, autentik.

AVERAGE
au,

autentique later L. authenticus (Cot.). authenttque original, written with the author's own Gk. av0VTiit6s, vouched for, warhand.
.
',

Q.

helping, assisting. L. auxtlium, help. L. augere, to increase. Avadavat, a finch-like E. Indian bird.

(Arab,

and
;

(N E. D.)

ranted.

who does

Gk. avO&Tfjs, also avro-fVTijs, one S. ii. 198. Named from the city of AhmedArab. things with his own hand, a dbdd, whence they were imported. Pers. dbad, a city. 'self-worker'; see Auto-. (3. Gk. evrijs Ahmed, a proper name Avail. (F.-L.) M.E. auailen ( = (for *<T'T77s) is prob. allied to L. sons availen}. Compounded of O. F. a, to (gen. sontis\ guilty, responsible. M.E. autour, and vail-, tonic stem of O. F. valoir (valer), Author. (F.L) autor later author (with th once sounded to be of use. - L. ad, to ; tmlere, to be
; ;
;

Pers.) Formerly amadavat or amudavad, N. and Q. 6

as

/,

but

now

as th in

thmX

OF.

autor

strong.

(Bartsch)

originator, augere, to increase.

L. auctorem, ace. of auctor, an ( L. lit. mcreaser, grower/

Cf.

Avalanche.
the descent of
to
fall

(F.

snow
;

L.) into

F. avalanche, a valley. F.

F. aval, downward, Der. auto-biography a lit 'to the valley.' F. a ( "L. ad], to, biography written by oneself (see Bio- val, vale, from L. uallem, ace. of ualhs, a graphy) atitograph, something in one's valley. own handwriting, from Gk. ypafaiv to Avarice. (F. L) M.E. auarice L. auaritia, F. avarice. write (see Graphic). (with u for z;). cf. L. L. auarus, greedy autocracy. (Gk ) Adapted (with greediness L. auere, to wish, desire. suffix -cy for Gk -rtia) from Gk. auro- attidus, greedy. hou Gk. avro-, self; Avast, stop, hold fast. (Du.) Du. icpaTfia, absolute power. Du. hou, short -KpaTfta (in compounds), power, from vast, houd vast, hold fast. Gk. xparvs, strong; foim of hond, imper. of houden, to hold Kpartciv, to rule ^see Hold) ; and vast, fast (see Fast). cognate with E. Hard.

AutO-,

prefix.
self.

(Gk.)

Auction. avaler, Gk. auro-, stem 'to let

',

swallow
down.'

but the old sense was

of airu9,

automaton, a self-moving machine. Gk. avTufjaroV) neut. of avTo/waros, (G.) Gk. avro-, for avros, self; self-moving. and -paras, cognate with Skt. matds, thought, considered, known, pp. of man,
to think.

Avatar. (Skt.) Skt. avatdra, descent ; hence, the descent of a Hindu deity in Skt. ava, down; and ///, incarnate form.
to pass over, pass.

A. F. (F. L.) vaunt, begone avaunt; O.F avant, forward! Ste Ad(Gk.) vance. Gk. avrovofjiia, independence. Gk. avr6Ave, hail. (L ) Short for Aue A,\iria, Gk. hail, Mary (Luke i. 28). L. aue, hail! yo/xos, free, living by one's own laws avro-, self; and vouos, law, from j>t'/*o/*cu, imper. sing, of auere, to fare well.
!

(VMEN.) autonomy, self-government.

sway, vf^dVy to distribute.

(Gk.) peisonal inspection Gk. avToi/sia, a seeing with one's own eyes. Gk. avro-, self; ityis, sight (see Optic). Auto-da-fe. (Port.-L.^ Lit. 'decree ' of faith a judgment of the Inquisition, also, the execution of such judgment, when the decree or sentence is read to the Port, auto, action, decree; da, victims short for de a, of the \f, faith. [The Span, form is auto de jt, without the article Port. #."] la L. actum, ace. of actus, de, prep. act, deed ilia, fern, of ille, he ;
,

autopsy,

Avenge. (F. L.) O. F. avengier, to F. a (L. ad\ to vengier, to avenge. avenge, from L. mndicare, to lay claim See Vindicate. to, also, to avenge. Aventail, the mouth-piece of a visor. (F. L.) A. F. aventaille O.F. esventail,
, ;

air-hole.

O.F
,

esventer, to expose to

air.

L. ex, out
access

ucntus, wind. See Ventail.

(F. L.) Y.avenlte^advenne, hence an approach to a house (esp. one shaded by trees) fern, of avenu, pp. of
;

Avenue.

F. avenir, to
to

come

to.

L. ad, to

uemre,

come.
L.) A F. and O. F. avercr. Late L. auei'are, aducriire, to afhini to
.

fideni, ace. of fides, faith.

Aver. (.
be true.

M.E. autumpne. L.) O.K. autompne. L. autumnns, auctumnus, autumn. (Perhaps allied to augere, to increase.)
(F.

Autumn.

Auxiliary.

(L.)

L.

auxilidrius,

L. ad, to; uerus, tine. an equalised estimate. (F.) Formerly a duty, tax, import; then, an extra charge on goods, the incidence of

Average,

AVERT
such a charge, the general estimate or apportionment of loss of goods, &c. Formed, with suffix -age, from F. avar-ie,
usually damage* (cf Span, averia, haberia, the custom paid for goods that are exported (Pineda), Port and Ital. avaria, Late L. avana, avcna).
i '

AWKWARD
ledge, iccognise.
call,

L. ad, to; uocdre, to

now

Mediterranean maritime term, orig. signify' ing duty charged on goods (G. P. Marsh, in N. E. D.). Ongin unknown; perhaps from Ital. avere, havere, goods, chattels (F. avoir), a sb. use of havere, haver (L. habere), to possess, ^f Or from Arab. 'avdr, damage, the relationship of which is
'

f Another M.E. avowen, to bind with a vow, to vow, is obsolete ; see Vow. Doublet, avouch (above). Await. (F.-L. andO.H.G.) O. F. O. F. a aivaitier, agaitier, to wait for. = L ad), foi waitier, to wait, from ( O. H. G. wahtcn, to watch, from the sb.
;

wahta (G.

u-acht), a watching.

See "Wait.

Awake,
;

Awaken.
;

(E.)

M.E.

obscure.
L. d-uertere, to turn away. away uertere, to turn. Der. averse, from L. pp. ducrsus. Aviary. (L.) L. auidiium, a place for birds; neut. of adj. auidnus, belonging to birds. L. aui-, stem of auis, a bud.
L.

Avert.
d
(

= ab),

(L.)

off,

Wake, Waken.
M.

awakien, awaken and awaknen, awakenen both orig intransitive. Two A. S. verbs are confused; divacian, wk. vb. ; and onw&cnan, with wk. pres. t., but The strong pt. t. onwdC) pp. onwacen. See prefix is either A- (2) or A- (4).

Award, vb.
K.

(F.-L. and O. Low G.)

A. F. awarder-, O. F. eswarder, esgarder, to examine, adjudge. O. F. es- ( - L. ex}, out O. F. warder, to Avidity. (F.-L.) F aviditi, greed i- ward, guard, from O. Low G., as in O. Sax. L. auiditdtent, ace of wardon (cf. G. wart en}, to watch, guard. ness, eagerness. L. auidus, greedy, See Ward, Guard. auiditds, eagerness. desirous L. auere, to crave. Aware. (E.) corruption of M. E. From L. diwcd- iwar ywar, aware (common) from A. S. Avocation. (L) A. S. ge-, a common tidnem, ace. of duocdtio, a calling away of gewcer, aware. the attention, hence a diversion, amuse- prefix, not altering the sense war, ware, ment afterwards used in the sense of wary see Wary.
;
.

awarden

employment
to call away. uocdre, to call.

L. duocdtus,\)\>. vid-uocdre, L d (- ab), from, away;

For on (E.) one's way, so as to depart.

Away.
Awe.

way, i. e. on A.S. onweg,

awe.

See Vocation.
shun.

Avoid,
auoiden
(

to

avoiden), to

M E. (F.-L.) empty, empty out,

away.
{

See

Way.
M. E.
;

get rid of; Int^r, to keep away from, shun. O. F. esvuidier, to empty out, get quit of. F. es-, prefix (L. ex, out); and

O. F vuit, vuide (F. vide), empty, void. See Void.

ong. dissyllabic. The latter set aie from A. S. ege, awe.] Icel. agi, awe, fear Dan. ave +A. S. ege Goth, agis, fear, anguish Irish eagal^
; ;
;

(Scand.) Also e^e, eghe, eye

a^e, aghe,

all

Avoirdupois.

(F.-L.)

Formerly

avoir de pois (Anglo-F. aveir de peis), goods of weight, i.e. heavy articles. F. avoir, goods, orig. 'to have;' de, of; O. J poi:>, A. F. peis, weight L habere,
1

a'x ^ nnguish, affliction. T>ex.aw-ful. (Scand. and E ) clumsy. * Orig. an adv., signifying tiansverscly,' or 'in a backhanded manner.' M.E. awk' aukwart he couth him ward, awkwart ta' he gave him a backhanded stioke,
fear, terror;

Gk.

(-/AOH.)

Awkward,

to have;

weighed
dere, to

de, of; out, neut

pensum, that which

is

Wallace
E.
,

weigh, See Poise. misspelt ponis.

of pensus, pp. of pen^f The F pois ib now

as in

prefix is

175. p. The suffix -ward is for-ward on-ward, &c The M. E. auk, awk, contrary, pei verse,
lii

Avouch.
(Godefroy)

(F.-L.)
L.

M.E. avomhen

O. F. avochier,\

way, back foremost, contrary, y. Here to call. Cf Vouch. of- is ior af-, off, from, away; and -ug- is to avow, TLJT confess, to declare openly. a suffix. Cf. O. H. G. ap uh, M. H. G. eb(M T \ ts~\ ir 1, ) M K. avowen. O. ^ avouert uh, turned away, perverse; from apa~ v avoer L. aduocdre, to call upon Med.L. G. ab, off, away, and the suffix -h. 8. ' * to call on as patron or client, to acknow- Thus the sense of awk is turned away ;
.
.

summon

call upon as guarantor aduocdie, to call to or L. ad, to; uocdre, ^a witness)

Ibis is a contraction of Icel. ofug[Swed. afvug, in Widegren], like hawk from A.S. hafoc. Icel. ofugr, often con-

wrong;

tracted

to ofgu, adj., turning the

wrong

AWL
from Icel. Gk. &iro.
a/-,

BABE
of,
off,

cognate with E.
in
6.

Awl.
xxi.

(E.)

Aule

Shak.

M. E. atle,

a!,

Wyclif, Exod. xxi.

S. al, al\ Levit. xxv. ro.-f Icel. air ; O.

A.

Exod. H. G.

ala, G. ahle ; Du. aal. *ald. ^f Distinct from

M.

Teut. types *aloz, E. auk, flesh(Phil.

old edd. of Shak., &c. Origin uncertain; perhaps a variant of Yea. ally a native waiting-maid, in India. Port, aia, a nurse, governess L.) (Port. (fern, of aw, a tutor). Prob. from I^.auia, a grandmother. L. anus, a grandfather.

Ay

Aye,
Icel.

hook, A.

S. aivel,

grappling-hook.

eit

Soc. Trans. 1906; p. 261.") (Scand.) M.E.agi//ie(i 3th cent.), A. S. pi. cegnan, Corp. Gl. awene, awne. Dan. avne, Icel. ogn, chaff, a husk chart; Swed. agn only in pi. agnar, ahana O. H. G. agana, husks. -f* Goth, Cf. Gk. pi. axvai, chaff; O. L. chaff. agna, a straw. Awning. (O. F.?) In Sir T. Herbert's Travels, ed. 1665, p. 8 ; the proper sense seems to be a sail or tarpauhng spread above a ship's deck, to keep off the sun's heat.' Perhaps from O. F. auvan, auvant, mod. F. auvent, a pent-house of cloth before a shop-window Cot. Cf. Prov. anvan, Late L. antevanna, auvanna, avanna. Perhaps from L. ante, before uannus, a fan (fern sb (E ) For on wry, on the twist

Awn.

Goth, *aiwoz (Goth. aiws}> an age, which is allied to L. cettum, Gk. aluv, an age. Cf. Gk. a?, ad, ever. - MadaAye-Aye, a kind of lemur. (F.
gascar.)

M.E. ay. (Scand.) ever.-f*A. S. a, ever, also awa ; aiw, ever, case-forms from Teut.
adv., ever.

From
car
;

F. aye-aye, supp. to Littre. the native name ai-ay in Madagassaid to be named from its cry.

Azimuth.

(Arab.)

Azimuthal circles

'

are great circles on the sphere that pass through the zenith. Properly, azimuth is a pi. form, answering to Arab, as-samut*

'

'

ways, or points (or quarters) of the horizon from a! samt, sing., the way, or point (or Arab, al, the quarter) of the horizon.
; ;

said

samt, a wny, quarter, direction; also E. zenith. See Zenith.

whence

Azote,
because
azote.

Awry.

nitrogen. (F. destructive to

d-,
life,

Gk.) So called animal life. F.

;

Barbour, Bruce,

iv.

Axe, Ax.
akwizi
\

(E.)
}

See Wry. 705. E. ax, ex. A. S. ax,

;
; ;

Gk.

negative prefix

preserving
live.

from

fa-rj,

life,

{aw,

fom/cus, to

older ioims aats ox, oxi ; Swed

O H.G.
(Gk.)
,

^cwr.-fDu. aaks Icel. yxa Dan. oxe Goth. tuJnis; G.axt] IL.ascia
divrj.

Azure,
asur,

blue. (F.-Arab.-Pers.) M.E. azure. O. F. aztir, azure; a cor-

(if for *tf<rj7a);

Gk.

Axiom.

XVcent-Gk.
,

(gen. diw/xaTos) worth quality in science, an assumption. Gk. aioo>, I deem worthy. Gk. d'ios, worthy, worth, lit. weighing Gk. ayeiv, to drive also, to as much as.'
;

d^a

rupted form, standing for lazur, which was mistaken for t'azttr, as if the initial / indicated the def. article ; Low L. lazur, an azure-coloured stone, also called lapis
lazuli. Arab. Idzward (see Devic) Pers. Idjuward, lapis lazuli, a blue colour. So from the mines of Lajwurd, where called the lapis lazuli was found (Marco Polo,
.

'

weigh.
tree.

(^AG

axis, an axis, axleaks/ia, an axle, Cf also A. S. cax, an axle ; wheel, cart. Du. as ; G. achse Russ. os' Lith. aszzs. to drive.) See below.

Axis, axle. (L ) + Gk. awv;

Skt.

ed. Yule).

W\G,

axle. (Scand.) M. E. axel. [A. S. has eaxl, but only with the sense of shoulder.] Icel. oxull, axis; whence oxul-tre, an axle-tree ; Swed. and Dan. axel, axle.
P. It is a dimin. of the foim appearing in L. axis i see Axis. Cf \V. eckel, axle. Der. axle- tree, where tret is a block of

Baa,
tive

to bleat. (E.)

In Shak

an imita-

word.
(E.)
chatter.

Babble.
mumble,

E. babelen, to prate,
suffix
-le is

The

fre-

wood.

Ajrl

interj.

(E.)
<fl

M.

E. ey
'

A
is

natural

t quentative ; the word means to keep on saying l>a, fa,' syllables imitative of a child'b attempts to speak. -f-Du. babbelen ; Dan. bable Icel. babbla G. bappeln \ and cf. F.
;

interjection.

The

phr. ay

me

French

babiller.

O. F. aymit alas for Span, ay di me, Gk.

me

Cf. Ital. ahime,

Babe.
cf.

(E.)

M.E.

bab, earliest

form

ot/xot.

See Ah.
?)

Ay, Aye,

yea, yes.

(E.

Spelt

baban. Probably due to infantile utterance;

in

Babble.

BABIRUSA, BABIROUSSA

BAIRN

Babirusa, Babiroussa, a kind of Hen. VIII, an. 5. To baffull is 'a great ' wild hog. (Malay.) Malay bdbl rilsa, reproach among the Scottes ; it means to * lit. deer-hog/ or hog like a deer ; from disgrace, vilify. Cf. Lowland Sc. bauchle rilsa, deer, and bdbl, hog. (XV cent. bachle\ to vilify. Origin doubtBaboon. (F. or Low L.) O. F. babuin, ful but cf. F. beffler, to deceive, mock we also find M. E. babion, (Cot.), bafoiier ^Cot. baffotier, to baffle, F. babouin babian, babewine Low L. babeivynus, a revile, disgrace) ; allied to Ital. beffare, to baboon (A.D. 1.295). Origin uncertain. flout, scofTe (Floiio), from bcffa, a scoff; Cf. O. F. babou, a grimace (GodefroyX Norman F. buffer, to slap in the face Prob. from the motion of the lips. Cf. Prov. bafa, a scoff. Prob. from M. H. G. cf. G. baffen, Du. Babble. beffcn, to scold baffen,
*
'

Gk.) L Bacchanalis, a worshipper of Bacihus, god of wine.

Bacchanal.

(L.

to bark,

Gk. Bd/f^oy, god of wine. Bachelor. (F.-L.) M. K.bacheler.O. F. bacheler. I.a.te L. *baccalaris, but
only found as batcalarius, a holder of a small farm or estate, called in Late L.

of imitative origin, like yelp Du. paf, a pop, a box on the ear. Bag. (Scand.) M. E. bagge. Icel. baggi, O. Swed. bagge, a bag, pack, bundle. Not found elsewhere in Teutonic. ^Gael. bagis
;

from E.)
Tcut.)
tella,

bagatelle,

Remoter origin unknown, and much disputed. Hardly from Late L.

baccaldria.
baica, for L. uacca* a

a ti ifle, a game. (F. - Ital. F. bagatelle, a trifle. Ital. bagata trifle, dimm. of Parmesan bagata,
;

cow.
bak.
,

Back.
Icel.

(E.)

M. E.
;

bak',

O. Sax. bak
,

A. S. bttc.+ O. Fries, bek.

a little property ; from Lombard baga, a wine- skin, of Tent, origin see Bag,

baggage

(i).
i
,

Der. a-back, q. v. back-bite, M. E. bakbiten (P. PL B. li. Soi back-ward, M.E. bacward (Cursor Mundi, 2042). In a game. (E.) The sense Butler's Hudibras, pt. iii. c. 2. * is back-game,' because the pieces, when See tnken, are put back. (2). E. bacon. O. F. Bacon. (F. Teut.)

baggage
baggage
Scand.)
'

luggage.

(F.- Scand.)

mjL.oaggage, bagage. O. F. bagage, a collection of bundles. O. F. bague, a bundle.

(2), a worthless

backgammon,

woman.
(

(F.

gammon
.

a depraved sen^e. Perhaps influenced by F. a baggage, quean/ Cot. Ital. bagasse, * Florio. bagasna, a baggage-wench
i), in
;
l

The same as Baggage

bacon

Low

M. H. G.

bacon. bak, a pig;

Q. II G. bacho, L. baco. bache, buttock, ham, a flitch of Cf. G. bathe, a wild sow ; M. Du.
(E.)

Bail (i), security as (. L.) O. F. bail, s.

:

verb, to secure.

bailler, a

custody; from law term, to secure, to keep in

Bad.
A.
S.

M. Dan. bakke, a pig. M. E. badde. Formed from

s.,

baiddel,

allied

to

A.

S.

billing,

a hermaphrodite; and an effeminate

L. baiulare, to carry a child custody. L. about, to take charge of a child. baiulus, a porter, carrier.

man.
Parv.
signe

Badge. (Unknown.) M. E. bage Prompt. Low L. bagia, bagea, signum, in;

bailiff. (F.-L.) M.E37i/.-O.F. Cot. Late L. bajultvum, ace. of L. bdiulare bajullvus, a custodian, &c.
baillif,

(above).

'

apparently, a Latin version of the E. word. Origin

;
;

quoddam

Ducange

unknown.

bailiwick. (F.-L.; and E.) From M. E. baili, short ior bailif (above) and M. E. wik, A. S. wTc, a district hence,
; ;
i

badger. (Unknown.)
in Sir 1.

More

Spelt bageatd a nickname for the brock.

district of

'

'

bailiff;

later,

office

'

of the

same.

Dr. Murray shews that badger -- animal with a badge or stripe. See above.

Bail (2), a bucket. See Bale (3). Bail (3), at cricket. (F.-L.?) O.F.&2*/,
an iron-pointed stake Godefroyadds that in the arrondissements of Vervins and Avesnes, bail is the name of a horizontal
;
*

Badinage,
L.)

jesting talk.

(F.-Prov.-

F. badinage. F. badiner, to jest. F. badin, adj., jesting. Prov. bader ( F. layer}, lit. to gape; hence, to be silly. Late L. badare, to gape prob. of imitative origin, from ba, expressive of opening the
;

piece

of

wood
from

fixed

upon two
baculum^
a

stakes.'
stick.

Perhaps

L.

mouth.

Cf.

Babble.
foil,

Baffle, to

disgrace.

(F.

?-G.?)

Scotch word, as explained

in Hall's

Chron.

(Doubtful.) a child. (E.) M.E. bam. A.S. beam. Icel., Swed., Dan., and Goth. bam. Lit. that which is born ; ' Tent.

Baim,

'

35

BAIT
type *barnom, neut. sb from ba>', 2nd rade of ber-an, to bear with suffix -no-.
, ;
<

BALLAST
Balderdash,
formerly

poor

stuff.

(Scand.

?)

It

meant a jumbled mixture of ee Bear (i). Cf. Dan. balder, noise, clatter; liquors. Bait, to feed. (Scand.) Lit. to make and daske, to slap, flap. Hence it appears a bait is an enticement to bite.' (like slap-dash] to have meant a confused to bite M.E. batten, beiten. lczl beita, to make noise; secondarily a hodge-podge (Hallito bite, causal of bita, to bite Swed. beta, well) and generally, any mixture. (Unto pasture Swed. Me, Dan. bed, a bait. certain.)
' *

See Bite.
coarse woollen stuff. (F. L.) An error for bayes, pi. of F. baye, the cloth called bayes ;' Cot. O. F. bat, baycoloured. L. badius, bay. From the ong.

Baize,

'

a girdle. (F.-M. IT. O.*baldric (not recorded), older form of O. F. baldret, baldrei Low L. baldringus.''N{. II. G. balderich, a girdle;

Baldric,
O.

L.)

colour.

Cf.

Span,

bayo,
(i).

bay,

bayeta,

baize; &c.

See

Bay

extended from O. H. (i. balz, a belt. bait ens, a belt. See Belt. Bale (i), a package; see Ball (2).

L.

Bake.
pt
t.
;

(E.)

M.
;

baka cf. Gk.

pp. Dan. bage

boc,

E. baken. A. S bacan, bacen. -f- Icel. and Swed.

Bale
bealu,

(2

evil.

(E.)
-f-

balu, evil.
Icel.
bol,

Du. bakken
(y^

G. backen

balu

tfHayeiv, to roast,

BHOG.)

balo, destruction.
;

Bakshish, Backsheesh, a present, small gratuity. (Pers ) Pers. bakhshish, a gratuity from bakhshidan, to give Cf. Zend, baksh, baksh, a share, portion
; ;

*balwoz, adj. evil wickedness. Der. balc-ful.

M.E. bale. A. S. O. tries, and O. S. misfortune O. H. G. Tcut. *bahvom, neut. of cf. Goth, balwawesei,
;

to distribute

Balance. (F-L)
F. balance, ballances
;

Cf Ital. Inlander Cot. L. bilancem, ace. of bilamc, having two scales L. bi-, for bis, double, twice; and lanx, a dish, platter, scale of a balance. Balas-rnby, a variety of ruby, of a pale rose-red or orange colour. (F. Low L. Arab Pers ) Formerly balais. F. balais Med. L. balascus, balascitts Arab, balakhsh, a ruby (^De vie). Pers. badakhshi, a ruby named from Badakhshan, N. of the river Amoo (Oxus).
; ;

'

Skt. bhaj, to divide. M. K. balance. a ballance, pair of weights or

(3), to empty water out of a ship. XVII cent. It means to Teut) empty a ship by means of bails, i.e. buckets. F. bailie, a bucket. Cf. Du. bahe, a tub Swed. balja, Dan. bailie^ G.

Bale

(K

balje, a tub.

Late Lat

dimin. from Du. bak, M. Du Balk (i), a beam, ridge M. E. balke. A. S. balca, which explains balked =
i

*bacula (Diez), back, a trough. of land. (E.)

a ridge, heap ; laid in heaps,

beam

Hen. IV, i. i. 69. 4- O. Sax. balko, a Du. balk, a beam, bar Swed. balk,
;

a beam, partition; Cf *balkon-, a bar.

balken.

Tent. stem

Phalanx.
to hinder (E.) a balk or bar in a

balk
M. E.

(2\

balken.

O. H. G. balcho, a palcone, ong. a stage. beam. +O. Sax. balko, a beam. See Balk(i). Bald. (C.) M. E. balled-, the orig. sense was * shining, white,' as in baldfaced'&z.^ a. stag with a white streak on its face ; cf. prov. E. ball, a white-faced horse. Gael, and Irish bal, ball, a spot, mark, speckle (properly a white spot or Bret bal, a white streak on an streak) animal's face; W. bali, whiteness in a horse's forehead. Cf. Gk. />a\tos, white,
'
; ;

Balcony.

- Tent (Ital.

baulk, To put
a
E.

Ital.

balcone,

man's way.

Ball
O. H.

(i),
)

spheucal
bal,

M.

balle
bollr.

body. (F. - * balle

.

>

M. H. G.

balle,

O,

a ball, sphere.

package. (F.-O H. G bale, a ball, also a pack, Cot. as of merchandise The same as F. hence, a round package. balle, a ball Ball (2), a dance. (F.-Late L.) F. F. bailer, to dance. Late L. ballare, bal. to dance. -|- Gk. /SaAA/^W, to dance. Lith. baltas, white ballad. (F. -Prov.- Late L.) M.E. (f>a\aKp6s, bald-headed Baldachin {pronounced baoldakin or balade.-O.. balade F. fo/fofc. - Pi ov. baeldakm), a canopy over an altar, throne, balada, a song for dancing to. Late L. &c. (F. or Ital. - Arab.) F. baldaquin balldre, to dance. Ital. baldacchino, a Ballast, a load to steady a ship. (Scand. canopy, tester, orig or O. Low G.) Three forms aie found: hangings or tapestry made at Bagdad. Ital. Baldacco, Bagdad. Arab. Baghdad, (i) O. Dan. barlast, i.e. bare load, mere

+ Icel.
;

G. batto (G. ball\

bale (i\ a M.E. bale. Y.

;

Bagdad.

weight, Swed. barlast

(2)

O.

Low

G.

BALLET
ballast, i.e.
i.e.
'

BANG
l^.fama, a rumour.
i.

bale

last,'
;

useless load, Du.,

(-y^BHA.)

Brugm.

Dan., E. Fries, ballast

back load. Of Banana, the plantain-tree. (Span.) popular etymology; and (2) arose out of Span, banana, fruit of the banano said to See Last (4) also Bare, Bale (2), be of African origin (from Guinea). (i). Back. Cf. M. Du. bal-daedt, evil deed M.E. (Scand.) (i), Bond.
;
;

(3) Dan. bag-last, these, (3) seems due to

559-

Band

(Hexhara).

Ballet. (F.-LateL.)
ot bal, a dance.

F. ballet,
(2).

dimm.

See Ball

a large ball. (F.-O. H. G.) Formerly baloon, a ball used in a game like

Balloon,

band\ variant, bond. Icel. band; Swed. band\ Dan. baand\ cf. Du. and G. band. Teut. *bandom, n. from band-, 2nd grade of bind-an, to bind see Bind. Allied to
;
;

football; (also ballone, from Ital. ballone, in Florio). O.F. balon, 'a little ball, or pack ; a football or baloon ; Cot. Mod.
'

F. ballon ; Span, balon Ital. pallone augmentative form oi F. balle, &c., a ball. See Ball (i).
;

A. S. bend, Goth, bandi, a band. Cf. Skt. bandha, a binding. Der. band-age (F. band-box bandog, q. v. bandage") band (2), a company of men. (F. Teut ) F. bande Cot whence G. bande,
;

a gang,
allied to

set.

Low

Lat. bonda, a gang L. bandum, a lanner. See

;

Low

ballot.

(Ital.
'
;

-O. II.
Florio.

tare, 'to cast vse in Venice

little ball

lots

G.) Ital. ballotwith bullets, as they

Ital
;

Banner and Bind.

used for voting See Ball d). modified Balm. (F. - L. - Gk.) spelling; M. E. basme, bame, baume. O. F. basme. *-\j. balsamnm. (jk fiaXoapov, fragrant resin of the &a\<ranos, or balsam-tree. Prob. Semitic Heb. cf. basdm, balsam, balsam. (L. Gk.) L. balsamum as above. Baluster, a rail of a staircase, small column. (K Ital. L. Gk.) F. bahtshalla, a ball.

ballotta, a damn, of Ital.

Bandanna, a bilk handkerchief with white spots. (Hind.) Hind, bandhnfi, 'a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places, to prevtnt the parts tied from receiving the dye ... a kind of silk
cloth
'

Shakespear's Hind. Diet.

Bandicoot, a large Indian iat.(Telugu.)

Telugu pandi-kokku,
lit. pig-rat (Yule) Tel./rtwr//, a pig, kckku,*. rat.

Bandit.
Ital.

(Ital.-O. H. G.)

In

Sh.-

bandtto, outlawed, pp. of bandire, to Low L. bannire, to proclaim. proscribe. O. H. G. bannan to summon; whence

tte\

and
t)'o,

bahtstres, 'balhsteis, little, lound, short pillars, ranked on the outsides of

;

&c. Cot. Ital. balaus a baluster ; bO called from a fancied resemblance to the flower of the wild
cloisters, terraces,'
Ital.

pomegianate.

balausto,

balatistra,

Orig. a dog that is tied up. See Prompt. Parv. p. 43. See Band (iX Bandy, to beat to and fio, contend. Teut.^ Ong. to band (Tin bei vile). (F P. bander, 'to bind also, to bandie, at

O H. G. ban, Bandog,
banddog,

cognate with E ban. large dog. \E.)

the flower of the pomegranate. L. balaitstnim. Gk. fiaXavomov, the flower of the wild pomegranate. Der. baluslr-ade, F. balustrade, from \\.3\.balau$trata, furnished

tennis;'

Sc bander, to league against. F. bande, a band see Band (2).

Cot

with balusteis.

(Port. Malav.) Spelt O. Poit. mamkit (Garcia). bandied about See above. Malay stmdmbu, a rattan like bamboo. Bane, harm. (E.) A. S. ban a, a murdcrei, bane.+O Sax. and O. H. Bamboozle, to hoax. (Unknown.) bano\ Ban, a proclamation. (E.) Chiefly in Icel bani* Dan. and Swed. bane, death, the pi. banns M. E. ban. murder. Teut. stem *banon-, m. Cf. Goth. (of marriage). A. S. gebnnn, a proclamation (the prefix banja, a wound. Der. bane-ful In Sh. ge- making no difference). Cf. A. S. dban(i\ to beat. (Scand. Icel. banga, Dan. bankc, to beat; O. nan, to summon, oider out. Influenced by O. F. ban, of G. origin (as below). -f- Swed. bang Icel. bang, a hammering. Cf. Du. ban, excommunication; Icel. and G. bengel, a cudgel. Swed. bann, Dan. band, O. H. G. ban, a (2), a narcotic drug. (Pers. ban. AH from Teut. strong vb. *bannan~, Skt bhangd, hemp the Skt.) Pers. bang to proclaim ; as in O. H. G. bannan. Cf. drug being made from the wild hemp.
bti

Bamboo.
(1662).

and Scand.j Prob. fiom bandy, formeily the name of a bent stick for playing mam- a game called bandy, in which a ball was
Teut.

bandy-legged, bow-kgged.

(F.

Bang

Bang

37

BANGLE
Bangle, a kind of bracelet. Hind, bangri, a biacelet, bangle.
Wilson.) (Hind.)

BARBAROUS
M. H.G.
(2).

bane, a bench, table; see

bank

(H. H.

Banshee, a female spirit supposed to Gael. warn families of a death. (C.) M.E.&WW- beanshith, a banshee, from Gael, bean, a Q. F. banis-, stem of pres. part, of woman sith, a fairy j O. Irish ban-siJt, sken. Low \,.ban- fairies (Windisch, s. v. side}, from O. Ir. banir, bannir, to proscribe. ben ( E. qtiean}, a woman, side, fairies. see Bandit. nire, to ])roclaim Bantam. (Java.) A fowl from Bantam, Banisters; a corruption of Balusters
Banyan. Banish. (F.-O.H.G.)
see

Banian;

a bix-stringed musical itistt laGk) negro corruption \\.n\. of bandore, bandoia, or pandore. pandora, a musical instrument, usually Gk. rravdovpa, the with three strings same. Perhaps of Egypt, ong. (i), a mound of earth. (Scand.)

Banjo,

ment.

(Ital.

in Java.

Banter, raillery. (Unknown.) Bantling, an infant. (G. ?)

considered as band-ling, one

Prob.
in

wrapped

Bank

M.

E. banks.
cf.

O. Scand

form of

Icel. bakki, ridge,

*banke, orig eminence, bank

bicke,

of a river;

Dan. bakkc, Swed.

with double dimin. suffix -l-tng\ but really an adaptation of G. bankhng (with the same sense as bankart}, an illegitimate child; from bank, a bench i. e. a child begotten on a bench,' Cf. not in the marriage-bed (Malm).

swaddling

bands

whence also Norman F. banque, a Tent stem *bankon~. Cf. O Sax and Du. bank, O. II. G. banch A. S. bene, a bench (see Bench).

bank

bank

bank.

bank

(2), for

money

(F.

Tent.)

F.

banque, a money-changer's table or bench. G. bane, a bench, M. Dn. banck, M. See above. table. Tent, and bankrupt. ^F. Ttal. L ) Modified from F. banqueroute, bank-

An a tree. (Port. -Skt.) English, not a native name for the tree. So called because used as a market-place for merchants or bannyans,' as we termed them; see Sir T. Herbert, Travels, ed. 1 Port, baman, an Indian 665, pp. 51, 123. merchant. Skt. baiMj, a merchant. Baobab, a tree. (African.) The native

(2).

Banyan,

'

name

in

Senegal (Adanson).

ruptcy, by a. knowledge of the relation of Jtal. banca the word to L. rnptus, broken. rotta, a broken bank, due to the moneyII. G. bane, a bench changer's failure. and L. ntpta, fern, of mptus, (see above) pp. toirumpere, to break. E. banere. Banner. (F. Tent.

Formerly baptise; M.
baptiscr.

Baptise, Baptize.
PI.

(F.-L.-Gk.)
baptisen.~(J.Y.

L.

bapthare.
to dip.

Gk
Der.

fiairri (

irom

&O.TTTCIV,

baptist,

Gk.

ParrTiffTrjs,

/*a, Pairriffftos,

Bar,

a dipper; baptism, Gk, /3a7mcra dipping. a lail. (F. - Late L.) M. E. bane.

O. F. banere

(*>upp.

bam ere)*

also

bamere

to Godefroy, s. v. * bandana Low

O. F. barre.

Late L. barra, a bar.

L.'t

Barb

(0, hook on an arrow. (F.

'

(Ducange gives banderia}, a banner. Lo\\ F. barbc. L. barba, a beard. Hence O. F. a bearded or barbed L. bandum, bannum, a standard. Fiom Jlesche barbette, a Tent. (Langobardic) source cf. Goth. arrow ;' Cot. See Beard.
;

Uexillum, quod bandiva, a sign, token. barbel, a fish. (F.-L.) M.E. bar7 Paul us, de Geslis belle O. F. barbel. F. barbeau. L ba? banduin appellant; Langob. i. 20. Prob. allied to Ban ; see bclhis, dimin. of barbus, a barbel. L. Skt. bhanati in Uhlenbeck. barba, a beaid. ^f Named from four banneret, orig. a knight \\ho had beard-like appendages near the mouth. E. barbour. men under his own banner. ( F. Tent.) barber. (F. L.) M. TL.banerel. O. I< baneret \ banneref] A F. barbour* with suffix -our-Lat. ace. O. F\banere (above) ; with -atorem ; cf. O. F. barbier, a barber. lit. bannered.' from L. barba, F. barbe, a beard; suffix -<?/-L. pp. -dhts. Bannock, a cake. (C. L.t} Gael. beard. - Barbary.) F. bannach, a cake. Perhaps from L. pam(2), a horse. (F. citim, a thing baked ; from pam-s, bread. bat be, a Barbary horse; named from the country. Banns, pi. of Ban, q. v. Banquet. (F.-Ital -Tent.) Y.ban- Barbarous. (L Gk.) L. barbar-us; Gk. 0ap0apos, foreign, Ital. banchetto (Torriano), a feast; with suffix ~ous, quet.~ also a bench ; dimin. of banco, a bench. lit. stammering a name given by Greeks
'

Barb

BARBED
j

BARRATOR

is for *nH*(f*), A. S. to express the strange sound of foreign for storing. Cf. L. balbus, stammering. cognate with Icel. rann ; see Ransack. languages. M.E. berme. (i), yeast. (E.) Barbed, accoutred, armed ; said of Also (more cor- A. S. bcorma. 4- Low G. baim\ Swed. Scand. ?) horses. (F. ' barbed as a barma G. barme. Teut stem *bermon- ; F. bardt, rectly), barded. perhaps allied to Ferment. horse/ Cot. F. barde, horse-armour. M. E. barm. (2), the lap (E.) Icel. bartS, a brim, edge also, a beak or armed prow of a waiship (cf. barftt, a A. S. bcann, lap, bosom. -fO. Sax., Swed., whence it may have been applied Dan. batm\ Icel. barmr\ Goth, barms. shield) from bar-, 2nd grade Teut. type *barmoz to horses (Diez). of ber-an, to bear see Bear (i). Barbel, Barber; see Barb (i). Barberry, Berberry, a shrub. Barn. (E.) See Barley. Barnacle (0 a kind of goose. (F. (Med. L.) from Med. L. barbaris, a barHence Med. L.) Dimin. from F beinaque i,Cot.) ; berry-tree; of unknown origin. Bcrnaca, aues aucis also M. F. berberis, Sp. berbcris, and even Med. L. bet naca.

am

Barm
\

Barm

Arab, barbdns. <ft The should be berbery or bnrbary\ nexion with berry.

mod

spelling

no con-

Barbican. (F.) M. E barbican. F. barbacane, a barbican or outwork of a castle also, a loop-hole ; also, an outlet for water. Prob. from Eastern bab-khanah,
;

Ducange. Used by palustnbus similes Giraldus Cambrensis Cf. Port, bernaca, bernacha\ Span, bcrnida (Neuman). (See Max Muller, Lectures, 2nd Series.)
,

'

barnacle
;

(2),

a sort of shell-fish.

(F.

gate-house (Yule).

Med. L.) The same as Barnacle (i). See N. E. D. and Max Muller, Lect. on Science of Language, ed. 7, ii. 583.

W. bardd, Irish and Bard. (C.) Gael, bard) a poet. Cf. Gk. ippafav, to speak. Bare. (E.) M.E. bar. A. S. bar. -fTeut. type G. bar, baar. Icel. berr\ *bazoz cf. Lith. basas, O. Slav, bos ft, barefooted. (F.- Late I,) M.E. bar;

Barnacles,
(F.)

on the noses of horses to keep them

spectacles, orig. irons put

quiet.
lale,

The

sense

of 'spectacles'
allusion.
'

is

and due
nal
,

to a

humorous

M. E.

ber-

dimm. bernakilL Bcrnak for hors, bernakilli Chamus' (i.e. L. canms)\ Prompt.
Parv.

Bargain.

Eng MS.)

AVe find bcrnac in A. F. (in an Wright's Vocab. i. 100, 1. 3.

,

gayn, bb.
chaffer.

O. F. bargaignier, bargenir, to Late L. barcdmdre, to change

Origin unknown.

about. F.

Remoter origin unknown. Barge. (F.~ LateL. C.?) M.E./w^v.

;

Barometer, an instrument for measuring the weight of the air. (Gk.) Gk. /3a/>o-, for /3a/>os, weight ; and /IT/JO^, a measure ;
see

barca

Late L. barge. see Bark (i).

(i),
is

barga,

variant

of

Metre.
F.

Baron,
baron.

bark

Bark C. V) a little ship.

barque. (F.-Late L.-

an E. spelling of F. barque, Late L. barca, a sort of ship or large boat, a lighter. Perhaps of Celtic O. Irish bare (fem. origin (Thurneysen). rt-stem), a bark. Bark (2), the rind of a tree. (Scand.) M.E. bark. Swed. bark\ Dan. bark Icel. borkr. Teut. type *barkuz. Bark (3), to yelp as a dog. (E.) M. E.
;

older form ber, nom. (Prov. bar], the suffix ~on marking the ace. case (Diez^. Cf. Ital. barone, Sp varon, Port, varao. Late L. baro, ace. -dnein, a man, a male. Origin unknown. Barouche, a carriage. (G. Ital. L.) G. barutsche.^\\s\. baroaio, biroccio, a
;

a title. baron

(F.- LateL.)

M.E.

chariot, orig. a
rotus,

two- wheeled car. L. biwith suffix -occio two-wheeled

;
;

berkcn.

A. S. beorcan, to bark. berkja, A. S. borcian, to bark. of imitative origin.

Cf. Icel.

Perhaps

assimilated to that of carr-occio, a chariot L. />/'-, double and rota, a wheel. i^Diez). Barracks. (F.-Ital.) F. baraque.
Ital. baracca, a tent for soldiers ; cf. Sp. barrata. Prob. connected with Late L.

(E.) M.E.for//.-A.S./*zr/*v. Cf. A. S. here, barley (Lowl. Sc. bear] and Cf. also Goth. barizeins, -lie, for lie, like. made of barley ; L.jfor, corn. barn. (E.) M, E. berne. h.S.bent, contr. form of ber-ern (Luke iii. 17). A. S. bere 9 barley ; and ern t am, a place

Barley.

barra, a bar, pale.

Barrator, one who incites to quarrels and lawsuits. (F.) Formerly barratour, baratour from M. E. barat, deceit, strife.
;

F. barat,

'

a barter,' Cotgrave.

cheating, deceit, guile, also Allied to Barter.

39

BARREL
^Influenced by
turmoil.
Icel.

BASK
base.

baratta, a fight, a

F. bas, m,, basse,

fern.

Late L. basy

Barrel.
F.) baril. bar, pale
;

(F.)

same word as L. Bassus M. E. lard. - O. F. (and piopername, which seems to have meant
sus,
'

low

the

Perhaps from Late L. barra, a from the staves of it. M. E. barain.-k. F. Barren. (F.) O. F. brehaing, fern, brebarain, -e
;

stout, fat,* rather than merely

,

'

Base (2) M. E das.

to

a foundation. (F. L. basis. F. base.

low.' L. Gk.) Gk. /8a<m,

suffix

a step, a pedestal, base.

Gk. base $-,

;

haingne, baraigne F. brehaigne, Of unknown ongin.

;

sterile.

go

(as in paivtiv, to go)

;

with

-ffi-

(for -TI-)

cf.Skt ga-ti(s),a. going, fiom

Barricade.
cade.

(F.-Span)

F.

barn- gam, to go.

See

Come.

Span, barncada, a barricade, lit. one made with barrels lull of earth. Span. barr tea, a barrel. Perhaps from Span. see Barrel. barret, a bar O. F. E. ban ere. Barrier. F.) F. barbarrere i^Godefroy, s. v. basset n\ F. bearer, to bar up. F. barrc, a rt?re. bar. See Bar. barrister. (Low L.' A barbarous word formed with suffix -/<?;* ( Low L. -istarius] from the sb. bat Spelman gives the Low L. foim as barrastertus. Barrow (i ), a burial-mound. (E.) For berrow (like pat son for person, &c.). M. E. bergh, beriv, a hill, mound. O. Merc, berg; A. S. beorg, beorh, a mountain, hill, mound, -f- O Sax., Du., G. berg. Teut. type *bergoz, a bill. Cf. O. Irish bri, a mountain Skt. brhant, large. BarrOW (2), a wheel -barrow. (E."i M.E. barewe. A. S. bar-, 2nd grade viber-a?i, to beai, carry. Cf. M. II G. rade-ber, wheel- barrow, from rat/, wheel.
;
(

lowest floor of a building. Ital L.) Appears in F. as sottbasscment, the basement of a building formed from sous, under, and -bassement, borrowed from Ital bassamcnto, Jit an abasement Ital bassare, to lower. Ital. basso, low. Late 1 ,. bassus see Base ( I )

(K -

Basement,

Bashaw
see

Basenet, Basnet
;

see

Basinet.

the old form of

(F.

Bashful.
Abash.
base.

and E

Pasha. For abash-ful\

Prob. by confusion with abase

and

Basil (i \aplant (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.

basile
basilic
:

(Supp.
cf.
1
(

to

basilic,

short foi Godefroy) herb basill Cot.

; ' '
;

Barter, to traffic.
'

(F.)
'

M. E bartryn.
'

O. > .bareter, baratcr, to cheat, beguile, Col. O. F. barat, cheatalso to baiter

'
;

Cot. p. Of doubtful origin perhaps Celtic (Littrt'). Cf. Bret. barad, treachery, Irish brath, W. brad, treachery, Gael brath, advantage by unfair means; Irish bratiaih, Gael, bradach,
ing, also a barter
;

;'

W. bradti* to plot. thievish, roguish Barton, a court-yard, manor. (E.) Northumb. bere-tfin (Matt. 111. 12) A. S. and titn, an enclosure ; see bere, barley
;

L. basihcum, neut. of basihctis, royal. Gr. ^aaiKiKov, basil ; neut. of (SaaihiKfa, Gk. )8ao-tAt9, a king. royal. basilica, a large hall (L. - Gk.) L. basilica, fern, of basilicus, royal. basilisk, a fabled sei pent. (L. Gk.) L basihscus Gk. fiaaiKiOKos, lit. royal; also a lizard or seipent, named from a spot on the head like a crown (Pliny, viii. 21). Gk. (3aai\v$, a king. Basil (2), the hide of a sheep tanned. (F. Span. Ai ab. ) A. F. baseyne (Liber F. bawne, M. F. bassane. Albus, 225). Aiab. Span badana, a dressed sheep-skin bitanak* the [inner] lining of a garment, for which basil-leather was used. C f. Arab bain, the inside.

Basin.
basin
C).

(I

4 .

M.E. bacin, Late L.) bacin, baclnn; F. bassin.

Barley and Town.

in chemistry. (Gk Named weight. Gk. ftapvTrj<>> weight. Gk. /3a/>vs, heavy. See Grave (2). barytone. (Ital.-Gk.) Better baritone a musical term for a deep voice. Gk. /3api5-s, Jtal. baritono, a baritone. heavy, deep and TO^OS, a tone see Tone. Basalt. (L.) Also basaltes L. basa/te?, a hard kind of marble in ^Ethiopia. An African word (Pliny\ Base (i), low. (F.-L.) M. E. bass,

Barytes,
its

from

L. bacJnmu>, baichfnus, a basin (Due.). Supposed to be from Late L. bacca, water- vessel (Isidore). Cf. Du. bak, a bowl, tiough.
Late

basinet, basenet, basnet, a

helmet. (F.
vi. i.
;

light

31.
;

LateL.j In Spensei F. Q. O.F. bactnet, chmin. of bacin

its

a basin
see

from
(L.
(2).

Basis.
Base

shape Gk.; L.

basts.

Gk. Pdvi s

Bask.
bask

(Scand.)
;

M.
and

oneself, Palsgiave
herself,

E. baske, to bathe cf. bathe hire, to

Ch. C. T. Nonnes Prestes

40

BASKET
Tale, 447. -Icel. *ba$ask (later batiast), for baba sik, to bathe oneself. Cf. also Swed. dial, at basa sig i solen, to bask in the sun, badf.sk, fishes basking in the sun
like

BATTER
Bastion.
(F.-Ital.) F.
Ital. basbastione, part of a fortification. tir e, to build; allied to O.F. bast if to , build. See Bastile.

(Wedgwood). Busk.

See Bathe,

^f

Formed
Mod.
Origin

Bat
A.

Basket.
Norman
unknown.

M. (F. ?) F. basquette
;

(i), a cudgel. (E ) S. batt (Eng. Studien, xi.

staff.

M. E. batte.65). Cf. Irish

basket.

bata, bat, a

(Moisy).

Basnet
Ba*SS
(K.

see Basinet.

lowest part, in music. The same word as Base (i) ; L.) but so spelt in imitation of Ital. basso, base.
(1)1 the

with double dimin. suffix -l-et. Bat (2), a winged mammal. (Scarid.) Bat has taken the place of M. E. bakke Dan. bakke, now only in comp. aften-bakke,
bat-let,

Der.

Bass (2\ Barse,

bane;

M. E. a fish. (E.) also base, bace (with loss of r). S. bats, a peich.+Du. baars ; G. bars,

Cf. O. Swed. natt-backa, evening-bat. 'night-bat* (Ihre); for which we find Swed. dial, natt-batta (Rietz). batch is as much as is Batch. (E.)

baked
bac i he,

at

once

(F.-L.) M.E bate', Bassoon, a base instrument. (F. L ) a clipt form of Debate, in the sense of F. basson, augmentative from F. bassc, strife ^f So also fence for de-fence. base (in music), fern, of bas base. See Bath. (E.) M.L. faf. A.S. ba$.+ Icel. bat; O. H. G. bad-, Swed, Dan., Base (i). Bast. EJ M. E. bast bast-tre, a lime- Du.,G. bad. Teut, *ba-fom, neuter. The tree. A. S bast, inner bark of a lime- ong. sense was a place of warmth; cf. tree whence bast is made.-)- Icel., Swed., O. H. G. bajan (G. bahen\ to foment. bathe. (E.) A. S. baftian, to bathe. Dan., G. bast. Often spelt bass. Bastard, an illegitimate child. (F.) A. S. baft, a bath. And see Bask.
bhrshtt, pointed.

Named fiom its prickles. barsch, a perch. From *bars~, 2nd grade of Tent, root Cf. Skt. *btrs, whence also Bristle, q. v.

bake.

a See Bake.
(i),

M.E. hence, a quantity. S bacan, to baking; from

;

Bate
(F.

to

beat

down,

diminish.
a.

L.)

Bate

Short for Abate, by loss of

(2), strife.

E. bastatd, applied to Will. I.-O. F. ' bastard^ the same as Jils de bast, lit. the son of a pack-saddle/ not of a bed. [The expression a bast ibore, illegitimate, occurs in Rob. of Glouc. p. 5i6.]-O. F. bast, a

M.

Bathos.
Gk.
/3d0os,

(Gk.) Lit. depth, sinking. depth cf. $0.6, deep.

;

pack-saddle (F. bdty with suffix -ard, from O. H. G hart, hard, first used as a suffix in proper names and then generally.
t

a cudgel. (F.) F. Late L. bastonem, baton, O.F. barton. ace. of basto, a cudgel Origin doubtful ; connected by Diez with Gk. flaarafav, to

Baton, Batoon,

support.
Ital.

Baste
form

Battalion. (F. - Ital. - L.)

a battle
;

(i), to beat. (ScancL?) bas-it occurs as a pp. in 1553.

The
Cf.

F. bataillcn. Ital. batbattaghone, a battalion.

(i),

taglia,

Swed

Baste
known
)

basa, to strike, beat, whip. (2), to pour fat over meat

Batten
(Un(Scand.)
to

Ong.

fat; to fatten. Icel. batna, intransitive.

see to

Battle below.

grow

InSh.

To

baste, linirej

Levins,
(F.

cd. 1570.

Baste (3\ II. G) M.E.

batir, to

to

sew

slightly.

M.
F.

basten.

<J.Y. bastir,

grow better, improve, recover. Cf. Goth, ga-batnan, to be bettered Icel. bat-i, s., improvement, E. Better, q. v., and Boot (2^. Cf also Du. batcn, to
;

slightly; a tailor's term. M. H. G. besten (for *bastjan), to bind; G. bast, bast. See oiig. to tie with bast.

sew

yield profit

baat, profit.

Batten
batten
is

(2),

a wooden rod.

down is to fasten with

To (F.) battens. Batten

Bast
a fortress. (F.) O.F. bastille, a building. -O. F. bastir (F. batir), to build. Origin uncertain ; perhaps allied to

Bastile,

merely another spelling of Baton. (i\ to beat. (F.-L.) M.E. bat-er-en\ with fiequentative suffix -er-. F. batire. L. batter e, populai form of

Batter

Baton.

battuere, to beat.

Bastinado.
tonatia,

(Span.)
;

a beating. Late L. bastonem, ace.

Span, basSpan, baston, a stick.

see

Fiom

Baton.

and milk. (F. - L.) M. E. batour, bature. O. F. bature, a beating. F. battre, to

batter

(2),

compound

of eggs, flour,

BATTERY
beat (above).
up.

BEADLE
a kind of laurel ; properly, a M. E. bay, a berry (F.-L.) L. baca, a berry. F. bate, a berry. - L ) F. (3) inlet of the sea (F. Late L. baia, a harbour bait, an inlet. (Isidore), p. Confused with bay, a recess in a wall. O.F. baee, a gap. Late L. baddta, fern of pp. of baddre, to gape. (F.-L) (4), to bark as a dog. M. E. bayen. Q F. baicr, to yelp (Gode-

So called because beaten

Bay Bay

(2),

berry-tiee.

battery. (F.-L.) .baterie,batterie, 'beating, battery;' Cot.- F. battre^ beat. battle. (F. L. M. E. batatlle, bataik. -O. F. bataille, (i ) a fight, (2 a battalion. Folk-L. battalia, neut pi. (turned into

a fern, sing.), fights; Late L. battuaha, neut pi. of adj. battudlts, fighting. -Late

Bay

battuere, to beat.

doure, Prompt. Parv. - Prov. batedor, Span. batidor, a washing-beetle, which was also at first the sense of the E. word. [The corruption to batlledoor was due to conProv. fusion with battle, vb to fight ]
bat re, Span batir, the same as F. battre, to beat with suffix -dor, which in Prov. and
;

battledoor. (Prov -L.) M.

K.batyl-

Cf. Ital. baiare, 'to barke,' Flono. the sound. - L. ] For at (5 ), in phr. at bay. (F. F abois, abbots $tre aiix abois, to abay. be at bay, lit. ' to be at the baying ot the 7 PL of F. aboi, the bark of a dog ; dogs. verbal sb. from F. aboyer, O. F. abater, to yelp, bay. -O. F. a (forL. ad] ; and baier
froy).

From

Bay

Span nom.

L
-tor,

suffix

-torern,

ace.

form from

above).

expiessing the agent.

M. K. batelment, (F.) batil)nent*bateillctnent, from O.F. bateillier, to fortify; formed from batai //<?, battle, fight, but confused with O. F. bawdier, to build. fortify, denvatne of O. F. baitir, to

Battlement.

and

Window. Bayonet. (1O XVII

Bay-window;

from

Bay
cent.

(3, sect, ft)

F. baion-

nette\ bayonette,& knife; Cot.

Probably

named from Bayonne (France\ where fiist made or used

See Battle and Bastile. Bauble (0, a fool's mace;

4

Bazaar.
(2) a play-

(Pers)

Per*, bazar, a

mai-

ket.

thing. (I

.)

(i>
i

M.K

baby II, bable, babel,

Cower, C. A.

Tudor
babel,

E.

E. babel, 224; (2) l<rom O. F Iniubd, bauble.

uous
hiov.

Bdellium. (L.-Gk-Heb: A piesLibstauce. L bdellium Gk. /JSc'A-

plaything ^Godefroy\ Ital. babbola, Perhaps connected with a toy (Flono) and with L. babulus, a fool.

child's

Pleb. bedolakh (Gen. n. I2\ A. S. be-, prefix ; (E.) prefix. often causative, as be-nttmb, to make

Be-,

Cf

E.

Babble.
/

numb. Note also be-head* to deprive of the head be-set, to set upon, set round
;

a faggot. (F/ Prov. E (Wilts bavin, a faggot ; hence, as adj., soon kindled and burnt out, J lien IV. in 2.61. O. F. baffe, a faggot, bundle (Godefroy,

Bavin,

v,. be-mire, to cover with mire Be, to exist (E.) M. E. been. Russ. beon, to be -f W. bod, to be
;

A.S.
bitite
;

L
*

fore (pt

fui\\ Gk.
'^

tyvtiv
r

Skt bhu.

Roquefort).

Remoter

oiigin

unknown.

(VBIIKU.)

Bawd,

between form is bawds frot, P. Plowm. A. in. 40 (.another MS. has baivde).^ O. F. *baldestrot (found only in the later fotrn baude' trot), equivalent to Lat. pronuba, a bndewornan. O. H. G. bald, bold, gay, lively (cognate with E. boldj; and M H. G.
sfrotzen, vb. (E. strut).

a procurer or procuress, go- O. II. G.) The full M. E (F.

l cent Ong. and the same a-. prov. E. bache, a valley; also, a sandbank near a nvei. A. S. bat., a valley Kemble,

Beach.
bhingle.'

(K. Prob.

X\

E.,

Cod. Dipl.

in.

386.

Beacon. (E.) beacn, beiti.^O.

bouhhan.

M. E

btken.

A.

S.

Sax. bokan;

O.
'

G.

Bawl.
a

(Scand.)

Icel

baula, to
:

low

as

cow

Swed.
(i),

bola, to bellow

see Bull,

Bellow.

M. E.

Bay

bay.

(F LJ reddish brown. L. badius, bayQ. F. bat.

Tent, type *bauknom, neut. Ong. 'a prayei ; hence a perforated ball, for counting prayers. E. bede, a prayer, a bead. A. S. bed, A. S. biddan ( * *bidjari} t gebed, a prayer.

Bead.

(E

>

coloured.

bayard. (F.-L.) A bay horse, from the colour also, any horse. The suffix -ard is Teutonic see Bastard.
;

to pray. 4- Du bede\ Ci. bitte\ Goth. btda t a prayer. See Bid (i) Beadle. (F. - Teut.) M. E. bedel. O. F. bedel, F. bedeau, a beadle ; lit. 'pro* M. H. G. butel* claimer,' or messenger/

O. H. G.

butil.

O. H. G.

but-,

weak

BEAGLE
grade of biotan, G. bieten
;

BEDRID, BEDRIDDEN
cognate with

A.S. beodan, to bid. Cf. A.S. bydel, a See Bid (2). beadle, from beodan. Beagle, a dog. (Unknown.) M. E.
V, Squire of

Low

Degree,

1.

771.

eak. (F.-C.)
Late L.

M.

K.

/w.-F. bee.-

Cf. beccus, of Gaulish origin. Irish bacc, bach, a crook, a hook. L. Gk.) M.E. '^Scand.

Beau, a dressy man. (F.-L.) F. beau ; O. F. bit. L. bellus, fair. For *ben-lus ; from &T*- (as in ben-e], variant of bon- % as in bon-iis, good. 67. Brugm. ii. beauty. (F. - L.) M. E. beute. - A. F. bade, O. F. beaute, belttt. \^. bellitatem, ace. of bdlitas, fairnebs. L. bellus, fair
(above).

Der. beautt-ful, beaute-ons. M. E. \i), an animal. (E.) Joel, bikarr, a cup. O bever. A. S &yr, beefor. 4" Du. &wr Inker, hyker. Sax. bikeri\ Du. beker; G. baker Ital. Icel. fy^rr ; Dan. bciver ; Swed. bafoer Russ. bob?9 Lith. bebrus ; 1,. from Late L. /VA/- G. dz/^r Incchicre. (3. Perhaps nuniy a wine-cup. Gk. &IKOS, an earthen jjf^r Skt. babhrus (i) brown (2) a large ichneumon. Teut. type *bebruz\ Idg. t)pe a word of Eastern origin. wine-vessel (E/) *bhebhi wj, reduplicated deriv. of bhrit-, Ci), a piece of timber. ;//. See A.S. /va///, a tree. f- Du. brown, tavny. Brngm. i. M.E. 566. G. baum, Cf, also Icel. bad /fir, a Brown. to/// Beaver (2}, Bever, lower part of a tree; Goth, bagms. (2), a ray. ^E.) [Usually iden- helmet. (F.) Alleied by confusion with M. E. baviere. O. F. baviere, beaver-hat. tified with Beam (i\ specially used to a child's bib alto, the bever (beaver) of signify a column of light; cf. A.S. byrncnde beam, the pillar of fire/] But A. S a helmet. F. haver, to slavei. F. bave, beam, a beam (as in sunne-bcam, a sun- foam, slaver. Perhaps from the move-

W. Beaker.

Beaver
;

Beam
;

Beam

'

beam) answers to a Teut, type ^bau-moz, prob. cognate with Gk. (pav-ais, light, tyaos See Phos(for </>afos), also <]>&$, light. phorus. Bean. (E.] M. E. bcne. A S. bean. + Du. boon Icel. baun\ O. H. G.pvna,
;

ment
diate

of the lips

cf.

Bret, babouz, slaver.

Beaver
bever).

lepast.

use of
j

a shoit immeM.E. beuer ( = L.) A. F. bcivre, a drink ; substantival L. F. bevre t beivre, to diink.

Cv,

Bever,

[F.

Inhere, to

dunk.
to

bona (G. bohne^.

Teut. type *bainia,

(E.)
;

f.

Becalm,
; ;

make

calm.
L.) F.

See Be- and

Bear

(i), to carry.

M.E. bo en. Calm.

A. S. ^mr/z.^Icel. &mz O. II. G. bet an Goth. bairan\ also \<.ferre\ Gk. <J>epeiv Skt. M?' ; O. Ir. berim, I bear Russ. brate, to take, carry Pers. burdan, to bear. (VBHER.) Ber. w/^ar. Bear (2), an animal. E."i M. E. /w*r A.S. A?nz.+Icel. &rw (fyorri); O. H. G. Cf. Lith. hero, pero, G. &*r; Du. beer.
;
;

Because. (E. and. Bechance. (K. and

Chance.

See Cause. See L.)

beras,

brown

Beard.

(Kluge"). Teut. type *beron-. A.S. beard. (E.) M. E. berd.

;

nod, give a sign. (E.) same as bek-nyn, to beckon (Prompt Parv ). See Beckon. Beck (2), a stream. (Scand.) M.E. bek. Dan. b&k Icel bekkr\ Swed. batk a stream. Also Teut. type *bakkiz. Teut. type *bakiz\ whence Du. beek, a
(i),

Beck

to

M.

E. bck-yn,

the

+Du.l>aant G.

Allied to Russ. boroda

Teut. type *bardoz, Lith. barzda L barba, beaid; from Idg. type *bhardha.
bart.
;
;

beck

G. bach,
(E.)

Beckon.
bccnan,
Mgrib.

M.

E. beknen.

A.

S.

beacman
A.

Beast. (F.-L.)
forte (F.

M.E. fcvfc.-O.F.
a beast.

^<?).-.L.

/;w//Vr,

Become.
;

(also biecnan], to make See Beacon. S. beacn, a sign. A. S. been man, to CE.)

(E.) M. E. &**;*. A.S. beatan. arrive, happen, turn out, befall, -f Goth. &7/a; O.H.G. /feaw, M. H. G. bi-kwiman cf. G. be -quern, suitable, bebozen. Teut. type *bautan-. coming. From Be- and Come. F. biatifier.-l^ Bed. (E.) M. E. bed. A. S. bed, bedd. BeatlJfy. (F.-L.) Teut. L. bcati-, for f Du. bed; Goth. badi\ G. bctt, beatificare, to make happy. beatus, pp. of ^<frtf, to bless, make happy type *badjom n. and -fie-, for facere, to make. M.E. bedrid, bedridden. (E.) F. beatitude. bedrede (Ch. C. T. 7351); bedreden (P. beatitude. (F.-L)

Beat.

flcel.

//7<^?,

L, beatitudinem t ace. from nom. i/*'~ L. beati- t for beatus, blessedness. blessed ; with suffix -l

PL B. viii. 8s\
4

A. S. bedrida, bedreda, lit.

a bedrider one who can only ride on a A. S. a bed ; and bed, not on a horse.
;

'

M,

43

BEDSTEAD
*rid-a,

BEHOOF
sharp, or from
either case

one

who

rides,

from the weak

bedst*le.~ a stand,

M.

E. bitil

a beetle.

In

grade of ridan, to ride.

from

bit-,

weak grade of bitan,

;

bedstead.
A. S. bed, a
station
;

(E.)
;

M.E.
stedc^

to bite.

bed and see Stead.

BefaU, Befool, Before

&c.

see Fail,

Bedew,

Bedabble, Bedaub, Bedazzle, Bedim, Bedizen. Sec

t

- Teut.) From of O. F. and Latinised form (bedellui\ Beget, Begin; see Get, Gin (i). M. E. beggare\ cf. M. E. bedel ; see Beadle. Beggar. (F.) Bedlam. (Palestine.) M. E. bedlem, Beggera. Begum or Beghard, Rom. Rose, becorruption of Bethlehem, in Palestine. 7256 (F. text, Bcgnin\-V.Y. begard, Now applied to the hospital of St. Mary gart, Flemish beggaert. Late L. Beghardtts. of Bethlehem, for lunatics. Formed, with suffix -ard i^G. -hart) t from Bedouin. (F. Arab) Q.^. bedouin, Begue, a man's name. See Beguine. Arab badaa wandering Arab; ong pi. Begone, Beguile ; see Go, Guile. wTn, pi. of Arab, badaivly, wandering in Beguine, one of a class of leligious devotees. (F.) Chiefly used in the fern. ; K, Arab badw, a desert. the desert. btguittc, Low L. beghina, one of a religious Bedridden, Bedstead ; see Bed. earlier order, first established at Liege, about A.D. Bee. (E.) M. K. bee A. S. Named after Lambert Le Begue, Cf. G. 1207. II bla Jw.+Du. bij\ also Ir. bea-c/i. Lith bi-tte bte-ne priest of Liege (i2th c.) ; whence
;

Dabble, Daub, &c. Bedell. (Low L.

Beg. (F.) M. E. beggen. A. F. begger, Langtoft, i. 248 ; used as equiv. to beFormed 15. guigner, Britton, I. 22. the from the sb. beggar see below.

^,
;

Le Begue means Beguin, Beghard, masc. stammerer/ from the verb begui^ to stamBeech. (E. A. S bohe, bZce, a beech mer, in the dialect of Namur; allied to becen, adj., beechen ; both derivatives (by Picard bguer t F. begayer. in the E. Indies, a lady of the mutation) fiom the older form boc. See Pers. beBook. highest rank. (Pers. Turk.) Turk, beg, Beef. (F.-L.) M.E. bcf\ gum, a queen, lady of rank. O. F. boef (F. bofuf\ L. 'bouem, ace. of bey, a bey, goveinor. See Bey. Behalf, interest. (E.) Formerly in the bos, an ox.+Gk 0<>v?, ox; Ir. b6, Gael. A), AV. fo/w, Skt. <?, A S. eft, a cow see Cow. M. E. phrase on my behahte = on my beef-eater, a yeoman of the guard. behalf, on my side substituted for the of (Hyb.) Lit an eater of beef; hence, an A. S. phr. on {mijt} healfe, on the side Cf. A S. hldf-<lta, a loaf-eater, (mel, by confusion with be heaife (me], attendant. a servant. *f| The usual derivation (from used in the same sense. From A. S. be,
f

Perhaps

flatterer'

cf Skt. bh:, to fear

v

O. H. G.

bi-ben, to tremble.

'

Begum,

A^-A.F.
;

'

'

Prov, E A. S. bittle. A. S. bitda, lit. biting one.' with adj. bit-, weak grade of bitan, to bite See Bite. suffix -ol ; cf. wac-ol, wakeful. Beetle (2), a large mallet. (E ) M. E.

Mr. Steevens' imaginary beaufetier, later spelt buffetier] is historically baseless. S. bear. M. E. bere. Beer. (E. Du. and G. bier \ Icel. bjorr. Beestings ; see Biestings Beet. (L.) M. E. bete. A. S. bete.L. beta, beet (Pliny).
)

by; and

hcalf, sb., side.

See Half.

I.e to be-have oneself, (E.) or control oneself ; from have with prefix be-, the same as prep. by.

Behave.

behaviour.
Formed
behave
;

with F. suffix^} (E. abnormally fiom the verb to

;

Beetle

(0, an insect. (E
'

confused with F. sb. avoir, (r) wealth, (2) ability. Cf.Lowl. Sc. havings, (i) wealth, (2) behaviour.

Behead.

(E.)

From Be- and Head.

(Heb.

betel.

A. S. bytel ( = O. Wcs *bictel, O. Merc *betel) cf. Low G. bolel. Teut. ty$t*baut-iloz, a beater ; hom*baut-an-, to beat ; see Beat.
;
i

Heb. Egypt.) behemoth, said to be pi. of behemah, a but probably of Egypt, origin. beast Behest, Behind, Behold. (E.) See
;

Behemoth.

'

Hest, Hind,

Hold

(i).

Beetle
M. browed
the
'

(3;, to

overhang
v.

(E.)

From
'beetle-

E.
;

adj.

bitel-bmiwed,
109.
either

P.

Plowm. A.
;

Orig.
bitcl
%

advantage. (E.) M. E. to hiA. S. behof* houe, for the advantage of. O. Fries, bihof, Du. behoef, advantage. advantage ; G. behuf\ Swed. behof\ Dan.

Behoof,

sense doubtful

from M. E.

bekov, need.

0.

The

prefix be is

A,S.

be %

44

BEHOVE
The simple sb. appears in Icel. E. by. cf. Goth, gamoderation, measure From hobains, tempeiance, self-restraint. A. S. hof, 2nd stem of the vb. Heave. behove, to befit. (E.) A. S. bekdfian, verb formed from the sb. behdf above, -fho/,
;

BEND
pression to the eyes, the pupils of
it

which

expands.
(L.)

Belligerent.
belligerant.

More

correctly,

'L. belli gerant-, stem of pres. L. pt. of belhgerare, to carry on war. for bello-, stem of bellum, war ; belli-,

Du. behoeven, from hofva Dan. behove.

;

sb.

behocf
see

Swed.

be-

Bellum is for gererc, to carry on (war). O. Lat. duellum ; see Duel.

Belabour, Belay;
Lay.

Labour,

Bellow.
Not

(E.)

M.

E. belwen

(c.

1300).

Belch. (E.) M. E. belken. A. S. bealcian, he/can, to utter ; translating L. eructare, used figuratively. Cf. bale, sb.-fDu. balken^ to bray. See Bellow and Bell. Ironically for belL.) (F.

Beldam.

may have resulted from confusion of A.S. bellan, to roar, with the str. verb beJgan, to be bellow, angry, or with the rare verb bylgian, to bellow (which would have given billow). See Bell. Cf. Bull.
fully explained.
It

F. belle dame. ^L. and domina, of bellus, fair See Beau. lady, fem. of dotmnus, lord. Beleaguer. (Du.) See Iieaguer. Gk. Belemnite, a fossil. (Gk.) 0\ffwiTTjs, a stone shaped like the head of a dart.-Gk. &4\fnvov, a dart. Gk.

dame,

i.e. fine lady.

bella, fern,

Bellows. (Scand.) M. E. beli, bely, below, a bag, but also used in the special sense of 'bellows.' Bellows is the pi. of M. E. below a bag, from Icel. belgr', and M. E. beli (from A. S ) also means belly. * Cf. G. blase-balg, a blow-bag,* a pair of bellows ; A. S. bl&st-belg, bellows, lit.
)
'

&a\\(iv, to cast.

a watchtower/ Corrupted (partly by influence of beir) from M. E. berfray, berfrey, a watchtower. O. F. berfiei, berfroi, belfroi (F. M. II. G. bercfnt, a watch-tower. beffroi). M. H. G. berc-, for berg-, base of bergen,

Belfry.

(F.

(y^GwEL.) - G.) Grig.

blast- bag.'

See below.

belly.
belgi

M. E. bely. A.S. ba!& (E.) bag, skin (for holding things) ;

hence

Du.

(later), belly. -f Icel. belgr, bag; balg, skin, belly; Swed. balg, belly,

bellows Dan. bdlg, balg\ Goth, balgs, bag.

;

to protect; and M.H.G. frit, fride, a place of security, a tower, the same word as G. friede, peace ; hence the lit. sense
is

From

husk, belly ; G. Teut. type *balgiz. lalg-, 2nd stem of Teut. root belg

a protecting shelter/ w at ch-tower. Allied to Borough and Free.

*

VBIIELGH), to well. Cf. Irish bolgy bag, belly ; bolgaim^ I swell ; W. bol, Der. bellows, q. v. belly.
(-Idg.

Belie.
about. to lie.

(E.)

A.

S. beleogan, to tell lies

;

and Gael, bait, a Believe. (E.) M.E. beleuen (l>eleven). belt, border; O. H. G. bah Swed. balte The prefix be- was substituted for older Dan. balte. All borrowed from L. balteus, O. Merc, gelefan, A.S. gcliefan, ge- a belt. -. Beltane, Old May-day. (C ) O Irish lyfan, to believe; lit. to hold dear.+Du* bel-tene{ Wmdisch) lit. fire-kindling/ from gclooven O. II. G. gilouban, G.g-laitbcn
belt. -4" Icel. belt t
;

Fiona be-, by, prefix See Lie (2).

and leogan,

Long, Love, Low. Belt, a girdle. (L.)

Belong, Beloved, Below;

M.
E.
belt.

see

A. S.
;

Irish

'

Goth, ga-lauljan. Teut. type *Iaubtan, with A.S. ge-, prefix; from laud, 2nd stem of Teut. root *lenb = Idg. VLEUBH, to like. See Lief. M. E. belle. A. S. belle, Bell. (E.) a bell.-f-Du. bel. Perhaps named fiom its loud sound cf. A. S. bellan, to roar, bellow, bee Bellow.
;

an old custom. Celtic type *belO'te(p}nid' t where bdo- is cognate with A. S. b&l, a and -tepnid is from *tepnos, type of blaze, O. Iiish ten, fire cf. L. tcp-eie, to be warm
;

(Fick.

li.

125, 164).
(E.)

Bemoan.
Moan.

Fiom

Be-

and

a fair lady. (F.-L.) fem. of F. beau, O. F. bel, fair.

Belle,

F. belle, L. bellus,
Ital. bella

fair, fine.

See Beau.
lady.

belladonna.
donna,
fair

Beldam.

A name given
it

(Ital.-L.) L. bella domina ; see to the nightshade,

from the use of

by ladies to give ex45

A. S. M. E. benche. (E.) bank, a bench, table, bank for Dan b<znk ; Icel. Swed. bank money bekkr ; G. bank. Teut. type *bankiz. Doublet, bank. M. E. (E.) (i), to bow, curve. benden. A. S. bendan, orig. to string a bow, fasten a band or string to it ; cf. A. S.
bcnc.

Bench.
;

+ Du.

Bend

BEND
bend) a band
=
;

BESEECH

Teut. *bandiz) from band, bengivi seems to have been substituted for ( 2nd stem oibind-an, to bind. See Bind. the Arab, name, htban jawt, lit. frankinSo also Icel. benda, to bend a bow allied cense of Java. (Further corrupted to gum to band, a cord. benjamin.} bend (2), an oblique band, in heraldry. Bequeath. (E.) A. S. becweftan to - G.) O. F. bende, also bande, a assert, bequeath. A. S. be-, prefix and (F. band see Cotgrave. The same word as cwetian, to say, assert. See Quoth. F. bande, a band of men see Band (2). bequest. (E.) M. E. biqueste, l>iBeneath. (E ) M. K. benelhe. A. S qmste. froimed, with added -te (cf. M. E. A. S be-, by beneoban, prep, below. rcqueste], from A. S. *bicwiss, *bccwis neotian, adv. below, from the base neob- (not found), sb. due to betwefian, to bein neo$-era, nether with adv. suffix -an. queath, assert, say. The components of viz. be-, bi-, prefix, arid this form occur Cf. G. nied-en, nied-er\ sec Nether. Benediction. (F.-L.) F. btnedic- cwiss (in ge-cwis), a saying. Cwiss is tion L. benedictionctn, ace. of benedictio, from Teut. *&we$siz, IJg. *g(w)etti 9 formed L. benedict us, pp of bcne- (with suffix -//-) from Idg. base *g(iv]eta blessing. whence cweftan, to say (Sievcrs, A. S. L. benc, well dTcere, to speak well, bless and dlcere, to speak (see Diction). Gr. and becwiss is thus a regular 232) benison. (F. L) M. E beneysnn denv. oi beciveban^ to bequeath. L ace. benedictioticrn A.S. bcreafian, to beneison. Bereave. (E)
; ; ;
;

OF

Benefactor. (L)
benefice.
(F.-L.)
(Cot.).

L.

benefmtor,
;

dispossess

see

Heave.
(i),

doer of good. L. bent, well a doer, from faccre, to do.

an& factor,
E.

Bergamot
Ital.
I

an essence.

(Ital.)

Ital.

bergamotta, the essence called beigamot

-F. bMjice

-Late

a grant of an estate;
well-doing, a kindness. axi&facere, to do.

benefit L. bencjlcnim, benejinum, a

&*;/<',

Rergamo,

Bergamot
Ital.

town in Lombaidy. (F.~ (2), a kind of pear.

a

Turk)
betgamott-a

F.

well;

Ital.

lent pears,

come
prince (E.)
bczie
\

bergawotte (Cot.).'a kind of excelTorriano. out of Turky

(pi. -e},
'
*

Modified (badly', - O. F. bienfet (F. benfet. 1 ^. benefactittn, a kindness conbienfait}. ferred; neut. of pp. of bcnefacere, to do well, be kind.

benefit. from M. E.

(F-L)

Turk, beg ainuldi,

Turk,
-f-IHi.
/vjf,
;

prince's
bcrte.

pear/

annfui, pear.
Icel.

Berry.
pi'Sj

M.L.
;

ber\

A. S. beric. Swed. bar \

vast.

Dan
Skt.

Ixcr

G.
to

bee re;

(ioth.

All

Benevolence. (F-L)

Y.bMvo-

from a base
bhaS)

/'<?j-.

lence (Cot.). L. benfuole?tfia, kindness. ace. bene uolentcm, kind, lit. well-

Lit. 'edible fruit;* cf. Der. goo*c-berry t eat.

(

&c.

L. bene, well; and uolentem, wishing. ace. of uolens, wishing, from uolo, I wish
(see

Berth.
^ea-ioom.'

(E.)

Voluntary).
(

See Wight. O. F benigne (F, bort, good position. M. E. beriL L. benignus, kind short lor */><?Ignin} Beryl. (L. - Gk.~ Skt.) O.I beril. L. berylht f C J k. pripvt nigenus.~\~,. beni-, for *}>enit<;, variant of and -genus, born (as in Aoy cf. Arab, billaux, crystal, beryl. bonus, good indigenus}, from geneie, old form of Skt. vai&iirya (Prakrit vehlriyd), ong. in S. India to beget. beryl, bi ought from Vidma gignercj

Benighted. Benign. (F.

;

E.)

From suitable position.' A. S. byr- (as in ge-byr-ian, to suit) with suffix -th. Cf. Du. hurt, a turn ; Low G.
{

Formerly

convenient

L)

Benison,
tion.
beonet,

blessing;
(E.)

see

BenedicA.
s.

i,Vule

Bohtlmgk).
a gold circle, in

Besant, Bezant,
M.
E. lent.

Bent-grass.
for
earlier

*l>tnuf^

place-names). -f-O. H.
bent-grass.

bent-grass (in binnz, G. bmse,

Benumb.
Benzoin,

From Be- and Numb.

'

Intended to L. Ok.) (F. represent a gold coin of Byzantium. O. F. besant, 'an ancient gold coin;' Cot. L Byzanthiiti.~(j\i. Bv^avrtov, the name of Constantinople.
heraldry.

a resinous substance. (F. Ital. Arab) F. benjotn, 'gum benzoin or gum benjamin Ital. benCot.
;

Beseecll.
be-,

(E.)

M. E. bewchen. From

zoino, bengivi (Torriano).

The

Itai.

lo

and sechen, Southern form corresponding to Northern scken, to seek. See Seek.
prefix;

BESEEM
Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, Beside, Besiege;
&c.
see

BEZONIAN
In Sh. Sonn.
in
'

Seem,
tE.)

Sit,

Shrew, only found

I2I.-O. F. *1rivel, *buvel, mod. F. biveau, and in F.

Besom,

a broom.

M.

E. besum,

lesme. A. S. &esvia.+T)u. bczcm; G. besen. Tent, type *besinon- y m. Besot, Bespeak; see Sot, Speak. Best ; see Better.

buveau, a kind of squire [carpenter's rule], having moveable and compasse branches, or the one branch compasse and the other ' Cot. Cf. straight; some call it a bevell
;

Bestead
Bestial.
J

from Be- and Stead.

(F.-L.^
L.

F.

bestial.

- L
beast.

Span, baivel. Origin unknown. Bever, a potation see Beaver ($\ beverage. (F.-L) O. F. bevrage to Godefroy), drink. O. F. bevre,
;
^

>cstiahs,

beast-like.

bestia,

See Beast.

Bestow, Bestrew, Bestride

Stow, &c.

see

L. bibere, to drink. boivre, to drink. bevy. (F. L.) It answers to O. F. bevee, a drink ; from C). F. bevre, to drink Cf. Ital. bcva, a bevy (Florio) ; (above).
also,

Bet,

to wager.

(F.-Scand.)

Short for
'

a drink (Torriano).

back,' abet, in the sense to maintain, or x&abct is explained in Phillips, ed. 1706.

Bewail,

Beware,
;

Bewitch
Witch.
to accuse.
disclose.

Bewilder,

see

Wail, Ware, Wild,

See Abet.

Der.
(E.

bet, sb.

Betake.
Betel, a

and Scand.)

See Take.

Bewray,
A.
iviegan, to

to disclose.

(Port. species of pepper. Malayalim.) Poit. betel > /^/^. MalayaInn ve\\ila, i.e. z7#, mere leaf (Yule).

M.

(E.) Properly E. bcivraicn, biwreyen, to

zw

S. be-, piefix (see

Be-)

and

accuse

Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Betoken see Think, &c. Betray. (F. - L. with E. prefix.}
;
;

with

mutation

(for older *ivrogian, fiom o to e). Cf. Icel.

rcegja (for vragja), to slander, Swed. roj'a, to discover ; O. t ries. biwrogia, to accuse ;

From

piefix; and O. F. t)a:r (F. trtihir}, to deliver up, from L. trader e. The prefix be- was due to confusion
be-,

with bewray.

Betroth. (E.) Better, Best.

See Tradition. See Troth.

(E.)
1.

From

the

Tent, base *bat, good, was formed the Tent. comp. stem *batizon-, as in Goth batiza, better, A. S. bctcra (with mutation by ; and geond, prep, across, beyond, from Cf. Goth, jaindre, thither, from a to e), M. E. better. The A. S. bet, \geon, >on. M. E. bet, is adverbial and comparative \jamd, there ; from jains, that, yon. See 2. FVom the same base was formed Goth. Yon. batista, best, A. S. betst 'Jor bet-ist\ M. E. Bezel, the part of a ring in which the best. Similaily Du. betcr, best] Icel. betri, Also spelt basil \ it stone is set. (F.) Swed. baft re, also means a sloping edge. O. F. bisel b(ztr\ Dan bedrc, bedst
bast]

Goth, ivrohjan, to accuse; G. ;&?;/, to censure, p. These are causal verbs, from the base wroh- seen in Goth, ivrohs, accusation, Icel. rog, a slander. Bey, a governor. (Tuik.) Turk, beg (pron. nearly as l>ay\ a lord, prince. Beyond. (E.) M. E. beyonde. A. S. A. S. be-, for be or bt, begeondan, beyond.

G.

besscr,

best.

Der.

(fiom

the

same base)
tween
;

batten, boot

Between.
earlier

A. S. bctwconan, be(E.) betwconum. A. S. be, by

pi.

tweomtm, dat. to tiv <?, two

;

of twconc, double, allied

see

Two

Here tivconum

(also twinttm} ansu ers to Goth.tweifinatm, ' dat. pi. of tiveihnai, two each.' Cf. L.
bini.

'Roquefort) mod. F biscau,*. bezel, basil, sloped edge. Cf. Span, bisel, the Perslanting edge of a looking-glass. bis, double. haps from Beziqne, a game at cards. (F. Pers.) also btsy (Littre). F. besigue (with g) /3. The first form = Pers. bazichah, sport, a
;

slant,

game

betwixt.
which
/

(E.) (M.E. betunx\ was afterwards added A.

to
S.

betivix, betivux, betiveox, betweohs, apparently extended from A. S.betwtk, between.

the second = Pers. bazi, play. Pers bazidan, to play. [A guess.] Bezoar, a stone.' (F. Span. Arab. Pers ) O. F. bezoar, F. btsoard. Span. Pers. pad-zahr, Arab, badizahr. bezoar. lit. bezoar counter-poison,* from its
; '
;

From A.

S.

be,

to tiveih- in

by and *twth, answering supposed virtue. Goth, tweih-nai, two each. and zahr, poison.
;

Pers.

pad, expelling

See above.

Bezonian,
sloping; to slope, slant.
(F.)

Bevel

In

Hen.

a beggarly fellow. (F.) IV. v. 3. 118. Formerly

47

Blbisonian
F'.
;

BIGOT
-tan to
the forms of which have taken the place of those of Bid (2). Bide, to await, wait. (E ) M. E. biden. A. S. bJdan -f- Du. beiden Icel. bifta ; Dan. bte ; Goth, beidan ; Swed. bida Tent, type *bldan-. O. H. bttan.
;
;

made by adding E.
spelt
. .

bisogne,
filthe
'

'a
pi.
. .
.

knave

bisongne, in Cotgrave, . bisonian.' Or from

;

Ital. bisogno,

whence btsogni, need, want new-levied souldiers, such as come needy to the wars'; Tornano (not in
Otigin unknown.
(

Flono).

Biennial,
;

lasting

two

years.

(L.)

Bi-,
See

prefix.

L.)

L. duo, two.

So

L. bi-, for *dui- t twice. also Gk. S<-, Skt. dvi

Two. Bias.
;

slope
Ital.

F. biais, a slant, L.) (F. Cf. hence, inclination to one side.

s-biescio,

Formed as if from bienni-itm, a space of two years the true L. woid is biennalis. L. In- two and anndlis, lasting a year, L. annus. So also tri-ennial, yearly. from tri- (foi tres], three; quadr-enmal
;
,

s-biesco,

oblique.

Orgm

unknown.

Bib.
chin;
bibere,

(L.)

A
drink.
;

cloth

under a child's
L. wine-bibber

more correctly quadn-ennial, from quadriquinqni(foi qnadms}< belonging to lour enmal, from quinqui- (for quinque}, five
;

from M. K. Inbben, to drink.

to
vii.

dec-en nial, from dec-em, ten

cent-ennial y
mill-ennial,

Hence

(Luke

34)

Bible.

bibens itlnum ^Vulg). (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. bible.-

horn centum, a hundred; from mille, a thousand, &c. Bier, a frame on which
borne.
carry,

F. bible. Late L. biblia, fern, sing.; for Gk. #i/3Ata, collection L. biblia, neut. pi. of writings, pi. of 0i/3\iov, little book, Gk. fivfi\os, dimm. ol #//3\o?, a book

(E.)

a corpse
bare.

is

E.

beerc,

A.S.

b&r, ber.
-f-

A.

S. b&r-,

3rd stem viberan, to

Du
;

baar

O.

If.

G. bdra (G.
fern, pi.;

Egyptian papyrus
for &i0\toi>
;

hence, a book.

bahre}; allied to Icel. barar, Gk. <pip*rpov. \j.fe*etrum

bibliography.
and

^Gk.)

Gk.

0</3\/o-,

Biestings,
1

milk given by a cow after calving. (E.) bibliomania. (Gk.) Gk. /3t\/o-, A. S. bysting, byst (for *bicst), thick milk, trom A.S. ^w/ first milk after calving. for 0i&\ioi> and Mania. Bice. (F.) Properly gi ayish / hence -f-Du. biest\ G. biest-miUk blew byce, grayish blue. F. bis, dusky. Bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Late L. bifunatu** pp. of bifurcori, to part in Cf Ital. bigio, gray. Origin unknown. L. bi-furcus, twoBicker, to skumish. (Uncertain.) two directions. M. E. biker, a fight bikeren, to skirmish. pronged; from bi-(s^, double; furca, a
ypatyftv, to write.
; ,
'

Beestings,

the

first

Cf.

M. K.

beken, to peck

bitten,

to thnibt

fork.

with a pointed weapon. Apparently from O. F. bequer, to strike with the beak (see or from A.S becca, a pick-axe. Beak) Cf. Du bikken, to notch a mill-stone also E. Fries, bikkern, to hack, gnaw, from
; ;

Big.
rich

(Scand.
bog,

?)

(Hampole).
,

M. K Not A.

big
S.

aho bigg, \ Cf. prov. k,

origin.

bikken,
bicke).

to

hack,

bikke,

pickaxe

(G.

Prob. of Scand. bngge, a strong man. a double maruage. L. (F. ^/Gk.) b. Irigamie. Late L. bigamia; a clumsy compound from L. in-, double

big,

boastful.

Cf Norw.

Bigamy,

Coined

Bicycle. (Hybrid
iibni

In use since 1868.

Bi- and Cycle.

(E.)

Bid
lete
;

(i), to pray.

Nearly obso-

and Gk. -yapta, from "yajtos, It should rather have been digamy (Gk. Si-ya/^'a).
(see Bi-),

marriage.

preserved in bidding-prayer, and in to bid beads (pray prayers). M. E. bidden. A. S. biddan Du. bidden < 1 bitten Icel. biGja\ Goth, bidjan. Tent, type Gk. Abidjan-, allied to L. fido, I trust

Biggen,
begum,
*

Named
see

a night-cap. (F.) M. F. Cot. biggin for a child from the caps worn by beguines a
'
;

Beguine.

vfiOo},

I prevail
i.

upon
589
;

from^BIIEIDH

See Urugm.

890. bedcn. (E.) M. A. S beodan, to command. -f-Du. bieden, to offer ; Icel. bjdda ; G. bieten ; Goth.

n.

Bid (2), to command.

;

a coil of rope, a bay. (E.) h. bight. A. S. byht, as in wceteres byht, a bight (bay) of water (see Grem). A. S bug-, weak grade of bilgan, to bow, bend ; with mutation of w to^.-f-G. bucht.

Bight,

M.

Teut. type *btihtiz.

See

Bow

^i).

ana-biudan Gk. nfvQofjiat, I enquire Skt, budk, to understand. Tent type *beitdan~. (VBHEUDH.) Confused with Bid (i),
;

Bigot, ^n
(F.) tious

obstinate devotee to a creed.

F. bigot, ' fellow ;

'an hypociite, superstiCot. Applied by the

BIJOU

BIRCH

French to the Normans as a term of Billow, a wave. (Scand.) Icel. Of unknown origin. a billow; Swed. bblja ; Dan. bolge.+Nl. reproach (Wace). It is an older word than beguine, with H. G. a Lit. bulge, a billow, a bag. which it seems to have been somewhat swell' or surge cf. Icel. belgja, to inflate, confused at a later period. The Icel. bylgja has mutation pnff out. F. bijou. of u to/, and, like M. II. G. bulg-e, is from BIJOU, a trinket. (F.-C.?) Perhaps from Bret. bizou, a ring with a bulg-, 3rd stem of belgan, to swell with stone, a finger-ring, from biz, a finger. anger. Cf. Corn, bisou (the same), from his, M. E. binne. A. S. binn, Bin. (E.) a manger; Lu. ii. 7 -f-Du. ben, G. benne, bes, a finger; W, byson, ring, from bys,
'

finger.

where bar is E had the sense of Binary, twofold. (L.) L bTndriut, Dan. bugle, i. e. boss (Kalkar). Cf. Norw. consisting of two things. L. binus, twoL. bi~, double see Bi-. bola, a bwelling, tumour. ^[ North Eng. fold see Blaeberry. Bind. (E) M. E. binden. A. S. binblea-berry - blue-berry In both cases, -berty takes the E. form dan. 4- Du. and G. bmden Icel. and see Berry. Swed. binda Dan. bmde Goth, bindan Bilbo, a sword Bilboes, fetters Skt. bandh, to bind. (y^BHENDH.) Both named from Bilboa or (Span.) Bing, a heap of corn obs. (Scand.) In Bilbao in Spam, famous for iron and Suney'i* Poems. Icel. bingr, Swed. binge, steel. a heap.-f-M. H. G. bige, a heap of corn Bile (i), secretion from the liver. (F whence Ital. bica. ^ Distinct from bin, F. /'/&.-L. bilis. L. bilis is for though perhaps confused with it. -L.) *Mstis Brugm. i. cf. W. bust I, 877 Binnacle, a box for a ship's compass. Bret, best!, bile (Fick, ed 4. ii. 1 75). A singular corruption ot the Der. (Port. L. bili-ous. oldei u ord bittacle, by confusion with bin, a chest. Port, bitacola, a bittacle (i.e. Bile (2), a boil. (E.) See Boil (2).

Bilberry,

a whortle-berry.

(Scand.)

Dan.

berry.

bollebcEr, a bilberry; In M. Dan., bolle

a soit of basket. Perhaps of Celtic origin cf. Gaulish Lat. benna, body of a cart W. ben, a cait.
;

A variant of bulge, binnacle) Vieyra. Cf. Span, bitacora, Bilge. (F.-C.) which ong. meant the bottom of a ship's F. habitacle, the same. The Port, bitacola hull whence bilge-water (N. E. D ). See stands for *habitacola, the first syllable Bulge. being lost. L. habitaculum, a little dwell;

bit,

M. E. (i), a chopper, sword. (E.) swoid, axe. A.S. bill, sword, axe. O. Sax. bil, O. H. G. bill, n. (cf. G. Tent, type *bt/jom, n. bills, axe, f.). bill (2), a bird's beak. (E.) M. E. bile, A S. bile (Teut. type *bilizi}. Allied to Bill (i). Bill (3), a writing, account. (F. L) A. F. In lie Late L billa, a writing; the dimin. is billcta, bulleta, shewing that billa is a corruption of L. bulla, a papal bull, &c. see Bull (2). billet (i), a note (F.-L.) A. F. billette. Late L. billetta, billeta, dimin. of billa,*. writing; see Bill (3) above. Billet (2), a log of wood. (F.) F. Dimin. billette, billot, a billet of wood. of bille, a log, stump. Origin unknown.
Bill

* ing, i. e. the Hime of timber in the steer' age of a ship where the compass stands

L. habitdre, to dwell; frequent, (Bailey). of habere, to have.

From
with

Binocular,
Lat. bm-i,
suffix -arts.

having two eyes. (L.) two each ocul us, eye

;

Binomial,
From Late
L.

having two
bhwim-its,

terms.
equiv.
;

(L.)

to L. binominis, adj. having two names; with suffix -ahs. From L. In-, two nomin-, for nomen, a name.

Biography.
count of a hie
,

^Gk.)

from

/3t'o-,

and

7pa</>t>, to write. allied to Quick.

written acfor #t'os, life ; The sb. #/o? is

life

biology.
Gk.
#t'o-,

(Gk.)

Science of
;

from

tor #t'oy, life

billiards. (K) F billard, 'abillard, or the stick wherewith we touch the ball at billyards Cot. Formed with suffix -ard (G. -hart) from bille, a log, stick, as above.
'

coursing, from

-Aoy/a, a dis^0709, a discourse.

and

Biped.
two-looted

(L.)
;

L. biped-, stem of bipcs,

bi>,

from

Birch,
jdn-.

tree.

Billion ;

see Million.

A.S. bine, f.+G. P. Also A.

two ; pes, foot. M. E. bircke. ^E.) birke, f.<Teut. *MrkS.

berc>
beorc.
-4-

Du.

49

BIRD
Swed. bjork, Dan. birk Cf. /;*>/>).<Teut. *bcrk$, f. also O. Slav, brtza, Russ. bereza ; Lith. berzas. Also Skt. bkurja, a kind of birch.
berk
(cf.
i

BIZARRE
M. E.

Icel. bjork,

North E.

From

A. S. bita, a morsel. bite (2 syll.). A. S. bit-, weak grade of bttan, to

Bird.
shifted)
;

(E.)

A.

S.

beef; Icel. biti; Swed. bit\ Dan. </#.< Tent, type *biton-, m. M. E. brid (the r being bit (a), a curb for a horse. (E.) M. E. Teut. bridd, a bird, esp. the /;///. A. S. bite, m. a bite, a biting.

bite.-f-Du.

<

young of

birds.

type *bitiz, a bite;

.

cf. bitol,

a curb.*f*Du.

gebit; Icel. bitill (dimin ) ; Swed. bctt ; Biretta, a clerical cap. (Ital.~ L. Gk.) Ital. bcretta (Tornano) ; cf. Late Dan. bid; G gclnss. L. birrctum, orig. a scarlet cap. Late L. Bitch. (E.) M. E. biche, Incche. A. S. See Bureau. birrus, burrus, reddish. ^ffV.+Icel. bikkja aKo grcy-baka. Birth. (Scand.) M. E. burthe, birthe. Bite. (E ) M. E. In fen. A. S. bitan. Swed. bita ; Icel. bita Swed. bord* Dan. 4- Du. bijtcn Cf. Icel. fatrdr, m. = O. Icel. lyrf, f ). A. S. Dan. bide G. beissen. Teut. type *bitan-. byrd, f. ( Allied to Ij.fmdere (pt. t.ffdi), to cleave ; O. II. G. giburt (G. geburi) gebyrd, f. Goth, gabaurths, f.<Teut. *//rtos = Idg. Skt. bhtd, to cleave. (V^HEID.) All *bhrtis (Skt. bhrtis, f. nourishment). bitter. (E.) M. E. biter. A. S. fitter, from the weak grade of >y/BHER, to bitor, lit. t biting.' A. S. Int-, weak grade of bitan, to bite.-f-Dn. bitter; Icel. bitr ; See Bear (i). bear Biscuit, a kind of cake. (F. L.) F. Swed., Dan., G. bitter. F. bis (L. bis^, biscuit, lit. twice cooked. Bittern, a bird. (F. -Late L.) The F. M. E. factor, bitoure. twice and cuit, cooked, from L. coctuni, ;/ is added. ' a bittor [bittern] Prob. Cot. ace. of coctus, pp. of coqtiere, to cook. butor, Bisect. (L-) From L. bi-, short for named from its cry; cf. L. butire, bubere, and sect-urn, supine of secure, to cry like a bittern whence also L. bntio, bis, twice
;
;

'

to cut.

Bishop. (L. - Gk.)

episcopus. ' overseer.'

A.

S.

biwp. - L.
;

said to mean word as buteo,

bitts

bittern,'
i.

e.

Gk. iirifffcoiros, a bishop lit. Gk. ir/, upon; owoiro?, one

Bitts, naval

though the buzzard. term. (Scand.?)

same

The

that watches, from (TKOTT-, 0-grade of ff/fcir-, See as in aKfir-TOfjiat, I spy, overlook.

are two strong posts on deck to which cables are fastened. Prob. from Icel. biti, a bit, mouthful (see Bit (i));

Species.

also,

a cross-beam

in a

house

a thwart

G. bismuth; also spelt wismut, wissmnt, wissmuth.

Bismuth,

a metal.

(G.)

Origin unknown. Bison, a quadruped.

bison (Pliny)
;

(L.

Teut.)

L.

(L. transtrum) in a ship. [F. bites, bitts ^see Cot.), Span, bitas, may have been borrowed from E.] Cf. also A. S. bating, a cable for holding a ship, from bietan,
to restrain, curb, equivalent (in form) to Icel. beita ; see Bait. Also Swed. beting,

word, but O. H. G. wisunty G. wisent, a bison Icel. msundr. A. S. weosend, a wild ox Sec O. II. G. wisunt in Schade. Bissextile, a name for leap-year. Late L. bissextilis annus, bissextile (L.) L. btssextus, an intercalary day; so year. called because the intercalated day (formerly Feb. 24) was called the sixth of
; ;

Late Gk. ftiffcav. Not a L. borrowed from Teutonic ;

a bitt, whence betingbult, a bitt-bolt, bittDan. baling : used also on land for pin tethering horses, as in Swed. betingbult, a peg for tethering, from beta,^ to pasture, bait. Bitumen. (L.) L. bitilmen, mineral Cf. Brugm. i. 663. pitch. Bivalve. (F. L.) From Bi- and
;

Valve.
F. bivouac, orig. G.) (F. Swiss G. beiwatht, an additional watch at night (Stalder); cf. bei~geben, to add. G. bei, in addition ivacht, a watch, from wachen, to wake. See "Wake (0. Cf. G. beiwcuhe. F. biBizarre, odd. (F.-Span.)
bivac.
;

the calends of March; there being thus two days with the same name. L. bis, twice sextus, sixth, from sex, six. BlSSOn, purblind. (E.) In Sh. M. E. bisen. O. Northumb. bisen, blind (Matt,
;

Bivouac.

ix. 28).

Origin unknown.
F.

Bistre, a dark brown. (F.-G.?)

bistre,

a dark brown.

G.

biester,

Perhaps from prov. dark, gloomy, also bistre (Flu(E.)

zarre, strange, capricious ; orig, Span, bizarro, valiant, gallant.

'

valiant/

Perhaps

gel).

Bit

(i),

a mouthful, small piece.

of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra, a beard. Cf. Span, hombre de bigote, a man

BLAB
of spirit;
tache/

BLAZON
means 'mousNasalised form from O. H. G. blah, shining; cf. Gk. <f>\6y~to$, flaming, shining, from <p\iy~cw, to shine.
blanch,
white.

where

bigote

Blab,
a

to
;

tell tales.

tell-tale

M. E. blabbe, (E.) Cf. Dan. blaberen, to babble.

;

blanket. (F.-O.H
white colour.

blabbre, to babble

Dan.

dial, blaffre,

G.

Of imitative plappern, to babble, prate. origin cf. Gael .//#, a soft noise plabair, a babbler blabaran, a stammerer, blabh; ; ;

M. E. blanket. A. F. blanket (F. blanched, dimin. from blanc, white; see above.
to make a loud noise. (E.) blaren. Cf. Du. blaren, Low G. M. H. G. bleren, bierblan-en, to bleat ren (G.flarren], to bleat, blubbei. Prob.

G.)

Orig.ofa

Blare,
E.

dach, babbling, garrulous.

M.

Black. (E.) M.E. blak. A.S. Mac, HCEC [which editors have often confused with bl&c, bright, shining]. Cf. Icel. blakkr, dark also A. S. bl<zc, Low G. blak,
;

imitative, like bleat ; but cf. see Blazon. ;

Blaze

(2).

O.H.G.
bl<zk t all

black, Icel. blek,

meaning

'

ink/

Swed. bleck, Dan. Connexion with

Blason Blaspheme,
Gk.)

L. blasphemare.

to speak injuriously. (L. Qk. jSAao^w;-

Dti. blaken, to scorch, is doubtful.

/xcn/,

a term of reproach. (E. and F.) 1' rom black and guard. name given to scullions, turnspits, and kitchen menials, from the dirty work done by them. See Trench, Select Glossary. Bladder. (E.) M. E. blotters. A. S. bheddre, bl&dre, a blistei, bladder (lit. blowing out).-f Du. blaar [Icel blafiral~\ ; O. H. G. blalara (G. blatter}. Tent, type From Teut. stem *bl(edrdn~, wk. fern.

blackguard,

to speak ill of. speaking evil. Gk.

i.e.
:

Gk.

/JA.cio'^/uos, adj.,

/SAcur-,

for
;

huitful (cf #Aaj8-77, hurt) say see Fame. Brugm. i.

a
744.

Blast, a blowing.
A.
S. bl&st,
;

(E.)

M.E.

blast.

a blowing cf. Icel. blastr, a breath, blast of a trumpet O. H. G. blast. Formed with Idg. suffix -to- from the old base of Blaze (2).
;

*bhe- t to blow (see Blow (i) ); with suffix -dron similar to Gk. -rpd ^cf. xv T Pa > a pot). Blade, a leaf, flat of a sword. (E.) M.E. blade. A.S. bfad, a leaf. Icel.

Mail, Swed., Dan.,

blade; Teut. type *bla-dom, ncut., with sense of 'blown,' i.e. 'flourishing;' pp. form (with suffix -do- *= Idg. -#-) from VBHLO. See Blow (2). Blaeberry, Bleaberry, a bilberry. From North E. blac, (Scand. and E.)
leaf,

Du. Mat/, a

G.

blatt.

roaring. (E.) Spenser blatant beast'; F. Q. vi. 12 (headalso blattant, id. vi. I. 7. Prob. ing) imitative. Cf. Lowl. Sc. blad, to abuse blatter, a rattling noise ; G. platz, a crash. Blay, a bleak (fish\ (E.) A.S. bhege. I)u Met G. bleihe. Blaze (i\ a flame. (E.) M. E. blase. A. S. bhese, a flame, in com p. bdl blase, a bright light ; blase, f. a torch ;<Teut.

Blatant, noisy,
' ;

has

* blason. Cf. M. H. G. bias, a torch ; also G. blasse, Icel. blesi, a * blaze ' or white mark on a horse, Swed. Mas, the

type

livid,

dark

and berry.
;

The form
see

blae

is

same.
proclaim, noise abroad. M. E. blasen. 45. Icel. blasa, to blow, blow a tiumpet, sound
(2), to

from

Icel. bla-r, livid

under Blue.
;

Blaze

a pustule. M. E. bleiu. (E.) A. S. blegen, a boil, Dan. Du. blein

Blain,

(Scand.)

Mark

i.

Megn.

an alarm
vb. (F.

Swed.

blasa, to

sound

Ma wen.

Blame,

-E. -Gk/)

Dan.

M.E.
j

O. F. blasmer, to blame. L. blasphetnare, to speak ill, also to blame. Gk. /3Aa<7</>77/*V ; see Blaspheme.
whiten. (F.-O. II. G.^ From F. blanchir, to whiten. F. blanc, white see Blank below. Blanch (2), the same as Blench. Bland. (L.) L. blandus, mild. blandish, to flatter. (F.-L.) M. E. blandisen. O. F. blandis-, stem of pres. L. blandiri, to part of blandir, to flatter. caress. L. blandus, bland. In Blank, white. (F. - O. H. G.) Milton, P. L. x. 656. -F. Manc.-O. H. G.
(i), to
;

blase, Du. blazcn, to blow a trumpet ; G. blasen. Also Goth. uf-Mesan, to puff up.

<Teut. type

*t>/tes-an-, to

blow; whence
confused with

S. btest, E. blast.

Much

Blanch

blazon.

Blazon
|
i

(i),
5.

Blason,
;

Hamlet,

i.

21

a proclamation. Shak. Son. 106. cor-

ruption from Blaze (2", M.E. l>lasen, to proclaim due to confusion with Blazon (2) below. Blazon (2), to pourtray armorial bearings. (F.) M. E. blason, blasoun, a shield ; whence blazon, verb, to describe a shield. F. blason, a coat of arms, orig. a shield
;

(Brachet).

Cf.

Span, blason, heraldry,

BLEABERRY
blazonry, glory, hacer blazon, to blazon, blasonar, to blazon, brag, boast ; suggest-

BLISS
A. S. and Goth, blandan, str. redupl. vb., O. H. G. blantan, to mix. The Bless, to consecrate, &c. (E.) to consecrate orig. sense may have been
'

ing a (very doubtful) connexion with G. blase n, to blow the trumpet, as done by see heralds, to proclaim a victor's fame Blaze (2) above. (See Scheler.) Or if the orig. sense was a bright mark on a shield, it is allied to Blaze (i). Bleaberry ; see Blaeberry.
;

Bleach,
blechen,
bliecan.

Ancien Riwle,
below,
-f;

M.E. Orig. to whiten A. S. p. 324, 1. i. A. S. blac, shining, bright, pale.

'

'

(fe.)

by the word can be sprinkling of blood, as the clearly traced back to blood. M. E. blessen, A. S. bletsian, O, Northumb. bledsia, bloedsia (Matt. xxv. 34, xxvi. 26), which can be explained from blod, blood,with the usual vowel-change from o to oe or e. Teut. type
by blood/
i.

e.

either

by

sacrifice or

*blodison.

Cf. bleed. 156.) (E.)

(Suggested by Sweet
cent.

See

bleak
;

Icel.

bletkja

Du.

Angha,
origin
;

iii.

bleeken
bleik.

G. bleichen

<Teut.

*blaikjan~.

bleak
bleich.

(i). orig. pale. (Scand.) Icel. bleikr, pale ; Swed. S.

M.E.
blek
;

perhaps from A. S. *bhht, O. Merc. *bleht, exactly answering to Icel. blettr, a

spot, stain.

Blight.

XVIT

Of unknown

Dan. bleg.+K.

blac

Du. Meek

G.

Teut. type *blaiko~. From *blaik-, strong grade of Teut. *Meikan- (A. S.
bltcan}, to shine.

Blind.
Icel.

(E.)

A.

S.

M/a/.+Du.

bhndr\ Sw., Dan., G.

blind\ /*#rf;<Teut.
Cf.

type *blindoz (Idg. base *bhlendh-}.

(Scand.)

bleak

(2), a fish.

From

its

pale colour.

M.E. bleer-eyed. folden, verb (Tyndale) or dim eyes. corruption of (E.) d is Cognate with Low G. blarr-oged, blear- bhndfelden (Palsgrave), where the The true word is bhndfellen, eyed cf. blarr oge, an eye wet with tears, excrescent. from blarren, to howl, weep which seems to fell or strike blind, Ancren Riwle, p. 106. -A.S. blind, blind; and fellan, to to be allied to E. blare. Bleat. (E.) M.E. blelcn. A. S. bid- strike see Pell.
;
;

Blear-eyed, having

watery, inflamed

Lith. blqsti-s (3 pr. s. blendzia-s], to become dim of the sun). blindfold, vb. (E.) M.E. blind'

'

tan, blcian, to bleat as a sheep. -f-Du Cf. Russ. ble II. G. plazan. blaten\ \^,.Jlerc, to weep. jate, to bleat Bleb, Blob, a small bubble or blister

E. blober, a bubble on water By comparing blobber blubber with bubble, having much the saint meaning, we see the piobabihty that they are imitative, from the action of forming
(E.)
Cf.

M.

blubber,

a bubble.

M. E. to wink, to glance. (E.) blenken, to shine, to glance ; whence mod. E. blink, by change of en to in, as in many words. Allied to A. S. blanc, white (as in blanc-a, a white horse"), cognate with see O. 1I.G. blanch, M. II. G. Main;

Blindman's buff;
Blink,

see Buff.

Blank.
blinka,

Cf.

Du.,

G.

blinken,

a bubble with the

lip-s.

A. S
)

blinke, all late forms; bin an, to shine.

Dan.

Swed. and

A. S. bitE. bledcn. 7 dan, formed (by mutation of v to / from A. S. bldd, blood. Teut. type *blodjan-, to

Bleed.

(E.)

M.

Bliss. (E.) See Blithe. M. E. Blister. (F.-Teut.)

blister.
ble*>fre,

ifatcr,

<

(Not found before I3OO.)-O. F.

'tumeiu,'
cf.
;

lose blood>Icel. bhc^a. M. E. bleBlemish, to stan. 'F.) itiisshen.<-(). F. bletms-, stem of pres. part,

Of Teut. (iodefroy. blastr (dat. bi'fsirf}, a blast, also a swelling, allied to E. Blast.
origin
Icel.

of blemir, blesnur, to wound, stain,

pale.

-O.

F. blcmc, blesme, wan, pale.

origin.

unknown

to shrink from. (E.) A.S. blencan, blenchen, to avoid, elude. to deceive as if from a Teut. type * blankBut jan-, causal of *blinkan- t to blink.
;

Blench,

make From the notion of blowing out. M. E. blithe. A. S. Of Blithe. (E.) blifa, sweet, happy.+O. Sax. blifti, bright, M. E. glad Du. blijde, bhj Icel. bltdr; Swed.,
; ;

Dan.

bltd\

O. H. G.

blidi,

glad;

Goth.
S. bits,

blet/hs, merciful, kind.

proof

is

wanting

to mix together. ( Scand.) blenden. Due to blend-, base of the pres. indie, of Icel. blanda (Swed. blanda,

M. E.
Dan.

Blend,

blande],

to

blend

cognate with

happiness, A. S. blifte (above). blitheness. lit, O. Sax. blizza, blTdsea, happiness. Teut. stem *btt$sid, with $</*, the suffix being -tia, as in L. ladi-tia.
;

bhss

M. K. bliss. (E.) contr. from A. S.

blis.
blifts,

A.

BLOAT
now Bloat, to swell. (Scand.) f generally use bloated to mean puffed ' ' or swollen,' as if allied to blow. out But the M. E. form was blout, soft connected with Icel. blautr, soft, effeminate,
;

BLUNDERBUSS
We
Blotch,
|

a large blot. (F.) a

loose
outei

From O.
frock.

F.

blocke,

'tumeur'; (Godefroy, s.v.

bloste).

imbecile,

blotna,

to

become

soft,

lose

From F. House, a fiock much used by workmen (XVIII cent. \ Origin unknown. Blow (0, to puff. (E.) M. E. blowen.
A.
S.

Blouse,

(F.)

Cf. Swed. blot, Dan. blod* soft, courage. Allied to Icel. blauftr, pulpy, mellow. A. S bleaj), G. Mode, weak. soft bloater, a prepared hemng. (Scand.) A bloater is a cured fish, cured by smoke ' * Icel. blautr, but formerly a soaked fish.
; ;

blawan. -f G. blahcn, O.

II.

G. bid-

han\
(E
)

Blow

allied to lu.JJare. (2), to bloom, flouiish as a flower.

M.

E. blowen.

A.

S.

blowan

+Du.

bloeijen ; G. bluhen, O. II. G. bhiojan. Allied to L. florert ; see Flourish.

soft.

Cf.

Swed.
soak,

blotfisk,

biota,

to

steep

soaked Irom

fish

from
soft

Blow

blot,

bloive.

Not

(3), a stroke, hit. (E.) in A. S. ; but we find

t.

M. E. M. Du.

(above).

strong verb blouwen (pt

a bubble.
(It.)

blau}, to strike,

Blob,

See Bleb.
(F.

dress flax

by beating; O. H.G. bliuwan,

/>/#//<?, to
;

M. E. blok. - O. F. bloc.M. H. G.) M. H. G. block, a block cf. Du. blok, Dan.

;

BlOGJC, a large piece of wood.

whence G.
to strike
strike.

all

beat; Goth, bliggwan, from Teut. *bhwwan-, to

;

blok,

Swed.

block.

Der.

block-ade.

F. blond, m. blonde, fern, 'light yellow;' Cot. Referred by Diez to Icel. blandinn, mixed cf. A. S. blondcn-fcax, having hair of mingled

Blond.

(F.)

XV

Blubber.

(History obscure.) (E.) M. E. blobtr, a bubble

cent.

bloberen, to bubble up, to weep copiously. Of imitative origin ; cf. Blob. The

blubber of the whale consists of bladder-

But See Blend. colour, gray-haired. the Low L. form is blundu^, pointing to a Teut. type *blundo-, answering to Skt.
bradhna-s, reddish, pale yellow (KlugeX Cf. O. Slav, brori white Brugm. i.
',
;

with oil. Blubber-lipped with swollen lips. Cf. E. Fries, blubber, a bubble, a blob of fat blubbern, to
like cells filled
;

bubble.

cross-bow bolt.

814.

Blood.
/>/<*/.+ Du.

(E.)
bloed,
;

M.
;

E. Mod, blood.

A.

S.

Tcel.

Mod, Swed.

blod,

Goth, bloth
n.

G. bint <Teut. type *blodom,

a
flower.

Hence

bleed.

Teut.) A.F. bohon,* O. H. G. bolz see Bolt. Blue, a colour. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. blew, bteu.-h F. bin, blew, O. F. bleu, O. H.G. bldo, blue, iivid, G. blau. blue +Icel bldr, livid Swed. bla, Dan blaa ; A S. bl<w (O. E. Texts, p. 588^) ; Teut

Bludgeon.

(F.

<

Bloom,
;

blome\ not in A.S. Dan. blomme^ a flower; bwetl. bio Du. bloent Goth, bloma allied to O. Ir. blath,\^.flos\ see Flower. And see below. blossom. (E.) M. E. blosme, also blostme. A. S. blostma, a blossom from base bid" of A. S. bio-wan, with suffixes

mm

M. E. (Scand.) Icei. blom, blomi, a

;

type *bltewoz. Cognate with Lat.y7<Fwwi yellow. Bluff, downright, rude. (Du. ?) blujf'is a steep headland. It appears to be
f

and -ma (Teut. 0;0).-f*Du. bloesem M. II. G. bluost (with suffix -j/). See above impose on. Blot (i), a spot. (F.-Teut.) M. E. Blunder, to flounder about, err. M. E. blondren, to confuse, to blot\ from blotten, vb. -M. F. blotter, to (Scand.) Formed (as a blot;' Cot.-O. F. blotte, bloste, a clot of move blindly or stupidly. earth. frequentative) from Icel. blunda, to doze, (Prob. Teutonic.) Blot (2), at backgammon. (Scand.) slumber Swed. blunda, to shut the eyes A blot is an 'exposed' piece. Dan. blot, Dan. blunde, to nap. Cf. Icel. blundr, whence give sig blot, to lay Dan. and Swed. blund, a doze, a nap. bare, naked Allied to oneself open, expose oneself; Swed. blott, From the sense of confusion/ naked blotta, to lay oneself open.+Du. Blend and Blind. G. bloot, naked, blootstellcn, to expose Blunderbuss, a short gun. (Hyb.) In Pope. Allied to Icel. blautr, soft bloss, naked. Formerly spelt blanterbusse, see Bloat. plantierbusse (Palmer, Folk-Etymology)
-tf
;

also, a boaster (Oudemans) blaf van het voor* the flat of a forehead (Hexham) hooft, Cf. E. blaffen, blefen, to mock (id.). Fries, bluffen, to make a noise, bluster,

Dutch. M. Du. one having a

'

blaf, flat,

broad

blaffaert,

broad
;

flat

face,

'

BLUNT
'a gun on a rest.' Apparently from i, e. L. plantdre, to plant (see Plant); and Du. bus, a gun, orig. a box, barrel; see Box (i). But the corresponding Du. woid is donderbus, i. e. thunder-gun. M. E. blunt, BlTUlt, dull. (Scand.?)
Origin unknown; Wont, dull, dulled. perhaps allied to Icel. llunda, Dan. see Blunder. blunde, to sleep, doze ? (Scand. ) Blur, to stain a stain. Fioperly 'to dim'; metaphorically, 'to
;
;

BOHEA
F. short for aborde, used by Palsgrave. * to approach, accost, abboord, aborder, ' F. a, to (L. ad) ; Cot. or lay aboord ; bord, edge, brim, side of a ship, from See Icel. bord, Du. boord, side of a ship.

Board (i). Boast. (F.)

Corn,
bost,

M. E.

bost.

[W.

bost,

Irish and Gael, bosd, are all borrowed from E.] From A. F. bost^ a Prob. from Norw. bausta, to act boast.

deceive.'
to

We

find:
'

'A

blirre, deceptio

blirre,

fallcre

Levins (1570).

Of

with violence, baust, boastfully (Ross). Cf. E. Fries, busen, to be boisterous. Boat. (E.) M. E. boot. A. S. bat.

uncertain origin.

Cf.

Swed.

dial, blura,

to blink, partially close the eyes; Swed. blirra pttra, Swed. dial. blira, to blink ; to quiver (be dim) befoie the j fojr

eyes

said of a haze caused by heat; Bavarian plerr, a mist before the eyes.

(E.) impulsively. a noise in weepa loud ing; cf. M. E. bleren, to make Of imitative oiigin. noise, to blaie . Blush. (E.") M. E. blttschcn, blusshen, A.S. blyscan, used to translate to glow. L. rutilate, to shine (Mone, Quellen, 355} from A. S. cf. dblysian, abhsian, to blush

Blurt,

to

utter

Cf.lcel.6atr; Swed bat; Vu.toot; Russ. bof; W. bad; Gael, bata, a boat. p. The and Icel. woid is borrowed from A. S. the other forms either from E. or Icel. Teut. type *baitoz, m. "boat-swain. (E.) Lit. 'boat-lad;' Icel. svc inn, a lad ( = A. S. swan}.
;

Lowl, Sc.

blirt, to

make

Bob, to jerk. (E ) Bobbin, a wooden

is

Perhaps imitative.
pin on which thread

. blys in bitl-blys, lit. 'a fire- blaze.' -fDu blozen, to blush, from bios, a blush ; Dan. blusse, to flame, glow, from blus, a torch ; Swed. blossa, to blaze, from blots, a torch.
. ,

round tape. (F.) Foimerly ; F. bobine, ' a qui^ for a spinning unknown. Cot. a skane, \\heele, Orig. Bode, to foreshew. (E.) M. E. boden, - A. S. bodian, to announce. - A. S. bodian. boda, a messenger; bod, a message. From bod-, weak grade of beodan, to command,
bolin.
'

wound

announce.

See

Bid

(2

From Teut. root *bleus, to glow. Bluster, to be boisterous (E.)

less

Doubt-

(E.) corruption of bodies (pi. of body}, which was the old ^Cf. F. corset, from sorps.} spelling.

Bodice,

stays.

idea with blast (Icel. Cf. E. Fries, blusblaslr, Swed. blast). iern, to be tempestuous (esp. of wind)
associated
in
;

bhistet

bluscr, a breeze;

blusw, to blow
(L.)

small dagger. (?) Origin unknown. frame of an animal. (E.) Body, the M. E. bcdi; A.S.toa'ig.+O. II. G. potach.

Bodkin,

orig.

M. E. boyde kin, Ch.

strongly; blwe, wind. Boa, a large snake.

its size.

Boer
Bog.

the
(C.)

same

as

Boor.

L.
;

boa

(Pliny); perhaps allied to bos, an ox

from
I

Iribh bogach, a bog, from bog, soft; cf. Irish bogaun, I shake; a bog being a soft quagmire. So also Gael.
to
i

Boar, an animal.
A.S. to-.
-f-

Du.

(E.) beer;
in.

M.E. bore, M. H. G.

boor,
ber.

bogan, a quagmire; bog, soft, moist ; Cf O. Irish soften, also to agitate.

Teut. type *bairoz,

boct, soft.

M. E. bord. A.S. (E.) bord, board, side of a ship, shield. 4" Du boord', Icel. bor8, plank, side of a ship G.

Board

ij.

Boggard, Boggart,
with F.
suffix-.}

a spectre.
bog,

From

(C. ; variant of

Bug
(C.

(i); with suffix -ard, -art

(.

-ard

&w/;'Goth. -baurd
stool.

in

fotu baurd,
E.).

a" foot-

Cf.

Irish,
"

Gael., e sense

W., and Corn

Teut. of a
type

See below, as in bast-ard). to start aside, swerve for fear.

? Prob. coined from prov. E. boggle, ) Cf. W. bu>g, a goblin ; bogh, a spectre. bwgwl, a threat, bygel, a scarecrow
;

Boggle,

bord,

board

(from

bwgwth, to scare. See Bug (i). from board, a table. board (2), to go on board a ship, to Bohea, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) So The sb. board is E., named from the Bohea hills; the mounaccost. (F. Teut.) but the verb, formerly spelt borde, bord, is tain called Bony (or Wu-i) is situated in
bygylu,
to

explains star-board, lar-board, on beard, over-board. Der. board, to have meals as

threaten;

a lodger

54

BOIL
the province of Fokien or Fttkian, on the S. E. coast of China. Boil (i), to bubble up. (F.-L.) O.K. L. bullire, to boillir, to boil (F. bottillir). bubble up, boil. L. bulla, a bubble see Bull (2). Cf. Norman Y. boillir, to
;

BOOBY
L. boltts (not L. bdfas), a Latinised form of Gk. j8o;A.oy, a clod, lump. a shell for cannon. (F. or Span. L. Gk.) F. bombe Span, bomba. L. Gk. /3oyu/3o?, bombitSj a humming noise. the same. See Boom (i). bombard. (F.-L.-Gk.) The verb is from E. bombard, a great gun Sh. F. bombarde, a cannon; extended from F. bombe see Bomb. Der. bombard-ier, F.

Bomb,

boil.

Boil
L. bile
byle.

a small tumour. (E.) Prov. prob. affected by boil(i). M. E. A.S. byl, a boil, swelling. -f-Dn.
(2),
;

bnil; G. bcule.

puff

tion).

Bowl (2). Boisterous. (F.)

See
E. boistous, Ch.
;

up

Icel.

Goth, ufbauljan, to beyla, a hump (with mutaCf.

bombardier (Cot.).

Bombast, orig. cotton

wadding; hence

Lengthened from
*

M.
is

formed, with
batisl-a,

Norw.
cloister
I'aztst,

noisy/ Boistous O. F. suffix -oits, from to act with violence ; like

lit.

L. padding, affected language. (F. Gk.) From O. F. bombace (with added /), cotton wadding. Late L. bombacem, ace. of bombax, cotton for L. bombyx. Gk. /0o/^8t/, silk, cotton orig. a silkworm.
;

from L. clattstmm.
boastfully
)
;

Cf.

Norw.
See

Cf.

'

to talk/z/j/w;/.'

bans, blustering.

Boast.

bombazine, bombasine,
bydnus,
adj.

a fabric

Bold. (E

M.

E.

bold,

bald\

S.

of silk and worsted. L. F. Gk.) (F. bofHbasin. H.ate L. bombdcinitm.^'L^. bomsilken;

leald, bald, balj>.+l<&\. ballr; Du. bond; O. H.G. bald; cf. Cloth, balthaba, adv.,

from bombyx ,

silk;

see above.

boldly.
bole.

Bole, stem

Teut. type *balj>oz. of a tree. M. E (Scand.) Icel. bolr, bulr, the trunk of a tiee,

Cf. Gk. stem; Swed. bat; Dan. bul. </>aA-a7, a log, trunk. Cf. Balk (i). Earlier Boiled, swollen. (Scand.) forms are M. E. bollen, pp., and bolned,

Scand.) (F. M. E. and A. F. bondage, servitude ; the sense being due to confusion with the verb to bind. But it orig. meant the condition of a bondman, called in A. S. bonda, a word borrowed from Icel. bondi, a hus-

Bond. (E.) Bondage,

See

Band

(i).

servitude.

The latter is the pp. of M. E. bolnen, pp. to swell. Dan. bulne, Sw-ed. bulna, Icel. bolgna, to swell, inchoative forms from \\k. grade of belg- (cf. Icel. belgfa, to inCf. A. S. belgan (pp. bolgeii), to flate). swell with anger. See Bellows, Billow.
Icel. bolstr O. bolster, bnhtcr bohtar (G. polster). Teut. type *bul-stroz; fiom Teut. */>///, weak grade of *beul, to puff up. See Boil (2). (See Fianck.) Bolt (i), a stout pin of iron, an arrow. A. S. &?//.+ Du. bout, formerly bolt (E.) Dnn. bolt; G. /We, boken. Root unknown. Bolt (2), Boult, to sift meal. (F. L. Gk.) Spelt boulte in Palsgrave. O. F. btilter; mod. F. blutcr; oldest form lukter, a corruption of *bttreter, to sift
;

+ Du.
G

Bolster. (E.) A. S. bolster, with suffix ster as in hol-ster. Fiom its round shape.
;

bandman. And bondi =bucndi, a tiller; from Icel. bila, to till, prepare, cognate with A. S. Inian, to dwell, and G. batten. Thus A.S. bmda is allied in sense and origin to E. boor, q. v. Bone. (E.) M. E. boon; A.S. ban. Icel. bein Swed. ben; Dan. -|-Du. been been O. H. G. bein. Teut. type *bainotn.
;

bonfire.
'

(E.)

Orig. a
'

bone-fire.

II.

Bane-Jire,

Anglicanum, the Northern form of bone.

d'os, a bonfire.

ossium ignis A. D. 1483 ;

Catholicon where bane is

Cf.

Picard/w
(Span.

Bonito,

a kind

of tunny.

Arab.) Span, a bonito.

bonito.

Arab, baynlth,
;

Bonnet.
bonnets
or

(F.)

(A. D. 1047), the

name

F. bonnet O. F. bonet of a stuff of which

caps
fair.

were
L.)

made.

Origin

unknown.

cf. M. Ital. burat; boult (Florio). - O. F. and F. bure, coarse woollen cloth. - Late Lat. Lat. bura, burra, coarse red cloth. Gk. irvppts, reddish. burruSy reddish.

through coarse cloth

tare, to

Bonny,
fair, fern,

(F.

of bon, good.

From F. bonne, L. bonus, good;

'"^

O.L.

ditontts

Gk.

irvp, fire.

Bolus,

See Bureau and Fire. a large pill. (L.-Gk.) Late

a priest. (Port. Japanese.) Port. bonzo.~ Jap. bonzo, a religious man. (Span.-L.) Span. Mo, a Booby. blockhead, booby (related to F. baube,

Bonze,

55

BOOK
stammering).
L.
balbus,

BOTANY
stammering;

Du. buit; cf. Icel. byti, Swed. byte, exchange, baiter, Book. (E.) M. E. book A. S. boc^ a also booty, spoil G. beute, spoil. - Span. - Arab.) ForThe orig. Borage. a beech-tree. book (F. also, F. bourrache. Span. books were pieces of writing scratched merly bourage. on a beechen board. -4- Du. boek Icel. bok\ borraja. Arab, abu rashh, lit. 'father of because it is a sudorific. Swed. bok Dan. bog; G. buck all in the sweat ' Borax. (Low L. Arab. Pers.) Low Goth. boka, a letter, pi. sense of book borax also boracum. Arab, buraq. bokoi) M ntings. p. With A. S. boc, beech, cf. L. L. fagus, a beech, Gk. <f>rjyos, a tree with Peis. burah, borax (Vullers). edible fruit. Border, an edge. (F. Low L. Boom (i), to hum. (E.) M. E. bom- Teut.) M. E. bordure, bordeure. Q.Y. an edging. *nen, not found in A. S. 4*1)11. bommen, bordeure (Span, bordaaurd), Low L. borto boom, to give out a hollow sound like Low L borddtfira, edging. An imitative word; ddre (Ital. bordare, Span, bordar, F. an empty barrel. Low L. bordus (F. like L. bornbus, Gk. /8<>ftoy, a humming. border], to edge. Boom (2), a pole. (Du.) Du. boom; bord}. Teut. (O. Low G.) ^r</, side; see Board. the Du. foim of Beam (i). (i), Boomerang , a wooden missile weapon. Bore A. S. to perforate. (E.) M. E. Du. boren\ Icel. bonan. Jbrom the native Australian borien, (Australian.) T)&n.bore; G. bohren. &?>'#; Swed. borra name. BOOH (0, a petition. (Scand.) M. E. Also \,.forate, to bore; Gk. Qapastv, to Dan. and Swed. /w/, plough. Brugm. i. Icel bon (y^BHER, 510. bone, Ch. A. S. boen, ben (whence bene to cut.) a petition. The sense of favour bore (2), to worry. (E.) Possibly a in Wordsworth). arose from conlusion with Boon (2). metaph. use of the verb above ; lien. VIII, Du.
bute,

- M.

hence, stupid.
;

Dan.

bytte,

'

'

'

'

'

'

In the phr. L.) (2), good. (F. L. F. bon, good. boon companion.' See Bonny. bonus.
'

Boon

i.

i.

128.

Boor,
peasant,

a peasant.
lit.

'tiller

Du.) of the
(

Du.
soil.'

boer,

in a river. (3), a tidal surge (Scand.?) Perhaps from Icel. bara, a billow caused by wind ; Norw. baara, a

Bore

Du.

A S. btlan, to dwell in, bouwen, to till. whence gebur s.,a peasant (only preserved So also G. batten, to till, in neigh'bour).

billow, swell in the sea. Boreas, the north wind.

(L.

Gk.)

L. Boreas. wind.

Gk.

Bo/x'ay, Bo/5/5as, the

N.
;

\\hcnce batter, a peasant; Icel. bua, Goth bauan, to dwell. Teut. stem *bu~ t related
to Be.
(Streitberg,
90.)
profit.

Borough.
also borwe.
dat. byng),

A.
a

(E.) S. burh,

M.E

bttrgh, borgh

fort.

burg (gen. and Perhaps iiom Teut.

Boot
bole,

(i), boot.

advantage,

(E.)

M.

E.
;

A.

Icel. bot (cf.

profit.4Du. boete bati), advantage, cure; Dan.

S. bot,

bod,

Swed. bot> remedy; G. busse, atonement; Got ), bota. Teut. type *bota t f.
1

Goth, bairgan, to hide, keep ; Du. btirg; Icel. borg; see Barrow. Swed. and Dan. borg\ G. burg; (joth. Biugm. i. 566, 11. baurgs. See below.

bttrg-i weak tect ; whence

gade

of *l>crgan-, to pro-

Fiom

lot-,

strong

grade

of

bat-\

see

60.
(E.)

Better.

Der

boot-less,

a covering (F.) M. E. O. F. bote(k bottc) cf. Span., Port., Late L. bota. Origin unknown.
(2), bote.
.
;

Boot

profitless. lor the foot.

borrow.

M.

E. borwcn

A. S.

Booth.
(cf.

(Scand

M.

K. bot he.

Dan. both (Kalkar), Dan. bod\

Icel.

- M. row and Borough. Swed. bod Bosom. (E ) M.

;

borgian, lit. to give a pledge. S. borg-, borh, a pledge. of beoigan, to keep, protect

A
;

S. borg,

weak grade see BarA. S.

E. bosom.

Dan. bub, a dwelling, booth). boe t Swed. bo^ Icel. bua, to dwell ; see Teut. type Boor. G. bude, a stall. Cf. also Irish both, a hut, *bu]>a, f. \V. bdd, a residence ; Lith. buta, buttas. a house. See Build

bosm 41-^u. boezem G. bit sen. BOSS, a knob. (F.-O II. G.)
l>oce,

M.E.

bos.

().

F. boce (I

bozza,

swelling;
;

M.

cf. Ital. bossc] Ital bozzarc, to

;

rough-hew, to bungle.

Prob from O. H.
the

Booty.
.

(F.

1?.

G.) Formeily spelt butin, 'a booty, prey;' Cot.

Low

a bump being bozan* to beat Cf. botch, beat. tfiVct of a blow.

Botany.

(F.

Gk.)

F. botaniqi4*>

BOTARGO
orig.

BOURD
;

an

adj.

to

plants. @6ffK(iv f to

animal.

of the roe of the sea-mullet. (Ital. Arab.) M.Ital. botargo, see Florio and Tornano. pi. botarghe Arab, butarkha^ botargo ; given by Devic. Supposed to be composed of bu, Coptic def. article, and Gk. rapixos, dried fish (Joum. des Savants, Jan. 1848, p. 45). Botch (i), to patch. (E.) Origin unknown. Similar is M. Du. butsen, to cf. Du. strike, beat, also to patch up botsen, to beat.
; ;

BotargO, a cake made

Gk. fioTaviK6s, belonging boh of which the orig. sense was 'an Gk. Poravrj, glass. Gk. arm.'+Icel. bogr, Swed. bog, Dan. bov, pasture; cf. &or6v, a grazing the shoulder of an animal, hence the bow G. bug-, Gk. irfjx v *> (shoulder) of a ship
;

the fore-arm

Skt. bahus, the arm.

type *bogtiz\

Bow

Idg.

type *bhaghus.
i.

Teut. See

(4).

Brugm.

184.

a bend, turn, fold. (Low G.) In Spenser, F. Q. i. I. 15. Low G. bugt,

Bought,

a bend; Du. Dan. bugt. bogf^ bocht; G. bucht. The E. form is Bight.
see

Cf.

And

Bout.

a swelling. (2), (F. G.) K. boche. O. North Y boche Picaid boche O. F. boce (F. boise), a swelling see

Botch
;

M.

Boss.

a large stone. (E.?) Etym. obscure; cf. Swed. dial, bullersteen, a large lolling stone; so called from its Swed. rolling down stream with a crash. Indira, to thunder, roar; and stecn, a stone. Danish has Intldre, to ioa.r,btilder, a crash.

Boulder,

Both.
baith.

(Scand)

M.E. bafa

Scot.

Boult,
M.

both, dual adj. ; Dan. And cf. bacuie; Swed. /;&/.+ G. bade. A. S. bd, both Lat. -bo in ambo\ Gk. -<poj in dfj.-(f>ci} Skt. -bha in u-hha, both. Icel. -Mr is for tieir, they, the; so that bo-th
Icel. batiir,
; ;

Bounce,

to sift meal to jump E. Intu^en, to beat.

see Bolt (2). up quickly. (E.)

Cf. Lo\\ G. bun-

sen, to beat, knock at a door; Du. bonzen, to bounce, throw, from Du. bons, a bounce,

M.K pother prov. Q.pudder, confusion puthcren, to bestir oneself. Origin un; ;

was orig two words cf. Goth, bafio sktpa, both the ships (Luke v. 7). Bother, vb and sb. (K.) In Swift. Cf.
;

thump; G. bumps, bounce;

Icel.

bops,

bump

Prob. imitative.

known.

(D, to leap. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. bondir,\& bound; but orig. to resound. L. bomhitare, to resound. L. bombns, a humming sound. Gk. /3o/ti/8os, the same.

Bound

Thurneysen, 91. Der. bound-ary. In (3), ready to go. (Scand. ; O. H. G. the ship is bound for Spain,' &c. elle, a small bundle, dimin. of botte, a Formed, with excrescent d, from M. E. O. II. G. bozo, a bundle boun, ready, Ch. C. T. 11807. I CG ^ bundle, as of hay. of straw or flax; allied to O. II. G. bozan, \buinn, piepared; pp of bfia, to till, preto beat (see Beat); perhaps fiorn the pare. 4* A.S. buan see Boor.
(2).

Butt

bottnde, bunde; O.I Late L. ~ Gk.) M. E. hotel. - F. bonteille. bonne, a boundary also spelt bodne (BurLate Lat. buticula, double dimm. of guy) Late Lat. bodina (contr. form Late L. butis, buttis, a cask, a butt; see bonnd], a bound, limit. Perhaps of Celtic
4
.

Bots, small woims. (E.) Lowl. Sc. Bound (2), a bats. Of unknown origin. M. h. hounde* Ch. Bottle (i), a hollow vessel. (F.- in soun-d. A. F
,

Der. re-bound (F. rcbondir).

;

(F.-C.?) boundaiy. with excrescent d, as

.

origin

Bottle
i

(2), a

bundle of hay. (F.M. E. hotel. - O. F. 'hotel, bot-

Bound

'

beating of

flax.
I

Gk. irve^y;

E. botttm, bothoni. A. S. /'0//H. 4.1)11. bodem Icel. botn Swed. botten-, Dan. bund\ {\.boden \ \j&.fundtts\
(E.)
; ;

Bottom.

M.

Bounden,
As
in
4

the old pp. of

Bind.
(F.

(E.

>

bounden duty.'
orig.

Bounty,
bonus, good.

goodness.

- L/
ace.

Vedic Skt.

M. E. bonntee. O. F. bontet. L. budhna, depth, honitdtem, fiom bonitas, goodness.

See

L.

ground. Allied lo Irish bonn, sole of the foot; Gael, bonn^ sole, bottom; W. bon, See Fundament. Brtigm. base, stock.
I

Bonny.
*

'03, 704.

room

F. boudoir, a private (F.) for a lady ; lit. a place to sulk in. F. bouder, to sulk. Cf. E. pout.

Boudoir.

Bouquet. ( F. Late L.) F. bouquet ; O. I', bosquet, orig. a little wood,' dimin. of O. F. bos (F. bois^, a wood. Late L. boscum, buscum, ace. of bosciis, buscus, a
wood
;

of

unknown
a
;

origin.

Cf.

Bough.

(E.)

M.

Bourd,
bottrde,
sb.

jest

to jest.
v.

(F,)

Bush. M. E.
a

E. bough.

A.S.

bog,

bourden,

F. bourde,

BOURN
Of unknown bourder, to play. (Not as in Diez.) In Sh. (i), a boundary. (F.) for O. F. bodne, F. borne, a bound variant of O. F. bonne, a boundary ; see
game
;

BRACELET
M. E. bolle. A. S. bolla from its round form.+Du. bol, ball Icel. bolli, O. H. G. From Teut. *bulbotta, bowl (G. bolle}. weak grade of */><?/-, to swell cf. Goth.
;

origin.

Bourn

Bound
M.
E.

(2).
(2),

Bourn

Burn,

a stream.

(E.)
;

A.S. buina, a fountain, stream, well.+Icel brunnr; Swed. bt-unn Dan. brond\ G. brunnen, Goth, brunna,
bourne. a spring, well.

See Boil (2). uf-lwtljan, to puff up. Bow-line. (Scand.) Not so called because it keeps a sail bowed (for it rather keeps it straight), but because fastened to Norw. and Swed. bogthe ship's bow, Una, bow-line, from bog, bow of a ship; Du. bocghjn, from boeg, bow. P"or the
pronunciation,
cf.

Bouse, Bouze, Boose,

deeply.

to

drink

bow-sprit.
see

See

Bow

(4)

(Du.)

M. K. bousen

(ab. 1300).

and Line.

M. Dn. *b?lscn, later buyzen, to drink M. Du. buse (Latinised as biisa deeply. by Erasmus"), bttysc, a large cup, also a Du. buis, a contap, a conduit (Kihan)
;

Bow-window;
Box;
M. E.
(i), the

Bow

name

of a

(i). tree. (L.

Gk.)

box-,

box-tree.

A.S. &w. Lat. buxus, the Gk. TTVOS, the box-tree.

a chest or case to put things

duit,

pipe.

Cf-

O. F. buse, a conduit

box
in.

(2),

G. bansen, to bouse. Bout, a turn, a round, occasion.

(L.-Gk.) M. E. box-, A. S. ^jr.-L. (Low buxum, anything made of box-wood;

Lat. buxtis, the box-tree. hence, a box. (Hence a box at a theatre ; a shooting-/^jr ; a Christmas box or present; &c.) Cf.

G.) Ihe same as Bought (above) ; piob. influenced by about. M. E. bo-wen, (E.) (i), to bend.

Bow

A. S. btlgan. Du. buigen; O. H. G. biogan; Goth, biugan; Teut. type *beugan- or *bfigan*. Cf Skt. bhuj, to bend Lat. fugere, to take to flight,
bogen, Imgen.
;

Pyx.

Box
(E.)

(3),

to

fight
is

The

verb

with fists; a blow. from M. E. box, sb.,

;

give way ; Gk. tytv-ynv, to flee. 658, 701. (E.) (2), a bend. verb.

bow

Cf. N. Fries, bakke, Silt bokke, blow (Outscn) M. H. G. buc, a blow Du. beit ken, G. pochen, to beat. From the Box (4), in phr. to box the compass.' Apparently one of the numerous uses of

a blow.
a

Brugm.

i.

M.
it

a weapon to shoot with. (E.) E. b<nve. A. S. boga, a bow ; because is bent or bowed. -\-l)\\. boog; Icel. bogt
:

bow (3),

the

vb.

formed

from

box

<

2),

See

N. E. D.

O. H. G. bogo Swed. bage; Dan. bue G. bogen. From A. S. &?- ; cf. bog-en, pp.
;

of bilgan, to bend.

bow-Window.
semi-circular form
;

(E.)

M. E. boi, boy. Preserved (E.) Fnesic boi boy, a boy (Koolman) allied to M. Du. boeve, a boy, Du. boef, a knave, -f Icel. bob, a knave; G. bttbe, window of Bavarian bitcb, bit a, but, a boy. Cf. A. S.
;

Boy.

in E.

not the same as bayshoulder'

of

Bofa, personal name.

window.
a ship. From Icel. bogr, shoulder; see (Scand.) Bough. 4- Du boeg, bow of a ship. Bowel. (F. L.) M. E. bouel. - O. F.
(4),

Bow

the

'

bod] (mod. F. boyau]. Lat. ace. boiellum, Late L., an intestine in a sausage dimin. of botulus, a sausage. Bower, an abode, chamber, arbour. A. S. bur, a chamber. M. E. hour. (E.)
;

Boycott, to combine with others in refusing to have dealings with any one. (E.) From the treatment accorded to Capt. Boycott, of Lough Mask House, co. Mayo, Ireland, in Dec. 1880. Cf. Du. Brabble, to quarrel. (E.) brabbden, to stammer, confound Avhence
;

brabbeltaal,

foolish

talk.

See

Blab,
(F.

Babble.

O. F. Icel. bur, a From the notion of embracing. A.S. bnan, to dwell. hence a chamber Dan. buur, Swed. bur O. Sax. brace, the two arms (Bartsch) Teut. types *burom, measure of 5 feet, formed with extended bur; O. H. G. biir. arms (Cot.); and hence, a grasp. Lat. see Boor. Cf. Booth. n., *bu>'oz, m. brachia, pi. of brachium, the arm. -f- Irish Bowl (r\ a round wooden ball. (F. M. E. boitte.-V. boule.-'L. bulla, a brae, W. braich, the arm Gk. Qpaxicov, L.)
;

Brace,

orig.

a film hold.
;

L.)

bubble

Bowl

hence, a round thing, a ball. a drinking-vessel. (E (2),

F. bracelet \ dimin. of O. F. brace I, an armlet (Bartsch).

bracelet.

(F,

L.)

BRACH
*-L. brachidle, an armlet.
L. brackium,

BRAND
W. brag, malt ; Irish bracat, malt liquor. and Gael, braich, malt, fermented grain. Cf. Gael, brack, to ferment.

an arm.
(F. A. F. brache, pi. braches, brackcz, pi. of bracket, dimin. of O. F. /mr (F. brogue). O. H. G. bracco (G. brack}, a dog that hunts by the scent.

Brach,

a kind of hunting-dog.

G.)

M. E.

Brahman, Brahmin.
'

(Skt.)

Skt.

brdhmana, a brahman, holy man. Skt. brahman, prayer; also devotion, lit. 'a
greatness

of the soul
to be
i

cf.

brhant, great.
'

Bracken,
A.

fern.

(E.)

M. E.

braken.

(VBHERGH,
Braid
S.
(

greaO
M.E. breiden
.

S. braccan, pi. ; Cf. Svved. braken,

brcgdanj brcdan, to brandish, weave, braid. 4- Icel. btegfta, to brandish, turn Icel. burkni, fern. (F.-C.?^) about, change, start, braid, &c. ; whence Bracket, a corbel, &c. Formerly spelt bra^get, as in Minsheu, ed. bragb, a sudden movement. So named from the resemblance to braid (2), full of deceit. (E.) In 1627. the front part of a pair of breeches, as All's Well, iv. 2. 73, braid is short for F. braguctte, a cod- braided, i.e full of braids or tricks. M.E. formerly made. A. S. brtrgd, deceit; piece,' Cot. (the front pait of a pair of braid, trick, deceit.
'

Kemble, C. IX v. 277. Dan. bregne, fern ; cf.

to weave. (E.)

A.

breeches) the allied Span bragueta also from A. S. bragd, 2nd grade vibregdan, to meant a projecting mould in architecture, diaw out, weave, knit, braid. a biacket or corbel. Dimin. of O. F. Brail, a kind of ligature or fastening. from (F. C. ?) O. F. braid, a cincture ong. for brogue 'a kind of mortaise,' Cot F. b) aie, breeches. fa-agues, breeches; so also Span, bragueta fastening up breeches. L. braue, breeches. is the dimin. of Span bragas, breeches. L. braca, breeches; said to be of Celtic Brain. (E.) M.E./>raj'^. A.S bragti, See Breeches. Cf. Gk. (or Teutonic ?) origin. brccgen, the brain, -f- Du. brein. Du. brak^ briny, pptXpos, the top of the head. Brackish,. (DiO Brake (i), a machine for breaking nauseous; older foim wrack, brackish
; ) ; ;

a name for various mechanical allied to M. l)u. ivracke, a hemp (HexhanVi M. E. brake. wreck, Du. waken, to reject, blame, dis- contrivances. (O. Low G.) Low G. brake, a flax-biake; M. Du. Du. wiak, ong. 2nd grade of approve. Hexham ~a'reken, to wreak ong to drive. See bracckej a brake to beat flax
; ; '

'

Wreck.

[So also ivrang, sour, is allied to wnngeni to wring. See Franck.]

Du. braak.
to break
;

Du

brak, 2nd grade vibreken,

see
(2),

Break.

Bract.

;L.)

Lat. bractca, a thin plate

01 leaf of metal.

M. E. />;W.-Icel. Brad. (Scand) broddr, a spike Swed. brodd, Dan. brodde, Teut. a frost-nnil.+A. S. Inord, a spike.
;

bush. (E.) M.E. brake, -f-Lovv G. Inake, willo\\-bush (Bremen); also stumps of broken trees, i ought growth.

Brake

Fiom A.
^f

S. brccan, (pt. t
*

brae], to break,

In the sense of

fern,'

modified from

type *brozdoz. Cf. O. Irish brot, Ir. brod, W. brath, a sting. Brae, brow of a hill, steep bank, slope. M. E. bra, bro (North). -Icel. (Scand.) bra, biow; hence, brow of a hill; see

Bracken.

Bramble. iE) M.E./&7.

bremel) brembcl.
;

A.S.

Brow.

A A Brag, to boast. (Scand.) M. E. braggen, to sound loudly, to vaunt. Prob. from M. Dan. brage, to crack, to brag. tive). a breaking, crash, Cf. A. S. gfbnrc\ Bran. (F.) M. E. bran. Q. F. bran, noise Icel. brak, a creaking, braka, to bren. Cf. W. bran, Irish bran^ husks, create cognate with L. fragor, noise. chaff(from E.) Bret brenn, bran. Also (late) M. F. bragner, f to flaunt, Branch. (F.-L.) F. l<wc/ie.-L*ie M. F. bragard, gay, gallant, L. branca, the paw of an animal. brag,' Cot. Brand, a burning piece of wood, scar braggard,' whence E. braggart. We find M. E. brottd, A. S. of fire, a sword. (E.) also W. bragal, to vociferate (from E.) from brann, Bret, braga, to brag (from F.). Cf. Bray. brand, a burning, a sword M. E. bragot. - W. 2nd stem of Teut. *brennan-, to burn see Bragget. (W.) allied to Irish Burn, -f" Icel. brandr, a fire-brand, swordbragot, a kind of mead
; ; ;
;

Allied to Du. braam, a Swed. brow-bar^ Dan. bromblackberry l>ter,G brombeere, a blackberry. Here Du. braam, G. brom ^O.H.G biamcf, answer to S. brbni v see Broom) of which S. brem-el (ioi Teut.*/>r$w//<w) is the diminu-

'

59

BRANDISH
blade (fiom its flashing) brand, fire-brand, fire; a brand, sword.
;

BREACH
(F.-Teut.?)
brutaske,

Swed. and Dan.

M.E.

bretasche,

bretasce,

M. H. G.

btant,

O. F. a parapet, battlement. bretesche, a small wooden outwork, battle-

brandish.
disen.

to

(F. Scand.) M.E braunF. brandiss-ant pres. pt. of brandtr, brandish a sword. A. F. brand, a
',

ment;
from G.

cf.

Prov

bertresca, Ital.
;

bertesca,

the same.

A difficult word
a plank.
(Span.)
Ital.)

prob. formed

brctt,

F. brave, brave, gay, fine, proud, braggard, valiant;* Cot. Ital. btavo\ the same as Span, and Prov. bran. Etym unknown; Port, bravo none of the explanations are satisfactory ; and wijn* wine bee the Bret, brav, O. Swed. braf, appear to branden, to burn be borrowed from F. Burn. bravado. ^Span ) ' Altered from Span. Branks, a punishment for scolds. (F.) See Jarmeson. Hence were borrowed bravada, ' 3 bravado Minsheu's Span. Gael, brangas O Gael, brancas^, a suit Diet Span, bravo, brave. of pillory Gael, brang, Irish brawas, a bravo, a dai ing villain. (Ital.) Ital. North F. branques, pi. of bran- bravo, brave as a sb., a cut-throat, villain. halter. bravo! well done' (Ital,) Ital. /"aw } que, Norman form of F. bianche, branch, * See brave used in the voc. case masc. also, the cheeke of a bit,* Cot.
; ;

above. Formerly brandbrandy. (Du.) wine^ brandy-wine ; whence brandy. Du. brande-wi}n, M. Du. brandwijn, brandy lit. 'burnt' (i.e. distilled) wine (or, ace. to Kilian, because it easily burns). Du.

hword.

Icel.

brandr

see

Brand

Bravado. Brave. (F.

See Brave.
'

Branch*
j

Bran-new.
i

e.

new

Short for brand-new, from the fire. See Brand.

(E.")

brawlen.
| \
i

The prefix is Scand., as in Swed. Trandraf, a brant-fox, brandgas, a brentThe orig. sense is burnt,' with goose. the notion of redness or blackness Brasier, Brazier, a pan to hold coals.

Brant- fox, Brant-goose or brent'

to quarrel. (E.?) E. Perhaps E. Cf Du. brallen, to brag, boast Dan. bralle, to prate, chatter; G. prahlen, to brag.
(i),
;

Brawl

goose.

Brawl
;

'

2\ a

sort of dance.

(F.
.

- Scand.
. .

0/-O.H.G.) 'A French trawl,' L.L L.in. F. bransle, *a totter, swing, brawl 9. or dance Cot. F. bransler, to reel mod. F. branler. Allied to O. F. brandeler
'
;

F. brasier. Y. braise, live (F. Scand.) coals. Swed. brasa, fire (below) E bras S. brtfs. Brass. (E.)

to shake (Cot ), brandillcr* (LittnT), frequent, forms of F. brandit 9 to brandish.

See Brandish.

A
i.

the verb seen in Icel. brasa, to haiden by fire; Dan brav, to Der. Inaz-in^ fry; cf. Swed. brasa, file.

Perhaps

allied to

Brawn,
O.I I G.
of flesh

muscle.

(F.-O.H.G.) M.E.
of brato, a slice

O. F. braon, braitH, muscle, boar's flesh. a slice of fle^h ; cf. Prov. bradon, the same,
btatott, ace.
(i. bratan roasting. S. btddan. faatti\y to roast. 4(F. J), to bruise, pound. E orayen O. F. breier (F. broyer}*

S. brcesen

braze 0\
i.

ii.

Lear, It means to harden like brats,

(E.)
(.2),

to harden

for

O H

^d
j j

see below.

braze
(E.)

to

ornament
tr.

\\ith

brass.
'
!

Bray M.
(J

G)

In

Chapman,

of

Homer, Od. xv

Sax. brtlan (G. bt eJien

to

break;

a roaiing noise. Bray ^2 (Y -C.) A. F. brater\ F. brat re (Med. Lat bragire}* Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. bragh, a buist, explosion, />rai<?/i,to crackle also brassal. Formed with suffix -an/ (Thurneysen) and cf. L frag-0), noise. from F. bras, arm. L. brachium, arm. Braze ; see Brass. Brat (l), a cloak, rough mantle (C.) Brazier ; see Brasier. It also meant a rag, clout, or pinafore. E brake, a fracture Breach. (E.) Gael, and Irish brat, a cloak, rng C). Irish A.S. brece, as in hlaf-gebrece, a piece of W. brcthyn t woollen bread (more commonly britc a breaking); brat, a rough cloak
.^Elfric,
,

sb. } 'Aero, ic brasige , Grain, p. 215. Brassart, the piece of armour which protected the upper part of the arm. (F. F. brassa) t (Cot ), brassard Littre); L.)
(

113; from brass

see

Break
*
11[lia

^e

cloth.

(W.

brat\*>

fiom E.)
'

; (2), esp. a beggar's brat' Perhaps 'a rag,' the same as Brat (i). Brattice, a fence of boards in a mine.

Brat

a child

S. brecan> to break, also partly from F. ^f bj'eche (F. G. brechcn. brcche], a fiacture. to break,
C).

tries.

breke.

&

M. E. bieche

is

BREAD

BRIDEGROOM
;

Bread. (E.) M. E. breed A. S. bread. same sense as F. bise, the N. wind cf. -fDu. brood; Icel brand; S wed. and Dan. Span, brisa, Port, briza, the N.E. wind; Ital. brezza, a cold wind. Teut type *braudom, n. brod\ G. brot. Orig. unknown. It someor *brandoz, neut. form in -oz. Breeze (=0, cinders. (F. Scand.) times means 'bit' or 'piece'; cf. A.S. O. F. brese (breze in Cot.J, F. braise, live See Brasier. coals breadrn, frusta pants? Blickling Glosses O. Northumb. bread, a bit, morsel Breve. (Ital. L.) Orig. a short note John
;

'

xui. 27.

now
E.
(E.) brede,

the longest in use.

Ital. breve, brief.

'

Breadth.
from

The

final -th is late;

A. S. breadth; Ch M?</.+Icel. breidd; O. H. G. breiti vG. From Teut. Goth, braidei, f breite] see Broad. *braidoz, broad Break. (E.) M. E. breken pt. t. brak\ A. S. brecan, pt. t. ^;w, pp. pp. broken. G. Du. breken; Goth. brikan brocen

M.
;

Der. semi-breve, F. brevet, a brief, L.) (F. breviate, little writing;' Cot. Dimin. from
L. brents, short.

brevet.

F.

bref, brief.

L.

brettis, short.

F. brevfaire.-* L.) L. brents. L. breuiartum, a summary. brevity. (F.-L.) F. bricvctf.-I,. L. breui$, ace. breuitdtem, shortness.

breviary.

(F.

brechen. Cf. Icel. braka, to creak; Svved. Dan. brcekke; Lat./rawbraka, to ciack Gael, bragh, an explosion. gere. to break (VBHREG.) The orig. sense is to break with a noise, to crack. a fish (F. Tent.) M.E./>m?w.
; ;

short.

Brew. (E.) M. E. bnwen. A. S. breoivan, pt. t. breaw, pp. gebrowen.

'

Bream, O F /?m wf
.

(F

brtme)
;

M H
.

bromven; G.brauen; Icel. brugga; Swed. brygga Dan. brygge. Cf. L. de-fiu-tunij new wine boiled down Thracian &PVTOV,
;

beer,

brahsem (G.
(Kluge).
breosL

brassctt)

O. H. G. brahszna

(y KHREU, to decoct.) Brewis, Browis, pottage.

M.E.

(F.~

A.S. Swed. M>J/, Dan. Also G. Teut. type *brettttoin, n bryst) Teut. stem />r//.y/, Du. ^rj/, Goth, bruits
-f-

Du. Breast. (E.) M.

Cf.
Icel.
:

'

brewes, broives.-Q.. brouez, broez, nom. of brouet, broet, soup made with broth of meat ; dimin. of breu,

O. H.G.)

O. H. G. brod, brot, pottage (Roquefort). broth see Broth. Also spelt brose.
;

*brust- (with weak grnde\ S. Breath. (E.) \\.}LJ>recth,breth. 1 1 G. bradam ( i b rodcm broden. ;v?0 -fbrodel, steam, vnpotir, exhalation.

Briar, Brier.
A.
S. bitir,

(E

M.E.
.

brere.

See Breeches. Breech. (E Breeches. (E Really a

)
)

double

plural, the form breech being, in itself, a pi. foim. A.S. brh, breeches; pi. oibroc, with the same sense 4"Hu broek, a pair of

O. Merc. brer. Bribe. ( F.) M. K. bnbe. - C F. bribe, a piece of bread given to a beggai. Cf. briber, to beg; Span bnba, idleness, bnbar, to loiter about Ital. birba, fraud Origin unbitbantc, an idle beggai. known not Celtic.
; ; ;

brok (pi bnrkr}; M.H.G. breeches; bruoch Cf. L. braca, ?aid to be a woid of Celtic (but rather of Teutonic) origin.
Icel.

F. brique, a (F.-M. Du. M.Dti. bncke, brick; also a fragment, bit. a brick ; cf. Walloon bnquet, a large slice Du. breken, to break. Der. of bread.

Brick.

See Brogues.

brnk-bat (see Bat).

(E.^

breech.
bret,

146. see above.

A.S. Bride. (E.) M. E. bride also birde, Du. A. S. bryd, a bride. the breech; A.S. LeeJuloms, n. brude, Intrde. Cf. A. S. brei, breeches, pi. of broc\ brmd\ lce\. bnltir; Swed. and Dan. brud;

M. E

b,ee<h;

O.H.G.
(E.)

Breed.
from brut.

A.

S.

or cherish a brood.

brtdan, to produce A.S. brdtl, a brood

brnt; G. Inaut; Goth, Teut. type *bnldiz t f.

bnlths.

bridal.
bride-feast.

(E.)

Formerly

bride-ale, a

(with mutation from ^to ^\-f G. bruten;

A.

S. bryd-ealo,

a bride-ale,

See Brood.
breeches.
Icel.

Breeks,
E.

^Scand.")
pi.

Northern
;

bride- feast. -A.S. bryd, bride; ale, also a feast ; see Ale.

and

ealo,

From

brakr,

of brok

see

bridegroom.
the second r
is

Breeches.

(E.) intrusive
S.
is

Breeze
A.

see Homage. + Du. brtudeBreeae(2),astrongwind. (F.) Formerly homo, a man brize. O. F. brise, used by Rabelais in the gom; Icel. brft$gn*m\ Swed. brudgum;
;

(i), a gadfly. S. brtosa.

(E.)

M.E.

brese.

with groom.

A.

For bndegoom by confusion bryd-guma, lit. bride; ;

man; where gwna

cognate with L.

6c

BRIDGE
Dan. brudgom
briitigomo.
;

BROCADE
clif).

G. brautigam, O. H. G.

M.

stone.

Bridge.

(E.)

M.
;

E. brenn-en, to burn, and stoon, So also Icel. brennisteinn, brim-

E.
;

brigge, brugge.
;

stone.

See Burn.

A. S. brycg.+lw\. bryggja Swed. btygga Dan. brygge, a pier Du. brtig G. bmuke.
;

Teut. type *^; ugja, f. Allied to Icel. />, O. Swed. r<?, a bridge, pavement; bro, a paved way.

Dan.

A. S. G. /;r/V&/, (for brine], brine, salt liquor. -f-M. Du. brittil MV& A. S. brldel bnjne Du. bn'/n, pickle. A. S. bringan, also represents an earlier *brtgde1 (cf. briqdils, Bring. (E.) a bridle, O. E. Texts, p. 44, 1. 127).- A. S. brengan, pt. t. brohte.-{-]}\\. brengen\ G. bregd-an. to pull, twitch (with change of bnngen; Goth, briggan (wiitten for e to *). See Braid. Iningatt], pt. t. brahta.
bridel.

Bridle.

+ TK.

(E.)

M.

E.

bndeL
II.

streaked. Brinded, Icel. brond-, as in brondottr, (Scand.) Icel. brandr, a brinded, said of a cow. Thus brinded brand, flame, swoid. branded. Brine. (E.) M. E. brine. A. S. bryne

Brindled,

breidcl; (whence F.

O.

Brink. (Scand. > M. E. brink.-' Dan. Swed. brink, descent or brink, verge short. slope of a hill; Icel. brekka (iurbrinka^, a brief (2 \ a writ, &c. (F.-L.) F. slope, crest of a hill ; allied to Icel. bringa, The same as F. bref a grassv slope, orig. the breast. brief, a brief; Cot. above ; from its being - Ital.) a short form. Brisk. (F. Spelt bruisk in Lowl. Sc, (1560). F. In usque, 'brisk, Brig, Brigade ; see Brigand. - Ital.) F. brigand, a lively, Ital. Brigand. (F. quicke, rash, harsh;' Cot. robber. Ital. brigante, Z.K see Brusque. intiiguer, rob- brusco, tart, harsh ber; ong. pres. part, of bngare, to strive Brisket. (F.) O. F. bnschct (Brachet), after. Ital. briga, strife, quarrel, trouble. s. v. brechef], also brnschet (Ducangej ; Orig. uncertain. 'the biisket, 01 bi east-piece/ btichet, ' < the craw-bone of a bird brig ; short for brigantine. Cot. tmichet,
short.

Brief (i ),

-P\

(F.-L.)

M.E.

bref.-l.. Ireuis, short.

+ Gk.

brigade.

(F.-Ital.)

Ital. crew, troop. fem. of pp. of brigare, to strive, fight, a^ above. brigandine, a kind of armour. (F F. brigandine, a kind of armour, Ital.) worn by brigands. F. brigand, a robber see above. brigantine, brig, a ship. (F.;

F. brigade, a brigata, a troop; oiig.

Guernsey brftquct

(for

*/vj^t/).
;

Dan.

bmsk,

Icel.

bijdsk,

gristle

cf.

Norw.

brjoskutt, gristly.

merely short for brigantine. - F. brigantin, a kind of ship" - Ital. brigantino, a pirate-ship. - Ital. brigante, a robber. See Brigand. M. E. bright. A. S. Bright. (E.) Icel. M. H. G. beorht, berht. bjartr; berht Goth, bairhts, shining. Teut. type Cf. Gk. </>o/>*oy, white. *berhtoz, shining.
Ital.)

Brig

is

of *bcrs - Idg. *bhers, to bristle cf. Skt. sahasra-bhrshti, having a thousand points.
;

M. E. brittle, bcntk, E.) dim in. of A. S. byrst, a bristle. -f Du. barrel. Icel. bunt\ Swed. borst; G. borste. From Teut. *bur$-, weak grade

Bristle.

birstle-,

See Burr.
bnitcl.

Brittle.

(E.)

M.

E.

britel,

brotel,

For A.
It

S. *brytel*

Teut. *b>titiloz,

from brut-, weak giade of A.

to

break.

means

'

S. breotan, Cf. Icel. fragile.'

brjota,

Swed. bryta, Dan. bryde, to break. M.E. setten on Broach. (F.-L.)

broche*= to set
barrel.
'

Brill, a

fish.

(E.)

Origin unknown.

shining. F. brillant, Skt.) pres. part, of briller, to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare, to sparkle. The orig. sense was to sparkle as a beryl. L. beryl/us, a beryl ; see Beryl. M.E. (E.) (Not in A. S.) Cf. Icel. barmr, brim ; Swed.

Brilliant,

(F.-L -Gk.-

F. a-broach, tap liquor. mettre en broche, to tap, by piercing a

F.

a broach,

spit,'

brocher, Cot.

to
;

pierce

broche,

see

Brooch.

Brim.

Mm.

Broad. (E.) A.S. brad. -f Du. breed\ Icel. brefor; Swed. and Dan. bred\ Goth, braids; G. bicit.
M.
E. brood.

bram, border, edge; Dan. bramme', M. Du. breme G. gebrame, border.

;

Brocade. (Span. L.) Span- ^raraafo, brocade; ong. embioideied, the pp. of a verb *brocar (not used) answering to F.
brocher, *to broach, also, to stitch . . with great stitches ; Cot. - F. broche. - Late L. btocca, L. broccus\ see Brooch.,
.

sulphur. (E.) brimston, bremstoon, also brenstoon

Brimstone,

M. E. (Wy-

'

62

BROCCOLI
broccoli. (Ital.-L)
ItaL broccoli,

BROTHEL
Named
from its ill odour. Formed, with suffix 'ine, from Gk. /3/xD/*-os, a stink. Bronchial. (Gk.) Gk. Pp6yx*> neut.
pL, the lamifications of the windpipe. Gk. /x57x*> the windpipe; cf. fyayxos, a
gill.

sprouts ; pi. of broccolo, a sprout. Dimin. of brocco, a skewer, a shoot, stalk. L.

broccus, projecting, like teeth.
*

brochure,

a pamphlet. (F.-L.)

F.

M. E. brod. b.S.brdd (E.) 'hi breJaS heora brod* they Brogues, coarse shoes, leggings. (C. nourish their brood ; /Hfnc's Horn. ii. 10. E.) Gael, and Irish bro^, shoe M. Irish +Du. broed\ (j.brut. Teut. stem *bro-d- y brace t shoe. A. S. broc, breeches; or Icel. from a verbal base G. *;-J-, preseived See Breeches. brok. bru-hen, to scald (ong. to heat), Du. Broided, braided. (E.) The wk. pp. broe-ien, to brood, hatch; from the idea of ' broided took the place of the str. pp. heat or ' warmth.' Der. breed. bi oiden, woven, itself due to confusion of (1), to endure, put up with. browden with braider (below). Broiuden (E.) JV1. E. broken, brouken. S bnthorn
;

brochure, a few leaves stitched together. F. brocher> to stitch ; see Brocade. A. S broc.Brock, a badger. (C.) \V., Corn., and Bret. bioch\ Irish, Gael., and Manx broc, a badger. Named from his white-streaked face cf. Gael. brocach, speckled, grayish, as a badger Gk. tyoptcos, white, gray. (Cf. E. gray, a badger.) Brocket, a red deer two years old. F. brocart, the same; so called (F. L.) because he has but one tine to his horn. F. broche, a spit, albo, a tine ol a stag's
; ;

Der. bronch-itis
(F.

Bronze.
Ital.
(z

- Ital. - L.)

from

/tyo-yx

*-

L. <es Brwnduslnum. L. Brundusiitni) Brindisi (in Italy) ; where bronze

= ds).

bronzo\ bronzino,

made

F. bronze. of bronze

mirrors were

made

Brooch.

M. E. broche, a pin, it. pin which F. broche, a spit, point. peg, brooch. Late L. brocca, a pointed stick broca, a
;

(F. fastens

(Pliny, xxxiii. 9). Named fiom the L,)

spike

L. broccus, pi ejecting, like teeth.

Brood.

see

Brooch.

(rare);

'

Brook

repiesents A.S. brogdcn, pp. of bregdan, to braid. See Braid.

Broider,
(F.)

to
is

adorn
ii.

\\ith

needlework.

can, to use, enjoy; which was the orig. sense. 4* Du. gebtuiken^ Icel. briika, G. brauchen, Goth, brukjan, to use; cf. L.

some

fin N edd.
'

Tim.
an
as

9, broidered (as in fntt, to enjoy. See error for broided'; see i. nr.

Fruit.

(V^HREUG.)
^E
)

Hrugm.

equivalent of F. to imbroyder,' Cot. The oi is broder, due to confusion with broided. O. brouder, also brosder (Supp. to Godcfioy) cf. Late L. brnsdits, brosdus, embroidered

above.]

Used

the

Brook
brook.

(2), a small stream.

M. E.

K
,

A.S. Mv.-fDu.

brock, G. brack t

a marsh.

work (Ducange).
perhaps from Teut.

Of unknown
*biozti- t
;

origin;
S.

brord, Tcel. broddr, a spike M. E. Broil (O, to fry, grill. (F.) bioilen. A. F. braille r (Bozon), O. F. bruiller, to boil, roast (Roquefort). Origin unknown; cf. O.K. brinr, to roast; perhaps fiom M.H.G. bmejen, to scald ; see

whence A. see Brad.

M. E. brook-lime, a plant. (E.) From A.S. brdt 9 brok-lemke, brok-lenwk. a brook, and hleomot,, biook-lime. Broom. (E ) M. E. bronie, broom. A S. brow, the plant broom hence, a besom made from twigs of it.-f-Du. brem ; Low G. braam, broom. Teut. type *br&moz Allied to Bramble, q. v. Brose, a later form of brow is or brewis',
;

see

Brewis.
(E.)

Brood.
a tumult. (F.) F. brouiller, to jumble, confuse, confound. Cf. Ital. brogliare, to disturb, brogho, confusion (whence E. im-broglio\ Origin un(2),

Broth.

A.S

broj> 4-Icel. brcti;

;

Broil

O. H. G. brod.

Teut. type *brofom, n. from bro-, bru-, weak grade of breu-, as in A. S. breowan, to brew. Lit. brewed.'
'

known.

Broker.
seller

(F.

an agent, witness of a
Irocour, an agent

M. E. bracour, A. F. transaction. ' * broacher or orig. a

L.)

who
see

of wine. Late L. broaator, one broaches. Late L. bracca, i. e. spike; a chemical element.
(Gk.)

Brooch.

(E.; confused -with F.1. M. E. brothel, a lewd person, Teut.) base wretch. A.S. broken, pp. of breoSan, to perish, become vile ; whence also abrotien, degenerate, base. Hence was made brothel- house, a house for vile people (Much Ado, i. i. 256), afterwards contracted to brothel. 2. Orig. distinct

Brothel.

Bromine,

from M. E.

bordel,

which was used, how-

BROTHER
del,

BUCKRAM
twigs.

much the same sense. O. F. bora hut, orig. of boards. Du. botd, a plank, board; see Boardever, in
\

O. F.

broce, F. brosse,

brushwood

Bryony. (L.^-Gk.) Lord Brougham. Gk. ftpvojvia., fipvcwr}, bryony. Gk. PpvtiV) BrOW. (E.) M. E. broiue. A S. bru. to teem, grow luxuriantly. bruwis brftn, eyebrow; Lith. 4- Icel. Bubble. (E.) Cf Swed. bubbla, Dan. Russ. brove; Gk. 6<f>pvs Peis. abrii Skt. boblc, a bubble also Du. bobbel, a bubble, ////;// i. Of imitative origin. bobbelen, to bubble. Brugm. 554. Brown. (K.) *M. E. broun. A.S. Buccanier. (F. -West Indian.) F brftn. -f-Du. bruin; Icel. brftnn; Swed. boucamer, a F. boucancr, to broil pirate. F. boucan, brun\ T)an.bruitn; G.braitn; Liih.brttnas. on a sort of wooden fiame. Cf Gk. tppvvoSy a toad; Skt. ba-bhnt(s) a wooden frame, used by hunters for The word tawny. smoking and drying flesh. BrOWSe. (F. M. H G.) For broust; boucan is said to be a F. spelling of a lit. to feed on young shoots.' M. F. Tupi (Bra/ihan) word, and to mean a brouster (F. brouter), to nibble off young frame on which meat is smoke-dried.' M. F. broust (F. broitf], a sprig, shoots. Buck 0), a male deer, goat. (E ) M. H. G. /;r0c, a bud Bavar. M. E. bukke. A. S. buc, male deer, bitica, shoot, bud. From the weak grade a he-goat. -f-Du. bok, Icel. bukkr, Swed. brosst, brass, a bud. of O. II. G. briozan, to break, also, to bock, a he-goat Dan. btik, a he-goat, rain, break into bud which is cognate with buck; G bock; aho W. Inuch, Gael, boi, A. S breotan See Brittle. Irish boc. 800. Brugm. i. Bmiu. (Du.) In Reynard the Fox, Buck (2), to steep clothes in lye. (E ) the bear is called bruin, e. brown. Du. M. E. boukcn. As if from A.S. *buaan,
the
first
;

Brother. (K.) M. E brother. A. S. /WJ0r.-f.Du. breeder \ce\. brodir; Goth. brothar\ Swed. and Dan. broder; G. bruder\ Gael, and Ir. brat hair; W. brawd; Russ. brat'; Lat. fritter; Gk. (pparijp Skt. bhrdtr. Teut. stem */>; other- ; Idg. stem *bhratcr~. Brougham, a kind of carriage. (Personal name.) Date 1839. Named after
;

also, later, a brush. thicket. Derived by

L. bruscia, a Diez from O. H. G.

;

Low

bursta, G. borstc, a bristle

Celtic (Thurneysen).

but perhaps
(F.
Ital.)

Brusque, rough m manner.

bi

Ital. brusco, sharp, tart, sour, usque. applied to fruits and wine. Origin un-

F.

certain

Brute.

(F.

-L.)

F. brut,
L.

fern, brute.

L. briitus, stupid.

bryonia.

'

'

bruin, brown.

See
;

Brown.

A. S. (to)(E. partly F.) F. Influenced by brysan, to bruise. bruiser, briscr, to break, perhaps of Celtic origin ; cf. Gael bris, to break, Irish bris-

Bruise.

Prob. from A. S. buc, a pitcher bouk, a pail, tub) ; hut M. E. bouken has the specific sense of steep in
not found.
(prov.

'

lye,' Ital.
^

like

M.

II.

im, I break. (The spelling ///, from A S. y, occurs in S. Eng. Legendaiy, 295 58.) Bruit, a rumour. (F L. ?) F. bruit, a noise. F. bruin, to make a noise. Scheler derives F. bruire from L. rttglic, to roar, with prefixed/' F brmt =l.ate L. brugttus, a clamour (Ducan^c; cf L. rugitu\, a roaring. Partly imitative; cf. G brullen, to roar
;

Dan. byge,

Low
r*.

G. buehen, Swed. byka, G. bftkcn, buken (whence

bucare,

inter}.

bucket.
\\ith

Formed

A. F. boket (Bo/on). A. F. dimm. suffix -et from

(E.)

A. S. bile, a pitcher. Cf. Gael, Irish bin < cad, a bucket (from E \

bucaid,

Brunette.
of

(F.

- G.)

F. brunette, fern,

Buckle. (F -L.) M. E. /Wv/.-o. F. bucle (F bomte), the boss of a shield, a Late L. fatcula, the boss ring, a buckle. of a shield buccula, beaver of a helm, boss of a shield, buckle. Lat. buccula, the
;

brown

brunet, see
;

brownish.

M. H. G.
;

brim,
cf.

cheek,

dimm. of

bucca, the cheek.

Brown.
Prob. imitative
( ; ' '

dint (dunt\ a blow influenced by North E. brunt, i. e burnt/ as if the hot part of
.

Brunt. (E)

the fight.

Brush. (F. - Teut. ?) M. E. brusche, a brush also brush-wood, which is the older sense, the orig. brush being made of
;

M.E. bokeler.bucler (K. bouclier), a shield; so named from the boss on it; see above a coarse cloth. (F.M.E. bokeram. <C>. F. boquerant Ital.) Low (F. bottgrari), a coarse kind of cloth L. boquerannns or (in Italy) bftc/iirdnus

Oh.

buckler. (K.-L.)

Buckram,

(foi Ital.

buchirano), late

Ital.

bucheratnt.

BUCKWHEAT
Origin uncertain; perhaps from Bokhara
(Tartary).

BULGE
buffen, to strike, orig. cheek; see Buffet (i).
jester,

to buffet

on the

Buckwheat. (E.) Lit. beech-wheat; from the resemblance of its seeds to the mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is from A. S. boc, as in buck-mast, beechmast. So also Du. boekweit, buckwheat G. buchweizen. See Beech. Bucolic, pastoral. (L. Gk.) 'L.bficoticus. Gk. 0ovKO\ttc6s, pastoral. Gk. Gk. ou-s, an ox; /3ov/foAoj, a cowherd. and K\\tVj to drive.
;

buffoon. (F.) F. bouffon, one who makes grimaces.

a buffoon,
F. bottffer,

to puff.

Buffet (2), a side-board. (F.) F. buffet, a side-board. Origin unknov\ n. (0, a spectre. (C.) In Sh.-W. bivg, a hobgoblin, spectre ; Gael, and Ir.

Bug

bocan, aspectre.+Lithuan. baugus, terrific, from bugti, to terrify, allied to Skt. bhiij,
to tuin aside;
see

Bow

M. E. fo/flM<Afc, a bud (E.?) hidden, to bud. Not found in A. S. Cf. Dn. hot, a bud batten, to bud, sprout. - L.) F. bouger, (i ), to stir, (F.
; ;

Bud.

(i).

Brugm.

i.

7inamed because an
disgust;
see

Bug

(2),

an

insect.

Budge

Bug

Said to be so (C.?) object of terror, exciting But cf. A. S. (i).

to stir;

answering to

bubble up (Diez). Cf. Span, bulhr, (i) to (1) above.

(2) to stir.

bulicare, to L. bulttre\ see Boil

Ital.

boil,

sceam-budda, dung-beetle (Voc.), prov. E. s horn-bug (Kent). Bug-bear. (C. andE.) A supposed spectre in the shape of a bear; see

(i), a wild ox; a horn. (F. L.) Bugle, a horn, is short for bugle-horn Budget, a leathern bag. (F.-C.) a bugle is a wild ox. O. F. bugle, a wild F. bougette, dimin. of bouge, a bag. L. ox. L. ace. buculum, a young ox double bulga,& leathern bag (Gaulish). O. Irish dimin. of bos, an ox. bolg, bole, a sack. Bugle (2), a kind of ornament. Buff (i), the colour of dressed buffalo- (F.-L.) Little black pipes, likened to1 ' skin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. bufflc, a buffalo. horns. Bugle, a little black home; L. bufalus see Buffalo. Cockeram. See above. Buff (2), in Blindman's buff. (F.) Bugle (3), a plant. (F.) F. bugle Formerly blindman-buff, a game in which Cot. cf. Span, and Late L. bugula. Cf. L. game boys used to buffet one (who was bugillo, (perhaps) bugle. blinded) on the back, without being Bugloss, a plant (F.-L.-Gk/) Lit. From O. F. bufe, F. F. buglossc. L. buglossa caught, if possible. ox-tongue.' cf Low G. buff, also buglossus. Gk. &ovy\a>aaos, oxbuffe, a buffet, blow $uf, a blow (LubbenX See Buffet (i). tongue; from the shape of the leaves.

Budge (2), a kind Perhaps related to O. F. young kid.

of

fur.

(F.?)

Bug

(i).

bochet, bouchet, a

Bugle

Buffalo. (Port, 'or Ital. ~L.-Gk.) Port, bufalo, Ital. buffalo, orig. a kind of wild ox. L. bftfahtSi&\s>Q bubalus. Gk, a kind of deer or /3ou/3aAoy, a buffalo (Not a true Gk. word.) antelope. Buffer (i), and (2) see Buffet (i). Buffet (i), a blow; to strike. (F.) M. E. boffet, buffet, a blow, esp. on the cheek. O. F. bufet, a blow, dimin. oi bufe, a blow, esp. on the cheek cf. bufer, buffer, to puff out the cheeks, also to buffet; mod. F. bouffer. Prob. of imitative origin, allied iofouffer, to puff; see Buff (2), Puff. buffer (i), a foolish fellow. (F.) Orig. a stammerer hence, a foolish fellow. .E. O. F. bufer, to puff buffen, to stammer. out the cheeks (hence, to puff or blow in
;

Gk.

/3oC-s,

ox

yA.cDacr-a,

tongue.

M.E. bulden. Late (E.) A. S. byldan, to build. A. S. bold, a house, variant of boil, a dwelling, n. Teut. *bti-J>loni, from bu- 9 related to bu-an, to

Build.

dwell
build,
bylja,

see

Bower.
build

Cf.

A.

S. bythan, to

from
to

botl (above).

O, Swed. (Ihre).-O. Swed. bol,

[Cf.
bol,

a house, dwelling; Icel. Dan. bol, a small farm.]

a house,

Bulb. (I-.-L.~Gk.) F. *//*.- L, Gk. /3oA./3dy, a bulbous bulbus, a bulb. root, onion. Bulbul, a nightingale. (Pers.) Pers. bulbul, a bird with a melodious voice t resembling the nightingale. Of imitative
origin.

talking).

Bulge,
(2),

to swell out,

(F.-C.)

Formed

buffer
cussion.

a cushion, to deaden conLit. 'a striker;'

(F.)

from M.E.

from ALE. bulge, a wallet, pouch. O.F. boitlge (bouge\ a bag, L,

BULK
a bag (Gaulish).
bilge.

BUNDLE
Bole.
ref.

See Budget. Doublet,

Or

bull

may mean

'

large,'

with

to a bull.

Bulk (i), size. (Scand.) M. E. bolke, a heip.-Icel. bulki, a heap; O. Swtd. Cf. Swed. bolk\ Dan. bulk, a lump.
bulna, to swell. Bulk (2), the trunk of the body. (Du.) In Sh. M. Da. bulcke, thorax (Kilian). (Prob. confused with Du. buik, Iccl bfikr, the trunk; Swed. bilk, Dan. bug, G. batuh, the belly.) Bulk (3\ a stall of a shop. (Scand.)

Cf. bull-daisy, &c. (Britten).

Bulwark.

(Scand.)
;

Dan. bulwark,

Swcd. bolverk (Ihre) cf. Du. bolwerk, G. boll-werk (whence F. boulevard}. Compounded of Dan. bul, Swed. bolt trunk of a tree, log, Icel. bulr, bolr, the stem of a tree; and Dan. vark, Swcd. verk, a work. Lit. 'log -work/ or 'bole-work'; see Bole.
passages to shew that it arose from the pursuer catching at a man by the hinder part of his garment. Bumble-bee, a bee that booms or hums See Boom (i).

Bum-bailiff, under-bailiff. F ) A slang term. Todd quotes

(E.

and

Perhaps related to Balk.

t

Cf.

Dan.

dial.

bulk a half-wall ; Icel. balkr, a beam, also, a partition ; Line, bulker, a beam, a wooden hutch in a workshop. Der. bulk-head, a
partition.

Bull
bole,
'

(i),

male of the cow. (E.)

bule.

Not found

in

A.

S.,

M. E. but the

Bumboat. (E.) From bum and boat. Ong. a scavenger's boat on the Thames
afterwards used to supply (A. D. 1685); vegetables to ships. (i), to thump; a blow. (E.) Of imitative origin cf M. Dan. Imfiipe, to stuke \\ith the fist; W. pwtnpto, to thump pwmp, a lump Corn, bom, bum, a blow. The senses are (i) to strike, See Bunch. (2) a blow, (3) its effect.

dimin. bulluc, a bullock, occurs. Prob. the bellower;' cf. M. II. G. bullcn, to roar and see Bellow, -f- Du. bul\ Icel. Der. boh\ G. bulle\ Lithuan. bullm. bull-ock, A. S. bulltiC) as above. Bull (2), a papal edict. (L.) M. E. bitllc. Lat. India, a bubble, boss, knob, leaden seal on an edict a bull (in late
;

Bump
;

Latin).

bullet. (F.-LO
of F.
/>0,;/t',

M. F &w//W, dimin.
L.
////k,

cf.

ball.

boss,

knob, &c.
.

Boom (i), and Bumble-bee. Bumper, a full glass. (E.)

;

Bump

(2), to

boom.

(E.)

Imitative;

From

bulletin. (F. - Ital. - L.)

a
ticket.
Ital.

bump
F. />///&-

with the notion of a bumping or

;

full glass

cf.

thumping,
a

i.

e.

great.

/*',

bullettino,

a safe-

Dimm. of bulletta, conduct, pass, ticket a passport, lottery ticket, dimin. of bit I/a, a seal, bull. L. India, a boss, &c. Bullace, wild plum. (F.-L.) M. E.
O.F. beloce t a bullace M.F.^r/aw*, L. type *pilottca, pellet-like. Late iL.pilofa, a pellet. -L.// /a, a ball. Bullet, Bulletin; see Bull (2). Bullion. (F.-L ) The A. F. bullion meant a mint, and Late L. bulhona, bullio meant a mass of metal, apparently, from its being melted cf. F. bouillon, a boiling. * Late L bulhonem, ace. of Indlio, a boilL. bulln-e, to bubble up, boil. L. ing. bulla, a bubble. Bully , a noisy rough fellow. (O. Low G.) In Sh. The oldest sense, in E., is 'dear one, lover.' M. Du. botl, a lover
bolas.
;

M. Du. boomken,

Bumpkin, a thick-headed fellow.

little tiee

^Du.)
;

(Hexham);

Cot.

dimin. of boom, a tree, a beam, bar see Beam (i). The E. bum kin also meant a luff-block, a thick piece of wood (Cotgrave, s. v. Chicambault, and see bumkin in the E. hence, readily applied index) to a block-head, thick-skulled fellow. Bun. (F.) Cf. prov. F. bugue, a kind of fritters F. perhaps the same as bugne, a swelling or bump chie to a blow (Burguy), also spelt bigne, 'a bump, knob;' Cot. O. F. bugtwte, a fritter (Gode; ;

froy)
1

also bugnet

(id.,

Supp.

p.

393).

Bignets, little round loaves, bun^/ &c.; Cot. Minsheu has Span, bufiuelos, * pancakes, cobloaves, (Doubtful.)
buns.'

See

Bunion.

Bunch.
Bundle.

(E.?)

M.E
beat.

(of either sex)

borrowed from M. H. G.
M.E.#/rj'*v&<?,Prompt.
*

buole (G. buhle), lover.

Bulrush. (E)

M. E. bunchen, to like bump, bounce.

of O.

bunche. Cf. Prob. imitative,

And

see

Bunk.

Parv., p. 244, col. 2. Perhaps stem-rush '; from its stout stem ; cf. Shetl. bulwand, a bulrush. -Dan. bul> see

stem, trunk;

M. E. bundel. Dimin, (E.) Northumb. bund^ a bundle (Matt, xiii. A. S. bun^, weak grade of 30). bindan, to bind.+Du. botuiel\ G. bundet. 66

BUNG
a stopple. (Du. L.) M. Du. , dialectal form bonge (Uu. bom), a bung of *bonde, as preserved in F. bonde, a bung. Cognate with Swiss ptmt (Weigand, s. v.
; ;

BURKE

borda; Dan. byrde\ Goth, baurthei; burde \ from the same root, with varying For the form burden, see below, suffixes. Burden (2), the refrain of a song. Spund). \j. puncta, an orifice orig. fern, (F. Late L.) F. bourdon, a drone-bee, Cf. W. bwng, humming of bees, drone of a bagpipe; pp. of pungere^ to prick. see Cot. Late L. Intrdonem, ace of burdo, an orifice, also, a bung. Bungalow, a Bengal thatched house. a drone. Prob. of imitative origin cf. (Hind.) Hind, bangalah, of or belonging Lowland Sc. birr, to make a whizzing to Bengal, a bungalow; Rich. Diet. p. noise, E. buzz, ^f Confused with Bur;

293.

From
Cf.

the

Swed. dial, bang/a, to work writing-table; so called because covered with brown baize. F. bureau, O. F. burel, ineffectually; O. Swed. bunga, to strike
oiigm.
(Rielz, Ihre.)

Bungle.

(Scand.

name Bengal. Of ?)

den

(i).

imitative

Bureau.

(F.

L.)

F. bureau, a desk,

And cf. Bang. Bunion. (F.-G.) Q.Y.btngnon,ori[y

;

in the sense of a fritter (Godcfroy)

but

coaise woollen stuff, russet- coloured. O. F. buire, M. F. bure, dark brown ; F* L burnt s, reddish. bure, coarse cloth.

really an augmentative of O. F. buigne (F. bigne, 'a bump, swelling/ Cot.). O. II. G. bungo, a lump (GrafY, in

Gk.

Trvpp6s,

reddish.

Gk.

irvp, fire.

Schmeller)

cf.

Icel.

bunga,

convexity.

a bud. F. Teut.) (F. bourgeon, a young bud. Lengthened from Languedoc boitre, a bud, eye of a shoot

Burgeon,

augment, of bugno, (Dit-z).-M. H. G. buren, O. H. G. pura boil, a swelling. See Bun, /an, to raise, push up, push out. M. H. G. Bunk, a wooden case or box, berth. bor, por, an elevation whence G. empor Cf. O. Swed. bunke, the plank- {<=.m por), upwards. (Scand.) Burgess. (F. - M. H. G.) M. E. buring of a ship forming a shelter for merO. F. burgeis. Low Lat. burgensis, the usual sense of geys. chandise, &c. (Ihre) Swed. bunke is a heap, pile, something belonging to a fort or city. Low Lat. M. Dan. bttnke, room for burgns, a fort M. II. G burc (G. burg) prominent cognate with A. S. burg\ see Borough. caigo. burgher. (Du.) Fonnrrly burger. Bunt, the belly of a sail. (Scand.) It answers in form to Dan. bundt, Swed. Du. burger,, a citizen. Du. burg, a city; from the weak cognate with E. Borough. Intnt, a bundle, a bunch stem of the verb to Bind ^f But the right burglar. (A.F.-E.) \,?.bmgler, bunt are Dan. bug, Swed. burglour; Law L. b^lrgulator. 'L2iVf L. words for see Bulk (2). buk, Du. buik, G. bauch burgnlare, to break into a house. A. S. Bunting (0, a bird. (E. ?) M. E. burh, burg see Borough.. bunting also bitntyle (=-buntef), Lowl. burgomaster. (Du. and F.) Du. Du. burg, Sc. bunt 11 12. burge-meestcr, a town-mastei Origin unknown. Bunting (2), a thin woollen stuff for connate with E. Borough and meester, a ' siftmg-cloth ; from master, from O. F. meistre see Master. flags. (E.) Perhaps

So

also Ital. bugnone,

'

'

'

M.

E. bonten, prov. E. bunt, to sift. Cf. Burgonet, a helmet. (F.) F. bourf a burganet/ Cot. So called F. Ita)) line, in the same senses. guignote, F.L.) Du. bod, a buoy because fiist used by the Burgundians. Buoy. (Du. O. F. bide, a F. Bourgogne, Burgundy. also a shackle, a fetter. M. E. buriel, biriel, a Late L. boia, a Burial. (E.) fetter, F. boute, a buoy. A. S. for the tomb; also spelt beriels, biriets. I,, boitf, fetter, clog. pi. a collar A. S. by)gan, to bury; neck, orig. of leather. byrgels, a tomb. see Bury. The spelling with ~al is due to Bur, Burdock; see Burr. F. bourbotte association withfuner-al, &c. Burbot, a fish. (F,) (also barbate}.*- F. bourbetter, to wallow Burin, an engraver's tool. (F.~ G.) Prob. from borino. Ital. in mud/ Cot. F, bourbe, mud, Late L F. burin M. H. G. borcn (G. bohreti), to bore ; see Gk. Mp&opos, mud. borba, mud. i ), ( Burthen, a load carried. Bore (i). A. S, byrtien, a load. From Tent. Burke, to murder by suffocation; to (E.) From see murder, stifle. (Personal name.) *bur~, weak grade of *beran- t to bear Bear (i). -f Icel. byrtir, byr&i ; Swed. the name of Bttrke, an Irishman who com; *
\

Burden

67

BURL
mitted murders by suffocation; executed at Edinburgh, Jan. 28, 1829. Burl, to pick knots and loose threads To burl is to pick from cloth. (F. L.) M. E. burle, a knot in cloth. off hurls. O. F. bourle ; dimm. of F. bottrre, a flock

BUSS
Burrow,
verb.

a shelter for rabbits.

cave, shelter
;

(E.)

M. E. borwgh, a

varied spelling of borough.

merely a Der. bur> ow,

Bursar.

(Med. L.-Gk.)

Med. L.

Late L. burra, or lock of wool or hair. a woollen pad allied to L. burra, trifles, trash, Late L. rebumtst rough. burlesque, comic. (F. Ttal. L.) \\.&\* burlesco, ludicrous. F. burlesque. dimin. Ital. burla, waggeiy, a trick.
;

Med. L. bursa^ bursarius, a purse-bearer. a purse. Gk. ttvpca, a hide, wine-skin. Burst. (E.) M. E. bersten, bresten, pt. t. brast. A. S. berstan, to burst asunder,
break;
str.

Icel. brestr*

vb.-fDu. bersten\ G. bersten\ Dan. briste Swed. brista ;

;

from L. burra See Burl.

>

trifles,

nonsense (Ausomus)
burli,
suffix

Burly.
borli
;

(E.)

M. E.
;

burliche,
-ly
'

also O. Irish briss-im (for *brest-itn), I break. M. E. burien. (E.) (i), vb. A.S. byrigan, byrgan* to hide in the

Bury

prov. E.

bowerly
btlr,

Shetland boorly.
(A. S.
lady's
fit

Formed by adding
-lie)

the

to

A.
;

chamber

a bower, a hence, the old senses of

S.

for
;

a bower,' stately, excellent, large, great and, finally, stout, big. E. g. 'a burly bed.' M.E. bernen; also ( i ), verb. (E.) brennen. There are two forms, a. intrans. A.S. bcornan, byrnan, strong verb, pt. t. beam, bran, pp. bornen +O. Icel. brinna Goth, brinna n Teut. type *brennan- cf.

Burn

A. S. bryne, flame, (3. trans. A. S. barnan, wk. vb.+Icel. brenna, Dan. brande, Swed. branna G. brennen Goth, branujan
\
;
;

Teut. type ^brannjan-, causal to the former. (2), a brook; see Bourn (2). Burnet, a plant. (F.-O.H.G.) Low L burneta. O. F. brunete, the name of a flower burnette, brunette, a kind of dark brown cloth, also a brunette. Sec

Burn

Brunette.

Named

from the dark brown

to polish. (F. - O. H. G.) burnishen also burtten. O. F. burnir, bntnir (pres. part, burms-anf), to O. H. G. bnlnen embrown, to polish.

colour of the flowei s.

burnish,
E.

ground, bury. From burg-, weak grade of beorg-an, to hide see Borough. As in Canter(2), a town. (E.) A. S. byrig, dat. ofburk, a borough. bury. See Borough. Bus, a shortened form of omnibus. (L.) See Omnibus. a thicket. (Scand.L.) (i), M. E. busch, busk. Dan. busk^ Swed. buskep. bush, shmb.-f-Du. bosih\ O. H. G. busc G. bnsch. All from Late L. toscus, a bush a word of unknown origin. (2), the metal box in which an axle works. (Du. ~L. Gk.) M. E. busse. I)u. bits, a box, barrel (of a gun) G. bmhse. Late L. btixis, a box. Gk. 7rv<s, a box. Gk. irvos t box-wood, box-tree. See Pyx. bushel, a measure. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. bushel. A. F. bou^selle, O. P boissel\ for Late L. bustelhts, a small box *boiste!> dimin. of O. F. boitfe, a box. Late L. buxida, ace. of buxis, a box
;

Bury

Bush
;

Bush

M.

(above ).

Busk
Icel.

(i\ to get oneself ready. (Scand.)

get oneself ready.
;
;

biiask, to

Icel.

(<*brunjatt).

H.G. brun blown;

t

see

bud, to prepare

Brown.

See
an

Bound

(3)

and and

-sk, for sik, oneself.

cf.

Bask.

Burnouse, Burnoose,

upper

cloak worn by the Arabs. (F. Arab) F. humous, bournous.-*hi3ib. burttus, a kind of high-crowned cap, worn formerly
in

Barbary and Spain

)

whence Span,

al-

bornoz, a kind of cloak with a hood.

BUZT, Bur. (E
on a burdock
throat.
;

M.

E. burre,

knob

borre,

roughness in the

a support for a woman's M. F. {'usque, ' a buske, or stays. ( F.) ' buste Cot. Mod. F. busc. Of uncertain ' Cf. M. F. buc, a busque ;' Cot. origin. Buskin. F. Ital. L. - Gk.) O. F. (1483) ; also brottsequin. bousequin M. Ital. borzachino, buskin, fine boot. L. borsa. Gk. /9v/xra, a hide. The M. Du.
(2),
;
(

Busk

N. Flies, but re, brosekm was borrowed from F. borre, a burr, burdock. -f- Swed. borre, a&eaBUSS, to kiss. (E.) [The old word was F. baiscr, to kiss. Lat, bastum, a nrchin; kardborre, a burdock; Dan. borre, bass
in

Not

A.S.

buidock.

weak grade

Teut. base *burz-<*l>urs- t of Teut. root *bcrs, to bristle. See Bristle. Der. bur- dock.

From

kiss.]

The

modern

origin,
it.

may have
Cf. prov.

by 68

buss, of imitative been partly suggested G. (Bavarian) bussen,

BUST
to kiss
;

BUZZ
;

Lith. buczoti, to kiss

also Gael,

butte.

and

F. buste. Ital. of human body, stays; Late L. bustum, the trunk of the body. Etym. uncertain. Bustard, a bird. (F.-L.) Formerly O. F. bistarde, also bistard (Sherwood) ' L. a bustard; Cot. (Mod. F. outarde.} auis tarda, a slow bird (Pliny, N. H. x. Cf. Port, abelarda, also betarda, a 21). Both O. F. bistarde and F. bustaid. outarde are from aui tarda in the former case, initial a is dropped ; in the latter, outarde stands for an oldei oustarde, where L. auis. See Diez. Auis tarda, ous
busto,

W. bits, mouth, lip. Bust. (F. Ital.)

the
bust,

see

Cognate with Icel. buttr, short; Buttock. Der. butt-end.

(4),

Butt

kind

of

flat

fish.

(E.)

trunk

Allied to Swed. butta, a turbot, M. Dan. Prob. butte, Low G. but, Du. bot, a butt.

from but, stumpy

Butter.
S.

(L.

see

Buttock.

Gk.)

M. E.

botere

butere.

pov, butter.
lit.

L. butyntm. Gk. &OVTVProbably of Scythian origin.

butterfly.
butter- fly.

So

A. S. buttor-fleoge, (E.) called from its excre-

"

ment lesembling butter, as shewn by the M. Du. boter-sehijte, a butter-fly, lit. butter-voider (Kihan). Du. botervlieg;
G.
butter-fliege.

lit.

slow

bird,'

is

far

from being truly

Buttery, liquids. (K
M. E.
;

a place for provisions, esp. Late L.) corruption of

descriptive ; so that it is prob. a substitution for some form foreign to Latin.

botelerie, a butlery,

for a butler from M. (Scand.) frequentative of see Butler. (Thus buttery = bottlery.) Norw. bitsta, to be violent Swed. bosta, Confused with the word buffer. to bustle, work. Cf. Icel. bttstla, to splash Buttock. (K.) M. .//<?. Formed, about as a fish ; E. Fries, busen, to be with dimin. suffix -ok (A. S. -uc\, from violent. See Boast and Boisterous. Cf. Icel. butt, a thick end, a stump. Busy. (E.) M. E. bisy. A. S. bisig buttr, short, bfitr, a log ; Dan but, Swed.

Bustle.

properly a place E. botelert a butler;

(bys *'g\ active

whence

btsgu, exertion,

-f-

butt,

Du.

But
A. S. A. S.
out. -4-

bezig, busy.

stumpy, See Butt 3).

(

sui ly;

Du.

bot,

blunt, dull.

(i), prep, and conj , except. (E.) be-iitan, butan, bnta, lit. 'without.'
be,

Du

by
.
;

ill an, adv. without, from but ten.

;

tit,

But
O. F. O. F.
goat.

(2)

see

Butt

(i),

Butt

(2).

Butcher.
bochicr, boc (F.

M. E. backer.(F.- G.) orig. one who kills goats. G. bock, a bouc) a goat.
t

O. Low G.) M. E. bud. O. F. baton (F. l>oitton),& bud, a button properly, a round knob pushed out. O. F. bo'"rt to push, push out; see Butt (i). buttress, a support, in architecture. (F.-O. Low G.) M. E. boteras; PaLgrave has bottras, butteras. Orig. a pluial form,

Button.

(F.

boton,

also,

See Buck.
;

Butler. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) M. E. from boteler, one who attends to bottles M. E. botel, a bottle see Bottle.
;

Butt (i ), a
O. Low G.)

push, thrust

to thrust.
sb.

(F.

[The senses of the

may

be referred to the verb; just as F. botte, a thrust, depends on boutcr, to strike.] M. E. butten, to push, stiike. O. F. botcr, to push, butt, strike. O. Frank. *botan,
corresponding to M. Du. boot en, to beat, M. H. G. bozen, O. H. G. bozan, to beat. Der. butt (mound to shoot at), from M. F. butte, the same, allied to F. but, a mark, from bitter, O. F. boter, to hit. Der. a-but. See Beat.

Low ) Shortened from (F. boty-felowe or booty-fellow, one who shares booty with others. From boty, old spellwork.
;

Q. F. boutcrez, pi. of F. banter, to thrust, prop. Cotgrave also has boutant, a buttress, from the same verb ; see Butt (i). Butty, a companion or partner in a
as
if

for *buttcrcts.

bouteret, a prop.

Of Low G. ing of booty = F. butin, booty. see Booty. origin M. E. boxom, buhsum ; (E.) the old sense was obedient, obliging, good-

Buxom.

humoured. Lit. 'bow-some.' A. S. bilgan, to bow, bend, obey and -sum, suffix, as in win- some. -\-Tt\\. buigzaam; G. bieg;

sam.

See

Bow

Butt
find

(2), a large barrel.

A.

S.

bytt\

(F.-L.) We but our mod. word is

F. botte,
'

(i).

really F.

O.F.
call

bottle,

which we

a butt;' Cot.

- Late
M.

the vessel Lat.

From A. S. byg*, as in (E.) byg-est, byg-eS, 2 and 3 p. sing. pres. of A. S. bycgan, to purchase, whence M. E,

Buy.

butta, buttiSy a cask.

Butt

(3), a thick end. (E.)

E. but,

Goth, bugian. Der. biggen. abide (2), q. v. See Sweet, N. E. G. 1 393. Buzz. (E.) An imitative word; cf.
bitggen,

69

BUZZARD
Lowl. Sc.
bizz, to hiss
;

CADDY
to

Ital. buzsicare,

hum, whisper.

a cook's cabin; also 'the chimney in a (Hence also Dan. kabys, ship,' Sewel.

Buzzard. (F. L.) M. E. bosard, F. bnsard, an inferior kind of falcon. with suffix F. bttse, a buzzai d btisard. an/ (from O.H.G. /for/). -Late L. busto s= L. buteo, a sparrow-hawk. By, prep. (E.) M. E. bi. A. S. bi, Cf.Skt. bij\ G,<W; Goth. M.
;

Swed. kabysa, caboose.) Cabriolet. (F.-Ital.-L.)

from
its

Cab

is

short for cabriolet.->F. cabriolet, a cab;

supposed lightness. -F. cabriole,

^.+I)n.
(Scand.)

a caper, leap of a goat ; formerly capriole. -Ital. capriola, a caper, a kid. - Ital. capra, a she-goat. caprio, wild goat
;

a-bhi, Gk. d/*-</.

By-law,
bie-r, by-r,

a law affecting a township. Icel. Kormeily also birlaw.

a village (gen. hpjar, whence So also Dan. by-lov, a a law.
Icel.

L. caper, goat ; fern, capra. Cacao, a tree. (Span. Mexican.) Span. from the Mexican name (cacauatl) cacao
;

of the
^f

tree

bir-}

log,

Not

the

whence chocolate same as cocoa.

is

made,

town-law.
dwell.

bSr

is

allied to biia,

to

See Boor. Byre, a cow-house (E.) A Northern A. S. byre, a shed, E. clenv. of bower. hut. - A. S. bur, a bower ; cf. Icel. bur, a See Bower. pantry.

c.
see Cabriolet. Heb. (2), a Ileb. measure. (Heb.) The 1 iteral gab, the 1 8th part' of an cphah. cf. Ilcb qabab, to form sense is hollow
(1)
; * ;

CacMnnation. (L.) L. ace. cachinnattonem, loud laughter. L. cachinnare, Cf. Cackle. to laugh. Span. Cachucha, a dance. (Span.) cachucha. Cacique, a W. Indian chief. (Span. W. Indian.) Span, cacique, an Indian From the old language of Hayti. prince.
Cack,
to

go
(K.)

to

stool.

(L

M.E.

Cab Cab

cakken.

L.

caccii e.

Cackle.

M.E

kakckn, a

fre-

shape of a vault see Alcove. Cabal. (F. - Heb.) Ong. a secret.' F. cabak, the Jewes Caball, a hidden science
in the
; '
*
;

Du. Not in A. S. quentative foim. kakclen; Swed. ka<.kla; Dan. Jiagle\ G. The sense is ' to keep on saying gackcln.
kak
Gk.
' ,

cf.

gabb-le, gobb-le, gagg-lc.

'

Cacopony,
ftaieofficwia,

a haish sound.

(Gk.)
Kaif6~
;

\\nfo.qabbalah, reception, mysterious Heb. qdbal, to receive; qibbcl, doctrine. to adopt a doctrine

Cot.

a harsh sound.

0o>i/os,

Gk. KCLKO-S, Der. caiophonou* (Gk. (fxuv--/), sound.

harsh.

Gk. bad

and
jrcurd-

a vegetable. (F. L.) K. (Picard) caK. cabache, caboche. boche, lit. great head ,* cf. Puard tabus, L. F. choux calms, large-headed cabbage.

M.

Cabbage (0
'

<f><jJVOS\

cap-tit, cf. Ital.

head; with augmentative suffix; capouhia, head of a nail

(-2),

Short (F.-L.; an enand-boy; see see Cadet. F. cadet Jamieson. Cadaverous, corpse-like. (L.) L. Lat. L. cadaucr a corpse. cadauerosus.

Cad,

low
Sc.

fellow.

for

Lowl

cadie,

Cabbage
cabasser,

to

steal.

(K)
;

F. cabasser, to put into a basket

to

From Norman

cabbage (and see Supp, to

Godefioy). F. cabas, a basket; Norman cabas, tailor's cabbage; of unknown origin. Caber, a pole (C. L.) Gael, cabar, a rafter. L. type *taprio, a rafter; see

Chevron.

dead. Caddis, a kind of worsted lace or tape. M. E. In Wmt. Tale, iv. 4. 208. (F.) in cadas, explained by bombictniuni (hence Irish cadas, cadPrompt. Parv. dis). Though also used to denote 'worsted,' it was orig. coarse silk. * F cadarce* the coursest part of silke, whereof sleave
{.ad-erf, to fall, fall
;
1

Cabin.

(F.)

M.E

Prov. cabana. hut (Isidore).

cabane. F. cabane. Late L. tapanna, a

F. cabinet, dim in. of F. cabane, a cabin (above). Cable. (F. - L.) M. E. cable. - O. F. cable. LateL. captttum, caplum, a strong L. caperc, to hold. (holding) rope. Caboose, the cook's cabin on board ship. (Du.) Formerly catnboose>> Du. kombuis

cabinet.

(F.)

made ; Cot. Cf. Span, cadarzo, coarse, entangled silk, that cannot be spun on a reel Port, cadar^o, a coarse silk. Origin unknown probably Eastern. Der. caddisworm, from the caddis-like shape of the case of the larva. Caddy, a small box for tea. (Malay.) small package of Better spelt catty. tea, less than a half-chest, is called in the tea-trade a caddy or catty. Malay katt, a
is
;
;

'

70

CADE
This weight equal to l| Ib. avoirdupois. weight is also used in China and Japan, and tea is often made up in packages containing one catty.

CALENTURE
the shell of a gourd. (F. F. calebasst.** Span. Arab. Pei s.) Arab. Span, calabaza (Poit. calaba$d}, ' Pers. kharbuz, a melon lit. ass-gourd/ i.e. large gourd. Peis. khar, ass (hence, buzah, odoriferous fruit. Cf. Skt. coarse) khara, an ass. Calamint, a herb. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. calamcnt, Cot. Late L. calamintha,

Calabadk,

- L. - Gk. a barrel, cask. (F. Heb.) F. cade.^lu. cadits, a barrel, cask. Gk. K&&QS, a cask, jar. Heb. kad, a pail. Cadence, a fall of the voice. (F, * M. E. cadence. Y. cadence, a Ital. L.) cadence, just falling of words;' Cot. Late L. cadentia, a falling. Ital. cadenza. L. cadent-, stem of pres. pt. of cadere, to
Cade,
fall

Gk.

KaXaftivOr}.
.

+ Skt. fad,
01 ig.

to

fall.

a younger son. (F. L.) F. collet^ a younger brother ; Prov. capdel. Capdet is a Gascon form Late L. capitellum (the substitution of t for // being Should be calCalcareous. (L.) regular in Gascon P. Meyei; lit. a little \j. caharnts, pertaining to lime. carious. (younger) head, dimin. from L. capnt, a L. cale~, stem of calx, lime. head. F. ca!ctnet\~ Arab. qa&T, calcine. (F. - L.) Cadi, a judge. (Arab.) Hence Span. Mod. L. calcindre, to reduce to a calx. qazi, a cadi or cazi, a judge. ah a/de, the judge (E. alcayde}; where al L. calc- stem of calx, lime. Calculate. (L.) L. calculat-u$, pp. is the Arab. def. article. Caducous, falling. (L ) L. caduc-us, of calculdre, to reckon by help of small L. cahithts, pebble* dimin. of L. cadere, to pebbles. falling; with suffix -otis. fall. See Cadence. calx, a stone. L. casfira, a cutting Caesura. (L ) Caldron, Cauldron. (F.-L.) M.E. a pause in a verse. L. ctrs-us, pp. of cauderon, A. F. caudrun. Q. North F. (Picard) cauderon, for O. F. chauderon^ cadere, to cut. Caftan, a Turkish garment. (Turk ) mod. F. chaudron (Ital. CaHerone, Span. Turk, qaftnn, a dress. calderoii], a \essel for hot water. Extended L. caldus, F. r*4*.-Late L. fiom L. caldar-ia, a hot bath. Cage. (F. -L.) L. calere, to L. contr. form of calidtis, hot. cavea, L. canca, a cave, den, cage. be hot. See Cave. cauus, hollow. Caique, a boat. (F. Turk.) F". caiqite. Calendar. (L ) L. calendar ium, an account-book kept by money-changers so Turk, kaik, a boat. Gael., called because interest was due on the Cairn, a pile of stones. (C.) Iiish, W., Bret, earn, a crag, rock ; also a calends (ist da}) of each month; also, a L. latendi?, calends. calendar. pile of stones. M. E. cat f if. Calender (0? a machine for pressing Caitiff. (F. - L.) - L - GkO F. calandie.A.F. cat/if, a captive, a wretch (F. c/itttf) cloth. (F. see Mod. \* *calcndra, celcndra, a calender; an L. captiuum, ace. of captnius', adaptation of L. cyhndnts, a c> Under; see Captive. Der. calender, a smoother of F. cajoler, to cajole; Cylinder. Cajole. (F.) Perhaps linen, a mistaken form foi calendrer, formerly, to chatter like .1 jay. of imitative origin cf. cackle. Calender (2), a kind of wandering F. calender Pen*. put, Cajeput (with j as y), a monk. (F. -Pers.) tree "yielding an oil. (Malay.) Malay qalandar, a kind of wandenng Muhamkayu pilfih, lit. 'white wood.' Malay madan monk, who abandons everything and retires from the woild. kayu, wood; putih, white. Cake. (K. or Scand.) M. E. cake. Calends. (L.) L. calends, s. pi., N. F'ries. kak, hag, late Icel. and Swcd. the first day of the (Roman) month. Orig. kaka Dan. kage. Tent, stem *kakon~, obscure but certainly from the base tal-, fem. ; from Teut. root *kak-, of which the as in O. Lat. calare, to proclaim. 4* Gk. strong grade is *kvk- (whence prov. E Ka\iv, to summon. Allied to Hale (2). Calenture, a feverous madness. (F. cookie, Du. koek> G. kitchen, a cake).

Cadet,

calamity L.) (F. L. ace. calatnitatem, a misfortune. Calash, a sort of carriage. (F. G. }?o\. (j. kalesche. Slavonic.) F. ca!cche. kolaska, a small carnage, dimin. of kolasa, a carriage; Russ. koltaska, a carriage. Yol.hrfo, a wheel O. Slav. kolo. (VQEL.)

Calamity.

CALF
tura.

CAMEL
Span, cahnpres.
pt.

Span. L.) F. calenture. L. calent-, stem of

L. callosus, thick-skinned.

-L.

callus, cai~

of

htm, hard

skin.

calere, to

be hot.
(E.)

Calf
fa!/-,

(i).

M.E.

half.

O. Merc.

A.S. cealf.+Vu. kalf\ Icel. kalfr\ Swed. kalf; Dan. kalv, Goth, kalbo-, G. kalb. Der. ^z/ztf, vb., A. S. cealfian.
Perhaps allied to Skt. garbha, womb, a
foetus.

Callow, unfledged, bald. (L.) M. E. calu , calewe. A S. calu bald -f Du kaal, bald ; Swed. kal G. kahl. Teut. *kalwoz, early borrowed from L. caluus, bald. Calm. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. calme, adj. Allied to Prov. chaume, the time when the
. ,
.

Brugm.
(2),

i.

656.

the thick hind part of the shank. (E. ) Pei haps the same as the above ; Icel. cf. Gaulish L. galba, great-bellied Sec Cave in. kalfi, calf f the leg. Caliber, Calibre, bore of a gun. F. calibre, size of a bore (F.) Span.
*

Calf

flocks rest ; F. chdmer (formerly chaumer\ Late to rest from work ; Ital. calma, rest.

L. cauma, the heat of the sun (whence, time for rest) ; Job xxx. 30. [It is suggested that the change from au to al was due to association with L. cal-ere, to be
hot.]

calibre (1623).

Etym. unknown. Perhaps from Arab. qdlib, a form, mould, model,

burn.

Gk. /raOfta, heat. Der. be-calm.

Gk.

icaUiv,

to

Mahn sugRich. Diet. p. (Diez). gests L. qua libra, with what measure. - cloth. Calico, cotton (E. Indian.) Named from Calicut, on the Malabar
coast,

mi

Calomel,
(Gk.)

a preparation of mercury.
;

Coined to express a white product from a black substance. Gk. *oAo-s, fair and /iX-as, black.

Caloric.
calor, heat.

whence it was fir^t imported. Calif, Caliph. (F.-Arab.) Y.eahfe,

L) F. calorique. (F. L. calere, to be hot.

(L.)

'L.

Calorific, making hot.

;

I^.calori-

Gk. Gk. Ka\\iypa<j>ia writing. (Gk.) KO\\I~, prefix (for KI\\OS, beauty, from Ka\6$, good, fair) ; and ypcupctv, to write.

a successor ol the prophet. Arab, kha- ficus, making hot. L. calon-, stem oicalor, Arab. khalafa t to suc- heat and -fie-, for fasere, to make. lifak, successor. ceed. Doublet, khahfa. Calthrop, Caltrap, a star-thistle, a Caligraphy, Calligraphy, good ball with spikes for annoying cavalry.
(L.

calisthenics,
graceful
exercises.
Ka\\i<j8*v-j)s,

callisthenics, From Gk. (Gk.)

with
strength.
tcd\\o$,

adorned
(for

Gk. /mAAtica\6s, fair)

;

beauty,

from

and

ffOiv-os, strength.

Calipers, compasses.
compasses, i. e. diameters; see Caliber.

(F.) For caliber compasses for measuring

Calisthenics ;
Caliver,
from
its

see

Caligraphy.

M. E. kalketrappe, A. S. a star-thistle. Coined from L. cald-, stem of calx, the heel and the see Teutonic word trap. Lit. heel-trap Trap. So also F. chaussetrappe, the same. Calumet, a kind of pipe for tobacco. Norman F. calumet, a L. Gk.) (F. pipe parallel form to O. F. c^alftncl, F. chalumeau, a pipe. L. calamus, a reed. Gk. tca\auos, a reed. See Shawm. Calumny. (F. L.) F. calomnie. L. calumma, false accusation. L. calui, and
Teut.)
calcetreppe,
; '
' ; ;

a sort of musket. (F.) Named caliber or bore ; see Kersey's Diet

caluere, to deceive. Calve ; see CaOf.

See Caliber.
usually Caulk, q. v. Call. (Scand.) Late A.S. cea1lian\ E. Fries, kallen. cf. hildecalla, a heiald.
;

Calx.
calc1

(L.)

L. calx, stone, lime (stem

Calk

in

Late L., a calx.

(L.

Calyx.
flower.

-Gk.)

L.
(or

Ka\v, a covering, calyx

Icel. and Swed. kalla\ Dan. &*&.-f-Du. kallen O. H. G. challon. Teut. type cf. W. *kallon- or *kallojan-, weak verb galiv, to call, Russ. golos" , voice, sound. Callet, Callat, a worthless woman. (F.-Low L.-Low G.) In Oth. iv. 2 F. caillette, a gossip, chatterer; 121. lit. a little dimin. of cattle, a quail, quail also a woman. Littre gives caille coiffee,
; ;
1

Allied to Helm (2). a projection on a wheel. (Du.) l)u. kamm, a comb (see Kilian' ; Low G. kamm ; cf. Dan. kam, comb, also a ridge on a wheel, cam, or cog. See Comb.

/jjr.-Gk. cup) of a

Cam,

Cambric. (Flanders.) Named from Kamerijk, also called Cambray, a town in Flanders, where it was first made.
Camel. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.)
camel, camail, f). F. chdmeL
lleb.

M.E.

femme
ful.)

galante.

See

Quail.
L.)

(Doubt-

chamcL

Callous,

hard. (F.

F. calleux.-

gdmaL

O. North F. came /, L. camelus. Gk. i Cf. Arab. jama/.

CAMELOPARD
and Gk .) Formerly camelopardalis.
melopardalis.

CANISTER
(L.

camelopard,

giraffe.

Heb.
L. ca-

*cuntie) has lost an n. y. The pp. couth, A. S. c ftti, known, only survives in unsee.

Gk. tfajojAoirapSaAts, giraffe; couth, which

Allied

to

Ken

and

a pard. partly like a camel, partly like Gk. Kaprj\o~s, a camel (Heb. gamdl) ; and see Pard. 7ra/>5aAis, a pard
;

Know.

Camellia.

(Personal name.)
after

) (</ A. S. (2), a drinking-vessel. (E.) canne, a can, -f Du. kan\ led. kanna;

GEN
;

Can

plant

Swed. kanna

Dan. kande

named (by Linnaeus)

Geo. Jos. Kamel,

a Moravian Jesuit (i7th cent.), who described the plants in the island of Luzon. see Camel. ;

tankard, mug. word.)

G. kanm, a (Apparently a true Teut.

;

Camelopard Cameo. (Ital.)

Camera.

Du. kanaaf].

Ital.

cammco, a cameo,
relief.

precious stone carved in

Origin

L.^ F. canal (whence also L. canalis, a channel, trench. Canary, a bird, a wine, a dance. (Canary Islands.) All named from the
(F.

Canal.

unknown.
(L.) L. camera, a chamber ; hence camera obscura, a daik chamber, box for photography ; see Chamber.

Canary

Islands.

Camlet, a stuff. (F. Arab.) Formerly M.F. camelot, Cot.; supposed camelot. to be named from containing camel's hair.
Really camlet

F. canceller.->Law L. cancellarc, to cancel a deed by drawing lines across it. L. cancellus* a grating, pi. cancellt, lattice-work, crossed lines; dimin.

Cancel. (F.-L.)

from
;

Arab, khamlat, khamalat,

;

Rich. Diet. p. 628.

.

ofpl. cancri, lattice-work. Cancer. (L.) L. cancer, a crab also an eating* tumour. Cf. Gk.irapmVos, Skt. karkaia, a crab; cf. Skt. karkara, hard.
;

Named from its hard shell. Brugm. 464, Camomile see Chamomile. camp (Cot). Candelabrum. (L.) I., candelabrum, Camp. (F.- Ital.- L.)
i.

Ital. tafnpo,

a field, camp.
field,
i.

\^.campitm,

a candle-holder

from candcla, a candle.

ace. of

campus, a

ground held by an

Candid.
set

army.
Ital.

Brngm.
L.)

563.

campaign, ong. a
open field, a campaign.

large field. F. campaigne, campagnc, an Ital. campagna, a field ; also

(F.

fair, sincere.

F. candicte, white, L.) L. candidits, white, shining. L. *tand?re, to L. candere, to shine.

(F.

on

fire

(in

comp.

7;/-tv;/<r/m?).-|-Skt.

L. campania, open field. L. camptts, a field. (Also spelt champaign, and even Champion in old authors.)

chand(ior fchand),lo shine. Bmgm. i. 456, 818 (2).

(VSQEND.)

Candidate.
white- robed wore white.
;

L. candidates, (L.) because candidates for office

campestral, growing in fields. (L.) From L. campestr-is, growing in fields;

with
suffix -at.

L. campus, a
(L.)
bell.

field.
;'

L. candidus, white. L. canA. S. candel L. candere, to glow. dela, a candle.

candle.

(L.)

dimm. of L. campdna, a campani-form.

Campanula.

Lit. *a little bell

Ctndonr.
ace.

(F.

L.)

candettr.

L.

Hence also

candorcm, brightness (hence, sincerity).

Camphor.

(F.

Arab.

merly spelt camphire (.with Low F. camp/ire, 'camphire;' Cot. L. camphora (whence the form camphor} Arab, kafilr, camphor cf. Skt. karpura, camphor. Malay kdpiir, lit. chalk kapfir Barus, chalk of Barous, a name for camphor. Barons is in Sumatra. Can (0, I am able. (E.) A. S. can, cann, ist and 3rd persons sing. pres. of cunnan, to know. The pus. t. can is
;
;

Malay.) Foran inseited i).

Candy, crystallised sugar. (F. Ital. Skt.) F. sucre candi, sugai -candy ; whence F. se candir, 'to candle;' Cot. Ital. candire, to candy ; candi, candy ; zucckeio Arab, qand, sugar; candi, sugar- candy.
whence Aiab. qandi, made of sugar. The word is Ar) an cf. Skt. khdK&ava, sweetmeats, khan&a, a broken piece, from kha&&, to break. Der, sugar-candy, Ital.
;

zucchero candi.

Candytuft,
Candy,
i.

a plant.

e.

Candia (Crete)

(H>b.) and
;

From
tuft.

t. ; the same peculiarity occurs in Du. kttnnen, Icel. and Swed. kunna, Dan. kunde, to know, to be able G. konnen, to know. p. The pt. t. is could, with intrusive /; M. E. coude, A. S.

really an old perf.

ctlOe

cf.
\

Goth, hunt ha, Du. konde,

G.
(for

M.E. cane, Cane. (F.-L.-Gk.) L. tanna. Gk. ifdyra, F. canne. canne. Cf. Ileb. qaneh^ reed; Arab. a reed. qandh, cane. Canister. (L. Gk.) L. canistrum, a light basket. -Gk. /cavaffrpof, the same,
Gk.
73
icavrj

konnte

shewing

that

A.

S.

cutie

Kavva, a reed.

CANNON
F. (F.-ltal.-L.-Gk.) cannone, a cannon, oiig. a - L. canna, a reed great tube, a mm-barrel. The Span, caflon, a tube, a see Cane. deep gorge, is cognate. A. S. a ru ^ e> (L- Gk.) canon.

CANZONET
Canorous, tuneful.
with
i.

cannon.

(L.)

L. canor-us

AMWff.

Ital.

suffix -ous.l^canere, to sing.

Brugm.

181.

Cant
whine.

(1), to sing

(L.)

in a whining way, L. cantdre (whence Picard

;

canon.
rule

Canon
(F.

Gk. KOVUV, a rod, L. canon, a rule. Gk. tcavy Kavva, a (straight) cane. a digmtaiy of the church.

(0>

and Walloon canter, to sing)

of canere, to sing.
Casit

frequent,
at first a

was

L.
.

- Gk

(2),
)

O. F. cum,
.

one on the ace. of canonuns, adj L. canon, the churchchurch-roll or list See canon ^i). roll also, a rule.
,

,..
M. E

beggar's whine;

hence,

hypocrisy;

see

Recant.

canun, canoun.

canticle. (L.) L.#w/fV/;//, a little climin. song; dimm. otcantittim,*. song; of cantus, a song; cf. cant us, pp. of
canere, to sing.

Canto.

(Ital.

- L.)
(Ital.

Ital. canto,

a sing-

Canine.
to a clog.

(E-)

<aninus, belonging

ing, section of

a poem.

L
],)

ace.

cantum,
canzo-

L. cam's, a
;

dog

see

Hound.

a singing, song (above).

F. cancre L. cancrutn, ace. of cancer, (F. chancre}. See Cancer. flThe a crab, a canker. be Teutonic (Kluge) ; so kanke'r

Canister see Cane. Canker. (F. L) North

may
cf.

canzonet.
netta,

Ital.

dimm. of canzone, a hymn, song

perhaps E. canker
of trees';

in the sense of

<

disease

Gk. yoyypos, an excrescence

)

L. L. cantionem, ace. of cantio, a song. cantus, pp. of canere, to sing. to tilt. (Du. (2), an edge ; as verb, -L.) Du. kant, an edge, corner. +Dan. and Swcd. kant, edge ; G. kante^ a corner.

Cant

on
'

trees.

Cannel-coal. (L and E
candle-coal/ because
it

Lit.

Prov E. cannel, a candle. r

Cannibal.

(Span.

burns brightly See Candle. Indian ) For\\

.

merly canibal. Span canibal', for Caribal, a Carib, native of the Caribbean Islands.
'

All fiom Late L. cantus a coiner; which -the prob. from L. canthus Gk. Kai'Oos, corner of the eye, felloe of a wheel. Canteen. (F. -Ital.) F. cantine. Ital. canttna, a cellar, cool cave (hence the sense of vessel for liquids). Oiigm doubtful. Perhaps from Late L cantus 9.
(3.
',

is

The W. Indian (Hayti) word carib brave/ Hence also Caliban,

v

mean=>

corner.

form of Canticle, Canto ; see Cant (i). F. caramboler, v., to make a cannon at Cantle, a .small piece. (F. L. ?) O.F. canUl, a small piece (F. thanteau), dimin. billiards, to touch two other balls with see Hoyle's Games. one's own Ong. of Picard cant (F. chant}, a coiner Late whence L cantus. Piob. fiom ^.canthus, corner sense, to touch the red ball carambohr^ to cannon (as above) and of the eye see Cant (2). Canton, aregion. (F. Ital.) If .canton. Span, caramcarambolage, sb a cannon. -Ital. cantone, a nook, angle; also, a bola, a manner of playing at billiards, a Late L. corporation, township (Torriano) Origin unknown. device, trick, cheat. province. region, Ind.) Span.oitfoz; cantonum, canto, a Canoe. (Span Origin doubtful, fl" Canton (in heialdry), orig a Haytian word for boat.' a corner of a shield, is from F. tauten, Canon (i) and (2) see Cane. an Canopy. (F. - Ital. - L. Gk.) Should a corner, Ital. can tone, from Ital. canto, be conopy\ but we find F. canape, borrowed edge see Cant ^2). Canvas. (F. L Gk.) M. E. canevas. from Ital. canopL (Also F. conoptc?)<-L. Gk. Kuvuirfiav, North F. canevas. Late L. canabdcins^ conopeum, Judith xiii. 9 an Egyptian bed with mosquito curtains hempen cloth. L. canttabis, hemp. Gk. Gk. /KyKww-, Kawafiis, hemp. Cf. Skt. f<ma t hemp ; (hence, any sort of hangings). see Hemp. lit. stem of H^vojf^, a mosquito, gnat ' or canvass. (F.-L.-Gk.) Orig. to cone-faced cone-headed/ from the or shape of its head. Gk. K&VO-S, a cone ; toss in a canvas sheet, to criticize and &fy, face, from Gk. base discuss thoroughly. From canvas t sb.
; ;
;

se ^ Cane. Cannon Cannon (2), at billiards. (F. A corruption of carrom, shortened

1 )
;

Span.")

Canter, an easy gallop. (Proper name.) Short for Canterbury gallop, the pace at v\ hich pilgrims rode thither.

'

'

appearance,

On,

to see (see Optics).

Canzonet;
74

see

Cant

(i).

CAOUTCHOUC
Y. caoutchouc-, orig. a Caribbean word, cahnchu. Cap, a head-covering. (Late L.) A. S. Late L. cappa, a cap (Isidore). cceppe. Capable. (F.-L.) F. capable. - Late L. capabilis, comprehensible; afterwards, L. capere, to hold (below). able to hold. capacious, able to contain. (L.) Coined from L. capaci-, stem of capaxt able to hold. L. capere, to hold, contain see Heave. Brugm. i. 635. (-/QAP.) Caparison, trappings of a horse. (F. Span. Late L.) O. F. caparasson. Span, caparazon, cover for a saddle ; augmentative from Med. L. capai o, a cowl; from Span, capa, a cloak, cover. Late L. capa, a cape ; as below. Cape (1 )> a covering for the shoulders. - Late L.) O. North F. cape. - Late L. (F. capa, a cape (Isidore of Seville); whence also Prov., Span., Port, capa, Icel. kdpa, &c. Allied to sap. Doublet, cope. Cape (2), a headland. (F. Ital. L.) L. F. cap. Ital. capo, head, headland. caput, head. Caper (0, to dance about. (Ital. L.) Abbreviated from capreole (Sir P. Sidney). Ital. capriolare^ to skip as a goat. Ital. a caper in dancing,' Florio capriola, also, a kid; dimin. of capra, a she-goat. L. capra^ a she-goat ; cf. caper he-goat. -|-Gk. /ea-rrpos, a boar; A. S. h<zfei\ Icel.
(F.

CAPTIOUS
North- F. capitel (F. chapiteaii} capitellum (above).
;

Caoutchouc.

Carib.)

from L.

capitation, poll-tax. (F.-L.) F. \j&z L. ace. capitatidnem, capitation. L. captt-, stem of caput, poll, poll-tax.
head.
at

Capitol. (L.) The temple of Jupiter, Rome, called Capitdhum. \^. tapit-,

stem of caput, a head ; but the icason for the name is obscure ; see Smith, Class. Diet. Capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.) Med. L. capttularisj adj. of capitulum, a chapter oi a cathedral, or a chapter of a book see Chapter.
;

(L.) \j&zL.capittilatu$, pp. of capitulare, to divide into chapters, also to propose terms (for surrender). Late L. capitulum a chapter ; see Chapter.
,

Capitulate.

Der.
ace.

re- capitulate.

Capon.
a capon.

(L.
t

Gk.)

A.

S.

capun.

L.

caponem from nom. capo.

?)

Gk. KaTrcav,
F. caprice.

Caprice. (F.-Ital.-L
Ital.
Ital.

tapriccio, a

whim.

Peihaps from

might mean a fusk

capro. a he-goat; so that caprice"w like a goat's; see

(i).

Caper

'

Capricorn.
>

(L.)

L.

capricotnus,

',

horned like a goat. L. cafti-, for capro-, stem of caper goat ; and corn-u, horn. Capriole, a peculiar insk of a horse.
(F.

hafr.

- Ital. - L.)
capiiola,
(i).

Caper
plant.

(2% the flowei-bud of a certain

Ital.

F. capriole (see Cot.). the leap of a kid; see

(Span.
?

(F.-L.-Gk.)
L, capparis.
itb fruit
; ;

M.

F.

capre

(F.

Caper

fdpre}.

Gk. Kairwapis, caper-

Capsize, to
;

upset.

L.)

Per-

plant

Pers. kabar, capers. Capercailzie. (Gael ) Here z represents M. E. ^, pron. as y. Gael, capullcf.
;
j

haps from Span, capuzar, to sink (a ship) by the head apparently a derivative of L.

lit. horse great cock of the wood of the wood. Gael, capull, a horse (see coille, gen. of coill, a wood, Cavalier) cognate with E. Holt. Capillary, like hair. (L.) L. capil-

coille,

(A guess.) F. cabe(F. Span. L. ?) stan\ Prov. cabestan. Span, cabestrante,

caput) the head.

Capstan.

irom capillus, hair. laris, adj allied to cap~ut, the head.

;

Perhaps

J. capital ( i ), chief. (F.-L.) L. capitals, belonging to the head. L. capit-, stem olcapitt, the head.+Skt. kapa/0(w), skull ; A. S. hafela, head. Brugm.

Capital

Of these forms, cabrestante, a capstan. cabestrante is the better, and is allied to Span, cabestrage, a halter, or a haltering, and to cabestrar, to halter. L. capistrant-, stem of pres. pt. of capistrart, to halter. L. capistrum (Spnn. cabestro), a halter. L. cap-ere, to hold; with double suffix
-is-tro.

i.

641.

L.) F. tfl/*Ya/. - Late L. capitale, wealth; neut. otcapitalis, chief; see Capital (i).
.

capital

(2),

stock of money.

(F.-

F. seed-vessel. (F.-L.) L. capsuta, dimin. of capsa, a case ; see Case (2).

Capsule,

capstt/e, a

small case.

head of a pillar. (L. or ^ Capital (3), F. L. capitellum, head of a pillar L.) dimin. from L. caputt head. Or from O.
;
;

Captain. (F.-L.) M. E capitain.O. F. capitain. Late L. capitaneuS) capitamis, a leader of soldiers. L. capit-> stem
of caput, head.

Captious. (F.-L.)

F. capticitx, cavil-

75

CAPTIVE
L. capttosus. 'L. captio, a taking, L. captus, pp. of a sophistical argument. See Capacious. capere, to hold.
ling.

CAREER
karawiyd-a, caraway- seeds or plant. Cf. Gk. icapos, tcapov, cumin. Carbine. (F. Gk.) Formerly carabine, a musket, the weapon of a carabin,
or musketeer. -F. carabin, 'an arque' buzier Cot. Perhaps from O. F. calabrin, a light-armed soldier ; of uncertain origin. Carbon. (F. L.) F. carbone. ~L.
;

a captive. L. !^. captTuus, captive}. captus, pp. of capere, to take.+W. caeth, a captive ; O. Irish cachl, a female captive. L. L. captor, a taker. (L.)

Captive.

(F.-L.)

F.

captif (fern.

Captor.

cap-, as in capere, to take;

with
as

suffix -tor.

ace.

carbonem, a coal.

capture.
cctptiira,

take
Ital.

a taking. -L. with fern, suffix

(F.-L.)

F. capture.

L.
to

<r0/-,

m <rc/^,
(F.
;

-tilra.

Capuchin,
Late
capucin.

hooded

friar,

hood.

F. capuchin a small hood, Ital cagpucino,

L.)

M.
;

F.

hence a hooded friar dimin. of cappuccio, see Cap and a cowl. Ital. cappa, a cape
;

broiled meat. (Span. Span, carbonada, meat broiled over coals. Span, carbon, coal; see above. carbuncle. L. carbunculus, (i) a small coal, (2) a carbuncle, gem, from its Double glowing, (3) a red tumour. dirmn. of L. carbo, coal.

Carbonado,

L.)

Carboy,
origin.

a large glass bottle, protected

;

Pers qardbak, by wicker-work. (Pers.) Cape (i). Car. (F.-C.) M.E.rtzm?.-O. North F. a large flagon which is prob. of Arab,
carre, a car

J\larcdlum\. -Late L. carra, f. ; allied to L. carrus, Bret. &?/v, a car; of Gaulish origin. W. car, O. Gael. cAr, Irish a chariot Allied to L. currus, a chariot ; rarr.

(Ducange,

s.

v.

Cf.

Arab, qirbah, a water-skin,

water-bottle.

Brugm.
caracole,

1.

516.
F.
^

Caracole. (F.-Span.)
a
snail
;

caracol,

Carcanet. (F. Teut.) Dimin. of F. carcan, a collar of jewels, or of gold . Icel. cf. O. H. G. querca, the throat kverkr, pi. the throat; \tih.gerkle, throat, Brugm. i. 653. gerti, to drink.
;

whence faire le caracole, applied to a manoeuvre by soldiers, and to turns made by a horse. Span, catacol, a snail, winding staircase, turning about
(from the snail-shell's spiial form). Perhaps of Celtic origin ; cf. Gael, carach, circling, winding ; car, a turn, twist.
(F. glass water-bottle. Span. Arab ) F. carafe. Span, garrafa, Aiab. a cooler, vessel to cool wines in. ghiraf, draughts of water; Arab, root

Carcase, Carcass. (F.- Ital.) From

F.
carquassc,

M.

dead body.
;

Ital.

carcassa, a kind of bomb-shell, a shell; cf. Port. carcassa y also, a skeleton, frame

a carcase, a very old

origin.

woman. Of unknown

Carafe, a

Card
Ital.

'[O,

Gk.)

~ piece of pasteboard. (F. carte, 'a Corruption of

card/ Cot.

Ital. carta-,

L. (Jtas/a.

XdpTT), xaprr)?, a leaf of papyrus. cardboard. Doublet, chart.

Gk. Der.

gharafa, to draw water. (Dozy, Devic ) <f[ Or from Pers. qardbah, a large flagon but see Carboy. Carat. (F. -Ital.- Arab. -Gk.) F.

Ital. carato.*carat, a very light weight. Arab qirrdt, a pod, husk, carat, 24th Gk. Ktpanov, fruit of part of an ounce. the locust-tree also, a carat ; lit. ' a small horn/ Gk. ntpar-, stem of Wpa?, a horn ;
;

Card (2), an instrument for combing wool. (F. L.) F.ram^ Med.L.rtz?Y/*.r, L. carduus, a thistle for wool-combing. Cardinal. (L.) L. cardmdlis^ prinong. relating to the hinge of cipal, chief a door. L. cardin-, stem of cardo, a
; ,

hinge.

CardOOn,
ment,
suffix
thistle.

F. cardon, Cot.

Prov. (F. L.) plant. Prov. cardon; with augL.

ca>d-tis,

see

Horn.
(F. Pers.)

from Med.

Caravan.
wdnsatdy, an
inn.

F. caravane.

See

Card

Pers. kiinvdn, a caravan, convoy. Pers. (Pers.)

caravansary.
inn
;

kdrPers.

for

caravans.

kdrwdn, caravan

sardy, public building,

Carraway. (Span. Span, al-carahueya, a caraway; where al is merely the Arab. def. art. Arab. kariviyd-a also written carvi.
Arab.)
;
t

Caraway,

E. rare, A. S. caru, (K.) anxiety, -f- O. Sax. kara, sorrow ; O. H. G. chara, a lament; Goth. kara\ Teut. type *Xwvf, f. Hence, care, vb. A. S. carian. fl" Not allied to L. cfira. Careen. (F. L.) Lit. 'to clean the * F. keel ; hence to lay a ship on its side.
ccarti,
;

Care.

(2).

carine, carene, keel.

Career. (F.-C.)

L. carjna, keel. F. carrtire, a race-

CARESS
Late L. can- aria itta), a road course. Late L. carra, L. carnts, a car for cars. of Celtic origin ; see Car.
;

C'ARP
and leuare, to lift, remove, take away, from leuis, light.
L. carniuorus, (L.) L. carni-, decl. stem of care, flesh ; and uor-are, to devour. Ob- tree, the locust-tree. (F. M. F. carobe, carotibe. Arab, Arab.)
flesh -eating.

Carnivorous.

Caress. (F.-Ital.-L.)

F.

carcsse,

a fondling. Itzl.carezza, a caress, fondling. Late L. cdritia, dearness. L. carus, Car dear. Brugm. i. 637. Carfax. (F.-L.) M. E. carfoukes, kharrub, bean-pods. a place where four roads meet. O. F. pi. Caroche, Carroche, a kind of coach. from sing, carre- (F.-Ital.-C.) carrefourgs, the same Nearly obsolete; but Late L. quadrifurcus, four-forked. the present sense of carriage is due to it. foitrg. L. quadri- (from qnatuor\ four; and F. carroche, variant of carrosse, a carosse
;

furca, a fork.
load
;

See Pork.
Span. cargo, freight,

Cargo, (Span.~C.)
cf.

Late L. carricargar, to load. cdre, to load a car ; see Charge. caricature. (Ital. r.) ital. caricatura, a satirical picture ; so called because ' exaggerated or overloaded.' Ital. cartLate L. carricdre, care, to load, burden. to load a car; see Charge. Caries. (L.) L. caries, rottenness.

Cark, burden, anxiety. (F.-C.) A. F. karke, North. F. form of F. charge, i. e. load ; see Charge. Cf. M. E. karke, a load ; as in ' a karke ofpepper!

or caroach Cot. Ital. carroccia, carExtended from Ital. rozza, a chariot. See Car. carro, a car. Carol, a song. ( F. - L. Gk ?) ForO.F. carole, merly, a kind of dance. a (singing) dance. Godefroy (s. v. carole} cites Swiss Rom. coraula, a round-dance, also a dance- song. Prob. from L. Gk. choraules, a flute-player to a chorus. Gk. xP' s > a chorus, Xopav\r]s, the same. lound-dance; and av\6s, a flute.
;

'

Carotid, adj.
the

(Gk.)

Gk

/rapom5y,s.pl.,
;

Carkanet

see

Carcanet.

neck it was thought that an alteration in the flow of blood through them caused stupor.
arteries of the
;

two great

expelling wind from Gk. tcapoott, I stupefy /capos, stupor. ' the body. (F. L.) F. cat minatif, windCarousal, (i) a drinking-bout; (2\ a 1. voiding ;' Cot. L. carininat-us, pp. of pageant, (i. F.-G. ; 2. F.-Ital) catminare, to card wool (hence, in old Sometimes used as if from ^he verb carouse 2. But, in old authors, carousel medicine, to cleanse from gross humours) ; below. with suffix -Tuus. L. carmin-, from car- (also carousal) means a sort of pageant, ut en, a card for wool. L. tarcre, to of which soiae kind of chariot-race formed card. a principal part Dryden, Virgil, ^En. v.

Carminative,

Carmine. (Span. - Arab.

Skt.) Span.
; ;

carmin, shortfonii ofcarmesin, adj. from Arab, qirmizt, crimson carmesi, crimson. from <7*Vw/s,cochineal. Skt. krmi, a worm,
the cochineal insect. Carnage ; see below. Carnal. (L.) L. carnalis, fleshly. L. earn-, stem of caro, flesh. Brugm.

F. carrottsel, a tilting-match. ItaL caiosello, also spelt garosello, a tourna-

777.

ment; of uncertain origin. Carouse. (F.-G.) F.

;

caroits,

<a ca-

i.

rousse of drinke,' Cot. G. garaus, right out used of emptying a bumper. G. gar, quite and ans, out. (Raleigh even writes
;

garouse\ directly fiom G. gai a its.} Der. 5 T 5caroits-al, but only in one sense of that carnage. (F. L.) F. carnage, flesh- word see above. Late L. cartime, slaughter of animals. Carp (i), a fish. (F.) M.E. carpe. cf. XVr cent. O. F. carpe (Span. Port, carpa, natictim, a tribute of flesh-meat L. earn-, Ital. carpa, Florio also Du. harper ; carndtitm, time for eating flesh. stem of care, flesh. Icel. karfi-, Dan. karpe\ Swed. karp\ Russ. Carnation. (F. L.) F. carnation, G. karpfen O. H. G. charpho flesh colour (Littre). L. ace. carnationem, karf ; Lith. karpa. fleshiness. L. earn-, stem of caro, flesh. Carp (2), to cavil at. (Scand.) M. E.
;
;
s

Carnival. (F.-Ital.-L.)

Y.cama-

Ital. carnevah, carnovale, val, Shrovetide. the last three days before Lent Med. L.

carpen, which often merely means to talk, Icel. kajpa, to boast; Swed. dial. say.

cante!evale,carnelevdmen,Tzm<)vyi\ of flesh. Shrovetide. L. carnt-m, ace. of caro, flesh ;

karpa, to boast, talk much, ^f The present sinister sense is due to confusion with L. carfvre, to pluck. 77

CARPENTER
Carpenter. (F. C.) A. F. carpenter ; O. North F. carpent ier (F. charpentier}*** Late L. carpentarius, sb. ; carpentdre^, to work in timber. L. carpentum^ a carriage a word of Celtic origin. O. Irish carpal, Gael, and Irish carbcui^ W. cerbyd, a car;

CASINO
- Late L. chartula, a document ; register. dimin. of charta, a paper; see Card (i). Carve. (E.) M. E. keruen. A.S. ceorfan ;
pt.

A.
c
-f-

t. cearf, pi. cur/on, pp. corfen. [The S. ceorfan would have given *eharve ;

riage, chariot, litter.

Carpet. (F.-L.) O. F.

carpite.

L. carpi 'ta, carpeta, a kind of thick ; L. caralso carpia (F. charpie), lint. pert, to pluck, pull to pieces (lint being made of rags pulled to pieces, and carpet, probably, from shreds). Carraok. (F.) O. F. carraqne, a ship Late Lat. carraca, the same. of burden
;

was retained from the pt. pi. and pp.] Du. kerven G. kerben, to notch, cut Late also Dan, karve, Swecl. karfva, to notch, from the 2nd stem. Gk. ypdtfxiv. Brugm. cloth
; ;

i.

79 1

Cascade.
Ital. cascata,

(F.

Ital.
;

L)

F. cascade.

a waterfall

- L. casdre> cascare, to fall. For *casicare. to totter. L. cdsum, sup. vicadere, to fall. (0, an event. (F. L.) M.E.

ong. fem. pp. of

Case

Of unknown

origin.

cartage, that which is earned about (as in Bible, A. V.). O. F. canage ; from carter, to carry see

Carriage.

(F.

C.)

M.E.

^f Its modern use is due to confusion with caroch, a vehicle (Massinger, Renegado, i. 2) see Caroche.

Carry,

Carrion.
carcase.

F.

L.)

M. E.

caroigne, a
;

O. North F. carotgne

Late L.
(Scot-

L. caro, flesh. caronia, a carcase. Carronade, a sort of cannon.

land.)
in Stirlingshire.

L. ace. cdsum, a fall, a cas. L, cJsus, pp. of cadere, to fall. Case (2), a receptacle. (F.-L.) O. F. L. caperc, L. capsa, a box, cover. casse. to hold. Casemate. (F. Ital.) F. casemate, Ital. casaa loop-hole in a fortified wall. matta, a chamber built under a wall or bulwark, to hinder those who enter the It seems ditch to scale the wall of a fort. Ital. and L. to mean 'dark chamber.'
cats.

F.

case.

So named because made at Carrou,

L. (F. Gk.) F. carote, cacard/a. Gk. Kapwrov, a canot
;

'

Carrot.
rotte.
\ J.

Carry. (F. C.) O. F. carter. Late L. carrus, a car see Car. L. carricare.
krat.

L.) Ong. a till or box F. cas f e, a case ; see to keep money in. probably, Picard carti, a cart. Carte, a bill of fare. (F.-Gk.) Chiefly Case (2) above. Der. cash-icr, sb., one in the F. phr. carte blanche, lit. white who keeps a money-box or cash. Late L. carla see Card ( i X Cashew-nut, the nut of a \V. and E. paper. Cartel. (F. -Ital -Gk.) F. cartel - Indian tree. (F. Brazilian.) Cashew is Brazil, acaiu, dimin. of a corruption of F. acajou. Ital. cartello, lit. a small paper the fruit of the tree named acajaba or carta, piper, bill; see Card i).

Cart. (E.) Or from

S. crat, crat\ cf. Du. Icel kartr, a cart ; whence,

casa, house, cottage, room; and Ital. /K#//a, fem. of wattOy orig. mad, but the Sicilian ' dim.* maJf^^. means Casement, frame of a window. (F. Coined with the sense of encasement, L.) From that which encases or encloses. with suffix -mcnt* case, veib
;

Cash,

com. (F.

gristle.

F. cartilage, (F.-L) L. cartilaginem, ace. vtcartildgo. Der. cartilagin-ous. Cartoon. (F. -Ital. - Gk.) F. carton.

Cartilage.

acajaiba.
<J)u.

(Mahn,
to

Litti^.)

Cashier,
F.

dismiss

from

service.

Du. cassercn, to cashier; merely borrowed fiom F. casser, 'to

L.)

Ital.

cartone,
;

lit.

a large paper

from carta,
CF. -Ital.

breake,

burst,

also

to

casseere,

dis-

a card

Card (i). cartouche, cartridge.

see

charge;'

Cot.

[Du. words,
-^;r;/.]

borrowed

from

Cartridge (with intrusive r) ib for F. cartidge, corrupt form of cartouche. Ital. cartoccio, cartouche, a roll of paper. a roll of paper, cartridge. Ital. carta, paper; Late L. carta see Card ( i). ^[ The cartridge took its name from the paper in

Gk.)

L. qnassare, to of quaterc, to shake; which annexed the senses of L. cassdre, to annul, discharge, from L. casstis, void, null.
F.,

end

in

shattei,

frequent,

So a soft wool. (India.) called from the vale of Cashmere, in India.

Cashmere,

Also
Jtal.

which

it

was

rolled

up.

cartulary, a register.
Late L.
cartuldrium,

(Late L. - Gk.) chartuldrium t a

Casino, a room
casino,

spelt cassimere, kerseymere.

for dancing. (Ital. L.) dimin. of casa, a cottage, L. casa, a cottage.

house.

CASK
(Span. L.) Span, casco, a skull, sherd, coat of an onion ; also a cask of wine, a casque or helmet. The orig. sense
cf. Span, cascara, ; peel, rind, Port. casca> rind, Span, cascar^ to burst open ; formed (as if from Lat. *quassicdre] from an extension of L. quassare, to break, burst ; see Quash. casque, a helmet. (F.-Span. L.)

CATAPLASM
tellum, dimin. of castmm, a fortified Der. castell-an, O. North F, casteplace. lain, O. F. chastelain, the keeper of a chaste^ or castle also chatelaine (fern. o Y.chdtefain Q.lc.chastelain}, now applied to a lady's chain or 'keeper* of keys,
;

Cask.
'

is

husk

'

shell,

&c.

Castor.
cf.

(L.

-Gk.)

L. castor.

-Ok.
;

Kaarup, a beaver.

But of Eastern origin

F. casque.
piece
;

Span. casco, a helmet, head-

see above.

kasturi, Skt. kastiiri, Pers. khaz, beaver.

Malay

musk

Casket, a small box. (Span.-L.) Ap' parently confused with F. cassette, a small casket ; Cot. Formally, it is a dimin. of
'

Cask.

castor-oil. Named from some confusion with castorearn, ' a medicine made of the liquor contained in the little bags ' that are next the beaver's groin ; Kersey.
But
really a vegetable production. L. casttatus, pp. of (L.) castrare, to cut.
it is

Casque

see

Cask.

(Span. Hayti.) Span. cazabe\ also cazavi, the bread made in the W. Indies of the fruit called the yuca'^ Pineda. It propcily means the
*

Cassava,

a plant.

Castrate.

Casual. (F.-L) F
Cat.
cdttts,

casuel.

- L. ctisu-

plant,

which

is

also called

manioc

said to

L. cdsu-, ahsj happening by chance. stem of cdsus, chance. See Case (i).
(E.)
Icel. kottr,

be from the Hayti casabbi, with the same sense. See R. Eden's works, ed. Arber, See Tapioca. p. 175.
a species of laurel. (L. Gk. Gk. Kaoia, a spice Heb.) L. casta, cassia. like cinnamon. Heb. getsi'dth, in Ps. xlv

A. S. tat.+ Du., Dan. kat, Sw. katt, G. katcr, katze\ L.

qitt,

Cassia,
a

W.

cath, Ir. Gael, cat, Russ. kot\

koshka,
Eastern.)

Arab,
prefix.

Turk.

kedi.

(Prob.

Cata-,

(Gk.)

Gk.

/tara,

down,

8,

pi.
is

form from
',

Heb. root qdtsd

bark
cut
off.

qetsl 'oh, cassia-bark. to cut away ; because the

thoroughly.

Cassimere
Cassock,
casaqtte.

sec

Cashmere.
(F.
Ital.)

a vestment.

F.

Ital. casacca,

an outer coat.
(Malay.)

Of
First

uncertain origin.

(Gk.) Gk. Karaa dashing over, flood. Gk. fcard, down ; /t\v(iv t to dash, \\ "'sh, as waves. Catacomb. (Ital. - L.) Ital. catacomba y a sepulchral vault. Late L. catacumbas ; of which the sense and origin are

Cataclysm, deluge.

K\vfffji6s }

brought from Java.

Cassowary,
Cast.
;

a bird.

unknown.
a stage or platform, used at funerals. (F. F. Ital.) Ital. catafalco j of unknown catafalque. See Scaffold. origin.

Malay kasuwdri.
;

Catafalque,

Icel. kasta, to throw ^Scand.) Swed. kasta Dan. kaste. Der. re-cast. Castanets, instruments used for

chiefly

making a snapping
L.
ers,

Gk.)

noi^e. (F. Span. F. castagnettes, 'finger-knack-

Catalepsy,
Formeily

a sudden seizure.

catalepsis.

Gk.
/card,

/ca-r d\iji//is t

(Gk.) a
Aa/i-

noise in
tanetas,

wherewith players make a pretty some dances;' Cot. Span, tascastanets

;

grasping, seizing. j8avtv, to seize.

Gk.

down;

pi.

of castafieta,

snapping noise resembling the cracking of roasted chestnuts. Span, castafta, a chestnut.

Lat.

Cik. KOLGTOLVOV

castanea, the chestnut-tree. see Chestnut. ;

Caste, a breed, race. (Pott.-L.) * casta, a race, orig. a pure' breed ; a

Port

given by the Port, to classes of India. Port, casta, fern, of casto, pure. L. castus, pure, chaste. (Yule). Castigate. (L.) L. castigates, pp. of Cataplasm, a poultice. (F.-L.lit. to keep pure.' casttgdre, to chasten Gk.) F. cataplasme. \.j catapla$WQ.*~ L. castus, chaste. Doublet, chastise. Gk. /car<iirAo(rfia, a plaster, poultice. Gk. A. S. casteL - L. casCastle. (L.) Gk. tcard, dffacit', to spread over.
; ' ;
t

name men m

Catalogue. (F.-Gk.) F. catalogue.* Late Lat. ace. catalogum, Gk. aTaAo7oj, a counting up, em olment. Gk. /rara, fully ; see Logic. \7fti/, to say, tell Catamaran, a sort of raft. (Tamil.) In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ed. 1859, the p. 289, we have 'katwaran, a inft woid is orig. Tamil, and means tied logs.'** Tamil /fott//, binding maraw, wood
;
.
.

79

CATAPULT
fully
;

CATTLE
mould
;

and

ir\daff(iv t

to

see

accipere,

to

receive,

also

to

buy;

see

Plaster.

Accept and Gates.

(Late

Catapult.

L.-Gk.)

Late L.

catapulta, an engine for throwing stones. Gk. Karaw{\Tr)s, the same. Gk. Kara, down ; iraAA*, to swing, hurl.

Cateran, a Highland robber. (Gael.) Low L. cateranus, answering to Gael. cf. common people ceathaime, lit.
'

'

Cataract.
Gen.
vii.

(L.

Gk.)

L.

ll.
;

Gk.

KaTafifiditrrjs,

cataracta, as sb., a

ceathairne-choille, s. pi., freebooters, outlaws. From Irish cethern* ceithern, a

tioop,

band;

cf.

L. catenta, a band of
(ed. friends so If so, together.'
vb.,

as adj., broken, rushing down. Prob. allied to Kara f>pf}y /, I break down ; the 2 aor. /caTffifidyrjv was used of the rushing clown of waterfalls and Gk. /card, down storms. I firjyvvfJit, break.

waterfall

w
;

men.

See Kern.

Catercousin. (F.-L.)
1876) has
'
:

Nares

Cater-cousins ,

familiar that they cat the word is from cater,

and

cousin

Catarrh.
catarrhe.

(F.

Late L.
L.

Gk.)

F.

Late

catarrhus.

Gk.
;

Caterpillar. (F.-L.) Adapted from O. F. chalepehse, a caterpillar (Godefroy);

the latter half of the

tfara/5/5ooy, a flowing down (of rheum), a cold in the head. Gk. /card, down and
/Jcctv,

word was assimilated

to flow.
KaTaffTpo<f>rj t

(Gk.) Gk. an overturning, sudden turn.

Catastrophe.
;

Gk.

/card,

to piUct'i one who pills , or robs or spoils. O. F. chatepelose is lit. 'hairy she-cat.' O. F. chatc, fern, of chat, cat ; pelosc, L. catus, cat ; pilosus, hairy, from hairy.

down

orpi<f>*tv,

to turn.

pilus, a hair.

Catch.

(F.-L.)

O. Picard cachier,
;

Caterwaul.
coined from
cat,

(E.)

variant of O. F. chacier, to hunt, chase hence, to catch. It answers to Ital. cacciare, Late L. *captiare, extended form of L. captdre, to catch. L. captus, pp. of

M. E. fatenvawen\ and waivcn, to make a

L.)

wailing noise.

Cates,
;

provisions. (F.

So

called

even find M. Du. ^f capere, to seize, kaetsen, to catch, borrowed from Picard cockier. The M. E. pt. t. caitjte imitated
of M. E. lacchen, to catch. Doublet, chase (i). Catechise. (L. Gk.) Late L. catechizare, Gk. KCLTIJXI&W, to catechise, instruct ; lengthened form of Karrjx^f^t to din into one's ears, lit. 'to din down.'
fauj/e, pt.
t.

We

because provided by the catour^ mod. E. * cater-er see Cater. Cater, a steward, a provider of cates\* Baret (1580).
purging. (Gk.) Gk. ica$apGk. ifa0ai'/>cii>,to cleanse, purgative. Gk. icaOapos, pure. purge. Cathedral. (L. - Gk.) L. cathedralis ecclcsia cathedral church, or one which has a bishop's throne. Late L. Gk. /rafa'fya, a seat. cathedra, a throne.

Cathartic,

ritfos,

'z.

down %x f * v > to sound ; cf. & ringing in the ears ; see Echo. Category, a cla^s. (Gk.) Gk. tcarrjbut in logic, a preyopia, an accusation Gk. Karrjyopfiv, to dicament or class.
Gk.
KOLT-d,
;

Gk.

/caO-,

for /card,

down
(

and
N

i}x

seat, chair, see Sit.

from t(o^ai
(L.

= 48-^o/iat

(Spa, a
,

I sit;

Catholic.
(Tertullian.)

Gk.)

L. catholuus

Gk. xaOoKiKos, universal. Gk. KaOoK-ov, adv., on the whole, in accuse. Gk. Kar~d, down, against; *<ryoGk. icaO-, for icard, according /xtV, with the sense of dyopcvew, to declaim, general. address an assembly, from dyopd, an to and o\ov, gen. of oAos, \vhole.
;

assembly.

Catkin.
;

(I^u.)

loose

spike

of

belonging to a chain used of the curve in which a chain hangs. (L.) From L. catena, a chain see Chain.

Catenary,

flowers,

named from its i>oft downy apM. Du. kattckcn, 'a kitling,* pearance. Hexham. (It also meant 'catkin'; cf.
F. chattons in Cot.)

L) Cater, to buy provisions. (F. Formed as a verb from M. E. catour, a of provisions (whom we should now buyer
call

Dimin. of Du. kat, a

cat (M.

hi

katte}.

Catoptric,

relating to optical icflec-

Catour is shoit for tion. (Gk.) Gk. Karo-nrpiK^, reflexive. Gk. tcar-& t acatour, formed from acat, a buying, pur- Gk. Karoirrpov, a mirror. O. F. acat (mod. down, inward cir-To^m, I see, with suffix chase, Ch. prol. 571. F. achaC), a buying. Folk-L. acaptum^ a -rpot', of the instrument. Cattle. (F. L.) M.E. catel, property ; purchase; for accaptum.-* Folk-L. accaptare t to purchase (A. D. 1060), frequent, of hence, live stock, cattle. O. Noith F.
a
cater-er}.
;

80

CAUCUS
Late L. capitate, capital, property catd. see Capital (2) and Chattels. Caucus, a name applied to certain
;

CEIL, CIEL
cauere, to beware.

Brugm.
lier,

i.

635.
(F.

Cf. Skt. kavi(s\ wise. Der. pre-caution.

Ital.

(American Indian?) Said to be from an Algonkin word meaning to speak, to counsel, whence kaw-kaivTheir elders, called asu, a counsellor. cawcaivwassoughcs'j Capt. Smith's Works, ed. Arber, p. 347. Caucorouse, which is ^f This is moie captaine;' id. p. 377.
political meetings.
*

F. cavaL.) Hal. cavaliere, the same. L. caballarium, ace. of caballarius^ the same. L. caballus, a horse. See

Cavalier.
a

horseman.

Chevalier.

likely than the entirely unsupported story about caulkers' meetings

Caudal,
cauda, the

belonging to the
a

tail.

(L.)

L.

- Itai. - L.) F. cavahaia, a tioop of horsemen; orig. fern, of pp. of cavahare, to ride. L. caItal. cavallo, a horse. ballum, ace. of caballus, a horse. - Ital. - L.) O. F. cavalry. (F.
cavalcade.
(F.

cavalcade.

Ital.

tail.

cavalier ie.
drink.

Ital.

Caudle,
warm

waim
O. F.

(F.

L.)

O.

Ital. cavaliere,

a knight

cavalleria, cavalry. see Cavalier. ;

North F. caudd, O. F. chaudel, a

drink.

sort of

Cave. (F.-L.)
(ave, a cave

M. E. caue.-Q.

F.

chattel, chald, hot.

Folk-L. cava, a cave.

L.

Der. cav-ity\ cauus, hollow. (^KEU.) cav-ern (F. caverne, L. lauerna}. Cave in. (M. Du.) Properly to calve in, a phrase introduced by Da. navvies. Cf. W. Flanders inkalven, to Cauldron ; see Caldron. Cauliflower. (F. L.) Formerly cave in E. Friesic kalfen, to calve as a From M. PZ. col (O F. col}, a cow, whence halfen /, to ca\e in. The colyjlory. cabbage ; and flory, from O. F. Jlori, falling portion of earth is compared to a The calf dropped by a cow. Confused with fieuri, pp. of Jleurir, to flourish. O. F. col is from L. ace. cauleni, from cave, a hollow. caulis^ a cabbage andyfc/7> is from L. Caveat, a caution. (L.) L. caueat, L. cauere, to beware. fiorere, to flourish. See Cole and Flourish. lit. let him beware. - ],) M. E. Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. \F. Caulk, Calk. (F. Ital. F. caviar. cauken, to tread hence, to squeeze in (as Ital.) ivtaro\ whence oakum into a ship's seams). O. F. can- also Turk, khavyar, caviare. Cavil. (F.-L.) O. F. caviller. -L. quo, to tread; to tent a wound with lint. L. cakdre, to tieacl, force down by cauilldri, to banter hence, to wrangle, L. talc-, stem of calx, the heel. L. cauilla, a jeering, cavilpressure. object to. Cause. (F. L ) F. cause. - L. causa, ling. a cause. Der. cause, vb. caussa, Caw. (E.) An imitation of the cry of Causeway, a paved way, raised way. the crow or daw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan. L. auaE.) Formerly caus-ey-way ; kaa a jackdaw : which are imitative. (F. by adding way to M. E. cause, causie, Cayman, an American alligator. (CaL. calduSj for calidus, hot. Caul, a net, covering, esp. for the head. O. F. cale, 'a kind of little cap ; (F.) Cot. Origin unknown.
'
;

cazisey.

chausse'e,

Q. North F. caucie (mod. F Prov. causada, Span, calzada}.

ribbean.)

cayman
(Littre).

is

Spanish.

The spelling Also caiman. Caribbean aiayiiman

Late L. calcidta, for calcidta ma, a paved way. Late L. cakiatus, pp. of cakidrc, to make a roadway by treading it down from L. cakdre, to tread. L. calc-, stem of calx, heel see Caulk.
;

Cease. (F. L.) F.f&rttr. L. cessare^ to loiter, go slowly, cease ; frequent, of cedere (pp. cessus^, to yield, go away,

Caustic.

(L.

Gk

L. caustitus.

Gk. /caverns*, burning. Gk. Kavaros, burnt. Gk. tcaiciv (fut. tfavaca), to burn. cauterise. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F.
cauteriset\
\A,\.t

gCedar,
cedre.

a tree. L. cedrus.

(F.

- L. - Gk.)

O. F.

Cede.
L.

L. cautenzdre, to sear.
sear.

cedere^,

Ceil,

(L.) to go, to come, to yield. Ciel, to line the inner roof or

Gli. K*t>pos. late word (A. D. 1633).

Gk. Kavrrjptafav, to
ptov,

branding-iron.

burn (above).

Caution. (F.-L.)
ace. cautionem, heed.

Hence the walls of a room. (F.-L.) Gk. Kaitiv, to sb. ceil-ing or ciel-ing. M. E. ceekn> to a canopy. ceil ; from the sb. syle or cyll, F. caution. - L. F. del, a canopy the same word as V7, L. cant us, pp. of heaven. [Cf. Ital. cido, heaven, a canopy, 81
Gk.
Kavrr);

CELANDINE
a cieling.]L. catum, heaven, fl Not to be confused with E. sill, nor with seal nor with seel (F. siller] nor with L. celdre, to hide. The L. calare, to emboss, seems to have had some influence on the word, but did not originate it cf. M. 1. celure, a canopy. Late L. ccelatura. Celandine, a plant (F.-Gk.) O.K. celidoine Late L. celidonia. - L. c heliJ/iOV swallow-wort. donia. - Gk. x f ^ Gk. x t ^ ft v ~> stem of x ^ l y t a swallow.
;
\

CENTAUR
Allied to pass., to fall asleep. down. lie down ; Skt. f/, to lie
Kftfjtat t

(Jerome). Gk. icoivo&tw, L. c&nobium, a convent. a convent. Gk. KOIVO&IOS, living socially.
(social) fraternity

Cenobite. member of a
Gk.

(L.

Gk.)

L. c&nobita,

icoiv6-s,

common

Cenotaph.
cenotaphe. T&QIOV, an

L. O. F. Gk.) (F. L. cenotaj>hium. (jk. Ktvo-

jStosr, life.

empty tomb.
a tomb.

Gk.

Kev6-s,

empty;

r(ty-o?,

(The n

is intrusive.

Celebrate.

(L)

of celebrare, to honour. L. celeber, frequented, populous. Celerity. (F.-L.) F. r^v/^.-L. L. celer, quick ace. celentattm, speed. Cf. Gk. WAqs, a runner; Brugm. i. 63?,. Celery. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ctleri, introduced from the Piedmontese Ital. sclleri for Ital. selini, pi. of selino, parsley. L. seltnon, parsley. Gk, attuvov, a kind of parsley.
;

celebratus, pp. frequent, to solemnise,

L.

Censer. (F. L.) M. E. cemer. shortO. F. ccnsier, senscr (Godefroy) ened from C). F. encensier.~\Ate L. inalso incensorium (whence censarium, L. mcensutn, inmod. F. cncensoir}. cense from pp. of inccndere, to kindle. See Incense.
;
;

Censor. (L.) assessor, critic.

L. censor, a taxer, valuer, L. censete, to give an

)

opinion, appraise. 4*Skt fams, to praise. L. F. censure. censure. (F. L. L. censere censura, opinion. orig.
(above).

Celestial.
L. c&lesti-s, heaven.

(F.-L.)
heavenly.

O.F.
L.

celestieL

ccelum,

Celibate.
'

(L.)
' ;

a single

life

it

and again a
single.

sb.,

The orig. sense was was afterwards an adj., meaning one who is
*

L. census, a register(L.) L, centre (above). Cent, a hundred, as in per cent. (L.) In America, the hundiedth part of a
ing.

Census.

dollar.

L.

centum,
(L.)

hundred

see

L. cahlhitus, sb. celibacy, single L. calib*, stem of Calebs, single, unlife. married. Der. celibacy (for *cahbatia). M. E cclU. - L. cella, Cell. (L.) small room, hut. Cf. celdre, to hide.

Hundred.
relating

L. centcndrius, L. centenus, a hundred (usu. distributively). L. centum.

centenary.
to

a hundred.

centennial. (L)
relating to a century dred ; ann-us t a year.

See

(-/KEL ) Cellar. (F.-L ) M. F.

(2).

Helm

Coined to mean L. ccnt-um, hunL. centesim-us r

celer.

A. F.

celer \

O. F.

celier.

L. cellarium, a cellar.

Centesimal.
hundredth

-L. cella (above). Celt (i), a name originally From L. pi Gauls. (C.)
Celts
riors
* ;
;

(L.) cent- ui,

(L.)

given to the Celta, the

'

centigrade.
hundred hundred
cfegreeb.
;

hundred. Divided into

;

the
cf.

word probably meant

A.
S.

Lith. kalti, to

hild, strike

Icei.

hildr,

warwai

centum ^ see Grade. gtad-us^ a degree centipede, centiped. (F.-L.) F.

ccnti-, for

pcr-cellere^

to

centipede
(lit.

btrike through, beat

down

(Rhys).

Celt (2), a primitive chisel or axe. (Late L.) Late L. celtis, assumed nom. of the abl. celte (-with a chu>el), in the Vulgate Version of Job xix. 24. But this
reading is due to some error, and there seems to be no such word in Latin.

L. cfntipcaa, a many-footed L ctnti-, for hundred -looted) insect centum, hundred; and ped-, stem of /<?.$,
foot.

Centuple.
ccntuplic-}, a

T- centuplcx (stem (!-") L. cent it -m y hundredfold.

fold.

hundred

plic-an, to
iL.)

centurion.

Cement.

(F.-L.)

O Tt.dmwt;

L. c<p>nentitm, rubble, chippings of stone hence, cement. Perhaps tor *cadmentum, from ccedcre, to cut (Biugm. i. 587).

ncm, a captain of a hundred. (below)

L. ace centwioL. centnria

terium.

Late L cameGk. fcoi^r-fiptov, a sleeping-place, cemetery. Gk. Koip&w, I lull to sleep in

Cemetery. (L.~Gk.)

L. ccntuna, a body of a hundred men ; L. centu-m^ number of one hundred.

Century.

(F.

L)

Y.cfntmie.**

hundred

Centaur.

(L,

Gk.)

L.

Centawus.

82

CENTAURY

CHAIR
;

Gk. KtvravpoSy a centaur, a creature half i Hen. IV. ii. i. 8. Orig. a tax, rate, man and half horse; which some have com- rating, assessment see Spenser, State of Ireland, Globe ed., p. 643, col. 2. For pared with Skt. gandharvas, a demi-god. centaury, a plant (L.-Gk.) L sess; from sess, verb, to rate; which is Gk, Ki'ravptcv, centaury a short for Assess. centaurea. Cessation. (F.-L.) F. cessation. plant named from the Centaur Chiron.
;

Centenary ? Centennial, Centuple,

F. centre. L. centrum. Gk. Ktvrpw, a Gk. **>T&W, spike, goad, prick, centre.
I

Centurion, &c. see Cent. Centre, Center. (F.- L.-Gk.)

;

L. ace. cessationem, a ceasing, ttiS) pp. of cessare, to cease.

(below).

L. cessaL. cessus

ace. cessionem,

goad

on.

Cf.

W.

cethr,

a spike.
centre

F. cession. - L. L. cessits, pp. of cedere, to yield, to cede.

Cession.

(F.

L.)

a yielding.

centrifugal, %ing from a

(L.)
;

L. centri-^ for ccnt)0~, stem of centrum andfug-ere, to fly. centripetal, tending towards a centre. (L.) L. centn- (above); pet-ere,
to seek.

Cess-pool.

(Hybrid.)

Most probably
;

Cf. equiv. to (se)cess-pool; see N. E. D. Ital. cesso, a privy (Torriano) which is a shortened form of seccsso, a retreat. L. secessus, ' the draught ; Matt. xv. 1 7
'

(Vulgate).
relating to pottery.

Ceramic,
earth.

(Gk.)

Gk./cc^ajuttf-os, adj.

Gk.

Cetaceous,
Gk.)
L.
cettts.

of the

whale kind. (L.

a sea-monster.

Cf. xcpavvvfu Cere, to coat with

tcpa(jt-os, potter's (fut tf/>a<ro>), I mix.

Gk.

Krjros,

cerdre, to

wax

L. wax. (L.) L. cera, wax.-f-Gk. tcypos,

Ch.
a vthite wine. (F.) From mi. E. of Auxerre, in the department of Yonne, France. Chafe, to warm by friction, vex. (F. M. E. chaufen^ to warm. O. F. L.) chaufer (F. chatt/er), to warm ; cf. Prov. Late L. *calefare, to calfar, to warm. warm for L. calefacere, *o warm, make to glow. L. ca/e-re, to glow; facere, to

wax.

Chablis,
1 2

Cerecloth.
cloth.

(L.

and E.)

Lit. a

waxed
with

Chablis^

cerement.
suffix

'L.)

From

cere\

-ment (L. -mentuni}. O. F. ceruse, white lead (F.-L.) ceruse. L. cerussa, white lead. L. cera wax.
(L.) relating to corn. ccrcdhs. 1u. ceres, corn. Cerebral, relating to the brain. From L. cerebr-um, the brain. Cf. xApa, the head. Brugm. i. 619.

Cereal,

L.

make.

(L ) Gk.

Chafer, Cockchafer.
cefer (also ceafor]
,

(E.)

A.S.

kever\
cere-

a kind of beetle. -J-Du.

kafer.

Cerecloth,

Cerement
-

see Gere.

mome.<Y.
ceremony,

Ceremony.
rite.

(F. L.) L. rfrfrnom'e.

M. E

Chaff. (E.) A. S. ceaf, later chaf, husk of gram +Du. kaf\ Low G. kaff. % The
verb to ihaff^io chafe, i. chaff-wax^ for chafe-wax.
\

carimoma,

e.

vex.

So

also

O. Certain. (F. L.) certain L. cerf-us, sure; -anus. Allied to L. cernere, nate Gk. Kpivtiv, to separate,
;

F. cettein, chaffinch, a bird. (E.) with suffix finch it fiequents barn-doors. The verb to discrimiChaffer. (E.)
decide.

I.e. chaffis

from the

certify. (F.-L.) M. E. ccrtifien.F. certtfier. Late L. certificare, to make sure. L. certi-, for cerfo-^ stem of artus and -fic~, forfac-ere, to make. (above) Cerulean, azure. (L.) L. caruleus, c&rulus, blue; for *caluleus> *c(?lulus, from
;

E. sb. chapfare^ also chaffare, a bargaining. ** A. S. cccipi a bargain, and foru, a journey, also business ; see Cheap and

M.

Fare.
F. chagrin, melancholy. [Diez identifies it witn F. chagrin^ shagreen ; but wrongly.] Chain. (F. L.) O. F. chaine^ ckatou. L. catena, a chain. Chair. (F.-L. Gk.) M. E. cbaire,
(F.)

Chaffinch Chagrin.

see Chaff:

calum^ sky.

Brugm.

i.
;

483.

see Cere. Cervical, belonging to the neck. (L.) From L. certth-, stem of certtix, neck. Cervine, relating to a hait. (L.) L. L. ceru-u$> a hart ; see Hart. ferufn-us.

Ceruse,

white-lead

chaere.
>

Cess,

limit, measure.

(F.

L.)

In

F. chaitre, chatre.L* cathe* a throne, raised seat, chair. Gk. - Gk. *o0-, for *ar<4, down; , a seat.

CHAISE
5(5pa,

CHAP
(

I sit

a seat, from c^o/icu see Cathedral, Sit.

named from Champagne

means
'

in

France, which

a plain

'

see below.

Chaise, a light carriage. (F. L.Gk.) F. chaise, a chair, also, a chaise ; a Parisian modification of F. chaire, a pulpit, orig. a seat. Chalcedony, a kind of quartz. (L. Gk.) L. chaL'edonius , Rev. xxi. 19. Gk.
Xa\Krj^wv t Rev. xxi. 19. Chaldron, a coal- measure. (F. O. F. chaldion, orig. a caldron;
L.) see

Champaign, open country. (F.-L.) In Sh. F. champaigite, of which the Picard

form was campaigjie
;

see

Campaign.
Skt.

Champak,
Champion.
pion.
1

a tree.

(Skt.)

cham-

paka> the champak.

(F.-L.)

O.Y.cAam-

L. campionem, ace. of campio, a combatant (Isidore). L. campus, a place for military exercise; a peculiar use of
field.

Caldron.

campus, a
;

See

Chalice,
cup.

O. F. cahce.

a cup. (F. L.) A. F. chalice L. calicem, ace. of calix, a Allied to calyx y but not the same
(L.)

Chance,

hap. (F.

- L.) M. E. chcaunce.

Camp.

O. F. cheance, chaancc. Late L. cadenL. cadere> to fall, tia, a falling, a chance.

word.

M. E. chalk. - A. S. ccah L. calc-, stem of calx, lime. (Southern). Challenge. (F. L.) M. E. chalenge, calenge, often in the sense 'a claim.' A. F. chalenge, O. F. chalonge, calcnge, a L. calumdispute, claim ; an accusation. see Calumny. m'a, false accusation Used of Gk.) Chalybeate. (L.

Chalk.

happen; see Cadence. Chancel. (F.-L.) So called because orig. fenced off by a latticed screen. O. F. chancel, an enclosure fenced off with an open screen. Late L. cancelIus, a
chancel, screen
see
;

L. cancclli, pi. a grating;

,

Cancel.
F. chance-

Her.

water containing
chalyb-s, steel.
;

iron.

Coined from L.
\a.\vfi-},

p. Late L. ace. cancelldrinm, a chancellor orig. an officer who stood near the
;

Chancellor. (F.-L.)

Gk. \a\v\^ (stem

named from the Chalybes, a people steel of Pontus, who made it. Chamber. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. cham
L. camera, camara, bre\ Prov. camlra. a vault, vaulted room, room. Gk. Kapapa, a vaulted place. - O. G. - L. chamberlain. ( F. Gk.) F. chamberlain, O. F. ch a nib) -dene.

screen before the judgment-seat. L. cansee Chancel, Cancel. celll, a grating onchancchy. Chancery. (F. L.)
;

M E
.

cham elerie.
;

O.K.

chancellerie.

Late L. cancel/ana, the record-room of a

cancellarius
lier,

see

Chancellor.

Chandelier. (F.-L.^ O.F.

a
candle-holder.
Idrius,

m.

cf.

chandeLate L. candecandeldna, a candle-stick.

O. H. G. chamerhm, M. H. G. kamerlinc, one who has the care of rooms; formed with suffix -l-tnc (the same as *>-/-/;/>, from L. camera (above).

L. candela; see Candle.

Chandler. (F.-L.) O.F. chandelier,

a
chandler.

Late

candle-seller.

L. candelarius, a L. candcla see Candle.

;

Chameleon.
;

(L.-Gk.^

L chame-

leon. Gk. xanat-ktuv, lit. a ground-lion, dwarf-lion a kind of lizaid. Gk. x a /*ai on the ground (also dwarf, in comp.) ; and AtW, lion. Cf. L. humi, on the ground. Chamomile. (Late L. -Gk.) Late

Der. corn-chandler, where chandler merely means seller, dealer. Change, vb. (F. L.) O. F. changer, ^^te L. camlndre, to change changicr. (Lex Salica). L. camlire* lo exchange. Cf. Late L. cambium, exchnnge whence
;

L. camomilla (chamomiUa\ Gk. xapaiM\ov lit. ground-apple, from the applelike smell of the flower. Gk. xap.ai-, on
t

F. change, E. change, sb.

Channel.
canel.
;

(I

4 .

L)

ME.
.

chanel,

pij\ov, apple. F. chamois G.) borrowed from some Swiss dialectal form; cf. Piedmontese camossa. M. H. G. gamz (for *gamuz), a chamois (G. gemse}.
;

the ground (see above)

Chamois.

(F.

O. F. chancl, cancl^ a canal. L. ace. candlem see Canal. Chant. (F.-L.) F chanter, vb - L.
.

cantdre, to sing
sing.

frequent, of canere, to

Der. chant-ry, M.E. chauntcne,

L.

cham
jam,

Champ,

to eat noisily. (E.) Formerly or chamm ; of imitative origin, like to crush. Cf. Swed. dial, kamsa, to
difficulty.

chew with

Champagne.

(F.

L.)

wine

(.antdria*, chanli-deer, M.E. chaunte-cleer, clear-singing. Chaos. (Gk.) L. chaos, Lat. spelling of Gk. \aos, chaos, abyss, lit a cleft. Cf. Gk. xaaKtw, to gape. See Chasm. M. E, (i), to cleave, ciack. (E.)

Late

Chap

CHAP
chappen, to cut; hence, to gape open like a wound made by a cut. E. Fries, happen, to cut ; not found in A. S.-f-M. Du. happen, to cut ; Swed. kappa, Dan. kappe, to cut ; G. happen, to cut, lop. See Chop (i).

CHASE
mark.

Character. (L.-Gk.) L. character. -Gk. xa />a*T^an engraved or stamped

Gk.
xapaacrtiv, to furrow, scratch,

engrave.

Charade.
introduced

Chap

(2)

see

Chapman.
O. F. ehapele.St.

(F.

- Prov.)

F. charade,
(Supp.

Chapel.
Martin

(F.-L.)

Late L. cappella,

orig. a shrine in

long talk,

from Provengal charrada> a from charra, to chatter

which to

was preserved the capa or cope of

cape, hooded cloak; see
;

(Brachet).-Late L. capa, cappa,

Littre) ; cf. Languedoc charrade, idle talk. Cf. also Span, chart ada, speech or

Cape

(i).

action of a clown, from Span, charro, a clown, peasant.

Chaperon. (F.-L.) F. chaperon, a protector orig. a kind of hood.- F. chape, a cope. Late L. capa as above. Chapiter, the capital of a column. (F. L.) O. F. chapitre, usually a chapter of a book, but representing L. capitutum,
\

Charcoal. (E.) From char and coal; but the sense of char remains unknown
some
if

refer it to M. E. cherren, to turn (as to turn to coal), but there is no proof

this.

of

See char

(2).

which
*

meant
.

'

chapiter

as

well
chapelet.

Charge.
load.

(F.-C.)

F. charger, to

as

chapter.*

See Chapter.

Chaplet
;

(F.-L.

M. E.

O. F. chapelet, a head-dress, wreath. O. F. chapel, head-dress. - O. F. chape, a cope see Chaperon.

Late L. carricare, to load a car. L. carrtts, a car, a Gaulish word; see Cark, Car. Der. charg-er, a dish or hoise, because carrying a burden.

Chariot.
;

(F.

C.)

Chapman,
familiar chap
is

merchant.

(E.)

The

mentative of F. char, a car. car see Car.

F. chariot, augL. carrtts, a

A.

S.

merely short iof chapman. ceapman, a merchant. A. S. ccap,

price, barter (see

Cheap)

and man, man

the jaws. (E.) late word, of unknown origin ; possibly from Chap (i). ^f Perhaps suggested by North E. c hafts or chaffs, jaws (Cleveland

Chaps, Chops,

O.F. charitet.L. ace. cdritatem, love. L. carus, dear. Brugm. i. 637. fl" Not allied to Gk.

Charity. (F.-L.)

Gloss.).- Icel. kjaptr (pt pron. as //), the Swed. kaft, Dan. kiaft, jaw. ; Chapter, a division of a book, synod of clergy. (F. - L.) M. E. chapitre, in both senses. F. chapitre, variant of an older form chapitle. L. capitulum, a chapter of a book (little head) ; also, in Late L., a synod; dimin. of caput, a head. Char (i), a turn of work. (E.) Also chare, chore, chewrc ; M. E. cher, char, orig. a turn, hence, a space of time, turn of work, &c. - A. S. cerr (below). Hence, char-woman, a woman who does a turn of work. See Ajar. char (2), usually chare, to do a turn of work. (E ) M. E. cherrcn, charA. S. cert an, to turn. ren, to turn A. S. cerr (cierr, cyrr], a turn. sense [[ The ' * burn is later than the appearance of the

jaw

charlatan. (F.-Ital.) a mountebank, great talker, prattler. -Ital. ciai 'are, to prattle; ciarla, prattle prob. of imitative origin. Charlock, a kind of wild mustard. Pnr,. E. carlock. - A.S. cerlic\ (E.)
.

Charlatan.
Ital.

ciarlatano,

origin

unknown.

L ) M. E. charme, sb. t F. F. chartoe, an enchantment. -L. carmen, a song, enchantment.

Charm,

-O.

Charnel. (F.-L.) Properly an adj. ; containing carcases, as in charnel-house. O. F. charnel, adj. carnal ; as sb. a cemeLate I- carnale, glossed by jlfischns tery.
(flesh-house) Wright-Wulker, Voc. 184. earn all s\ see Carnal. 37. Chart. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. chart*. L. charta, a paper. Gk. \afrn], a leaf
;

sb. char-coal.

Char

(3),

fish.

(C.

Of unknown

origin; perhaps named from its red belly [the W. name is torgoch, red-bellied, from
tor, belly,

- L. - Gk.) M. E. (F. chartre.~ O. F. charge. Late L cartttla, a small paper or document. L. iharta, a see above. paper Chary, careful, cautious. (E ) M. E.
charter.
;

of paper.

Doublet, card

(i

).

chart.

A.S.

cearig, full
carti,

A. S. cectm,
(2) heedful.

and

of care, sad.care.4*Du. karig, G,

(i) sorrowful,

cock,

red, from cear, also blood.

red].-O. Gael, ceara, karg, sparing. Chary meant

Irish
cear,

blood;

red,

Chase

See Care. (0> to hunt

after.

(F.-L.)

CHASE
O. F. Catch.
chase,
charier,
(2), to see.

CHEEK
to

chacert

pursue;

see

Chase

enchase;

short for en
(F.

L. ; in particular, that O. H. G. choufo, a huckster, is from L. caupo, a huckster. But this is now held to be unlikely (Kluge,

which

Franck).

Cheat, to defraud. (F. -L.) Cheat is merely short for escheat cf. M. E. chete, Cas0 (2). an escheat (Prompt. Parv.). The escheaChasm. (L. Gk.) L. chasma, a ters were often cheaters ; hence the verb. Gk. x^^t a yawning cleft. Allied See Escheat. gulf. to x a*K * ll'y to gape see Chaos. Check, a sudden stop, repulse. (F. O. F. chaste. - L. Peis.) M. E. chek, a stop also check Chaste. (K. - L.) see Caste. in playing chess. cast us, chaste The word is due to the - L.) Used in place of game, which is The orig. sense Chasten. (F. very old.
-L.)
F. chdsse, a shrine.
L. capsa, a box
;

Chase

(3), a printer's frame.

see

M. E. chasty or chastien Chastise. (F. - L.)

castigdre,
;

M.

see below. E. chastisen

O. F. chastier. shorter form chastien. L. ' lit. to make pure.' L. cashes, see Castigate. chaste Chasuble, a vestment. (F. L.) F.

Late L. casubula, with the same Late L. casula, a little house L casa, a cottage. hence, a mantle
chasuble.

i. e. mind the king, O. F. eschec, * a danger. check at chess-play,' Cot. Fers. shdh,& king, king at chess ; whence shah-mat, the king is dead,' from check-mate, lit. Aiab. mat, he is dead. Similarly we have F. 4chec t a check, repulse, defeat, pi. tehees,

of check the king

was
is

'

king

'

in

'

sense as

Chat, Chatter. (E.) M. E chateren, also chiteren,\a chatter, twitter; frequentAn imitative word ative form of chat.
;

chess; Ital. scaao, a square of a chessSee chess board, also a check, defeat. below. <[fl)evic shews that O. F. eschec
represents
for al, the def. art., pron. of Pers. shah

Arab. esh~shag\ where esh is and shag is the Arab,

with with

cf. Du. kwetteren, to warble, chatter, Swed. kvittra, to chirp.

Chateau. (F.-L^

F ch$feau,Q.Y

squares.

checker, chequer, to mark Pers/) To mark (F.

,

chaste I L. castellum, dimm. of cast rum, a fortUied place. Der. castell-an ; also chdtclaine for which see Castle.
;

Chattels,
0. North F.
;

(F.-L.)
property
;

PI.

of

M.E.

chatel, property, also cattle.

cattl,

F. chatel, see Cattle.

Chatter sec Chat. Chaudron, entrails.

1
.

33.

The r
forms

is

F. chaudron, a

Macb. iv (F.) by confusion with caldron. O F. chaudun,

inserted
;

squares like those on a chess-board. M. E. ckekere, a chess- boat d. (Hence 7"he Checkers, an inn-sign F. eschequier, a chess- board, ali>o, an exchequer. Low L. scaccarium, a chess-board. Low L. siacci, chess, pi. of scaccus, from the Arab, form of Peis. shah, king. checkers, chequers, an old name for the game at draughts from ft&ihecker or chess-board ; see above.
chekkei

WO.

older

(Godefroyj.

caudun, caldun, entrails [Cf. G. kaldaunen, entrails

be from

G. kaldtinc, the same ] Late L. calduna, a dish containing entrails (Ducange). Perhaps from L. calidu$, waim (F. chaud).

from Mid.

Low

check-mate. (F. - Pers. and Arab.) From Arab, ^shag-mat, for ihah~mat, the
king
is

dead; see Check.

(F.
check,
Pers.)

Thought

to

cheque.
spelling
of
;

]>edantic

Chaw

see
at a

Chew.

Chaws,
Cheap,
M.E.
sb.

by-form of

Jaws
;

from confusion with exchequer it is really a name given to a draft for money, of which one keeps a
(F. Pers.) Equivalent to checks, i.e. kings; see Check above. O. F. esches, chess;
*f[

see

Jaw.
(E.)

low price

ong. a

sb.

memorandum or counter-check. chess, the game of the kings.

cliep, cheep, barter, price; always a Hence, good cheap, in a good market whence E. cheap, used (F. ban marcht} as an adj. A. S. ceap, price whence the
;
;

really the pi. of eschec, check, ong. Fiom Pers. shdh y a king, were

king.*

formed

verb ceapian, to cheapen, buy. So also Du. koop, a bargain, koopen, to buy; G. kauf, purchase, kaufcn, to buy; Icel.&aup, Swed. kop, Dan. kiob, a purchase Goth.
;

O. F.

eschec, F. tehee, E. check, Ital. scacco, Span. xaque,jaque, Port, xaque, G. schach,

Du. schaak, Dan. skak,

Low

kaupon (weak

vb.),

to

traffic.

[[Some

say that these words are borrowed from

Swed. schack, Lat. Indus scaccorum = game oif checks, or of kings. Cheek. (E.) M. E. cheke, cheokc. O.

86

CHEER
A. S. ceace, cheek. f Dti. cece, kaak y jaw, cheek Swed. kak, jaw.
Merc,
;
'

CHICORY
E. chestein. O.'F. chastaignt (F. L. castanca, chestnut-tree. chcttaigne}, Gk. KOLffravov, a chestnut. Chestnuts are said to have been called Katrrava, or K&pva .aravaia, from Rao-rava, Castana, the name of a city in Pontus where they abounded but more probably from Arm en. kaskeui, a chestnut -tiee, from kask, a chestnut (Klnge). Cheval-de-frise, an obstruction with Lit. hoi se of Friesland,' a spikes. (F.) jocular name; the pi. chevaux^de-Fiise is commoner. See below. Chevalier. (F.-L.) F. chevalier, a horseman. F chcval, a horse. L. caballum, ace. of caballus, a horse. Cheveril, kid leather. fF.-L.) O. F. Dimin. of chcvrele, fern., a little kd. O.F. chevre, F. chevre, a goat, kid. L. caprant, ace. of capra, a she-goat.
in
; '

M.

the mien

M. E. chere, orig. L.) * to be of good cheer? hence, O. F. chere, the face. Late L. cara, face. (Relationship to Gk. fcapa, the head,

Cheer.

(F.

is

doubtful.)

Der.

cheer-ful.

M. E. these. O. Merc. (L.) cese (A. S. f>w, for earlier *ctcse<*ceasi},

Cheese.

with f-mutation prehistoiic A. S. *ftSsi < *casioz. L. caseus, cheese whence other foims (G. kase, T)u. kaas) are borrowed. Sieves, 2nd ed. 75. 2. Cheeta, Cheetah, the hunting leopaid, a leopard used foi the chase. (Hind. Skt chitraka, a Hind. chita. -Skt.) fiom iliitra, spotted, aKo visicheeta See Skt. chit, to perceive. ble, clear.
;
;

Chintz.

Chemise.

(F.

L.)

F.

chemise.

Late L. camisia, a shiit, thin dress; whence O. Irish caimmse, shirt (Stokes).

chevron,

an ordinary, in heraldry,

re-

Chemist, Chymist;
chemist
;

short

for

al-

see

Alchemy.
;

sembling t\\ o rafters of a house. (F. L,) 'Most likely meant to represent the saddlepeak ^ Y.' chevron, a kid, a chevron in
'

Cheque, Chequer Cherish. (l< - L )

.

see

Check.
cherts-,

building,
:?

a rafter;' Cot.
;

Augmentative

O. F.
dear.

stem of pres. F chcr, dear

pt.

of cherir, to hold dear.

L cams,
;

Cheroot,
shitruttiiy

Tamil a cigar. ^Tamil.) a roll hence, a roll of tobacco

(Yule).

L. Gk ) M. E. cheri, a (F. mistake for cheris, the final s being mistaken for the pi. inflexion. O. North F.

Cherry.

form of chevre, a she-goat. L. capra, a Cf. L. caprehe-goat see Caper (i). olits, which likewise means a prop. Chew, Chaw. (E.) M.E. chcwen. A. S. cecnvan, to chew, eat.-f"Du kaauiven\ G. kauen O. G.kntmri Russ.jwa/e.
;

Cf.

also

Icel.

tyggja, tyggw,

to

chew

(Streitbergf).

cherise,
tree.

F. cerise

L. *ceresia,
said to

representing Folk cerams, a cherry;

Chibouk, a Tuikish pij^e. (Turk.) Turk, chibfik, chybitk, a stick, tube, pipe
(Zenker, p. 349).

Gk. Ktpaaos, a cherry-tree

usually

come from

Chicanery.
the

(F.-Pers.^)

F. chtca-

Ccrasos,

in

Pontus

a story which Curtius doubts. Chert, a kind of quartz. (?) Unknown. Cf. Irish ceart, a pebble. Cherub. ^Heb.) The tine pi v&chentbf/w. Heb. k ruv (pi. tftuv /";;/), a mystic
figure.

F. nerie, wrangling, pettifogging; Cot. chicaner, to wrangle; orig, to dispute in

game of the mall or chicane (BrachetX Perhaps from the medieval Gk. r&tc&vtov, a word of Byzantine origin (id.) ; from
Pers. chaitgan, a club, bat.

Chicken.
a plant.

(,E,)

Chervil,
flle.
I;

(L.-Gk.)
pi.

A.S

cer-

to chick

but the

M.

Sometimes shortened E. word is chiken.

-4-

charephylla,

otch&rephyllum,

A.

S. clcen, earlier *ciucin.

<Du. kieken,
;

Gk.
leaf,

xaip4<j>v\\ov , chervil, lit. pleasant Gk. xaip-w, to rejoice; <t>v\\ov,

leaf.

kuiken, a chicken, Low G. kuken cf. G. kuchlein, a chicken, Icel. kjukling, Swed. kyckling\ related to Cock, which shews the

Chess;
Chest.
A.
S. fist.

see

Check.

(L. - Gk.) L. cista.

weak grade

*cuc-

see

Cock

(i).

Sievers,

M.
Gk.

E. cheste, chiste.
Kiarrj,

2nd ed.
Gk.)

165.

a chest,

box (whence G.
Chesnut
is

Chicory,

ktste, &c.).

Chestnut, Chesnut.
short

L. Gk.) (F. for chestnut, which is

a plant, succory. (F. L. L. cichorium.~ Gk. F. chiiorte*

;

which

short for chesten-nut, nut of the chesten, is the old name of the tree, called

also Kt^wfuov, tctx&pn> Kixopia y neut. pi. succory, P. Succory is a comipter form of the word, apparently for stcwry or cichory, from L. cichorium*

CHIDE
Chide. (E.) to chide, brawl
M.E.
pt.

CHIRURGEON
;

hence Chinee in the singular, by a pi. second dropping of se. Chinchilla, a small rodent animal. Chief. (F. - L.) M. E. chef, chief. ' L. t)pe (Span. - L.) Span, chinchilla, lit. a little O.K. chef, chief, the head. L. capnt^ head. bug,' as if from its smell but undeservedly *capum (Ital. capo}. so named. Der. ker-chief, q. v. Span, chinche, a bug. L. dChieftain. (F. L.) Q.Y.chcvetatne. micem, ace. of cimcx, a bug. Late L. capitaneus, capitanus, a captain. Chinchona; the same as Cinchona. L. capit-, from <#/?//, a head. ChinCOngh, whooping-cough. (.E ) Chiffonier, a cupboard. (F.) Lit. a For chink-cough; cf. Scotch kink-cough, A kink is a F. chiffonier, a rag- kink-host (host means cough}. place to put rags in. F. chiffon, aug- catch in the breath, nasalised form of a picker, also a cupboard. base *kik, to gasp. -f-Du. kinkhoest\ M. ment, of chiffe, a rag. Orig. unknown. Chignon. (F. L.) Hair twisted; Dvi.kieckhoest', Swed. kikhosta, chincough, kikna, to gasp G. keichen, to gasp. another spelling of F. chahion, a link. L. caChine. (F.-O.H.G.) O.F.^/;/*(F. F. chatne, O. F. chaine, a chain. O.H.G.Jvfowtf, a a chain. chine\, the back-bone.
chiden. A.S.cTctan,
cidde.
;

t.

tena,

Chilblain.
a
chill.

(E.)

blain caused by

needle, prickle (G. schicne, a splint). For the sense, cf. L. spina, a thorn, spine,

Child. (E)
Tetit.
thei, the

M.E.

child.
;

A.S. did. backbone.

Goth,
kil-

type *ki/f>om, neut.

cf.

Chink
suffixed k,
cleft, rift.

(i),

cleft.

(E.)

Formed with

womb.

A. S. Orig. a sb. Teut. type *ka!iz, sb. ; from *kal-an, to be cold, as in A. S. calcw, to be cold, Icel. kala, to freeze. Du. kilt a chill ; cf. L. gelu, frost. Chime, sb. (F. - L. - Gk ) M. E.

Chill,

celt,

cold. (E.) dele, chilliness.

from the base of M. E. chine, a A.S. cinu, a chink. A.S. cm-,

weak grade of clnan,

to split (strong vb.). a chink, also a germ, kenen, to bud ; cf. G. kcimen, Goth, keinan, to bud. (Germinating seeds make a crack in

4-Du

keen,

the ground

ringing bal. Shortened from O. F. chimbale, dialectal form of O. F. cimbale, a cymbal. L. cymbalum.Gk. KVH&O.KOV see Cymfind M. E. chyme-belle, N.B. bal. which looks like a popular form for cymbal.
;

chitnbe, of which the orig. sense was of a henc; the chime or bal

cymcym-

Chink
;

(2), to jingle.

(E.)
;

An

imitative

word cf. clink, clank and see Chincough. E. Fries, kinken (a strong vb.) M. Dan. kinke.
;

Chintz.
pi.

We

of chint.
it;

(Hindustani Skt.) Yoichints, Hind, chhint, spotted cotton

chintz,

cloth,

Der. chime,

verb.

on

L. a she-goat; also, a fabulous monster, with a goat's body. Gk. xiiwpos, he -goat. Chimney. (F. L. Gk.) F. chemince, *a chimney;' Cot. Late L. camlnata, provided with a chimney; hence, a chimney. Gk. L. caminus, an oven, a fire-place.

Mwwa.

Chimera, Chimara. CL.-Gk.)

Gk.
xtnaipa.,

the variegated patterns Skt. also a spot See Cheeta. <.hitra, variegated, spotted. Chip, vb. (E.^ Related (with a lighter vowel; to hap (i) or chop; as if to cut
chhlt,
i

named from

little

at

a time.
v

Cf.

A.
;

gloss to praccisus to cut.

Lye;

S. for-cyppod, E. Fries, ktppen,

(,Gk.)

Kafiivos, oven, furnace.

Chimpanzee, an ape.
informed that the

(African.)
is

am

with the Gk. \cipo-, from x**/> * ne hand; hand. Cf. chiro-mancy, foiypa(p(ir, to write.
xtipoypatye'iv, to write

From Gk.

Chirography,

handwriting.

who handles (and cures) the feet. Chirp. (E.) \\SQchirrnp. M. E.chirDu. kin, Icel. kinn, Dan. kind, Swed. pen. Also M. E. chtrken, chinnen, to kind Goth, kinnus, the cheek G. ktnn, chirp. The forms chir-p, chir-k, chir-m
one
; ;

tsimpanzee in the neighbourhood of the gulf of Guinea. Chin. (E.) M. E. chin. A. S. cin.^f

name

tune- telling

by the hand;

Jiiro-pod-i$t>

chin

are Irom an imitative base cf. Du.kirren t L. gena, cheek ; Gk. -yivvs, chin to coo. cf. Skt. hanus, jaw. China. (China.) Short for china-ware, Chirnrgeon, the old spelling of surF. chintrgien, L. or ware from China. The name of the geon. (F. Gk.) 4 Cot. - F. chirurgie, sura surgeon people was formerly Chineses\ we have dropped the final s, and use Chinese as a gery. -L. ch7nirgia.~(jk. \ftpovpyia, a
;
;

'

CHISEL
I

CHRIST
;

Cf. Icel. koka, to working with the hands, skill with the quent lengthening. Gk. x et P~> from the gullet. hands, art, surgery. gulp kok, and tpyctv, to work. Choler, the bile, anger. (F. L. - Gk.) v//>, the hand Chisel. (F. - L.) M. E. chisel. - A. F. Anger was supposed to be due to excess of Cf. Late L. bile. M.E. coler. - O.F. colere. - L. cholera, chisel, O. F. tisel (F. ciseau). O. F. cisel bile also cholera, bilious complaint. Gk. ctsellus, scissors (A. D. 1352). answers to Late L. *ciscllum, with the XoXpa, cholera x*4 bile \L\OS, bile, See Gall. sense of L. cisoriuni* a cutting instrument wrath. Cholera. (L. - Gk.) L. cholera, as (Vegetius) ; see Scheler's note to Diez.
;
;

to cut

L. *clsum, for cces-um, supine of cadere, whence also Late L. incisor, a ;

carver, cutter

above.

And see Melancholy. Choose. (E.) M.E. chcsen,

ccosan
etas,

chttscn.

CMt

see Caesura. (i), a pert child. (E.)

;

A. S.

(al?o

cedsari),

to

choose

a whelp, cub, kitten.

(Icel. ketlingr), a female cat.

E. chit, Allied to kit-ling

cf.

M.

(pt. Icel.

t.

ceds). -f I)u.

and to kit-ten]

G.

kitze,

*keus-an-.

Chit (2), a shoot, sprout. (E.) In Holland's Pliny, xui. 4. Perhaps allied to M.E. chithe, a sprout (N.E.D.).-A. S. Cf. Goth, keinan, to ci8, a germ, sprout.
a germ. Chivalry. (F. L.) M. E. chivalrie. QS.chevalerie, horsemanship, knighthood. F. cheval* a horse. Late L. caballum, ace. of caballw, a horse. Chlorine, a pale green gas. (Gk ) Named from its colour. Gk.

Goth, Allied to L. gus-tare, to taste, Gk. 7f<5o/iai, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish. (VGEUS.) See Gust. Briigrn. i. 602. Chop (i), to cut; a later form of
kjosa,

and G. kicsen, kiusan; Teut. type

Chap

(i).

produce a shoot

G.

keitn,

(2), to barter (E.) Piobably a of chap, a verb which seems to ha\e been evolved from the sb. chapman. Chopine, a high-heeled shoe. (F. Span.) In Hamlet, ii. 2. 447 ; lor chapine. O. F. chapin ; later chappin (Cotgrave). Span, chapin, a clog \\ith a cork sole,

Chop

variant

green.

woman's shoe, high cork shoe. Perhaps liom Span, chapa, a thin plate (of metal),
used to strengthen the

chloroform. (Gk. aWL.) The latter element relates tofonnyl wA formic acid, an acid formerly obtained fiom led ants. \*. formica, an ant. Chocolate, a paste made from cacao.
Mex. Span, chocolate. chocolate Clavigero, Hist. Mex. i. 433. ^[ Not allied to cacao, Choice. (F. - Tent ) Not E. M. E. chois. - O. F. chois (F. choix\ - O. F.
(Span.

work
.

it

covers.

Mex.)

chocolatl,

Chord. (L. - Gk.) I chorda. - Gk. XP&I* the string of a musical instrument, orig. a string of gut. Brugm. i. 605. ^f The snrre word as Cord. Chorus. (L. - Gk.) L. chorus, a band of singers. Gk. xP^ J a dance, a band of dancers or singers. See Choir. Dcr.
M.E. Jw$e, (E.) Chough, Not found in S., which has chough. (however) the foims ceo, cio, and the early forms nae> chyae. Somewhat similar forms are seen in Du. kaauiv, Dan. baa, Swed. ka/a, a jackdaw.
chor-al, chor*i-ster. a bird.

Chops

see

Chaps.

choisir,

Teut.
test;

O. North F. coisir, to choose. Goth, kattsjan, to origin.

of kiusan, to choose.

Of
try,

causal

See

Choose.

Choir.

(F.

- L. - Gk.) The
;

choir of a

church is the part where the choir sit. Also spelt quire M.E. qtteir, quer.~ O. F. citer, later choeur, 'the quire of a
church,
a

tioop

of singers;* Cot,

L.

Gk. chorum, ace. of chorus, a choir. Xp6s 9 a dance, a band of danceis or See Chorus. singers.
choken, cheken, only in the derivative aceocung, to translate L. * wninatio, which the globsator hardly seems to have understood, and in the pp. aceocod, ^Elfric,
(E.)

Choke.

M.

E.
\

cheoken.

A.

S. ccocian

N Chouse, to cheat. (Turk. ? To act as a chouse or cheat. Ben Jonson has chtaus in * the sense of a Turk/ with the implied The sense of * cheat*; Alchemist, i. i. allusion is alleged to be to a Turkish chiaus or interpreter, who committed a Turk. chiTush, notorious fiautl in 1609. a sergeant, mace- bearer, Palmer's Pers, Diet. chawush, a sergeant, herald, mesOr (medisenger, Rich. Diet. p. 534.
;

ately) from

M.
;

Ital.

dans.
(L,

Horn.

i.

216

with change from eo to

<?

eo,

Chrism
Christ,

see below.

shortening of

to o in

M.

E.,

and subse-

the anointed one.

Gk.)

CHRISM
A.
S.

CID
(F.

Crist.

Is.

Cfinstus.
t

G
Der.
Christ
;

Chuck
Teut.)
ville).

(i), to strike gently, toss.

anointed.
Christ-ian,

Gk. \plv
;

rub, anoint.

Formerly wiitten chock (TurberF. choquer, to give a shock, jolt. jolt, shake ; allied to E.
t

Christ-en-dom, &c.

(see Mass Christ (.from

mas
i

anti-christ, opponent of Gk. tori, against; see

Du. schokkcn to shock and shake.

John

ii.

8).

chrism,

holy

unction.

(L.

Gk) An
t

Also spelt chrisome, whence chrisomc-child a child wearing a chrisome-cloth, or cloth which a child wore after holy unction cf. ' O. F. cresme, the crisome, or oyle ; ^ Gk. Late L. chrisma, holy oil. an unguent. Gk. XP 10} (as above).
;

(E,) (2), to chuck as a hen Ch. has chuk to eximitative word press the noise made by a cock ; C. 1*.
;

Chuck

Cf. cluck. Dtt.chuck-Ie> to cluck/ a chicken. (3), variety of See above. chick, for chicken. Chuckle. (E.) To chuckle is to lattgh

15180(6.3464).
l

in the sense

Chuck

Gk. xfw!MLrilt ^9
of

Chromatic,

relating to colours. (Gk.) Gk. xP>tAaT ~> stem adj.

;

in

chrome, chromium.
metal
;

xw* a

>

colour

allied to

XP&*

s^ in>

a suppressed way cf. Chuck (2). a log. (E.) Cf. Swed. dial. humping^ a kumpa, to chop into logs
;

Chump,

(Gk,)

its

compounds
(F.

exhibit

beautiful

colours.

Gk. xp^/*-, colour.

Late L. Gk.) M. E. cronicle, with mseited /; also cromke, K. F. cronicle\ O. F. croniquc, cronique. annals. Late L. pi. croniques, chronicles,

Chronicle.

round stick also Icel. kumbr trekumbr, a log of wood, from Icel. kumbr, nasalised form of kubbr, a chopping Der. chump-end^ Icel. kubbct) to chop.
log,
;

i.

e.

thick end.

Church.
A. S.

(Gk.) M. E. chirche, chircche.

;

cirice^ later circe

(cf.

Icel.

kirkja

chronica,
adj.

fern.

sing.

for

neut.

pi.

Gk. xpoviKa, pi., annals. from xP vo *> time.

Gk. Der. chron-u,

xP OVilt " s i

kirchg) Du. kerk}*~ Gk. ttvpiafcov, a church, neut. of /rvpta/i^y, belonging to

G.

the
pi.,

Lord

(as XpOVlKO?}.

or (possibly) from Gk. tevpiaica, Gk. nvpios, treated as a fern. sing.

;

chronology, science of dates. from From xP^ yo ^> time ^7'

<x
j

(Gk.)
Ao*y-os,

a lord, orig mighty. Gk. Kvpos, strength. Cf. Skt. fv7/'<7, a hero.

discourse

see

Logic.
)
;

chronometer, time-measurer. (Gk

From
XP&VO-S, time

pirpw, measure

see

Metre.
insects.

(Gk.) Gk. xP vffo ^' s tne goldcoloured sheath of butterflies, chrysalis. Gk. xP v(f ~** J^old. a flower. (L

Chrysalis,

the form taken

by some

M. E. chtrl, chcorl. A.S. (E.) a man. f'Du. here I, G. kerl Dan. Sw led. karl. Teut. tvpes, *kerloz t *karloz Churn, sb. (E.) A. S. cynn\ older

Churl.

ccorl)

form

chrys&nthexnuniy

Gk.)

L. chrysanthemum

Gk. xP v<f(* v ~

Gk. xP vff ~6*> Otpov, a mangold. avQepov, a bloom, from avfon', to bloom, related to &v#o?, a flower, a bud. L. a yellow stone. (F.

(printed r/rw), Coip. glos. Icel. kirna, Swed. kama, Dan. a churn; cf. O. Swed. kenta, kierne, Swed. kaina, Dan. kierne, to churn, Du. kcrncn^ to churn. Chutney, Chutny, a kind of hot

cirin

1866.

-4-

relish.

(Hind.)

Hind, chatm (Yule).

Chyle, milky
ihy/e.

fluid.

(F.~L.--(;k^
C.ik.

F.

chrysolite,

L. chylus
(

O. F. cnsolite.\j.chrysolithtts, Gk.) Gk. xP vff l&0 *- "" Rev. xxi. 20. Xi'^os, stone. Xpvcro-Sj gold

^
.

Gk x

= xiF m(u )>

P our

chrysoprase.

L.

- Gk

L.

M yso;
,

For(ik.) liquid pulp. (L. L. thy'inus.** Cik. x^/-*^^ merly chymus Gk x e'* ft/ as above. juice.

chyme,

>

Gk. xP v<J v*ixiaos, a frasus, Rev. xxi. 20. Gk. \pv<ru~s, gold yellow-green stone. irpaffov, a (green) leek. Chub, a fish. (K.) Etym. unknown, Cf. Dan. kobbe, a seal, prov. Swed. Kubbi*&

Chymist
|
j
i

see

Alchemist.
Cz.
(

Ci

'

Cicatrice,
\ .

scar.

F
t\\
,

cicatrice.

Norw. kMen, btumpy chubby, fat Swed, kitbl>, a block, log. This does not
,

L ni atruew, ace. Cicerone. Ital.

<

of ch Citi

a scar.

explain the ch

but see
(E.)

Chump.
Lit.
'

Chubby,
cf.

fat

like a chub;'

guide oiig. n Cicero. proper name.

;

Ital. c ice> one> a L.) L. ace. Ciceronem^

prov. Swed. kubbug (above).

Cid,

lit.

a chief or

commander.

(Span.

90

CIDER
Usually a title of Ruy Diaz, the national hero of Spain. - Arab, sayyid, a lord Richardson's Diet. p. 864.
Arab.)
;

CITE
(also

drcuire\ to go round. -L. drcum,

;

round

fre, to

go.

L. Gk. Cider. (F. It Heb.) merely means strong drink. M. E. stctr, ddre\ O. F. cisdre (for *cisre}. cyder.
.

L. Circuin-, prefix, round. (L.) drcum, around, round; orig. ace. of see Circle. Der circumcircus, a circle ambient (see Ambient^ drcum-ambulate
;
;

Gk. aipa, strong drink. Heb. shekdr, strong drink. Heb. shakar,
L. sicera.
to be intoxicated. Cieling ; see Ceil.
.

(see

Amble) and see below. Circumcise. (L.) L. arcumcis-us,

; ;

L. pp. of circtttncidere, to cut round. drcum, round and ccedere^ to cut. circumference. (L.) L. drcumCigar, Segar. (Span.) Span. dgarro\ whence also P cigare. L drcumferentia, boundary of a circle Cinchona, Peruvian bark. (Span.) fercnt-,stem of pres pt. of drcum-ferre, to Named after the Countess of Chinchon, carry round from ferre, to bear. wife of the governor of Peru, cured by it L syllaba drCircumflex. (L.) A. P. 1638. Chinchon is S.E. of Madrid. cuniflexa, a syllable marked with a circumflex (A) or 'bent' mark. L. drcum(Should be chinchona.) Cincture. (L.) L. cmctura, a girdle. flexus, pp. of arcum-flectere, to bend L. dnctus, pp. Qfcmgere, to gnd. round iiomJJectere, to bend. Cinder. (E.) Misspelt for sinder (by circumjacent, lying near. (L.) confusion with F. cendre - L cinerem From stem of pres. part, of circum-iacere,, see Cinerary). A. S. sinder, scoria,' slag, to he around from iacere, to lie. Swed. sinder G. sinter, -f Icel. sindr Circumlocution. (L.) L. drcum; ;
;

dross, whence Du. snitch, cinders. *f[ The A. S. sinder occurs in the 8th century. Cinerary, relating to the ashes of the

locutio,

dead.

(L.)

L. cinerdrtus.

L.

cincr.

stem of cints, dust, ashes of the dead.-f Gk. KOVLS, dust. Der. cineraria, a flov\er named from the ash- coloured down on the
;

a periphrasis. L. circumlocutus, pp. of circum-loqui to speak in a roundabout way from loqui, to speak. L. dnumcircumscribe. (L.) ^nbere, to write or draw around, to limit;
,
;

from scnbere, to write.

Circumspect,
ainispectiis, prudent
tpicet e, to

leaves.

Brugm.

i.

84.

prudent. (L.) L. cirorif. pp. of circum; ;

Cinnabar, Cinoper.

(L.-Gk.-

look around

from

specere, to

L. dnnabans. Gk. teivi-apapi, Pers.) vermilion. From Pers. zinjifrah, zinjarf, red lead, vermilion, cinnabar.

look.

Cinnamon,
L.

a spice. (L.

Gk.-Heb.)
Heb.

dnnamomum.~(jk.

Kivvap.o)fjLov.^

qinndmon\
^Gesenws).

kayu, wood, manis, sweet. O. F. (F. Span. ~ Arab.) cifre (F. Mffre], a cipher, zero. Span. Arab sjfr, a cipher lit. empty dfra. from stfr, adj. empty Rich. Diet, thing
;

mon from Cipher.

*

said to be of Malay origin Cf. Malay kayu-manis, cinna-

circumstance. (F.-L.) Adapted from O F circonstance ~\s.circumstantia, lit. a standing aiound, also an attribute, circumstance (influenced by F. drcon\j. dicumstant-, stem of stance}. pres pt Qidrcum-stare, to stand round ; from stare >
to stand.

Circus

see Circle.
'

'

translation of Skt. cilnya, (i) Der. de-cipher, empty; (2) a cipher.) from L. de, in the verbal sense of -, and
p.

937.

(A

Cistvaen, a British monument. (L. Circle. (F.-L.) A.S.r/;Y/; butM.E. and \V.) \V. dstfaen, a stone chest, cercle. F. cerc/e. L. ctrctdus, chmin. of monument made with four upright stones,
see Ring (i). Der. circtts, a ling, circle and see circwn-. endrrle, semi-circle Circus, a ring. (L.) L. circus (above). F. circuit. - L. Circuit. (F.-L.) ace. circuitum, a going round. L. drcuitus, also drcumitus, pp. of drcumire
;

cipher] Cot.

cf.

M.

F. dechiffrer, 'to decvpher;'

fleecy cloud, tendril. X L.) L. cirrus, a curl, curled hair. Cist, a sort of tomb. (JL.-Gk.) L. Gk. Kicrrrj, a box, chest. asta, a chest. Cistern. (F.-L. Gk.) F. cistern*. L. dste?na> a reservoir for water, L. cista 9 as above.

Cirrus, a

and a

(from L. ds/a)

on the top. W. cist, a chest and maen, a stone. Cit, Citadel ; see Civil (below).
fifth
;

Cite,
citer.

to

summon,
call,

quote.
-f-

(F.
#/<w,

L.)

F.
t

L.

dtdre, frequent, of

dere
I

to

rouse,

excite,

Gk.

go.

91

CITHERN, CITTERN
)

CLARION
outcry.

See Hie.

Der.

ex-cite, in-citc,

L. cldmare (above). Der. clamor-

re-cite.

ous
of guitar.
;

(L.

Cithern, Cittern, a kind - Gk. ) [Also M. E. giterne

from O.

The n is excresF. gititerne, a guitar.] cent, as in bitter-n, in imitation of M. K.

l^,. cithara. Gk. KiOdpa, a kind giterne. of lyre or lute. Citizen; see Civil (below V Citron. (F.-L-Gk.) F. citron

to climb by grasping tightly. perhaps Scand.) XV. cent. M. E. Cf. Icel. klambra, cfamcren, clambren. to pinch closely together; Dan. klamre, Affected by see Clamp. to grip firmly Climb, of which the M. E. pt. t. was

Clamber,
;

(E.

damb, dam.
daymy, perhaps from A.
Clay)
;

Clammy, viscous.
;

(E.)
S.

Earliest

form

Late L. ace. dtrdncm. l*. citnts, orangetree; orig. a tree with flagrant wood. Gk. /cc'fyos, a cedar. Brugm. i. 764. City; see Civil ('below;.

dam,

clay (see

but confused with an adj. dam, with which cf. E. Fries, and Du. klam, Dan. klam, clammy, moist. See
sticky

Civet. (F. Arab.) F. cwette, civet also the civet-cat Ital zibetto; bonowed
;

Clamp.
T)v.Mampet whence klampen, to clamp, grapple, also to board a ship, -f Dan. klamme, a cramp-iron Swed. klamp, the same Icel. klombr, a smith's vice Teut.
a holdiast
;

from medieval Gk. (airfTiov (Brachet). Arab. zabad civet Rich. Diet p. 767 Civil. (F.-L.) F. civil. -l^. ciuTlts, belonging to citizens. L chus, a citizen. Allied to A. S. hnvan, members of a household. Der. civil-ise, civil-i-an. Cit ; short for citizen (below). Citadel. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.citadelle a small town, fort Ital. cittaddla,
t

Clamour; see Claim. Clamp. (Du) XV. cent.

;

base *klamp, answering to the 2nd grade of M. H. G. klunpfen, to press tightly

together.
Cf.

Clump.
Gael, dann, offspring, dann, descendants,

Clan. (Gael)
children
;

(citta\ a city. L. cluitatcm, ace. of cluitas, a city. L.

chris,

dim in. of dttade^cittaie

a citizen (above).
(F.
citi^oin,

Irish eland,

a tribe
i.

Citizen. from A. F.
insertion

L.)
in

ME.
which
s

; \\.plant, pi. offspring, childien. Cf. Skt. kula(ni], a herd, family. Biugm.

citcsein,

669.
L. dandestnws, Allied to dam t secretly. L. clangers, to resound. (L.)
;

was an
;

Clandestine. (L)
secret, clo>e

O. F. citeain (F. citoyeit] formed from O. F. cite (citf) city, by help of the suffix -ain L. -amis see below. E. cite, alee city. (F. L ) Late L. ty\>e*civtatem, O.F. cite (F. cttt) see citadel. for auitatem, ace. of cntitas Clachan, a small village with a church. (Gael.) Gael. clachan,(i} a circle of stones, (2) a small rude church, (3) a small village So with a church. Gael, clack, a stone also Irish clatkan, a hamlet clack, O. Ir. clock, a stone.

Clang,

to resound

+Gk.
to

whence clangor, a loud noise. K\ayyrj, a clang; allied to /cXcifeii', Der. clang- nr. clash (fut. K\dyfu}.

See below.

Clank, a heavy ringing sound. (Du ) Du. klank, *a ringing;' XVII cent. Ilexham. Cf Du klonk, pt. t. otklmken,
to clink.

See Clink.
(E.)

Der. clank, vb.

Clap.
find

M.E. dappen.
to

[Weonly
a noise

A.S. dappctan, to palpitate; Voc.

E. Fries, klappcn, to clap hands.
orig. sense
-f"
ii>

Clack.
allied

(E.)
to
;

M. E
E.

to

Crack.

cJacken. Fries.

Imitative

473.]

klakken.+
to

The

make

Icel. klaka,

chatter;

Du. klakkcn,

clack,

crack
to

Irish clag, the clapper of

call out for.

klappa, Dan. klappe, Du. klappen,

striking,

^l

by

Swed. klappa, M. H. G. klaffen,

a noise.

a mill.

to pat, clap, prate,

make

Allied

to Clack, Clatter. (F O. P\ claimer, darner. L. clamare, Claret. (F. L.) Orig. a light red wine. L.) E. claret. - O. F. ctaref, clairet (F. to call out ; cf. O. L. caltire, to proDer. clairet), adj.; dnnin. of dair, clear. L. claim; Gk. tfaAciV, to summon. See Clear ac-claim, de-claim, ex-claim, pro-claim, darus, clear. re -claim also (from pp. clamalus] acClarify. (F. L ) O. F. clarifier. -

Claim,

demand,

clamat-ion,

de-clamat-ion* ex-clamat-ion, tro-damat-ion, re-damat-ion. clamour. (F. L.) M. E. clamour. O.F. clamour. >L. ace. clamorem, an

L. ddrificare, to

make

clear.

L. ddri-,

from darus, clear; and to make.

-fa-, for facere,

Clarion.

(F.

L)

M.E.

clanoun.

92

CLASH
O. F. *darion, daron (F. dainoii), a clearsounding horn. Late L. ace. dariontm.
L.

CLEVER
iron to fasten ropes to. (E.) a wedge (as if from A. S.
elite,

M.

E. detc,

dan- (as above). Clash. (E.) An

*tt&tf), also

dote,

imitative

word

sugCf.

kloot, a ball,

rted Fries,

by clack and crash, dash, &c. klatsen, to crack a whip.

to

Clot

a lump; cognate with Du. Allied kloss, a clot, lump. and see Clout.

G.

Cleave
;

(i ), to split.

(E.)

Clasp. (E.) M. E. daspe, elapse, sb. A. S. cleofan, pt. t. c leaf, pp. clofcn ( daspen, dap sen, vb. The base seems to be E. <:/<?#<?). -f-Du. klieven, Icel. kljfifa (pt.
from klap- (see Clap), and influenced by M. E. clippen, to emCf. G. klafter, a fathom ; Lith. brace. glebys, an armful; and cf. Grasp. Class. (F. L,) F. dasse, a rank.klap-s-, extended
;

Strong verb.
t.

klauf], Swed. klyfva, Dan. klove, G. k lieben. Teut. base *kleub cf. Gk. ^Av</>em,

to

hollow

out.

is

Cleft, cliffc. (Scand.) The old spelling c lift. Tcel. kluft, Swed. klyft, Dan.
a
cleft,

L. ace. classem, a class, assembly,

fleet.

Clatter. (E)
\vhich
clatter
is

kloft,

chink,

cave.

Icel,
;

kluf-,

frequentative of dat,

weak grade of

kljitfa (above)

cf.

Swed.

a by-form of Clack.
;

A.

S. dat-

rung, a clattering
-f-

E. Fries, klattcrn, to
to
clatter.

Dn.

klateren,

Of

imitative origin.

klyfva, to cleave. Cleave (2), to stick. (E.) Weak verb. The correct pt. t. is cleaved, not clave, which belongs to the verb above. A. S.
dtfian, c!eofian,^i. t. <///&&. +Dn. k levin , Swed. klibba sig, G. kleben, to adhere, cleave to. All from Teut. base *klib-,
>

Clause. (F.-L ) F. rAzwjtf. Late L. t/ausa, a passage from a book, a clause. L. dausus, pp. of dandere, to shut.-f O. Fries, slnta, to shut. See Slot (i).
Brugrn. i. 795. L) Clavicle, the collar-bone. (F. F. daviculc, the collar-bone. L. datticula, dimin of dams, a key. lit. a small key Allied to daudere see Clause. E. dau, dee. A. S. Claw. (E.) clawu (also clea), a claw.-f-Du klaauw,
;

weak grade of Teut.

A.
S. clifan (pt.
t.

root *kleib-, found in

(VSKLEU.)

G. klaue\
Allied to
cf.

Icel.
;

Clew

Mo, Dan. Swed. klo. from a Teut. base *klau-,

}
;

2nd grade of *k!eu- to draw together O. H. G. kluivi, forceps. Clay. (E.) M. E. dai, dey. A. S. Clench ; see Clinch. ftceg.+Du. and Low G. klei, Dan. kl<zg Clerestory, an upper story in a church, Teut. type *klai-ja, fern. ; from *klai~, 2nd furnished with windows. (F. L.) Old cf. A. S. dam The tnforium grade of Teut. root *khispelling of clear-story. Gk. 7X01-0$, below is sometimes called the blind-story. (for *klai-moz}i earthenware See Cleave (2) and Glue. See Story (2). sticky matter. Claymore, a Scottish broadsword. Clerk. (F. - L. - Gk.) A. S. and O. F. Gael, daidheamh mor, a great clerc. L. c lenc^^s. Gk. Ai//w#os, one of (Gael.) sword. Here daidheamh is cognate with the clergy. Gk. K\fjpos, a lot in late Gk., W. deddyf, O. Ir. daideb, sword and the clergy, whose portion is the Lord, Gael, mor, great, is allied to W. maivr, Deut. xvm. 2, i Pet. v. 3 cf. Acts i. 17, Cf. W. dedd, a sword. great. (^St. Jerome.) Clean. (E.) M. E. dene. A. S. dcene, Clergy. (F. L.) M. E. clergie^ often O. also (2) learning.' (i) O. F. dergte, as if clear, pure, -f- O. Sax. deni, deini Fries, klen Du. klein, small G. kletn, from L. *cltricia\ (2) mod. F. dcrge, O. H. G. chlcini, pure, bright, fine, small. from Late L. dericatus, clerkship. Late All from Teut. *klaini-, orig. ' clear, pure.' L. dericus, a clerk (above). A. S. ctensian, to Cleanse. (E.) Clever. (E.) Cleverly is in Butler's make clean. A. S. diene, clean. Hudibras, i. J. 398 (1663). For M. E. Clear. (F. - L.) M. E. deer, der. - O.F. diver^ adj., meaning ready to seize, allied L. darns, bright, clear, loud. to M. E. chver, a claw, and to Cleave (2). der, dair.
\
;
;

daf}, Du. be-klijven, to cleave to. Allied to Clay, Climb. Clef, a key, in music. (F. L.) F. clef. L. clauem, ace. of claws, a key. Cleft ; see Cleave (i). Clematis, a plant. (Gk.) Gk. ^X^-m, a creeping plant. Gk. /rAjj/mT-, stem of Gk. K\a.tw t to K\rjna, a shoot, twig. break off, prune (Brugm. ii. 66 ij. Clement. (F.-L.) F. clement. I* dementem, ace. <*l element, mild.

Cleat, a piece of iron for strengthening the soles of shoes a piece of wood or
;

So also E.
dial.

Fries. klufer y

clever,

Dan.

Mover, klever (Molbech).

^f It took

93

CLEW, CLUE
the place of

CLOG
prompt,

M. E.

deliver, quick, nimble,

free,

Ch. prol. 84,

alert
;

O. F. delivre,

Du. klink, a latch, rivet also, a blow ; and O. H. G. klenkan, to knot or bind
Cf.
;

compounded
;

of L. de, prefix, and

together.
(E.) M. E. clingen, to become be matted together. A.S. clingan (pt. t. dang, pp. clungen\ to dry up, shrivel up. -f Dan. klynge, to cluster. Allied to Swed. klanga, to climb; O H. G.

Deliver. Clew, Clue, a ball of thread. (E.) M. E. clewe. A. S. cllwen, a clew also cleowe (Epinal gl. cleouuae] -fDu. kluiven, whence kltiwenen, to wind on clews (E. clew up a sail) M. Low G. kluwen and cf. G. knaiiel (for *klatiel}, a clew. Perliber, free

see

Cling.

stiff,

dunga, a clew.

haps allied to L. gluere, to draw together.

Cf.

An imitative word, ex(E.) pressing a lighter and thinner sound than Clack. E. Fries, klikken. Cf. Du. klikklakken, to clash. Client. (F.-L.) F. client, a suitor. L. clientem, ace. of diem duetts, orig. a hearer, one who listens to advice pres. pt. of clitere, to hcai (y'KLEU.) Cliff, a steep rock, headland. (E.) A.S. ctif, a rock, cliff. Du. and Icel.
;
.

Claw. Click.

F. diniqne, L. clinicus, Gk. K\IVIKOS, belonging to a Gk, bed, a physician ^ K^IVIKT), his art. Gk. K\iv(iVj to lean; see K\ivrj } a bed.
(F.

Clinical.

'one that the same.

is

- L. - Gk .) bedrid;' Cot.
;

Lean (i). Clink. (E.)

lised

form
t.

E. Fries, klinken. Nasaof Click. -f-I^"' klinken t to

klonk, pp. geklonken Cf. Clank.
;

bound, pt.

Swed.

khnka, to

jingle.

O. II. G. klep. Cf. G. and Dan. and Icel. klippe, Swed. klippa, a crag kleif, a ridge of cliffs. Climate. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. climat. F. climat. Late L. chmat-, stern of c lima. Gk. K\t/xar-, stem of /rAt'/ua, a

khf\

Clinker, a hard cinder. (Du.) Du. khnker, a clinker, named from the tinkling sound which they make when they strike each other. Du. khnken^ to clink cognate with E. dink.
;

In Clinquant, glittering. Shak. Lit. tinkling/ F. clinquant, pres. of O. F. dinqucr, to clink. Du. pt.
'

(F. -DiO

slope, zone, region of the earth, climate. Gk. Kbivtiv, to lean, slope see Lean. climacter, a critical time of life. (F. Gk.) M.Y.climacterc, adj whence I'an ' the climatencall (su} year chmactere, eveiy 7th, or plh, or the 63 yeare of a
; ;
,

khnkcn (above). Clip, to cut. (Scand ) M. E. klippen. Icel. khppa, Swed. khppa, Dan. khppe, to
clip,

shear hair.

Cf.

Snip.
ctyppan.

Clip *, to embrace. (E ) A.S. Clique, a gang. F. Du.) F.

(

gang, noisy

set.

clique, a O. F. diquer, to click,

man's life, all very dangerous, but the last, most;' Cot. Gk. K\tfj.aKTT)p, a step of a Gk. ladder, a dangerous period of life. K\Tnatc~, stem of K\t(j,n, a ladder, climax, with suffix -rrip of the agent see below.
;

make

a noise. Du. klikken, to click, clash also to inform, tell cf. Du. klikker, a tell-tale. See Click.
;

O. Noith

Cloak, Cloke. (K.-C.) M E clokc.F chque, O. F. r/^<?. Late L.

;
.

the highest degree. (Gk.) a ladder, staircase, highest Gk. pitch of expression (in rhetoiic). Der. anti-climax. K\ivciv, to slope. Clime. (L.-Gk.) L. cluna, a climate. Gk. K\ipa see Climate. Climb. (E.) M. E. chmbcn, pt. t. clomb.

Climax,

cloia, a bell

Gk. K\ipa

alho a horseman's cape, which resembled a bell in shape see below.

Clock.
bells

(C.)

The orig

sense

was

'

bell

'
;

preceded clocks for notifying times. Either from Du. clocke (Du. klok}, a bell 01 from O. North F. cloque, a bell. Late L. dot (c]a, a bell of Celtic origin.

A.S. dimban, pt. t. clamb, pi. dumbon.+ lush log, a bell, clock clogaim^ I ring Du. kttmmen, M.H.G. khmmen. Teut. or sound as a bell O. Irish doc, a bell. The m was orig. in- Cf. W. dock,* bell, &c The G. glocke is type *klimban~. serted in the present stem, and did not a borrowed word so also Du. kick, &c. Clod. (E.) M.E. clod, doddc. A.S. belong to the root as is shewn by Icel. Hence it is allied to clod (in compounds), a lump of earth. klifa, to climb. Teut. type *klu-ifo*-, from the weak grade Cleave (2).
i
;

Clime

see

Climate.

to rivet. (E.) M.E. denchen, klenken, to strike smartly, to make to clink ; causal of klinken, to clink.

Clinch, Clench,

of Teut. root *k!cu-, to stick together. See Cf. Clot. Clog, a hindrance; a wooden sole of a shoe; wooden shoe. (E.) M.E. clog,

Clew, Cloud.

94

CLOISTER
{
;

CLUMSY
;

from th$ a clove,' Cot, a log, clump. Not found in A. S. A late de girofle, semblanoe to a nail. Cf. Span, clavo^ a word cf. Norw. klugu, a hard log. Cloister. (F.-L.) M.E. c faster*- nail, also a clove. *-L. clatntm^ ace. of Q.Y.doistre (. clottre}. L. dauslrum, clauus, a nail -f O. Irish do, a nail.
lit.

enclosure.

L. clans- us, pp. of clan-

dere, to shut.

See Clause.
to shut in.
i

close (i\
closen.

(F.-L.)
s.

M.

O. F. dos,

pr.

of O. F. do re,

Clove (2), a bulb, or spherical shell of a bulb of garlic, &c. (E.) A.S. clufu, f. ; cf. ch<f-ivyrt, a buttercup (lit clove-wort). Named fiom its cleavage into shells.
A.S. duf-, weak giade otcleofan,
see
to split;

Der. L. clattdcre (above \ a field; dis-dosc, en-dose, in-close. Close (2), shut up. (F.-L.) M.E Q. F. clos, pp. of clore (above) dos, cloos. closet. (F. L.) O. F. closet, dimin. of clos, an enclosed space. -O. F. dos, see close (2). pp. Clot. (E.) M.E. dot, dotle, a ball, A. S dolt, dot, a lump.-f esp. of earth. Tent, type *klut~to-, G. klotz, a lump. from the weak grade of Tcut. base *kleitt see Cleat, Clout. Cluster. M. E. doth, cloth. A. S Cloth. (E )
to shut in.
close,
;

Cleave
;

(i).

Cf. Icel. klofi, a cleft.

Clove
clou

(3)1

a weight.
as

the

same word

A. F. (F.-L.) Clove (i). Late

L. claims, a weight (for wool). M. E. claver. Clover. (E.)

clafre, ch'efre, trefoil. -f Du. klaver,

A.

S,

whence

Swcd. klofver, Dan. kk>ver\ Low G. The supposed Mce. k Iever cf. G. fl[ connexion with cleave (i) is impossible.
;

Der. cld6 +l)\\ klccd, G. kleid, a dress. clothes, A. S. clad as, pi. of clad. Clothe, to cover with a cloth. (E M.E. dot hen, dathen, pt. t. clothcde (or
i

Clown. (Scand.) Icel. klunni, a clumsy, Swed. dial, klunn, a log, boorish fellow kluns, a clownish fellow Dan. klitnt, a log cf. Dan. klnntet, clumsy. f Allied to Clump. Orig. sense log or clod.' Cloy. (F. L.) Ong. to stop up, hence,
: ;
;

cladde],

Formed (or <.lad}. fiom A. S. */<?<) -f-Dn klceden, from Meed But the so also G. kkidcn, from //</. *(|
pp
clothed
are of Scand. origin of kltrda, to clothe cf. led. kkedd-r, pp Swed kladd, pp. of klada
pt.
t.

and pp.

r/<ar/

M.F <r/<y '<?/%' to cloy, stop up,' Cot.; a by- form of F. clover (O. F. doer}, to nail, fasten up. [A hoise pricked with a nail, O. F. in shoeing, was said to be cloyed. ^f Cloy do, F. clou, a nail see Clove (i). or a-doy, (in E.) is usually short for ac-doy where the prefix a- represents F. en- ; see
to sate.
~]
;

Cloud. (E.) M.E. ilouJ, orig. a mass of vapours the same woid as M. E. dud, a mass of rock. A. S. dud, a round mass, mass of rock, hill. Fiom Teut. root *kleu,
;

F. eudouer, eruloyer in Cotgrav*,. Club (i), a heavy stick. '.Scand.;

cliibbe.

M.E.

Icel.

khibba, khtmba,

a club;

to stick together

see

Clew, Clod.
(E.)

Swed. ktubb, a club, log, lump ; mere variant of club, klump, lump.

Dan. klnb,

M.

ClOUgh,

a hollow in a hill-side.

E. dough, do$e.
;

Answering

to

A.

S.

found connate with O. H. G. klah. The A. S. *doh (-O.II. G. klah, as in Klah-uelde, Forstemann) represents a Teut. type *klan\o-, fr *klanx, 2nd grade of *klitix\ cf. G. klinge, O H. G.
*cloh, not

(Scand.) people.' Cf. Swed. dial, klubb, a clump, lump, also See above. a knot of people (Rietz). Cluck. (E.) M.E. dokkcn, to cluck a mere variant of Clack. 4" as a hen
;

Clump below. See Golf. club (2), an association. XVII cent. Lit. 'a clump of

chlinga, a clough (Acad., Aug and Sept 1889), Clout, a patch. (E.) M.Kdout. A.S. dut, a patch whence W. clwt, Corn, clut, a patch, clout j Ir. and Gael, clud^ the same. Orig. sense mass, piece of stuff' from Teut. root orig. Teut. type *klut-oz, Closely */;?/-, *kteut-, as seen in Clot. allied to Cleat (which is from the 2nd
; * ;

Dan. klukke, G. ghtcken\ An imitative word, L. glocire. Clue; see Clew. Clump, a mass, block. (E.) XvT
Du. klokkcn,
cent. Not in A.S., except as in dy nip-re, a clump. Cf. Dan. Mump, Swed. khtmp\

grade of the same root). Clove (0, a k" ^ f s pi ce (F. L.) M. E. clow the change to clove in the XVIth cent., was due to the influence Of Ital. chiwo. - F. clou, a nail; clou
3

G. Mump, a clump, k/umba, a club, with b From klump-, weak grade of for p}. Teut. *klcmp~, as in M.II. G. klimpfen^ to

Du. klomp, lump, log

;

Low

(Icel.

>

Cf. Clamp. press tightly together. Clumsy. (Scand.) Cf. M. E. dumstd, clomsed, benumbed ; benumbed fingers are This is the pp. of domsen, to clumsy.

95

CLUSTER
benumb, or to feel benumbed. Cf. Swed. klummsen, benumbed (Rietz) Icel. klumsa, lock-jawed. Cf. Du. klemmen, to pinch; kleumen, to be benumbed, kleitmsch,
dial,
;

COCHINEAL
Coarse,
rough.

(F.-L.)

Formerly

course, an adj. which arose from the phrase in course to denote anything of an ordinary See character; cf. mod. E. of course.

with cold also A. S. clom, claw, a See Clammy. Cluster, a bunch, (E.) A. S. cluster, clyster^ a bunch, -f* Low G. kluster. Suggests a Teut. type *klut~tro-, a cluster ; formed with suffix -tro from *klut- weak grade of
;

numb

Course.

bond, clasp.

Coast.

(F.

coste (F. cdte),

- L.) M. E. coste. - O. F. a rib, slope of a hill, shore.

M.E.
cote.

L. costa, a

rib.

Coat.

(F.-G.)
;

O. F.

>

Teut root *kteut-, to mass together; for which see Clot, Cleat, Clout. Clutch., to seize. (E.) M. E. clucchen, A. S. clyccan (whence pp. ge~ chcchcn.
find also M. E. cloke, cliht, Somner). a claw; which was superseded by the verbal form. Clutter, a clotted mass also clutter, Clutter , vb., is a variant vb., to clot. (E.)
;

L. cota, cotta, a coat. M. H. G. kotte, kittle, a coarse mantle; O. Sax. cot, the same.
cote (F. cotte]

Low

Coax,
cokes,

(E.

?)

Formerly
or to

cokes, vb.,

from

sb.,

We

a simpleton, dupe.

Perhaps

allied to

Cocker

Cockney.

un into clots see Clot, and E. Fries, klutern, to become clotted. Clutter also meant confusion, a confused heap, turmoil, din by association with Clatter. Cf. E. Fries, kloter, a rattle. L clyster, an Clyster. (L.-Gk.) Gk. K^vffrrjp, a injection into the bowels.
of clotter, to
i ;

cf.

a round lump, knob. (E.) As applied to a pony, it means short and M. E. cob, a great person stout. (Hoccleve). In some senses, it seems to be allied to A. S. copj>, a top, summit. cobble (i), a small round lump. (E.) M. E. cobylstone, a cobble-stone. Dinnn. of coif (above).
(i),

Cob

Cob
thump
(0.

(2), to beat.
;

(E.)
;

Cf.

W.

cobio, to

a bunch prov. E. cop, to See Cob strike, esp. on the cop or head.
cob,

clyster, syringe.

Gk. *\vfti/ f to wash.-f-

L. clnere, to wash.

(-/KLEU.)
L.
together ; together, before a
co-,

Co-,

prefix.

(L.)

used for con- (~cum\ vowel. Hence, co-efficient, co-equal, coSee otherb below operate, co-ordinate. and see Con-.
;

Cobalt, a mineial. (G.) G. kobalt, cobalt a nickname given by the miners, because considered poisonous ; better
;

spelt koboldj meaning (i) a demon, Of G. origin (Kluge). cobalt.

(2)

a F. coche, Cobble (2), to patch up. (E.) Origin Hung.) coach Cot. Etym. disputed. Said, as unknown; cf. Cob (2), of wnich it seems early as A. D 1553, to be a Hungarian to be the frequentative. word from Hung, kotsi, a coach, so called Cobra, a hooded snake. (Port. L.) because first made at a Hung, village called Port, cobra, also cobra de capelto, i. e. snake
'

Coach.
'

(F.

Cobble (0;

see

Cob

(i).

Kocsi or

A'ocs,

near

Kaab

see Littre, and

Beckmann, Hist of Inventions.

L co-, for con- cum, together; coadjutour. and adiutor, an assistant, fiom vb. adiuL. ad-, to ; luudre, to uare, to assist. help. Coagulate, to curdle. (L.) L. coaguL. latus, pp. of codguldre, to cuidle. coagulum, rennet, which causes milk to
run together. L. ag-ere, to drive.

Coadjutor. (F.-L)

XV cent.

A.F.

with a hood. L. cohtbra, snake de, of; capellum, ace. of capelhis, hat, hood, See Notes and :hmin. of capa, a cape.
;

Queries, 7 S.

ii.

Cobweb.
web
;

205. (E.)

M. E.

copiveb, coppe-

from M. E. coppe, a spider, and web. Cf. M. Du. kop, koppe, *a spider, or a cob/ Hexham. From A. S. coppa, as in attorcoppa, a spider; lit. poison-bunch; fiom A. S at tor, dtor, poison, and cop, a head.

co-

(cum),
col.

together

Coca, a Peruvian plant.

pan.riftz.

Coal.
Du.
kool,

(E.)
Icel.

M.

Swed.

kol>

A.S. coL Dan. kttl, G.

(L.)

Peruv.) (Span. Peruv. cuca\ Garcilasso,Peru,

Distinct both from cocoa (or

bk

8. c. 15.

coco)

and

cacao.

Der.
(F.

kohle.

Cf. Skt. jval, to blaze. Coalesce, to grow together.

L.

coatescere.

co-, for

con- -

cum, together;
alere, to

and

alesccre, to

grow, inceptive of

nourish.

Gk.) Span, cochinilla, cochineal (.made from insects which look like berries). L. coccinus, of a scarlet colour; see Isaiah i. 18 (Vulgate). L. coccum, a berry;
F. cochenille.

Cochineal.

- Span. - L. -

coca-ine.

96

COCK
also kermes, supposed to be a berry. KOKKOS, a berry, cochineal.
*
;

COD
Gk.
tread; agent.

with

fern,

suffix

-trix,

of the

Cock (i), a male bird. (E.) M. E. cok. A. S. cocc from the bird s cry. Cryde anon cok ! cok I Ch. C. T. Nun's Priest's
'

Tale, 457.

Cf.

Skt.

kukkuta,

a cock;

Malay kukuk, crowing of cf. Cuckoo.

cocks.

And

same word.

the stop-cock of a barrel, is the So also G. hafin, (i) a cock, (2) a stop-cock. COCkf part of the lock of a gun. From
v

COCk

its original

shape ; cf. G. den JIahn spannen, to cock a gun. COCkade f a knot of ribbon on a hat. (F.) F. coquarde, fern, of coquard, saucy also coquarde, bonnet & la toqitarde, any
;

M. E. Cocker, to pamper. (E. ?) cokeren (whence W. tocri, to fondle, inCf. M. Du. kokelcn, ketikelen, dulge) to cocker, to foster,' Hexrmm M. F. to dandle, cocker, coquetiner, pamper Norw. kokra, to call as (a child) ;' Cot. a cock ; also, to cocker. N Cockerel; see Cock (I ,. Cockle (i), a sort of bivalve. (F. L. -Gk.) M. E. cokei. [Cf. cock, a cockle (P. Plowman, C. x. 95); A. S. Sct-cocca; (where sie -- sea) ] F. coqitille, a cockle'

'

* shell; cf.Ital. cochiglia.*-lLsit. type cocky/turn, for conchy hunt, a cockle, shell-fish.

'

Gk.
KV\IJ,

Koyx^ lov
from

a cockle, dimin. of #07-

bonnet or cap worn proudly ;' Cot. Formed with suffix -ard from F. coq, a cock (from
the bird's cry).

Cockle
A.
S.

KoyKTj, a cockle or mussel. (2), a weed among corn. (E.) coccei, tares ; whence Gael, cogall,

Cockerel, a young cock. (E ) Double dimin. of Cock (i). Cf.ptk-erel. COCkloft, upper loft. (E. and Scand.) From cock and loft. So also G. ha/mbalken,
a roost, cockloft Dan. loftkammcr, a chamber, room up in the rafters.
;

tares,

husks, cockle; cogull, Irish cogall, corn-cockle.

corn-cockle;

Cockle
(Scand.)
koklutt,

(3), to

be uneven, pucker up.

origin;
'

Of Scand.

cf.

Norw.
'
;

loft-

(Scand.) Dan. prov. Dan. kok, a hay-cock, at kokke hoet, to cock hay Icel. kokkr, lump, ball Swed. koka, clod of earth. Cock (3), to stick up abruptly. (E Apparently with reference to the posture of a Lock's head when cro\\ ing or to that of his crest or tail. Cf. Gael, coc, to cock; as in coc do bhoineid, cock your bonnet
(2), a pile of hay.
;

Cock

kok, a heap

cockled up lumpy, uneven, from Norw. kokle* a lijttle lump, dimin. of Cf. Swed. kok, a lump; see Cock (2). kokkel, dimin. of koka, a clod.

Cockloft;

see

Cock

(i).

ong. an effeminate person. ' (E.) Flono has: Caaherclli^ cackhngs of hens ; also egs, as we say cockanegs* From M. E. cokenay, a foolish person, Ch. C. T. 4208. Lit cocks' egg i e. yolk-

Cockney,

'

coc-shronach, cock-nosed.

And

see

Cock-

ade.

Cock
(F.-L.
cocca, a

(4\ Cockboat, a small boat. Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of

Cf. Span, coca,
Ital.

E. coken, gen. pi. of and ay, ey, A. S ag, egg. cok, a cock See C. S. Burne, Shropshire Folk-loie, p. 22Q.
less egg.
;

From M.

Cockroach.
Origin uncertain.

(Span.)

From
;

Span.

boat, orig. a shell.

small ship.
;

Derived (by Diez)

;

cmaracha, a wood-louse, cockroach from cuca (also citco], a kind of caterpillar.

from L. concha, a shell from Gk. a cockle see Cockle (i).

Kvyicr),

Cocoa
(Port.)

(0,

Cockade;
Cockatoo,

see

Cock

COCO,

the cocoa-nut palm.

;

(i).

a kind of parrot. (Malay.)

;

Malay kakatua from the bud's cry. Malay kuknk, crowing of cocks.
kitkkitia, a cock.

Cf
Skt.

Cock (i). Cockatrice. (F.-LateL.-L.)

See
it

Port, and Span, coco, a bugbear, an ugly mask to fi ighten children hence applied to the cocoa-nut on account of the monkey-like face at the base of the nut. Cf. Span, cocar, to make grimaces.

By

Cocoa
Gk.)
shell.

(2),

said to be a monster hatched fiom a cock's egg. O.F. cocatricc. Late L. cocdtrtcem, ace. of cdcatrtx, caucatrix, answering to a Latin type *calcatrix, i. e. the treader or tracker/ used to render the Gk. IXVCVIMW, and afterwards transferred to mean * crocodile L. cafcd-re, to (see account in N. E. D.).
*
'

confusion with cock,

was

Cocoon,
See
(i),

a corrupt form of Cacao. L. case of a chr>salis. (.

;

F. cocon, a cocoon

from

coqitet

Cock
a
fish.

(4).

Cod
;

(E.

?)

Spelt codde in

Perhaps named from its rounded shape ; cf. M. Du. kodde* a club (Hexham) and see below. Der. cod- ling, a young cod ; M. E. codtyng.
Palsgrave.

97

COD
Cod
(2),

COISTREL
bolster.

a husk, bag,

(E.)

Hence, peas-cod, husk of a pea. A. S. codd, a bag.+Icel. koddi, pillow, kotiri, scrotum;

Cognisance, knowledge, a badge. (F L) Formerly conisaunce. O. F. con~

noissance^ knowledge ; M. F. cognoissance. O. F. conoissant, pres. pt. of O. F. L. cognosiere, to conoistre, to know. L. co- (cum}, together, fully; know. gnosccrc, to know ; see Know.

Swed. kudde, a cushion. Coddle, to pamper, lender

effeminate.

From perception. (L.) L. cognitio. \j. cognitits, pp. of cognosce re (above). cognomen, a surname. (L.) L. co~ L. co- ( c uni\ with ; tiee. IgnoMi'tt, a surname, codicil. (L ) L codicillus, a codicil nonien, a name, altered to gnomen by conto a will ; ditnm. of codex (stem codic-}. fusion with gnoscere, nosccre, to know. Codling (1), Codlin, a kind of apple. See Noun, Name. Eat her spellings querdling, quadL. co-habitare, to Cohabit. (L.) (C. ?) ling, quodhng. Apparently formed, with d\vell together with. L. co- (cum-}, toE suffix -ling, fi om Irish cueirt, an apple- gether; habitare, to dwell. See Habitree. tation. Cohere. (L.) L. co-h^rere, to slick Codling (2^; see Cod (i). L. co-, together ; Coerce. (L.) L. cocnere, to compel. together (pp. L. co-(cnni^< together; arc ere, to en- harere, to stick. Der. cokes-ion, cohesclose, confine, allied to ana, a chest ; see i7>e, from the pp Ark. L) Cohort, a band of soldiers. (F. Turk, qah- F. cohortc L. ace. cohor*em, from cohors, Coffee. (Turk. -Arab.) vch Arab, qahwah, coffee. a court, also a band of soldiers. See E. cofre. Court, of which it is a doublet. -Gk.) Coffer. (F L ace. Coif, Qnoif, a cap. tofre, also cqfin, a chest. (F.-G.-L.) C). F. coijfc, ioiffe', Low L. cophimtm. Gk Kixpivos, a basket. cofea, a cap. H. G. kuffe, kupfe, a cap worn under COffin. (F.-L.-Gk) Ong. a case, O. F. cofui, as> above. chest. stem ^Doublet the helmet ; O. II. G. chuppha of coffer} O. II G. clntph (G. kopf}, a *kupp-jdn-, a tooth on a wheel-rim (i), cup also, the head. L. cuppa ; see Cup. E. cogge [whence Gael, (Scand.) Coign ; see Coin. and Irish cog, a mill-cog ; W. cocos, cocs, Coil (i \ to gather together. (F. L.) M. Dan. Coiled up in a cable ; Beaumont and cogs of a wheel]. Not in A. S. L. kogge, a cog, kogge-hjul, a cog-wheel Fletcher. - O. F. coi/hr, to collect. Swed. kngge, a cog ; M. Swed. <.olligere see Collect. (Kalkar) Coil (2\ a noise, bustle. (F. kugg (Ihre). L.*) to trick. Prob. Ong. a colloquial or slang expression (Scand.) (2), to catch as with a cog; to cog a die, to prob. from Coil(i). find 'a coil of check it so as to make it fall as desired. hay,' a heap nnd coil, to twist. Cf. Swed. dial, kugg, Norw. kogga, to Coin. (F.-L.) M. E. coin - O. F. dupe; Swed. kngga, 'to cheat, to cog;' coin, a wedge, stamp on a coin, a com Oman. L. (stamped by means of a wedge). L. cogent-, stem of cuneum, ace. of cuneus, a wedge. *{[ Not Cogent. (L.) for allied to Cone. pres. part, of edge re, to compel = F. coing, coin, a co*agere ( con-agere) lit. to drive tocoign. (F. L.) corner ; lit. a wedge (as above). Brugm. i. 968. gether. L. cogitatus, pp of Coincide, to agree with. (L.) L. coCogitate. (L.) ** and incidere, to cum, with) cogitare, to think; for co-agitarc, from (for coniO- 9 con-, together, and agitare, to agitate, fall upon, from in, upon, and cadere, to fall. frequent, olagere, to drive. Cognate. (L) L. co-gnatu$, allied Coiatrel, a mean fellow. (F. L.) by birth. L. co- (for cui)i) y together; For coustrel, the older form (Palsgrave). gndtus, born, old form of ndtus, pp. of An E. adaptation of M. F. coustilh'er, an armour-bearer, lackey; lit. 'one who nasci, to be born ; see Natal.
cognition,
ace. of
i

L. ?) <F. Perhaps foi caudle, vb. (in Shak.), to treat with candle see Caudle Cf. prov. E. coddle, to paiboil, stew. Code, a digest of laws (K. L.) F. L. codiccm, ace. of codex, a tablet, code. book older form caudex, a trunk of a
; ;

OF

-L

Cog

'

'

Cog

We

98

C01T
M. F. coustille, a carries a poinard.' poniard variant of O. F. constel, better L. cultellttm, ace. of culcoutel, a knife. dimin. of cutter. See tellus, a knife Coulter.
;

COLLOP
conference. conference.

0. F. collation, a (F. L.) L. ace. collationem, a bring* L. colldtum, ing together, a conferring. supine in use with the verb conferre, to bring together (but from a different root).
L.col-

Coit Coke,
;

see

Quoit.
coal.
<

(forwof
totlere,

;//),

together; latutn,
bear.

charred

(E.

V)

Coke,

supine

to

take,

See

pit-coal or sea-coal charred;' Ray, 1674. Etyrn. unknown ; cf. M. E. colk, the core

Tolerate.
F. collegtie. F. coloffice. legere, to choose

(of an apple).

M.

Colleague

(0, a

partner.

(F.-L.)

Colander, Cullender,
(Prov.-L.)

strainer.

L. collega, a partner (for con-, cum}, with;

;

M.

colyndorc.-Q. Prov.
;

see

Legend.

*colador, oiig. form of Prov. couladou, a Late L. *coldtdrcm> ace. for L strainer. L. cdlare, to stiain. colatorium, a btramer
Strainer

Colleague

(2),

to join in an alliance.

L. coltint, a sieve. Cf. Span, colador, a from L. colare}.

Cold.
O.

M. (E.) Merc, cald, A.

cold,

kaM,

S.

ceald,

adj. adj. -f- Icel.

kaldr, Swed. kail, Dan. kold, Du. koud, Teut. *kal-doz Goth. &7/<fr, G kalt. cold from Tent *&<?/, to be cold (as in Gk. Icel. #/#, to freeze), with suffix -flfo Cf. Lat. gd-idus, cold; see Con-TO?.
;

O. F. colliguer, colkguer, to (V. L.) L. colligare, to bind colleague with. L. col- (for con-, cum}, totogether. See League (i). fig-are to bind. gether Collect, vb. (F.-L.) O Y. collector, Late L. to collect money ( Roquefort \ co Hectare (the same), from colkcla, a collection, orig. fern, of pp. of colligere* to L. col- (for con-, cum), with; collect
; t

legere, to

gather
sb.

see
(L.)

Legend.
Late L. collccta, a an assembly for
;

Collect,
collection

geal, Chill, Cool.

in

money,
gnl

Cole, Colewort, cabbage. (L.) For M. E col, cauL A. S. wort, see "Wort. L. caulis, a caul, cawcl (01 Icel. kdl}. Gk. iravXoy, a stalk stalk, cabbage. Cole opt era, sheath - \\ mgcd insects. (GkO Gk tfoAeo-s, a sheath; irrtp-ov, a

prayer, hence a short prayer

see above.
Irish
cailin,

Colleen,
;

a-

(Ins>h.)

dimin. of <.aile, a country-woman. a gir! Gael, cailin, dimin. of taile. College, an abscmbly, seminar}'. (F.

wing
/<7?";?.

I,. Short for colic Gk.) Gk. L. cdhcus. F. colique, adj. the colon. KcuXtKus, for KoXitcos, suffering Gk. KO\OV. See Colon (2).

Colic. (F.

O Y.cotfege. L collegium, society of L.) L. collega, a colleagues or companions. colleague see Colleague (i). Collet ; see Collar. Collide. (l< ) L. colliders, to dash toL. col- (for con-, cnm^, together; gether.
;

Coliseum. (Med. L. Gk ) The same as colosseum,i\. large amphitheatre at Rome, so named from its magnitude (Gibbon).
The Ital. word is Collapse, to
coliseo.

^Lzdere, to

strike,

hurt.

Der.

collis-ion

(from pp. collis-us\*

Collie, Colly, a kind of shepherd's

dog. (E.)
the

See Colossus.

Formerly, coally, colcy

coal-y,

shrink together, fall in. tirst used in the pp. collapsed (L.") Englished from L. collapsus, pp of collnln, L. col- (for con-<\. e. cum\ to fall together.

same as

prob. coal-coloured, black.

;

Cf. obs colly, adj., coal-black; collied in Shak. M. N. 1> i. I. 14?

col, coal.

togethei
colcr.

lain, to slip.

Collar.

(F.

See Lapse.

L.)

M.

E. and

A. F.

L. collare, a O. F. colter, a collar. band for the neck. L collum, the neck.-f A. S. heals, G. hats, the neck. Collet, the pait of the ring in which the stone is set. (F. F, collet, a L.) L; collum, neck. collar. F. col, neck. Collateral. (L ) Late L. co Hateralls, L. col" (for com-**cu side by side.

(E.) M.E.<0/*Vr; fromM.E. Cf. boiv-yer, saw-yer. Collocate, to place together. (L.) From pp ot L. col-locarc, to place together.

Collier.

L.

col- (for con-,

atrn^ together

loalrc,

to place,

from

locus, a place.

(Gk.)

Collodion, a solution of From Gk. tcoM&b'-rjs,

fco\\-a,

gun-cotton.
glue-like.
like,

Gk.

glue;

-%y,

Wos.

appearance.

with;

lateralls, lateral, from * lates-, stem of lotus side.

^

Plowman\ whence M. Swed. kollops, Swed. = cL Collation, a comparison: formerly, a kalofs. Here col- coal (see Coal) 99
later-,
foi

Collop,

a slice of meat.
\

(E.

?)

M. E.

coloppe, col-hoppe

pi. col-hoppts (P.

COLLOQUY
dial. glo(d}hoppa, a cake baked over (K. Bjorkman). gledes or hot coals. Colloquy. (L.) Fiom L. colloquium, conversation. L. col-loqui, to converse L. col- (for with, lit. to speak together.

COMBUSTION
Colt. (E.) A. S. colt, a young camel, young ass, &c.4-Swed. dial, kullt, a boy Swed. kull, Dan kuld, a brood cf. Dan.
;
;

Swed.

a lad. M. F. a plant. (F. L.) colom bin. Late L. columblna, a columcon-, cum}, together loqui, to speak. Collude, to act with others in a fraud. bine L. columlnnus, dove-like from a L. columba, a L. collude re (pp. collusus}, to play supposed resemblance. (L.) L. col- dove. See Culver. with, act in collusion with. Column, a pillar, body of troops. (for con-, cum}, with; ludere, to play. cf. L. columna, a pillar; Der. collus-ion, from the pp. (F. L.) Colocynth, Coloquintida, pith of columen, culmen, a summit, collis, a hill, the fruit of a kind ot cucumber. (Gk.) Gk. KoAoWy, a hill. Sec Hill. (VQEL.) From the nom. and ace. cases of Gk. Colure, one of two great circles on the KoXovvvOis (ace. tcoXoKwOiSa), a kind of celestial sphere, at right angles to the round gourd or pumpkin. (L. Gk.) So called because equator. Colon (0, a mark (:) in writing and a part of them is always beneath the The word means docked, clipGk. KW\OV, a limb, horizon. (Gk.) printing. L. colurus, curtailed; a colure. clause hence, a stop marking off a clause. ped. Gk. KoXovpos, dock-tailed, truncated; a Colon (2), part of the intestines. (Gk.) Gk. o\-oy, docked, clipped ; and Gk. KoAoi/, the same. colure.
dial, koltring,

Columbine,
;

Colonel.
coronet,

(F.
is

Ital.

L.)

Sometimes
.

ovpd, a

tail.

Span, spelling; whence the pronunciation as kurnel. Ital. colonello, a colonel colonel, colonnel. lit. a little column, as being the upholder The colonel Torriano. of the regiment was he who led the company at the head of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. colonna, a column. L. colunma, a column. See
;

which

the

'

oil, a lamp-oil made from the L. and seeds of a variety of cabbage. (F. Du ) F. colza, better colzat. I)u. koohaad, Du. kool (borrape-seed, cabbage-seed. rowed from L. cauhs], cole, cabbage ; and

Colza

Du. zaad'E,.

seed.

Com-,
together;
/.

prefix.

(L.)

when

followed

For L. cum, with, by /, ;//,

/>,

colonnade.

- Ital. - L.) F. Coma. (Gk ) Gk. Kwpa, a deep sleep. Comb. (K.) A. S. camb, a comb, crest, colonnata, a range of columns. Ital. colonna, a column (above X ridge. -f-Du. kam, Icel kambr, Dan. Swed. G. kamm. Teut. type *kamboz ; F. colome. L. kam L.) Colony. (F. cf. Gk. yojjupos, a colonia, a colony, band of husbandmen. Idg. type *gombhos L. coldnus, a husbandman L. colere, pin, peg; Skt. jambha~st a tooth. Colere is for *quelere ; cf. L. to till. Comb, Coomb, a dry measure. (E.) 121. A. S ciimb, a cup.+Du. kom, a bowl ; G, inquilmus, a sojotirner. Brugm. i. Colophon^ an inscription at the end of kumpf, kumme, a bowl. a book, with title, and (sometimes) name Combat. Orig. a verb. - F. and date. (Gk.) Late L. colophon. -Gk. combattre, C). F. combatre, to fight with. hence, a finishing- F. coin- (for L. cum}, with and F. battre, KoXotywv, a summit O. F. batre, to fight, from *battere, for Allied to Column. stroke. Der. combat-ant, L. battuere, to beat. Coloquintida ; see Colo oy nth. from the F. pres. pt. Colossus. (L. Gk.) L. colossus Gk. Ko\off<r6s, a large statue. Der. colossCombe, a hollow in a hill-side. (C.) W. cwm, Corn, cum, a hollow, dale ; al, i.e. large; coliseum, q.v. cf. Irish F. Celtic type *kumba, a valley Colour. (F.-L.) M. E. colour ^. ace. coldrem, from cumar, a valley. colour (F. couleur}. Combine. (L.) L. comlnnare, to unite, color, a tint. L. com- (cum}, join two things together. Colporteur, a hawker of wares. (F. ' Lit. one who carries wares on his together and btnus, twofold. See Binary. L.) ' F. colporteur. neck F. colporter, to Combustion. (F.-L.) F. combusL. ace. combusfjonem, a burning up. F. col, neck ; porter, tion. carry on the neck. L. eolluni, neck; portfire, to L. combttst-us t pp. of com-biirere^ to burn to carry. L, com- (for cujn}, together; and carry. up.
colonnade.
(F.
Ital.
; ;

Column.

See Con-.

(FL)

-O

COME
(perhaps) iirere, to burn, with b inserted by association with amb-iirere.

COMMISSARY
clause of a sentence, a comma (that marks the clause). -Gk. J^TT-TCH/, to hew, strike.

cuman, pt. t. c(u)dm, Icel. koma, Dan. komme, Sw. komma, Goth, kwiman, G. L. uen-ire, (*guen-trc\ Gk. kommen fiaiveiv, Skt. H/, to go. (^GwEM.) Comedy. \F L. Gk.) O. F. comedie, *a play;' Cot. L. comccdia.** Gk. KOJ^WGk. /fcufio>5os, a comic 5ta, a comedy. Gk. fffyto-s, a banquet, revel, actor. festal procession dot5<>s, a singer, from A comedy was a festive dcfcctp, to sing. See Ode. spectacle, with singing, &c. COmic. (L. Gk .) L. comicus. - Gk.
(E.)
S.

Come.
;

A.

pp. cuMen.

+ Du. komen,

O. F. comL.) L. commendare, to entrust to; confused with Late L. commandarc, as if an intensive form of manBoth forms are fiom dare, to command. L. com- (cum), together and manddre, to put into the hands of, entrust to, command. See Mandate.
(F.

Command.

wander, comander.

'

(L ) From the pp. of L. commemorate^ to call to mind. L. com- (for cum), together; memorate, to mention, from memor, mindful.
O. F. comencer (with one m ; cf. Ital. L. com- (cum), together; cominciare).
initiare, to begin
;

Commemorate.

Commence.

(F.-L.)

f.commenccr;

KoiyiLKQs,

belonging to a
(E.)

/i>/ios,

as above.

Comely.

M.

E.

^w//*,
,

kumh.

A. S. cymlic, earlier form cymli- beautiful, fair. The A. S. cyme, exquisite, is closely G. ciimig, weak, tender, allied to O. and to O. H. G. hum, with difficulty (G. kaum). The A. S y was shoitened before

see Initiate.

(L.) entrust or commit to

Commend.

L
;

commendclre, to

see

Command.
t

and the M. E. comli was associated with M.E. comen, to come, and so gained
////,

the sense of * becoming,' pleasing, decorous. Cf. M. E. kime, a weak person.

From L. (L.) from *commensur5re to measure in comparison with ; a coined word. L. com- (cum), with; wensftra, a measure see Measure.
commensm atits, as
if
;

Commensurate.

Comet.
a tailed

Comment, vb.

(F.

L.)

F comment'er.

(L.

Gk.)

Late A.

S. cometa.

L. coweta.
star,

Gk.
<fi

Kofj.rjrr)s,

long-haired;

comet.
a

coma, hair.

Gk. tconrj, hair.+L. Also O. F. comete.

sweatmeat. O. F.
;

Late L. commcntare, for L. commentart, to consider, make a note on. L. comment us, pp. of comjnitnsci, to devise. L. com- (cum), with ; -min- for *tnen, to
think, as
in me-min-l (^*me-men-i ,, I remember, and mcn-s, mind. 1'ee Mental.

Comfit,
Formerly

sb,

(F.

L.)

confit, confite.

confit, lit.

L. confected, prepared pp. of confire. confectum, pp. of conficete, to prepare, put together. -L. con- (/;;/), together ; facere. to make. See Confect.

Commerce,
merce.
"L.

traffic. (F.~ L.) F. comcommeraum, trade. L. com-

Comfort,
forfeit, later

to

comfort.

strengthen.

vb. (F. - L.) M. E. conO. F. conforter, comforten Late L. con-fortare, to L. con- (cum}, together;

cum), with, men-, stem of ( merchandise, with suffix -*-**;//.

merx,
de-

Commination,

threatening,

and fort-is, stiong; see Force

a plant. (F. O. F. L.) conjire) cumjirie', Late L. ciimfiria ; probably for I,at. tonfenta (Pliny), comfrey, a name given to the plant from its sup-

Comfrey,

(i).

F. commination. nouncing. (F. L") L. ace comminatidnem, a thieatening. 1^. commindtus, pp. of com-mindri, to L. com- (cum), intensive prefix; threaten. and minarT, to threaten. See Menace.

Com- and Mingle.

Commingle.
(L.)

(L.

ami E)

From

Comminution,
fragments.

a reduction to small

L. conferucrc, to grow together, heal up (Celsus).-L. con(cuni] together ferucre, (orig.) to boil It wab also called confinna (from L. firmarc, to make firm), and con soli da (from L. soliitare, to make solid).

posed healing powers.

,
;

Formed from L. comMinute.

minut-u$) pp. of com-minuere, to break

into small pieces; see

Comic

see

Comedy.

- L.) . F. (F. L. ace. lomrniserdtioncm, part of an oration intended to excite pity. L. commiserdrT, to excite pity (pp. -dtCommiseration.
commiseration.
L.

L. comitatem, urbanity. (L.) ace. of tomitas, urbanity. L. comis, friendly, courteous.

Comity,

us).

com-

to pity,

from

Comma.
,

Commissary,

(L.

Gk.)
is

that

which

Gk. something is struck, a stamp, a tommissarius, a commissary.

L. comma.

(cum^, with; miserdtt, miser, wi etched, pitiable. an officer to whom Med. L. entrusted. (L.)

L. com-

COMMIT
missus, pp. of cornmittere, to below.

COMPENSATE
commit
;

see

(L ) L. comsend out, begin, entrust, consign; pp. commissns. L. torn- (cum}, with; mtttere, to send, put forth. Der commiss-ion, F. commission, from L. ace. conimissionem perpeti ati on Commodious. (F -L.) O. F commodicux Mcd. L inmihodwsus, useful. L. comL. eommodus, fit, suitable. (cum), with; modus, measure. Commodore, the commander of a

commit,
to

to entrust to.

a companion, O. F. companion (F. coinMed. L. com* pagnoii}, a companion.] pdniem, ace. of companies, a taking of

mittere,

meals together -L. com- (cum), together; Der. see Pantry. and pants, bread companion, from O. F. companion. Also accompany, O. F. accompatgnier, from F. a to asso(for L. ad) and O. F. compaignicr, ciate with, from compaigme, company.
;

Compare,
F. comparer.

to

set

together,
chffeience.

so
(F.

as

to L.)

examine likeness or
together.

F. Formerly L.) (lh\. commandore (1695) also commanden deur, as in Dutch; Hexham has: Conimandeur van ecn Stadt, The Commandeur of a Towne.' F commands ur, L. ace. type *comman- together; partire, to share, to part, fiom a commander. paiti-, decl stem of pats, a part. datdrem, from Late L. lommandare

squadron

spelt

'

I.,, comparare, to adjust, set L. compar, co-equal. L. com(CUM}, together par, equal. Compartment. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. lompartimeut, 'a partition;' Cot. Ital. \\s\. compartire\ Late L. <,ompartimento* L. com- (CUM), lomparttre, to share.
;

see

Command
(F. L) O. F. comnn.

Compass.
M.
E. commnn, L. communis,
;

(F.
;

L.)

F.

compas, a

Common.
comoun.

circuit, circle, limit

common,
with
;

geneial.

com-

(c um), together

- L.) F. comL. compassioncm, ace. of comCOmmune, comuneN. O.Y. tommuner, to commune passto, sympathy. L. com- (cum}, with; \*.t,ommuniS) passw, suffering, from pail, to endure. with; Late L. communare. common (above). compatible. (F.-L.) F. compatiCommunicate. (L.) L. commit ni- ble, 'compatible, concuirable; Cot. L. communis, Late L. compatibihi, adj., used of a benecatus, pp. of commumcare. fice which could be held together with common. Der. excommnnnate. Commotion . ( F L ) F co m rn otion another. L. compati, to eiidmc togethei L. com- (cum), with; pati, to L with. L. commotioitem, ace. of com mot 10 cotnmot-us, pp of commonere^ to disturb. endure. L.) -'L,. com- (cum}, intensive; and mouere, Compeer, an associate. (F. M. E. comper. Y. com-, together; O. F. See Move. to move. Commute, to exchange (L.) L com- per, a peer, equal. L. com- (cum), tomutdre, to exchange with. L. com- (*/// \ gether; parcm, ace. of par, equal; see
ion
>

and mums, icady to serve (Plautus) cf. munus, service. (As if helping each Cf. Lith. mamas, Russ. micna, other.') Der. commun208. barter. Brugm i

Late com- (cttw), \\itli passus, a pace, step, so that compassus a track passage, ti ack See Pace. that joins together, circuit. Der. compass, verb compasses, s. pi., an
passes.
;
; ;

also, a pair of comL. L. compass us, a circuit.

instrument for drawing

ciicle^.

community.

Compassion.

(F.

verb.

(F.

M.

E.

passion.

'

with

mutarc,

to change.
,

Peer.
L. com-pdlere, to com(L.) L. com- (rww\ to drive together. Der. compulstogether ; pellere, to diive.

fastened together, M. F. comfitted, close, firm. L.) (F. \^. compact us, fitted together, pp. pacte. L. com" (cum), together; of comfingcre. See Pact pangerC) to fasten. (2), sb., a bargain, agreeL. comL. cowpactum, sb. ment. (L ) pactus, pp. of compacisci to agiee with. to make a L. com- (ciiut\, with;
(1), adj

Compact

Compel.
lit.

pel,

ion,

from pp. comfuls-us.

brief.

Compact

paciut, bargain, inceptive form of O. Lat. pacere, to agree. See Pact.

compcndiosus, adj., from compendium, an abridgment, lit. a saving, L. compendcre, to sparing of expense. L. com- (cum), with ; weigh together. pendere, to weigh.

Compendious,
\j*

(F.

L.)

F\

compendteux.

Company.

E. companye. F. companie. [Cf. also O. F. compain^

(F.

L)

compensate.

(L.)

Fiompp. ofL.

compensdre, to weigh one thing against L. com- (cum), together; penanother.

COMPETE
sare, to weigh, frequent,

COMPREHEND
of pendere, to

Compliance, Compliant ;
',

formed

weigh

(pp./*;ttftf).

L. Compete. (L.) L. competere* com- (cum), together; petere, to strive

after.

with F. suffixes -ance, -ant^ from the verb to comply which, however, is not of F
Ital. - L.) F. (F. Ital. complimentOj compliment. compliment, civility. Ital. compltre, to fill up,, L. complere-,^ fill up; see Comto suit. Doublet, complement, plete.

origin

see

Comply.

M. F. comL.) petent ; orig. pres. part, of competer, to be L. compeiere, to be sufficient sufficient for. L. com- (cum), with ; petere, to seek. for, Competitor. (L.) L. competitor, a L. com- (cum), with rival candidate. pet i lor, a seeker, bompetitus, pp. of petere to seek.

Compliment.

competent.

(F.

Compline. (F. L.) M.E.comphn r the last church-service of the day ; it was
an adj. (Mke gvM-en fiom gold\^ and stands for complin song the sb. is compile (Ancren Riwle). O. F. complie (mod. F. Late complies which is pi.), compline. L. completa (sc. hora), fern, of completus,. complete; because it completed the 'hours' of the day's service see Complete. Comply, to yield, accord with. (Ital. L.) It has no doubt been supposed to be allied to ply (whence compliant, by analogy with pliant^, but is quite distinct, and of Ital. origin. Jtal. cotnpltte, to fill up, fulfil, to suit, also to use compliments, ceremonies, or kind offices and
orig.
; > ; '

Compile. (F.-L.)

O. F. compiler.

L. L. compilare, lit. to press together. com- (foi cum\ together; and pll&re, to
Cf. press down, from pilitm, a pestle. See Pile (3). pinsere, to pound. From stem of Complacent. (L.) L. pres. pt. of complacere, to please. r^fw- (CUM}, intensive ; placere, to please.

L. composing. (L.) component- stem of pres. pt. of eontponert, L. com- (ctttr^, together; to compose. See Compound. Doublet, compliment. (below). ponete, to put. complete, perfect. (L.) L. eowpletus, Comport, to behave, suit. (F. - L.) F. f L. com- (cuni), sc comportcr, o behave. L. comportare, pp. of complere. to fulfil. Allied \jople-nus, to carry together. L. com- (cttm^, totogether plere, to fill. full. See Plenary. gether portai e, to carry. Complex. (L.) L. comphxus, en- Compose. (,F. - L. and Gk.) F. twined round hence, intricate ; pp. of composer, to compound, make; Cot. L. com- (cum), F. com- (L. cum}, together; and F. poser, complect!, to embrace. together; and plcctere, to plait, allied to to put, of Gk. origin, as shewn under See Pleach. Pose, q.v. *[f Distinct from compound* plic-are, to twine. F. complexion. (F. ~ L.) jom- Composition. (F.-L.) F. composiL. complexionem, tion. L. ace. compontwnctn, ace. of complc*\ion, appearance. ace. of complexio, a comprehending, com- positio, a putting together. L. composites L. com- pp. of L. component see compound. pass, habit of body, complexion. plexus, pp. of complectT^ to surround, compost, a mi \ture. (F. L.) O. F entwine. L. com- (<urtt), together; plcc- compost, a mixture. L. compositiim,^^\\i of compositus, pp. of compvnej e (below). tere, to plait. complicate. (L.) From pp. of L. Compound. (F. L.) The d is exL. com- crescent; M. E. compouncn. Q. F. com complicare, to fold together.

F. r<?/;/L.) complaisant. (X. platsant, obsequious, pres. part, of coinL. cowplaccre, to please plaire, to please. (above). O. F. comComplain. (F. - L.) plaign-, astern of complaindre.~\A\s L. complangere, to bewail. L. com- (cum), with; plangere, to bewail, lit. to stiike, beat the bieast. Complement. (L.) L. completnentum* that which L. complere completes.

offers;'

fulfil, satisfy.

Torriano. Cf. Span, complir, to L. complere, to fill up; see

Cf. supply.

Complete.

Complot,
,

a conspiracy; sec Plot (i).

Component,

(czirn),
f

togcthei

plicaie, to fold.
(F.
' ;

complniti\ a bad confederacy F. complice, a confedeiate. L. complicem aco. of complex, interwoven, confederate with ; see
,

Complicity.

L.) Cot.

ponre (Hartsch). L. componere, to com pound, put together. - L. com- (cum)

together pone)
;

c,

to put. See

Component

Comprehend.

(L.) L. lom-prehendere

Complex.

L. com- (cum), together, anc to grasp. prehendere, to seize ; see Prehensile.

103

COMPRESS
L. compressarc, to (L.) L. com- (cum}, together ; pressare, frequent, of premerc, to press. From O. F. (F.L.)

CONCLAVE
concevoir,

Compress.
Comprise.
;

to conceive,

oppress.

pp. was conceit (F. con^ii)', with deceit, q.v. See below.

though the real by analogy

conceive.
conceiven.

compris, comprised, comprehended ; pp. of comprendre, to comprehend. L. com-

M. E. conccven, L.) (F. A. F. conceiv-, a stem of O. F.

L. con(cum}, alto-

concever, conccvoir, to conceive.

prehenderc
cessions.

see

Comprehend.
a.

settlement by con* a F. compromis, mutual promise;' Cot. Orig. compromise, compp. of F. compromettre, to put unto

Compromise,
(F.

L. concipere, to conceive. gether ; capere, to take.

L.)

'

promise

L. compromittere, to Cot. L. com- (cunt), a mutual promise. pro mittere, to promise ; see mutually
;

'

make

IO F. conception. (F. L. concepttonem.'\,. concept-us, pp. of concipere, to conceive (above). Concentre, to draw to a centre. (F. L. con- (cum}, L. attdGk.) F. concent'rer.
Conception.
together ; and centr-um, a centre, from Gk. Ktvrpov; see Centre. Der. concentric, conccntr-ate (modern). Concern, vb. (F. L.) F. concenter.

Promise.

Comptroller,
troller
;

another spelling of con-

see Control.

Late L. ace. comO. F. computation. punctioncm. L. comp unctus, pp. of compungl, to feel remorse, pass, of compungcre* to prick. L. com- (cum}', pungerc, to
prick.

Compulsion. (F. L.) See Compel. L.) Compunction, remorse. (F.

^L.
refer

concernerc, to
to,

mix;

in

Late Lat., to

L. con'- (cum}, with; iegard. and cerncre, to separate, decree, observe. 4. Gk. Kpivtiv, to separate, decide ; Lith. 13rngm. skir-ti, to separate, distinguish. 612. li. (-/SKLR.)

Concert. (F.-Ital.-L.)
(L)
L.
*

Often con-

computare, to L. com- (cum}, together; putarc, reckon. to clear up, reckon. Doublet, count (2). Comrade. (F. Span. L.) F. < amaralso ade. Span, camarada, a company; an associate, comrade Span, camara, a chamber, cabin. L camera, a chamber.

Compute,

F. confused with consort in old writers. * to consort, or agree together ; eerier, Ital. conccrtare, 'to agree or tune Cot. together, sing in consort,' Florio ; cf. concerto,
sb.,

agreement.
it

The

Ital.

forms

shew

that

was derived from L. concertare,

to contend, struggle together

find also

Con

(i),

to
;

M. E. cunnen Allied to A. S. citnnan,

study, peruse, scan. A. S. cunnian, to

to
i.

(E.)
test.
;

know

see

Can (i).

Der. ale-conner,
*

e. ale- tester.

Con
with,
j, n,

2 )>

short for contra, against.

(L.)

In the phrase

pro and con?

1
)

; indeed, we concertar, to settle or adjust, covenant, bargain ; which also points to the same origin. [It would seem that the L. vb. took up the sense of to settle by debate, and so, to agree.] L. con- (ctim}, together ; certare, to contend, vie with ;

Span

For com- (cum}, Con-, prefix. (L. when the following lettei is c, d, g,
i],

'

orig.

to decide

c erne re,

to decide.
,

frequent, of by contest See Concern. Der.

;

'

s,

/,

or

v.
;

com- ; before /, com- or con-.

t

col-

Before before

b, m, r, cor-

p,
;

it

is

concert, sb.

oncert-ina.
L.)
;

before

Concession. (F. L ace. concessionem.

otconccdere, to concede

F. concession. L. concensus, pp.

see

Concatenate. (L.) L. concatenate, L. pp. of concatcndre to link together. con- (cum}, together; catena, a chain. Concave. (F.L.) F. comave. \, L. con- (cum}, with, concauus, hollow. together; cauus, hollow. Conceal. (F.-L.) O. F. concekr.
,

Concede.

Concn, a marine shell. (L. Gk.) L. concha. - Gk. Koyx*] C also ^7X OS )> a cocklebhell.-f-Skt.

fahkha, a conch.

Der. con-

chology (from ^7x0-5).

completely
yield.

L. con- (cum}, L. conceldre, to hide. ce/dre, to hide. See Helm (2 ,.

;

Conciliate. (L.) From the pp. of L. conciliare^ to bring together, conciliate. concilium, a council sec Council.
;

Concise.

(F.

or L.)

F. concis.

Concede.

to yield.
cessus}.

L. concedere, to retire, (L.) L. con- (cum\ together; cedere, Der. concess-ion (from pp. conE. conceit, confrom the pp. of O. F.

L. conctsus, brief, cut short ; pp. of con\s. con- (cum}, intensive; carder e9 cidere. Der. concis-ion. to cut.

Conceit. fF.-L.)
ceite.

M.

Formed

as if

Conclave. (F. L.) F. conclave, a small room (to meet in). L. concldue, a room ; later, a place of assembly of

104

CONCLUDE
place. a key.

CONFEDERATE
nounce
to
;

cardinals, assembly. Orig. a locked Tip L. con- (cum), together; clduis,

wholly

be guilty. I,, con* damndrc, to condemn.

.

(ct/m),

condildere, to L. con- (cum), shut up, close, end. = together ; and -diidere daudere, to shut. Der. condus-ion. Similarly ex-chide, in(L.)

Conclude.

L.

dude, prc-chidc, se-dude\ whence in-elussc-dus-ion (from pp. ive, prc-dus-ion -clilsus = dausus}. CoxiCOCt, (L ) From L. concoct us > pp.
,

Condense. ( F L ) F . condenser. L. condcnsare. \;. condemns, very thick. -L. con- (cum),very dcnsus, thick, dense. Condescend. (F. L.) F. condescendre. Late L. condescendcre, to grant L. con- (cum) ,with (lit. to descend with).
; ;

descenders,

to

descend

see

Descend.

Der. condescens-ion, from the pp.

of concoquere, to cook together, digest. L. con- (cum^s coquere, to cook.

;

Concomitant,
From

accompanying.

(L.)

and I,, ton- (cttm), together; comitant-em, ace. of pres. pt. of comitdri, to accompany, from comit-, stem of comes , a companion j see Count (i\ CoXXCOrd. (F. L) F. comorde. L* L. concord- , stem concordia, agreement. L. con (cum) ; cor of con-cors, agreeing.
(stem coni-), the heait.

Condign, well merited. (F. L.) O.K. L. condignus, very worthy. condigne. L. con- (cum), very digmts, worthy. Condiment. (L ) L. condimentum, L. condire, to season, seasoning, sauce.
;

spice, preserve (as fruit).

Condition. (F.-L)

condition.

L. conditionem, ace. of conditio, a late spelling of condicio* a covenant, condition, L. condJccre, to talk over together, agree
upon.
speak.
L. con- (cuni\, together; dicere^ to
)

Concordant.
ctnt,

(F.

L.)

F. concoid-

Condole. (L
with.
grieve.

L. prcb. pt. of concorder, to agree. L. toncoi d- (above). concorddre, to agree

L. con-

L. condolei e, to grieve (cum), with ; dolere, to

Concordat. (K
an agreement.
Late

L.)

F. concordat

',

concorddtum, a convention, thing agreed on, esp. between the pope and F. kings; pp. of concorddre, to agree (above).

Concourse. (F. L) F. concottrs L. ace. concursuui) a running together. L. concttrsus, pp. of con-currere to run L. con- (cttm), together; and together.
y

L. condona* e, to remit, (L.) L. con- (cum), wholly; dondre, to give see Donation. Condor, a large bird. (Span. Peruvian ) Peruv. ciintur^ a Span, condor. condor.

Condone.
;

pardon.

currere, to run.

Concrete, formed
cere, to

See Concur. into one mass.

(L.)

L. ioncret-n*, pp. of concrescerc, to grow L. con- (cum), together; cta>together.

grow.
(F.
\j.

Concubine.
L. concnlrina.
culnite, to lie.

L.) Q.Y.concttluttc, con- (cum), together;

Conduce. (L.) L condfuerc, to draw L con- (cum), together to wards, lead to. together; diicerc, to lead. Conduct, bb. (L.) Late L. conductus, L. condefence, protection, guard, escort'. duclus, pp. of con-ducere (above). conduit. (F. L) M. E. conduit. ~ O. F. conduit, a conduit. Late L conditctus, a defence, escort ; also, a canal, tube see above.
;

Cone. (F.-L.-Gk)
T.concuconus.

M.F.^wtf-L.
;

fhccnce

peak, peg. -fL. bkt. ^dna s, a whetstone cf. L. cos, the See Hone. Biugm. i. 401. inceptive form of same. concttpiscerc, to desire 'L. con- (cuni) intensive; and concnpcre. Coney; see Cony. Confabulate. (L.) From pp. of L. ctipcre, to long for. Concur. (L.) L. concurrerc> to run coiijdbuldrt, to talk togethei. L. conL. concupiscentia, desire.
; t

Concupiscence. (F.-L)

Gk.

K&i'os, a cone,

together, agree. cttrrere, to lun.

con- (cum), together;

Der. concourse.

fabula, a discourse

L.) F. concussion. (F. L. concussionem, ace. of concussio, a violent shaking. L. concnssiis, pp. of L. conconcuterc, to shake together.

Concussion.

(cum) together
?

quatere, to shake.

to converse, from see Fable. Confect, to make up into sweetmeats. L. confectus, pp. of conjicere, to put (L.) L. ton- (cum), iotogether, make up. gether ; facet e, to put. Der. confcct-ion, See Cornfit. confection-cr.
\curn), \f\tii\fdbttlari,
;

Condemn.

L.) Q.Y.condemner. (F. L, condemndre, to condemn wholly, pro-

Confederate. (L.) L. confaderatus, united by a covenant, pp. of confxderdre*

105

CONFER
L.
con(cuni]
,

CONGLOMERATE
;

*fades-,

stem of
(L,)

fccchis,

together feeder-, for See a treaty.

L. confunderc, to pour together, confound. L. ton- (cum\ together ; fundere, to

Federal.
conferrc, to bring together, collect, bestow. L. ton(r/w\ together; fcrrc, to bring, bear.
[f

pour.

Confer.

From L

See Fuse (i). Confraternity.

F.

- L.)
F

From
(j

L.

rtw-

(/w), with

and Fraternity,

v.

Confront.

(F.

O. F. eonfesw L. confess us, pp of front-, stem oifrons, forehead, front. L. con- (ium], fully, Confuse. (L.) M. E. confus^ used as conjitcn, to confess L. tonfusus, pp. of faten, to acknowledge, allied to /<?>/", to a pp. in Chaucer. Cf. Gk. (parts, a speech. Brugm. coiijnndere, to confound see Confound. speak.

Not from F.
_

Confess.

(F.

-1

,.)

bring face to face. L. to be near to.

Med. L confrontarT, r0- (cum\ together;

L)

confrontcr, to

Late L. confess arc.

i-

T95
)

Confute. (F.-L.)
to
L.
rt?;/-

confliter.
to

L.

Confide. (L
fully.

L. con-

confidcre, to trust <r/////j, fully fld<,re, to

I,
;

confiitare,

repress,

also

see Faith. wF. L.) Configuration. (F. L. configurationem, a configuration

trust, allied to fides ^ fnith
;

(CUHI\ together; beat back; probably fiom the same root as A. S. beatan, to beat (Walde). If so, it is not allied to L.
repress,
ffttilis.

confute. to "fit fare,

formation

confguratus, pp

of

r0tt;

L. <0- (^ //w figurate, to put togethci. a figiue. fgilrdrc, to fashion, tivrnflgnra,

Congeal. (F.-L.)
i

F.

^//^;.-T
L.

congchve, to cause to fieeze together.

<?/*-,

See Figure.

togLlhei

gelare, to freeze, from

^t7,

Confine, to limit. (F.-L.) F. r<?M. F. jiner, to keep within limits L (onjinis, boulering confin* near ; (_ot. on L. <-<?;/- (rww), with finh, boundary. See Final. ^[ Mud. F. has only confine, sb. pi confines; representing (). F. con* find, L confima, pi ; whence E. confini^
; ,

frost.

See Gelid.
'

pi.

Confirm.
().

'

F.

L.)
}~.

M
lv.

E. confcrmcn
}

(F. Cot. O. F. eongic, tnngc, tongtet 'F>urguy) the same as Piov. comjat l^ate L. tonneitus, VIII cent ) ; the same leave, permission ib L comnu'atus, a travelling together, com- (en HI), also leave of absence I,/, together; meatns a couise, from ]>p. of
'
}

Congee, Conge", leave to depart. L J". conge, lca\e, lismission

;
^

F.

011 for

we

make
firm.

firm,

strengthen.

tonfirmare, to L. <wz- (mvt}

meare, to go.

{\>\\\y ,jfir

mare, to strengthen, iiomjirnius,

to adjudge to be foifeit

Confiscate,
(L
)

Coined fL.) Congenial, fiom L. ton- (cunt], with; and Denial, adj. fiom L genius; see Genial. Congenital. (L.) Coined by adding
kindicd
-al

lay by the treasury.

purse.

L. cotifscdtus, pp. of confitiaie, to in a coffer, to confiscate, tiansfer to

cent

L.

w/- (cum)
(F.

Jiscus, a

the obs. word tongenite (XVII ] L. congenititS) born with. con>t//;//\ with; gcnitn, born, pp. of gignere^
to
).
.

to produce.

See Genital.
a

F. conL. ace. conflagrationem, a jlagratton L. ton- (rw), together; great burning. See Flagrant. flagrare, to burn. Conflict, an encounter. (L.) L. <<? Jlictus, a btukmg together; from the pp. L. conof conjtigere, to strike together.

Conflagration.

L.)

Gk ) L. sea-eel. (F. O. F. congre. * L congrum, ace. of con^rtfi, by-form of conger, a seaGk. yuyypos, the same. eel. Congeries, a mass of particles. (L.) 1 L. congeries, a heap. congooe, to L. ow- (/v/w), together; bring together.

Conger,
.

.L

otig> e

\cum\ together JKget e,

;

to strike.

geiere, to cany.
;

(L.) to pt. of con-flueret

Confluent.
So

Fluent.

btem. of pres flow together see also conflux t sb., from the

From

congestion, accumulation. (L.) From L. congest us pp. of L. ace. congestion cm congerere (above).
t

pp. confiuxus.

Conform. (F. L.) F. confermer. L. con~, globus, a globe. L. conformiire, to fashion like. together ; formare, to form, from forma, Conglomerate. (L.) From pa of form. conglomerdre, to wind into a ball, neap L. con- (cum\ together; and Confound. (F. L.) F. confondre. together.
106

Conglobe, to form into a globe. (L.) L. con-globarc.v+'b. con- (cum), together J

CONGLUTINATE
glotner-, for *glomes-) a ball, clew of yarn.

CONSIDER
.

Connive. (F - L.) F. tonniwr. - L. conniuere^ to close the eyes at, overlook. L, con- (cum), together; and *ntguere t Conglutinate. (L.) From pp. of L. to wink cf. nic-tare, to wink. L. conglutindre, to glue together. Goth. con- (cttm}, together; ghltindre, to glue, h net wan, to bow Brugm. i 664. from glu tin-, stem si gluten, glue. Connoisseur, a critical judge. (F. " In L.) F. connaisseur, formerly connoisseur, i, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) O. F. connotss-ctnt, pres. the Amoy dialect, called kang-hu te, where a knowing one. * i. e. tea on see Cognisance. pt. of O. F. conoistre kang-hu is lit. work, labour which labour has been expended (Douglas). Connubial. (L.) L. conmlbmlts, reThe true Chinese is kung-fu ch'a, with lating to marriage. L. co(n}nulmim, marL. con- (cum] with ; mlbere t to the same sense. riage.
stem
of glomus,
;

'

Congratulate. (L)
,

congrdtuldn, to (cum}, fully gt dtuldri to wish joy, from See Grace. adj. grdtus, pleasing of Congregate. (L ) From pp. o L.
,

Fiom wish much joy.

pp. ofL. L. ton-

marry.

See Nuptial.
.

1 (ongrcgare, to collect into a ilock con- (cum}, together; gregdrc, to assemble a flock, fiom greg-, stem of grejc t a
,

seek. Der. conquest, M. E conqucste, from Late L. conquesta, L. conqulsita, fern, of conqulsltus, pp. oi(onqmrere.

1 M. E. conquei en. (F. L. conquirere, to seek conqnerre. after, go in quest of; in Late L, to conL con- (turn}, with; qucerere, to quei.

Conquer.
O. P

flock.

Consanguineous.
a meeting together. (L.) L. congressus, pp. of conconsanguine-it*
suffix
>

(L

From L.

congresses. L. con-, together; gredi, to meet together. gradi, to advance, walk.

Congress,

related

by blood, with

L. con- (cum), together; -ou<> saiiguin-, stem of sanguis, blood. Conscience. (F. L) F. conscience.

Congrue,

to agree, suit.

(L.)

L. con;

\^.conscicntia, consciousness.

conscient-,

gruere, to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der. longru-ous, from L. congruus, suitable congru-ity Conjecture. (F.-10 F. conjecture. L comcctnia, a castini: together, a of comcere, to L. comecfus, pr guess. throw or put together. L. con- (cuni\ toiaccre, to throw. gethei Conjoin. (F. L) O. F. conjoindie. L. comungeie (pp. comunJu^], to join L. con- (cum}, together; tuntogether. See Join. Der. conjunctgere, to join. ion, conjunct-ive, from the pp.
;

of consctie, to know along \\ith. L. con- (cum}, with; scire, to know. See Science. Der. conscionable, an ill-contnved word, used as a contiac-

stem of pies.

pt.

tion of conscience} -able.

|

conscious.

(L.)

awaie, with sufhx -ous. aware of (above).

P'rom i^. consci-its, L. consare, to be

L. conscnpttts, en(L.^ pp. of cojncribere, to \\nte down L. con- (cum}, together; sen* together.

Conscript.

rolled,

berc, to write.

Cot. Formed with suffix -if (I -tuns) Conjugation. (L.) Fiom L comu- from L. conseciit-us, pp. of conseqtri, to a follow together. lit L. con- (cum}, together ; gdtio, a conjugation (Piisciau) yoking together. L. coniugdtus, pp. of scqui, to follow. See Sequence. L. conconiugdre, to yoke together. Consequent. (L ) L. consequent-, stem of pres pt. of consequT (abo\e (cum}, together iug-um, a yoke. Consent, vb. (F.L.) Y.consentit\ Conjure. (F. L) M.E. coniurtn. L. conF. conjurer. L. coniutdre, to swear toL. consent!re, to agree to. L. con-, to- (cum}, with sent ire, to feel. See Sense. gether, combine by oath. gether ; ifirdt e, to swear ; see Jury. Conserve, vb. (F. L.) Y.conserver* L. conL. conserudre, to preserve. Connect. (L.) 1^. connectcre, to tie L. con- (cunt), together; and (cum}, fully serudre, to keep. Der. contogether
;

relating to marriage. (F. L. comugalis, adj. F. conjugal. L.) L. coniugem, ace. of contux, a spouse. L. con-, together iug-, allied to tuttgere, to join, tngitm, a yoke see Join.

Conjugal,

From pp. of L. Consecrate. (L.) L. conconsecrate, to render sacred. (cuni)) with, vholl) ; sacrdre, to consecrate sec Sacred.
;

Consecutive.
tif,

(F.

L.)

KLY.consecu.

nectere, to bind (pp. nexus}.

Der. con-

serve,

vb

conserv-cttory.

nex-ion [not connection], from the pp.

Consider.
107

(F.

L.)

See Serve. O. F. consider.

CONSIGN
L. considerate to consider, orig. to contemplate the stars (Festns). L. con- (cum}, * together; slder-, for sides-, stem of sidus,
,

CONTAIN
L. ace. consternationcm^ sternation. L. consternatus, pp. of consterfright. L. con- (for cuni) 9 tondrc, to frighten.

a star.

F. consigner.L. consignare, to attest, register, recoid. L. con- (cum), together; signtire, to mark see Sign. Consist. (F L) F. consisfer, to L. consistere, to consist, rest, abide, &c.

Consign.
;

(F.-L.)

and *stemate prob. allied to Gk. vrvptiv, to fiighten (Walde). See Brugmann, i. 499.
gether;
t

From pp. of L. Constipate. (L.) constipdrc, to join closely, press together. L. con- (cum], together; stlpare, to
press,

cram.

L. con- </w\ stand together, consist. together; sistere, causal form fiom stare, see State. Der. consistory. to stand \^ F. comoler. Console. (F. IO L con- (cum), with consolarl, to comfort see Solace. solan, to comfort Fiom pp. of I,. Consolidate. (L.) L conconsolidare, to render solid.
;
;

(cum), togethei

from

solidus,

solidare, to solid. Dar.

;

make

solid,

consols,

familiar abbreviation for consolidated annuities.

Consonant, agreeing F. consonant, accordant; nant-, stem of pres. pt. L. consound together
sondre, to sound
;

with.

(F.

IO

L. consoCot of comonare, to (cum together

i,

I,, comtitrttw, (L.) pp. of conslituere, to cause to stand together, establish. L. con- (cuni], togethei statuerc, to set up, denom. vb. from status, a position see Statute. Constrain, to compel. (F. L.) O. F. constraign-, a stem of constratndre later contraindre. L. constnngere, to bind L. con- (cum), together; together, fetter. stringer e> to draw tight. Construct. (L.) Fiom L. const ructus, pp. of const mere (below). L. constrnere, to Construe. (L.) heap together, build, construct in Late L , to construe a passage. L. con- (cum), to, ;

Constitute.

see
(

Sound

(3).

gether; struere, mis-construe*

to

pile,

build.

Der.

Consort,

sb.

F.

L)

F. consort.

L. consort-, stem of consors, one who shares property with another, a partner. L con(cum), together sort-, stem of sors, a lot, See Sort. share.
;

Conspicuous. (L)
visible,
see.

with

suffix -0//j.

L. compicu-us,
con^picere, to ; spec ere, to

L. consul, a consul, but allied to consulere, to consult see below. Consult. ( F. L. ) F. consumer. L. consultare, to consult frequent, form of Root uncertain ; con-sulere, to consult. prob. allied to scdere, to sit cf, solntm t
(L.)
;

Consul.
,

Etym. doubtful

see thoroughly.

con-, fully

a seat.

See Species.

Consume.
wholly
buy.
;

L) a peace-officer (F. F. cones table (F. connttablc).^. comes count of the stable,' the title of Stabull, lit a dignitary of the Roman empire and afterwards* in use among the Franks. See

F. conspirer. L.) (F. L. conspirare, to breathe together, comL. ton- (cum), together; bine, plot. spirare* to breathe.

Conspire.

take up wholly.

L. consilmere, lit. to (L.) L. con- (dirti), together, siimere, to take up, from ^sitps-^
i.

allied to sub, under, up,

Constable,
'

Brugm.

240.

and emeje,\.o take, Der. consumption^

from the pp.

Consummate.

(L.)

Fiompp. ofL.

consttmmare* to bung into one sum, to L. con- (cum), together; sumpeifect. mare, to sum, from summa, a sum see
;

Count

(i)

and Stable.
firm.

Sum.

F. conConstant, Consumption ; see Consume. stant. L. constant-, stem of cons tans, L. contactus, a Contact, sb. (L.) firm L. contactus, pp. of contingere^ orig. pres. pt. of constare, to stand touching. L. con- 'cum), together ; stare, to touch closely ; see Contingent. together. to stand; sec State. Contagion. (F.-L.) F. contagion. L. contagionem, ace. of contagio, a Constellation. F. - L.) F. constellation. \,. ace. constcllationcm, cluster of L. con- (fui) f touching, hence contagion. stars. L. con- Uum\, together; stellilt-us, with tag--, 2nd grade of tag*, as in *tagpp. of stellare, to set with stars, from tus (>tac-tus)i pp, of tangerc, to touch. See Star. Contain. (F. L.) From a tonic stem stella, a star. Consternation, v F. - L.) F. con- of O. F. contenir. L. continerc^ to hold

(F.-L."}

108

CONTAMINATE
contentus. together, contain; pp. to hold. (cum), together; tenere,
l^.

CONTRIBUTE
con-

Contaminate.

(L.)

Prompp. ofL.
;

L. contdmin-, contaminare, to defile. stem bicontHmen, contagion which stands L. con- (cum} for *contagmen. tag-,
;

* as in tact us, for tag-tits, pp. of tangete, to

Continue. (F.L.) F. continue?. L. continuarey to continue. L. continues Der. dis-contimie. (below) continuous. (L) L. continu-us, lit. holding with suffix -ous. together L. continere, to hold together, contain. See
;

Contain.

touch

Brugm.

i.

768.

N.Y.contemner. L.) L. conL contemncre, to despise (cum), with, wholly; temnere, to de(F.
spise,

Contemn.

Contort. (L.) L. contortus, pp. of L. concontorquere> to twist togethci. (curti), together; torquere, to twist. Contour, an outline. (F. Ital. L.)
Ital. F. contour, esp. in an aitistic sense. contorno, a circuit; icntornare, 'to ent lono. L. con- (cum) together ; circle ; tornare, to round off, to turn ; see Turn.
' ,

Contempt.

(F.

L.)

contempt-,

L. tontemptus, scorn. L. r0Cot. tcmptus, pp. of contemnere (above). From pp. of Contemplate. (L.) contemplan, to ohseive, consider; used at L. con- (cum first of augurs. templum, an open space for observation (by augurs) ;
)

L. contra, (L.) Contra-, prefix. orig. the abl. fern, of an obs. adj. against *con-t(e)r-us, a comparative form from con- t prep, together cf. extra from extents.
; ;

see

Temple.
(L.)
, ;

L. conwith temporane-tis, adj at the same time L. con- (cum], with suffix -ous. tetnpor-, for '"'tempos-, stem of tewpus, time. contemporary. (L.) L. ?-, with and L. Umpordrius, tempoiaiy, adj from

Contemporaneous.

(Span. Ital. L. and Teut.) Span, contrabando, prohibited goods. Ital. contrabbando* prohibited goods. Ital. contia (~L. <.ontid\ against; bando, a ban, from Late L. bannum, a \\ord of

Contraband.

Teut.

origin, viz.

command.

from O. H. G. ban, a See Ban.

(L.)

temper- (above).

O. F. contendre. ) (F. L. contenders, to stretch out, exert, fight. tendere, to strive. I,, (on- (cum*), hilly;

Contend.

Contract (i), to draw together. L. lontiactus. pp. of contrahere, to L. con- (cum), together; together.
here, to draw.

diaw
tra-

Der. content-ion (from the pp. contentus). Contract (2\ a bargain. (F.-L.) L. contractual, F. content, M. F. contract; Cot Content, adj. (F.-L.) JL contentus, content; pp. of ace. of con tract us, sb., a drawing together, satisfied, Der. dis-ion- a bargain. L. conttaJus^ pp. (above). tontinere; see Contain.
tent.

Contradict.
^

Contest,

b.

(F.L.)
from

F. contester.

pp

(L.) oi contraduerC) to

L. contradictus

speak against.

L.

L. contestari, to call to witness, to bring an action. L. con- (mm), together; tcstdri,

to witness,
contest, sb.

tcstis,

a witness.

Der.

contra, against, d'cere, to speak. Ital. contrContralto. (Ital. L.) Ital. alto* counter-tenor. contia, oppoL. contra, against ; site to, and altO) high.
alt its, high.

Context. (L) L. contexttts, a joining together, order (hence, context of a book). L. contextus, pp. of contcxere, to weave L. con(CUM), together together.
;

texerc, to

weave.
L. contigii-us^ that
;

L. contra nm, contrary; from contra, against see Contra-. Contrast, vb. (F. L.^ F. contraster,
F.
contiaire.
;

Contrary.

(F.

L)

\.Y.contraric;

Contiguous. (L ) may be touched, neai

L. con" (cum), with
,

a^ in tat*-, ; tac-tus (for * tag- Jus) pp. of tangere, to touch ; see Contingent.

with and

suffix -ous.*~

to strive, contend against (hence to be in Late L. contrdstdre, opposition to, &c.).

stand against. stare, to stand.

to
'

L.

contra,

against

F. continent, L. continent-, stem of adj , moderate. see Contain. pres. pt. of contmcre (L.) Contingent, dependent on. From stem of pres. pt. of contingcrc, to L. con- (cum) tangerc, touch, relate to. to touch. See Tangent.
(F.

Continent.

L/)

Contravene, to hinder. (F.L.) F. Late L. Cot. (ontrcvenir, to thwart; to break a law, tontrduciiire, to oppose L. tontra, against ; uentre, to come. Contribute. (L.) From pp. of L.
'

conttibitcre, to contribute, lit. pay to-, L. con- (cunt), together; trigether. buere, to bestow ; see Tribute.

109

CONTRITE
Contrite. (F.L.)
F, contrit.
l^,

CONY, CONEY
orig. pies. pt. of comienire, to gether, suit (above).

come

to-

contnttis, thoroughly bruised, hence, penitent ; pp. of L. contcrere, to rub together, L. con- (cum), together; tererc, bruise.
to nib.

See Trite.

L. and Gk.) An (F. spelling ; M. E. controuen, contreuen (= controven, contrcven). O. F. controver, to find, find out (Bartsch). O. F. r0w- (L. r<w-, for w) ; O. F. trover, to find; see Trover. *{[ Contrive (cf.

Contrive.

altered

L. cenuentus, an as(L.) L. conuentus, pp. of con-iiemre. convention. ' (F. L.) F. conven* a compact Cot. L. ace. contion, uentionem, a meeting, compact. L. conucntus, pp. of con-uenlre, to meet. Converge. (L.) Late L. conuergere, to incline together (Isidore). L. con*

convent.

sembly

(cunt),
cline.

retrieve) is from M. li. contrevc^ answering to O. F. contrtuv-, stressed stem of controver.

together;

uergere,
(F.

to

bend, in-

Converse, vb.
to associate with
live with.
;

Cot

L.) F. convener, L. connersdri, to

Control,

sb

for eontrc-roll, old

(F.-L.) Control is short form of counter-roll.

O. F. contre-rol(l)e,^. duplicate register, used

to verify the official or first-made roll. O. F. contre, over against rol(l)c, a roll.
;

rolulum, ace. of rotuhts, a roll see Eoll. Controversy. (F.-L) A. F controversie (i$Q ]). *L.con/Muersia, a quarrel. L. controller sus, L. opposed. contra-, masc. or neut. form coi responding
;

L. contra, against
;

L. con* (cum), with; ucrsdri, dwell (lit. turn oneself about), orig. pass, of the frequent, of tiertere, to turn. convert, vb. (F.-L.) O. F. ionvertir. Folk-L. *convet tire, for L. conL. conncrtere, to turn wholly, change
to
(<///;/),

wholly

uertere, to turn.

Convex.
\aulted.-L.

(L.) con-

L conuexus, arched, (cnm), together; and

\.o

lo bend, as in ucic-itlare t

to fern,

contra, uertere, to turn.

against

iiersus,

pp.

of

edly. See Vacillate. Cf.

Contumacy.
macie^i 303). L. contnmaci

See Contra-. A. F. contuiF.-L.)

L. contuniacia, obstinacy. stem of continual, stub;

M. E. iomteien, connoicn (convcten, convoten^* to convey, also to convoy A. K. convcier, O. F. convoicr, to convey, convoy,
to

A S.woh, crooked. Convey, Convoy, vb. (F. - L.)

reel,

go crook-

born. L. conand *titm-ax, prob. from tnm-ere, to swell with pride ;

see

Tumid.
<

Late L. couuiare, accompany on the \\ay accompany. L <on- citni}, with; ma,
l

Contumely.
mclie.

F.-L.)

M. F
;

contu-

way. foim

^f
;

Convey
is

is

the A.

1'

or

Norman

tonvoy

prob.

allied

L. tontiimelia, insult, rcpioach; to contntnacia see Conto

Convince.
o\eicome
by

Pansian. L. tonnimcrc, to iL.) L. ion- (CUM), proof.

tumacy.

Contuse,
contusus,
severely.

buuse

severely.

pp. of contundcre, L. con- ^7//w),\vith, much and tundere, to strike. -f-^kt. tuJ, to strike
;

L. (L.) to bruise

wholly; unuerc, to conquer. vitt, veib and sb., from A. F.

i,

Der. ton<.on

pp. of conuinccre. Coined as adj from iL.) L. conttiui-ttfti, a feast. L. ion- (cum\

Convivial.
;

Goth, stautan,

to

strike.

^y^STEUD.)

together
L.

Brugm.

i.

818.

Convoke.

(Unknown.) formerly used in the sense of whim, crotchet, or hoax. Also quonwndrum ong m uriiv.
;

Conundrum.
;

ulucrc, to live (hence, eat). F. ionvo ]iier.~ L.) (F. cornier are, to call together. L. con~,
t
<

prob. of L. origin. _ Convalesce. iL.) L. conttalesccre, to an inceptive form. begin to grow well L. r0#- ( = f/w), fully; ualerc, to be

slang

together; nocfiie* to call. Convolve. L.) L. conuoluere, to i oil L. <0together, wnthe about. together; uolucre, to loll. Der. (.onvolntion, from pp. comtolutns convolv-ul-tt$,
;

L
'

conuoluulus, a twining plant.

;

strong.

Convene,
convenir, to

come
^

I o assemble. (F. L) F. assemble. L conucnfre, to L. con- (CUM), together; together.

Convoy

see

Convey.

itenire, to

come.
suitable.
(

convenient, From stem of L.

F.

Convulse, to agitate violently. (L.) L. comiulsus, pp. of comic Here, to pluck L. con- (cum), with, up, convulse. seveiely; udlere, to pluck.
M. E. coni\

L.

Cony, Coney,

conueniens,

suitable;

a rabbit. (F. L.) also conyng. Anglo-F. conil,

coo
conin
rabbit
;
;

CORACLE
L. cuniculus, a

O. F. connil,
a

Copeck,
less than \d.

word of uncertain

(E.) also spelt croo. Cook. (L.) A.S. coc, a cook.

Coo.

quere, to lo cook Russ. peJi(e], to bake.

;

cook L. coquus, a cook; co- See Rouble. cook.-fGk. iriavuv ; Skt. Copious, ample.
;

origin. purely imitative Cf. cuckoo, cock. M. K. cokcn, to

a small Russian coin, worth a hundredth part of a rouble.

;
1

word

Russ. kopieika, a copeck ; dimiiu (Russ.) of Russ. kopec , a lance. So called from the figure of Ivan IV, holding a lance (1535).

(F.-L.)

O. F.

co*

whence Lat. *peqncre, becoming *queqitcre by assimilation, and then coquere; Ok. *ir^-i^, whence W(T<rcii>.) Brugm. i. A.S <w Late L. <wf/j, for coquus. 66 1 Copper, a metal. (Cyprus.) M.E coper. A. S. copor. Late L. cupcr, L. uprum, a Cookie, a cake see Cake. Cool. (E.) A. S col, cool +Du. kocl contraction for C^lpr^^^1n trs, Cyprian brass. Gk. KfcV/wos, Cyprian Kvtrpos, Cypius, Tent, type *kol-uz; also, \vith mutation, Dan. kol, G. /('/////; from &?/-, 2ndgiade whence the Romans got copper.
;
,

L. copia, \s. coplenty; for *co~opta. (for aim), together op-, base of op-es, wealth. Cf. in-opia, want.
ieitjc.
lL.

copiosus^ plentiful.

kal', as in A. S catan, Icel. &?/#, t freeze /-J/) ; see Cold.

of

to

Coolie, Coqly, an East Indian porter. (Hind, or Tamil.) Hmd. kiill, a labourer, prob. from Koll, porter, cooley (Forbes) a tribal name (Yule). Or from Tamil killi, or wages; hence, a daydaily hire labourer (Wilson).
;

(j>t.

sulphate of iron. (F. L.) E. coperosc. O.F. coperosc (couperose] ; cf. Ital. copparosa. According to Diez, from L. c upri rosa, rose of copper, a translation of Gk. xaA.tf-av0os, brass - flower, But this is prob. only a popular copperas. etymology and the Late L. cuprosa seems

Copperas,

M.

Coomb

to be merely an adj.

form from cuprum.

a small
short for

see
(L.)

Comb.

Coop.

See
cupe, a basket not found, though occurs as a gloss
;

K.

answering to

N.E.D. Coppice, Coppy, Copse,

(F.

S. *c upc,
)

wood.
coppice,
ropeiz

L.

Gk.)

Coppy

is

cype (with z-mutation to doliuni.< L. cupa, a tub, whence also Du. kiup, Icel. kilpa, a bowl ; also LateL.
copa,

huff, tub, vat, coop O. Sax. copa* a tub. Cf. Skt. kfipa, a pit,
;

whence G.
Der.

hollow.

coop-er,

tub-maker.

Co-operate.
(0-operarl, to

(L.)

From

pi
(0-

of L.
(tttnij,

work with; from

with; and operdri, to work; see Operate. Co-ordinate. (L.) From L. co- (cum}, with and the pp. of ordtndre, to order.
;

O. F. copse is contracted. L. copccia}, underwood freF. coper (F. quently cut, brushwood. O.F. cop (F. coup), a couper), to cut. stroke, Low L. colpus, L. colafhus, stroke, blow. Gk. Ko\a<f>os, a blow, ^ff O. F. copeiz answers to a Late L. type *colpaticium, homcotyarffy to strike. Coppy arose from coppice being taken as coppies, pi. ; and copse (cops) from reducing a supposed

and

[Low

pi. *coppis to cops.

See Ordinate.

Coot.

(E

M.

E.

cote, coote,

a water-

Coprolite. Made from Gk.

a stone,

(Gk.)
ttowpo-s,

Lit.

'

'

dung-stone
;

dung

and Ai'0-os,

fowl. +Du. koet, a coot.

Origin unknown. Copal. (Span. Mexican.) Span, copal. Mex. copalh, resin. F. -L.") Co-parcener, a co-partner. Parcener is the true old spelling utpartner
(

t or

-lite, cf.

Copulate.
liire,

(L.)

From

Aerolite. pp. of
a

coptt-

to join.
.

L.

copula,

band;

see

Couple

see

Partner.
(i >, orig. a cape (Late L.) M.E. earlier cape] A.S. *iapa, not found ;
y

Cope
cope*

M.E. copy, abunCopy. (F. L.) dance; the mod. sense is due to the multiplication of an oiiginal by means of topics. O. F. copie, abundance; also a copy.
L. copia^ plenty
see Copious. Y. coquette, 'apratling or proud gossip/ Cot. ; fem. of coquet, a Cf. provlittle cock, dunin. of coy, a cock.
;

but

Icel. kapa occius. Late L. cdpa a cape; see Cape (i\ [Cf. pope, from A. S. papa.~\ Der. coping-stone.

Coquette.
coi

(F.)

M. E.

L.-Gk. (2), to vie with. (F. O. F. toper, copen, conpen, to fight. couper, colper, to btuke (K. coupe rt to cut). O. F. cop, coup, colp, a blow. Late L.

Cope

ky>

e strutting as a cock.

Gk. KU\CL<}>O$, colpus, L. colaphits, a blow. a blow on the ear. See Coupon.

boat. (\V.) W. convgl, twrwgl, coracle; dimin. of convg, a carcase, civrivg, a boat, fiame. So Gael. cufachan, coracle, from curaih, boat of

Coracle, a light wickei

CORAL
wicker-work a boat.
L.
;

CORNET
O.F. coral.Gk. KopaKKiov,
cormaran (Littre). O. F. corp, a crow and O. F. *marenc, belonging to the sea, deriv. of L. mare, sea, with G.
rant,
;

cf. Ir.

corrach, O. Ir. curach,

Coral. (F.-L.-Gk.)
coral.

corallum, coratium. See Schade, p. 1374. Corban, a gift. (Heb.) Ileb. qorbdn, an offering to God, in fulfilment of a vow from qarab, to draw near. Cf. Arab, q urban, a sacrifice.
;

suffix

-ing\

cf.

Corbel.
for

(F.

I, )

O. F.

corbel, a raven,

a corbel (in architecture), from the notion of a projecting beak. Folk- L. corbellum,
corvellum, ace. of corvellus, dimin. of L. coruus, a raven, ^f Distinct from corbeil, a basket full of eaith (tf.corbeillc, L. corbictita, dimin. of corbis* a basket).

cormorant lit. marine crow from L. coruus marinus. But probably -moran was due to, or confused with, Bret, morvran, a cormorant (from mor, sea, and bran, a crow). i A. S. corn.+ Du. ( ), grain. (E.) korcn, Icel. Dan. Svved. G. korn, (ioth. kaurn, Tetit. type *knnwm, Idg. type *g9rnom, corn ; whence O. Slav, zrtfno,
;
1 '

torttttm, ace. of coruus, Cf. Port, corvomarinho, a

;

L. Tf.Jlamant, flamingo. a crow; &c.

Com

Kuss. grain
;

Cord.
F. cordc.

K. - L. - Gk

M.

E. corde.
;

Cf. Lat. gramim* zerno, coin. Skt. jlrna-, worn down, pp. ofjrf.

Doublet, grain.
628.

See Grain.

Brngm.

i.

Late L. corda, a thin rope the same as L. chorda. Gk. x o P$*l> the string of a musical instrument. Der. cord-age
cord-on (F. cordon} <rm/-//>r (K. cordelier, a twist of rope, also a Gray Friar, who used such a twist from
(F. cordage]
;
;

Corn
foot.

0/GER.)
(2\ a hard excrescence on the
L.)

(F.

horny swelling.

O. F. corn (F. cor}, a horn, L. cornil, a horn ; see

See Chord. cordelcr, to twist ropes). Cordial. (F. L.) F. cordial, hearty L. r<W/-, decl. stem of tor, heart; with
suffix -alis
;

see

Heart.
a thick-ribbed
F. corde
in

Corduroy,
stuff.

(F.

name, invented
cord.'

du England See Cord and Royal.

L.)
;

or corded roi, a trade'

lit.

king's

Cordwainer,
i.e.

shoemaker. 'F.-Span.)
in cordcivanc,

M. E. cordewaner, a worker
leather of Cordova.

O. F. cordouan, Cordovan leather. Late L. Cordoa, Cordova in Spain (L. Corduba]. Core, hard centre in fruit, &c. (F. - L.?) Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from F. cor, a horn, also, a corn on the foot, ciHosity. L. cornu, a horn, a horny excrescence.

Coriander.
andre.
L.

(F.

~L.-Gk.)

F. coriS. cel-

in the eye. L. cornea, fern, of foment, horny. L. co) nil, a horn. Cornel, a shrub. (Du. - L ) M. Du. the fruit of the cornelle-tree/ koruclle, Hexham cf. M. H. G. cornclbaum, corneltree F. cornille, a corWeigand. [Cf Late L. nel-berry; cornillicr, cornel-tree.] cornolmm, cornel- tree. L. cornw, a cornel-tree ; from the hard, horny nature of the wood. L. cornu, a horn. cornelian, a kind of chalcedony. L.) ( F. Formerly cornaline. F. cornaline, 'the cornix or cornaline, a fleshcoloured stone;' Cot. Cf. Port, cornehna also Ital cornwla, (i) a cornel-tree, (2) a cornelian, prob. so named because its colour resembles that of the fruit of the cornel-tree (Schade). Late L. corniola*

Horn. cornea, horny membrane

(L
)

coriandrum (whence A.

hndre}.~*(jfc. fcopiavvov, Kuptov, coriander. Cork. (Span. L.) Apparently from O. Span, alcorqne, a cork shoe, which seems to be an Arab, form allied to Span. al-cornoque, the cork-tree, where al is the

L. corcornel-berry; cornoliuni, cornel. neus, adj. of cornus, a cornel, fl" Altered to carncolns in Late L. (Schade, p. i$79\ carnehan in E., and carneol in G., from a popular etymology which connected it \\ith L earn-, stem of caro, flesh. Cf.

Arab. def. art., and corn-oque \* formed onyx = Gk. wv, finger-nail. from L. quern-us (for *qucrcnu$\ oaken, Corner. (F.-L) h.V.cornerc\ O.F. corniere. Med. L. cornena, corner, angle. adj. from L. quercus, an oak. l[f But the bark of the tree was called, in Span., core he, Med.L. coma, angle. L. rornua, pi. of
corcho.

^. corticem, ace. of cortex, bark. is often derived from Span. corcho, though k for ch seems improbable.

Hence cork

corn fi y horn, projection

sing.

taken as a

fern,

cornet. (F.-L.) M.E.^r;^/,ahorn;

a troop of horse (who earned a cornet te or standard) ; also an officer of such a troop. F. cornet, cornette^ dimin. of F.
later,

Cormorant,
is

a bird.

rF.-L.) The
;

excrescent.

F. cormoran

O. F. corma-

JI2

CORNICE
eorne,

CORSE
(Span. L.) Span, corral, a court, yard, enclosure. Span, corro, a circle, a ring of people met to see a show. From the phrase correr toros, to hold a bull-fight, lit. to run bulls. L. cut rcrc, to run (Diez).

a horn.

Med, L. conia, a horn

(above).

Cornice.
cornice
;

(F.-Ital.) F. corniche.

M. F. and Picard
Ital.

cornice,

a
;

hanging tapestry (Florio) a See Kraal. usually, a crow (from L. ace. cormcem, Correct, adj. (L.) L. correct us, pp. crow). Origin uncertain by some identiGk. of corngere, to conect. L. cor- (for fied with coronix, a square frame. con- = cum), together as sb., a wreath. rcgere, to rule. /ropo'i/is, curved Corolla. (L.) L. corolla, dimin. of coCOrregldor, a Spanish magistrate. L.) Span, corregidor, lit. corrona, a crown. See Crown. (Span. Corollary. (I*) L. corolla rium, a pre- rector.* Span, corregir, to correct. L. sent of a garland, a gratuity; also, an corrigere (above).
ledge
;
;

for

'

L. corolla (above). additional inference. Coronal, a crown. (F. L.) Properly an adj. F. coronal, adj. L. corondlis, L. corona, a crown. belonging to a crown. Coronation. (L.) LateL. ace. corondtidnem, fiom pp. of corona re, to crown. L. corona, a crown.

Correlate,
(L.)
;

to relate or refer mutually.

corv.

Coined from L. and Relate, q. gether

(^cttm), toF. correspon;

Correspond.
dre.

(F.

- L.)

L.

cor-

(for con-,

cum), together

Coroner. (F. L.) Also crowmr\ both forms represent A. F. coruner, coroner, Latinised as corondnus, a crown- officer, a coroner (afterwards Latinised as coroO. F. corone, a crown. L. corona, ndtor). a crown. Coronet. (F. -L.) Dimin. of O. F. L. corona, a crown. corone, a crown. Coronach, a dirge. (Gael.) Gael, corranach, a dirge, lit. a howling together.' Gael, comh- ( ** L. cum), together ; ranaich, a howling, from the verb ran, to howl, cry, roar, which is from ran, sb., an outcry. So also Irish coranach, a dirge. Corporal (1), a subordinate officer. (F.-L.) O. F. corporal -Late L. corpora Us, a captain a leader of a body of L. corpor-, for. *corpos~, stem troops. of corpus, body, ^f F. has now the form caporal, from Ital. caporale, a chief of a band as if from Ital. capo, head (L. caput) but this does not explain the -or-.
*

and Respond, q. v. Corridor. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. corridor. a ho, a Ital. corridore, a swift horse
;

long (running along) gallery.

rere, to run.

Ital.

cor-

currere, to run.

Gael, coire, a circular hills, a mountain dell ; also, a cauldron. [Cf. G. hesse/, a O. Irish coire, core, a kettle, a ravine.] W. pair, A. S. hiver, a cauldron. kettle

Corrie.

(Gael.)

hollow surrounded with

Brugm.

i.

123.

From pp. ofL. (L.) L. cor- (for corrdborare, to strengthen. con-** cum), wholly ; robor-, stem ofrdbur,

Corroborate.

strength.

Corrode.
cotrodere, to concttm),

(F.

-L )

F. corroder. - L.

Der.
sion.

to pieces. L. cor- (for wholly ; rodere, to gnaw. corrosive, from pp. corros-us.

gnaw

Corporal
1

(F.-L. )
corporalis,
pos-,

(2), belonging to the body. O. F. corporal, corporcl.-\..

bodily.

L. corpor-, for *cor

stem of corpus, the body.

Der.

allowance, penTcut.) A.F. corodie.*Low L. corrodium, eailier corredium^ L. form of A. F. conrei, preparation, proSee Curry (i). vision, allowance. Corrugate. (L.) From pp. of L. I* cor- (cunt}, corrilgare, to wrinkle. wholly ; and riigare, to wrinkle, from ruga, a wrinkle.

Corrody, Corody,
(Low
Lat.

(from L. corpor-} corpor-ate, corpor ~e-al (L. corpore-us}, &c. Brugm. i. 555. corps, corpse, corse, a body
L.) (F. [Here corps is F. corse is frtfm theO. F. cors.~\ M. E. cors, corps. O. F. cot s, M. F. L. corpus, body. corps, the body.
;

Corrupt,

adj.

(F.

- L.)

A.F.

corupt.

L. corruptus, pp. vicorrumpere, to break L. cor- (for con- = cum), wholly, corrupt. wholly ; rumpere, to break.

Corsair. (F, Ital. (Prov. corsari, one who

corsa).
Ital.

L.)

'F.corsaire

L. corpiilcntus,

F. corpulent. L. corpus , body. corpuscle. (L.) L. corpus~cu-lum, double dimin. of corpus, body. Corral, an enclosure for animals, pen.

Corpulent. (F.L.)
fat.

pirate.

corsare, L. cursarius, a pirate. L. cursus, a course. See Course.

makes the course, earlier corsaro, a

Med.

Corse,
O. F.

cors.

a body. (F.L.) M.E, L. corpus, a body.

cors.

CORSET
OOrset. (F.-L.)
stays;
dinain. of

COUGH
CO) set,

F.

a pair of
'

Costive. (F.-L.) From O.

L.

F. astet>/.

O. F.

cots,

body.
a
little

COrslet.

(F.

-L.)

F. corselet,
.

body,' Cot.; hence, body-armour. dimin. of O. F. cars, body (above)

Double

See con* constipatus, constipated. stiper in Littre ; and Constipate. Ital. - L.) O. F. cos(F.

Costume.

Cortege. (F.-Ital.-L.)
train, retinue. Ital. carte,
Ital.

F. cortege,*

Ital. costume ; Low L. tume, a costume. cost ilma; see Custom. Doublet of cus-

corteggio, a retinue. L. corf em, cocourt.

;

tom.

hortetn, ace. of cohors, a court

sec

Cosy, Cozy, Court tered. (Scand.)

(Burns).

comfortable, snugly shel-

(0-

Lowl. Scotch cosie, cozie Etym. unknown ; perhaps cf.

Jtosa seg, to enjoy ; snug, cosy; kosing, re-

COrtes,
(Span.
court.

L.)

the Span, national assembly. Span, cortes, pi. of carte, a

Norw.

kosa, to refresh
koseleg,

oneself;
creation.

Cortex,
cort ids},

L. corfem- (above). bark. ^L.) L. cortex (gen. bark. Der, cortical.

Cot,

a small dwelling;

Cote, an
A.

en-

Coruscate. (L.) Fiom pp. of L. cor use are, to glitter. Corvette, a small frigate. (F. -Toit. F. corvette. Port, corvefa ; Span. L.) L. cortnta, a slowcorbeta, a corvette. L. corbis, a basket. sailing ship of burden. Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.)
Gk. Koafwcus, adj from KOO>IOS, order, aUo the world, universe. Der. coswo-gony,
,

closure. (E.)

M.E.

cote.

cot, den ; Northumbrian Der. kot, cot, hut; piov. G. koth t cot. cot t -age (with F. suffix) ; cott-ar or cott-er ;

S. cot, cote, a cot.+\)\i.kot, Icel.

sheep- cote.

cosmo-graphy,
(citizen
citizen).

cos mo

logy,

cosmo- polite
vo\trr)s,

of the

world,

Gk.

a set of people. (F. Teat) a set of people, company ; allied to O. F. coterie, servile tenure (Littrc) ; Low L. coteria, a tenure by cottars who clubbed together. Low L. Du. kot (above). cota, a cot. Cotillon, Cotillion, a dance for 4 or * cotillon, lit. 8 persons. (F. - M. II. G.)

coterie,
coterie,

F.

that which beautifies. (Gk.) Gk. KOffftrjTiKos, skilled in adorning whence also F. costnttiquc. Gk. /fotr/xeo;,

COSmetic,
Gk.

ornament. COSSack, a light-armed S. Russian Tatar ) soldier. Russ. kozak\ (Russ. kazak" of Tatar (Tartar) origin. Turk!
I adorn.
/>0>toy, order,
;

a petticoat; see Cotgrave. Formed, with suffix -til- on, from O. F. cote, a coat, fiock see Coat. Cotton (i), a downy substance. (F. Arab ) M, E. and A. F. cotoun. Span.
;

quzzciq,

a vagabond

From i6th cent. pet. (E.) a pet-lamb, a pet. Prob. the same as A. F. coscet, cozet, a cottar A. S. cot-s&ta, a dweller in a cot, ' cot-sitter.' From
cosset,
;

man (Yule). Cosset, to

a predatory horse-

coton. Span, cot on, algodon, cotton Arab, qutn, (where a! ib the Arab, art.). qulun, cotton. cotton (a), to agree. From a technical use of cotton, to form a down upon ; from Cotton (i); see Nares.

F.

Cotyledon,
KOTvXijb'wv
,

seed-lobe.

(Gk.)

A.
to

S. cot, cot
sit.

s&ta, dweller,

Cf.

prov.

[So

Ital. casiccio,

from sittan, G. kossat, a cottager. from pet lamb (Flono)

;

cup-shaped hollow. Korv\rj, a hollow vessel, cup. Couch, to lay down, place, set.
L.)

Gk. Gk.

casa, a cottage.] O. F. Cost, vb. (F. L.) M. E. costen coster (F. confer], to cost. L. con stare, to

stand together, last also to cost. - L. con(cum), together; and stare, to stand.
;

Costal, relating to the ribs. L. costa, a rib. See Coast.

(L.)

From

Costermonger. (F. and E.) Formerly costerd-monger, or costard-monger, a seller of costards or [The suffix
apples. M. E. see Monger.] -monger is costard, an apple, where the suffix -ard is F. prob from O. F. coste t F. cdte, a rib cf. If .fruit tdtett, ribbed fruit (Hamilton).

(F. O.F. couchen, to set, arrange. L. collocare, to coztcher, colcher, to place. L. col- (cuni), togethei put together. and locare, to place, from locus, a place. Der. couch, sb., a place on which one is couched or laid Couch-graSS, a grass which is troublesome as a weed. (E.) Here couch is a variant of quitch, palatalised form of see Quick. quick, i.e tenacious of life

M. E

coughen, cowhen. A. S. *cohhian, only found in the dciiv. cohhetan, to make a noise. fThe usual Cf T)u. kuchen, A. S. word is hwostan^}

CotLgfh. (K

M.

to

cough

M.

II.

G. kitchen, G. keuchen,

114

COULD
o gasp.

COUPLE
poinct
is

From an

imitative base *keu/i y

a corruption of O. F.

,f

'kuh, to gasp ; see Chincough. Can (i). ; see

Could

Coulter,
otter.

A.

S. cultcr.

part of a plough. (L.) M. E. - L. culter, a coulter,

mife.

Cl.per-celtere, to strike. Council. (F. L,) }?.concile. 'L. conL. ilium, an assembly called together. ontogether; and caldre, to

counterpane (see courtepointe in Littre). L. culcita puncta, a counterpane, a L. cuhita, stitched quilt (see Ducange). a quilt puncta, fern, of punctus, pp, of pungere, to prick. See Q,uilt. Counterpane (2% counterpart of a
;

{cum},

>ummon.

L.) M.E. conseil. (F. 3. F. conseil. ~\-: consilium, deliberation. L. consulere, to consult; see Consult. with council. ff Often confused

Often confused with counsel.

Counsel.

M. F. contrepan, contre* deed. (F. L.) F. contre (L. contra], over pant', Cot. against; pan, a^ piece, part ; see Pane. Counterpoint, the composing of music in parts. (F. L.) M. F. contre'

poinct,

a ground or plain song,

lit.

in

music ;

'

(F.-L.) (i), a title of mnk. ' companion.' A. F. orig. sense was 'ounte (not in M. E.).-O. F. conte ; also

Count

The
r

L. comitem, ace. of comes, a comoniU. panion (stem corn-it- ). L. com- (for cum-}, together; and it-nm, supine of tre, to go. Der. count-ess also count-y (below).
;

sense is point against point, from the points or dots which represented musical notes, and were placed on staves over or against each other in compositions F, contre (L. conin two or more parts. tra], against; point, a point ; see Point.

Cot.

The

Counterpoise. (F.-L.) from counter

and potse

see Poise.

F. to reckon. (F. L.) L. toinpitconter, formerly also compter. tare, to compute ; see Compute. O.F. con F . )
(2),

Count

Counterscarp, exterior slope of a F. conItal, - L. a</ Tent.) ditch. (F.

Ital. contrascarpa. trescarpe ; Cot. Ital. contra, over against ; scarpa, a scarp,

Countenance

tenance, gesture, demeanour; also look, L. tontinentia, continence, which visage. in Late L. meant ' gesture, demeanour.' ^continent-, stem of pres. pt. otcontin'ere; Ber dis- countenance, vb. see Continent. Counter, a piece to count with, a

See Counter- and Scarp.

Countersign,
addition.

to attest

by signing

in

L ) M. E. countour. O. F. bureau. (F. From O. F. conter ; conteour, countour.

see

F. contresigntr, 'to F. contre, over against ; subsigne ; Cot. see Counter- and Sign. signer, to sign Countertenor. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F. Ital. contratenore, a contretencur\ Cot.

iF.-L.)
;

'

Count (2). Counter-, prefix.

',

against.

L) (F. L. contra against. Counteract, v F L. ) See

.

F. contt e,

countertenor, the highest adult male voice. - Ifal.contra, against, over against ; tenore, a tenor see Tenor. Countervail. (F.-L) M. E. cm*
;

Coun ter-,
(F.

prefix,

and Act.
imitated.

Counterfeit, M.E. counterfeit.

;

L.)

Q..

of contrcfaire, to imitate. L. contra, against, like faire, to make. against facere, to make. Countermand, to revoke an order F. contremander, to recall a (F. L.) command. F. contre (L. contra], against
;
;

contrefait, pp. F. contre, over

O. F. contrevail-, a stem of O. F. cencontrevatoir, to avail against. L. contra, tre, against; r#/0*r, to avail. iialcrc, to be strong. against Country. (F. L.) M.E. c&ntree.~ Late L. O. F. contree ( ~ Ital. contrada}. contrdda, contrata, a region, lit. that which.
trevaikn.
;

lies

cf. G. gegend, country, lit. opposite opposite, from gegen, opposite. L. contra, see Contra-. opposite
;

(L. mandare}, to command. Counterpane ( i )> a coverlet for a bed An altered form, in place of (F. L.) Shak. M. F. contrecounterpoint, as poinit, the back-stitch or quilting- stitch, also a quilt ; Cot. p. Thus named, by a

mander

O. F, E. countee. count. (F. ) iounte (i. e. coun-ti), F. comtt, a province. Late L. comitatum* ace. of cemitatus, a popular etymology, from a fancied connection with M. F. contrepoincter, to work the county (though the old meaning was a comL. comit-, stem of comes. back-stitch (from contre - L. contra}. But pany or suite). see Count (i). really connected with M. F. coutrepointcr, a count to quilt (also in Cot grave). In fact, contreCouple. (F.-L.) O.F. cople, lata

and dance. (The F. contredanse was bprlowed from this E. form.) County, ong. a province governed by a

Country-dance.

(F.)

From

country

COUPON
couple.

KINE
t

L. copula, a bond, band, that a cousin. L. con- (cum\ together; sobnwhich joins; short for *co-ap-tila,L. co- nus, for *swesr~inus belonging to a sister; (cuni), together; and O. L. apere, to join, from L. soror (for *swesor}, a sister; cf. See Sister. (Cf. Skt. svasr, a sister. preserved in the pp. aptus see Apt. Coupon, one of a series of conjoined Brugm. i. 319.) - L. - G1O F. Cove, a nook. (E.) A. S. tofa, a chamtickets or certificates. (F. F. couper, ber, a cave. Icel. kofi, a hut; Swed. coupon, a piece cut off, a coupon
;
.

to cut, slash. Late L. F. coup, a blow. Gk. co!pus, short for colaphus, a blow.

kofva

G. koben, a cabin.
coop, alcove.

^f Distinct
i.

from cave,

Brugm.
(F.

658.

a blow on the ear. Courage. (F. - L.) F. courage, O. F. corage; formed with suffix -a^? (L. -#/?V;//) from O. F. cor, heart. L. cor, heart.
ff<$Aa<>os,

Covenant, agreement.

L.)

O.F.

covenant, also convenant, agreement. O. F. co(n}vcnant, pres pt. of co(ti}venir, L. conuemre, to asto assemble, agree.

Der. encourage.
Ital. L.) M.F. courier, (F. a runner F. courtier*-* Ital. com ere, lit. ' runner/ Ital. correre, to run. L. currcre, to run.

semble,

Courier.
;

F. course. I*, cursum, ace. of ctirsus, a course ; from pp. of currere. Der. cours-er, a swift horse. Court (i), a yard; royal retinue, judicial M. E. corf, curt. assembly. (F. L.) O. F. cort, curt (F. court], a. court, a yard, also a tribunal. L. ace. corfem, cohortem (nom. cohors], a pen, enclosure, cattleyard, court, also a cohort, or band of solL. co- (cum}, together; and hart-, diers. as in hort-u* a garden, yard, cognate with
(F. L.)
}

course.

together see Convene. L ) O. F. covrir to hide. (F. coL. cooper ire, to cover. (couvrtr}. (cum\ wholly openrc t iQ shut, hide. For Lith. az-wct iu, I shut, cf. *op-tierire wartai, doors, Oscan ace. vent, a door.

come

Cover,

Brugm.
A. F.

i.

350.
(F. L.)

coverlet.

M.

E. coverlite.

coverlet,

a bed-cover. O. a bed, fiom L. lectum, ace. of bed.

coverlit (not in O. F.), F. covrir, to cover; lit,

lecttis,

yard.

(VGHER.) COUrt (2), to seek

the sb. court
court.
;

j '

From
in

favour. (F.-L.) hence, to practise arts

O. F. covert, pp. covert. (F. L.) of covrir, to cover (above). M. E. coiiMtin (coCovet. (F. L.) A. F. covciter (F. convoiter}. veiten}. Cf. Ital. culntare (for cupitare], to covet. Formed, as if from L. *cupiditdre, from
cupiditd-tem, ace., eager desire, which is from cupidus, desirous of. L. cupere, to desire. See Cupid. Covey. (F. L.) O. F. twee (F. couvJe), a brood of partridges; fern, of pp. of cover (F. couver), to hatch, sit. L. cubarc, to lie down, sit. Cf. Gk. /m/>os, bent. Covin, secret agreement, fraud ; a lawM. E. covine. - O. F. term. (F. L.) covme, agi cement. O. F. covcnir, to asL. tonuemrc, to come semble, agree.

vogue at

of courtly manners. (F M. E. corteis, later corteous. L.) O. F. corteis, courteous. O. F. cort, a court ; with suffix -eis (L. -enns). Fern, Courtesan. (F. - Ital. - L.) of F. courtisan, a courtier. Ital. cortigiano (in Flono cortegiano], a com tier. For *cortesiano, an extension of cortese, courteous from Ital. corte, court. L. ace.

COUrteOUS,

corUm

together. Sec Convene, Covenant. (The O. F. covine answers to Late L. t,onvcnia, pi. of convemum, an agreement ) courteous see courteous. (i ), female of the bull. (E.) A.S. COUrtier. (F. L.) M.lLcourteour. cu pi. cy, whence M. E. ky, and the From A. F. *cortei-er (O. F. cortoi-er\ to pi. kine\ see below. Tcut. stem */*w-, with suffix -our (L. -atoreni}. whence also Icel. kyr. live at court Du. koe, Swed. O. F. cort, a court. Dan. ko, G. kuh Tcut. stem *k o-. Also Court cards; a corruption of coat Irish and Gael, bo, \V. buw, L. bos (gen. Gk. /3oOs, Pers.gaw, Sk cards, pictured cards, the old name. (nom. cf. Russ. goviado, oxen gaus} Idg. Courteous, &c. see Court. - L ) M. E. cosin. - O. F. stems *g(w)0u-, *g(w)0w-. See Beef. Cousin. (F. fosin (F. cousin cows. (E.) A new pi. due to Late L. coslnus, Itnl. kine, f L A. S. tyncf, gen. pi., ' of cows/ Cf. cugino, Romaunsch cusrin, cud rin}. consobrinus, the child of a mother's sister, M. E. ky, A. S. cy, cows. The A. S. cy, 116
;

see

Court

(i

).

Courtesy. (F.-L.) O.F. cortesie, courtesy.

;

E. cortesie. O. F. corteis,

COW
;

cow
a cow, change from it to j7.
pi.

CRANBERRY
claw
;

of

eft,

is

formed by vowelTcel. (Scand.) Dan. kue, to kufva, to sup-

G. krebs (O. H. G.
peevish,
;

Du.
;

COW

kreeff, a crab.
sb.
i.

crebiz), a crab,

See Crayfish.

(2), to dishearten.

"kuga,

to

tyrannise over

From a al>,
or

Crabbed,
awkward.

cramped.

(E

e.

coerce,
pi ess.

subdue;

Swed.

Cf Du. krahben,

crab-like, snappish to scratch,

Coward.

a coward, codardo^ a coward. Probably named from O. F. coe (Ital. the 'bob-tailed' hare. with F. suffix -ard, from coda}) a tail L. cauda, a Teut. -harty orig. hard.
;

L.) A.F.r(77mr^,ahare, (F. F. cottard, a coward cf. Ital

kribben, to be peevish. (2), a kind of apple. Swed. krabbaple, ciab-apple. allied to crabbed (above).

Crab

(E.)

Cf.

Perhaps

Crabbed;
Crack.

see

Crab

(i).

tail.

Cower. (Scand.) M. E. coitren. Icel. kura, Dan. kuret to doze, he quiet; Swed. knra, to cower, lie quiet; Swed. dial.Xwra, Cf. G. kauctn, to to sit hunched up. cower. Cowl (i) a monk's hood. (L.) M. E A.S. cugele, ctigle. L. cu~ cfiU, co-tile. citlla, a cowl ; cf. also wcullus. Cowl (2), a vessel earned on a pole O.F. cuvcl (cuveau) L.) M.E. coitel. (F. a little tub; dimin. of cuve, a vat, tub L. cupa, a tub. Der. cowl-staff. a small shell used for money. i (Hind. Skt.) Hind, kauri, a small shell (Cyprcea monetd] used as com in the lower provinces of India. Skt. kaparda. Cowslip, a flower. (E.) M. E. cou,

A. S. cracian, to crack. Du. kraken, to crack, creak G. kra^ chen. Cf. Gael, crac, a fissure, cnac, a crack, to crack (from E.). Imitative, like

(E.)

crake, creak, croak, crash, gnash, knock. cracknel. (F.-Du) Formerly crakencl, corinption of F craqttelin, a cracknel. Do. krakeling, a cracknel. Named from its crispness. Du. kraken, to crack.

crake, corncrake, a bird. From its cry M. E. craken, to cry

;

(E.)
out.

Allied to craik, croak.

cratto,

(E.) A.S. cradol. Cf.O.H.G. a basket; also O. H. G. crezso, prov. G. kralze, a basket.

Cradle.

Cowry

sloppe.

A.
e.

S. cii-sloppe, cii-slyppe,

lit.

cow-

a piece of dung. (Other A. S. names of plants are of a very homely and pr w. E. Cf. oxlip, q. v. character.) bull-slop, a large kind of oxlip (Britten).
slop,
i.
;

Coxcomb.
his cocKs comb,

(E.)

fool, named from or fool's cap, cap with a

S. mr//.+Du. Craft, skill. (E.) kracht, Icel. krapir,kraftr, Swed. Dan. G. Cf. AS. crajian, to crave, kraft, force. demand. Der. handi-crajt. W. craig, Gael, creag, Crag. (C.) crag, rock; Irish cteag, a rock; cf. W. careg, Gael, carraig, rock, ~liff, Bret. karrtk, O. Irish carnc, a rock. Crake ; see Crack. (E ) A. S. crammian, to stuff.

Cram.
Icel.

-|-

kremja,

Swed.

kiama^

Dan.

cock's crest.

Coxswain.
cock-swain swain,
;

(F.

and

from cock

(4),

For Scand.) a boat, and

coi,

to squeeze. From cramm-, 2nd giade of the str. vb. crimm-an, to crumble. And cf Cramp.

kramme,

Coy.

(F.-L.)
;

O.F.

older form

qtteiy quiet, still spelt coy, quoy, in CotFolk-L. *quetnm, ace. of *qnetus, grave. for L. quictttS) still. See Quiet. Coyote, a prairie-wolf. ^Mexican.) From coyote, Span. pron. of Mex. coy oil. Cozen. (F. L.) To cozen is to act as cousin or kinsman, to sponge upon, F. cousiner, to call cousin, to beguile. sponge, live on other people see Hamil;

(F.-Teut.) F. crampe, 'the cf. crampon, a crampiron.' Du. kramp, a cramp, spasm. From the and grade of Teut. *krempan-> *krimpan- to draw together, as in O. H. G. krimphan, to draw together, str. vb. Cf. E, crimp, cramp, crumple ; Icel. krappr^ cramped kreppa, to pinch. And com1

Cramp.

crampe,

Cot.

<

ton and Cotgrave.

see

F. cousin, a cousin
(E.)

Cousin.
(i),

Crab

shell-fidi.

pare Crank. Crane, a bird. (E.) A. S. tran.+'Du, kraan, Icel. trani (for krani], Swed. trana, Dan. trane, G. kran-ich ; \V. and Bret, garan^ Gk. ye paves, a crane, also a crane for laising weights. Cf. L. grits, a
crane,

S.

Lith.

garnys,

a
cf.

stork.

From
voice

crabba.+\ct\, krabbi, Swed. krabba, Dan, Allied to krabbe, Du. krab, G. krabbe. p. Fries, and Du, krabben t to scratch,

^GER,

to cry out;
.

Gk.

*riffn;s,

(Prellwitz).

Cranberry (Low G.) Modern;

from

117

CRANIUM
Low
beere,

CREAK
worn by the Cro&tians, who were called
in

G. kraanbere (Derghaus), G. kranlit. craneberry; cf. Dan. tranebar Swed. (from trane krane, as above)
;

trcmbar.

F. Croates or Crovates or Cravatts. Croat is a name of Slavonic origin cf. Russ. Kroaf, a Croatian.
;

Cranium.
*m/;;/.

(L.-Gk.)
skull
;

Med. L.

era-

Gk.

tcpdvioi>,

allied totcapa,

head.

A. S. crafian, to crave, (E.) Cf. Icel. krefia, Swed. krafva, Dan. Icel. krafa, a dekrceve, to demand;
ask.

Crave.

krank, ill, poor also krengcn, to careen a boat ; Swed. kranga, Dan. see Cringe. krtinge, to heel over Crank (3\ lively. (E.') The same word, from the idea of turning quickly.
f.
;

g Du.

Crank (i), a bend. (E.) M. E cranke. Allied to E. Fries, krnnken, pp., bent. Cf. Du. kronkfl a wrinkle, kronkelen, to wrinkle, turn, wind. Tent, base *krenk*, Cf. Cringe, Crinkle, variant of *kreng+. Crank (2), easily upset, as a boat. I. e. E.) easily bent or twisted aside,
y ;

mand.

Craven.
is

M.

L. ?) The oldest form (F. E. cravant, with the sense of beaten,

foiled, or

overcome,

i.

Mr. Nicol sug-

Cf.

Norw. kring,
(F.

active, brisk

Dan.

dial.

krtrng, dexterous.

M. E. crany. L. ?) F. cran, a notch ; with E. suffix -y. Cf. Allied to Ital. crena, a notch (Florio^ Late L. crena, a notch (a word of doubtSee Crenellate. ful authority). CrantS, a garland. (M. Du. G.) M.

Cranny.

gested that it is a clipped form of O. F ciavantt, pp. explained by Cotgrave by * ' this is the pp. of oppressed, foiled O. F. cravanter, to break, oppress Late L. *crepantarc, formed from crepant-, stem of pres. pi. of crcpare^ to crack, break. Cf. Span. quebiantar, to crack, break. 2. But it seems rather to be due simply to the O. F. cravant, pies, participle of the O. trover, crcver, to burst, break hence, to fail, to be overcome, L. crepanteni, ace. of the pres. to yield. Cf. O. F. part, of crep&re, to burst.
;

creve,

dead

Span,

quebrar,

to

fail

quebrants,

want of strength, great

lose.

Du. krants, Du. k>ans, a garland, wreath

(whence Dan. krands, from G. kraiiz, a wieath

Sw
F

kranf).

All

Crape.
erespe,

(F.-L.)

at-pe, formerly

From
curled.

Cot. crisp;' crisped, L. crispits, its wrinkled surface.

'frizzled,

See Phil. Soc. Trans. 1902 ; p. 659. See Decrepit. Craw, crop of fowls. (E.?) M.E. crawe. As if from A. S. *craga t the neck ; N. Fries, krage, neck, craw. not found Allied to Du. kraag, G. kragen, neck, Swed. collar (whence Late Icel. firagi
;

See Crisp. Crare, a small ship. (F.) In Cymb M.E. cmyer. Q.Y. crater, iv. 2. 205. Of unknown origin. treer, a war- vessel.

Crash, vb. (E) Of imitative origin Cf. clash, dash closely allied to crack. and see Craze.
Crasis.
hence, mix.
(Gk.)
contraction.

;'
,

brave, a collai). Note also Dan. kro, the craw of a bii d ; Swed. krdfoa. Crawfish, the same as Crayfish. Prov. E. craffle, Crawl. (Scand.) -Icel. krafa, to paw, croflle, to crawl.
kragc,

Dan

trawl

Swed. krafa,
Cf.

to

grope
tries,

Dan.
krabli,

\kravle, to crawl. Gk. Kpacrts, a mixing; kiawli, to ciawl ;

j

N.

Low G
Tent,

Gk

KtpdvvvfAt,

quentalive
scratch,
| i

from

kraueln. Frebase *k>ab-, to

II G. crippca (whence Prov. crepe ha. ~ G. krippe), a crib. See Crib Crate. (L.) L. c> cites, a hurdle hence, a wicker-case, &c. Crater. (L.-Gk.) L. ct dtcr, a bowl, a crater. Gk. ttpdrrjp, a large bowl in

Crass. (L.) L. crasstts, thick, dense, Crayfish. (F. - O. II. G.) Altered Cratch, a crib, manger. (F. -O.H.G ) from M. E. f revise. O. F. crevisse, fs O. II G crebis, G. crevisse (frrevifsc). O. F. creche (creche) M. E. crecche.
|
!

claw; see Crab.

krebs, a crab see Crab (i).

allied to

G. krabbe, a crab;

'

Crayon, (F.-L.)
'

from F.

crate, chalk.

F. crayon; extended L. ereta, chalk.

which things were mixed.

I mix.

Gk. Kipavvv^i,

'

F. cravatc, Cravats a Croatian, (2) a cravat. were introduced into France in 1636, as
(i)

Cravat. (F. - Slavonic.)

M.E. erased, i.e. Craze. (Scand.) Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to cracked. whence also F. ^eraser, to break crackle Cf. Swed. sld in kras, Dan. in pieces
;

'

slaae i kras, to break in shivers, Creak. (E.) M. E. fatten. Allied to

crake, crack.

Cf.

Da.

kriek,

a cricket,

118

CREAM
criquer, to creak, allied to craquer, Of imitative origin. to crack. F, cresme (F.-L.-Gk) (F. crime) ; really the same word as O. F. cresme (F. chrhne), chrism (though confused with L. cremor, thick juice). Late L. fhrisma, consecrated oil. Gk. XP^A"1 ? an unguent ; see Chrism. Crease (i), a wi inkle, as in folding

CRIB

M. F.

Cream.

of European blood. (F, F. Span. L.) crtole. Span, criollo, a negro corruption of *criadillo, dimin. of cnado, one educated, instructed, or brought up ; hence> a child of Euiopean blood. Criado is pp. of criare, to create, also, to educate. L. oeare, to create, make. ^f Cf. Span. cnadiUa, dimin. of criada, a seivant-maid.

(F. L) Earliest spelling Variant creatf, a ridge (later, a furrow). of crest, ridge (as of a roof). Cf. Walloon f cress, a crest, ridge of a roof, kretlt wiinkled (Remade) Prov. crest, crcis, a ridge; and prov. E. create, a ridge-tile of

paper,

&c.

Creosote, a
(Gk.)
Lit.
*

liquid distilled from tar.

flesh- preserver.'
;

Gk.

/cpco-,

for Kpeas, flesh

and

preserver, from

short for awr-ijp, awfav, to preserve. (Ill(TCUT-,

formed.)

Crescent.
moon.

(L.)

The

'increasing'

(Athen. Sept. 18, 1897.; Crease (2), Creese, a dagger. (Malay.) Malay kris, 'a dagger, kris, or
creese
to
' ;

a roof.

Marsden.
of L. credre,

ure,

Ber. cicatO. F. creature, L. credtura. And see Crescent. Bmgm i 641.

Create. (L) From pp make. f Skt. kr, to make.

L. crescent-, stem of pres. pt. of c revere, to grow, increase (pp. cre-tus), inchoative foira allied to cre-dre, to make see Create. Cress. (E.) M. E. trci, also kerse (by A. S. cterse, cerse, cressa. shifting of r).
;

fDu
kresie,

Icrs,

O.

II.

M. Du and G. oesm.
(F.

Low

G.

kerse,

G.

Cresset.
in a

Creed.

(L.)

L. credo, I the creed, -f O. Irish

'

M.E.mv/<r; A.S creda. a light believe: the first word of|O. F.

|

~L.)
a"

M.E.

cresset,

cup

at the top of a pole.

cresset*

cretim, I believe ; Skt. ^jckd-dadhdmi, I believe. Ber. cred'~ * " ' '"^ J (O. F. credence, L. credential; credible; credit (L. pp. creditui}; cred-nlous
(L. cr~dulus\, &c.

(with .-O F craisse^. grease Folk-L. *crassia, granse), grease; Littre " So grease, fiom L. ciassits, thick, dense. also Walloon cracht, a cresset,
craJic, grease.

cresset, Oaisset, x in an iron tup

Creek.

kreek, M. Du. kreke; cf. Icel. kriki, a The crack, nook (whence F. crique\ ' a bend,* as in Swcd. dial. orig. sense is armkrik, bend of the arm ; krik, an angle,

Du

(E.

?)

Biugm i. 539 M. E, treke, a 'creek .+

Crest.
crfte.)

- L

(F.-L.)
crista, crest.

F.
01

-rcste

comb

(F.

tuft

on a
ere-

biid's head,
t ace-us,

Cretaceous,
adj.

chalky.

(L.)
;

L.

from oeta, chalk

\\ith sufBx

nook.

-ous.

basket. (F. angler's Crevice, Crevasse. (F.-L.^ M.E. O. F. creil, wicker-work (Ducange, crcviic, O. F. crevasse, ire-vase, crevasse. s v. chia}.^\^ for a rift (Late L type *crtiticututn, Q. F. crever, to crepatia). cr&ticula, wicker-work, double dimin. of burst asunder. - L. crefdre, to crackle, See Crate and Grill. crates, a hurdle. burst.
L.)

Creel, an

osier

M. E crepen; A.S, Creep. (E.) creopan.^\y\\. kntipen, Icel. kijfipa, Svved. krytpa, Dan. ktybe, to crawl. Teut. type *kreitpan-, str. vb. Creese ; see Crease (2). Cremation, burning. (L.) L. cremdtionem, ace. of cremdtio ; from pp. of eremare, to burn.

(F. L.) Formerly one, short aiLrue, a re-inforcement. O. F. accreite, met ease ; Orig. fem. of pp. of etccroistre, to increase. -L. accrescere, to grow to. L. ac- (for ad], to ; a esce) e, to
for

Crew.

grow.
I

Crewel,
unknown.

a thin worsted yarn.

Origin

Crenate,
L. cretta,

notched,

(L.)

From Late

M. Ital. crena, a notch. crenellate. ( Late L. F.L.) From

pp. of Late L. crenellare, to furnish with battlements. * O. F. crenel, a battlement ; dimin. of O. F. cren, F. cran, a notch, from Late L. crena (above).

Creole, one born

in the

W.

Indies, but

A. S. cn'l>.+ Crib, a manger. (.") O. Sax. kribbia, Du. krib, G. kripfe\ allied to Icel. Swed. krubba, Dan. krybbe. Allied perhaps to M. H. G. krefa, a basket; but not to Du. korf, G. korb, if these are from L. corbis. Der. crib, verb, to put bV in a crib, purloin cribb-age, where crib is the secret store of cards
;

CRICK
Crick, a spasm
(E.)

CROP
line.

M. E. crykke ;
(i), crtket.

of wrench.

or twist in the neck, also used in the sense Prob. allied to Crinkle.

F.

crin

(L.

ace.

crmem\

hair;

and Hn,

flax,

hence thread, from L.

Knum,
;

flax, also,

a thread.

Cricket
M. E.
cricket.

an insect. (F.-Teut) O. F. crequet, criquet,

O. F. criquer, to creak, rattle, Du. kriek, a cricket ; knkkrakken, chirp. From the imitative base knk ; to rattle. cf. prov. E. cracket, creaker, a cricket.

M. E. crepel, crupel (E.) Lit. O. Northumb. crypel, Luke v. 24. a creeper.' A. S. crup-, weak grade of crcopan (pt.t. creap}, to creep; \uth suffix Cripple.
*

-el (for -i/o-) Icel. kryppill,

Ilexham has M. Du. kncken,

to creake.'

of the agent.+L>u. krcupel, G. kruppel. Cf. Dan. krobling (from krybe, to creep). See Creep.

Crisis ; see Critic. Du.) The A.S. with a hooked Crisp, wrinkled, culled. (L.) game O. F. criquet, crisp. L. crispus, curled. Brugm. i. 565. stick (Cot., s. v. crosse}. * L. c rtticus. Gk. baton servant dc but au jeu de boule Critic. (L. Gk.) cf. /f/nnjs, a Godefroy. M. Du. knck, kricke, a ciutch; KptriKos, able to discern Der. critHexham. Cf. A. S. cncc, crycc, a crutch, judge. Gk. v, to judge. eiion, Gk. KpiT-fjpwv, a test; dia-critic, staff.^ Crime. (F. L.) F. crime. L. cri- fiom Gk. SiaiepiTiKos, fit for distinguishing between. men, an accusation, fault (stem crJmin-} Gk. Kptfia, allied to cernere, to decide. Crisis. (Gk.) Gk. Kplcrts, a discerning, Der. a crisis. Gk. Kpi-vav, to judge. tcpiveiv, to judge. Kpifja, a decision Croak. (E.) Cf. A. S. criecetung, a crimin-al, crimin-ate ; hence, recriminate

Cricket

a game. was once pla)ed

(2
)
,

'

V. crochet, & dimin. of croc, a crook. Late L. croccum, ace. of crottus, a hook. A.S. cjocca. *krsmpan- (krimpan-^, to draw oneself Crock, a pitcher. (C.) pt. t. *kramp, pp. Of Celtic origin. Cf. E. Irish crocan, Gael. together, shrink up ctog, lush crogan, W. crochan, a pitcher, *kru?npano-. See Cramp and Crumple. Crimson. (F. Arab. Skt.) M.E. pot.-f-Gk. Kpcuffcr6s (for Kpcaicyos}, a pitcher. O. F. crajnoisin, cramoisyne So also Du. kruik, Icel. krukka, Swed. cremoiin. (see cramoisi in Littrej ; Low L. crame- kmka, Dan. krukke, G. krug. Crocodile. (F. L. Gk.) F. crocosinus, also carmesmus, crimson (Span. Gk. /cpo/co5itXos, a qirmizi, dile.** L. crocodthis. carmesi, Ital. from qirmiz, the cochineal in- lizard, a crocodile. crimson sect. Skt. krmi\s\ a worm, Crocus. (L. Gk.) L. CIOCKS. Gk. Brugm. i. Kpu/cos, crocus, saffron. Perhaps Semitic ; 41?. Cringe. (E.) M. E. crcngcn causal cf. Arab, kaikaw, Heb. karkoni, saffron. derivative of A. S. cnngan, cnncan, to Croft. (E.) A. S. cioft, a field. -f Du. fall beneath the foe. krocht, kroft, a field on the downs. in sink battle,

Crimp, to wrinkle. (E.) In late use answering to an A.S. *crewfan, E. Fries. krempen, causal deriv. of Cramp. The orig. str. vb occurs as E. Fries, and Du. krimpen, O. H.G. krimfan\ Teut. type
;
;

croaking.

Of imitative

origin.

Allied to

crake, creak.

Crochet. (F.-LateL.)
hook
;

little

Crincan is a stiong verb; see Crank, Crinkle. (Low G.) Cringle, an iron ring. Low G. kringel, a ring (Lubben x E. Fries.
i

Crony, an old chum. (Gk. ?; Pepys has chrony (N. E. D.). Perhaps for Gk. Crinkle. (E.) M. E. crinkled, crended, Xptvios, a 'long-lasting' friend; as it arose twisted. A fiequent. form of the causal in college slang (Skinner). Butler rimes deriv. of crink, which occurs in the A.S. cronies with monies. str. vb. crmcan, to sink in a heap; see Crook, a hook, bend. (Scand.) M.E. crok (Ancren Riwle). Icel. krokr^ Swcd. Cringe. krok, Dan. kiog, hook, bend, angle. Crinoline, a lady's stiff skirt. (F. A. S. cropp, the top of a L.) Tt.cnnoline, (i) hair-cloth, (2) crinoCrop. (E.)
)

allied to Icel. kringla, a circle kringel (cLkringar, pi., the pullies of a drag-net). Dimin. of E. Fries, knng, a ring, Du. a circle ; allied to Crinkle, Crank
\

Cromlech. (W.) W. cromlech, a flagW. crom, fern. stone laid across others. of cfwtHj ciooked, bent; Heck, flat stone. Crone, an old woman. (F. L.) Tusser has crone, an old ewe. Prob. from Picard
carone, carrion; whence M. Du. kcttonig, kronie, an old sheep. See Carrion.

(i),

and Cringe.

CROUP
the craw of a bird ; orig. a bunch. [Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the tops ; and hence crop, a harvest.] +I)u.
plant,

CRUMPET
A.S. crawe (E.) above).+O.S. kraia, Du. kraal, G. krahe. Der. crow-bar, bar with a crow(2),

Crow

a bird.

(see

G. kropf, bird's crop Icel. kroppr, a hunch; Swed. kropp, Dan. krop, tiunk Cf. W. cropa, Gael, and Ir. of the body. [To crop out is to sgroban, bird's crop.
krop,
;

like beak.

bunch out.]
Teut.) tuberance.

hinder part of a horse. (F. F. croupe, crupper; orig. proIcel. kroppr, a hunch (above). crupper. (F. Teut.) Y.crottpiere (O. F. croptere}.~. croupe (O. F. crope,

croup

(2),

Crowd (t), to push, throng. (E.) A. S. *crudan (pr. s. crydej), pt. t. cread], to whence croda, gecrod, a crowd, push throng, -f M. Du. kruyden, kruyen, Du. E. Fries, kroden, kruien, to push along
;

kruden.

Teut. type *krudan-, str. vb. M.E. (W.) (2), a fiddle. croude. W. crwth, a trunk, belly, crowd, violin, fiddle; Gael, cruit, harp; O. Irish

Crowd

above).

crot, harp.

Late L.) From N. French croquet, a little hook, bent the same as F. crochet. stick See Crochet.

Croquet,
;

a game. (F.

coroune

- L. - Gk.) M. E. corone, (F. (whence cronne}. O. F. corone L. corona, a wreath. Gk. (F. couronne}.
Crown.
;

Crosier. (F.-LateL.)
croser,

M.

E
'

Kopwvrj, end, tip

KO/XUVIS,

a wreath, garcurved.
'
.

crocer,

land.

Foimed, with suffix -er, fiom M. E. croce, in the same sense of bishop's O. F. croce, 'a crosier,' Cot. mod. staff.'
;

&c.

Gk.
like

bent, tcvpros, L. curuus, bent.

/fopart'oy,

Gk.

Cf.

Crucial.
;'
;

(F.

~ L.

crucial,

cross-

F. crosse

hook though
;

Late L. crocia. O. F. croc, a Crochet. <([ Not from cross, early confused with M. E. crolsier, a coinage from O. F. crois, a cross.
;

Cot L. cruci-, decl. stem of crux, a cross with suffix -alls.

see

Crucify.
Late L.

(F.

L.)

*crucificarc,

for

E. cros\ from Icel. L. kro*s, adopted from O. Irish cros. crui-cm, ace. of crux, a cross. Der.
(L.)
a- cross.

Cross.

M.

(pp. crucifixus}, to fix cruel, dative of crux ; figere, to fix

Q.^.crucifier. L. crucifigere on a cross. L.

;

see

Fix.

Der.

crucifix, 'ion.

Cross,

adj.

(L.)

Orig.

transverse,

from the shape of a cross ; hence, peevish. Crotchet, in music. (F. Late L.) F. crochet, 4 a small hook, a quaver in ' music ; Cot. (The hooked mark now
called

French.)
tick,

quaver was called crochet See Crochet.

in

Crucible. (L.) From Late L. crucibohim, (i) a night-lamp, (2) a vessel for The lamp may have melting metals. been so named from having four nozzles with wicks, forming a cross (still a common Ital. pattern) as if from cruci-, decl. stem of crux, a cross with suffix -bolnm = -bu!um, as in tunbulum, a censer. Crude. (L.) L. crildus, raw. Allied
; ;

Croton,
chen,
to

Gk. Kpurtav, a (Gk.) plant. which the castor-berry resembles.

(F.

to

Raw.
cruel.
(F.-L.)
cruel
;

CrOUCh.
to

- Late L.)
bend.

OF.
to

cruet.

L.

M. E.

crou-

stoop,

crudelis,
1

allied

crudus,

raw

F.

crochir,

(above

).

grow crooked

(Godefroy).

O.

croche, a crook ; also croc. cum, ace. of croccus, a hook. (i), a disease. (EO

Late L.

.croc-

Croup

From Low;

A. F. cruet, a dimin. of O. F. Low L. crnga, a pitcher. cruie, erne, pot. O H. G. kruog, G. kn<g, a pitcher;

Cruet.

(F.-Teut.)

small vessel (Godefroy)

land Sc. croupe, crope, to croak, make a harsh noise. Of imitative origin associated with crow, croak, and with North E. rottp, rope, to call, shout hoarsely, from Icel. hropa, weak vb. ? to ciy out. Cf. A. S.

allied to

Crock Cruise. (Du.

L.)

Du. kmisen,

to

Du. knit's, a cross. cruise, cross the sea. L. ace. cruc-em, from crtix, a cross;
with lengthening of /?. Crumb. (E.) Prov. E. croom.
crfima.

hropan

(pt. t. hreof}, to

cry out
;

G. rufen

A.

S.

(pt. t. rief).

Crow (i), vb.

;

Croup

(2),

of a horse see Crop. (E.) A. S. frawan

(pt.

t.

creow},\& crow.+Du. kraaijen,G. krahen, weak verbs and cf. O. Slav, grajati, Lith. Of imitative origin. groti, to crow.

Ital. gj'uwo, a clot. I)er. verb ; cf. Du. kruimekn, G. krumeln, to crumble. Crumpet, a kind of cake. (E.) \Vyclif

kruim, crumb.

(The final a is excrescent.) +Du. Dan. krumme, G. krume, a

Cf.

crumb-le,

121

CRUMPLE
has crompid cake to render Lat. laga(Ex. xxix. 23) ; cf. prov. E. crumpy For crump- ed^ pp. of cake, crisp cake. M. E crumpen, to curl up (whence E.
;

CUFF
Shetl. coob, to bring forth young, applied only to a seal ; Icel. kobbi> koprt a young
seal.

num

Cube.

(F.~L.-Gk.)

F.

ori0.-L.

(jk. /fv/3oj, a cube, die, Cf. G. kriimpen, kntmpen, to ace. cubum. crumple}. Du. Cubeb, a spicy berry. (F. Span. cnimple, curl up ; krumm, curved F. cubcbe, in Cotgrave. Span, Arab.) krommen, to crook, curve. See below. Arab. kabdba(t\ pi. kababah, Crumple, vb. (E.) Frequentative of cubcba. an aiomatic. From crump-, cubeb, obs. crump, to curl up. Cubit. (L.) L. cubiius, an elbow, weak grade of A. S. *crimpan, str. vb. bend the length from the elbow to the see Cramp and Crimp. An imitative word. middle finger's end. Allied to L. cubdre,
; ;

(E.) Cf. prov. E. crinch, cranch, to ciunch. see Crop. ;

Crunch.

Crupper

Crural.
to the leg.

(L.)

L. crurahs, belonging L. crur- stem of crus, the

y

see Covey. (F.; with G. suffix^ M.E. kokewold, kokeiveld, cokold - O. F. cttcuaitlt, coitctial (^Godefroy), a cuckold. O. F. citcu (. coucou^t a cuckoo ; with
to lie

down,

recline

Cuckold.

The Crusade. (F. andS-pan. L) form is due to confusion of F. croisade Late L. crttaata, with Span, cruzada. sb. fern., a marking with the cross, pp. f.
of
crucidre,

to

cross.

L.

cruci-,

decl.

stem of crux, a

cross.

M. E. cruse. a small pot. (E.) Iccl. kross, E. Fries, kroi. a krtls, a pot; Swed. krus t Dan. krutit,

W.

Cruse,

Fries,

dcpreciatoiy suffix -ctulf, -a!, from G. -wald (Diez, Gram. ii. 346). Cf. O. F. cttiti (F. coticon\ a cuckoo; secondly, a man whose wife is unfaithful. (There are endless allusions to the comparison between a cuckoo and a cuckold ; see Shak. L. L. L. v. 2. 920, &c.) F. coucou ; from the Cuckoo. (F.)

mug

Du.

kroes,

M. H. G.

krftse,

Crush.

(F.-Tcut.)

cup, pot, crucible krause, mug. O. F. crusir,

Gk. bird's ciy. Cf. L. cuculus, a cuckoo Skt. KOKKV, a cuckoo ; KOKKV, its cry kokila-t a cuckoo; Irish cuach^ W. cog. Cf. cock, cockatoo. And see Coo.
; ;

cruisir, croissir, to crack, bieak ; (Span. From a Tent. cruxir, Ital. crosciare). causal form type *krausljan- (see Diez), from Goth, kriustan, to gnash with the
teeth.

Cucumber. (L.) The b is excrescent M.E. cucMMer.~L. cucumerem, ace. of

;

cucumi*, a cucumber. E. ctide, code, quide. Cud. (E.) A. S. cwtdti, cwcodii, cudu. Teut. type

m>/2te).

O. F. crouste (F. L.) (F. Cf. L. crusta, crust of bread. Der. see Crystal. Gk. /tpuos, frost a ciust, stubborn, like crust-y, haid

Crust.

*kivedwom
also
Icel.

neut.

Cf.

Skt. jatu-^

resin

kwtiba, resin. 'glutinous substance.'

Ong.

sense,

Cuddle. (E

Perhaps for *couthle, to

harshly curt (of people).

Crutch.
A.
S.

crycc,

M. E crucche (E.) crutch, staff. -f Du

L.)

from
kruk,

Swed. kryika, Dan. krykke, G. krucke.

Cry.
gritar,
shriek,

(F.

M.

E.

cnen

F. crier.

(Fuller forms occur in Ital. gridare, Span. )^ qmrltare, to Poit. gritar.)

ciy,

be familiar, to fondle; from couth, adj. familiar, well known; A. S. cufi y known, pp. of cunnan, to know. See Can (i ). Cf. to fondle. prov. E. couth, loving cootie, M. E. kuggcl. A. S. Cudgel. (E.) in Gregory's Pastoral Care, ed.
;

cycgd\ Sweet, p. 297.

Cf.
(E.)

Cog.

lament (BracheO
'

lit.

to

implore the aid of the Quirltes

citizens (Varro).

or

Roman

tcpviTTTj,

a vault, hidden cave ong. fem. Gk. Kpvnrfiv, to hide. of Kpvwros, hidden.
;

Crypt.

(L

Gk.)

L. crypta.- Gk.

Crystal.
cristal.

(F.-L.-Gk.)
cristal.

O. F.

formerly
cryslalhim,
crystal.

tiom rWand lived; the plant being administered to cattle So also cudthat had lost their cud.' wort. Sometimes Cue, for an actor. (L. ?) written q or qu in the 1 6th cent., and supposed to be for L. quando, when.

Cudweed.

'

L.

Cuff
Swed.

(i),
kujffa,

crystal.

Gk. Kpvara\\o$,
to
freeze.

ice,

to strike. to thuist,
part

Cf. (Scand. ?) push, M. Swed.

Gk
frost.

KpvcrraivdVy

Gk.

Kpvos,

kuffit, to strike, to cuff (Ihre).

Cuff
Etym.

(2),

Cub.

(E.

?)

unknown.

Cf.

M. h.

cuffe, coffc.

of the sleeve. Cf. Late A. S.

(L.
citffie,

?)

122

CUIRASS
kind
(Leo) ; M. H. G. kuppe, kuffe, a coif; see Coif.
of

CUPREOUS
kupfe,

cap

[Very

Culver, (E.) A.S. culfre, a dov. Culverin. (F.-L.) Corrupt form,

foT+euJevnn. 'F.toulevrine, a culverin; a piece of ordnance named from its long curace. O. F. cuirace (F. cutrasse}. Ital. shape, like a snake. O. F. c<wlcuvrin t Formed from L adder-like; from couleuvre, an addei. L. corazza, a cuirass. L. corium, leather colubra, coluber, an adder. coriaceus, leathern. Culvert, an arched drain. (F.-L.) (whence F. cuir, leather). Cuisses, pi. (F. L.) O. F cuissaux, Of doubtful origin perhaps formed, with added /, fiom O. F. coulouere, *a channel, armour for the thighs. F. cuisse, thigh. F. coukr, to trickle. L. coxa, hip. L. gutter/ Cot. Brngm. i. 609. Culdee. (C.) Irish ceilcde, a Culdee, a (dldre, to strain, drain. Compare Portcullis and Cullis. servant of God. Ir. ceile (O. Irish cele), Cumber. (. - Late L.) M. E. comservant; and d?, gen. of dia, God.
doubtful.]

CuiraBS. (F. - Ital. - 1,.}

Formerly

Culinary.
longing
kitchen.
to

(L.)

the

L. culinarius, bekitchen. L. culma,

)

M. E. Cull, to collect, select. (F. L. <:/&. O.F. coillir, cuillir, to collect. hummer,
L. colhgere^ to collect. Collect.

O.Y. combrer, to hinder (rare); usual form en- combrer. Late L. cumbtus, a heap, a barrier ; of doubtful origin. [Cf. L. cumulus , a heap; but also G.
6ren.
grief, oppiession, prov. G. bumThus cumber **\Q put a mer, rubbish. heap in the way.] Ber. en-cumber from O. F. encombrer, to encumber, load. Cumin, Cummin, a plant. (L. Gk Ilcb.) M. E. comin. A. S. cumin, ]^. cuminum, Matt, xxiii. cyiuen. 23. Gk. Kvpivov Heb. kammon, cumin. Cumulate. (L.) From pp. of L. cumulure, to heap up. L. cumulus, a
',

See Coil

( I

and

Cullender
Cullion,
word.
coleus.

see

Colander

F.

a wretch. (F. -L.) coarse }-. cotnllon (Ital. coglione).

Cullis, a strong bioth, boiled and strained (F. Formerly colys* coleys. L.) O. F. colen, couleis, later coulis, * a, cullis/ Cot. ; substantival use of colas, later coulis, 'gliding,' Cot. L. type *tdla tTctus ; from colarc, to strain. Cf. Portcullis. a stem. (L ) L. cnlmiis, a stalk ; allied to calamus, a stalk. See

heap.

with

Cuneate,^ edge-shaped. (L.) suffix -ate, from L cune-us

Coin.
adj to
sb.

Formed,
;

Allied to

a wedge. Der. cunci-Jorm i. e.

Grig. pres. pt. of hence, 'knowing/
;

Culm,

wedge-shaped.

Haulm.

M.
(L
=-

Cunning,
E.

(E.)

Culminate.
cttlmiiiare, to

come
(

stem of culmen

pp. of L L. culmin-* See colutnctt\, a top.

)

cunnm,

know

From

From
From
from

A. S cunnan, to

to a top.

cunning,
I eel.

(E.) A. S. cunnan, to

know M.

see

Can (i\
Perhaps
;

E. cunnings.

know.

Column.
\\.TL.cmipable. O. F. culpable, colpable, coupabk (F. coupL. culpdbilis, blameworthy. L. able}. L. culpa, a fault. uilpare, to blame. culprit. (F.-L.) In Dryden. Not orig. a single word, but due to a fusion of A. F. cul- (for culpable, i. e. guilty) and prist or prest (i. e. ready to prove it) ; signifying that the clerk of the crown was ready to piove the indictment (N. E. D.).

suggested by I eel. kunnandi, knowledge

Culpable. (F.-L.)

Cup.
Dan.

kunna, to know. A. S. cuppe, a cup. - Late L. (L.

)
;

cuppa, 'variant of L. citpa, a tub, in Late whence also Du. L., a dnnking-vessel

See Coop. M. E. cupborde, orig. a side-board for holding cups ; Allit. Poems, B. Morte Arth. 1440;

hop, F. coupe, &c.

Cupboard.

(L.

and

E.)

206.

Culter
pp. of
fit till.

see Coulter.

Cultivate. (L)
for tilling.

citltTvilre* to till.

Lnte L. cult i vat us, Late L. cultlvus,

of love. (L.) L. cttpifo, L. cupere, to desire, -f Skt. kup, to become excited. Der. cupid-i-ty, F. cupidite, from L. ace. cupiditdtem.

Cupid, god

desire.

L. cultus, pp. of colere, to

i.

Brugm.

121.

Culture. (F.-L.) F. cu/ture.-'L. cultural allied to cult-us^ pp. of colere,

to
till.

Ital. cupola^ a (Ital.-L.) L. cupula t a small shape. cask, a little vault ; dimm. of L. cupa^ a

Cupola.

dome; from
cask.

its

Cupreous,
123

coppery. (L.)

L, ctipre-us>

CUR
of copper
copper.
;

CURTAIL
L. cuprum,
(ab. 1225).
;

with

suffix -ous.

forced spelling, giving a wrong clue. In 1596, we find corwullion, with the same

Cur.
-f-M.
Cf.

(E.)

M. E. kur-dogge

Du. korre, a house-dog

E.

cf.

Swed.

a whelp

dial, kurre, a dog.

Low G. curr, to purr ; Icel kurra, kurren, to snarl (Lubben) Swed. kurra, to to murmur,
prov.
;

Named from growling.

'

grumble;

first syllable seems to be c ur 9 and we find Lowl. Sc. murgeon, to mock, to grumble mudgeon, a grimace. Currant. (F. L. Gk .) Formerly raysyns ofcot aunt. F. raisins de Corinthe, Cot. Hence, currant is a corcurrants ;'

sense.

The
;

rumble.

ruption of Corinth
KopivOos}.

(L.

Corinthus,

Gk.

Curate see Cure. M. Curb. (K. - L.)

;

E.

courben, to

F. courbcr, to bend, bow. curuarc, to bend ; from cttruus, bent.

bend.

M. E. curd, cnid. Prob. (E.) to crudan, crud-, related Cf. Ir. grufk, to crowd, press together. Gael, gruth, curds. (Kick, ii. 119.)

Curd.

running, flowing. (F. L.) E. currant, O. F. curant, pres. pt. of L. curcorre (F. courir), to nm. curre, Prob. for *curscre. Brugm. rere, to run.

Current,

M.

from

A.

S.

i.

499, 516.

Perhaps

allied to

Horse.

curricle.
running;
to run.

Cure.

(F.

L.)

O. F. cure.

-L

L. curriculum, a (L.) L. currere, also, a light car.

alra,

attention (prim. Ital. *koiza}. Brugm. i. 874. ^[ Not allied to care. Mecl. L. curatus, a CUrate. (L.) bcnefictum, priest, curate ; cf. curaium a benefice with cure of souls. L. cilra,

and

dress leather. (F. L. cotreier (Godefroy), earlier foims conreder, conreer, later conroyer, courroier^ to curry, dress leather, O.F. conrei, older form orig. to prepaie.

Curry

(i), to

Teut.)

O.F.

cure.

Curious.

(F.
(F.

L.)

O. F. curios

L.

L. curci, attention. F. cocverftt, covrefeu,curfeu\ O.F. covrefen (F. iouvrefeu), a fire-cover, covenng of fires, tune out fires. 6. F covnr, to for
mlrtdstts, attentive.

Curfew.

L)

putting cover fitty

;

hybrid = L. con t ( order (Ital. -redo in cuni] to O. F. rei, arredo, array), p. This O. F. rei is of Scand. origin from Dan. rede, order (also to set in order), Icel. rcidi, tackle. Precisely the same O. F. ret helps to form E.
cunreidf
gear,

pieparation.

word; made by prefixing

con-

fire
;

hearth,

fire)

see

Curious
Curl,
sb.
;

(<\-*focum, ace. of focus, Cover and Focus. see Care.

M. E. crul (with shift(E.) from M. E. crtil, adj., cinly ing ot r} E. Fries. Not in A. S. (A.D. 13001. krulla, krull, krul, a curl.+Du. krtily a
Dan. krolle, a curl, Swed. ktullig, curly; G. krollc, a curl, M. H. G. krulle. Cf. Norw. krull, a curl, something rolled together krttlla, to curl, bend or bow together. Allied to E. Fries. Low G. krillen, to bend, turn, wind krcllen, to turn; N. Fries, krall, closecurl, krullen, to curl
;
;
;

ar-ray see Array. *([ To curry favour is a coriuption of M. E. to curry favel, to mb down a hoise; /m'<?/was a common old name for a horse. Curry (2), a seasoned dish. (Tamil.)
;

From Tamil
Yule).

kaii, sauce, relish for rice

Curse.

(E.)

A.S. cursian, verb; curs,

Cf. O. Ir. cursaigim^ sb., an imprecation. 'I reprehend' (Windisch"). DQT.ac- cursed,

from M. E. acorsien^ to cuise extremely, where the prefix a- A.S. a-, very; see

A- (4). Cursive.
;

twisted ; suggesting Tent, base *krel/an-, to wind, str. vb. (Franck, Koolman).

M. F. cor lieu (F.) Cf. Ital. chiurlo, a curlew, chiurlare, to howl, Swed. knrla, to coo ; so that it is named from its cry.

Curlew,

a bird.

'a curlue;* Cot.

Curmudgeon. (E. ) Origin unknown. In one instance spelt corn-mudgin (Phil. Holland;, as if a hoarder of corn, hence, a stingy fellow where mudgin is for mudgmg* pres. pt. of mudge t to hoard, also spelt mooch (M. E. muchen), to skulk from O. F. mucer^ to hide. But this ib a
v
;

(L.) Med. L. cursivus, flowing said of handwriting. L. urs-us pp. of cut rere, to run. See Current. Cursory. (K.) Late L. iursorius, L. cur sort-, decl. stem of cursor, hasty. L. cttrs-us (above). a runner. Curt. (L.) L. curtiis, short, cut short. Curtail. (F. L.) It has nothing to do with tail, but is an alteration of the older form curt at, verb, to dock ; from the adj. ctirtal, having a clocked tail (All's
<

Well,

ii.

3.
'

65).

-O.F.

iourtault, later
' ;

courtauti

curtail, being curtailed

Cot.

The same

as Ital. corfaldo,

'

curtail,

124

CURTAIN
horse without a
taile,'
(

CYGNET
Formed,
-aldo,

Florio.

with

suffix -ault

Ital.

Low

L.

G. wald, power), from -aldus, L. curtus, short. court, short.

<

O.K.

M. E. cortm. Curtain. (F. L.) O. F. eortine.-* Late L. cortina, a curtain (Exod. xxvi. i, Vulgate), a screen, plain wall of a fort, ong. a small yard. L. See Court. cort-em, ace. of cors, a court.
perversion of ci'ttkax, which was a perversion of See ctittelas, an old spelling of cutlass. Cutlass.
(F.

L. type *costumne, for *cos~ indue, shortened form of consitetitdinem^ ace. of consuettido, custom. L. consuetus, pp. of consuescere, to accustom, inchoative form of *consuere, to be accustomed. L.
con- (cum), together, very suescere (pp. suetus], to be Jiccustomed , possibly from suns, own; so that suescere = to have it
;

From a

one

Curtleaxe.

L.)

s own way. Cut. (Scand.)

verb.
it

M. E. cutten, a weak origin, but the traces of are not many. Cf. Mid. Svvcd. kotta^ Of Scand
(Ihre);

Gttrtsey.
courtesy,
i.

(F.

L.)

The same word

as

a courtly act. Late L. bent line. (L.) curvus, L. curuus, bent, -f- Gk. Kvpros, bent. Der. curv-ature, L. ticnidtura, from pp. of curuate, to bend ; from curuus. CUrvet. (Ital. L.) Ttal. corvetta, a dimin. from M. Ital. curvet, leap, bound L. curuns corv-o (Ital. cttrvd], bent.
e.

Swed. dial, kuta, kata, small with a knife, also spelt kula, or kytti, a knife kvdta, kota, kata
to
to

cut cut

Curve,

^Rietz); Jcel. kuti, a

kyttel, trees.
kytel,
Ljtitul,

little

knife;

Norw.

a knife for barking

L.

Cuticle.

(L

dimin. of cutis,

hide,

skin.

cutuula, double See Hide.

'

Der. cut-an-e-ous, from

cut-is.

(above).

Cushat,
sceote,

the ring-dove. (E.) A. S. nla wild pigeon ; also cfiscote. Here

* probably means shooter, darter,' from sceotan, to shoot (cf. A. S. sceota, a kind of trout) and perhaps cil refers to the coo* of the bird. Cf. Lowl. Sc. cow-

sceote

shot, a cushat.

Cushion.
atsshtn.

(F.

L.)

M.E

quisshin,

O.F.

coissin, coussin,

a cushion.

[It is supposed that O. F. coissin was the true form, altered to coussin (perhaps) by the influence of O. F. coute, a quilt.] L.

type *coxinum, a support for the hip, from coxa, hip, thigh (like L. cubital, elbow-cushion, from cubitus, elbow). Cf. Ital. cuscino, cushion, coscia, hip ; Span. cojin, cushion, cuja, hip. {Romania, 1 892 ,
p. 87.)

(F. L.) F. coutelas, a cut' Cot. telas, or courtelas, or short sword ' a curtleax,' Florio ; (Cf. Ital. coltellacdo, which is the same word.) O. F. coutel, cult el (F. cottteau\ a knife cf. Ital. coltello, knife; with ace. suffix -<fci//;;;.~L. ace cu'telium, a knife; dimin. of utlter, a = L. coulter. -as, Ital. -#<vz0 <ff The F. -aceum ; but F. coutelas was actually turned into E. citrtleaxe. Yet a curtleaxe was a sort ot sword M.E. coteler.Cutler. (F.-L.) O. F. cotelier. Late L. cultdlarius, knifemaker. L. culttllus, a knife above). Cutlet. (F.-L.) If.cdtelette, a cutlet; formerly lostelette, a little rib; dimin. of O. F. coste, nb. L. costa, a rib; see
; ;
! \

Cutlass.

Coast.

Cusp. (L.) L. mspis, a point. Custard. (F.-Ital.-L.) ForM.K.

crustade, by shifting of
fade,
'

r.

Formerly

cus-

cmstade, and orig. used with the sense of pasty.' F. roustade, a pasty. Ital. crostata, a kinde of daintie pye Florio. L. cntstata, fern. pp. of crtistdre, to encrust. L. crusta, a crust. Custody. (L.) L. cttstodia, a keeping L. custod^i}-, stem of custos, guard. a guardian lit. hider.' Cf. Gk. KcvOav, to hide. See Hide. 0/KEUDIL) Brugm,
< * ' ;
*

i-

699.

Custom.
O. F.

(F.-L.)

M.E.
(F.

custume.
coutumc)*

Cuttle, a fish. (E.) Formerly cudele. A. S. cudele, a cuttle-fish. Cf. G'. kuttelfisch (perhaps from E.). F. O^.-L. Cycle. (F.-L.~Gk.) Gk. KVK\OS, a circle, iyciuni, ace. of cyclus. cycle. 4- bkt. chakra-, a wheel, ciicle. Der. cyclone = Gk. Allied to "Wheel. KVK\wv t whirling round, pres. pt. of KVKXOOJ, bi-cycle. I whirl round epi- cycle Cygnet, a young swan. (F.-L.- Gk.) Dimin. of O. F. cigne, a swan. Strangely enough, this O. F. word is not immedibut the a swan ately from L. cycnus, oldest O. F. spelling uas cisne (as in a swan, Spanish), from Late L. acinus, Gk. KVKVOS, a swan. variant of cycnus. Cf L. ciconia, a stork. See Diez ; 4th ed.
; ; ;

custume,

costume

p. 714.

125

L. cylindrm. Gk. inare, later cylindre. Gk. tev\tvoiv, Kfaivfyos, a roller, cylinder. to roll; from Kv\itiv, to roll. Cf. O.Slav.
&?/<?,

CYLINDER Cylinder. F. - L. - Gk.)

(

DAGGER
O. F.
7-

Cf.

M. Du. da&ben,
y

to

pinch,

fumble,

G. tappen to grope, prov, G. See Dub, Tap. tappe, fist, blow. dabble. (E.) To keep on dabbing;
dabble;
frequent, of dab.

a wheel.

(-/QEL.)
l/L&.cimbale.

Cymbal. (F.-L.-Gk.)
;

O. F. ambale. Gk. L. cymbahtm. Kvn&aXov, a cymbal named from its cuplike shape.

fumble, dabble (above).

M. Du. dabbelen, to frequent, of M. Du. dabben

Gk.

Kufj./3rj,

a cup.

+ Skt.

Bab

(2),
;

dab (i)

Prob. from expert. (E.?) perhaps influenced by dapper or

fish.
t

kumbha-, ajar. Allied to Cup; and see by adept. Comb (2\ (-/KEUBEU Bab (3), a

Cynic,
cus.

lit.

dog-like. (L.

Gk.

Kvvitcvs,

Gk.) L. fyniGk. dog-like, a Cynic.

Prob. allied to dab

M. E. dabbe. (E.) a light blow, a soft

See

mass dabbed down.

Dab

(i),

dabble.

KVV-, as in tew-as, gen. of KVOJV, a

dog

(E.

Babble;
dop-chick.
' ;

see Cf.

Dab
'

(i).

hound}*
L. cynosura, the stars in the tail of the constellation of the Lesser Bear ; one of these is the Polestar (hence, a centre of attraction). Gk. tcvvoffovpa, the Cynosure, tail of the Lesser ' Bear ; lit. dog's tail/ Gk.tftWy, gen. of KVOW, a dog ovpa, a tail. Cypress (i\ a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. cipres. O. F. cypres, later cypres. L. atpressits, cjtfarissut. Gk. Kvrrapicr&os,

cynosure.

(L.

Gk.)

(E.) Formerly dap-chick, A. S. dop-enid, a moorhen, lit. dipping duck doppettan, to dip often, immerse Du. dobber, a float. See Dip. Bace. (F. O. Low G.) Formerly O. F. dars, nom. case of the word darce*
;

Bab-chick.

also spelt dart, meaning (i) a dart, (2) a The fish is also called a dai't or dace. a dare from its swift motion. See Dare (2) ,
t

Dart.
diikait,
;

cypiess-tree.

Cf.

Heb. gopher

Cypress (2), a cloth of gold, a kind of satin, a kind of crape. (F. PalsL.) grave explains F. crespe by a cypres for * a womans neck Cotgrave has crespe,
c *
;

cipres,

cobweb

lawn

some confusion

which suggests of cypress with crape

;

'

a iobber. Hind. (Hind.) a robber belonging to an armed from daka, robbery by a gang gang Der. dacoit-y, robbery. (Wilson'. Bactyl. (L.-Gk.) L. dactyhts, the metucal foot inaiked -uo. Gk. 5oTvXoy, a finger, a dactyl.

Bacoit,

origin of cypress is doubtful ; but it occurs as cipres, cypirs in Piers Plowman, and as Cyprus in Sir Degrevant. It seems to have been imported Jfrom the isle

The

vSo

child's word for father.' (E.) also W. 1ad, Irish daid, Bret, tat, tad, father Gk. rdra, Skt. 1ata, dad.
'
;

Bad.

of Cyprus. Cyst, a pouch

morbid matter.

written cystis. a bag, pouch. Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ. Teut. L) Russ, tsare (with e mute), a
king.

animals) containing (L. Gk.) Formerly Late L. cystis. Gk. tcv<rrts,

(in

Bado. (Jtal. L.) Formerly used of the die, or square pait in the middle of the pedestal of a column afterwards applied to the part of an apaitment between the
;

plinth and the impost moulding.

,

Ital,

dado, a die, cube, pedestal. (Cf. Prov. Folk-L. datum assumed to dat-z, a die.^ mean a die lit. a thing given, a lot.' L. datum, neut. of pp. of dare, to give.
'

'

L. but

where O.Slav, cesarstvo occurs for Russ. M. E. affodille Prompt. Parv. - M. F. asDer. czarowitz, phodile, also affrodille, tsarstvo, kingdom; &c. th'arTodill, or from Russ. tsarevich\ czar's son izarttsa, asphodill flower Cot. L. arfkodelus from Russ. tsaritsa, empress Gk. d<r<o5Ao?, a kind of lily. See Asczar-ina, with Ital. suffix -ina from G. fern, suffix phodel. in. Baft, foolish the same as Deft.
;
'
' ;

ctsarf. Goth, kaisar. This has been disputed see Matt. xiii. 24 in Schleicher, Indogermam&che Chrestomathie, p. 275,

O. Slav
^[

See Die (*\

C<fw.

Daffodil. (F.-L.-Gk.)
later addition;

Thesis

perhaps fiom M. F.
'

jflctir

daffrodille,

translated

daffodil-flower.'

B.
M. E, (i), to strike gently. (E.) dabben ; also dabbe, a blow. Not in A. S.

Bab

(F.) daggen, to pierce.

Bagger.

M.E.^/^wr;

allied to

of

unknown

F. dague, a dagger;
Cf, Ital.

origin (not Celtic).

Span, 126

daga, Port, adaga, dagger.

The

DAGGLE
form suggests an Eastern origin Heb. dak hah, to strike. Daggle, to moisten, wet with dew or Frequentative verb from spray. (Scand.) Swed. dagg, Icel. dogg (gen. daggar], dew.
Port,
;

DANDELION
matia.)
(uestis)
;

cf.

fern,

L. dalmalica F, dalmatique. of Dalmaticus^ belonging to

Dalmatia.
(i), a mound, bank against water. A. S. darnm, only in the derived verb for-demman, to clam up O. Fries. dam ; North. Fries, dam. Du dam, Icel. dammr^ Dan. dam, Swed. damm, M. H. G. tarn, G. damm, a dam, dike. Cf. Goth, faurdammjan, to dam up.

Dam

(E.)

Cf. Icel. doggva, to

bedew.

See

Dew.

(F. ^and Gk.) Formed by adding -o-type to F. Daguerre, a personal name, the inventor (A. D. 1838). Dahlia. (Swed.) Named after Dahl, a Swedish botanist (A.D. 1791). Dainty, a delicacy. (F. L.) M. E. cf. deintee, ong. a sb., a pleasant thing A. F. dcyntee, greediness (Bozon). (). F. daintie (i.e. daintte], agreeableness.

Daguerreotype.

Dam (2), a
L.)

mother, applied to animals.

The same word as Dame. Damage. (F.-L.) M. E. damage. -

*ff

The O.

().
cf.

see Dignity. the true popular F. form digmteit is a pedantic form O. F. dain, old spelling of digne,

L.

ace.

dignitatem
is

A. F, damage (F. dommage] ; cf. Prov. " damnatjt) answering to Late L. damnaticum, harm; we find Late L. damnalicus,

F. daintie
;

condemned to the mines. L. damnd(us pp. of damnare see Damn.

;

worthy.

M. E. dcycrye, a (Scand.) a deye, i. e. a milk-woman, farmO. Norw. dcigja, Swed. deja, a servant. maid, dairy-maid, who was also the breadmaker; theong. sense is kneader of dough/ Tcut. type *daig-j0n-, sb. f., as if horn

Dairy.
foi

loom

M.E. daDamask. (Ital. maske, cloth of Damascus. Ital. damasco. Heb. dmcseq^ damask, Dammeseq^ Damascus (Gen. xiv. 15). Der. damaskrose damaik-ine, to inlay with gold (F.
;

- Syiia.)

'

(Goth.) deigan (pt. t. daig\, to mould; whence also Goth, daigs, Jcel. deig, Swed. sec Dough. *(]" The cognate deg) dough or borrowed A S diege occurs once only
;

damasquiner, from damasqu-in, adj.). Dame. (F.-L.) M. E. dame.-Q. F. dame, a lady. L. domina ; fern, of dominus, a lord. See Don (2). Damn, to condemn. (F.-L.) M.E. damnen, dampnen. F. damner. L. damnare^ to condemn, fine. \*.damnum, loss,
fine,

Thorpe, /)///. p. 641. Dais, a raised floor in a hall. (F. L. Gk.) Now used of the raised platform on which the high table in a hall stands. Properly, it was the table itself but was also used of a canopy over a seat of state,
\

see

penalty.

Biug.

i.

Damp.
suffocate;

Cf. E. dampen, to (E.) E. Fries, damp^ vapour. -f-Dti.

; ;

762.

or of the seat of state. E. deis, deys. A. F. deis O. F. dots, a high table (Supp. to Godefroy). L. discttm, ace, of discus, a quoit, platter in Late L. a table. Gk.
i

Dan. damp, G. damp, vapour, steam dampf, vapour Swed. darnb, dust. From the 2nd grade of Teut. *dcmpan- pt. t. *damp, pp. *dumpano-, as in M. H. G.
t

dtmpfcn, timpfen, Swed. dial, dimba,

sir.
str.

vb., to reek vb., to reek.

cf.

See

Dumps.

Siffieos,

a quoit,
(E.)
S.

disc.

See Disc.
syllai.

Damsel.
e.

(F.

L)

M.E. damostL
of dameisel, a Late L. domi-

Daisy.
bles).

M. E. dayesye (4
resembles.

O. F. dameisele, a

girl, fern,

A.

datges cage, eye of day,

it

young man,
cellus,

the sun,

which

Dale,

a valley.
t

(E

M.

E. dale.

A. S. dal (pi. dal-u). Icel. dalr, Dan. Swed. dal a dale; Du. dal\ Goth. dal\ G. thai', also O. Slav. dolU (Russ. do?) cf. Gk. 06\os, a vault. Der. dell.
;

a *dominicelluS) double dimin. of dominus^ a lord. (Pages were often of high birth.)

squire, page. page, short for

scene.

M. E. Dally, to trifle. (F.- Tcut.) F. A. F. and dalien, to play, trifle. dalier, to converse, chat, pass the time in Of Teut. origin light converse (Bozon). cf. Bavarian dakn, to speak and act as children (Schmeller) ; mod. G. (vulgar) dahlen, to trifle.

M.E. dama(L. Syria.) X. Damascenum (prunum}, plum of Damascus. See Damask. Dance. (F. O. II. G.) M. E. daunQ. II. G. damon, to danser. cen. Q
.

Damson.

Dalmatic,

a vestment.

(F.

Dal-

drag along (as in a round dance). O. II. G. dans, 2nd grade of dinsen t to allied to E. Thin, Cf. Goth. pull, draw at-thinsan, to draw towards one. Dandelion, a flower. (F.-L.) F. dent de lion, tooth of a lion ; named from
;

127

DANDLE
dens,

DASTARD
*

the jagged leaves. L. dent-em, ace. of dape, a pool, a wet splotch; whence the ' ' tooth ; de, prep. ; leonem, ace. of idea of splash or blot.' Dare ( i), to venture. (E.) M. E. dar, leo, lion. Dandle. (E.) Prob. of imitative origin ; I daie ; pt. t. dorste, durste. A. S. ic dearr, M. F. dodincr, dodeliner, ' to rock, I dare he dearr, he dare ; pt. t. dorste \ cf. Goth, ga-dars, I dare, dandle, lull,' Cot. ; M. Ital. dandolare, infm. *dnrran. * dondolare, to dandle or play the baby,' -danrsta, I durst, mfin. -daursan ; O. H. G. Gode- tar, I dare, infin. turran. Also Gk. OapFlorio; dandola, dondola, a, toy. Skt. drs/i, fioy gives M. F. dandiner, to balance or afiv, to be bold, Opaavs, bold 502. sway the body. Cf. E. Fries, dindannen, to dare. 0/DHERS.) Brugm. i. to walk unsteadily, sway from side to side. Dare (2), a dace. (F.-O. Low G.) Dandriff, scurf on the head. (E.) A new form, made by taking darce (old Formerly also dandniffe. Of unknown form of dace) as a pi. form ( = dars), arid origin ; but cf. prov. IL.dan, scurf, dander, thence making a singular dar, now dare. a slight scurf on the skin ; and prov. K. See Dace. Dark. (E.) M.E. derk. A. S. dears, hurf, wf, scurf, from Icel. hrufa, a scab, for older *derc. ^f The W. marw-don, dandnff, is from with a broken vowel The O. H. G. tarchanjan, to hide (answermarw, dead, and ton, skin. Dandy, a beau (E. ?). Origin unknown. ing to W. Germ. *dark-n-jaii) is from the Prov. E. dandy, gay, fine. Note M. Dan. 2nd grade *dark of the same base. Cf. dande, brave, excellent. Dandy is also a also O. Sax. der-ni, A. S. derne, O. H. G. form of Andrew. [F. dandin, i a mea- tar-ni, secret, dark ; see Tarnish.
;

Cot., is unsuitable.] E. daungere, L.) power, esp. power to harm. O. F dangler (F. danger], also donsper (XIII cent.), absolute power, irresponsible authonty. This answers to a Late L. type *domma-

cock, noddy,

nmny/
(F.

Danger.

with adv.
hcdling wards.
deorling*

darkling,

m the

dark.

(E.)

suffix -ling, as \i\Jiat-ling, (headlong), A. S. bisc-ling,

Formed M. E.
back-

Darling.
a

M.E. derling. A. S. (E.) A. S. deor-e (in favourite.

dear; with double dimin. See Dear. Darn. (E.^ XVII cent. Prob. from M. E. dernen, to conceal, from derne, adj., secret, hidden; cf. prov. E. dem, darn, Dan. dangle, Swed. dial, dangla, to swing to hide, to stop up a hole. A.S. dcrne, about cf. Swed. and Icei. dingla, Dan dyrne, secret, hidden. -{ O. Sax. dcrni, dingle, to swing about frequentative O. II. G. tarni, secret. See Dark. forms from ding (pt. t. dang), to throw Darnel. (F.) M. E. darnel, dernel. about. See Ding. From an O. F. word, now only preseived Dank, moist. (Scand.) M. E. dank, in Walloon (Rouchi), darnelle, damel wet (esp. with ref. to dew Swed. dial. (HecartX Hitherto unexplained; but cf. Icel. dokk (stem Swed. dar~, as in dar-rcpe, or repe, darnel dank, marshy ground and O F. nielle, nelle *dankivo-\ a pool. Cf. Swed. dial danka, (Lowl. Sc. dorncl} to moisten, Dan. dial, donke, dynke, Norw. Late L. ftigelld), darnel (Godefroy). The also Dan. dial dunkel, Swed. dara means to stupefy (as with dynka, to wet lolium tennthntum} cf. Dan. daare, a moist, Swed. dial, dunkelhet, moisture North. E. danker, a dark cloud; Swed fool; Walloon darn i~sc, daurnise, diunken dial, and M. Dan. dunken, musty; G. (Grandgagnage).

rtum, *dominiarium, not found, but regularly formed from Late L. dom (/ );m/;;/ 7 power, authority. Late L. doinnus, L. do minus, a lord. Dangle, to swing about. (Scand.)
;

comp.

dear-'),

suffix -l-ing.

v /.

dunkel, dark.
Oiig. good, valiant hence brave, fine, spruce. cent.-Du. dapper, brave.-f-O. H. G. taphar, weighty, Russ. dobrui, valiant, G. tapfer, brave good. Brugm. i. 563. Dapple, a spot on an animal. (Scand.) Icel. depilt, a dot a dog with spots spot, over the eyes is also called depill. The * orig. sense is a little pool,' from Norweg.
;

Dart. (F.-O. Low

(

G.)

M.

E. dart.
;

Dapper. (Du)

XV

O. F. dart F. dard). Of Teut. origin cf. A. S. darod, a dart, Swed. dart, a dagger, Icel. darrabr, a. dart, O. H. G. tart, a
dart.
(E.) M.E. daschen. Cf.LowG. to thrash Dan, (Iterghaus") ; daske, to slap, Swed. daska, to beat; we sjieak of water dashing against rocks. speak ol wat( "~ " " t^Scand. ; with F. sttffix.)

Dash.

daschen,

Dastard.

128

DATE

DEAF

M. E. dastard \ where -ard is a F. suffix, dimin. tahete (now G. dohle), a daw; Dast appears whence Ital. taccola, a daw (Florio). Der. as in dull-ard, slugg-ard. to be for dazed] cf. Icel. dastr, exhausted, jack- daw. transport by relaj & of men and pp. of d(Esa, to be out of breath ; dasatir, exhausted, weary, pp. of dasask, to be hoises. (Hindi.) Hindi $ak, post, transweary; see Daze. Cf. Icel. dasi, a lazy port, &c. (Yule). see Day. ; fellow, M. Du, dasaert, a fool (whence

Dawk,

Dawn

das-art (i.e. daz{e)ard'), a dullard, in N. E. D.) ; Low G. daskopp, a blockhead (Berghaus). The ong. sense is slug'

M.E.

gard.'

a given point of time. (F. E. date.-Y. date, date. - Late L. data, a date; L. data, netit. })1. of dattn, L. dare, to give.-fGk oigiven, dated. Skt. dadami, fiojfti, I give; Soros, given I give; Rubs, date, to give. (y'DO.) Brugm. i. 167, 168. Date (2), fruit of the palm. (F. L. Gk.^ M. E. date. - ( ). K. date (F. datte), also datele, a date. L. daitylum, ace. of Gk. 5d/nri/A.os, a fingtr albo a dactylus. date (somewhat like a ringer). But it is probable that Sd/cTv\os a date, was a word of Semitic origin, assimilated to the word for Cf. Aramaic diqla, a palmfinger/
(i),

Date

L.)

M.

Day. (E.) M. E. day, dai, dcei. A. S. dag, pi. dagas,+T)\\.. Dan. Swed. dag, Icel. dagr, G. tag, Goth. dags. Allied to Lith. dagas, hot time, autumn ; degti, to burn, Teut. type *dagoz Idg. type *dhoghos ; from VDIIEGH, to burn ; Skt. dah, to burn, ni-dagha-t hot season. Day is the
\

hot, bright time;

^|

as

opposed to night.
;

In no

way

allied to L. dies.

dawn,

vb.

from the oldei

dagning, a verb *dag-na, to become day, from Swed. Dan. dag, day. 2. We also find M. E. fiom A. S. dagian, to dawen, to dawn become day, dawn. A. S. dag- base of
;
;

M. E. dawnen dawmng. Swed. Dan. dawning, dawn as if from a

(Scand.)
sb.

dccg,

'

tiee (see

Gen.

x.

27)
'

Arab. daqaL

Daub.
plaster.

(F.-L.)
;

dauber, to plastei

M. E. daubcn.-Q. F. answeimg to an older

;

and E.) In Shak. L. L. L. i. 2. 137. The addition of woman is needless. Day = M. E. deye.***J. Norw deigja, a maid
;

(CLfawtt, vb.) Daywoman, dairy-woman.

day.

(Scand.

esp. a

dair>maid

see

Dairy.

L. dcalbare, to whiten, L. de, down, very albdre, to Cf. whiten, from albus, white; see Alb.

form *dalber.

Span, ^fl/fo^r (=z*dealbicare), to plaster.

Per. be-danb.

Daughter.
ter.

(E.)

M.

E. doghter, doh-

S. dohtor.+V)\\. dothter, Dan. datter, dottcr, Swed. dotter, Icel. dottir, Goth.

A.

E. da*en, to stupefy. Icel. dasaik, to ; be wearied, lit. to daze oneself, where -sk ib the reflexive suffix; dasi, a lazy man; dasinn, lazy; Dan. dial. da*e, to be idle ; Low G. dasen, dosen, to be listless ; in das' setn, to be in a daze' (Berghaus).
(Scand.)

Daze.

M.

Swed. dasa, to

lie

idle

'

'

dauhtar,
ditkle,

G. tochter Russ. doche, Lith. Gk. evyarrjp, Pers. dnkhtar, Skt.

;

dazzle, to confuse. (Scand.) Fiom daze} with frequent, suffix -/<?. Der. bedazzle.

duhitr,

Oiig. sense doubtful.

Daunt.
to

(F.-L.)
; ;

M.E.

O. F. danfer

also donter.

daunten. L. domitare,

De- (i), prefix. (L. or F.-L.) L. dS, down, away, from, very; hence sometimeb
;

F. #-, de-, O. F. de-.

tame, subdue
;

frequent, of domare, to

Deflfej;

tame

see

F. dauphin, a dolphin see Dolphin. title of the eldest son of the king of France, who took
;

Dauphin. (F. - L. - Gk )

Tame.

fiom L.

(*}, prefix. dis-

(F.-L.)
;

F. ^-,

O.F.

see Dis-.

it

from the province of Dauphiny (A.D. 349); an d the province had formerly had

Deacon. (L. - Gk.) M. E. dtken. A. S. diacon. L. diaconus. Gk. &dffoi'os, a servant, a deacon. Cf. iy-Kovtw, I am
quick, ey-tcovis, a maid-servant.

Dead.
dead.
Icel.

several lords

named Dauphin.
support
for

+ Du.

M. E. <&o/ (E.) dood, Dan. dod,

Goth, dauths.

A. S. dead, Swed. </^,

Teut. type

Davit,
(Heb.
?)

ship's

boats.

dauQr,

David, as if from *dau-boz, orig. a pp. with Idg. suffix -A?a proper name (A.D. Also called (Teut. -ff^-) from the vb. *dau-jan- (Icel. 1626). daviot in A. F., a dimin, of O. F. DavL See Die (i). deyia], to die.
Formerly
spelt

David.

Daw.
the bird;

Deaf.
(E.)
cf.

(E.)

M. E.

deef.
*

A. S.

From

the noise
11.

made by Du.
;

flfe/.-f

ofo<2/,

Dan. o^, Swed. f^,

Orig.

caw.+0,

G. taha, a claw

Goth. fe^, G, t<wb.

Icel. daufr* * obfuscated ;

129

DEAL
allied to Gk. Twpoy, smoke, darkness, stupor, rv<t>-\o$, blind. M. E. deel. (i), a share. (E.) A.S. del, a share. 4- Du. deel, Dan. deel, Swed. del, Goth, dails, G. theil. Cf.

DECAGON
small building, &c.
;

of Teut. origin

see

(VDHEUBH.)

Balk.

Deal

Debenture,
debt.

(L.)

acknowledgment of a Formerly debentur (Bacon).

'

O. Slav,

delit,

a part.
to

Bmgm.

i.

279

(2).

deal
M.

E. delen. A.S. ^/a.-A.S. a&2/, a share (above \ -4- Du. deelen, Dan. dfe/<?, Swed. d<?/0, Icel. dfc/Yfl, Goth, dailjan, G. cf. the theilen respective sbs. (above). Deal (3), a thin board. (Du.) deel, a plank. -f-G. diele\ see Thill. Dean. (F.-L.) M. E. (F. doyen).*- L. decanum, ace. of dec anus, one set over ten soldiers or over ten monks, a dean. L. decem, ten.
;

(2),

divide,

distribute.

(E.)

L. debentur, lit. they aie due,' because such receipts began with the wouls debentur mihi (Webster); pr. pi. pass, of
debeo, I

debilitdre, to

D.

pp. of L. L. debilis, weak. weaken. L. de, away, not -bilis, prob. allied to cf. dur-balaSkt. bala- y strength (for
;
;

owe see Debt. From Debilitate. (L.)

;

553. dus-bala-}, feeble. Brugm. i. Debonair. (F.) M. E. dcboncre, debonaire ; A. F. debonaire, for de bon

Dear. (E.) M. E. <>*. A. S. deore> dyre, dear, precious. -t-Dan. and Swed. dyr, dear, costly, Icel. dyrr, dear, precious; O. Sax. dinri; G. theuer.
dearth,
;

L de, of; bon-us 9 of a good stock. aire, place, stock, lace, a word of uncertain origin. Diez Lat. ace. represents suggests that it
aire,
lit.

good; and O. F.

agrum,

field.

Debouch.
<L.
dis-},

(F.

L.)
;

F. dtboucher, to

scarcity.

(E.)

dearness A. S. ; hence, dearth. but formed as heal-th, warm-t/i, &c.-4Icel. dyrd, value, from dyrr (above) O. Sax. diuntha, value, from dnin, dear, precious ; O. H. G. tiurida, from tiun (G. theuer].
;

M. Not

E. derlhe,

uncork, to emerge from hence, to march out of a narrow pass. F. de ( = O. F. des-

away;

and bouche^ mouth,

Death.

'E.)

M.

E. deeth.

A.

S. dead.

-f-Du. dood, Dan. Sweu.akdf, Goth, datUkus, G. tod\ cf. Icel. daudi. Tent, type *dau$uz, formed with Idg. suffix -tit-, Teut. see Dead. ~du-, from the base *dattF. dtbarrer\ O. F. des(F.) barrer. Fiom Be- (2) and Bar.
;

Debar

Debase.

(L.,

and F.-L.)

Formed

from base by prefixing L. de, down. Debate. (F.-L.) M. E. debafen.O. F. debatre, to debate, argue. L. de, down battere, to beat. See Batter (i).
;

opening, from L. bucca, mouth. L. and Debris, broken pieces. (F. O. F. deF. debris, fragments. Teut.) O. F. dc~, brisier, to break to pieces. from L. de, down and bnsier (F. bnttr\ to break see Bruise. Debt. (F.-L.) A bad spelling of M. F. deft, M. E defte.-Q F dette (but L. debita, a sum due; misspelt debte) fern, of debitus, owed, pp. of debere, to owe. Dcbere de-htbere (Plautus), i. e. to have away, have on loan. L. de-, down, Der. debt-or, haberc, to have. away M. E. det-tur, from O. F. detcur, L. ace. debilorem
; ;

Debauch. (F.-L. and Tent.)

'

Debut. (K.-L andV H.

in

G.)

A first
first

O.K. appeal ance

play.

F. dtbut, a

to debosh, desbaucher, (F. debaucher), ' Cot. Diez supmar, seduce, mislead to enticeposes that the orig. sense was away from a workshop' ; it is certainly derived from the O. F. prefix des- (L dis-}, away, and O. F. bauche, explained by * Roquefort as a little house,' and by Cot* a course of stones or bricks grave as in building.' Cf. M. F. embaucher, to use in business, employ, esbaucher^ to roughhew, frame. Godefroy gives desbattcher ' only in the sense of rough-hew/ but his * detach from one's service, Supp. adds turn aside, distract.' The orig. sense of
; '

stroke, first cast or throw at dice, first play in the game of bowls ; verbal sb vi debater ^ M. F. de^buter, ' to put from the mark he

aimed
in
dis~,

at

'

(at bowls), Cot.

hence, to

come

first,

be entitled to lead From L. See Butt (i \ from, and F. but, mark.

F. decade, 'a
i.e.

Decade. (F.-L.-Gk.)
decade/ Cot.;
ace.

an aggregate of ten. Gk. 5c/fa5a, L. decadent, ace. of decas.

a

of titjcas, Mtea, ten ; see

company of

ten.

Gk.
its

Ten.
(Gk.)

decagon.

Named from

ten

bauche was prob. " balk/ i. e. beam, hence frame of a building, course in building, gon

Gk. 5'#a, ten; 7<w-ia, a corner, angles. angle, allied to y6vv, knee ; see Knee. Der. hendeca-gon (fvfaica, eleven) ; dodecatwelve).

130

DECAHEDRON
decahedron.
ten sides or bases.

DECOLLATION
Decennial,
(L.)
cf.

(Gk.)

Named from its decem, ten (see Ten); and nir, a man Gk. Sera, ten: t$-pa, (see Virile).
For L.
bi-enniaL

a base,
I
sit
;

lit. 'seat/ from fo/ia< (for ?5jj/o/<m), see Sit. Der. do-deca-hedron (Gk.

SwStKa, twelve).

decalogue.
logue,

(F.

- L. - Gk. )

belonging to ten years. decenn-dlis, of ten years; L. dec-em, ten ; annus, a

F. deca-

year.

L. decalogum, ace. of decalogus.

;
;

Gk. dfica\oyos, the ten commandments. Gk. Sera, ten \6yos, a speech, saying see Logic.

decentem,

O. F. decent. - L. of pres. pt. of dccere, to become, befit; cf. deciis, honour.

Decent. (F.-L.)
ace.

Deception.

(F.

- L.)

O. F. deception.

decasyllabic, having
;

ten syllables.

(Gk.) Gk. fo'/ca, ten av\\a&fi, a syllable. Der. hendecasyllabic (Gk. &/5c/ra, eleven). decaDecadence, deeay. (F.-L.)
.

L. ace. deceptionem. L. deceptus, pp. of decipere, to deceive ; see Deceive. Decide. (F. - L.) F. decider. - L. deL. cidere, pp. deci^us, to cut off, decide.

Med. L. decadent ia,~\*. de, down, see Cadence. cadentia, a falling

dence.
;

down; and cadere, to cut. cis-ion (from pp. decisus}.

de,

Der. de)

Decamp,
caniper
;

to depait.

(F

L.)

L. dej I

Deciduous,

falling off.

(L

L. de-

O. F. descamper, orig. to remove a camp. L. dis-, away; and campus, a See De- (2) and field, later, a camp.

cidu-us, that falls

down

with

suffix -ous.
<a^,

L. dcLidere, to fall down. L. and cadere, to fall. See Decay.

down;

Camp.

Decanal.
-auf)
;

Belonging to a dean. L. decdn-us, a dean with suffix -al (L.

(L.)
;

see

Dean.
(F.-

Decant.

L.

and Gk.)
*
'

F.

dt

can-

ter (Span, decantar}. Med. L. det ant hate (a word of the alchemists), to pour out.

L. de, from canthus, the lip of a cup, a peculiar use of Gk. KO.V&OS, coiner of the eye (Hatzfeld). Der. decant-er, a wine;

vessel.

Decapitate.

(L.)

From

pp. of Late
off;

L. decapitare, to behead. L. de, capit-, stem of caput, head.

and
L.) vaii-

Decimal. (F L) O.F. decimal. Late L. decimahs, belonging to tithes. L decima, a tithe; fern, of dccimns, tenth. Cf. L. decem, ten. decimate. (L.") From pp. of L. decimdre, to select every tenth man, for punishment. L. decent, ten. Decipher. (F. and Arab.) Formed after F. dfrhiffier, to decipher. F. d-, O F. Jes-, L dts-, npait; Cipher, q. v. Deck, to cover. (Du.) Du. dekken. to cover dek, a cover, a ship's deck. Cognate with E Thatch, q.v.
;

Declaim.
;
;

(L.)

Formerly dechme.
;

Decay,
O. North

to

fall

into

ruin.

(F.

F. decair (Span, decaer} ant of O F. dec hair, dechcoir. O. F. de- ; and cheojr (F. choir}, to fall. L. de, down and Folk-L. cadire, cadere, to fall, variants of L. cadere, to fall. M. E. deces. Decease. (F.-L.) F. dece* (F. deces), death. - L. ace. L. deiessns, dtcessiim, departure, death. L. </<?, from; pp. of deu'dcte, to depart.
;

L. dc, down, L. dedamare, to ciy aloud. damare, to cry see Claim. fully F. dedaier. Declare. (F.-L.) L. dcdarare, to make clear, declare. L.

tfV,

fully

dams,

clear.

Declension. (F.-L.) O.F.

* '

dedinai-

declension of a noun. son, used for the L. dedinationem , ace. of dedinatio, declination, declension.

L. dcclinatm, pp.

of de dinare (below).

cSdere, to

go away.
(F."

Deceive.
O. F.

L.)

A. F. deceivre

deceveir, decevoir, pres. subj. deceive, L. dccipere, to take away, deceive. L. and capere, to take. Der. <& d?, away
;

m/, from O.

F. deceit, pp. of deceveir. O.F. (L.; or F.-L.) Decembre. ^. December. L. decem, ten; as it was the tenth month of the Roman

December.

decline. (F. L.) O. F. dec!inci.~ L. decimetre, to lean or bend aside from. L de-, from ; -dJnare (only in comp.), to lean; see Incline, Lean (i). Declivity. (F.-L.) F. dtdivite. L. dedhiitatem, ace. of dediuitds, a
downward
downward.
hill.

slope.

L. dedhtis, sloping L. de, down; dtmti, a slope,

(i).

year.

See Lean DeCOCt. (L.)

to
boil

L. decoctus, pp. of

dS<*

of ten magistrates. L. dcceimtir, one of the (L.) decemtiiri, or ten men joined in a commission. L.

Decemvir,

one

down. coquere, away ; coquere, to cook.

L. de, down,

Decollation, a

beheading. (F.-L.)

DECOMPOSE
O. F.
it onem.

DEFEASANCE
down dicare, to proclaim from die-, weak giade of die-, as in dlcere, to say.
;

down (hence, to infer). L. dc, down; See Duke. d&omposer i^XVI c.) fromok-, prefix, and dilc ere, to biing. deduct. (L.) Orig. to derive from. See Compose. composer, to compose. L. deduct-us, pp. of dediicere, to bring Decorate. (I-) From pp. ofdecorare, to adorn. L. decSr- (foi *decos-\ stern of down (above). M. E. tfW. O. Merc, dcd, cf. L. fiacre, to Deed. (I decus, honour, oinamcnt
;

Late L. ace. dhollapp. of dtcollare, to behead. L de, off; colluni, the neck. Decompose. (F. L. and Gk) F.
decollation.

From

Deduce.

(L.)

L. dsdncere,

to

bring

be

fit.

A.
(L.)

8. aWtf.

daad,

Icel.

<#?#,

L. deioium, seemliL. decor-. ness; neut. of decorus, seemly stem of seemhness, allied to decus Der. in-decorum. (above). Decoy, a contrivance for catching wildducks. (F. andT)\\) Coined from prov. E. decoy, by prefixing theT-XE de- (F. l coy, ,1 /*

decorum.

</$/,

Dan.

Goth.

al&fr,

Swed. G. that,
;

Tent, type *dMiz Idg. to place, put, type *dhctis\ from See Do do Deem. (E.) M. E. demen. A. S. df-

O. H. G.

yDUE,

de-,

L.

</<?)'.'

rey is
;

from

Du

kooi, a

M. Du. koye, older form kouwe (Hexham) from L. cauea, whence M. L. <&<?/. see Cage, also F. and E. cage ^f The Deep, profound. (E.) A. S ^/c^/. 4- Du. tfV/>, Dan. <fy^, Swed. prefixing of de- was probably due to conf Goth, diups. fusion with M. E. coyen, to quiet; so that <f/it/>, Icel. djupr, G. /'/^/ Teut. type *denpoz see Dip. de-toy seemed to mean a 'quieting down.' Decrease. (F L.) A. F. decrees, depth, deepness. (K) From deep*,
cage,

decoy,

A. S. dom, Du. do&men, T /T Jf C .,,,! !/ \\n\\ Icel dcema (for damd), Swed. dwra, Dan. domme, Goth, domjan, ft. H. G. tuowtan. Tout, type * domjan-, from *donioz, doom.
,

to judge, give a
;

doom.
Cf.
1

doom
1

see

Doom.
"\

__

,-7,

',

F. dewois, ^b., a decrease ; Late L. desiroistre, vb., to decrease. L. deeresc ere, to discrescere, used for
descrets,

cf. Icel. rt37*d,

from

Du. diepte

Deer,
j

depth, from djiipr, deep.-|Goth, diupitha. M. E. deer, an animal. fE )

;

diminish

;pp

de<.

ritus] .

L.

de,

down,

away
a

crcscere, to

grow.
i,L.)

decrement.
decrease.
cere.

L. decre men turn, L. decre-tus, pp. of decres-

M. E decree. Decree. CF.-I,.) L. tfffretus, L. decretum O. F. ^<r/r/ pp. of dccerncrc, to decree, lit. to separate. L. de, away cemere, to distinguish. O. F. decretal decretal. (F.-L) Late L. dec ret ale, a decree. L dec ret its,
;

A. S dear, a wild animal. -f Du. dier, Dan. Goth, dius, dyr, Swed. djur* Icel. fljyr, Teut. type *deuzor, Mg. type G. *dheusom, prob. 'animal'; fiom *dheus-, to breathe (Kluge). 539 (2). Brugm. i.

M^n

M.E. defacen.O. F. dcsfacier, to deface, disfigure. O. F. </^- (<L. fl?/j-), apart; /<*;, face;
see

Der wilder-lies:*, q. v. Deface. (F.-L.)

Pace.

L. decrepit us, noiseless, creeping about like an old man, aged. L. de, away crepitus^ noise, allied to

Decrepit.

(!>)

crepittts,

pp. of crepare, to crackle,

to condemn.

make

a noise.

'

Decry,
de<>'
-

deserter, to
'

cry

down, disparage. -O F.
'

(F.-L)
cry up

O
' ' '

(L) abate, deduct. L. diffaharc or dtfalL. dif> (dre, to abate, deduct, take away. Late L. =dis-}, apart, or else de, away; L. faJx falcare, to cut with a sickle, from (&tern/a/r-\ a sickle.

Defalcate, to Fiom pp. of Late

(

F.

Defame. (F.-LO

M.E. defame*,

act,

(L. flf/j^, implying and here opposed to

ft, 'S. diffamer, to takeaway a \diffanien. the reversal of an man's character. dffimare, to spread
'

'

ja bad report.

-L -L difSee

(foi

du-\ apart;

to cry.

See

Cry

fama, a
C).

report.

Fame.

Decussate, to cross at an acute angle. From pp. of L. decussdre, to cross, (L.) L. decussis, to put into the form of an X. a coin worth ten asses (as-es), and therefore

M. E. defautc.* F. defaute, a default, from defaillir, to See fail ; imitating faute from faillir.

Default. (F.-L.)
and Fault.

DeL.)

(i)

marked with X,
;

i.e. ten.

L. decent,
see

Defeasance,

a rendering null.

(F.

ten

assi-,

stem of

as,

an ace

Dedicate,
tus,

to devote.

(L.)

Ace. L. dSdu I
L. de e,

A.F. law-teim dcfesanct, a rendering \oid.-O. F. defesant, defeisant, pi es. part.

132

pp. of dfdic&re, to devote.

of defaire, desfaire, to render void. - O, F.

DEFEAT
des- (L. dis-}, apart
;

DEGRADE
down
bend.
pp.
or aside.

faire (L. facere), to

L.

de,

down

fleetere, to

make.

Der.

dcflex-ion,

fiom

deflex~us,

defeat. (F.-L.)
defeat.

M.

E. defatten, to
4

-A

defait, desfait, pp.

F. defeter, formed from O. I of defaire, desfaire, lo

.

Deflour, Deflower. (F.-L.) M.E.

.

lender void (above).

Defecate.
caie,

lo

free

(L.) fioni

From
dregs.

face-, stem vifaex, yl.Jaetfs, dregs. Defect. (L) L. defect us, a want.
defect us,

O. lx dcflcurcr, Cotg. Late L. deflorare, to gather flowers. L. dS, a flower. pp. of dcfae- away;y/<?r-, for_/7<7j, L. de, out ; DefifUcion. (L.) Fiom ace. of L. deL. de, down; fluxio, a flowing down.
dcflouren.

L. fltix-us, pp. Qifatere, to flow.

undo.

to pp. of deficre, to fail, oiig L. <//-7 away; facere, to make.

,

Deforce,

to

dispossess.
,

(F.

L.)

Der.

defect-ton, -ire.
ls.

Defend. (F.-L)
O. F. defendre.
lit.

V.K. defender. dcfendu-e, to defend,

A. F. defo?<.ei to dispossess (Med. Legal. L. diffoniare] -O. F. de-=-des- (L. dn-},

away; and #. force.

See Force.

Deform.
adj

(F.

L.)

M.E.
(3.

deformen,

L. de, clown; or away. *fendere, to strike, only in comp. defender <', Cf. G. Guvtiv, to strike ; Skt. of-fendere.

stuke

down

chiefly in pp. defamed, to dcfoirn; Godefroy.

,

F. diformer,

han.

(VGHwEN.)
,

Brnq;m.

i.

654.
defence.

O. F. difforme, deioimed, ugly; Cot. L. def omits, T L. ^ away; forma, Fhape, beauty. ugly.
,

defence. (F.-L)
O.I
1

M.E.

a defending L. defim-us, pp. of <#(Tcrtullian). fendere (above). Also M. K. defens, O. F.

defense.

L.

dcfctna,

defens, fioin

(5. F. dijfferer, to delay. differren. differrc, to bear diffeicnt ways, delay. <#/"- (for flfo-), apart _//;?, to bear.
;

(L <//A-); fraier, to spend. Fraier from O. F. *y>w/, y/v, latei //-/, mostly L. used in the pi. frais, fres (F. frais\ expenses cf. Lo\\ L. fredum, a fine, comO. II G. frtdu (G. fricde], defer (2\ to lay before, submit one- position O. F. dtjercr, to admit or peace self. (I .- L) also, a line for a breach of the See Affray. give way to an apj>eal. L. deferre, to peace. Deft, neat, dexterous. (E.) M. E. deft, bring down, bung before one. L. de, in ge-dieflc mild, down fene, to bear, cairy. daft. A. S. dirftc, as seen Deficient. (L.) From stem of pres. gentle, meek ge-dceftlue, filly, seasonsee Defect. ably ; d&ftan, to prepare. Cf. A. S. gept. of de/it ere, to fail

L dcfemum, neut
to delay.

O.F. defrauder. (F. L.) L. defrattdare, to deprive by fraud. L. de, away fraud-, stem offraus, fraud. and o. G.) O. F. Defray. (F. Littre. O. F. derfraycr, to j)ay expenses

Defraud.
;

-L

Defer

(i),

(F.-L)

M.E.

desis

deficit, lack. (L.)

3 p.
s.

L.

deficit, it fails,

daf-en,

fit,

pp. of a lost strong vb. *dafan

fitting.

L. conE. defoulen, lc trample under foot ; later spelling dcfoyle, This word is obsolete, but see Foil (i). it suggested a hybrid compound made by prefixing L. de, down, to the old word = A. S file, to defile (Macb. iii. i. 65) fylait (for *fuljan\ to defile, make foul, formed (by vowel-change of u to y) from
;

pres. otdeftcete (above). Defile 0), to pollute. (F.

Goth.^fl^bto/, to befit, gaddb*, Defunct, dead. (L.) Ji.

defitruttts,

fused with L. and L.)

M.

c.

life,

de,

having fully performed the course of L. pp. of defungl, to perform fully. fully; and Jungi, to perfoim ; see

Function.

Defy. (F.-IO
faith.

M.E. defyen.-Q.Y.
renounce renounce

defter, dejjler, desfier, oiig to one's faith. Late L. difflddre, to

L. dif- (for dis-\ apart; -fjdare (from fidus, faithful), to trust; cf. L. - L.) fide re, to trust. See Faith. file. Defile (2), (F. F. dffiler, to defile. - F. dt- = O. F. des- (L. Degenerate. (L.) From pp. of L. L. d?gene>\ dis~\ apart ; filer, to spin threads, from J ,. degenetdie, lo become ba^e. Der. defile, sb., F. defile, adj., base. L. de, down; gener- (for filum, thread. a narrow passage orig. pp. of ctifiler. *gc/iS-\ stem otgetitt*, race. See Genus.

A. S.//, foul

Foul. to march in a
;

see

Define.
define,

(F.-L)
;

conclude.

L. dc
end.

down

O.F. definer, to deflmre, to limit. fiutre, to end, from finis,

L. L.
deflectere,

Deflect.

(L.)

to

bend

Deglutition, swallowing. (F. L.) 'L. &, down; F. tteglutition. gltititus, pp. Qtglntire, to swallow. Degrade. (F. L.) O. F. degrader, Late L. </trto deprive of rank or 'office.

133

DEGREE
gradarc, the same. See Grade. rank.
;

DELVE
;

L. de, from

gradus,

Delf. (Dn.)

Earthenware

first

made

at

a step, rank orig. a step down (used of L. de, down gradus, a step. Deliberate, carefully weighed and stairs). Dehiscent, gaping. (L.) L. *#/'- considered. (L,) L. deliberatus pp. offlS?L. de, thoroughly; scent-) stem ot pres. pt. of dehiscere, to liberare, to consult. hist ere, to librare, to weigh, from libra, a balance. L. ak7 down gape open. see Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) L. gape, inceptive of hiare, to yawn Hiatus. probably allied to delicatus, luxurious
;

degree. (F.-L.)

o.F.^/-<?,^r/,

Delft, formerly Delf, a town in S. Holland, about A. D. 1310 (Haydn). The town was named from its delf or canal ; cf. Delve.
,

Deify, Deist ;

see

Deity.

Deign.
A. F.
deign.

(F.

deigtt-,

M. E. deigncn. L.) a stem of O. F. dign(i}cr, to

delicia (or delitia, pi.), pleasuie, delight, and to L. dcliccre^ to amuse (below). ^L. delicious. delicious. (F. L.)

deem
li.

L. dignare, by-form oidignari, to worthy. L. digmis, worthy. Brugm.

Late L deliciosus^ O. F. delicious. L. deL. delicia, pleasure. pleasant.

to

66.

liicre,

amuse,

allure.

de,

away;

Deity. fF.-L.)
deite.
L,.

M. E. deite.-O.

F.

lacere, to entice.

ace. of deitas, deity, L. dei-, for deus t God ; cf Cf. W. dutv, Gael, and diiius, godlike. Gk. 5foy, Skt. Ir. dia, Skt dcva-, a god See Tuesday. daiva-, divine. L M. E. deifyen. deify. (F. Cot.- Late L. O. F. deifter, 'to deifie;

deitatein

Godhead.

delight. (F. M. E. deliten, verb.

tcr.

- L.)
;

Misspelt for dclite. O. F. dclitcr, dclci-

L. delect tire

see Delectable.

From pp. of L. L. de, dellneare, to sketch in outline. down ; llneare^ to mark out, from llnca,

Delineate.

(L.)

a line

See Line.

dcificare.^

deificus,

accounting as gods.

L. dei-, for dens, a god; and -/fr~, for Der. deijicat-ion, due to facere, to make. pp. of deificare. deist. ;F.-L) F. deute. From L.
de-its
;

with

suffix -ist.

L. failing in duty. (L.) delinquent-, stem of pres pt. Qidfltnqitere, L. dc, away, to fail, to omit one's duty. from ; linqitere, to leave. Deliquesce, to become liquid. (L.) L. de, L. deliqtiebcere^to become liquid

Delinquent,

Deject,

to cast

down.

<

L/)

From

L.

away;

deiectus, pp. of detcere (dencere\. to cast down. L. </tT , down ; iacere, to throw.

lique^tcre^ inceptive See Liquid. to be wet.

fonn Qiliquere,
(with

from L. delin-nm, madness, L. dilaier\ also dfc/<?r (Godefroy). It answeis uhich 1^ also adopted into English mad lit. going out of the in sense to L. dilatare^ to defer, delay, delirus, L. d(~, from; and lira, a funow. put off; which would properly give O. F. furrow.' dileer. Dilatare is from dilatns, defeired, Cf C). H. G. leisa, G. g-lci$i\ a track. Deliver. (F. L/) O F. delivrer, to put off; fiom L. di- (dis-} apart; /<//*/ Late L. delibcrdre, to set free. borne, pp. of tollere, to lift, sustain, bear set free. ^f The O. F. spelling with at causes a L. de, from; libcnlre, to free, from liber free. Der. delay, sb. O. F. delai. difficulty. Late M. E Delectable. (* -L.) DeU, a dale. (E ) M.E. dtUe. A. S.

Delay,

vb.

(F.-L.)

O F

Delirious.
suffix "Oti^\

(L.)

A coined \\ord
'

delayer,

delectable

-F.

detectable

-L

delectabilis.
fre-

dell,

L dclectare, to delight ; delightful See quent, of delicere^ to allure. licious. Delegate,

delegates , L. point.

DeL.

a chosen deputy. <X

^

pp of delegate to ffe, away; legart)

to erase.

depute, apto depute.

See Legate.

Delete,

(X

L. deletus, pp.

neut. ; Cart. Sax. i. 547; ii. 71. Tent, type *daljom see Dale. Delta. (Gk.) Gk. fo'Ara, the letter A answering to Ileb. dalcth, the name of the 4th letter of the alphabet; oiig. adooi of a tent.' (Orig. Phoenician.) Der. deltoid. Delude. (L. ) L. deludere ( pp. delit us} , L. de, down lildere, to mock at, cajole. to play. Der. delus-ion^ from the pp.
;
; '
\

of dclere, to destroy. Sec below. Late L. d?//Deleterious. (Gk.) For Gk. ST;^ien-its, with !>umx -^/^. Gk. S^AT/TT^/J, a destroyer. rqpios, noxious.

Deluge. (F.-L.) O.K. delude.-},, L. dllucre, diluuitim, a washing away. to wash away. L. di- (dh-^, apart ;
luere, to wash, allied to

Lave.

Gk. ^Aco/mi,

harm,

injure.

Delve,
134

to

dig.

(E.)

M.E.

deluen.

DEMAGOGUE
A.
S. del/an, pt.
t.

DENOMINATE
L.^ (F. of pp. of L. dimitdesmettre, to displace, dismiss. tere see Dismiss.

delven\
bite, to

M.H.G.
hollow out.

deal/, pp. dotfen.+Dv. Cf. Russ. dottelben.

Demise, transference, decease.

fern,
;

0. F. demise, desmise,

Demagogue.
gogite.

Brugm. i. 521 (2). F. dtma(F.-Gk.)

& popular leader.
tryoryosr,

Gk.

ttyfjiaycayvs,

Democracy. (F.-Gk
mocraty (Milton)
rule

.}

Formerly

de-

Gk. 8?7//-oy, people; from a-y-eiv, to lead.

leading,

M.F. democratic; Cot.

Demand.
demand,
trust
;

(F.

L.)

F. demandc?-, to

Gk. 87?/io/f/>a7w, popular government, by the people. Gk. ST^O-, for ST/^OJ,
;

in
;

L. requiie. late L., to

demandarc, to endemand. - L. de,

a country-district, also the people and Cf. O. Ii dtim, a retinue. Kpartiv, to rule.

Demolish. (F.-L.) O. F. dcmoliss-, inandare, to commission, order. and inchoative stem of demolir^ to demolish. L. (Span. M. H. G.) From Span, demarcation (see L. detnoliri, dcmoliie, to pull down. L. whence also F. demarcation. de, from moles, heap, mass. N. K. D.^ - Gk.) * 01 merly dttinon* L. dl, down; and .Span, marcar, to (L. L. d&nwn. Gk. 5a(/icv^, a god, genius, mark, a woul of German origin ; see
away

Demarcation.
;

Demon.

Marque.

spirit.

Demean
---

Cf. <5m'o//m, I impart.

(i),

to

behave. ^F. L ) demen^r, to conduct, guide, manage. O. F. de ( L. rf?., down, fully wetter, to conduct, from Late L. minare, to diive
;

conduct; reflex., to M. E, demenen. Q. F.

Demonstrate.
dr/nonstrare, to
;

(L.)

From

pp. of L.

show fully. L. de, down, fully momtrare, to show, fiom memsti'um, a portent. See Monster.

cattle,

conduct, from

L.mmdn

Demoralise,
(F.
L.)

lo threaten.

Mod.

to corrupt in F, d<?moialiw.

morals. Y. d-,

Sec Menace.

demeanour.
itie

(F.

- L.) M.

E. demenbee

(X\

cent.;;
(i
.

a coined wotd, from

;

M.

Demean
brid
;

E. dcmenen, to demean, behave

(2), to debase, lower.

O. F. des (L. dis-\ apart; moral, moral; with suffix -tse (==. -iser, for Gk. -i(tiv\ See Moral. Demur, vb. (F.~L.) O. F. demount,
demeitrcr, to ta iy hence, to hesitate. L. demorarl, to delay fully L. de, fully; morari, to delay, from mora, delay.
;

Demean
L.

(Hydebase,

and

L.)

Made,

like

from the prefix De- (\\ and the adj. mean. See Mean (2\ Demented, mad. (IO Pp of the old
\erb to de.'Henl. 'L. dcmentare, to drive out of one's mind. L. de, from; ment-,

Demure. (F.-L.) XlVcent. Coined by pierixing de- (see De- (i)), to M. E. mure, mature, calm, demure. O. F. meur
(F.
fnfir},

mature.

L.

ma t tints

see

Mature.
a spelling of demi-. ; M. E. den A. S. denn, a (L.) cave, allied to dcnu, a \alley.4- M. L)u. denne, a cave (Kilian).

stem vimt'ns, mind.

Demerit,
merit, O. F. merit

ill

desert.

(F.-L.)
i,

Also

Demy
Den.

a good sense; Cor.

desert
.

dement e.
Late
I

276. also a fault, default;

I.

dementum, a

fiom

pp. of L. denicreie, demercri, to deseive L. dc, fully; merere, (in a good sense), See Merit. ftieretl^ to deseive. Demesne. (K-L.) A. F. demeinc, other demctje, also demesne (with silent ) spellings of Domain, q. v.
;

Denary, i elating to tens. (L.) L. L. denl { *decdenarius, containing ten. ni\ pi. ten by ten. L. dec-em, ten. Hence denier, L. denarius, piece often (as-es). Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. St'i^po v. a tree ;
6o?, form, shape. a naturalised citizen, inhaL.) Formerly dtynscin.** A. F. and O. F. deinzcin also denzeiii), used in the Liber Albus to denote a tiader within the prnilege of the city franchise,
-etSrjs, like,

from

Demi-,
half.
dis-, apart
;

half.

(K -

Denizen,
([<.

L.)

O. F. demi,
half.
;

bitant.

L. ace.

d^midium,

L. di--^-

medius, middle see Medium. Demijohn, a kind of large bottle.

F. dame-jeanne cf. Span. Much disputed, but not of Eastern origin. The F. form is right as it stands, though often much perverted. From F. dame (Sp. dama], and
(F.)
;

Prom

damaj uana.

lady;

as opposed ioforein. Formed by adding the suffix -em ( L. -aneus^ to O. F. deinz, now spelt dans, within. L. de intus, from within. L. de, from ; intus, within, allied to Interior.

Jeanne (Sp. Jnana}, Jane, Joan.

See

N.E.D.

Denominate. (L.) From pp. of L. dendminaie, to name.-L. fl5?,down, fully

;

DENOTE

DEPOSITION

L. dt, down, from; to name, from ndmin-, stem of hang down or from. See Pendant. pend?re, to hang. nomen, a name ; see Noun. Denote. (F. - L.) F dtnoter. - L. de- Depict. (L.) Formerly used as a pp.
.

L. de, down notdre, to mark out. not are, to mark, from nota, a mark. See
;

lit

Note.
knot.

L. depictus, pp. of depmgere, to depict, L. de, fully pingere, to paint fully. Cf. Picture. paint.
;

Denouement, the undoing of a L ) F. denouement, sb., from (F.

;

L. dis-, apart djnoucr, to undo a knot nodare, to knot, from nodus, a knot. See

1'oimed, in imitation of M.F. depilatoire (Cot.), from a L. adj. *depildtdrius, not found. L. dcpild-re, to pluck out hair.

Depilatory,

removing

hair.

(L.)

Node.

de,

away;

pilare, to pluck
<

away

hair,

Denounce.
fully
;

O.Y.denoncer L.) (F. L. de, down, L. denuntiare, to declare.

from pilus,
ing;'

hair.
X

nunfiare, to tell, from nuntitts, a messenger. See Nuncio. Der. denunciation, from L. pp. denunciatus. Dense. (L ^ L. densus, thick -f-Gk5a<rvs, thick.

'Depletion, an emptyJboimed, in imitation of repletion, from L deplctus, pp. vtdeplere, L. de, away; plere, to fill. to empty.
.Blount.

Depletion. L ]

See Plenary.
plorer.

Brugm.
Dint.

i.

851.

Der. con-

den se.

Dent

see

Dental.

(L.^

Formed with

suffix >al

(F. -at, -alts) fiom L. dent-, stem of dens, a tooth, cognate with K. Tooth. dentated, furnished with teeth. (L ) ploier, to unfold. L dis-, apait; plicdre, doublet of Display. L. dentdtus, toothed. L. dent-, stem of to fold.

O.F. dc(F.-L.; <?r L) deplorare, to lament over. L. de, fully plorare, to cry out, wail, 15^. weep. Brngm. i. to open out, extend. (F. L.) , F. dtployer, to unroll, unfold F. des-

Deplore.
L.

Deploy

den s, a tooth.

Deponent,
;

one

who

testifies.

(L/)

L.

deponent-, stem of the pres pt of deponere, to lay down, also iin late L.) to testify. ticiilus, double dimm. of dens, a tooth. dentifrice, tooth-powder. (F. L) L. de, down ponere, to lay. vSee Position. L. dentifncinm (Pliny). rue. F. dent if Depopulate. (J-) From pp. of L. deL. denti-, decl. stem of dens, a tooth poputdre, to lay waste ; in Late L. to deOrig. to prive of people or inhabitants. fric-arc, to rub. dentist. (F L.) Y.dentiste. Coined lavage by means of multitudes. L. de, from L. dent-, stem of dens, a tooth. fully populdre, to populate, fill with dentition. (L ) L. dcntitionem, ace. people, iiQmpopulus, people sec People. L dentitus, Deport. (F.- L.) M. F. deporter, to of dent tt w, cutting of teeth

denticle,

little

tooth.

(L

L. den-

pp. of dentire, to cut teeth. L, denti-, decl. stem of dens, a tooth Denude, to lay bare. (L ) L. denndare, to

bear, endure ; se deporter, to forbear, quiet oneself. L. deportdre, to carry down, re-

make

fully

baie.L.

de,

nuddre, to lay bare, from nudus, See Nude.

;

fully, bare.

move with extended senses in Late Latin. Der. deportment, O F. dcportcment, behaviour ^f Foi the varying senses, see
;

F. deporter.

Depose. (F.-L. and Gk/) O. F. de(X F. dc- (L. de], from ; poser, to displace. arid F. poser, to place, of Gk. ongm, as 'L, deticgdre, denier, earlier form deneier. L de, fully; negdre, to shown under Pose, ^f Much confused to deny fully. with derivatives fiom \->. ponerc, to place. See Negation. deny.

Denunciation see Denounce. Deny. (F L) ME. denien M. F.

Deodand,
God.

lit.

a thing to be given to
;

See below.

(L.) From 1. d<?0,dat. oideus, God dandum, neut. of dandus, to be given,

Deposit,

vb.

positer, to entrust

Obs. F. dc(F.-L.) Med. L. depoutdre, to

from dare, to give

O. F. depart ir, desL. dis-, partir, to divide, to part fiom away from partire, to part bee Part

Depart.

(F.

L)

L. depositum, a thing laid lay down. down, neut. of pp. of deponere', see Deponent. deposition. (F. L.) O. F. deposition.

Cf. L. dispertire.

(F.-L.) O. F. depend? e, to L. depend?) c, to depend, hang on; Cot.

Depend.

L.

depositus,

L. ace. depositionem, a depositing. pp. of deponere, to lay

down

(above).

136

DEPOT
F. (F.-L.) _ depo^itum, a thing laid down (hence, stored) ; neut. of depositits, pp. of dsponere see Deponent.
store.
.

DESIGN
Derrick,
the gallows

depot, a
depost*

O. F.

-L.
;

hangman

a kind of crane. (Du.) and named from a see T. Dekker, Seven Deadly
;

L. depraudre, to make L. <tf?, fully; vitiate. frauus, crooked, depraved. Deprecate. (L-). From pp. of L. deprecarl, to pray against, pray to remove. L. </<?, away; precari, to pray. See

Deprave.

(F.

L.)

M.E.

Sins of London, ed. Arber, p. 17.

; '

Du.

depratien.

O. F. depraver.

Dierryk, Dirk, Diederik answering to G, Dietrich A. S. luler of the peodric,

t

crooked,

distort,

people.'

Dervis, Dervish,
ascetic.

(Pers.)

Pers. darvish,

dervish,

who

a Persian monk, poor a

;

professed poverty.

Cf.

Zend

dii^u-, poor (Horn).

in a song. O. North F. descant (O. F. de$LateL. discantus, chant^}, a kind of song. a refiain, kind of singing. L. dis-t apart;

Precarious.
pp. of L. L. de, depreiiare, to lower the price of. down pretium, price. See Precious. Depredate. (L.) From pp. of L. dcpr&dan, to plunder. L. de, fully ; pncddrt, to job, iiompnzda, prey ; see Prey. Depress. (F.-L.) O. F. Represser L. type *depressdre ; from (Godefroy). L. depre^sus, pp. of deprimere, to press down. L. t/<?, down; premere, to press.

Depreciate.
;

(L.)

From

Descant. -

(F.-L.)

Grig, a variation

and

cant-us,

- L.) M. F. descendrt ; (F. L. dcscendere, lit. to climb down. Cot. L. de, down ; scandere, to climb ; see

a song.

See Cant

(i).

Descend.

Scan.

Describe.
do\\n,

describe

O.K. deprivcr Deprive. (F. L.) Late L. deprTvdre, to de(Godefroy). L. de, fully; pi he of office, degrade.
priuare, to deprive.

(whence

L. descrtbere, to write ; pp. dc\(rtptus L. de f down; description^}.

(L.)
fully

sciibere, to write.

See Scribe.

descry
discern.

(F.-L.)

M.E.

descryen,io

See Private.
.dcputer\ Cot.

Depth

see

Deep.
off,
;

Depute. (F.-L.) M.
L. depntare, lo cut L. de, down destine.
orig.

also to impute, pittare, to cut off,

short form of F. descnvre, to describe. L. desert"bere. Sense affected by O. F. deserter, to proclaim, publish; from O. F. des- (JL. dis-\
descrire>

O. F.

and cner, to

cry.

to

cleanse.

Der. dcput-y,

M. F.
F.

depute, one deputed, pp. of dcpitter. ) Derange. (F. - L. and O.

H G

L rangier. rengier, to range

(L.)

dtranger

to

disarrange </is-, apart;

;

formerly desO. F. rangier,

From pp. of L. dc(L.) secrare or dSiacrare, to consecrate; (with change of sense due to O.F. dessacrer, to L. de, fully ; profane, from L dis-, apart).

Desecrate.

sacraie, to account as sacred

see

Sacred.

see

Range.

Dereliction, complete abandonment.

complete negpp. of derelinquere, to forsake. L. d, from ; relinqucre, to leave behind, from re-, back, and hnqnere, to
lect.

ace. dereUctionem,
dereltcfu*;,

L.

a waste. (F.-L.) O. F. L. d?sertnm, neutr desert, a wilderness. of deserttts, \\ aste ; pp. of deserere, to L. dSt away (negative); desert, abandon.
(i),

Desert

serere, to join.

See Relinquish. Deride. (L.) L. derldere, to laugh down, laugh at; from de, down, and ridere, to laugh. Der. dens-ive, from
leave.

pp. densits.

O.F. (2), merit. (F.-L.) fem. deserte, lit. a thing deserved, pp. of deservir, to deserve ; see below. deserve. (F. L.) O. F. deservir. L. dcseruire, to serve fully; in Late L., to deserve. L. de, fully; seruire, to serve.
desert,

Desert

Derive. (F.-L)
derive,

O. F. deriver, to

See Serve.

also

to

drain.

deriuare,
;

drain off water. L. de, from stream. See Rivulet.

riuu s,

to a

Deshabille,
undress.
kabiller, to dress

^.dhhabille, undress.

careless dress. (F.-L.) F. d&h<ibiller,\n

F. dh (L dis-}, apart, away, un- ;

Derm,

skin.

(Gk.)

Gk. 5>/,ta,skin.-

Gk.Stpetv, to flay; cognate with E. Tear, vb., to rend. Derogate. (L.) From pp. of L. deroL. gare, to repeal a law, detract from. de", away ; rogdre, to ask, propose a law.

See Rogation.

see Habiliment. ; to dry up. (L.) From pp. of L. desiccare, to drain dry, L. </<?, away ; siceare, to dry, from siecus, dry. Desiderate ; see Desire. Design, vb. (F.L.) O.F. designer, L. dtsigndre, to to denote, to design.

Desiccate,

137

DESIRE
denote, mark down. L. de, down; signare, to mark, fiom signum^ sign. Der. design- ate. Desire, to long for. (F.-L.) O. F. deL. deslderdre, to long for, sirer, destmr. regret, miss. Peihaps (Jike consTderare] allied to sidus, a star, as if to turn the eyes from the stars, to regret, miss.

DETAIL
L. de, (i) fully, (2) to despair). spondere> to promise.

away;

Despot,
despot.

a tyrant.
'

(F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
Gk.
SeffrroTrjs,

Med. L.
;

despotus.

master of the house/ The ' ' *dems, of a house syllable cf. Skt. dam-pati-, master of the house.
a master
lit.

5e<r- = Idg.

The

syllable TTOTi.

is

allied to

Gk.

iroats,

desiderate.

(L.)

L. desideratus, pp,

husband, Skt. pati-, lord, and to Potent.

oidestderare (above).

Brugm.

408.

Desist.
cease.
desist.

^F.

L.)

L. de^istcre, L. de, away; shtere, to put, al&o

still,

O. F. desister, to to put away, also to

to stand

fiom

Desk,
M. E.
1128.

sloping

stare, to stand. table. (L.

Gk.)

deske, desk-, in Chaucer, C.T., F. Med. L. desca, a desk; cf. Ital.

'
;

a scaling off. (L.) pp. of L. dcsquamure^ to remove scales. L. de, ofl"; squama, a scale. Dessert. (F.-L.) C). F. desert: the last course at dinnei. O. F. desservir, to do ill service to also, to take away the courses at dinner. O. F. des-, fiom L. dis- 9

From

Desquaxnation,

'a desk Horio. L. discum, desco, See Disc, ace. of discus, a disc, table.
Dish.
L. detains, solitary. (L.) L. pp. of d'esolarc, to forsake. de, fully ; solare, to make lonely, from solus, alone.

Desolate,
;

forsaken

from serulre, to serve. O. F. dcstiner, to oidam. L. destmare, to destine, ordain; L. allied to L. desttna, a prop, support. and *stanare, to cause to stand, de, down

away

set vir,

Destine. (F.-L.)

derivative of stare, to stand. Cf. Cretic aravvo), I set. Brugm li. 603.

Despair see Desperate. Despatch see Dispatch.

: ;

Destitute.
alone L. de,
;
;

(L-)

L. deslitutus,

left

Desperate, hopeless. (L.) L. ratus, pp. of desperare, to lose all hope. L. de, from sperare, to hope from sper-, as in sper-es, O. Lat. pi. of spes> hope. M.E. desdespair, vb. (K L.) O. F. dcspeir-, tonic peiren, despercn.
; ;

pp. of destituere, to place alone. away statuere t to place, causal of stare, to stand. Destroy. (F. L.) M.E. destroien destruien. O.Y. destniire (F. dftruire
Ital.

dist ruggere}.

type *dei>triigere

stem of desperer, to despair.

(above).

L. desperare

dcstruere, to pull down, unbuild overthrow (pp. destructtis}. \^. de, down struerc, to pile up.
for
TV.

a desperate man. (Span. L. desperattis, desperado. pp. of dhperare (above) Despise, to contemn. (F. L.) M.E. O. F. despis-, stem of the pres. despisen.

desperado,
L.)

destruction.
structionI,,
ace.

(F.-L.)

O.F.

de-

M. Span,

destruct? one m\

from

destruct-us, pp. of de struerc (above). Desuetude, disuse. (L.) \..desuetudo, L. desttetus, pp. of dhuescere, to disuse.

pait., &c., of despire, to despise.

spicere,

L. de-

look down, look down on Der. dcspic-able, from I., de( below). spican, to look down on, allied to deto
spicerc.
'

grow out of use, opposed to ton-*uc*<,ere\ see Custom. Desultory, jumping from one thing
to another. (L.) ^.desultdnuSyWig. belonging to a de'sultor hence, inconstant. L. desultor, one who leaps down, or from
;

despite, spite, hatred. (F. L.) M.E. Q.Y. despit, despight, spight ;' horse to horse. despit.
Cot.
L.

contempt.

to despise. see Species.

despectum, aco. of despectus, L. despectus, pp. of despiceie, L. de t down ; specere, to look

;

to leap
leap.

down.
(F.

L. desuhus, pp. ofdestftre t L. det down; saUre^ to

Despoil. (F.-L.) Q.?.despoiller(.

d<!pou{ller}) to despoil.

L. despoliare, to

L. de, fully ; spoliare^ to strip plunder. of clothing, from spolinm, spoil ; see

Spoil.

Despond.
promise

L. despondere, (i) to (L.) fully, (2) to give up, yield (hence,

F. detacher <#--(). F. des- (L. dis-\ apart F. tache, a nail, tack see Tack. Der. detachment. Cf. Attach. Detail, a small part. (F.-L.) O.F. ' a peece-mealing, also retaile, or a detail, O. F. detailler, Cot. selling by parcels to cut into pieces. O. F. de- (L. <?-), down fully ; tattler to cut ; see Tailor.
to unfasten.
;

Detach.

- L. and G.)

-F.

'

DETAIN
I>er. detail, verb (which is from the sb. in E., though in F. it is the other way).

DEVOIR
O. F. dens (F. deux], also dons, two* duos, ace. of duo, two.
L.)

L.

Detain. (F.-L.) From a

O.F.
;

tonic stem

dStine're, to hold L. de, down ; tencre, Der. detention (from the pp.). to hold. Detect. (L.) From L. dstectus, pp. of detegere, to uncover, expose. L. de, away ; tegere, to cover. See Tegument.
'L.

of

back

detenir. pp. dStentus.

Detention
Deter.
(L.)

see

Detain.

L. deterrere, to frighten

from. L. de, from; terrere, to frighten. See Terror. Deterge, to wipe off. (L.) L. deterL. de, off; tergere, to gcre, to wipe off. wipe. Der. dcterg-ent, from the pies. pt.
L. deteriorate, Deteriorate. (L.) L. pp. of dJteriorare, to make woise. Formed from de, away, deterior, worse. from; with comp. suffixes -ter-ior. (So also in-ter-wr from tn.) Determine. (F.-L.) o. F. defcrf/tmer.'L. determinate, to bound, end.
~Lt.de,

G. de duns ! the deuce (Bremen Worterbuch) G. der daus ! Orig. an exclamation on throwing the deuce or two at dice, as it was a losing throw. O. F. dous, two (above). Deuteronomy. (L.-Gk.) Late L. deuteronomium. Gk. Scvrfpovo/juov, a second giving of the law. Gk. SctVcpo-?,
!

deuce Low

(2),

the devil.
;

(LowG.-F.-

second

vo^-os, law.

From pp. of L. de(L.) L. de, down ; uartare, to lay waste. uastare, to lay waste, from adj. nasfus, waste.

Devastate.

Develop,
L.

and
,

to unfold, open out.

(F.

Teut.)

F. dtvehpper, O.F. des-

fully; tertmnare, to bound, from te) minus, a boundary; see Term.

down,

desvoluper. tits-), and the base velop- or vohtp-, which ; apjjears also in envelope. This base lepresents Teut. wlap-, as in M. E. wlappen, to wrap up see Lap (3), "Wrap. Devest, to unclothe. (F.-L.) From

velopei

O. F. des- (L.

apart

M.F.
and

M.F. detester, to loathe. L. detest ari, to execrate, imprecate evil by calling down the gods to witness. L. de, down; testari, to witness, from testis, a witness.

Der. pre-detemnne. Detest. (F.-L.)

L. dis-, off; desvestir, to devest. uestlre, to clothe. Doublet, divest Deviate. (L.) Fiom pp. of L. dtL. de, from ; itiare, to go out of the way.

uia, way.

of the

Dethrone. (F.-L. #WGk.)

desthroner,
'to
des- (L. dis-^,

M.F.

devious. way
;

(L.

with

L. deui-us, going out suffix -cus. L. de,

from

O.F. unthione;' Cot. apart; L. thronus, fiom Gk. Qpovos, a throne. See Throne.

Detonate,
natm, pp.
fully
;

to explode.

(L.)

of dStonare, to explode.

L. detoL. dc,
L.)

tonare, to thunder.
,

Detour,
dttouf

a winding way. circuit verbal

;
;

(F. sb.

from

F. F.

F. d- (L. dis-), dtioitmer, to turn aside. aside, apart ioumer, to turn. See Turn.

- L.) a plan. M. E. (F. O. F. devis, deuys, deiuse (devys. devise} a device, also a dnision. Late L. devise, dinJsttm, diirisa, a division; also a judgof ment, device orig. neut, and fern pp of dnridere, to divide ; see Divide. to plan. (F. M. E. deL.) devise, in fen (deviscri). O. F. deviser. O. F, devis or devise, sb. (above";
Device,
;

it? a,

way.

Devil. (L.-Gk.)
diabohis derer, the devil.
L.

A.S

Detraction. (F.-L.)
//<?;/.

dSoful, deofol.

O.F.

detrac-

L. detractionem, ace. of detrattio, a withdrawal ; hence a taking away of one's credit. L. detraitus, pp. of detrahere y to take away, also to dispaiage. L. dc, away; trahere, to draw. See

Gk. 8ioAos-, the slanGk. 8ta&d\\eiv, to throw Gk. &d, through, across, traduce, slander. across; &a\\civ, to throw; see Belemnite.
see Deviate. see Device. M. E. Devoid, quite void. (F. L.) deuotd\ due to detwided, pp. of deuoiden
;

Trace

Devious Devise;

(i).

Detriment. (F.-L.) O.F. detriment.

L. dftrimenhtm, loss ; lit. * a rubbing detri-tus, pp. of deterere, to lub down, with suffix -mentum. \^. de, down ; terere, to rub. See Trite. Detrude. (L,) L. detrudere, to thrust down. L. de, down; trudere, to thrust.

away.'-L.

O.F. (devoiden), to empty. desvoidier, to empty out. (L. dis-} ; voidier, to empty, vuide, adj. empty ; see Void.

desvuidier,

O. F. desfrom voidc,

- M.F.

Devoir,

Deuce

duty. devoir,

(i),

a two, at cards.

(F.

L.)

used as a sb.

-L. debere,

(F.-L.) M.E. devoir. O.F. deveir, to owe;

to

owe

see

Debt

139

DEVOLVE
Devolve.
(L.)

DIAPASON
;

down, bring or transfer

itoluere, to roll,
*

fl"

L. deuoluere, to roll L. de, down to. frequent old sense

Ber. devolutof devolve was to transfer.' Gk. SidSrjfJia, a fillet. *- Gk. 5/d, apart, ion from the pp. devohltus. vb. (L.) L. dhtotus, pp. of acioss; 5^-w, I bind, allied to Skt. tfa,Jo Devote, dPumiere, to devote, vow fully. -L. d?, bind (whence daman, a garland). (y^DE.)
^

Staicpivcw, to separate. apart; xpiveiv, to judge, Diadem, a fillet, crown. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. and O. F. dmdeme.-L.. diadema.

tinctive.-Gk.
5tci,

Gk.

fully
s.

uouere, to vow.
(F.

See Vote.

Briigm.
(L.

li.

707.
(

'

Devour.
down.

pr. devolve}. L. dc, eat up.

O. F. devorcr (i p. L.) \;. deuot fire to consume,

,

Diaeresis, a mark
Gk.)
dividing.

L. diareris.

Gk.

of separation. Staipfffts, a
<r/y,

fully

norare,

to

gulp
,

See Voracity.

Devout. ( F, L.) M. E. deuot (devot} O.K. devot , devoted. also spelt devoute. L. deuotus, pp. of dcitouere ; see Devote.

- Gk. SM, apait; a1p from alpiv to take.

)

ataking,

Diagnosis,
a disease.
tinguishing.

scientific

determination of
a
dis-

(Gk.)

Gk.
Std,

Siayvcujffi s,

Dew.

(E.)

M. E.
}

deu,

dew.

A.

S.

d?aw, dew.+r>u. dauw, Icel. dogg feen. doggvar], Dan. dug Swed. dag$, G, than. Tent type *dauwo-. Perhaps allied to Skt. dhav, to run, flow ; Gk. 0iv, to run. Dexter. (L.) L. dexter, on the right

between; yvw<ris } enquiry, from yvwvai^ to know. Diagonal. (F.-L. Gk.) F. diagonal. L. dtagonahs^ lunning from corner to Gk. Staydwios (the same). Gk. corner. did, through, between ; yuvia, an angle,
bend, allied to y6vv, knee; sec Knee. Diagram. (L. Gk.) L. diagramma, Gk. a scale, gamut (hence, sketch, plan).
5i<i7pa/u/>ta,

Gk.

hand

side, right. -f-Gk. 8ct6s,

light, Skt.

dakshina-t on the right or south, Goth. taihswa, right hand, W. deheu, right, southern, Gael, and Irish deas (the sameV cf. The Skt. dakshma- is orig. clever Skt. dak$ha- able, daksh, to be strong. Dey, a governor of Algieis. (F. Turk.) Turk, dai, a maternal uncle; F. dey.
'

figure, plan,

gamut.

Gk.

8iaypd<{xiv, to

'

mark out by lines, describe. Gk. 6(a, through; ypaQw, to write. Dial. (L.) M. E. dial - Med. L. dialis,
day
;

relating to a

ing the time of day.

hence a plate for shewL. dies, day. Brugm.

afterwards, in Algiers, an officer, chieftain. Mod. Arab. a slave ship (?). dao, but not an Aiab. word (Yule). Ong.

;i1

Dhow,

Dialect, a
L.

.223.

Gk.)

variety of a language. (F. \^. dialectus, f. F. dialecte.

iangua language unknown.

apart. (L.) bhorter form of dis- ; see Dis-.
(i),

Gk.

prefix;

L.

di-,

dialect.
\ I

&aAf/nw, f., discourse, language, Gk. 5mA7o^at, I discourse.

between
;

(Gk.) piefix; twice, double. Skt. Gk. to- (for 5k), twice. -fL. bis, biAllied to Two. dvis, dvi-.
(2),
;

Di-

Gk. Sid, through, Dia-, prefix. (Gk ) between, apart; allied to Bi- (2\ and to Two. ^[ In nearly all words beginning with dia-, except dial, diamond, diary. Diabetes, a disease accompanied with Gk. excessive discharge of urine. (Gk.) a pair of compasses, a siphon, Gk. 8ia0aiviis, to stand with diabetes.
the legs apart (like compasses or a siphon). Gk. did, apart ; fiaivftv, to go ; see

\ffftv, to speak. a discourse. (F. L. Gk.) L. dtalogum, ace. ofdtafogus. F. dialogue. Gk. 5mAo70y, a conversation. Gk. diaXfyofjiai, I discourse (above). Diameter, the line measuring the breadth across or thickness through. (F. a diaL. Gk.) Mid. F. diametre, Gk. 8mL. diamctros. meter ; Cot.
bid,

Gk.

dialogue,

'

f.
;

Gk.

Sid,

through

fdrpov, a

measure

cf. /Jttrpti>,

to measure,

Diamond. (F.-L -Gk.)

mant.O.Y.
adamant
dmrnant^

M.

E. dia-

altered

form of

Gk.) 'L.dtabohc-us, devilish. Gk. see Devil. &<4/8oAos, the devil Diaconal, belonging to a deacon. F. diaconal. -Late L. (F.-L.-Gk.) didconalis, from L. didconus^ a deacon
devilish.

Come. Diabolical.

(L.

Gk. 5moAick,
;

so also Ital. Span, diamante, ; G. dianiant, demant. See Adamant. Diapason, a whole octave, harmony. (L. Gk.) L. diapason, an octave, concord of a note with its octave. Gk. Staof an ir&ffSjv, concord of first and last notes
'

'

octave,
5i<i,

lit.
;

through

all

the notes.

Gk.

see

Deacon. Diacritic. (Gk.)

irSawv, gen. pi. fern, of was, all (xopti&v being understood) ; see Pan-,

through

Gk.

tiatcjTtie6s, dis*

prefix.

140

DIAPER
Diaper,
figured linen cloth.
(F.
;

DIET
L.
fylle
;

apparently formed from

pi.

Dab

see

from Gk.) Cf. O. F. diaprd, diapered the verb diaprer, to diaper, or diversific Cot. The verb is with fiourishmgs formed from O. F. diaspre, latei diapre, a fine cloth, often described as blanc (white). Late L. diasprus, adj , also used as a sb (tunica de diaspra alba]." Late Byzantine
*
'

above.

Dice,
(cf.

Dicker,

of Die (2), q. v. half a score. (L.) M. E. diker Icel. de&r). L. decwia, a set often.

L. dec~tm, ten.
lobes.

Dicotyledon, a plant with two seedFrom Gk. S<~, double; (Gk.)

a

Gk 8iao"rrpos, adj pine white; from Sz-a, wholly, dvnpos, white (see N. E. D.). ^f Not the same as Ital. dmspro, a jasper ; but cf. Prov. dia^pes, diaspres, diaper, costly cloth (Bartsch) also Late L, aspen, white money (Dticange)
,

KorvXrfifov,

cup-shaped

hollow,

from

KorvXi), a cup.

tianspaient. (Gk.) Gk. with suffix -ons. SKMpav-rjs, transparent Gk. 5ta, through <j>av-, allied to fyaivav,

Diaphanous,
;

Dictate. (L.) L. dtctatus, pp. of dictate, to dictate, frequentative of duere, to say (below), Der. dictat-or. diction, talk (F. L. ) F du fwfi L. dictionem, ace. vidictio, a. saying. L.
. . .

dictw, pp. oidiccre, to say, appoint

allied

to dicare,\.Q tell, publish. -f-Gk. dfiKvvfj.t J I

to shew.
(L.

Brugm.

i.

195,

shew;
peispiration.
to

Diaphoretic,
Gk.
carry

causing

Goth, gateihan, Skt. dtf, to shew announce, G. zeigen, to accuse, point

;

Gk.) L. diaphoretiais, sudoiific. Gk. 5m$ia<fjopijTitc6s (the same).

off
;
;

out.

Brtigm.

207.

(y'DLIK.)

<f>6prfffis }

through to bear

Gk. dta<f>optv ) perspiration. Gk. did, (by perspiration). to </>*/></, </>o/>ciV, to carry, allied see Bear.
a
F.

to

Late L. dictiond(L.) rium, foimcd from diction-, stem sidictio,

dictionary.

a saying,

word (above).

Diaphragm,
(F.-L.-Gk.)
</>pao>), I

dividing membrane. diaphragmc.~L. dia;

phragma. Gik. Sidtypay/M, partition, midriff. Gk. did. between <f>pauu<u (fut.
fence in, enclose. k ) L. diarrhcea Diarrhoea. ( L
.

Gk. 5iinstructive. (Gk.) Gk. biSdaKtiv, to Sa/mKos, instructive. teach ( *dt8aK-aKew) allied to 5oif/, to think, 5frojuat, Ionic for 5xoyuaf, I accept cf. L. discere, to learn, docere, to teach.

Didactic,

Brugm.

(VDEK.) 707. Didapper, Divedapper,

i.

a bird;

see Dive.

Gk. fadpfioia, lit. 'a flowing through.' Gk. Sta^ety, to flow through. Gk. 5<a,
through
;

(ticiv,

to flow.

(0, to lose life. (Scand.) Late A. S. de$an. dtyja\ Swed. do, Dan. d^e, to
dyeii,

Die

M.E.
Icel.
die.-f-

deyen

L. diarium, a daily Diary. (L.) L. dies, a day. allowance, also a diary. See Dial. Diastole, dilatation of the heart. (Gk.) Gk. &CKTT0A.17, a drawing asunder, dilatation. Gk. SiacrreAAftj', to put aside or
apart.

Gk.

8id,

Diatonic,
y

apart; artXXfiv^ to put. pioceeding by tones. (Gk.)

Gk. 8ia.Tovw6$ from Stdrovos (lit. stretched out), diatonic. -Gk. dtaTtiviv 9 to stietch out. Gk. Sid, fully; Tiivtiv, to stretch. diatribe. Diatribe. (F.-L.-Gk.)
.

Russ. davtt(e], to The Tent, base is *dau, whence strangle. *dau-jaft (Icel. dey-ja}. Cf. Dead, Death. Die (2), a small cube for gaming. (F. Used as bing. of M. K. tfys, more L.) O. F. dez, dice, pi. of usually dees, dice def, a die (F. #). Cf. Prov. dat, Ital. Span, dado, a die. Late L. datum, lit. a thing given or decieed ; hence applied toa die for casting lotb. L. datui, pp. of
cf.

M. H.G. touiven;

L. diatnba, a learned disputation. Gk. <aiy0)7, a wearing away of time, waste of time, discussion, Gk. StarpiGk. 5ta, &etv, to waste time, to discuss. thoroughly; rpifictv, to rub, waste away

See Date (i). regimen. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. O. F. diete, daily fare. Late L. diete. Gk. Siatra, dieta, dueta, a ration of food.
dare, to give.

Diet

i ),

mode
M.
i

of

life, diet.

Brugm.

i.

650.

Diet

(2),
'

an assembly.

(F.-L.-Gk.)

(with long

().

Dib,
below.

to

form vidab.

dab lightly. (E.) A lighter Hence dibber, a dibble; see

a diete, parliament;' Cot. Med. L. ttitfta, a public assembly ; also a ation of food, diet. Gk. 8ta/ra, a mode of
F. diete,
life,

diet; see Diet (i). ^f The peculiar use of the woid was due to a popular

dibble , an instrument for setting plants, by making holes, (E.) M.E. debit, de-

etymology which connected di&ta (often spelt cftefa) with dies, a day; we even

141

DIFFER
find diata
*
'

DIMITY
; '
'

From pp. of L. dila<* used to mean a day's journey ings, to ruin. (L.) a day's work and a daily ptdare, to scatter like stones. L. di- (for office or duty ; Dticange. dis-}, apart ; lapid-, stem of lapis a stone. O. F. dilater, to Dilate. (F.-L.) Differ. (F.-L.) M. F. di/erer.-'L. L. dif- widen. L. dilatare, to widen. L. didifferre, to carry apart, to differ See Lati(for dis-\ apart latus, broad. (for dis-}, apart; ftrre, to bear. Cf. Defer. Difficulty. (F.-L.) ME. difficiiltee. tude. Der. dilat-ory, A. F. dilatorie. O. F. difficulte.<\;. difficultatem, ace. Dilemma, a perplexity. (L.-Gk.) L. of difficultas (for *difficilttas< like facultas dilemma. Gk. SiXrjfifjia a double proposiL. difficihs, hard. tion, or argument in which one is caught imfacilitas}, difficulty. L. </?/"- (for dis-\, apart; facilis, easy between two difficulties.- Gk. 5<-, twice, see Facile. double; Xrju^a, an assumption, premiss. Diffident. (L.) L. diffident-, stem of See Lemma. diffTdcns, pres. pt. vidifffdcre, to distrust. Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts.
and dieta
for
* '
, ;

L. <#/-(
>

= <//j-), apart

fidere, to trust,

allied to fides, faith.

See Faith.

Ital. dilettante, (Ital.-L.) ing in.' Ital. dilcttare, to

lit.

'delightL. delight.

Diffuse. ^L.) L. diffusus, })p. of diffundere, to shed abroad. L. dif- (=rfts-\ apart fnndere, to pour see Fuse (i). Dig. (F. Du.) F. diguer, to make a dike. F. digue, a dike. Flem. wr/ Du. 6#/, a dike see Dike.
; ;
;
1

delectare, to delight

see

Diligent,
diligent.
pt.

industrious. (F.

careful, diligent,

L. diligent-, lit. loving (fond); pres.

Delectable. O. F. L.) stem of dlligens,

E. L. digestus, pp. of digerere, to carry apart, sepa-

Digest,

to assimilate food. (L. )

digest', used as a pp.

= digested.
I,.
<//-

of diligere, to love, select, lit. choose between. L. di- (-dt v-), apart ; legcrc, to choose. See Legend. M. E. dille. A. S. Dill, a plant. (E.)
diUe, O.

*#/*?.+ l)u. dille,

dill,

rate, dissolve, digest.

(for flfo-)

Dan. dild, Swed. H. G. tilh.

L.
dililtiis*

dill,

G.

apart

gerere, to carry.
'

as a pp. is short for dighted, from the obs. verb^/V/i/, to arrange, prepare, M. E, dihtcn, to pre-

Dignt, adorned.

L.^

Dight

pp. of dilitere, L. ill- (for </&-), apart luere, to wash. Dim. (K.) M. E. dim. A. S. dim, daik.
(I-.)

Dilute.

to

wash away,

also to
;

mix with water.

paie. A.S. dihtan,\Q set in order, arrange ; borrowed from L. diet are, to dictate, piesee Dictate. scribe a finger, figure. (L.) L. digit us,
*

M. Dan. <///;/. Cf. -f- Icel. dimmr, dim M. H. G. timmer, dim Swed. dtmma a
;

fog, ha/e

O. Irish deim, daik,

a ringer hence a figure, from counting on the ringers. Dignity. (F.-L.') M. E. digmtce L. dignitatem, ace. of O. F. digtiete* L. dignus, worthy. dignitas, woithiness.
;

Digit,

Dime,
L.)

F.

dime, O.
;

the tenth pait of a dollar. (F. 1< L. dismc, tenth.

fern,

dccima, a tithe allied to decem,

stvn.
'L.

ten.

of L dcciwus, tenth, Sec Ten.

Dimension.
ace.
oiT.

Q.Y. dimen(F. L.) dimem>wnem, a measuring.

Brtigm.

i.

762

;'3).

dignify.
Med. L.
digm-,
Jacerc, to

CF.

L.)

Q.Y.disriiiJier.

djgnificare, to make \voithy.-L. for dignus, worthy ; -fiedre, for

L. dimensus, pp. of dtmetirt, to measure L. dfr- (for rf/j-), apart; met in, to measure. See Measure.
fiorn L. dT-

make.
;

Diminish, to lessen. (F. L.) = dis-}, apart, and E. (

diminution.
(F.

Coined
i)iun^h\

Digress, lit. to step aside. L.) L. L. dfgressus, pp. of digredi, to go aside. See r/> (for flfa-), apart; gradi, to go.
Grade.

in imitation

(below).
tion.
I^.

of L. diminuere, to diminibh See Minish.

L.)

F. diminn-

Dike, a trench, trench and embankment, M. E. dtk. A. S. die, masc. bank. (E.) f-Du. rfy^, Icel. diki, Dan. flf/^, Swed. Der. dig, q. v. r/z^, G. teick, pond, tank. See Ditch.
Dilacerate. (L.) dilacerdre, to tear apart. apart ; lacerare, to tear. Dilapidate,
pp. of L. L. di- (for dis-}, See Ijaoerate. to pull down stone build-

dTminutionem, diminution. L. dlminntus, pp. of dlmimicre, to E. <//- (**dis-\ apart; minnere, lessen. to lessen. See Minute.
ace.

From

giving leave to depart. L. dimiswrius, giving leave to go E. dlmisms, pp. of before another judge. L. di- (for dis-\ dimittere, to send away.

Dimissory,

(L.)

away; miftere,

to send.
stuff.

Dimity, a

white

(Ital.

- L. - Gk.)

142

DIMPLE
dimito (p\. dimi(i) a kind of course Florio. cotton or fianell Late L. dimitwit (pi. dimita), silk woven with two Gk. Kfjuros, made with a double threads. Gk. 8-, double /J.ITOS, a thread thread. the woof. of Pimple, a small hollow. (E. *) M. E. dympufl. Perhaps from a base *dump-, allied to dip. Cf. Dan. dial, dump, a hollow in a field dybbel, a pool, a hollow
Ital.
f ,

DIRGE
Icel. dyntr, a dint, dynta, to dint ; Swed. dial, dunt, a stroke, dunta, to strike.

'

Diocese. (F.-L.-Gk.)
cise.

M. E.
'L.

dio-

O. F. diocise (F. dioche}.

di&-

Gk. Sioittrjcris, administration, a Gk. tiioiictw, 1 keep province, diocese. house, govern. -Gk. 5t- (for 5m\ throughout ; olfcf<a, I dwell, occupy, from of/toy, a house see Wick, a town. Dioptrics, the science of the refraction
cesis.
;

(Molbech) Du. dompelen, of light. (Gk.) Gk. ra ^ioirrpiK& dioptrics. to dive; G. d&mpfel, M. H. G. titmpfd, Gk. SwirrpiKos, relating to the liioirTpa, O. H. G. tumphtlo, a deep pool. Also an optical instrument for taking heights, Lith. ditbus, hollow to be hollow &c. Gk. 5t-d, through; base "*o?r- (fut. ditbti,
; }
;

in the uppei lip

(pres.

t.

dtimb-M^).

oiftoiiai),

to see;

E. dine, dune lesound. 4. dyne, dyn\ dynnan, Icel. dytn\ Swed. d&n, Dan. a?i>#, noise Skt. dhwn-, roarmg////z/tf;- 7 a dm, dhvan, to resound.

Din,
S.

clamour.

(E.)

M.

-rpa,

fern,

instrumental

suffix.

See Optics.

A.

Diorama, a scene seen through a small opening. (Gk.) Gk. Si- (for 5td ), through ; opa^a, a sight, from upacu, I see. Dip, to plunge, immerge. (E.) M. K. Bine. (F.-L.) M. E. dincn.-Q. F. dippen. A. S. dyppan, later dippan for F. diner, to dine. Late L. **#>- *dup-jan, causal form from the ba&e dup-, disner, iunare, short for *disien~inare, to break weak giade of deup-, as seen in A. S. deop, one's fast. L. afo- ; iciundre, to fast, from see Deep. Cf. Dan. dyppe, to dip. deep ieiumis, fasting. (Romania, vm. 95.) Diphtheria. (Gk.) From Gk. 5t<J>dinner. (F.-L.) M. E. <#//<?/; from Ofpa, leather from the leatheiy nature of O. F. disner, to dine the infinitive mood the false membrane formed in the disease, Cf. Gk. Sfi/'etV, to make being used as a sb.
;
;

to

supple.

to tlnow violently, beat. (E.') K. dingen, pt. t. </0//^, pp. dnngen as a strong verb though not found in A. 8. Cf. Icel. dengia, Dan. dicngc^\\o.<\.danga to bang; all weak veibs. Cf. M. Dan

M.

Ding,

licence, diploma (^prob. oiig. folded double Gk. 8iw\6os, double. Gk. 5i(New S. Wales.) New S. Wales dingo, (8h), double -irAoo?, folded. Der. diwritten teingo in 1798 (Morris). flowat-ic,fiQ'm di^oj^aT-^ stem of 5/irAcy//a. Dingy, thrty. (K.) Grig. 'soiled with Diptera, two-winged insects. (Gk.) dung. Cf. A. S. dingiung (for *dyng^t'ung, ]< rom Gk. 5t- (8<V/ double ; irrepov, a wing, with g asy), a dunging ; from dung, fiom the \Aeak grade of TTCTO/ICU, I fly. dung so also Swed. dyugig, dungy, from dyng^ Diptych, a double-folding tablet. vJL. dung ; see Dung. For the pi enunciation, J.ate L. pi. dipty(ha. - Gk. &'Gk.; cf. stingy (allied to sting). neut. pi. of 5tTrriyxa, a pair of tablets Dingy (with hard^ Dingey, a small trTi/^os, folded in two. Gk. 5<- (fiiV., boat. (Bengali.) Beng. dingy, a small double wrv^T/, a fold, itTvavfiv, to fold. boat it has become Dire. (L.) L. dims, fearful. legitimately incorporated in the vocabulary of the British Direct, adj. ^L.j L. direct us, pp. of
i.

dinge, to blunt an edge by beating on it O. H. G. tangol, a hammer. Fi oni a Teut type *deni>anDingle, a deep dell. (E. or Scarid.) M. E. dingle. Cf. dimble, a similar sense. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Dimple. Dingo, the native dog of Australia.
t

a union of two vowelone syllable. (F. L. Gk."! formerly dipthong (Ben Jonson). M. F. L. ace. diphthongum, f. G. dipthongiie. 5*^0770?, with two sounds. (}k, 5f- (for Sts), double; (j>8oyyos sound, fiom <f>0fyyosounds

Diphthong,
in

Hai, I civ out.

Diploma. (L.-Gk.) document conferring a

StTrAayta,

L. diploma, a
privilege.
;

Gk.
also,

a thing folded double

'

Navy,
boat
'

as the

name

of the smallest ship's

Dinner
Dint,
dunt;

(Yule). ; see Dine.

also dent.

dirigere, to direct. regere, to rule.

L. dl~ (foi dis-} } apart

a blow, foice. (E.) M. E. dint, A.S. dynt, a blow.+

the

dirge. (L.) Formerly dfrige; from first word of the anthem dirige, Dominus incus/ in the office for the dead.-L.
'

DIRK
dirige, direct thou (cf. Ps. v. 8)
sing,
;

DISEMBARK
;

2 p. imper. Disconsolate. (L.) Late L. disconL. dis- y apart conof dlrigere (above). solattts, comfortless. from Dirk, a dagger. (Du. ?) Spelt dork solatus, pp. of consolari, to console (A.D. 1602) also dark. Perhaps from Du. con- (cum}, with, soldrJ^ to comfort. See a word of Slavonic origin. Solace. dolk, a dagger Cf. Polish tulich) a dagger, ^f Irish dwrc, Discord, sb. (F.-L.) O. F. descord, formed from O. F. desa poniard, is borrowed from E. discord, variance Dirt. (Scand.) From M. E. drit (with corder, vb., to be at vaiiance. l^discorddre L. discord-, stem of decors, shifted ?-). Icel. drit, dirt, excrement of (the same). L. dts-^ apart ; cord-, birds. Cf. Icel. drTta, to void excrement. -f- adj. discordant. stem of cor, heart. M. Du. drete, Du. dreet, sb., drijten, vb.
;
;

L. dis-, apart; cf. (L.) Discount, verb. (F. L.) Formerly -, prefix, Gk. &-, apart see Di-. O. F. destoinpter, to reckon Hence O. F. discompl. back or off. O. F. des- (L. dis-), away; des-, which sometimes becomes dis- in E., and sometimes de-, as in de-feat. The comptcr, to count; sec Count (2).
;

prefix versal

commonly expresses the reof an act, somewhat like the E.

dis-

sb.

For most words beverbal prefix ?/#-. ginning with this prefix, see the simpler For example, for dis-abuse, see forms. abuse ; and so on. Disaster. (F.-L.) M. F. desalt re, t ' Cot. illa disaster, misfortune Lit. O. F. des-, for L. dis-, with a fortune.' sinister or bad sense and M. F. astre,
^

O. F. discours, iF. L.) discursum, ace. of dtscitrsus, a L. also, conversation. running about
L.
;
7

Discourse.

discursus, pp. of discurrere, to run about. L. (h's- apart ; currere, to run. Discover. ^K. L.) M. E. discoueren O. F. descotcvrir, to un(disioveren^
cover,

'

apart

O. F. disclose. couvnr, to cover.

pi u dent.

des-

(L.

dis-],

Discreet,
fl&jfTr/.

See Cover. - L.) O. F. (F.

a star, planet, also destiny, fortune, from L. astrum, a star. Disburse. (F.-L. and Ok.) O. F. O. F. desbourser, to take out of a purse.
des- (L. dis-),

L. discretus, pp. of dis-cernere, to discern ; see Discern. Der. di\cret-

ion.

Discrepant,

differing.

(F.-L.)

M.F.

away; F. bourse, a purse, from Late L. bur set, Gk. @vp(ra, a skin See Bursar. (hence, a bag").
a round plate. (L. Gk ) L. discus, a quoit, a plate. Gk. foV^os, a Gk. biK(Tv, to cast, throw. Brugm. quoit.

Disc, Disk,

i.

744.

See Dish, Desk, Dais.

F. discerner. 'L. (F. L.) L. dis-, discernere, to separate, determine. Cf. Conapart ; cernere, to separate.

Discern.

L. discrepant-, stem of pres. discrepant pait. of discrepare, to differ (in sound). L. dis-, apait crepare, to crackle, sound. Discriminate. (L.) L. discrTmindL* tns, pp. of discrlminare, to separate. discnmin-, stem of di^cnmen, a separation. L. dhcernere fpt. t. discre-ni], to L. dis-, apnrt distinguish. cernere, to
; ;

separate.

cern.

Discursive. (L.) From L. discursus, ])p. of discurrere, to run about ; with

F. disciple.-^. suffix -we. Sec Discourse. Disciple. (F.-L.) M. E. discussed, PPDiscuss. discipulum, ace. of discipulus, a learner. L. discere, to learn L. di^cussus, pj>. of disallied to Jocere, to duvcn away. teach see Docile. Der. discipl-ine, cutere, to shake asunder in Late L., to O. F. discipline\ L. disciplina, learning. discuss. L. dis-, apart quatere, to shake. E. disdosen Disclose . (F.-L.) Disdain, sb. (F. L.) M. E. disdeyn. O. F. desdos-, pres. stem of desdorre, to O. F. desdein, sb. O. F. dedegnier,to L. disdaudere, to unclose. disdain. O. F. des- (L. dis-}, apart; degnunclose, open. L. dts~, apart; daudere, to close. See ier (L. dignari), to think worthy, from O. F. desdegnier seems Clause. dignus, woithy. Discomfit, f F. L.) M. E. discomfit lo have been substituted for L. dedignari O. F. disconfit, discomfited, pp. to disdain (with prefix de~, down). (Bruce). of desconfire, to discomfit, vanquish/ Cot. O. F. desaise, want of Disease. O. F. des- and confire, to preserve, make ease. O. F. des- (L. dis-) aise, ease. L. dis-, apart; and conficere, to Disembark. (F.) M. F. desembarready. O. F des- (L. diJ-) away embarpreserve, complete, from L. con- (cum), quer. See Fact. quer, to embark see Embark. together, facere, to put, make.
; ;
;

'

144

DISEMBOGUE
Disembogue,
;

DISPOSITION

O. H. G. magan (G. tnogeri), to have a river. (Span. L.) Hence *desmayer and Span, desembocar, power, be able. to disembogue. span, des- (L. dis-), esmayer, at first used in the intrans. sense, apart embocar, to enter the mouth, from to lack power, faint, be discouraged, but em- (L. in), into, and boca (L. buccd], afterwards, actively, to discourage. Cf. mouth. Ital. smagare (foi *dis-magare), orig. to

to flow into the sea, as

Disgorge. (F.-L.)
O. P. des- (L.
throat
;

fl&J-)

O.F. desgorger. lose courage, away; Wtf, the See May (i).

also

to

dismay

(Florio).

see

Gorge.

Dismiss,
M.F.
dis-

to send away.
;

(F.-L.)

Disgrace. (F.-ltal.-L.)
Ital. disgrazia. lL,. grace. See Grace. gratia, giace.

coined word

dis-,

apart;
II.

suggested by F. desmettre, pp. desmis, 'to displace, dismiss;' Cot. The true L. form is dimittere, to send
L.
dl(for
dis-),

Disguise, vb
Guise.
'

(F.-L. and O.

G.)

away.

apart,

away;
lower

O. F. desgmser, to disguise (L. dis-\ apart; and guise,

Lit.
'

O. F. desguise; see
of.'

mittere, to send.

Disparage, to
in

offer indignity, to

to

change the guise

Disgust,
goustcr,

vb.

(F.-L)
'
;

M.F.

rank or esteem (F. L.) des- paragen. Q. F. desparagcr

F.

E. desO. F. des-,
dis-,

M.

to distaste, loath

Cot.-O.

apart;

pa rage,

rank.

L.

apart;

des- (L. dis-), apart ; gouster, to taste, L. gustdre, to taste ; see Gust (2).

from

Dish,
disch.

a platter.
S.

(L.

A.

disc
;

quoit, platter

a dish. see Disc.

)

M. E. Gk.) L. discus, a

Late L. patdticum, society, rank, equality of rank, from L. par, equal (Diez). See Par.
(^Montaigne). From L. dis~, apart; and paritt^ equality; see Parity. Suggested by L. di^par, unequal
.

disparity.

(F.

-L)

F. dispantt

Dishabille see Deshabille. Dishevil. (F.-L.") TA.^.discheveler

;
*

(Cot.),
hair.

to dische\ell, i e. to disorder the F. des- (L dis-}, apart; chevel

Dispatch, Despatch. (Span.-L)

dis-, not des-. Span, desL. dis-, dispatch, expedite. away; and L. type *pactare, to fasten, fix, fiom pact us, pp. of pangere, to fasten. Cf. Ital spacciare, to dis(See N. K. D.) patch (Florio"), answering to a L. type

Formeily spelt
to

(F cheveif], a hair, fiom L. capillum, ace. pachar,

of capillns, hair.

Disinterested.
Dis(2)
;

(F.

L.)

From
(2).

and interested; see Interest

see Disc.

Disk

L. dispellere, to drive (L.) L. dis-, apart pcLcre, to drive. fiom locus, place. Dispense. (F. LO O. F. dispenser, Dismal. (F.-L.) Odg. A. F. dis to dispense with. L. di^pensare, to weigh mat, unlucky days (A.I) 1256). [The out, frequent, form of dispendere, to weigh L. dis-, apait pendere, to weigh. phrase was misunderstood, and dismal was out. treated as an adj., with the addition of Disperse, to scatter abroad. (F. L.) and later, of other sbs.J L. dies M. F disperse)'. Fiom L. pp. disperses, days L. mali, evil days. Cf. F. Lun-di = Mon-day. pp. of dispergere. to scatter abroad. Dismantle. F. L ) M. F. desman- di- (for dis-), apart sparge re, to scatter. teller, 'to lake a mans cloake off his backe, Display. (F. L.) A. F. desplayer, Cot. O. F. des- (L O. F. desploier, to unfold, shew. L. dis-, also, to raze walls;

Dislocate, to put out of joint. (L.) From pp of Late L dislocare, to put out of place. L dis-, apart locarc, to place,
;

*di spacttdre.

Dispel.

asunder,

'

dis-),

apart manteler, to mantel, sb. see Mantle.

; ;

cloak,

from

apart

pin are,

to fold.

Doublet,

O. H. G.) O. V *desmayer, not found (except di \maye, pp., in Palsgrave, p. 519), but exactly the same as
(Port. desmaie>\ Ital. smagare), to dismay,
terrify.

Dismay,

to discourage.

(F.-L. and

E. di spot-ten, to amuse. O.F. sc desportcr, to amuse oneself, oiig. to cease from labour; later L. deport er, and confused with Deport.

Disport.

(,F.

L.)

deploy.

Span desmayar

dis-,

The

away, port are, to carry (hence, to remove oneself from or cease fiom labour).

O. F. *desinayer was eaily

Hence

sport, q. v.

supplanted by cwiayer in the same sense, Dispose. (F.-L.wfGlc.) O.F. diswhich only differed in O.F. dis- (L dts-\ substituting the poser, to anange The apart F. fo^er, to place see Pose. prefix es- (L. ex-} for des- (L dis-}. latter part F. disposi(-mayer) of these words is from Disposition. (F.-L.)
; ;

145

DISPUTE
ace. dispositionem, a setting in L. dispositus, pp. of disponere, to L d?s~, set in various places, to anange.

DISTICH
apart
;

tion

socidre, to associate,

from

soctus, a

order.

companion.

See Sociable.

pdnere, to place, put. Dispute. (F.-L.) F. disputer.-H,. L dis-f apai I ; dispntdre, to argue. put are, to think. See Putative. Disquisition, an investigation. (L.) From L. disqu7s7tio a search into. L. of di^qmrere, to examine. t pp.

apart

Dissolute. (L.) L. dissolutuS) licentious; pp. of L. dissolnere (below). dissolve. (L.) L. diwhtere, to disL. dts-, apart; solsolve, loosen, relax. See Solve. Der. eft'suere, to loosen. solut-ion (from pp. dissohltus}. Dissonant. (F. L.) M. F. disso-

dist/uts7tus

nant; Cot,
pt.

L. dis-f apait

qtuerere, to seek,

L. dissonant-, stem of pres. ot dtssonare, to be unlike in sound

sottdre,

Disruption. (L )

disrttpdtruptio, a breaking asunder. fus, dtruptus, pp. of dhrumpere, dirumL. dii>-, dt-, apart; pere, to bieak apart. mntpere, to buist

Fi om L. disrttptio, L.

L.

dt's-, apart; sonus, sound.

to

sound,

fiom

F. dissuader\ Dissuade. (F. L> Cot. L. dtsstiddcre, to persuade from. L. dis- apart; sudd/re, to peisuade; see
t

Fiom (L.) of dissecdre^ to cut apart. seed re* to cut.

Dissect.

dissect -its, pp.

Suasion.

d&j-, apart

Dissemble.
(L. <&r-)
f
;

(F.

L.)

O. F.

dts-

apart semblcr, to seem, appear; L flT/j-, cf. O.F. dissimuler, to dissemble. cf L apart, away; simulare, to pretend; dissimulare, to pretend that a thing is not.

A distaff is a staff Distaff. (E) bedizened with ilax, ready to be spun on. I dysyn a dystaj/fe, I put the flaxe upon K. dtstaj* it to spynne;' Palsgiave. The A. S dist&J A. S. distaf. dysestaf.
'

stands for *if7se-stiff where stfrf'E. rtafl, and *^/3f = Low G. dies^e, the bunch of
t

See Simulate.

flax

on a

distaff

Disseminate.

(L

From

dissemindre, to scatter seed apart; semindrc, to sow, fiom scmin- for semen, seed.
9

pp. of L. L. afo-,

disene (Ltibbcn)

(Bremen) also spelt E. >nes. dfsscn.

; ;

dise,

See

Dizen.

Distain.

(F.

L.)

E. disfeinen.

Dissent,

vb.

(L)

L. dissentire (pp.
o&r-,
<afo-

O.F. distant -L. From distantem* ace of distant, pre^. pt. of a treatise (L.) L. dT- t apart; L. dissert at us, dutdre, to stand apait. L. dissertdtio^ a debate pp of diswtdre, to debate fiequcnt of tttJti>, to stand. L. afo-, Distemper (i\ to derange the temdisserere, to disjoin, discuss.
sens-ion, from the pp. dtssensus.

L. dissenws\, to differ in opinion. apart; sertt7/e, to feel, think. Der.

O. F. design-, a stem of destemdre, to O. F. desdistam, take away colour. (L dis-}* away, and temdre, from L.
tingere, to

dye

Distant.' (F -L./

Dissertation,

apart

serere, to join.
(

perament
.

of

body

01

mind. (F.

M.E.

Late L. dis^epardre. - L. o^-, apart, scpatdic to separate. Dissident. (L) L. dissident-, stem of pres pt. of dissidere, to sit apart, to L. afo-, apart, sedere, to sit. disagree.

Diss ever.

O.F.

desscvrcr

O.H*. dc \teniprer, to mix; disteMperen. whence pp. dc^tcnipit!, immoderate, excessive -O.F. dcs- (L. d/s-j, apait; temprer (mod. F. trempcr], fiom L. temperdrct to
regulate.
)

See Temper.

Dissimilar, unhke.
disstmilaire

(F -L.)

M. F

distemper (2), a kind of painting. - L. O. F. dcstemprer, later flb/; <?w(F.

'

O.F.
like
;

dfo-

(L. dis-), apart;

pet t

to soake, steepe, moisten,

make

fluid,

and similaire,
from L.
lation.
dissipdre^

see Similar.

liquid,

or thin,' Cot.

the

same verb as

dissimilitude, dissimulation;
dis-, apait,

above.

and similitude, simu-

From pp. of L (L.) L. dis- apart; disperse. and O. L. supdre, to throw; we find also imipdre, to throw into. Cf. Skt. kship* to

Dissipate.
to

Distend. (L.) L. dhtendere, to stretch L. dis-, apart ; tendet e, to stretch ; apart. Der. distent -ion (from the see Tend
pp.
distcnt-us] .

Distich,
rows.

a couplet.

(L.

throw.

Brugm.
to

i.

7^ J *

Gk. Sianxov, coupdistichtis, distichon. let (in verse) ; neut. of oianxos, having two

Gk.) a

L.

Dissociate.
diswiiare*

(L.)

From

separate

the pp. of L. L. disfrom.

t

Gk. &-

(Sis),

double; 0rlxo*, a low,

allied to artlxttv, to go.

(-/STEIGH.)

DISTIL
Distil.
distilldre,
(

DIVIDE
distiller.

F. - L.)

O. F.
to

- L.

Dittany, a plant.
dytane.

(F.

destillare,

drop or

trickle

O. F.

down. L. de, down; stillare, to drop, from stilla, a drop. See Still (2).

tamnum,
rafjivos,

ditan, dictam. ace. of dicta mnns.

it

- L. - Gk.) M.E. - L. dieGk.

grew.
dctto,
8ttc-

Distinguish,

to

mark

diKraiJLVov, dittany;

named from
ditto,

off.
;

(F.

L.)

O. F. distinguer, to distinguish the suffix ish has been added by analogy, and cannot be accounted for in the usual way. L. distinguere, to maik with a prick, distinguish (w.distinctus).<\^dl- (for ofo-), apart; *stinguere (not in use), to prick, allied to Gk. cm'fctv, to prick, and E. 666. stick, vb. See Instigate. Krugm. i.

Mount Dictl in Crete, where Ital. Ditto. (Ital.-L.)

that which has been said. L. dictum, neut. of pp. of dicere, to say. Ditty. (F.-L.) M. E. ditee.-V>. F. L. dictatttm^ thing dttt, a kind of poem. dictated ; neut. of dictatus, pp. of dutdre, see Dictate. frequent, of dicet e
;

distinct. (F.-L.) O.K. distinct.- ( F. di uretique Cot. - L. L. distmctus, distinguished ; pp. of dis- diMreticus.-*G\a. fiwvpriTiKvs. Gk. Stovtinguere. ptiv, to pass urine. Gk. 5<-a, through; L. distort, pp. of ovpov, urine; see Urine. Distort. (L.^ L. dis-, apart ; Diurnal. (L.) "L.diumdhs, daily. distorquere, to twist aside. L. dmwnis, daily. L. dies, a day. torqnere, to twist ; see Torture. Distract, vb. (L.) From *L.ditfraffus Divan, a council-chamber, sofa. <Pers.) L. dis-, Per>. divan a tribunal Arab, dayman^ a pp. of distrahere, to draw apait. apart trahere, to draw see Trace (i). royal court, tribunal, council of state. Distrain. (F. - L ) O. F. dcst reign-, Divaricate, to foik, diverge. iL.) a stem of destraindre, to strnin, press, vex 1 rom pp. ol L diudricare, to spread apart. L. di- (for di r-), apart uarii us, straddextremely, constrain (hence to seize goods for debt). L. distringere, to pull asunder ling, from uaius, crooked. L.dt- (dts-}, apart stmigere, (see below). Dive. ,L.) M.E. dmen, duuen 'U = v). to draw tight see Stringent. A. S. dyfan, to immerse, weak verb conO. F. fused with dtifan, strong verb (pt. t. deaf, distress, calamity. (F.-L.) foim dcstrecc from i pp dofen'], to dive. Icel. dyfa, to dip. detfresse, oldest Folk-L. *distrutia (not used'), icgularly Allied to Dove, Deep, Dip. formed from L. district us, pp. of distrindidapper, a bird. (E.) Short for diveCf. A. S. dilfedoppa, a pelican. gere, to pull asunder (in Late L. to punish, dapper. afflict) see Distrain. Heie dapper A.S. dop^>a\ means a modification of dipper or diver, and dive-dapper- diveDistraught. (L.) distract {=- distracted); from L distract-ns\ dipper, a reduplicated word. see Distract Diverge. (L.) Coined from L. di- (for Distribute, to allot, deal out. (L.) dis-) y apart; and verge, vb. See Verge From distnbut-us, pp. of L. distnbnere, ^2). to deal out, allot L. dis-, separately. Divers, Diverse, various. F. L ) C). F. divers^ masc , diverse, fern., 'diveis, apart tnbuere, to assign see Tribute. L. dntersus, vaiious ; District, a region. (F.-L.) M. F. differing;' Cot district. - Late L. districtus, territory orig. pp. of diuertere, to turn asunder, wherein a lord has power to enforce justice separate, divert (below). L. districtus; pp. of distringere', see divert. (F.-L.) M. F. divertir, 'to ' Distrain. alter Cot. L. dfttertere, to divert, Disturb. (F -L.) E. dcstorbcn, turn aside. L. di- (dts-) apart; ncrtcrc, distourben. - O. F. destorber, to vex. - L. to turn. Der. divers ion, fiom pp. dhturbare, to disturb. - L. dis-, apart diuersns. tnrbare, to disorder, fiomturba, a tumult, Late L. dittcsttre, in Divest. (L.") crowd. See Turbid. place ot L. deuestire, to strip off clothes. Ditch. (E.) M. E. duht\ cf. A. S L. di- (for dis-) apart, substituted for dice, dat. of die, fern, [also masc.l, a dike L. de-, down, away uestTre, to clothe, see Dike. from uestis, clothing. See Vest. Dithyramb, a kind ofhymn. (L. - Gk ) Divide. (L.) L. diuidere, to divide,
.

F. - L. - G k.)

Diuretic, provoking discharge of urine.

L. dlthyrambus. Gk. StOvpa^os, a in honour of Bacchus.

hymn

separate (pp. dftmrw).*>L. di- (dis) t apart ; and *uidere, a lost veib, prob.

DIVINE
meaning
*

DOGMA
;

to

'

separate

see

Widow.
11.

589, Der. divis-ion (from the pp.).

(VWIDH.)
L.

Biugm.

i.

528.
F.
;

Divine. (K.-L.)
devin.

M.E. deuin.-Q

diunnts. divine, god-like allied to dtuus, godlike, detts, god; see

burdock ; Irish meacan-dogha, a great burdock, wheie mcacan means a tap-rooted Der. bur-dock. plant, as a carrot. (3), a basin for ships (Du.?) M. Du. docke, a harbour (whence Dan. dokke, Swed. docket, G. docke}; Du. dok.

Dock

Deity.

<(j

Divorce,
rate

sb.

(F.

O.K. divorce.

Docket,
abstract
<[f
;

History obscuie. a label,

ticket.

(E

?)

Oiig. an

L. dJuortere, L. diuortium, a scpaiation. the same as diuertere, to turn aside, sepa;

apparently allied to History obscuie.

Dock

(i).

see Divert.
'

Doctor, Doctrine, Document;

see Docile.

F. divulspier, to L.) L. dhtulgilre, to divulge, reveal;' Cot. L. di-, for dts-, apart; publish abroad uulgdrC) to publish, fiom unlgust the see Vulgar. people, a crowd Dizen, to deck out. (E ) To dizen was orig. to furnish a distaff with flax, hence to deck out. See Distaff. Der. be-dizen. Dizzy. (.") M.E. dysy, dnsi A. S. E. Files, dusig, dysig, ioolish, stupid.

Divulge.

(F.

Dodecagon.
12
angles.

(Gk.)

Named

from

its

decagon, with Gk. Swderca, twelve, instead of owa, ten.

like

Formed

See Decagon.

Dodecahedron.
Gk.
see

(Gk

Foimedwith

owdttca, tuelve, in place of SeVa, ten;

dizzy,

foolish

II.

Tent. *dus-, as in

Low

G. tusic, Fiom G. dusen^ to loiter

as in Du. Perhaps further
*t/its-,

(Lubben)
duizelen,
allied to

allied to Tent.

to be dizzy A. S. dws, Du. Jwaat, foolish (Franck), from Teut. stem Vav?r-. Do, to perform. (E.) M. E. doon. A. S. the 01 ig. sense </<?;?, pt. t. dyde, pp. gedon ; is 'put' or place '-f Du. doen, O. II. G. Teut. stem VJ-. Allied tuon, G. />&#//.
'

hither and thither, to XVI cent. Oiig. to walk quibble. (E) unsteadily, hence to go from side to side as if to escape perhaps allied to prov. E. dade, to walk unsteadily, Scotch daddle, doddle, to waddle, dod, to jog, dodge, to

Dodge,

Decahedron. to go

jog along, dodgel, to hobble, Noith E.

dodder, to shake, totter, dadge, dodge, to walk clumsily. (Very doubtful.) Dodo, an extinct bird. (Port) Port. dondo, silly, foolish ; the bird being of a

to

Gk -ri-Qri-yu., I put, (VM>HE) Bmgm.

i.

Skt.

dha

to place.

clumsy make. Saul to be borrowed from Devonsh. dold, stupid, the same as E. dolt
(Diez).

Docile. (F.-L.)
teachable.

129. Y. docile. -L. docilis, L. doccre, to teach. Allied to

(F.

See Dolt
(E.)

Doe.

M.E. doo

AS. <#+Dan.

Disciple and Didactic.

doctor.

L.)

M.E

doctoitr.

Swed. dof-, in dofhjort, a buck, may daa. be allied to G. damhirsch, a buck, wherein the syllable dam- is thought to be borrowed
fiom L. dclma, a deer or Celtic ; cf. Corn. da, a deer, Gael, danih, ox, stag. Doff, to put off clothes. (E.^i Short for
;

O. F. doctour.^. doctorem, ace. of doctor, a teacher. L. doccre, to teach. doctrine. (F. - L. ) F. doctrine. - L.
doctrina, teacher.
lore,

learning.

L.

doctor,

do

off,

i.

e.

put

off.

Cf

don, dnp.

L. doc ere, to teach.

document.

Dog.
F. document.
L. docere, to

(F.-L.)

(Du.
all

M. E. dogge. A. S docga. (E.) dog, Swed. dogg, a mastiff; Dan.

bull-dog
;

L. documentum, a pi oof. teach, shew.

iogge, a

Dock

borrowed from K.)

very

Low G. dogge, F. dogue Der dog verb, to

t

(i),

to

curtail.

(E.

?)

From

track, follow as a

dog

bunch (as of straw Du dok, a little bunch (of straw) Dan dukke, a skein, short column, baluster G docke, a skein, Low G. dokke, a bunch, rail, plug, peg; stump, peg (Berghaus).
j
,

*&<:, sb , the stump of a tail, stump, cut end. Cf. E. Fries, dokke, dok, a bundle,
;

dog-cheap, dog- wood.

cheap

dogg-ed, sullen (^ue N. E. D.)

(Ilal.

Doge,
Ital. doge,

a duke of Venice.

L.)

a plant '(E.) A. S. docce -f M. Du. docke (as in docken bladeren, dockM. Dan. a-dokka, waterleaves, Ilexhamj dock (Kalkar). So also Gael, do&ha, a
(2),
;

Dock

prov form Qi*doce, a duke. L. See Duke. Doggerel, wi etched poetry. (E. ?) E. dogerel, Ch. C. T. 13853. Oiigin unceitam but prob. formed from dog Cf. dog-rime, pooi verses (N. E. P.).
i(c-em,zcc. otdujc, a leader.

Dogma,
,

a definite tenet.

(Gk.)

an opinion (stem So-y/mr-).

Gk. Gk.

DOILY
Soiled, cile.

DONJON
Allied to

am

of opinion.

Do-

ace. of delphinus, a dolphin.

Gk.
dolt.

Der. dogmat-ic, dogmat-ise.

stem of

dfXtyis,

a dolphin.
dul,

Formerly we read of
'
' ;

a small napkin. (Personal name.) ' doily stuff,' and Said to be named after dotty petticoats.' 'the famous Doily Spectator, no. 283,

Doily,

Dolt. (E.) Cf. Devonsh. dold, a M.E. dult ( = dulled); from M.E.
dull
;

see Dull.

Domain.

(F.-L.)

Jan.

24,

1712.

Mentioned in Diyden's fiom O. F.

deniai)ie, adj.,

iv. i (1679). a small coin. (Du. Scand.) Du. dint, a doit. 1ce\.Jrveit a piece, bit, small

Kind Keeper,

Doit,

coin, doit.
cut,

Ice], *J>vTta

(pt. t. *J>vei) t

to

a lost verb, but the same as A. S.

;

]>ivitan

see

Thwite.

a portion. (E.) M. E. del, dale. A. S. dal, a division (Exod. vin. 23). variant of Deal (i), q.v. Doleful, sad. (Hybrid ; F. - L. and E.) The suffix -ftil is E. M. E. doel, duel, dol

Dole,

L. dominie w, adj., belonging one's own to a lord (the neut. dominicum was used for L. dominium, lordship). L. dominus, a lord allied to L. domare, to tame, subdue see Tame. Doublet, demesne. F. ddme. (F. - Ital. L.) Ilal. duonio, domo, a cathedral church L. domum, ace. of (house of God;. domus, a' house, a building. (-y^DEM.)
;
;

F. domaine, sb. ; belonging to as

Dome.

See Timber.

Brngm.

i.

138.

O. F. doel, (Scotch doot), sorrow, grief. dol (F. deuil), grief; verbal sb. of F. dolo?r,io grieve. 1u.doUum,i\\ cor-dolitim, gnef of heai t. L. dole re, to grieve. M. E. dolour. dolour. (F. L.) O. F. doloztr.lLi. dolorem, ace. of dolor, L. dolere, to grieve. grief.

F. domestique. L. domesticus, belonging to a household, L. dom-us, a house (above). domicile. (F.-L.) O. F. domicile, a mansion. L domidhum,^. habitation. L. domi-, for domus, a house; and -cilium, possibly allied to Cell.

domestic. (F.-L)

Doll, for Dorothy a familiar name, of Gk. origin (see N. E. D.). Cf. Lowl. Sc. doroty, a doll. Dollar. (Low G. - G.) Low G. daler\ Du. daalder, a dollar. Adapted and borrowed from G. thaler, a dollar. The G. thaler is shoit for Joachimsthaler , a coin made from silver found in Joachimsthai (Joachim's dale) in Bohemia, ab. A. P. 1519.
;

Doll. (Gk.)

From

Domesday
Dominate.
nart, to
lord.

see
(L.)

Doom. From

be lord over.

pp. of domiL. domtnus, a

Dolman,
G.

Hung.

a kind of loose jacket. (F. G. dolTurk.) F. dolman.

F. L.) M. Du. luxuriously (OudeF. dominer, to inans) ; borrowed from govern, rule. L. dominan, to be lord over (above). dominical. (F. L.) O. F. dominical. Late L. dominicalis, belonging to the Lord's day, or to the Lord. L. dominieL. dominus, a us, belonging to a lord.

domineer.
to

(Du.

domineren,

feast

dominion. (F. - Late L.) O. F. a monument of two upright dominion Late L. dominionem, ace. of stones, with a third across them. (F. -C.) dominio, lordship; allied to L. domin' F dolmen. Bret, dolmen, lit. L. dominus (above X stone- turn, lordship. table ; F. domino, a Bret, tol, taol, a domino. (F. Legonidec. L.) table (from L. tabula} and men, a stone masquerade-dress orig. a masters hood. L. dominus, a master (above). Der. according to Legomdeo. But (see N. E. D.) this is due to some mistake the F. dominoes, sb. pi., a game. dolmen seems to represent the Cornish Short (i)> to put on clothes. (E.) tolmen, stone with a hole beneath from for do on, i. e. put on. Cf. doff, d&ul, Corn, toll, a hole (W. /w//), and men dup. (W. maen\ a stone. (Span. L) (2), a Spanish title. L. dominum, ace. of Dolomite, a kind of rock. (F.) Span don, sir. JSTamed in 1794 from M. Dolomiett, a dominus, a lord. French geologist Donation. (F. L.) F. donation. (1750-1801). Dolour ; see Doleful. L. ace. donationem, a gift, from the stem Dolphin, a fish. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. of the pp. of dondre, to give. L. donum % dolphine. - O. F. daulphin (now dauphin}. a gift. Cf. Gk. Swpov, a gift.

man, aW/wrttt. Hung, dolmany. Turk. doldman, dolamah, a kind of long robe.

lord.

Dolmen,
'

Don

Don

Folk-L. dalfinum, for L. delpkinum,

Donjon

see

Dungeon.

DONKEY
Donkey.
(C.

DOUGH
O. F. dost, a (F. L.-Gk.) quantity of medicine given at once. Med. L. dosis. Gk. Mats, a giving. Gk.
Moaifu (stems 5ew-, 5o-), I give. Brugm. i. 167. Dot. (E.) A. S. dott, only in the sense head of a boil/ Cf. Du. dot, a little bundle
*

and E.)
(

with suffix -k-ey

Double dimin. = Lowl. Sc. -ick-ie, as

Dory, Dose.

fish

see

John Dory.

in hors-ickie, a little-little horse, Banffsh.),

from dun, familiar name for a horse, from its colour (Romeo, i 4. 41); see Dun (i). M.E. don-ek, prov. E. dunnock, fl[ So also a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Donkey (first found in 1785) was a prov. E. woicl, which seems to have rimed with monkey Cf. Somersets. (whence the spelling).
duitng-kee, pron. of donkey. Donna. (Ital. L.) Ital. donna L. donnna, mistress, fern, of dominns, a master. Doublet, duenna. a judgment, decision. (E.) S. dom, lit. a thing set or M. E. dom.

of spoilt wool,&c.,goodfornothing(Sewel); Swed. dial, dott, a little heap, small lump; M. Dan. dot, a bunch ; E. Fries, dot, dotte, Cf. Norw. dotten, a heap, bunch, lump. pp. of delta, to fall, to fall to pieces. Dote. (E.) M. E. dotien, doten, to be
foolish

(Layamon).+ M. Du. doten, to mope; Du. dutten, to doze; Icel. decided on; from don, to set, do; see Do. dotta,tQ nod with sleep, M. II. G.getotsen, Swed. Dan. dom, Icel. domr, Goth. to doze, tiizen, to mope. doms, O. H. G. tuom. Tent, type *ddmoz, dotage. (E. with F. suffix.} M. E. law (from riOrj^tt, dotage Irom M. E. dot en with F. suffix a statute. Cf. Gk. Otp Cf. F. radotage, fiom Der. deem. I set). -age (L. -dticunt). doomsday, domes day. (E) A.S. radoter, to dote.

Doom,

dote,

sr

domes

dicg,

Door,
A. S.
doi
,

day of doom or judgment M.E doic, dun' a gate. (E )

n.
;

<&/<?,

duru,
;

f.

4" O.

daw, G. thor, n. and Dan dor, Swed. dorr, Du.

f.

dor, Goth. Icel. dyrr, f pi.;

Sax

Fjom with F. suffix.} -ard (O. II. G. //ar/ A E.) dotterel, a kind of plover, bird easily caught; fiom dote, vb., with
dotard.
with

(E.

suffix;

deur, G. //$/*,

suffix as in toch-ereL

sing. Tuit. types *dutotn, n.; *dnres, f. Cf. L. /0m, Lith. atorjtf, f. pi.; O. pi.

Irish dot us, n., W. drws, m.; Russ. dver(e], Gk. 0i>pa, Skt. dfof;-, f. Brugm i. 462. Y'.dor* sleeping (F.-L.)

Dormant,

O. F. doble later L. c///-t?, two-fold. two; -phts t i.e. 'folded.' doublet. (F.-L.) M.E. dobbelet.O. doublet, an inner (double) garment.
t

Double. (F.-L.)
-L. Juplus,

double.

lit.

L. dormir, to sleep. Skt dormire^ to sleep, -f- ^kt ^;v7, to sleep

of

Gk.

ftj.pOa.vtiv.

F. double, double; with suffix -<?/. doubloon. (F. Sp.an. L.) F. doublon. Span dobhn, a coin, the double of

dormet was a sleeping-room. dormeor. L. dorniitoriuni (below)

a pistole. Span, dobh, double. L. <///O. F. \pfni (above). M. E. doitten. doubt. (F. L.) dulntare, lo be of two dormitory. (L.) L. dorm itorhint , a O. F. douter. see sleeping-chamber; neut. of dormitortus, minds; allied to dubitu, doubtful;

dormer-window.

(F.

and

Scand.)

L. dormitor, aclj.j belonging to sleeping L. dortnlre, to sleep. a sleeper.

Dubious,

Dormouse.
moiis

(F.

and

}\]

M.E.

oU?;--

prefix is, perhaps short for dorm, to doze (whence dormCf. Icjl., Norw., and Swed. dial, donna, to doze; all apparently from F dornnr, to sleep see Dormant. We find also prov. E. dorrer, a sleeper, as if fiom are, to
,

The

North mouse }

'

Douceur. (F.-L^ F. douceur, lit. sweetness (hence, pleasant gift;.-L. dulace. % sweetness. -L. duhii, See Dulcet. sweet. Douche, a shower-bath. (F. Ital F. douche, a shower-bath -Ital. L.; doida, a conduit, watei -pipe. Ital. doui-

dor, to sleep.

Domick,
(Flemish.)
better

kind
the F.

of cloth

obsolete.

pour; equivalent to Late Lat. *ductiare, derivative of L. duct us, a duct ; see Duct.

Named from

Flem. Jloiwck,

Dough.
'

known by

name of Toiirnay dah (stem

(Lai. Tornacus}.

M.E. dah, dogh. A.S. (E.) YiK. deeg, Dan. deig, ddg-^. .^f, Icel deig, Goth. datg* a kneaded

Dorsal. (F.-L.)
to the back sum, the back.
.

F. dorsal, belonging dorLate L. dorsahs. I

lump, G. tcig. The Goth, daigs is from see daig, 2nd stem of deigan, to knead Dike. (VF>HEIGH.) Brugm. i, 604,
;

150

DOUGHTY
Doughty.
valiant. (E.)

DRAGOON
dohti,

M.E.

duhti,

Dowse
as

(3),
;

A. S. dohtig, earlier form dyhtig, A, S. dugan, to be worth, be valiant. strong. -4- Dan. dygtig, Swed. dugtig, Icel. dygdugTyG. tilchtig', variously formed from
the Teut. verb *dugan-.

Dowse

to extinguish.

The same

by

(i) dout, q. v.
.

sense perhaps suggested

(L.

Doxology
;

- Gk

Douse,
i

to immerse.

(E.

?)

M. Du. doesen, 'to smite with Hexham). See Dowse (i).

s

Allied to violence'

Gk. <5oo\oyia, an ascription of praise. Gk. 5oo-, for Roa, glory, ong. a notion -Ao7m, from A.^ai', to speak.
cant term. Cf. (M. Du.) E. Fries, doktje, dimin. of dokke, a doll. Prob. introduced from the Netherlands.

.)

L.

doxologia.

Doxy.

Dout,
out,
in
i.

to extinguish.
(E.)

(E.)

Short for do
S.
dftfe,

put out. Dove, a bird.

e.

M. Du.
A.
only
docke).

docke, a doll.

a doll, also

Cf. O. H. G. toccha, a term of endearment ^G.

A. S. comp. dufe-doppa, lit. a diver. dufan, to plunge into, -f- O. Sax. duva, Goth, dubo, G. taube, a dove, lit. diver. [So also L. cohitnba, a dove, is allied to First Gk. KoKvp&k, a diver, sea-bird.
applied to sea-gulls, &c.]

Doze.
M.
Dizzy.

dose, to doze,

dusa, Dan. dusa^ to doze ; Dan. dase, to be torpid. Allied to

(Scand.)
dial,

Swed.
;

mope

Icel.

dovetail, to fasten boards From dove and tail\ from (E.)

together. the shape

of the fitted ends of the board (:Q). and Ten. Dowager, a widow with a jointure. duo, tAvo decem, ten. See O. F. douagere-, from douage, (F. (i), a slut. (E.) CiAn^idrabog, L.) an endowment. Again douage is coined Gael, drabag, a slut; Gael, drabach, dirty ; with suffix -age} from F. dou-er, to endow. Iiish drab, a spot, stain (all from E.). E. L. dotare, to endow. L. dot-, stem of Fries, dmbbe, puddle-water. Also Du. Allied to dd-ntiw, a drabbe, f. dregs, draff; allied to Draff. dos, a gift, dowry. Der. en-dow, from (2), dull light brown. ^E.-L.) gift, dare, to give. The colour of undyed cloth. F. drop, F. en and douer. 1^7. Brugm i.
;

Dozen, twelve. (F.-L.) O. F. dosaine (t .douzatne},*. dozen. O. F. doze (F. douze], twelve; with suffix -aine ',L. -ena, as in cent-end}. L. duodecim, twelve. L.

Two

Drab

Drab

M. E. dowere.>Q.

L. (F. F. doaire, later douaire. Late L. dot a num. L. dot are, to endow (above). Der. dowr-y, short for dower-y.

dower,

an

endowment.

cloth.

See Drape.

a coaise linen. (Bret.) From Daoulas, S. E. of Brest, in Brittany. soft (Scand.) ;i), plumage. M. E. down. Icel. dnnn, Swed. dun, Dan. dnnn, down whence Du. dons. A.S. dun, a (C.) (2), a hill. hill. Irish diln, a fortified hill, fort A. S. Gael, dun, \V. din t a hill-fort.

Dowdy

see

Duds.

Dowlas,

see Dram. ; M. E. draf (Layadregs. (E.) mon).-f Du. draf, hogswash, drabbe, draff; Icel. draf, Swed. draf, Dan drav, dregs; G. traber, pi. [Cf. Gael, and Irish drabh^

Drachm
Draff,

draff,

from E.]
;

Down

Down
;

see Draught. vb. (Scand.) M. E. draggm ; a Northern form allied to Icel. draga, to draw. Cf. Swed. dragg, a drag, grapnel ; dragga, to drag. See Draw.

Draft Drag,

tun

see

Town.
(3),

prep and adv. (E. and C.) dune off juman, an interpreter, translator; see corruption of adown = A. S. of the hill, downwards. A. S. of, off dune, Targum. dat. of dun, a hill see Down (2). Dragon. (F. L. Gk.) F. dragon. L. ace. draconem, from nom. draco. dune, a low sand-hill. (C.) XVIII cent. F. dune. - M. Du. dune (Du. Gk. tipaitwv, a dragon, lit. seeing from of Celt, origin. Gk. Spax-, his supposed sharp sight. See Down (2). duiti) to strike in the face. weak grade of Stpicouat, I see. ^f Such is (i), (E. ?) Apparently the same as Douse the usual account. Cf. Norw. dtis, a push, blow; (above). dragoon. (F.-L.-Gk.) 1?. dragon, M. Du. doesen, to stiike, E. Fries, dossen, a dragoon ; so called because the dragoons to strike. or orig. had a dragon on their standard see Douse. rather, because they were armed with a (2), to immerse Prob. the same as Dowse (i). short carbine called (in F.) dragon*

down

Dragoman, an interpieter. (Span. Arab.) Span, dragoman [Late Gk. 8paArab, taryovuavos], an interpreter.
;

'

'

Dowse

Dowse

J5 1

DRAIN
Drain.
nian, to
(E.)

DRESS
to

A.

S.

drehnigean, dreh-

draw.

|-

E.

Fries,

draulen

Low

G.

away, strain off, Matt. xxiii. 24, also spelt dreahnian\ orig. 'to become dry.' - A. S. * drear- = Tent. *draug- second grade of Teut. *dreug-an- 9 to be dry. Cf. Icel. draugr a dry log. See Dry. Brake, male of the duck. (L.-Gk.?) M. E. drake. Not found in A. S. ; cf. drake, a drake, in Low G. (Bremen) ; M. Swed. drake, (i a dragon, (2) a drake,
drain
t t
)

draueln.

drawn

A.S. dr&ge, that which is (E.) as in drage, drag-net, a draw-net, f Swed. drog, a sledge, dray. Dread, vb. (E.) A. S. *dradan, in comp. on-dr&dan, to dread, fear.+O. Sax.

dray.
;

ant-dradan O. H. G. in-tr&tan. type *dr&dan-*

\

Teut.

Supposed to correspond (3) a boy's kite. to the latter part of Swed. and-drake, a
drake (a form thought to be borrowed from Low G.). Cf. Swed. and, duck, anddrake, drake; Low G. andertk, drake (Lubben); G. ente, duck; enteric k, drake O. II. G.
;

M. E. dreem. a vision. (E.) *dream, a dream; not found. [Quite distinct from A.S. ^r<?^;;/, a sweet sound, har-

Dream,
S.

A.

mony,

also joy, glee, happiness*. ]+O. Sax.

antrahho, a drake. P. The Swed. and, A. S. ened, a duck, is cognate with L. anas The M. E. drake (stem anat-), a duck. was suggested by A. S. dtaia, a dragon, bonowed fiora L. draco see Dragon. Dram, Drachm. (. - L. - Gk.) M. F. drawe, drat k me, a dram, eighth L. drachma. part of an ounce,' Cot. Gk. dpaxpr), a handful, a diachma, used cf Spay^a, as both as weight and coin much as one can giasp. Gk. dpaaaopai, 1
,
' ;

drom, dream; Du. droom, Icel. draumr, I )an. Swed. drew, G. trauni. Kluge suggests comparison with G. trug-bildy a phantom; if coirect, the Teut. bb. was *drattgjnoz, m. fiom Teut. *draug^ strong grade of Tent. *dreugan- (O. H. G. triogan, G.
;

trugeif], to deceive.

From the Idg. root *dhretigh, whence also Skt. drogha(s}, a O. Pers. drauga (Pers. crafty wounding Icel. draugr t a durugJi}) a deceit, lie
;

grasp.
fyajja

Ijrugni.
iJL.

509.

Drama.
Gk. make.

Gk.)

L. drama.

Ck.

68 1, 689. Dreary, Drear. (E ) Drear ib short for dreary. y[.\i>.drery. A ^.dreomg, sad; oiig 'gory;' foimed with suffix -ig from A.S. drear, gore. A. S. dreosan, to dup. -f-Icel dreyngr, goiy, fiom dreyri, gore; G. tnmng, sad, orig. goiy, fiom O. H. G.
ghost.

Brugin.

i.

Astern Spa/Mr-), dpdco, I pci form ;

(y'DAR.)
;

an act, a drama. cf. Lith. darau, I Der. dramat-ic (fiom

(Gk.)

8pafiar-)
Ttic6$,

&c.
effective,
;

Teut. *dteusan-, vb. a ding-net. (E.) North E. dreg. Answering to A. S. *dretg, *drecge from A. S. (not found), for *drag-jotror, goie.

From

Dredge
;

(i),

drastic,
adj. of 5/>ao>, I

Gk. Spaa- dragan

(F.

effective

allied to Spao-r^o?, verbal

Dredge

F. draper, to make cloth. F.dr<2^, cloth; Late L. drappus. Of unknown oiigin. Der. drap-er, drap-er -y ; and see drab (2).

Drape,

perform. to cover \\ith cloth.

see Dregs. (21, to sprinkle flour on meat. To dredge is to Late L. Gk.)

bee

Draw.

And

(F.

L.)

sprinkle, as in sowing dredge (M.. E. drags) or mixed corn. O. F. dragee, mixed

Drastic

see

A. S. dragan (A S. -aga- becoming M.E. -awe-^. Du. dragen, Icel. Swed. draga, Dan.
(fc.,

Draw,

Drama. M. E. drawen.

also a sweetmeat, sugar-plum. ; [Prov. dragea\ Ital treggea, a sugai-plum.] Late L. dragata, drageia, a sugar-plum ; altered foim of tfagemata, pi. of tragema. Gk. Tpayrjua, something nice to eat.

corn

Gk. rpwytiv

drage^ Goth, dragan, G. tragen, to pull Teut. type * dragan-, pt. t. along, carry.

Dregs,
dreg, mire
dregs.

(2 aor. trpayov), to PI. lees. (Scand.)

gnaw.
of

M.

E.

we

also find

M. E.

dregges,

Icel.

draught, draft.
phonetic spelling.

M.

a E. draught, draht.
(E.)

Draft

is

Swed. dragg,
i

Opdffffcw,

pi. dreggjar, dregs; Cf. Gk. dregs, lees. to disturb. Distinct fiom L.

dregg^
pi.

races, dregs of oil; Brugm. i. 417. drag-an\ with suffixed /.-fDu. dragt, a load, from dragen, to carry Drench, vb. (E.) M.E. drenchen. Dan. drat hence Icel. drattr, a draught of A. S. drencan, causal of drincan * to make drink.'+Du. drenken, Icel. drekfishes ; G. tracht, a load, from tragen. drawl. (Du.) Frequentative of draw\ kja, Swed. dranka, Goth, dragkjan, G. See Drink. parallel to draggle from drag. Introduced tranken. from T)\adralen to be slow; from dragen, Dress. (F.-L.) O.F. dresser, drescert

Fiom A.

S.

DRIBBLE
to erect, set up, dress ; answering to a Late L. form *d?rectidre.<lu. directus, pp. of dirigere, to direct ; see Direct. Dribble. (E.) Frequentative of obs. which is a E. drib, to drip slightly weakened form of drip. Cf. drib-let. See Drip. So also Dan. dial, drible. Drift ; see Drive. Drill (i)> to pierce, to train soldiers. (Du.) Borrowed from Du. drillen, to drill, to bore, to turn round, shake, brandish, Allied to drill soldiers, form to arms. M. H. G. drellen, to turn round (pp. geLow G. drall, twisted tight. drolleri), Teut. type *threllan- (pt. t. *thrall), to
;

DROWN
U.Y.drole, a pleawag; Cot. Du. drollig, odd, strange; M. Du. drol, 'a juglar;' Hexham. Perhaps from Du. droll-, pp. stem of drillen,

Droll. (F.-Du.)
'

sant

to turn, wheel, whiil about

sec Drill (i).

dromedane

M. E. 0. F. dromedatre (older form Late L. dromadarius. L. *dromedane) dromad-, stem of dromas, a dromedary. Gk. SpOjuaS-, stem of Spo^as, fast running. Gk. tipapftv, to run.-f-Skt. diam,to run.

Dromedary. (F.-L.-Gk)
.

(0? to niim - (E.) M.E.drenen Not in A. S. Cf. Icel. (also drouneii). drynja, Sw ed. drona, Dan. drone, to drone,
rumble, &c. Cf. Goth, drunjus, a sound, Gk. Oprjvos, a dirge ; Skt. dhran, to sound. Drone (2), a non-woikmg bee. (Low E. dran. A. S. dran which (like G.) E. Fries, drane} was prob. borrowed from O. Sax. dran. Cf. M. H. G. treno (G.
roar,

Drone

twist; cf A.S. feat I, strict. ^f Perhaps allied to Thrill. Drill (2), to sow corn in rows. (E.^ The same as dnil, to trickle, which seems to be a variant of tnll, to trickle. Drilling, a coarse cloth used for
trousers.

(G.

L.)

drillich, ticking,

Corrupted from G. L. trilic-, huckaback.

drohne being borrowed fiom Low G.). cf Gk. dvTeut. sterna *drctn~, *dren;

stem of trihx, having three threads. L fa mm, a thread. tri-, from tres, three; See Three.
pp. drw;/<:r.-j-Du
,

a wild-bee, Qpwva (Hesychius). ^[ With the parallel stems *drn-, *dren-, cf. the stems of Queen and Quean.
Opr)vrj,

A.S. drincan, pt dranc, drinken, I eel. drekka, Swed. dricka, Dan. dnkke, Goth, dngkan = drtnkan) G. trinken Tent. *drenkan-. (

Drink.

(E

\..

Droop
Drop,

see

sb.

below (E ) M. E. drope,

sb.

hence

M. E. dryppen. Dan. =. Tent. ( *drup-jan-\ dryppe, to dnp From Teut. *drnp-, weak grade ot *drcuIcel. drjfipa, to dnp, A. S pan-, as seen dreopan (obs. E. dreep), G. triefen. Cf. O. Ir. truckt, a dew-drop. See Drop. drntcn. A.S.drtfan Drive. (L.)

Drip.

(Scand.)

A. S. dropa, sb. ; dropten, droppen, vb. These are from the weak dropian, vb. grade *drup- (A.S. drop-) of the Teut. vb. *dreupau- (A. S. dreopan\ to drop, Icel dropi, Swed. dnp.-f Du drop, sb See also droppe, Dan. draabe, G. tropfen.
,

Drip.

M.E

droop,

to sink,

fail.

(Scand.)
to

Du. dnjven (pt. t. draf PP drifeti} Icel. drlfa, Swed. drifva, Dan. drive, Goth.
t
;

droupen.\tt\.

driipa,

dioop;

M. E. weak

vb., allied to drjiipa, strong vb., to drip

dreiban y G. tieiben. Tent *dteiban-. drift. (E ) M. E. drift. 1 ormed from with suffix -/. drjf-, weak grade of drTfan
;

Teut. *dreupan- (^whence also triefen) ; i>am ready to drop] i. e. see above. Cf.
'

droop.

+ Du. drift,
trift.

G.

A- (2\ wheeled carriage (the j sounded as in drove. (E.) M. E. ^/. A. S. ^r^/, French). Dimm. of drogi, a \\aggon; a drove. From draf* 2nd grade of drifan. which was orig. pi. of droga, a perch (of Drivel, vb. (E) M.K.drevelen. A.S. a carriage). Dross. (E.) M. E. dros. A. S. dros, drcjlian, to dribble 01 run at the nose. Cf. M. E. dravelen, to diivel. From the dross, dregs cf. also obs. E. drosen, A. S.
;

Swed. Dan. rfr///, Der, a-drijt = on the diift see

Icel. drift,
;

Dropsy see Hydropsy. of Dro sixty, Drosky,a kind carriage.

;

(Rnss.)

Kuss. drozkki, drojki, a low four-

base draf-, as in Draff.

M.

E. draf, draff.

See

ForDrizzle, to rain slightly. (E ) meily dnsel or drisle, to keep on dripj>uig. Frequent, foim of M. E dresen, A. S. see Dreary. Cf. Dan. dreosan, to drip drysse, to fall in drops Swed. dial, drosla
; ;

Du. droes, drosna, pi, lees, dregs. -4Du. droesem, dregs, lees, lees (Kilian) G. dntsen, pi. dregs; O. H. G. trusana, truo^ana, husks of pressed grapes. Drought, Drouth ; see Dry.
;

Drove;

see

Drive.

Drown.

(Scand.)

M. E. drounen, dru-

'53

DROWSE, DROWZE
M. Dan. drukne, drougne, drovne, wen. drone, to sink, be drowned (Kalkar) ; Icel. druhna. The -nkn- was preserved in Swed. drimkna, A. S. druncnian, to be drunk, See Drunalso to sink, to be drowned.
ken.
(E. Bjorkman.)

DUCK
(F.-L.-Gk.)
over-ripe olive.

F. drupe.

1..

Gk.

Spvirira,

the same.

be sluggish. Formerly drouse. A.S. drtl\ian, to (L.) allied to A. S. dreosan, to be sluggish See Dreary. also to drip, to fall. fail

Browse, Drowze,
;
;

to

A. S. dryge. dry ; G. t rocken, dry ; Icel. draugr, a dry log. drought. (E ) M. E. drojte, drou$te also drouthe (P. Plowman). A. S. drugaQ, A S. drugian, to be dry dryge, " drought. from droog, d ry 1 3 u. droogte, d rough t Doublet, drouth (Milton).

Dry.

E.)

M. E.

druje.

Cf.

Du.

droog)

Der. drowz-y.
to beat the soles of the feet with a stick, a punishment used in Turkey;' (Phillips).

Drub,

to beat.

(Aiab.

?)

'Drub,

>d 9 a nymph of the woods. (L. L. Dry ad-, stem of Dryas, a woodnymph. Gk. SpvaS-, stem of tipvas, the

Gk.)

Gk. 8pv-s, a tree see Tree. same. Dual, consisting of two. (L.) L. dualist Apparently a travelleis' woid. Perhaps see Two. L. duo, two from Arab, darb (zarb], a beating with a dual. from Arab, root daraba (zarabd} stick Dub, to confer knighthood by a stroke. F. ^ M. E. dubben A. S. dttbban A S. he beat Rich. Diet. p. 952 ( (N. K. D ) M.K. dntggen. Chron. an. 1086. [So also Swed. dubba ] Drudge, vb. (E.) but regularly Usually derived fiom O F aduber, adouS. *drycgean not found formed from drug-, weak grade of dr7o%an, her, adober, to dub a knight a Romanic Teut. *drett- word of unknown ongin (Ital. addobbare, to work, perform, endure ( O. Port, adubar}. gan-, Goth, driitgan, Lowl. Sc. dree}. Cf O. Span, and Yiov.adobar, Icel. drjiig-mrkr, one who works slowly <ff Diez derives adoitber, conveis>ely, fiom but surely^ The Gael, dntgair, a drudge, dubban rather, from the cognate E. Pries. ii, from E. (Low G.) dnbbcn. From L. dubwsus, Dubious. (L.) Drug. (F.) M. E drogue, drug^e L dubiitm, doubt; neuter of O. F. drogue, a drug Also Ital and Span. doubtful. L dubiu*, doubtful, moving in two direcOrigin unknown; perhaps Oridtoga. tions. L. du-o, two. See Two. Der. dntgg-itf. ental. Ducal. (F. - L ) F. dni a!, adj from M.F. dragnet, 'a kind (F.) Drugget. Cot dm a duke see Duke. of stuff that's half silk, half wool Dimin. of drogue, used in the sense of ducat, a coin. (F. -Ital. -L.) O. F. Ital dmato, a ducat, also a duchy rubbish, poor stuff; from the coarseness duiot. a drug in the named from L duiatns (duchy of Apulia) cf. E. of the material see alluded to in the legend upon it market. ^[ Probably not the same word duchy below. as F. drogue, a drug.
;
;

'

'

a pnest of the ancient Britons. F. Dtitide -L. (Gaulish) Dnn'dae (Lewis and Shoit). pi. Dntide*. Cf. O, Irish dntid, dat. and ace. of dnn,

Druid,

duchess.
!

(F.
,

L.)
fein.

O F

duchcise
^ee

(F.-L.-C.)

(Late L. duct no)

of

dm, duke;

Duke.

magician, sorcerer; Ii, draoi, druidh, Gael, druidh (whence also A. S. dry, a
s.

>

magician).

Drum.

(Du.)

XVI

cent.

Imperfectly

adapted from M. Du. trotjune, trommcL a Du. trout. -4drum; Low G. truin tne G. trumbd) tntmpa, M. II. G. O. Icel. trumba, tiumtne, a pipe, trumpet a pipe, trumpet. [So also Ital. tromba, Span. tiowpa.~\ Of imitative origin. Drunkard, (b. with F. suffix .) liom A. S. drunc-, base of pp. of dnn can, to drink with F. suffix -ard (G. hart}. drunken, drunk. (E.) A. S dmn
\

duchy. (F. L) F c ^//''.-Late L. ducatuni, ace. of dtuiltns, a dukedom L. due-, stem of du*, a duke. ^[Also O. F. duchte, fern., as if from Late L. *rfif< it atem. head. (E.) (1), to dive, bob the

Duck

douken.
plunge, dive.

to stoop, dive
\

A.S.-f-Du. tauchcn^ to 'lent, type *deukan-, pt. t.

,

Not

in

G.
t

"

*dank (whence G.taucJi-cji) \>\).*duk-ano-. the weak grade duk- we have Dan. dukke, Swed. dyka to which the shortenmg of the vowel in mod. E. dink may have

From

been paitly due.

duck
dnke.
sents the

cen, pp. of

dnncan, to drink.
a fleshy
fruit

bird. (2), ' * diver ; Lit.

Drupe,

containing a stone.

A.

S.

f.

M. E. dake, (E.) the suffix -e represuffix of the agent. A. S.

154

DUCK
From the verb above. duce, a duck. * Cf. Dan. dukand, lit. diving duck;'
Swed. dykfagel, Der. diving fowl.' duck-l-ing, with double dimin. suffix. (3), a pet, darling. (E.) Apparently the same as Duck (2).
f

DUMPS
dux.
lead.

Duck

Duck (4), light

canvas.

(Du.)

A nauti-

dux, a leader. L. ducere, to H The L. ace. ducem would have given O. F. dois, F. doix ; like F. noix from nucem, croix from crucem. (N. E. D.) Brtigm. i. 592. Dulcet, sweet. (F.-L.) M. F. doucet (Cot.), refashioned after L. dulcis (cf.

-L.

(VDEUK.)

Du. doek, linen cloth, canvas, f Dan. dug, Swed. duk, Icel. dukr, G. tuck, O. H. G. tuoh.
cal word.

Ital.

dolcetto).-O.. doh
L. dulcis, sweet.

(F.

doux),

sweet.
fort

dulcimer. (F.-Span -L.)

has

Roque;

a conduit-pipe. (L.) L. ductus, a leading (hence, a duct). L. ductus, pp. of diicere, to lead. See Duke. ductile. (F.-L) F. ductile, malle-

Duct,

F. doulcetner (undated) cf. O.F. doulcemele (Godefroy). Span, dulcenamed from its sweet mele, a dulcimer sound. L. dulce melos, sweet sound; see
;

able.

L. ductilis, easily led L. duct-us, pp. of ducere (above). Dude, an exquisite, a dandy. (G.)

Melody. Dull, stupid.

with

From G. dude
origin.

see

Supplement.

Dudgeon (i), resentment. Of unknown

(2\ haft of a dagger. known.) M. E. dogcon, a kind of used for the handles of daggers.

M. E. dul cognate answering to Teut. dol% *dul-joz. Closely allied to A S foolish, cognate with Du. dol, mad, G. toll,
(E.)
;

Low

G. dull\

mad, answering
(Unare

to Teut.

*dul-oz.

Both

Dudgeon

wood Etym

unknown.

*dul- (<*dwul), weak giade of *dwel-an* as seen in A. S. divclan, to err, to be stupid see Dwell. Cf. A.S. gedwol-god, a false god, idol ; Irish and \V.

from Teut.

Duds, clothes. (Scand.) Jamieson has dudts as well as duds the // was prob once long. Icel. dilfii, swaddling clothes Cf. E. dowd, a woman's dtJda, to wrap up cap, a slut dwd-y, ill-dressed. M. E. dew, dewe. Due. (F. L.) O. F. dcu, masc., dene, fern. pp. of deL. debere. See Devoir. voir, to owe. Duel. (Ital. L.) Ital. duello, a duel. L. dudluni, a fight between two men L du-o, (archaic form of L. bellutn, war). two.
;
; ;
;

dall, blind.

Brugm. i. 375 (6). an edible seaweed. (C.) Irish dmlec&g, Gael, duileasg, dulse. According to Macleod, it means water-leaf,' from Ir. and Gael, dutlle, leaf, and ui\$ c],

Dulse,

'

water.

A.S. dumb, (E.) M.E. domb. Du. dom, Icel. dumbr, Swed. dumb, Dan. dum Goth, dumbs, G. duwm, C). H. G. ftirnb, tump, stupic Theong. sense setms to ha\e been 'stupid/ and
mute.
-}
t

Dumb.

duet.
for two.

Ital. duetto, music (Ital. L.) Ital. due * two. L. duo, two

Duenna.

(Span.

L.)

a married lady, duenna. of domtmts, a lord. See

Span, duena, L. domina, lem.

Donna.

Duet
Du.

see
'

Duel.

Duffel, coarse woollen

duffel

cloth. (Du.) so called from Duffel, a place

dumb~y). E. ?) (0, an ill-shapen piece. Piov. E. dump, a clumsy lump, a bit dumpy, short and thick. Probably a thing thrown down in a mass' ; see Dump '2). dumpling, a kind of pudding. (E. ?)

daubs, deaf; ~ (

perhaps Goth, dumbs is allied to Goth. see Deaf. Der. dumm-y

Dump

'

near Antwerp. (Scand.) Duffer, a stupid person. Lovvl. Sc. dowfart, formed with suffix -art from the adj. dowf, stupid, dull lit. 'deaf.' Icel. dauf-r, deaf see Deaf. Dug, a teat. (Scand.) Perhaps allied to Swed. dagga, Dan d<fgge* to suckle. Cf. Goth, daddjan* O. II. G. taan, to suckle. ^1 But cf. Skt. duh, to milk. Dugong, a sea-cow. (Malay ) Malay duyong, duyonsr, a sea-cow. Duke, a leader. (F.-L.) M.E. duk.O. F. due, ace. formed from O. F. nom.
; ;

is

small solid ball of pudding dnmp-l-ing a double dimin. ot dump (i).

;

to strike, fling down. Lowl. Sc. dump, to beat. Dan. dumpe, to plump, plunge Norw. dumf>a\ Swed. dial, dompa. Swed. dial.
(2),

Dump

(Scand.

?)

Cf.

dump-, as in dump-id, supine of str. vb. dimpa, to fall down plump. Dumps, melancholy. (Scand.) Swed. dial, dumpin, melancholy, orig. pp. of dimba, to steam, reek Dan. dump, dull, lo\v.+Du. damp, damp, hazy, G. dumpf,
;

damp,

dull.

Allied to

Damp

cf.

to

damp

one's spirits.*

155

DUN
Dun
Irish
(i), brown. (C.) A. S.</w;w,dark. and Gael, donn, brown; W. dwn,

DUTY
L. duplitwo-fold. (L.) L. of duphcdre, to double. duplic-, stem of duplex, two-fold (below). duplicity. (F. L.) Lit. doubleness. L. F. duphatt. - L. ace. ditphcitatem. dnplui-, decl. stem of duplex, two-fold. L. du-o, two piic-are^ to fold.

Duplicate,
pp.

catus,

dun, dusky.

urge for payment, (Scand.) 1708) to be derived fiom the name of Joe Dun, a famous bailiff in the time of Henry VII. But perhaps fiom the notion of noisiness. Cf. M. E. dunning, Icel. duna, to thunder; a loud noise. koma einum dynfynr dyrr, to make a dm before one's door; Swed.a5&/?tf, to make a
(2), to

Dun

Celtic type *donnos.

Said

(in

Durance, Duration see Dure. Durbar, a hall of audience, levee.

;

Allied to Din. a stupid person. (Scotland ) From the phr. a Duns man,' i.e. a native In ridicule of of Dunse, in Berwickshire. the disciples of John Duns Scotus, schoolman, died A.I). 1308. fl" Not to be confused with John Seotus Engena, died A. D. 875. Dune, a low sand-lull. (F. Du. C.) l&. Du. dune (Du. duui) F. dune. cogwith A. S. dun* a down ; see nate
noise.

Pers. durbar, a prince's court, (PeiO Pers. levee; lit. 'door of admittance.' - E. dar, door ( door) ; and bar, admit-

Dunce,

'

tance, couit. Dure, to last. L dilrdre, to last. -f Irish

steel.

Cf.

and Gk.

F. durer. L.) L. dfirus, hard, labting. W. dur, Gael, dur, firm

(F.
;

bvvauis, force.
;

Der, dur~

ing) orig pres. pt. of durc

durance,

captivity.

dur-able, &c. The L.") (F.

ong
F.
;

sense

was long endurance of haidship.

Dan. dynge, a heap, mass; G. Root uncertain; it answers, in dung. form, to the pp. of Ding; as if it were what is thrown down or away.' Cf. Swed. dial, dong, (i) heap, (2) dung. Dungeon, Donjon. (F.~L.) M. 11. dongeon.(.) F. donjon, the chief towtr

112. Down (2). Brugm. Dung. (E.) A. S. dung +Swed.

i.

dynga,

dung;

F. durer, to durance, duration. with suffix -ance\ sec above. duration. (F. L.) O. F. duration. Late L. durationem, ace. of dilrdtio. A coined word; fiorn the pp. of L. durdrc,
labt

to last.

'

of a castle

Late L. domnionetn, ace. of

dungeon-tower, chief- tower; shoitened from dominio, pioperly domi-

domnio,

nion, feudal

Duniwassal,
yeoman. Dundee.
Gael,
(C.)

power; see Dominion. a Highland gentleman,

In Sir W. Scott's Bonny Gael, ditijte nasal, gentleman uasat, duine, a man (\V. dyn]
\

L M. E. hardship. (F. O. F dureice. L. diii itia harshL. durus, hard, severe. ness. Durian, a fruit. (Malay.) Malay dunan, a fruit with a pnckly lind. Malay dftri, a thorn, prickle. Dusk, dun. (Scand.) Properly an adj. E. do^k, daik, dim deo\c, the same. Prob. a Northern form (as the sk did not become sh}. Cf. A. S. dox (/or *dosc], Vocab. 239 36. translating L flauus Swed. dial, tluska, to drizzle duskug,
duress,
")

durtsse.

noble, gently bom ' exalted ; see Brugm.

'

(W.
i.

uchel),

ong.

misty,
adj.

dim

219

(4).

fine lain.

Norw. dusk, mist, duskregn, Der. dink, sb. ; whence dusk-y,

;

Duodecimo.

(L) JnduodectMo^wtfb
L. dttodecimo, abl. cf. L. duodecim,

12 leaves to the sheet.

of duodecimus, twelfth; twelve ; see Dozen.

first of the small Late L. duodenum, so called because about 12 finger-breadths L. duodcnl, twelve apiece, distribulong. see Dozen. tive form of duodecim, twelve Dup. (E ) Short for do up, i.e. lift up

Duodenum,
(L.)

the

intestines.

S. dmt. -f Du. duist, G. Dan. dyst, meal All from a dumt, vapour, fine dust. Teut. base *dunst- (for *dwum-t-}, the n Cf. Skt. dhvams, being lost except in G.

Dust.

(E.)

Icel.

dust,

dust,

to fall to pieces (pp. dhvas-ia-}. belonging to Holland.

Dutch,
;

(G.)

Formally applied to the Germans.

Dcutsch,

G.

(a latch)

to
n-

open a door.

person easily deceived. (F.) The M. F. dupe meant F. dupe, a dupe. a hoopoe whence dupe, a dupe, because the bird was easily caught. (So also Bret. Perhaps of houperik, a hoopoe, a clupe.)

Dupe,

belonging to the dmt-isk, where the people ll. -ish, and dint ib cognate suffix -z'sk with A. S. food, Goth, thiuda, a people, nation; Ir. tuath a people; cf. Oscan
;

German M. II. G.

lit.

touto, a city.

Duty.

Brugm. (A. F. -L.)

i.

218.

M. E. ditete'^.-

imitative origin.

A. F. duett, duty (O. F, has only devoir}.

156

DWALE
A
coined word
see
;

EARN
dett,

from A. F.

du, due,

and the

suffix -U* (L. -tatenf}.

;

See Due.

hard to digest. -Gk. Sver-, prefix, with a bad sense iriitrtiv, to cook, digest see
;

Dwale
Dwarf.
A.S.

Cook. Dwell. (E.) M.'.dwcr),dwergh\\hz

Per. dyspeptic (from

SuofTrcTrr-oy).

f represents
'

the guttural. O. Merc, diuerg, diveorg, a dwarf. -f-E>u. dwerg, I eel.

E.
M. E. eehe, elch, short for a-gi-lie, i. e. Du. aye-like (ever -like or ever alike).
E-,
S.

dvergr, Swed. Dan. dvcrg, G. zwerg. Tent type *dwerg-oz. Dwell. CE.) M. E. dwellcn, to linger A. S. dwellan, in the active sense to retard, also dioehan, to go astray, also to seduce
;

Each,

piefix; see Ex-. every one. (K.)

(lie,

A.

each,

err, tarry,
(pt.
t.

dwell.

*r/w<z7,

Causal of A. S. *dwelan pp. divoleri}) to be torpid or

elk,

each;

O. H. G.

eogalih,

M. H. G.

le^eltch, (j.jeglicher.

See Aye.

dull, to err.+Icel. dvelja y to dwell, delay, ong. to hinder; Swed. dvaljas, to dwell

Eager. (K-L.)
Eagle,
<X
}

M.E. ^n>,-A.F.
M.E.

twellen,

dvtele, to linger M.H.G. Tent, type hinder, delay. *dwaljan, causal of the str. vb. *dwelanto be torpid, (pt. t. *dwal, pp. *dwulano-},

(reflexive) ; to

Dan

of dc-er, cgre (F. atre}.-L. acrem, ace. See Acid. Der. vm-egar. *harp.

-L

^
]...

^, O.

F.

(F. aigle).

aqtnla. See

Aquiline.

to cease, to err (A. S. *dwelan, O. H. G. Cf. Skt. fl7/7'r, to bend aside, $i-tivelan}. ^dhiir-ta-, fraudulent. (-/DHWEL.) And
see Dull.
I

Eagre,
()

L
ii
i

dwale, deadly nightshade. (Scand ) Named from its soporific effects. Dan.
dvale,
*

See Ewer. L. aqua, \\ ater. Eanling, a lamb. (E.) Ranting

igate.
<?#;?,
(

tidal wave in a river. (F. L.) Late F. aigucre, a flood (Godefroy). to cf. aquare, a conduit u at] ana,
;

is

from the veib

the prefix^-

(i\ organ of hearing. (E.) M. E. Cf. A.S. dwala, an eiror, stupefaction, ere. A. S. <?#;-. -|-Du. oor, Icel. ^jj/ra, Swed. Dan. ore, G. <?^r, Goth. auso. Tent. from the 2nd grade of A, S. dwdan vz, w L. type *attzon-. Cf. also Russ. (above) The frequent, form of auris> Lith. aitsis, Gk. ou?, O. Iribh <?. Dwindle. M. E. dwtncn, to dwindle, A. S. dwtttan earwig, an insect. (E.) A. S. eart. w<ga, from its being supposed to creep divan^, to dwindle, languish. (pt. Swed. tvina, to dwindle, into the ear. Cf. A. S. wicga, a kind of Icel. dinna to wnggle. away Du. ver-dunjnen, to vanish. insect prov. E. wiggle, pine Ear (2\ spike of corn. (E.) M.E. er. M. E. a colour. (E.) to colour Dye, A. S. deagian, vb., A. S. ear (pi.) Northumb. eher.+ Du. 0tfr, deh, sb. deyen, vb. to dye from deaft, sb., dye, colour. A. S Icel. Dan Swed. ajc (for a/w\ Goth, a^, deah (gen. deag-e}> sb. f., answeis to Tent. G. ahre. Tent. t> pe *ahoz, *ahiz-, cognate Brugm. i. Not allied to \,. file us, with L. acu* (gen. aierii). type *daug-a. A K.) Allied to Awn 182. which is from Gk ^Cos. (y
dwale-drink
;

stupor,'

dvaledrik, a Swed. dvala,

soporific, trance.

Ear

which isy-ean without = A.S. #*-). See Yean. ^

Dyke

see

Dike.
relating to
foice.

Ear

(3), to

Gk. awa/wKos, powerful. - Gk. Swa/^iy, power. -Gk. Swawat, I am stiong; see
I

Dynamic,

(Gk.^

A
,

S. erian, to

ar;an,L
,

M. E. eren. plough. (E.) plough.+Icel. erja, Goth. Russ. orat(e) arare,Liti\. artt
/
,

also Irish arawi, I plough,

Dure.

- L. (F. lordship. Late L. dynaslta. Gk. Si>Y.dynastie Gk. bvvdffrij^, a lord. loidship,

(VDEU.)

plough.

-x
)

Gk. a/ww,
A.

djrnasty,

Earl.
Icfcl.

^E

M.E.

erl.

S. ^r/. -f

jarl,

vacrreia,

(runic)
icrltee,

Gk. Mvajjuu,
(L.
rept'a.

am

Dysentery,
Gk.)

strong. disease of the

Early,
entrails.

M. E. erly. A, S. soon. (E.) from *?r//V, acij not used.adv.

; ,

O.Sax. <r/, a man. type enlaR.

O. Norse

L. dysenteria.
SWOT-, prefix,

-Gk.
pi.,

Gk. Svaevwith a bad sense

;

A.

S. <7r,

soon
(E.) (

7/V, like.

See Ere.

eWcpa,
,

the inwaids,
;

within, iv, in

bowels, see Interior.

(L.

from
L.

H. G reap, from
f'O'

Earn.

N.E.ernien. A.S.earman. w (cf. also G. ernten, to

;

Dyspepsy, indigestion.
lyspcpiia.

Gk,)

Gk.

Svatrtifia.

Gk.

ovffiritros }

Teut, type ernte, harvest). of labour *az(a}n<yan, to get the piofit from the bb. *az(a)na ;Icel. <?/;), labour;

157

EARNEST
cf.

ECLECTIC
Ebb.
M.
-f-

(VAS

O. H. G. aran t Goth, asans, a harvest. one who stands under droppings from the ^f Others connect it with Gk. eaves, a secret listener.
(E.)

apvvjjai, I earn.

Dan. cbbe, sb. Perhaps the Teut. type is *afjon- t with the sense of going off see Off. O. H. G. emust. Teut. type *ernustiz. Earnest (2), a pledge. (F.-L.-Gk. Ebony, a hard wood. (F. L. - Gk. Heb.) Formerly ebene. M.F. ebeiit, ebony. Heb.) The / is added. M.E. ernes L. hebenits^ ebentts. Gk. ffifvos, k&ivrj. Dimm. of O. F. also spelt erles, ar/es. Heb. hovnim pi. ebony wood; prob. a ewes, arres (F. arrhes], f. pi. L. arrha, Gk. appapuv, a pledge. Heb. non-Semitic word. arrhabo. I from 'arab, to give 2ral>on, security; Ebriety, drunkenness. (F.-LO F.
;

(E.) Properly a sb., as in 'in earnest.' M.E. ernest, sb. A. S. eoruost, sb.+Du. ernst, sb. G. ernst,

Earnest (i), seriousness.

of the tide,

E.****. A.S.^to, ebb Du. eb, ebbe, sb. [whence and vb., Swed. ebb, sb.].
;

security.

tbrittt.** L.

ace.

ebn'efafetn.^'L.

A. S. eorbe. drunken. Der./V/ ebnate^ to make drunken. f-Du. aarde, Icel.jord, Dan. Swed. jord, Ebullition, a boiling over. (F.-J,.) Goth. airtha G. erde. Teut. types Bertha, O. F, ebullition. ^L. ace. ebullttionem a rare word, from cbullitu^ pp. of ebullire^ Cf. Gk. e/xi, earth. *erthon-, f. to bubble up. L. t7 out; bullire to Earwig ; see Ear (i). ~ O F. 0/ s, ease. bubble; see Boil (i). Ease. (F.) M' E" ese
(E.)

Earth.

M.

ebriui,

E. erthe.

>

Cf. Ital. fl70, ease,

Port, azo,
dis-case.

occasion.

Oiig.

unknown.

Der.

Easel. (Du. L) Du. ezel, an ass; also a support, a painter's easel. [G. esc/; Goth, asilus.] L. asdlus, dimin. of L.
asiniis,
as^..

Ecart6, a game at cards. (F. L. ami Gk.) In this game, cards may be discarded and exchanged hence the name. Y.&aitJ, L. discarded, pp. of barter, to discard. ex, out, away F. carte, from Late L. carta, from Gk. xP TT], a l a f vf P a P er > hence a
;
;

the quarter of sun-rise. (E.) M.E. S. east, adv., in the east ; eastan, from the east. -f* Da. oost, G. ost, Dan.oj/; Swed. ostan, G. osfen ; Du. easier-^ G. oster-, Dan. Swed. oster, Icel. aitstr (gei.

East,
A.

caid.

eft.

Teut. types *au*-t0- 9 *aus-to-noalso *aust-ro- for ldg.*awj-/v- see easier Cf. lu.aur-ora, dawn, Gk. f/wj, ecuy, avtus, 218 dawn, Skt. us/ids, dawn. Brugm. i.
au,ti-s}.
; ,
(

departing F. Gk.) Late L. eccentncu$.vG\z.. of the centre; with suffix out Ktvrpov^ centre. See
odd.
1

Eccentric,
(I
.

from a centie,
ejuentrique.-*
l/c/cfvrp-o?,

L.

out
c/f,

-uus.

Gk.

Centre.

Ecclesiastic.
j

(L.
i.

sjastum.
to the

Gk.

fKKKrjataffTtKos,
e.

KK\rjaia^

7Gk.) LateL.<?^/t belonging assembly, church.

(4).

easter.
in

'~ (E.)

~ M.E.
" "

Gk.
i !

Gk. e/(K\T)To$, summoned. call forth. Gk. 4, out KaKtoj, I call.

comp.

eastre,

Lu.

xxii.

i,

Easter.

A. S. eastre> a goddess whose festivities were at the vernal equinox see Beda, De
;

F. dchefaji, an Echelon. (F.-L.) arrangement of troops in parallel divisions F. orig. a round of a ladder
;

Temporum
awzra,
f.

Ration?,
;

c.

15.

Cf.

Lith.

frhelle,

ladder

(O. F.

esc/neli).!,.
(3;.

m. a ray. eten. A. S. etan.+ Du ^/<?, Icel. <?/^z, Swed. ata 9 Dan. <pflt', Goth, itan^ G. essen. Teut type *etan-. Cf. L. ^vr, Gk. eSar, Skt. ^, to eat.
usra-,

dawn Skt. Eat. (E.; M. E.

scala,

a ladder; see Scale

Echo. (L.-Gk.) M.E. ^^.-L.

Gk.

aha.

rix&j a sound, echo; cf. tfx*, ^X 7?? a ringing noise. Der. cat-ech-i^e, q. v.

Eclat. (F.-Teut.)
dour;

F.
forth.'

tclat,

splen-

the clipped edge of a thatched to fesclater* to burst. Also E. dial. (Essex) oavis Origin doubtful peihaps from L. type M. E. enese eueses pi. (~eavese$j\ *exclappitarc, formed from Low G. klapalso ouese. A. S. efes, a (clipped; edge pen, to clap, make a noise see Clap. of thatch, whence efesian, to shear? also hence, a Eclectic, choosing out *oefes, whence oefsung, Corp. gl. 474.+ philosopher who selected doctrines from Icel. ups, Swed. dial, tiffs; Goth, ubizwa, various sects. Gk. (/*A/m/foy, (Ok." a porch, from the projection of the eaves Gk as sb. an Eclectic. selecting O. H. G. opasa. Teut. type *obewua. btyttv, to select. Gk. t/c, out Prob. allied to Over. Der. eavesdropper choose.
,

Eaves,
(E.)

*a bursting O. F. burst forth

lit.
;

F. eclater,

roof.

',

168

ECLIPSE
Eclipse. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
dips.
eclips,

EFFLUENCE
coined
editor}.

word,

from

the

sl>.

editor

;L.

L. eclipsis. Gk. O. F. eclipse. eK\ti//ts, a failure, esp. of light of the sun. Gk. (K\iwtiv, to lea\e out, fail, suffer
l/r, out; Xfirrav, to leave. a pastoral poem. (L. Gk.) L. ecloga (the F. word was tglogue}.-* Gk. Gk. K\oyri, a selection, csp. of poems. (K\(jfiv, to choose out ; see Eclectic. L. Formerly (F. Gk.) M. F. acottomie.^'L. cecotiomia. acdnouiy. Gk. olKovopia, management of a houseGk. Gk. ot/foyo/zoj, a steward. hold. and vtntw, to oiVo-, for oZ/fos, a house

eclipse.

Gk.

Educate. (L.) From L. educatus, pp. of edttcdre, to educate; allied to L. L, e, out ; ducere, fdiicere, to bring out.
to bring.

Eclogue,

educe.

(L.)

L. educere, to biing out.

Economy.

Der. eduction (from pp. educt-ns}. Dn. Eel. (E.) M.E. el. A.S. <?/. a/, Icel. dl^ Dan. ##/, Swed. ^/, G. ##/.

Teut. type *'loz.

deal out.

O. F. exEcstasy. ^F.-L.-Gk.) tane (H.X Late L. ecstaws, a trance. Gk. K(TTaffis, displacement; also, a tiance. Gk. K, out crracriy, a standing, allied
;

Eery, timid, affected by fears, melancholy, strange. (E ) Seejamieson. M.E. spelt eri arj, ark, are}, arje, erje, timid A. S. earg, carh^ in Cursor Mundi, 1 7685. Cf. Icel. argr^ ragr\ timid, cowardly. G. arg\ Du. erg, bad. Efface. (F.-L.) F. fffaeer.-Y. ef;

to terra/xai, I stand.

(L. f/- t for ^JT, out) ; and/<ir^, fiom FolkL. *facia (for L. faciem, ace. of fades),
face.

Ecumenical,
clftovntviKos,
i^sc.

general.

(L.

Gk.)

Late L. acfunenicits\ with

universal.
777),

suffix -al.

Gk.

See Face. Effect. (F.-L.)

L.
effect tini y ace.

A
of

Y.

effect

^.efftf).
effect.

Gk.

olicovfjLtvrj

effect us ^

an

inhabited world, fern, of L. effeetus, pp. of efficere, to work out. L. /"-, for <?#, thoroughly facere, to do. olxovfjLcvos, pres. pt. pass, of oitctaj, I inhabit. 611. Gk. ottos, a house. Brugm. i. Effeminate. (L.) From pp. of L. Eczema, a breaking-out of pustules on effeminare^ to make womanish. L. <?/"-, ior ex, thoroughly; femina, a woman. the skin. (Gk.) Gk. Cf/ia, a pustule.
the
;

Gk.

K^tv,

to boil over.

Gk.

c/c,

out;

See Feminine.

ff<j/, to boil.

See Yeast.

Effendl,
;

sir,
sir.

master.

(Turkish

Gk.)

Eddy.
Icel. zda,

(Scaml.)
;

M.E. ydy

an eddy, whirlpool Swed. dial, ida, id&, Dan. dial, ide, an eddy. Perhaps foimed from Goth, id- (prefix), Icel. id-, A. S. cdCf. Brugm. i. backwards. 574. Edge. i,E.) M. E. egge. A. S ecg, an edge, border. -fDu. egge, Icel. Swed. egg, Dan. eg, G. ecke. Teut. type *agja. Cf. L. aties, Gk. d/y, a point, Skt. acri~, edge,
whirl about
y

(-itfy}. cf. ida, to

Turk, efendi,

Mod. Gk.

d<f>&rr)s, for

Gk. avOtvTrjs, a despotic master, Authentic.

ruler; see

Effervesce.

(L.)

L.^fc-wttw.-L.

^-j for ex, out ; fentcscere, to begin to boil, inceptive vtferuere, to boil. L. effetHS, Effete, exhausted. (L.)

weakened by having
L.
ef-j

bi

for

corner.

(^AK )
eatable.
;

brought forth ; 361 (Brugm. i.

ex, out ; fetus, that allied to L. fuT, I

;

ought forth young. has

was

ii.

587).

Edible,

L. edere, to eat

Late L. edibilis. (L.) see Eat.

Edict. (L.) L. edittuni, neut. of pp. of edicere, to proclaim. L. e, out; duere, (below). From stem of pres. to speak. efficient. (L.) O. F. edificr. - L. pt. of efficcre, to effect ; see Effect. Edify. (F.-L.) F. effisic.-l*. cffiL. tirdificare, to build (hence, instruct). Effigy. (F.-L.) *#-, stem of ^rffe, a building, orig. a giem, ace. of effigies, an image. L. effig-, hearth Der. base of effingere, to form. L. ef- for ex t -fie-, for facere, to make. See Figure. out \fingere, to form. edifiie, F. ^dtjicc, L. adtjiciutn, a building; Efflorescence. (F.-L.) F. efflore^/<?, L. cedilist a magistrate who had the care of public buildings. Brugm. i. 202. scence, lit. 'a flowering.' From L. effloEdition. (F.-L.) O.F. edition (H.).- resce re, inceptive form of efflorere, to L. Iditioneni) ace. of editio, a publishing. blossom out.-L. ef-**ex, out ; jtorere, to L. editus, pp. of ectere, to give out, publish. blossom. See Floral. L. <?, out ; dare, to give. Der. #/, a Effluence, a flowing. (L.) From the
;

Efficacy, force, virtue. (L.) L. effiL. efficac-, stem of catia, effective power. L. ejficere, to effect ejfpcax, efficacious.

EFFORT
L, ef~> pres. pt. of ejfluere, to flow out. for ex, out ; Jluere, to flow. See Fluent.
(eider-fowl),
dial.

ELASTIC
ad.

Swed. ejder; and Per. eider- down, Icel.

cf.

Swed.

ceftardfyn.

Effort. (F.-L) F. effort, an effort; verbal sb. from F. s'efforcer, to endeavour. Med. L. exfortiare, to use foice. L. See Force. ex, out ; forti-s, strong.

Eight.
eahta.

+ Du.

^A

Swed.

M. E. eight}. A. S. (E.) acht, Icel. <2//a, Dan. ^//^, atta, Goth, ahtau, G. #<:///; Irish

Effrontery. (F.-L.)
t

XVIII
'
;

cent.

F. effronterie, Cot. impudency - O. F. ef- (I,. effrontt, shameless. ef~, for ex) out front, face, foi ehead (as if putting forward the Cf. F. forehead). of-franter, to oppose face to face. See

0. F.

Front.

Effulgent,

bright.
;

(L.)

From stem

of pres. pt, of L. effulgere, to shine forth. -L. ef-, foiex, out fulgerc, to slime. Effuse. (L.) L. effmus, pp. of effunL. ef-, foi ex, out dere, to pour out.
"

Gael. ^^^, W. wyth, L. ^(?, Gk. OKTW, Pers. /^j///, Zend ^/^, Skt. ashtau. Der. eigh-teen, A. S. Idg. type *^/<?(). cahtatene, eahtatyne , eigh-ty, A. S. (hund^eahtatig; eigh-th, A. S. eahtofta. In Shak. Eisel, vinegar. (F.-L.) M. E. eisel, eisil, aisil. Q. F. aisil, eisil, also a/j ?', vinegar (Godefroy). Aisil appeais to be a dimin. form of aisi. Late L. aclttis, bitter; closely related to L. acetum,
1
1

vinegar.
e<.id,

The Goth
csiig, is

G.

due
a

akcit, vinegar, A. S. to Late L. acTtum or

L. acetutn.

fundere, to pour. (0, the oval body whence chickens, &c. are hatched. (Scand.) M. K. eg, pi.

Eisteddfod,
bards.
gress.

congress

of (Welsh)

Egg

(W.)

^j.-Icel. A. S. *g ( =

egg,

Dan. ag, Swed. agg E. <y/) Du. ei, G. */.

;

W. Either.

\\.ehtedclfod, a sitting, coneistedd, to sit. M. K. either, aither. (L.)

Prob. allied to Irish ugh, Gael. wM, W. w/, L. duuni, Gk. wuy, egg. Brugm. i.

A. S. tfgper^ contracted form of cfghwccper.

Comp.

309
cggen.

(2).
(2), to instigate.

Egg

(Scand.)

M.

K.

of a-gi-hivtefer; where aye, gi (for^?-) is a prefix, and hwafer whether. -f-Du. ieder, G.jedcr, O. H. G. eohwedar. Ejaculate, to jerk out an utterance.

Icel. egg, \^z\.eggja, to goad on an edge (point). See Edge. F. Eglantine, Eglantine. (F.-L.) M. F. ajglantine, aiglantier, sweet-briar. O. F. aiglant, the same. L. type

(L.) out.

From
t~,

L.

pp. of L. eiaiulari, to cast out, iaculuw, a missile, from

L.
t'leitare,

lacere, to cast.

eject.

(.L.)

L. acu-s^ *acvlent-us, prickly (not found). a needle; -lentus (as in uiru-hntus). Cf. L, acukus, a puckle, dimin. of acus. See

of L. eicere, to cast out. to cast

frequentative L. e } out iacere,

;

Eke (0> to augment. O. Merc, ccan, A. S.

Teut. type ^aukjan-,
Icel.
cf.

(E.)
Tecati,

M.E.
;

weak
str.

Aglet.

0/AK.) Egotist, Egoist,

weak

vb.

eken. vb. allied to

vb.
;

person. (L.) Cf. F. tgoiste (A. D. 1755). 1.

a self-opinionated Coined from L. ego, I see

;

anka, Goth, aukan (neuter),

(2),

L. augere. (-y^AUGw.)

eke
L. 4^?-

albo.

(E.)

Brugm. i. 635. M. E. eek, eke.

Egregious,
WJr, a flock.

excellent.

(L.)

^/-wj", chosen out of a flock, excellent ; with suffix ~ous. L. t7, out; greg- t stem of

out. (L.) L.egressiu. L. egress us, pp. of egi'edi, to go out. L. /, out gradi, to go. Egret, the lesser white heron. (F. O. H. G.) M. F. egrette, aigrette, dimin. of a form *aigre (whence also Prov. aigrQ.H.(jt. on, O. F. hair-on, E. her-0ri). See Heron. heigir^ heiger, a heron. M. K. ey. Cf. A. S. ! interj. (E.)
;

Egress, a going

A. S. eac. 4-Du. ook, Icel. w^, Swed. och All fiom (and), Dan. og (and;, G. aiuh. the Teut. base atik- above. Elaborate. (L.) L. elaboratus, pp. oi elaborare, to labour greatly. L. e, out,
laborare, to work, from labor-, greatly stem of labor, labour. Eland, a S. African antelope. (Du. - G. - Lith.) Du eland, an elk. - G. elend.
;

Lithuan. tlnis, an elk. hind, Russ. olene, a stag.

Cf.

W.

elain, a

See $lk.

Eh

ea\ Du. he! G. ei

.eh!

to glide away. (L.) From L. L. e, elapsus, pp. vielabi, to glide away. away ; labi, to glide.

Elapse,

Eider-duck.
duck
like
is

(Swed. om/E.)

TheE.
;

here added to the Swed. spelling of Icel. a$r, an eider-duck (& pronounced

whence Dan. ederfugl

(Gk.) Formerly elastick. *lAao"T^oy, propulsive, coined from I drive (fut. cAder-a;), Cf. Gk. also k\ar-fipj a driver.

Elastic.

Gk. Gk.

163

ELATE
Elate,
lifted up.
lifted

ELL
,

up, proud. (L.) Ti,. flatus, L. e, out lotus, used as pp. of

;

a distich (of lament). a lament. Der. elegi~ac.

Gk.

ferre, but allied to tollere, to lift. Elbow, the bend of the arm. (E.) M.E. elbowe, A. S. elboga, also eln-boga.
'

Element.

(F.-L.)
first

O. F. element.*-

L. elementnm, a

principle.

A. S. eln, signifying ell,' orig. ' arm 3 elyphaunt, 0hfaunt.~O. F. ohfant, ele~ and boga, a bow, a bending (see Bow). fant. L. elephant em, ace. of elephas. A. S. eln is allied to Goth, aleina, a cubit, Gk. \^>ay, an elephant. Origin unknown; W. elm, Irish uile, L. #/#, Gk. w\ci/ij, some compare Heb. eleph, an ox. Skt. aratni-, the elbow. See Ell.+Du. Elevate. (L.) From pp. of L. elcuare, L. e, out; leuare, to lighten, elle-boog, Icel. oln-bvgi, Dan. al-bue, G. to lift up. See Levity. ellen-bogen. lift, from leuis, light. M.E. */&, old Eleven. (E.) M. E. enleuen. A. S. Eld, old age. (E.) O. Merc. rf7*/<?j old age from ald^ en(d}leofan, cndhifon O. Northumb. age old. Cf. A. S. ieldu,yldn from <?#/o?, old. eeliefne.+T)\L. elf, Icel. elhfu, Dan. elleve, Dan. <y/<fc. See Old. Swed. elfva, Goth. ////, G. -flcel. elli ^, O. li. G. elder (i), older. (E.) Both as adj. einlif, p. A compound of Teut. *am- 9 and sb. O. Merc, celdra (A. S. yldrd], one; and -//- = Lithuan. -/?/&^ (in vcnoLith. ~hka perhaps means* elder, adj.; comparative of aid (A. S. lika, eleven).
; ;
; ;
;

Elephant. (F.-L. -Gk.^

M.E.

cf. L. remaining linquere, to leave. O. Meic. aldesta (A, S. Brugm. ii 175. Elf. (E.) M. E. elf. O. Merc. #.+ yldcsta), superl. of aid(A.&. eald}, old. Elder (2), a tree. (E.) The ^ is excre- Icel. alfr, Dan. alf\ also G. a//, a nightscent. M.E. <?//*;-. A. S. <?//, ella:rn.<\- mare. Der. elf"in, adj., for *elf-en\ but Low G. elloorn. ^f Distinct from <7/kr. prob. suggested by the M. E, gen. pi. Elecampane, a plant. (L.) A. s. chene of elves (in the Southern dialect) and trom pp. eolone, elene, perverted from L imila Elicit, to coax out. (L.) M.F. enule-campane (Cot.) L. inula cam- of L. eticere, to draw out by coaxing.

'

ttz/of),old.

eldest.

(E.)

pana, elecampane. Here campdna prob. L. e, out means wild, growing in the fields; from Lace.
L. camptis, a field. Elect, chosen. (L.) ligere,to choose out. to choose.

lacere,

to

entice.

And

see

Elide.
L. chctus, pp. of

(L/)
;

L.

e,

out

Itedere, to

L. slide i e, to strike out. dash. Der. ehs-zon

L.

e,

out;

/egcre,

(from pp. 8lis-us}.

Eligible. (F.-L.)
Coined from L.

F.^/i^^.-Med.
L. Shgere,

Electric. (L.-Gk.)

electrum, amber, which has electric proGk. fiXfKTpov, amber, also shinperties. ing metal; allied to ^A.*rcup, gleaming. Electuary, a kind of confection. (F.

L. ehgibihs, fit to be chosen. to choose out ; see Elect.

-L.-Gk.)
future,
rntfftj

E. ?etuarie.-O.Y. IceLate L. elect uaelectftrium, a medicine that dissolves

Eliminate. (L.) From pp. of L. eliminare, to thrust out of. L. e, foith; See limin-, stem of Rmen, a threshold.
Limit.

M.F.

electuatre.-*

Elision ;
Elixir.
for

see Elide.

mouth. Perhaps for *e(c}lict-arium, from Gk. $K\eiKT6v, an electuary, from

in the

Med. L. elixir Arab, el ikiir, the philosopher's stone, where el is esp. a sort of powder (JDevic)
(Ar.-Gk.)
\
;

ete\fixiv t to lick A.t'xi', to lick.

out.

Gk.

cr,

out,

Eleemosynary,
(Late L.

relating

to

alms.

Late L. eleemosyndrnis, an almoner; from eleemosyna, alms. Gk. See Alma. i\frjfjioffvvrj pity, alms.
Gk.)
y

Gk. typiov, dry powthe definite article. der, or rjpuv t diy (residuum) . Elk, a kind of deer. (G.) Prob. adapted from M. H. G. elch, an elk ; O. H. G. claho. Russ. Cf, Icel. clgr, Swed. elg, an elk
;

L.) (F. L. Slegant-, stem of elegans^ Ell. (E,^ M. E. elle, elne. A. S. el^n, L. e, out; /<?-, base of a cubit, -f Du. e/le, d\ Icel. alin, the arm neat. tasteful, from the elbow to the tip of the middle legere, to choose.
elegant,

Elegant,

choice, neat.

M.F.

olene, a stag; L. alces, Gk. d\/crj (HisFound in A. S. as elch* elh. tory obscure.)
t

M.

Elegy,
F.

fern,

a funeial ode. (F.- L.-Gk.) finger Swed. aln, Dan. alen, Goth, aleitja, Gk. \7ta, G. elle ell L. ulna, elbow, cubit ; Gk, L. elegia. elbow. Lll -- el- in el-bow, sing., an elegy; orig. neut, pi. of
;

clegic.

ELLIPSE
Ellipse. (L.-Gk.)
L.
ellipsis,

EMBERS

Formerly ellipsis. mad-, base of macies, leanness ; cf. macer, a defect, an lean. Emanate. (L ) From L. Smanatits^ also, an oval figure, ellipse of a word because its plane forms with the base of pp. of emdndre, to flow out. L. <?, out; the cone a less angle than that of a para- mdndre, to flow. Gk. \\fiirw, to leave in, leave bola. Emancipate. (L.) From pp. of L. behind. Gk. i\-, for lv, in; \f'nrtv to emaneipare, to set fiee. L. e, out; matt" Der. cipdre, to transfer pioperty. L. manap-, leave, cognate with L. hnquere. stem of man-ceps, lit. one who takes proelliptic, adj., Gk. k\\airriK6s. Elm, a tree. (E.) A.S. elm.+O. II. G. perty in hand or receives it. L. man-its, Land capere, to take. tf/w cf. Icel. dlmr, Dan. a/w, Swed. aim also L. ulmus (whence G. uline, Du. olm). Emasculate, to deprive of virility.

Gk,

Hh\et\f/i$,

From L. elocutio(L.) L. ace. of elocutio, clear ulteiauce. L. elocutus, pp. of eloqul, to speak out.

Elocution.
out

(L.)

From

nem,

away from
culine.

pp. of L. emasculdre. masculus, male. See

}-,.

e,

Mas-

<?,

loqul, to speak. EloigtL, Eloin, to

;

Eloquent. Embargo. (Span.") Span, embargo, remove and keep an arrest, a stoppage of ships lit. a putCf.
;

at

a distance,

to

withdraw.

(F.

L.)

ting
prefix a bar.

bar in

the way.
to

O. F. esloigner, to remove, keep away O. F. es, away, (Law L. exlongdre). king (F. loin), far off. L. ex, away; See Long. longe, adv. far off. Elope. (A. F. Scand.) A. F. aloper, !o run away (from a husband see N. E, D.) A. F. a- prefix (perhaps for O. F. es~, away, as in E. a-basti) and M. E. lopen, to run (Cath. Anglicum), from Icel. hlaupa, p. Or from cognate with E. Leap. M. E. ajop-en, pp. of alt pen, to escape;
;
. ;

em- ( = Lat. in} from Span, barra, See Bar, Barricade. Embark. (,F. Late L.) F. cmbarLate L. imbarcdrc, to put in a quer.
baik.
see

*imbarricare,

bar

in.

Late L. type Formed with

L.

/;//-

(for iii}, in

barca,& bark

Bark

(i).

F. embar(F. Span.) rasser, to perplex ; lit. to hinder, put a bar in one's way. Span, embarazar, the
for z;n, in;
;

Embarrass.

from A.
to leap.

S. a-,

same. Span, em- (L. im-, away, and hlcapan, to ruu, barra, a bar. Cf. Embargo
(F.

M. E. eloquent. O. F. ambassee\ L.) L. eloquent-, stem of cf. M. F. embassade, Ital. imba^ciata, weakAll from Late pres. pt. of eloqztl, to speak out 01 cleaily. ened form of ambasciata. L. ambasciata, sb., orig. fem. of pp. of L. e, out loqut, to speak. Else, otherwise. (E.) A. S. elles, adv. ambascidre, to send on a mission, from stem *aljo-, signifying other,' as in Goth. ambascia, a mission. See Ambassador. jest-, allied to L. Embattle, to furnish with battlealjis, other. 4- Swed. el M. E. embattelen. - O. F. The suffix -es marks ments. (F.) alias, and to Alien. cm- (L. im-, for in- t prefix); and O. F. the gen. case, neuter. Elucidate. (L.) From pp. of Late L. bastiller. to fortify. See Battlement. L. e, out, very Embellish. (F.-L.) M. E. embecluciddre, to make clear. See Lucid. /issen.~Q.]f. embeliss-, stem of pros. pt. lucid-us, lucid, clear. Elude, to avoid slily. (L.) L. eludere of embellir, to beautify. O. F. cm- (L. and bcl fair. See Belle. L. e, out in) (pp. efasus], to mock, deceive. Der. elus-ory, fiom the ludere, to play. Ember-days. (E.) M. E. ymber, A. S. ymbren-, prob. as in ymber-weke. pp. Elysium, a heaven. (L. Gk.) L. from ytnbryne, a circuit, or period the Gk. T)\vatov, short for r)\vaiov ember-days are days that recur at each of efystum. the four seasons of the >ear. The A.S. vttiiov, the Elysian field (Od. 4. 563). Em-, prefix. (F. -L.) F. <?w-<L. im~ ymb-ryne is lit. 'a running round.' A. S. and Hence em- ymb, lound ( = G. ///;/, Gk. d/u^t) (for in), in, before b and /. Prob. balm, to anoint with balm; em-bank, to ryne, a run, course; see Bun. em- confused with L. quatuor tempora, four enclose with a bank, cast up a bank seasons whence G. quatember. body, to invest with a body, &c. Emaciate. (L.) From pp. of L. Embers, ashes. (E.) M. E. emeres. maciare t to make thin. L. ?, very; A.S. icmyrgcan, embers; A.S. Leech-

Eloquent.
;

Embassy, a mission. A modification of C.)

(F.

and Bar. Late L.

O. F. eloquent.

'

162

EMBEZZLE
doms, iii. 30 (rare). 4- Icel. eimyrja, Dan. emmer, Swed. morja, O. H. G. eimurja, sb. ember. Cf. Icel. eim-r, vapour = piov. E. ome ( A. S. *ant), vapour. Embezzle, to filch. (F.) A. F. en;

EMIT
F. embrasure, an (F.) M. F. embraser, aperture with slant sides. to slope the sides of a window. O.F.ixv(L. ?w),in; M. F. braser, 'to skue, or ' chamfret ; Cot. (Of unknown origin.) Embrocation, a fomenting. (F. F embrocation. Med. Late L. Gk .) L. embrocatus, pp. of embrocare, to foment. Gk. ipppoxhi a fomentation. Gk. 4/xGk. ifj.-~iv, in; /w x iv > to soak in. @px*w, to wet, soak.

Embrasure.

(A. D. 1404). L. in-, prefix) and O. F. besillier, to maltreat, destroy, apparently from O. F. bes- (Late L. bis-, used as a Cf. O. F. besil, illpejorative prefix).
besiler, to

make away with

(for

O. F. en-

treatment, torture and see Bezzle in the N. E. D. ^f Certainly influenced, in the 1 6th cent., by a supposed etymology from iinb&ill) to weaken, an obsolete verb formed from the adj. imbecile, q v.
;

Embroider.
Broider.
broider.

Cf.

From Em- and (F.) O. F. embroder, to em-

Embroil.
to

F. emblemc. L. emblema. Gk. ffjL0\7]fia t a Gk. tp-, for thing put on, an ornament. on ; 0d\\fiv t to throw, to put. See li>, in,

Emblem.

(F.-L.-Gk.)

M.

confuse.
cf.

brouiller,

From F. embrouiller, F. em- (L. im-, foi in) ; to confuse. See Broil (2) ;
(F.)
(F.

and

Imbroglio.
Gk.)

Belemnite.
the produce of sown lands, crops which a tenant may cut after the determination of his tenancy. (F. L.) O. F. cmblaement, haivcst. O. F. cmblacr, emblader (F. emblavcr\, to sow with corn. Late Lat. imblddare, to sow.

Emblements,

M.F. embryon. Gk. fifipvov, bryon. the embryo, fcetus Gk. c/i- = ^, within ftpvov, neut. of pres. pt. of /3/>vt>, to be full of, swell out. Emendation. (L.) Coined from the pp. of L emenddre, to free from fault.
;

Embryo.

Formerly cm-

a green gem. (F.-L. - Gk.) M. E. emeraude. Q. F. esmeraude (Span. L. smacarried away (F. ble}. also e^meragde. esmeralda) - G1O Gk. apaO. F. ragdwn, ace. of smaragdus. Embolism. (F. emboliwie L. embolismus. Gk. l/^/3o- /xrySoSj an emerald. Cf. Skt. marakata-^ an mteicalation or insertion of an emerald. \ifffji6s, Gk. eyu, foi 4v, days, to complete a period. Emergfe* to rise from the sea, appear. in L tmergere, to rise out of water. &d\\tiv, to cast cf. e/ijSoA.?;, an inser- (L.) tion. L. e, out mergere, to dip see Merge, Embonpoint, plumpness of person. Emerods ; see Hemorrhoids. L F. embonpoint, plumpness. (F. Emery, a hard mineral (F. Ital. For en bon point, in good case. L. in, Gk.) XVII cent. Formerly emertl in bonum, neut. of bonus, good punc- F. twcri M.F. emenl, csmeriL Ital.
L. im- (for *), in; Late L. bladum L. ablatum, a crop, corn, lit. 'what is
1

1,. e,

free

from

mendum, menda^

fault.

Emerald,
;

-L

lum,

point.
(i), to

Emboss
work.
prefix
;

smengho.
adorn with bosses or
L.

Gk. a^pts,
(L.

Emetic.
/zTt/fos,
;

Gk.^

apvpLS, emery. L. emcticus.

raised

(F.

and

G.)

From Gk.
I

causing sickness.

Gk.

f/^cu,

Em-,

and Boss.

vomit

see

Vomit.
(L.)

(2), to take shelter, or drive to shelter in a wood, &c. (F. LateL) F. embosqiier, to shroud in a wood. O. F. em- (L. in), O. F. bosc, a wood; ; see Bouquet.

Emboss

Emigrate.
migi'are, to

From
see

migrare, to wander forth.

pp. of L. sL. <?, out ;

wander

Migrate.
(L.)

Embouchure.
chttre,

(F.-L.)

Ic.embou-

or opening (of a river). F. cmboitcher,\.Q put in or to the mouth. L. in, in, F. bouche, from bucca, the

the

mouth

mouth.

Embrace.

(F.-L.)

O. F. embracer,

to grasp in the arms. O. F. em-, for en (L. in) ; and brace, the grasp of the arms; see Braes.

L. eminent-, stem of pies. pt. vicminere, to project, L.t7 out *minere, to project ; for excel. which cf. im-minent,pro-minenl. Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab. amir, a nobleman, prince. Aiab. root amara, he commanded. Der. admir-aL Emit, to send forth. (L.) L. emittere, I*. e, out; to send forth; pp. ftuisfits.

Eminent, excellent.
,
;

mittere, to send. ary, from the pp.

Der. cmiss-ion, emiss*

EMMET
amote.
ant.

ENCHANT

E. emete, an ant.-f G. ameise, O. H. G. dmciza, or ameiza, an

ant.

Emmet,
A.

an

(E.)

Empty,

void. (E.)

M.E.4*//fe". A.S.

S. iemette, or amctte,

Doublet,

ant.

Emmew;
emollient.

seeEnew.

Emollient, softening. (F.L.) M.F. L emollient-, stemofpres. pt.

;

A. S. limtig) temetig) lit. full of leisure. f?//0, tewetta, leisure, older form ^w^/ (Epin. Glos. 680). Perhaps icmetta is for *iinotjon-^ from <^-, prefix, privative, and w^/, a meeting for business.
pertaining Adjectives Gk.) coined from L. empynr-us, Gk. */jnrvpcues, extended from c/i-Tru/w, exposed to fire. Gk. fi- = e*/, in nvp fire see Fire. Emeu! a biid. (Port.) Port. ema, an ostnch. From pp. of L. Emulate. (L.) L. temulus i tfimtlari) to try to equal.
to elemental
fire.

Empyrean, Empyreal,
(L.

L, e, out, very of emollire, to soften mollire, to soften, from molli-s, soft.

Emolument, gam. ^F.-L.) O.K. emolument. L. eniolumentum* what is gained by labonr. L.emJ/irf, to work out,
L. c out, greatly mdliri^ to accomplish. work, from moles, heap, also effoit. ^f So but the short vowels usually explained in -molii- suggest a derivation from enio, ;

Emu,

striving to equal.

lere, to

gnnd thoroughly.
(L
)

L ituperatorem, ace. of i?n~ empercor. L. itnpaare, to rule. pcrator, a ruler L. tm- 'for in-}, upon, over parare, to make ready, order. Der. empr-ess. Emphasis, stress of voice. L. Gk.) Gk. e></>tt<r<y, a declaration, L. emphasis.
;
(

Coined from L, ftnotiis, pp. of emoitcre, to move away or much. L. e, out, much mouere, to move. Emperor, a ruler. (F. -L.) O. F.
,

Emotion.

Emulsion,
L.)

M.F.
;

a milk -like mixture, (F. emulsion formed from L.

; y

cmuh-ns^ pp. of emitlgerc, to milk out. L. e, out mulgcre to milk ; see Milk. F.^w-.-L. in-, JhL-i prefix. (F.-L.) in sometimes used with a causal force, as
;

emphasis
Fo/zm,
I
(j>aivofj.ai }

appearance. Gk. f^aiGk. c/j.- (h\ in; appear. I appear, whence <f>acris, an
orig.
;

See Em-. In Shak.-F. en, in (L in^ ; and Act. Lit. ' to put in act.' Enamel, vb. ( F. - O. H. G. ) M. E. F. enatriamatle, sb., enamelen, vb. melUr, enamailler, vb. F. en (L. m), on ;
en-case, en-chain, Sec.

Enact. (F.-L.)

Limaile, for

\malto]

appearance see Phase. Der. emphatu from (rk. hnj>antc6s, significant. Empire. lF. L.) M. empire. L. impenum, command. L. mi- (tn-} upon,
y

See Smalt
to

O. F esmail, enamel ( = Ital. from O. Low G smalt (Lubben).

Enamour.

(F.-L.)

O.F.enamorer,

over

ready, order. Empiric, a quack doctor. ( b L. M. F. cmpiriquc. L. empirinu. Gk.) also one of Gk. tfAiTetpiKiis^ experienced a certain set of physicians. Gk e/*- = cv,
;

parim\

to

make

inflame with love. F. en amour, in love; where F. en is fiom L, in, in, and amour fiom L. <icc. anwrem^ love. Coined fiom en(F. en, L hence 'to in} and <.amp\ form into a camp.' See Camp.

Encamp. (F.L;

in; iTtipa. ( *7T/)ta), a tiial, experience, allied to tropo?, a way, and to li. i'are.

Cf. F. encauser, ' to put into a case Cot.-F. en, in (L. in^ and M.F. caisse, casse, a case; see
' ; ;

Encase. (F.-L)
(2).

Brugm.

i.

293.
(F.

Case

employer, to employ. L. implicdre, to implicate (in Late L., to use for, employ). L. ini- for in-\ in plicare, to fold see Implicate,
)
\

Employ.
;

M.F.

Encaustic, relating in. L. (F. Gk) F.

CHcattsticut.

to designs burnt

Imply.

burning in. See Calm.

Gk. Gk.

('yrcavffTtfcos,

lv }

L. encausfique. relating to in j Kaiu, I burn.

Emporium,
emponutn.
merce,
e/jLiropos,

a mait.
(/4Tr6piov,

Gk

rL.-Gk.) L. a mart; neut. of

c/trro/ua,

Enceinte,
ccinte.

pregnant. (F.

-L )

F. fn-

epnopios, commercial.

Gk.

com-

a
;

Gk.

6jU-

- L ) M. E. enterprise (F. O. F. emprise emprise orig. fern, of cmpris, pp. of O. F. emprendre, to take in Emprise,
L
;

Iv, in

traveller, merchant. TTO^O?, a way ; see Fare.

Late L. incincta, ungirt, said of a pregnant woman, fern, of pp. of cingere, to gird, with neg. prefix in-, ^f Isidore explains Late L. incincta as meaning
'

ungirt'; so also

Enchant.
charm.
L.
iti-,

hand.
take.

im-

(in-},

in; prehendere , to

incinta (Florio), F enchanter, to L. incantare, to repeat a chant. upon ; and cantdre, to sing see
Ital.

(F.-L.)

See

Comprehend.

Cant

(i

i.

ENCHASE
Enchase.
'
;

ENEW
;

M. F. enchasser, *and-/oz. Cf. O. Irish /</, Skt. (F.-L.) ' Cot. Hence end, limit, ^f Hence the prefixes ante-, to nchace or set in gold F. en, in (L. iii} and chasse anh-, an- in an-swer. to emboss. see (F. fAdste\ the same as caue, a case Endeavour, to attempt. (F. - L.) Case (2). Coined fiom the M.E. sb. dcver, devoir, ** L. Encircle. (F. L.) From En- and duty, with P. piefix entii}. Circle. Compare the old phrase to do his dever* =^to do his duty (Ch. C. T. 2598) see Encline. (F. LO M. E. enchmn.
;
(

O.F. encliner.~\^ inclinare; see Incline.

t

Devoir

Enclitic.

(Gk

)
;

Gk.

iyK\tTitc6s, en-

Endemic,
Gk. Gk.
|

chning, dependent used of a \\ord which 7 its Gk 'leans accent upon another. Gk. ev, tytcKivfiv, to lean upon, enchne.

(vbrjfji-os,

!v, in;

peculiar to a district. (Gk,) belonging to a people. 5^/x(j, a people; see DemoN

cracy.
F. endive Endive, a plant (F. L. dtal. endivid}. } at. type *"intibea, adj.; fiom L intibiis^ intubus, endive. Endogen, a plant that grows from within. (Y. F. endogene (1813). Gk.) From Gk. Ivfo-v, within; 7fy-, base of

on; K\ivfiv, to lean; see

Lean

(i).

Enclose.
Close
(i).

Fiom En- and (F.-L.) Cf. A. F. endos, pp. of cnGk.^

of

clorre, to shut in.

Encomium, commendation. (L.

Latinised
cyic&fiuos
el',

fiom Gk.
reveliy.

^/ftOfuov,

neut

laudatory, full of revelry.

again.
(F.
still,

Gk.

yiyvonat,
0.
1^.

in

icwfJLos,

I am born, allied to ytvos, race. Endorse. (KL.) Formerly endosse.

,

Encore,
sec

L.)

(=* Ital. aurora),

again

F. encore L. hanc
this,

en,

hotamiior in hanc horam, to

hour,
en-

Hour.

^[

Somewhat
vb.

disputed.

Encounter,

(F.-L)

O.F

cont? er, to meet in combat. F. en, in; L. zw, in; contra, against contre, against.

wdossd to put on the back of F. on dos, the back, from L donum, the back f \\luncc the spelling \\ith 1 r). Endow. (I L.) A.F. endowcr From 1\ en- and dotter.^\ J 111-, m, and dot are, to give a dowiy, fiom dot-, stem
;
4

of

Encourage.
rage.

(F.

-L

</<n,

from F. en (L. in} and

F, encouragcr; see Coucottrage

)
,

Endue

a dowry; cf dare, to giNe.

(0, to erdow

other spelling of endow,

XV

(F.-L.)
cent.

AnO. F.

Encrinite,
(Gk.)
lily
;

the

<

stone

'

lily
c*',

Encroach. (F. L aw*/ Tent.) Lit to hook away, catch in a hook. O.I*. encrochiet to seize upon. F en in; croc, a hook cf. F accrother, to hook tip. L
,
y

Cointd from Gk. with suffix -ITTJS.

in

a fossil. Kpivov, a

endoer (later endoncr^ to endow (BurguyVi L. in, in; and dot a re, to endow; see above ^f Confused both with O. F. enJune, to intioduce (fiom L. indut\re), and with Endue (2) below.

Endue
with
clothe.

(2\ to
;

clothe. (L.)
'

corrupto

tion of indue

as in

endue thy ministers

L.

righteousness.'

mdwre,

in, in;

and M. Du. kioke,

Icel. krokr, &rc.

see

Crook.

Encumber.

(F.-L.?)

O.F. wr<?w-

and see above. Endure. (F.-L.) M.E. enduren.F. cndttrer.~f. en (L. iii} and durer
See
(2)
;

Indue

Late L. in(a way). combrare, to obstruct. in-, in; and Late L. combnis, an obstacle. See

/Wr, to block up

Cum-

See Dure. (L. ditrarc], to last. L) M. E. enemi. (,K O.F. c?icwt.~Ij. inimlnis, unfriendly.

Enemy.

ber.

L.
circular, said of a letter

Encyclical,
sent

in, not; awims, amaie, to love.

friendly,

from L.

round (ecclesiastical). From Gk. iyK\>K\L-os, ciicular (said of a letter) ; with suffix "C-al. ev, in ; KVK\O-S, a ciicle

Gk

fiom (a coined) Gk. *7tfvrAo7rai5e'a, for (yttvK\ios 7ra(8ta, circular (or complete) instruction from iyicvK\to$ (above), and
;

encyclopaedia. (L.~Gk.)

Latinised

Gk. h(pyia, vigour, Gk. 4r, Gk. Ivspyos, at \\oik. action in see "Work. tpyov, work From pp. of L. Enervate. (L^
Late
;

Energy.
1^

(F.

L.

Gk.)

Q.Y.energie.

ffiergfa.

tneruare, to deprive of neive or strength. L. e, out of; neruus, a nerve; see

TrcuScfa, instruction.

Nerve.

M.E. aide A.S. ende, (E.) sb.-f-Du. eindt) Icel. cndir, Sw. tuu/e, Dan. Teut. type ende, Goth, andet's, G. ende.

End,

sb.

Enew.
Shak.
;

L.) (F. Misspelt emmcw in lead cnew, to drive into the water. F. en, in ; A. F. ewe (F. w), \vater,

165

ENFEOFF
from L. aqua.
Cf.

ENSIGN
enhaucer, enhaucier, to lift (Ital. innalL. in; and Late L. attiare, to za>t).
lift,

O. F. enewer, to soak
fief.

in water ^Godefroy). Enfeoff, to endue with a

tF.-L.

O. H. G.) The spelling is Norman F. ; formed from F. en (L. in), in; and See JFief. fief, a fief. Enfilade, a straight line or passage. (F. F. enfilade, a long string (of L.)

and

things).

F. enF. enfiler, to thread. Enjoin, L. iniun(L. in), in; Jit, a thread, fiom IL.filiirn, joinare (i p. pres. enjoin-?), a thread. See Pile (i). gere^ to bid, ordain, orig. to join into. O. F. engager, to L. in, in ; iungcre, to join. See Join. L.) (F. F. en (L in), in; bind by a pledge. Enjoy, to joy in. (F. L.) M. E. enDer. dis- icien ( = enjoyeft] ; A. F. enioier. F. en Wtf, a pledge; see Gage. (L. i); O.F. toie, Y.joie; see Joy. engage. M. E. to breed. (F.-L.) Enlighten, vb. ;E. ; unth F. /; tL. O. F. fix) Coined with F. prefix en- (L. in\

Gk. aivtyfAa (stem aiviypar-) , a riddle, Gk. alvlffaoftat, 1 speak in dark saying. Der. Gk. afro?, a tale, story. riddles. enigmatic (from the stem). O.F. ento bid. (F.-L.)

Enigma.

from altus, high. Gk.) (L.

L.

<enigma.

Engage.

Engender,

cngemtrcn.

engendrer*

ingen-

L. in, in ; genera re, erdre, to produce. to breed, from gener- (for *genes-), stein See Genus of genus, a race, O. F. engin, a F. V L.)

from lighten, vb.

see

Lighten.

Engine.
;

G. ; list. (F. L. prefix ) Coined by piefixing with F. F. en (L m) to List (2).

Enlist,

to

enter

on a

tool.

an

L. ingeniutn, natural capacity, also, L. in, in; geni-, as in invention.

see

A. F. enemite

genius

Genius.
the Angles. CE ) A S. Engl-c, the Angle *; with suffix -zjr, S Angel-cynn, Angle kin
1

M. E. enmile. O. F. O. F. enami\he /). en- (L. in-), ncg. prefix ; and amistie t\

Enmity. (F.-L)
;

English, belonging to A.S linglisc, /Engine.

sEngl-e,
ish.
pi.,

amity; see Amity.

Ennui.
noyance
(V.
;

(F.

L.)
attoi.

Mod.
bee

F. ennui, an-

O. F.

Annoy.

Cf.

i^v/j Anglorum^ Engrailed, indented with curved lines; in heialdry 'F.-L and Tcut.) O. F. engresle, pp of engresler, to engrail (indent as \\ith hailstones \ O. F. en, in; greslc
F. grele\, hail. L. in, in ; and (perhaps; See Grail '3;. Gt.grics, grit. Engrain, Ingrain, to dye of a fast
colour.
(F.
'

great beyond measure. > c>rmed from enortn (obsolete) ; M. F. enonnc, huge. L. with suffix -oin. L. ^ out of; eno)tniS) out of rule, huge.

Enormous,
L)

nor ma, mle,

See Wormal.
(E.)

Enough.
pi

inohe, enoghe.

M, E. i;/*?//, enogh A.S genoh, %enog, pi.

L.)

M.E. engreynen,
fast colour.
;

to

and O. F. graine, 'the seed of heibs, also gram, wherewith cloth is died in- grain, scarlet die, scarlet ' in graine Cot. From Late L. grana, the cochineal 'berry* or insect; a fern. sb. formed fiom the pi. fgrand) vigranum, a
;

dye in grain, i.e. of a from F. en L. tn)

Coined

genoge, sufficient; allied to A.S. gcneah, it suffices. -f- 1 eel. gnogr, Dan. //^', Swcd. G. genng, Goth, ganohs. ^jf, Du. genoeg, The ^- is a prefix. Cf. L. namncT^ to obtain Cpp. nac-tus} Skt. <i^, to attain.
;

Enquire.
altered

from

M. E. enqncroi ; L.) enqnere to enquire, and later to

(

F.

gram.

inquire, under the influence of the L. form. L. inquTrere, O. F. enquo re, enqiter ir. L. z;f in to search into. quarere, to seek. Der. enquir-y, often turned into
,

and Grave

Engrave.
\

'f.
;

1)

and E.) From Enimitating O. F. engraver

inquiry,
()

enqucst

(now

inque^, from
M. E.

(from L. in and O. H. G. graban, graven, cognate with E. grave}.

Low G

F. enqucstc, L. inqutsTta (re^\^ a thing

CF. L.)

enquiied into.

Ensample.
A.

ensatnple.

to write in large letters, to The former L.) occupy wholly. 'F. legal) sense is the older. A. F. engrosser.

EngrOdS,

>

ensample, corrupt form viessample, L. exemplum, a sample, pattern. exeniple. L. &r, L. eximcre, to select a sample.
out
;

From F.
L.

in, in

en gro$$c,\. e. in large characteis. Late L. grossa, laige writing, ;

em ere,

to take.

from L. grossus, thick

Enhance, to raise, exalt, increase. - L.; A, F, enhauncer, a form of O, F. (Y.

1

more correctly enseigne, 'a sign, enLate L. insignia, Cot. Hgne, standard L. in pi. of L. insigne,*. standard.
'
;

Ensign.

(F.

L.)

Der. sample. O. F. cnngne,

66

ENSILAGE
remarkable.

ENVOY
Gk.
god.
Hi>0os, full of the

mark
Sign.

i.

e.

'

signum, a with a mark on it.' See

L.
in,

upon;

god, having a god

kv,

within,

inspired.

Gk.

in;

$tos,

Ensilage, the storing of grain, &c., L. and Gk.) (F. underground. Span. F. ensilage. Span, ensilar, to store up undeiground. Span en, in; silo, a pit
L. in, in; strits, borrowed from Gk. atpos, a pit for storing
for storing grain.

Entice.

(F.-L.)

M. E.

enticen.

O. F. enticier, enticher, to excite. Lat. type *intitiare, to kindle, set on fire.-L.

in",

and *titius, for titio, a firebrand. Cf. F. attiser, Ital. attizzare, to set on fire.

Entire. (F.-L

O.F.

entier,

whole.

grain.

O.F. ensu-, a Ensue. (F.-L.) stem of ensivre, to follow after Late L. inwquere, for L. jnsequt, to follow upon.
L. in,
cnsettrer.

L. integrum, ace. See Integer.

of integer, whole.

Entity,
with

being.

(L.)

suffix -ty,

from L.

enti-, decl.

coined word, stem of

on

Ensure, to make sure.

}?.
;

sequl, to follow. (F.

L.)

A. F.

en (L. in), in; and

O.F

scur, sure

see

Sure.

Obs. F (F. L.) Cot. entablature, 'an intablature [Cf. Ital. intavolatura, 'a planking,' Torriano; from mtavolare, to board/ tlorio ] Pro-

Entablature.
'

'

*eus, a thing, a being ; see Essence. (F. Gk.) Y.entomoFrom Gk. ii-ropo-v^ logie (A. D. 1764). an insect ; neut. of cnrofto-s, cut into, so called fi om the very thin middle part (see

Entomology.

Insect). Gk. iv, in; rtfjiviiv, to cut;, with suffix -Acrym, discourse, from \4yciv
9

to speak.

something laid flat,' and, though applied to the part of a building surmounting the columns, ong. applied to a L. in, upon; *tabupanel or flooring. lare, a verb formed from the bb. tabulaturn, boardwork, a flooring, from tabula, a plank see Table.
perly

"

now

Entrails, the inward parts. (F L) O. F. entraillc, intestines. Late L. intraha, also (more correctly) intranea, entrails L. interanea, entrails, neut. pi. of interaneus, inward, adj., from inter, within ^f The O. F. entraille was a fem. sing, made from a neut. pi.

to bestow as a heritage Entreat. (F. L.) Ong. to treat; (F. Ong. to conveit an estate \r\iofee~ then to treat with, beseech. O. F. entraiter, (feodum talhdtum, wheie talliatum to treat of. F. en (<L. ///,, in, concernmeans limited in a certain way). Irom ing F. traiter<\.. tractare, to handle

Entail,
'

L/) tail

'

F. en- (L. ?;/} and tailler (tallidre). In another sense we find M. E. entailen, to cut, F. cntailler, to carve, grave. carve. F. en- (L. in\, and tailler, to cut see ;

treat

see Treat.

Enumerate.

(IO

Tailor, Tail
q. v.

enumerare, to reckon up. L e, out, fully numerare, vb., fiom numeru^, number.

From pp

ot

L.

(2),

Tally.

Entangle;

fiom

En- and Tangle,

M.E. cntren. -O.F.

Enter. (F.-L.)

entrer L. intrare, to go into. L. ?;/, in; and *trarc, to go through (cf. pcnc-tiare and trans} allied to Skt. tara-> a passage. See Brugm. n. Der. entr-ance 579
;

prise,

O.F. entre(F.-L.") O. F. cnterprinse, an enterprise. enterpn\, pp. of enterprendre, to undertake. Late L. interprendere**-\_,.

Enterprise.

Enunciate. (L.) From pp. of L. enunciare, better spelt cnuntiare, to utter^ declare fully. L. e, fully nuntiare^ to tell, fiom nuntins,*. messenger. E. envohtpen. Envelop. (F. - Tent. ^ O.F. envoluper, later envelopcr, to wrap F. en (L. in},in ; in, wrap round, enfold. and O. F. voluper, volopcr, vloper, to wrap, from a base vlop-, to wrap. This base resembles M. E. wlappen, to wrap ; which, however, is not known outside English.
;

inter,

See

Lap

(3).

Note Walloon
;

prendere, short for prehendet e, to See Prehensile. lay hold of. Entertain. (F. - L} O. F. entretenir. Late L. intcrtenere, to entertain, lit. 'to hold or keep among.' L. inter, among ; tenere, to hold

among

envelop (Remacle)

M.

Ital

eivalp^, to goluppare, to

wrap

(Florio).

Cf.

Develop.
(F.-L.;

Environ, to surround.

O.F.

F. environ, environner, to surround. round about. F. en (L. *;/), in, O. F. viron, a circuit, from virer, to turn ; veer ;
see

Enthusiasm,
inspiration.

inspiration.

(L.-Gk.)

Veer.

Gk. ivOovaidfa, I

am inspired!

Envoy. (F.-L)
ing.

O. F. envoier, to send.

F. envoy, a sendF. en vole

167

ENVY
on the way. L. in ttiam, on the way. Cf. Ital. inviarc, to send. sb. (F. M. E. cnuic (enL.) ?;/>>.' O. F. #?'/. L. imtzdta, envy; see

EPITHALAMIUM
Gk,
Cycle.
CTT/J

upon

KVK\OS, a circle

see

Envy,

Epidemic,
Gk.)

affecting a people.
.

(L.

Invidious.

Epact. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) (and F.) epade, an addition, the Late L. epacta. (a term in astronomy V
Gk.
of
liraKTrj

Formed from L. epidemus, epiGk. em demic. among the people, O. F. general. Gk. 7r/, among; ST/^OS, people. epact See Endemic.

Epidermis,
epidermis.

cuticle.
fmfap/jiis,

(L.

Gk.)^
skin.

L.

(for tira/cros

late fern.

Gk.
;

Gk. firdydv, to bring 7raKTos, added. Gk. err-, for em, to; and cr/civ, in, add.
'

Gk.
lid

e TT/,

upon

8e'p/u-a,

upper See skin.

Derm.

Epiglottis,
Gk.
Glottis.
iri,

the cartilage
;

to lead, bung.
}

y^AG.)
;

over the glottis. (Gk.)

forming a Gk. emyXuTTis.

;

Epaulet, a shoulder-knot. (F. L. dimin. from Spank Gk F. Epaulette

spatula,

upon

y\a>Tris, glottis

see

a shoulder. Late L. shoulder-blade L. spatula, a broad blade see Spatula. Epergne, an ornamental stand for the centre oi a table. (F -O. II. G.) F.
tO. F.
c\paule\,
;
;

Epigram,
saying
L,
(

F.

a short and pithy poem or L. G k ) F. fpigramme.

(j\i*

epigramma.

fniypaftpa,
ypa<j>ttv }

an
to

inscription, epigram. Gk. ITT/, inscribe.

Gk.

etrtypd<t>tv, to

upon;

epergne,

commonly

spelt

fyargne,
;

lit.

\\nte.

thnitiness,

sparmgness

So called from
|

the method of ornamentation the F. tattle cTtpargnc is applied to a sort of ornamentation

lepsie, 'the

certain parts are cut away and filled in with enamel, leaving the design in relief^ \ e spared or left uncut. Sec leptic (Gk. l*.\ Little, and Cotgravc (s. v esj>a>gnc\ Epilogue. (F. L. Gk.) Gk. f-ni\oyc$, a concluding ]^. epilogns. 4pargner\ O. F. espar^ner, etper^ner, to G. ^Vrnv/, G. ^panu, to speech. Gk. 4ir, upon; Atryos, a speech. spare.
I
| j i

which

M. F. epiGk.) * ialhng sickness;* Cot. L. epilepsia.~(jk. in\ij'<//ia, lircAit?, a seizure. Gk. to seize upon. Gk. Im Der. epi~ to seize. w/, on; X

Grammar. Epilepsy. (F. L.

See

O H

spare; see Spare. Epiphany, Twelfth Day. (F. L. L. epiphama.** O.I', cpiphame Gk.) Ephah, a Hebrew measure. Heb Heb. ephdh^ a measure; ofj(-k. tmipdvia, manifestation; ong. neut. P^gypt.; Egyptian origin ; cf. Coptic opi^ measure. pi. of ITT^/XWOJ, manifest, but used as
i
!

live for a day.

,

XVII cent. Gk. (Gk.) neut. pi. of ^ftfpoy, lasting for a day. Gk for; ^/xc'pa, a day. Der. (phemer-al, adj.; ephemer-is ^Gk.
/>fc,

Ephemera,

sing.

orig pi.

flics

that
| I

a diary).

Gk. m<f>aiequivalent to ftrupat'tia, sb. Gk. tiri, to, forth; vciv, to shew forth See Phantom. </>cui/eu>, to shew. O.F. L. Episcopal. L. eptscopalis belonging to a episcopal. Gk. 7rtJ,. Libhop. episcopm, a bishop.
,

Ephod,
(Heb
',

part

of

the

priest's

habit.

(ro7roy,
;

an over-seer, bishop
that

Gk.

lir/,

Heb. tphod a vestment. Heb. aphad, to put on Gk. M, upon, to, Epi-, prefix. 'Gk)
besides
spelt cph- in eph-emcral^ ep- in episode, ep-och, ep-ode L. epicw ) Epic, narrative. (L.
;

upon aKowAs, one Scope.

watches.

See

Episode,
other.
of
v

(Gk.)

a story introduced into anGk 7r7o8<0f, ong. neut.

7Ti<To5*o?,
7rt),

coming
;

in besides.

Gk.

Irr-

Gk

Gk.

JT(OS, narrative
;

narrative, song

see

Gk. Voice.
&\a

iVos,

word,
|

Epicene,
(rk
}

of

common

gendei.
firiKoivos,

(L.
j

besides ctVoStos, coming in, from is, in, o^s, a way. L. - Gk.) Epistle, a letter. (F. O.F. epistle, also epistre. L. epistola.

L. epic(Knus.

com| !
1

Gk.
Af<j/,
I

6/n<TToAi7,

message,

letter.
ITT/,

Gk.

ITTI-

mon.
Gk.; proper

Gk.

err/,

among;
f

KOIVOS,

common.

ffT(\\tv, to send to.

to equip, send.

Gk.

to; crr^X-

Epicure,
name

a follower of Epicuuis. (L L. Epicurus. Gk. 'Ewitcovpos, a

;

Epitaph. (F.-L.-Gk.)
L. epitaphtum

Y.tyitaphe.

lit.

assistant.'

its tomb. Gk. err/, Epicycle, a small circle, centre on the circumference of a larger one. a marriage - song. 7 /I /"-I \ T J /-.I Li k 1^. vi/cv/c\ os. |(L. Gk. ^l-. .) epicyclu r. Gk.) L. eptthatamium. Qk. trn-

with

Gk. emratytos, upon a on; rdupos, a tomb.

Epithalamium,

68

EPITHET
Gk. 0a\dfuov y bridal song. upon, for ; 0oAo/toy, bride-chamber. - Gk.) L. epitheton. Epithet. (L. Gk. ImBffov, an epithet; neut. of eiu'0Tos,
t

ERMINE

attributed.

Gk.

M,

O. H. G."i Pro(F. perly equerry means a stable, and mod. E. eqiierry stands for squire of the equerry. **
F. frurie, O. F. escune, a stable ; Low L. scuria, a stable. -*-O. H. G. skura, skiura (G. scheutr\ a shelter, stable; allied to

horses and stables.

Equerry,

an

officer

who

has charge of

besides;

Ot-r6s,
rWrjfju, I

placed, from Of-, place.

weak grade of

Epitome.
Gk.
cut.
lirtTOfoJ,

abridgment.

L. epitome. Gk.) (L. a surface-incision, also an Gk. km, upon ; r^veiv, to

O. H. G. sbur, a shelter. Brugm. i 109. Altered to equerry by (VSQEU.) confusion with equus t a horse.

Late L. epocha. Gk.) (L. Gk. erroxh, a stop, pause, fixed date. Gk. 7r- (!irt)> upon; fx fiy > t hold, check.

Epoch.

602. (VSEGH.) Brugm. Epode. (F. - L - Gk.) O.

i.

L. cpddos.

Gk.

cirytitis,

F. epode. an epode, some-

see Equine. see Equal. L. equinus, relating to horses. L. equus, a horse. 4- ^k. tirwoy, Skt. apva 1'ers. asp ; O. Irish ech ; (iKtcos) A. S. eoh 116. Brugm. i.

Equestrian Equilibrium Equine. (L.)

;

thing sung

after.

Gk.

lir-i,

upon, after;
equal.

dciSciP, to sing,

Equal.

(L.)

L. (cqnalis,

L.
,

equestrian. (L.) Formed from L. stem of eqtiester, belonging equestri-, to horsemen. L. eques, a horseman. L. eqmis, a hoise.

cequus, just, exact.

Equinox
M.

see

Equal.
fit

evenness of mind. (1 ) L. From L. tcquanimitas , the same. L. aquanimis, of even temper, kind. teqii-its t ecmal ; amnms, mind. equation, a statement of equality L. ace. (jcqnadonem, an equalising (L.) from pp. of square, to make equal. L.

equanimity,

F. equiper, O. North F. esquiper, to fit out ; A. F. eskipper,-+\z.z\. *ktpa,\.o set in order, perhaps allied to skip, a ship. Der. eauip-age, -went.

Equip, to

furnish,

out.

(F.

Scand.)

cequus, equal.
tor.

So also equator

<L

Equipollent, Equity see Equal. Equivocal ; see Equivalent,

;

aqua-

Equal.

Era. UL.) L. <zra> an era, fixed date. even balancing. (L.) \ rom a particular sense of cera, counters L. (equilibrium. L. (fquilibns, evenly (for calculation), pi of <zs, brass, money. L. &qui~ 9 for cequus, even From pp. of L. balanced. Eradicate. (L.) L. <?, out radi* see Librate. //#nz, a balance cradicare, to root out. equinox. (F. L.) F. 4quinoxe. L. care, to root, from radu-, stem of radix, aqutnodiitm, time of equal day and night root. See Radix. L. <j?qui~, for cequus noctt-, decl. stem Erase. (L.) L. crasus, pp. of eradere, of nox, a night see Night. to scratch out. L. e, out radere, to - L ) scrape. equipollent, equally potent. (F. O. F. equipolent. ^L,. cequipollent-^tem. of M. E. er. A. S. _Ere, before. (E.) L. cequi-, for <er, soon, before adv. prep, and conj.+ icqiiipollens, of equal power. Goth. <?quus: pollens, pies. pt. of pottere, to be Du. cer, O. H. G. 2r, G. eher
equilibrium,
;

strong.

equity. (F.-L)
<zquitatem> ace. ceqmts, equal.

O.F. equitt.-\.. of tequilas, equity. L.

(F,

comp. of air, Icel. dr, adv., The two last are positive, early, soon, ^f not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. ?pi,
airis, sooner,

early.

equivalent.
"valent.
}^.

L.)

M.

F. equi-

tsqmualent-, stem of pres. pt. of ceqiiiualere, to be of equal force. L. <equi~, for aqims ; ualere, to be woi th ; see

early, soon. (E.) M. E. erly. A. S. ierlue, adv. ; from *(7>rlic, adj., not used. A. S. tfrt soon ; //?, like.
_

Value.
tequtuoc-tis, of doubtful sense. &quus\ HOC-, stern of uocdre,

erst,

(frest,

M. E. erst. soonest. (E.) superlative of &r, soon.

adj. (L.)

A.

S.

equivocal.
Voice.

(L.)

Formed from L.
L. aqui-,
to
call;

Erect,

L. erectuS) upright;

Der. equivoc-ate, to speak doubtfully, ^f So also equiangular^ tqttimultipk, &c.

see

L. <?, pp. of erigere, to set up straight. out, up ; regere, to make straight, rule. a beast. O. H. G.) (F.

Ermine,
E.
,

M.

ermine. O. F. ermine (F. herQ. H. G. karmln, ermine-fur (G.

169

ERODE
O. H. G. harmo, an ermine. hermelin\ +A.S.faar/na; Lithuan szarmft, a weasel, ^f But Hatzfeld supports the derivation from Armenius mils, an Armenian mouse cf. Ponticus HIUS, supposed to be an ermine.
;

ESCUTCHEON, SCUTCHEON
(L. Gk.) L. erysipelas. Gk. Ip Gk. ipvai-, allied to icdness on the skin. Cf. tpvoifiij, ipv&-pos, red; wcAXa, skin. led blight on corn. Escalade, a scaling of walls. -.F. F escalade Span. csealado % Span. L.) escalada, a scaling ; from cscalar, to scale. L. scdla, a Span, cscala, a ladclei.

Erode.
dere, to eat

<F.

-L.^ F. trader. -I. erfiaway. L. e, out rodere, to

;

gnaw.

Der. etos-ion ifrom pp. erds-tn). Erotic. Gk.) Gk. ifKOTiws, relating to love. Gk. fpcuri-, crude form of f/xws,
i

love; allied to tpavai,

love.

M. E. crren. to stray. (F. L.) L errdre, to wander for *ers-are) -f-G irren, to stray, Goth, airs-

Err,

O. F. errer

'

jan, to

make

erratum,
tum,
neut.

to stray. Brugm. i. 878. L. errfian error (L ) of pp. of errdre 9 to make a

faulty.
;

Cf. Ital. scalata, see Scale (3). ladder ' Florio also has an escalade Scalada, an escalado,' from Spanish. Escape. (F. L.) M. E. cscape n. O. North. F. escaper (F. tchapper\J.Q escape, lit to slip out of one's cape; Picard Reaper. L. ex cappd^ out of one's cape; see
; ;

Cape

(i)

mistake.

erroneous,
i

iL.)

Put

for L.

(F.-Ital.-Teut.) F. Formed from F. escarpe, a escarpement. with suffix -ment (L. -mcntitm} ; scarp

Escarpment.
;

crrone-us, wandering L. errare above).

with

suffix -ous

see

Scarp.

error.

F.

M.

E.

erronr

L. errorem, ace. of error, O. F. erroitr. L. errdre ^above). a mistake Errand. E ) M. E. erende. A. S. fcrende, a message, business. +O- Sax

M. E. c^hcte (F. L) (also chete], a forfeit to the lord of the fee. O. F. eichete, lent, that which falls to

Escheat.

<? one, orig. fern. pp. of escheotr (F. choir). Late L. excadere, to fall to one's share. L ex, out and cadere, to fall. Hence
;

a runt i, a message cf. Icel. eyrcndi) orendi, Swed. arende, Dan. ccrende. Usually connected with A. S dr, Icel. arr, Goth, aims, a messenger; which

arundi, O. H.

cheat.

is

Errant,
rant,
pres.

hardly possible. wandering.

pt

F.-L)

F. erto

of O. F.

errer, eircr,

wander. Late L. iterdrc, to travel. L. ^[ It sometimes repieiter, a journey. sents the pres. pt of errdte, to wander.

O. H. G.) (F. O. F. eschiver, e*chcver O. H. G. sciuhan, to frighten, to shun. also to fear.-(). H. G. *sctoh M. H. G. See Shy. uhicch, shy, timid. Escort, a guide, guard F. Ital. L.) M. F. escorte. Ital. scoria, a guide fern. of pp. of scoigerc, to see, perceive, guide

Eschew,

to

shun.

M. E. eschewen

<

Doublet, arrant.

Erratum,
see Err.
J

Erroneous,

Error

Erst see Ere. Erubescent.

stem of
L.
<?,

L ex, entirely; see Correct. Escrow, a deed delivered on condition. (F. Teut.) A. F. escrouwe, M. E. siroue, scrowe ; the ong. word of which scro-ll is
(orig.

to

set

right).
;

corngere, to correct

inceptive

L. erubescent-, -J-0 pres. pt. of erubescete, to giowred. out, much; rubcscere^o grow reel, form of rubere, to be red. See
'L.) out.

the diminutive.

Bed.
pp. of L. <?rcout ructdre, cf. to belch ; allied to e-riigere, to belch 221. Gk. iptvytaOai. Brugm. i. Erudite, learned. (L.) L. SrudUus, pp. of erudTre* to free from rudeness, to teach. L. e, from ; rudis, rude.

Eructate.
to

From
L.

/<?r<?,

belch

^,

O. F. escroe, a slip of M. Du. schroode, a shred, slip parchment. a cf. O. H. G. sc9of of paper (Kilian) See Shred arid Scroll. shred. Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in O. F. lieu of feudal service. (F. L.) Formed cscuage < Late L. scutagium. with suffix -age from O. F. cseu, a shield ; because escttage was first paid in lieu of
; t

L scuttim, a shield. service in the field. Esculent, eatable. (L.) L. a>ciilcntii$, L. hca, food. For *ed-sca. fit for eating.
L. edere, to eat.
shield.

From L. eruptidnem, breaking out. L. eruptus, L. /, out; pp. of Smmpere, to break out. rumpere, to break. See Rupture. Erysipelas, a redness on the skin.

Eruption.

l-.)

Brugm.

i.

753.

ace. of ernptio, a

Escutcheon, Scutcheon, a painted

XV

Formerly escochon\ L.) (F. O. North F. cent.; A. F. esctichon.

escuchon, O. F. escusson, the same; answer-

170

ESOPHAGUS

ETHNIC
;

and Low L. ing to a Late L. ace. *$cutionem, extended O. F. es- (L. ex\ away fiom L. scut ut i a shield. sunnia, O. H. G. sunns (for *sundjQ, Esophagus, gullet. (L.~Gk.) Late Braune, xiv. 9), la\\ful excuse. Cf. Goth. (jk. oltro^ryos, the gullet, sunjon sik) to excuse oneself, ga-stmjon, L. (esophagus. Gk. otVo- (of doubt- to justify, from sunja, truth Skt. sat/a~ t lit. conveyer of food.
;

ful origin";

^07-, base of

(f>ayttv, to eat.

true.

Brugm.
Q. F.

i.

287.
X

Esoteric.

(Gk. )

Gk.

!(ra;Tpi/itos,

Establish. (F.-L
sen.
esfabltss-,

M.E.

estaJblis-

Gk. effwrepos, inner, inner; hence, secret. comp of cr<y, adv., within; from !y = ds, into, prep. Opposed to exoteric.
(F. Cot.

base of pres. pt. of L. stabillre, to establir, to establish. L. stabihs t firm; see Stable establish.
(2).

Espalier, frame-work for training trees. - Ital. - L - Gk.) M.F. cspalher\

Ital

Estate. (F.-L)
,

O.F.
;

c.tat.

-L.
O.F.

spallicra,

back of a

chair, sup-

statum^ ace. of status state

see State.

spatula

Ital. spalla, shoulder. port, espalier. see Epaulet.

,

L.

Esteem,
estimer.
value.
I
,

to

value.

(h.~L,

astir/tare,

O. L. astumare, to

Especial. (F.-L.) O.K. especialL. \penalis, belong to a special kind. L. Doublet, special. species^ a kind.

Espionage see Espy. Esplanade, a level space. (F.-Ital. L ) M. F. esplanade, 'a planing, level;

Allied to Goth, aistan, to icgard. ii. 692. estimate. (L.) From pp. of L. <zstimare, to value (above) Estop, to bar. (F. L) The same as

Brugm.

Stop.
supplies of various necesA.I. estovets, M.E. L.) stovers, ]>l. of stover \ see Stover. Estrange, to make strange. (F.-L.) O.F. estranger, to make strange. O. F. L. extiancttm, ace. of estrange, strange extraneus* foreign, on the outside. L. see Extra. exti a, \\ ithout Estreat, a true cop\ , in law. (F. L.)

ling,

evennmg of ways

Cot.
;

Formed

F. esplaner, to level the suffix being due to an imitation of lta\.*/>ianafa, an esplanade, a levelled way ; from spiaL. explanarc, to level. naie, to level L. ex, out plan arc, to level, from planus, flat. See Plain. F. espouser, to Espouse. (F. L.)
;

from

Estovers,
(F.

saries

sponsare, to betioth. L. spomus, pp. of spondcrc, to promise.

espouse,

wtd.L

Lit.

See Spouse, Sponsor.

Espy, to spy, see. (F.-O.H.G.) M. E. (.) F. cspicr. Q. H. G. spchon espycn see Species. Der. (G. spahen ), to spy cspi-on-agc, F. cspionnage, from M. F. fspiott, a spy, bonowed liom Ital. spione,
;

A. F. cstretc^ fern, of pp. extract L. extracta, fern, of estraire,lo extract. see Extract. of pp of extrahera
;

'

of a tidal river (L.) L. ccstuare, to L. <stuanuiH) the same

L. astus, heat, surge, foam as the tide. Allied to Ether. surge, tide. Etch, to engrave with acids. (Du. G.) Du. etsen y to etch. G. atzen, to corrode,

Estuary, mouth

Esquire, a M.E. squyer.

(V^SQEU
squire.

spchon, to spy. (V. L.) O. F. escuyer^ e^cuier, a Late L.scutdrius, a shield -bearer. squire. L jt fit- urn, a shield, cover (F, tfcu).
a.

spy, from O.

H. G.

shield-bearer.

etch

01 ig.

to

make

to eat

'

causal of

G. esien, to
.

eat.

See Eat.

Eternal. (F.-L.)
eterncl.

Brugm.

i.

109.

Doublet, O. ^

E. etenieL L. ceteiiialis, eternal. L.

atcrnus,

attempt, trial. L. ) O. F. essai, a trial L. exagium, (F a ti lal of weight ; cf. examcn, a weighing, a swarm. L. ex, out; ag-crc, to drive,
impel, mo\e.

Essay, Assay,

an

ternm Age.
L.
its

lit. lasting for an age; for auiL. aui-, foi asmtm % an age. See

Ether,
at her

pure

upper
ai&fjp,

air.

(L.
air; to

Gk.

upper
atfatv,

Gk.) from
glow.

(y'AG.)

brightness

Gk.
i.

a quality, being. (F.-L.) F. essence L. essmtia^ a being. L. *essenf-, fictitious stem of pres. pt. of esse,

Essence,

202. (VAIDH.) Brugm. Ethic, relating to morals. (L. Gk.) Gk ijOiKos, moral.-* L. ethn.us, moral.

Der. cssenti-al and see entity. an excuse for not appearing in court. (F. L. 0</Teut.) O. F. essoine, M. F. c\oine, an essoine, or excuse ' Cot.
to be.
;

Essoin,

'

-O. F.

essonisr^ to excuse (Godefroy).

Gk. iJ0oy, custom, moral nature cf. 0os, mannei, custom. -J- Skt. svad/ia-, self-will, strength, from sva, self, dha, to place ; cf. Goth, sidus, G. sitte, custom. Ethnic, relating to a natioa. (L. Gk.)
;

ETIOLATE
Gk. e^itfoy, national. Gk. a nation. Etiolate, to blanch plants. (F. -L,) with suffix -ate. From a F. ttioler dialectal form answering to s^eteuler, to
L. etknuus
0i>o?
2
\

EVENT
v<ppew, cv<f>paivcw } to delight, cheer ; cf. cheerful. Allied to Gk. ev, well; ffXF-,

stem of

<ppf]v, midriff,

grow

stalk, like etiolated F. tteufe, O. F. csteule, a stalk. plants. Late L. stupula, for L. stipula, straw.

into

haulm or

So named horn a book EMphues^ (Gk.) by J. Lyly (1579). -Gk. u</>i/7J9-, wellGk. *i>, well grown, excellent <f>vrf, gtowthjfrom </>voyuou, I grow. (y'HHPJU.)
;
(

Euphuism,

heart, mind. affectation in speaking.

See Stubble.
F. Etiquette, a label, ticket, also a fonn of cf. F. etiquet (O. F introduction a little note, such as is stuck stu]itct\, 2tp on the gate of a court/ &c.; Cot G. sleeken , to stick, put, set, fix causal of G. stechen to stick, pierce. See Stick (i). Doublet, tukct. the true source of a word. Gk. ZTVIJLOV neut (L. Gk.) L. etymon.

Etiquette,
; i

ceremony.

^F.~G.)

EurOClydon, a tempestuous wind. Gk.) Gk. tvporcXiidcw, supposed to mean a storm from the east/ Gk. cupo-s, S.E.
K\vdow, surge, dash as waves

wind;
surge,
\\vii.
i.

fiom Avfc/, to ^f Only in Acts

Etymon,

',

of

eTt;/*os, real, tiue.

etymology. (K.-L.-Gk.)
mofagie.

ety-

L. etymologia.

Gk.

rvjj,o\o'yia }
}

14; where some read tvpaKv\ojv, Eur-aqtnlo from L. Eur-us> E. wind, and AqmlO) N. wind. Euthanasia, easy death. (Gk ) Gk. wOavaaia, easy death," cf. (vQ&varvs, dying Gk. fS, well; 0av<ii>, to die. well. Evacuate. (L ) From pp. of L. L, ^, out; ua<.uiis^ Mtacuare, to empty. empty.
c.
;

Gk. CTV/^O-S, true; -\oyia etymology. Evade, to shun. (F. L.) F. Svader. L. wadere (pp. euasuti, to escape. L. account, from A^eu/, to speak. Der. evas-ion Eu-, prefix, well. (Gk.) Gk. cv, well ? away Hadcre, to go. Of. Skt vasn, wealth. neut of evs, good. from the pp ) Eucalyptus, a genus of trees, includ- Evanescent. (L.) From stem oi Latinised pres. pt. of L. euane^ccrc, to vanish away. ing the blue gum-tree (Gk.) from Gk. cv, well L. e away; uanenoe, to vanish, from tcaKvirrvs, coveied, The icference is to the hood uanus, emj)ty, vain. surrounded. protecting the stamens. Evangelist, w n td of a gospel. (F. Eucharist, the Lord's Supper, lit. L. Gk) O J^ evangelists L cumgeiL. etiehanstia, v>ta, Gk. fvayytktffTrjs. Gk, eua^^eA/Gk.) thanksgiving. (L. Gk. (vx a P tffTia a g lv hi of thanks. Gk. eS, well ; fo/xa/, I biing good news. Gk. f-Vy well x a P^ljiai 1 show favour, ay~f\ia f tidings, fiom a^yeAoy, a mes, t

from

x*fy" ? j

favour.
praise.

Cf.

Yearn.

senger

see

Angel.
(L.)

Gk. evAo7m, praise, lit. good eulogium. speaking; with suffix suggested by L. Gk. eu, well; Slogium, an inscription.
\e~ffiv, to

Eulogy,

(L.

Gk)

From

L.

Evaporate.
;

From

pp.

of L.

euaporare* to pass off in vapour. out uapor, vapour.

L.

/,

speak.
is castrated.

Eunuch, one who Gk.) L cunuchti^.

chambeilam
;

Evasion see Evade. Eve, Even, the latter

;

(L.

Gk

l&)
a

Eve

is

part of the day. short for even. (For evening

tvvovxos,

see below.)

M. E

G abend. Of doubtful origin. Der. even-tide, A. S. sleeping npartments. *X eiJ/ > to keep, have in 1-trugrn. i. 980. icfcntid. a softened expiession. evening, even. (E.) M. E. cttening. Gk. evfirfjAKT^s, the same as fv- A. S. &fnung\ formed from (Gk.) cefnian, to (fnjfua, the use of words of good otnen. grow towards evening, with suffix -ung\ Gk. cu, well <pijf*i, 1 speak, (-y^BHA.) from tfrfcn, even (above). Euphony. (Gk.) Gk. cu^wj'm, a Even, level. (E.) M. E euen (even}. Gk. tvtyajvoSj sweet- A. S efen, efn -f-Du. even, Icel. jafn^ Dan. pleasing sound. voiced Gk. fu, well ; <bavh. voice. j<zvn, Swed.jamn, Goth, ibns, G. eben. CVBHA.) Event, result. (L.) L. eucntus, euenEuphrasy, the plant eye-bright. (Gk.) turn, sb. L. euentus, pp. of ftienlre, to Supposed to be beneficial to the eyes lit. come out, result. L. e } out; tunlre^ to 1
chaigc of Gk CUI/T;, a couch; charge.
cfcn. -4"O Sax.

one

who had

cue^ettcn.
l)n.

A. S ufen,

aband,

avond,

Euphemism,
;

delight.'

Gk.

fixppaaia,

delight.

Gk.

come

allied to

Co mo,

172

EVER
Ever.
(cfre, ever.

EXCHEQUER
(ever}.
a,

(E.)

M. E. euer

S.

Related to A.S.
one.

Goth, aiw,

L. ex, cxaggerare* to heap up, amphfy. very; agger a heap, from ag-^ad^ to;
^

ever.

Der. ever-lasting, ever-more.

A.S.
<tf'e,
\

every, each
etterit/i.

M. E. emri, (K.) ever; and ich , each.

Each.
;

gcrere, to bring. Exalt. (F. - ) F. exalter. L. exalL. ex, out ; alias ^ tare, to lift out, exalt.

high. M. E. eueriExamine, to test. (F.-L) F. *ever gehwfir, where. amincr. \j. exanrinare, to weigh careThe word really stands for eiier-yivhcie, fully. L. exannn-, stem of examen, the cf. i. e. ever-where; y- is a prefix (ge-). tongue of a balance, for *exagmen Evict. (L.) From L. eiiict-its, pp. of exigere, to weigh out. L. <?,r, out agere, See to drive, move. Biugm. i. 768. Zuinccre, to evince ; also, to expel. Evince. ^ Example. (F.-L.) O. F. - F cxemple.\^. cxemplum, a sample. L. Evident. (F.-L.) O. F. evident with suffix -///;// L. euident-, stem of euidens, visible, pros. exint-ere, to take out L. 2, out, for the inserted/ cf. the pp. exem-p-tu$.~ pt. of cuiJere, to see clearly. L. ex, out ; cniere, to take, procure. cleaily; uidere, to see.

jEver-y

ever-each

see

everywhere.

hwar.

AS

(K.)

tefre,

Evil. (K.) M.E.euet. and sb.-f-Du. envel, G.

Teut. type *iibiloz
(G. liber), as

A.S
Goth,
iibils.

Prob. allied to
'excessive.'

meaning

(L ) I- cinncere, to conquer, to prove beyond doubt L. e, out, extremely

of
I,,
;

Evince.

Eviscerate,
titscera, entrails

uincere. to conquer. to gut. (L.)

gut.

Exasperate, to provoke. (L.^ From the pp. of cxaspcrare, to roughen, provoke. L. ex, very; asper, lough. F. excavaExcavation. (F.-L) twn. L ace c^cauationcni, a hollowing L. exta^^atus, pp. of excauare, to out. hollow out. L. ex, out; cauare, to hollow, fiom cairns, hollow

From pp
L.
e,

cmscerare, to

out
t

L.) (F. f.4voqner.\ .euo L. e, forth; uocare, to fare, to call foith.

call.

Evoke.

See Vocal.
;

L. htoluere, to unroll, uolnerc, to roll. Der. cvolut-ton, fioin pp. cnolutus. E. ewe. A. S. ewe, (E ) Laws of Ine, 55 eowit, a female sheep -fT)n. 00/, Icel ccr, M. H. 0//w Lithuan. flwV, a sheep, Russ. ovtsa, L. <w/j, Gk. 6'is,

Evolve. (L ) L e, out disclose

Exceed. (F.-L> O. F. exccder. L. L. ex 9 out; czcedere, lit. to go out. cedere, to go. Excel, to surpass. (F. L.) O. F. exceller. 1^. excellere, to rise up, surpass. L. ex, out ; *cellere, to rise, only in
comp.
ante-, cx-,pr(?-cellcre,

and

in cel-sus,

Ewe.

Cf. Lithuan. high, ong. 'raised.' see Hill. to laise Brugm i. 633. Except, to exclude. (F. L.^ F. exL. except are, Cot. cepter, to except fnquent. of exiipere, to take out. L. ex,
; ;

O. Irish
aivi-str,

<?/

Skt. avi-, a sheep.

Cf. Goth.

out; capere, to take.

except-ion.

Der.

except, prep.

a sheep-fold.

Ewer. (F.-L )
<T7wr,

M.

E.

ewer.

- A.

F.

*cweire

aquaitttm, a vessel foi water; cf. A. F. <??'<?, water; mod. F cau. L. aqua, water.
pp. 24, 27.

spelt ^w?r,

Royal Wills,

Ex-, E-,
Gk.
l/f,

prefix.

(L.)

<#,

out.

Excerpt, a selected passage. (L.) L. neut. of pp. of excerptnm, an extract L. ex, out; carpere t excerpere, to select. to cull. See Harvest. Excess. (F. L.) O. F. exces.~\s. ace. exie^^um, lit. a going out or beyond.
;

f, out; Russ. zV, Lith.

irritate.

/re.

Exacerbate, to embitter.
pp. of exacerbarc, to

(L.)

From
.r s

fl^rtf

L.

very;

accrlm,

O. F. sb Acerbity. cschangier, vb., to exchange. Exact (i), precise. (L) From L. ex- es- (<L &*">; and O. F. change, sb., See Change. actus, pp. of cxigere, to drive out, weigh changier, to change. a court of revenue. (F. L. ex, out; and agere, to drive. out. 9 exact (2^ to demand. (F. L.) From Pers.) M TK. eschekere. - O. F. eschequier,
bitter
;

Exchange.
;

L. extess-, as in excesstts, pp. of w<vsee Exceed. ; (F.-L.) O. F. eschange,

see

<

M.

Late L. F. exacter; Cot. (obsolete) and actns, pp. of exactare.'\j. ex, out
.
;

agere (above).

a chess-board hence, a checkered cloth on which accounts v ere reckoned by means of counters (Low L.
;

Exaggerate.

(L.)

From

pp. of L.

eschec,

check

see

Check.

173

EXCISE
a duty, tax. (Du. F. L.) misspelling of M. Du. aksiis or aksys, excise. O. F. (Cf. G. accise, excise.) aceeis, a tax, given in the N. E. D. ; allied to Low L. aeclsia (Ducange) also spelt Late L. accensns, a payment, sxsisa (id.). L. ac- (for rent; cf. aceensdre, to tax. ^f F r tne ad), to ; and census, a tax.

EXHALE
L. ex, excusare, to release from a charge. out ; and causa, a charge, a cause. Execrate. (L.) From pp. of L. exefor fxsecrdrt, to curse greatly. crdrt, L. ex, greatly ; sacrdre, to consecrate, also to declaie accursed. L. sacr-um, neut. of sacer, sacred; also, accursed. - L.) O. F. cxcculer. Execute. (F. L. exeeutus, exsecutus, pp. of cxscqul, to follow out, pursue, perform. L. ex, out ; sequi, to follow.

Excise,

sound-change,

cf.

Late L. spensa a spence.

food, from (for dtipensa}, a larder,

spijs,

Du

Excision.

(F.

L.)

F. excision, 'a

Exegesis, exposition.
yrjcris,

(Gk.)

Gk.

destroying;' Cot. L. ace. cxcisionem,^ L. exclsus, pp. cutting out, a destroying of excidcre, to cut out. L. ex, out; and
aidere, to cut

interpretation.

Gk.

igrjyciffOcu,

|T}to

explain.

Gk *,

out;

-fyytiaOat,

perhaps allied to Seek.

Brugm.

F. &*< lamer - L. plaire. O. F. exemplaire. 1u.e xempldL. ex, out; cld- rium, late form of exemplar, a copy (to excldmdre, to call out. which the mod. E.'word is now conformed). mare, to call. See Claim. L. exemplaris, adj., serving as a copy. Exclude. 'L-) L excludere, to shut L. ex, out ; claudere, to shut. out. L exemplum see Example. Der. exSee

Exclaim.

F.

- L.)

Exemplar.

(F.-L.)

M.

to guide, i. 187. E. exem-

Clause.
pp. of L. excommunicdrc, to put out of the community. L ex, out of; commiinis,

emplar-y, from

Excommunicate.
See
to

L)

From

common.
coridre,

Excoriate.

Communicate. Fiom pp. \L.)

off

of L. ex<?r,

exempldns. shew by example. (F. A coined word as if from F. *cxL.) Late L. exempltfieare, proemplifier. L. exempli-, for cxperly 'to copy out' emplum, a copy fie-, ioi facere, to make.

exemplify,

to

strip

skin

L.

off,

Exempt,

fieed.

(F.

L.)

O. F. ^rfree.

corium, hide, skin

See Cuirass
(

excre menL. excretw, pp. of turn, refuse, ordure L. ex, excernere, to separate, sift out.
(i).

Excrement
;

empt; whence exempter, to exempt,

L.)

L.

L. cxemptus, pp. of eximcre, to take L. ex, out; cmere, to out, deliver, free. take. Cf. Lith. im-ti, to take.
F. (xeqnc*, L. exwquid*, ace. pi. of exscquitT, funeral obsequies, hr. L. exsequi, to follow out. followings.' L. ex, out seqiii, to follow. Exercise, sb. (F.-L.) M. E. excrCIM. OP. cxercne. L exercitium, exercise L. excratus, pp. of exerccte, to diive out of an enclosure, drive on, set at work. L. ex, out; ascere, to enclose;

out

cernere, to

sift.

Excrement (2),
Shak.
tus,

Exequies. ^F.-L.)
'funerals;'

out-growth.

rom L. excrementum L of excresecrc, to grow out (below) excrescence. F.-L.) O. F. exL. cxcrescentia, an outgrowth. creseenee. L. excrescent-, stem of pres. pt. of .rL. <?;r, out; ere were, rrescere,\.Q ijrow out. to grow. See Crescent.
P

In (L.) cxcre-

exequies,
'

Cot.

pp

Excretion.
formed 'with
pp. of exec mere

F.

L.)

M.

F. excretion

suffix
,

-/<?\ from L. excretus,

see

Ark.

Der. exen 1 M, vb.

see

Excrement

(i).

to torture. (L.) From pp. of L. excriuiare, to torment greatly *, very ; crucidre, to torture on a

Excruciate,

gibbet, from eruci-, decl. stem of crux,

a cross.

the small space left beneath the base- line of a subject engraved on a coin. Gk) The final -ue is not (F. F. exergue, pronounced; ci. prologue, &c so called because lying out of the work.' Gk. t, out of; fpyov, work.

Exergfae,

'

Exculpate. \L.) From pp of Late Exert. (L.) Lit. to 'put forth.' L. L. exculpdre, to clear of blame. L. ex, exertus, belter spelt exsertus, thrust foith ; out of, culpa, blame. L. ex, out; pp. viexserere, to thrust out. L. excursiSnem, serere, to join, to put. Excursion. (L.) ace. of excursio, a running out. L. <?*Exfoliate. (L.) From pp. of L. exL. foliare, to from ex, off, eursus, pp. of excurrere, to run out. strip off leaves M\<\ folium, a leaf. ^r, out currere, to run.
;
;

Excuse.

F.

- L)

F.

exeuser.

- L.

Exhale.

(F.-L.)

EXHAUST
halare,to breathe out.
to breathe.

EXPERT
cizdre.

L. ex, out; hdlare,

Gk.

^fo/Mcifccp,

to drive

away by

From L. exhaustus, (L,) pp. of exhaurire, to draw out, drink up. L. ex, out; haurire, to draw water. Exhibit, to show. (L.) From L.

Exhaust.

adjuration. adjure, from

Gk.

o/weosr,

Exordium.

to an oath. L. exordium, a be(L.^

,

away;

6pitifav 9

exhibit-its^ pp. of exhibere, to L. ex, out; habere, to have.

hold
;

forlh.

Exhilarate, to
L. prefix
}

cheer.

- Gk. with (L.

Fiom

ginning. L. exotdirl, to begin, to \\eave. L. <?.r; and ordni, to begin, weave. Exoteric, external. (Gk.) Gk. forrGk. piKos, external. cuTp<u, more outward, comp. of adv. ?o;, outwaid, from

gladden greatly. hi lams, glad, cheerful, from Gk. I\ap6s, cheerful. See Hilarity.

pp. of L. exhtlarare, to L. ex, very; hilaris,

l, out.
ctis.>

Exhort. (F.-L.) Q.. exporter.L.

exotic, foreign. (L. Gk.'i L. exotiGk. lo;Tios, out\\ard, foreign. Gk. ecu, adv., outward, from e, out.

exhortari, to encourage greatly. ex, out, very ; hort&ri, to encourage

L. expandere (pp. #r(L.) L, <?*, out; fandpansiis], to spread out. see ere, to spread out causal from patere, to

Expand.

L.

Hortatory.

Exhume, to disinter (F.-L/) Late L. exhumare. exhumer. L. out 01 humus, the ground
;

F.
ex,

Exigent,
;

exacting

(L.)

From

the

stem ot pres. pt. of exigcre, to exact. L. ex and agere, to drive. O. F Exile, banishment. (F. - L ) essil\ later exit, 'an exile, banishment;' paina, native country, from/o/w, father.
.

open. Cf. Gk, mm//**, I spread out. Der. expanse, from the pp. From pp. of L. Expatiate. (L.^ expat larl, better cxspatian, to wander. L. ex, out; spat i art, to loam, from ipatium, space. N tiom pp. of Late Expatriate. (L. L. expatriare* to bamsh. L. <:>r, out of;
lie

ment
Cf.

L. exihum, better exsilium, banishL. ex, cf. exsul, a banished man out of; and (peihaps) sed-)e, to sit, abide

Cot.

Expect.
spectarc, to

(I

look
;

thoroughly

L. expect are, better ^rfor anxiously. L. ^JT, spcctare, to look, frequenta.

Consul.

is exiled}. Expectorate. (L. From i>p. of L. L. ex- expectoTare, to expel from the breast. L. to continue lo be. (L.) isteie, better exsistere, to stand forth, arise, ex, out of ; pet tor- (foi *pectos , stem of be L ex, out sis/ere, to set, stand, from pecttts, the breast. stare, to stand. Expedite. (L. From pp. of L. exExit. (L ) L. exit, i. e. t he goes out,' pedire. to extucate the loot, release, get used as a stage dnection ; 3rd pers. s. pits. ready. L.<vr, out; ptd-, stem vipes, foot. of exiii>, to go out. L. ex, out; Tie, to Der. expedient, from the stem of the pres

exile, sb.

Der. = one who (

exile,

verb;

hence,

tive of speceie, to ste.

s

Exist,

go.

*|T

E\it, departure,

is

irom L. exit-

pt.
f

U,

Expel. .L. L. expellere* to drive out. L. ex, out pclleie, to drive. Der, exL Gk.) departure. (L. exodus. Gk. eo5os, a going out. Gk pulsion, O. P. expulsion, L. ace. expziiout oSos, a way, a inarch. sioncm, fiom pp. expuls-ns (^/SED.) Exogen, a plant that increases out- Expend, to spend. (L.) L. expendere,
bb.
>

Exodus,
;

waidly.

(F.~Gk.~)

F.

From Gk e-w,
7'-, base of

outside,
(L.)

"yryvcortfcu,

cxogene (iSijX from e, out; and to be born.

pp. of L. <#one? fire, to free from a burden. L. f.r, onerarc, to burden, from <?/w- /^/;j//j. away (for Bones'-}) stem of onus, a burden. Experience, knowledge due to trial. Exorbitant, extravagant. (F. - L.) (F. L.) O.Y.e rpericncc. L. experientia, F. exorbitant. ^, exorbitant-, stem of a proof, trial. L. expenent-*steito. of pres. pres. pt. of exorbitare, to fly out of a pt. of expcnri, to make a thorough trial track. Der. expen-ment, M.F. ex* L. r, out; orbita, a track of a of vbelow). wheel, from orfn-, stem of <?r^/V, a wheel, pertinent, L experinientnm, a trial. with suffix -fa. expert, experienced. (F. L.^ O. F. Exorcise. (L. - Gk.) Late L. exor- expeit. li. expertus, pp. of exferiri, to
\

Exonerate.
;

Fiom

L. ^r, out; /*out, lav out. weigh. Der. expense, from A.F. expense L. cxpensa money spent, fern, ot pp. expen^us expcndit-iti e, from Late L. expenditus, a mistaken form of the pp. &#to

weigh
7

^;-6% to

EXPIATE
make
full

EXTINGUISH

of. L. ex, thoroughly; but was suggested by the form of the O. F. an obs. vb, of which the pp. infinitive. M. E. expounen. O. F, esL. exponerc, to set perTtus is common, See Peril. pondre, to explain. Expiate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- forth, explain. L. ex, out; poneret to L. ex, fully; put. See Exposition. pidre, to atone for fully. pidre, to propitiate, from piur, devout. Express, adj., exactly stated. (F. L.)

trial

and

*periri,

Expire. (F.-L.) O.F. expirer. 'L. explrdre, exspirdre, to breathe out, die. L. ex, out ; spirdre, to breathe.
M. F. explaner, 1 L. expldndre, to make plain. Cot. ex, thoroughly pldndre, to make plain, lit. to

Explain.
;

(F

O.F. cxprcs.~L,. expressus, distinct; pp. of fxpnrnere, to press out. L. cx t out; preview, to pi ess see Press.
;

Expulsion

see

Expel.

,.

flatten,

from pldnus,
(L.)

flat.

See Plain

Expletive.
up. up.

L. expunge^ to (L.) prick out, blot out. [In MSS., expitnction of a word is denoted by dots under */.] L.

Expunge.
out
;

L.

exp'StHSt pp. L. ex, fully piere,

;

expletiuus, filling of explere, to fill

to
fill.

ex,

pttnct-ion,

See

Plenary.

Der. expungere, to prick. from the pp. expunctus. Expurgate. (L.) *rom pp. of L. expurgate, to purify thoroughly. L. <?r,
thoroughly pitrgare^ to purge, purify
;

From Explicate, to explain. (L.) pp. ot L. explicdre, to unfold, explain. L. ex, out; phcdre, to fold. explicit. (L.") L explicitus, old pp of cxpHcdre, to unfold, make plain (above).
Cf. F. explittte. Explode, to drive

see

Purge.

Exquisite,

sought out, excellent. (L.)

;

L. cxquisitw, pp. of exquirere, to seek L. t\r, out out. qu&rcre, to seek.

ExsecjuieS ;
away
noisily, burst.
'

see

Exequies.

exploder, 'to explode, Cot. publicly to disgrace or duve out ; L. explode re (pp. exploits), to drive off noise (the old sense in !.>. the stage by
(F. L.)

M.

F.

Late L. <?Jt(L.) tant-, stem of cxtan r, for exstans, pros. pt. L. ex, of exsfdre, to stand foith, exist. out rfdre, to stand.

Extant,

existing.

L.

ex,

away:

clap hands. the pp.

cess,

plaitdere, to Der. explos-ive, -ton, from

plodere,

Extasy see Extempore.

;

Ecstasy. (L ) From L. ex tem-

pore, at the

moment. L. &r, from, out of; tetnpore, abl. of tenipus, time.

Exploit. (F.-L.)
Gower, C. A.

M.E.

esploit, suc-

Extend.
cxlcndere,
cxtensiis
to

exploit, L. revenue, profit; later, an exploit, act. explicititm, a thing settled, ended, or dis-

n. 258.

O. F.

M. E. extenden* L. (L.) stietch out; pp. extentits^ ex, out; tendere, to stretch.
(from the pp.).
entente,

Der.

extetts-ion, -ive

played neut. of cxphci(us\ see explicit. Cf. Late L. explicla, revenue.

;

L. explorer. explordre, to search out, lit. to make to flow L. ex, out plorare, to make to flow. out.

Explore. (F.-L.)
;

F.

O. F. extent. (F.-L.) commonly estcntc, extent Late

f

L.

ex-

tenta, fern, of extent us, pp. of extendere

above).

L. exponent-, stem Exponent. of pres. pt. of cxponere, to expound, indicate. L. ex, out; ponere, to put. Export. 'L.) L. exportare, to carry away. L. ex, away; port are, to cany. Expose. (F. L. and Gk.) O.Y.exO. F. ex- (L. ex), out ; poser, to lay out. F. poser, to place, lay. See Pose i). Exposition. (F.-L.) F. exposition.
'

Cf. de-plore, un-plore. (L.)

Brugm.

i.

154

L. ace. expoiitidnem. 'L. expositus, pp. of cxponere, to set forth, expound. See

Extenuate. (L.) From pp. of L. exL. ext tcnndre^ to thin, reduce, palliate. See Thin. out, very ; feint -is, thin. ForExterior, outward. (F L.) L. cxF. extenciir. merly exferiour. tenorcni) ace. of exterior, outward, comL. paiative of extents or ex/er, outward. cr, out; with compar. suffix -tero-. Exterminate. (L ) From pp. of L. externnndre, to put or drive beyond bounds. L. ex, out; terminus, boundary. External, outward. (L.) From L.

Expound.

extcrn-us, outward, extended form from See Exterior. extents, outward.

Expostulate. (L.} From pp. of L. L. ex, expostuldre, to demand earnestly. fully postulate, to ask. Expound. (L.) The d is excrescent,
;

Extinguish.
-/V//,fiom

(L.)

Coined, with

suffix

cxtinguere, better exstmguere (pp extincttts, exstincttis], to quench. L. ex, out ; *stingucre} to prick, also to

EXTIRPATE
quench. Der. extinct (from pp. extinct us). Cf. Distinguish.

FABRIC
From L. exud&re, better (L.) exsndare, to sweat out, distil. L. ex, out; See Sweat. sudare, to sweat. Exult, to leap for joy. (F.-L.) F. exultcr. -L. exultare, better spelt exsulL exsultus, pp. tdre, to leap up, exult. of exsilire, to leap out. L. ex, out; salire, to leap. See Salient. Exuviae, cast skins of animals. (L ) L. exituice, thing.s stnppcd off. L. exuere,
to strip
off.

Exude.

Extirpate. (L.) From pp. of L. extirpare, to root out, better spelt exstirpL. ex t out are, to pluck up by the stem.
;

stirp-s, $tirp-es, the

stem of a
;

tree.

raise up.

L. extollere, to lift or L. ex, out, up tollere, to lift. Extort. (L.) L extort-us, pp. of ex;

Extol. (10

L. ex, torqnere, to twist out, wring out. out torque) e, to twist. Extra. (L.) L. extra, beyond, beyond what is necessary O. L. extract, allied to L. cxter see Exterior.
; ;

C?. induuitf, clothes.

;

L. exirane-iis, (L.) extended fiom external, with suffix -ous extra (above). Cf. Strange. Extract, vb. (L.) L. cxtract-us, pp of extmhere, to draw out 1,. ex, out; trailerc to diaw.
;

extraneous.

Extraordinary.
nartuv, beyond what
extra, beyond
;

(L.)

\.extniojdi-

is

ordinary, rare

L
See

a nestling. (F.-L.) For nias by substituting an eyas for a nias. F. Cot. He also gives niais, a nestling ' niard, whence faiilro/t niard, a nias faulcon.' Cp. Ital. mdiace, or nidaso falcon e, an eyasc-hawk, a young hawk taken out ' of her nest; Tornano. Formed as if from Late L. *nidaccm, ace. of *nidaxt adj. fiom L. nidus a nest. See Nest. Eye. (E.) M. E. eye, etghe\ pi. eyes, eyen (whence cyne). O. Merc, egc A. S.

Eyas,

ordindnus, ordinary.

Ordinary.

Extravagant. (F.-L.) F. extraLate L. extravagant-^ stem of vagant. extravagans, extravagant, lit. wandering L. extra, beyond; uagans, pies, beyond pt. of itagarl, to wander. Extravasate, to force (blood) out of
its Coined from (proper) vessel. (L.) extra, beyond ; utis, a vessel ; with suffix

cagan.+D\\. oog, Tcel. auga, Dan. Swed. oga, Goth, augo, G. auge. ote, Perhaps allied to Russ. oko, L. oculus
eage, pi

idimin. of *ocus) akis, Skt. akshi.

dats-y, q.
v.
;

(ik.

6'<r(7

(dual)

Lith.

Brngm. i. window, q v.
(

68 1.
;

Der.

Eyelet-hole.
Eyelet
'

F.

L.

and E.)

is

for

M. E.

oilct^

from M. F.

oeillet,

a little eye, an oilet hole/ Cot. ; dimin. of O. F. ocil, from L. oculum, ace.
of oculus, eye.

-ate.

Extreme.
see Exterior.

(F.-L.)

O. F. extreme.

L. extremus, superl. of extet us, outward

Extricate.
tncare,
tru(T,

to

From pp. of L. ex(L.) L. ex, out of; disentangle.

impediments, perplexities.

) It should be extrinsec. O. F. extnnseque, outward. Late L. ace. ex ft intccuw, adj. allied toL. extrinsecus, adv., from without L. extnn ( = *ejc/rim\ adverbial form

Extrinsic, external. (F.-L

rather

island. (E ) Also spelt Late A. S. yget (Kemble, Cod. Dipl. v. 17, 1. 30); for A.S. igo%, igeod, a dimin. from Tg, leg, an island ; see Island. Eyre, a chcuit. (F.-L.) M. E. eire, O. F. eire, circuit, esp. of a judge. O. F. ever, to journey, jouiney, way. wander about. Late L. ztcrare, to journey from L. iter, a journey. (for L. itincrdre] See Errant.

Eyot,

little

ait, eyet, cyght.

from

e^ter, outward; and seats, beside; so that er/rm-secus = on the outside; cf.

a nest

see

Aery.

interim
according

Secus
to,

is allied to secumhim, from sequt, to follow see

;

Sequence.

P.
(L.)

Extrude.
thrust
thrust.

out.

L. extrudere, ex, out trudere,

;

to to

Cf Intrude.
(L.)

Exuberant.
pt.

of L. exubcrare, to be fruitful or F. fabrique. - L. Fabric. (F.-L.) luxuriant. L. ex, veiy and uberare, to be fabric a, workshop, fabric. \^fabri-, for Fiom L. base *fab- t fruitful, from fiber, fertile, allied to fiber, fabcr, a workman. an udder, fertility ; see Udder. to be bkilftil ; cf. Lith. dab-inu, I adorn,
;

Fiomstemofpres

a story. (F. - L ) F. fable. L.^-rz, to speak, fabula, a narrative. tell See Fate

Fable,

FACADE

FALCHION

facetie, witty (Cot ). L. face- Jlaggvtft&faggfcdtris'' (feathers); Book L. facet ia, wit; common in pl. 1 of'St. Albans, fol. B i a. fine. tits, witty, courteous orig. F. (F.-Ital.-L.?) L) Faggot, Fagot. Facile, easy to do. (F. - Tu.fadlis, i. e. do-able. "L. face re, F. fagot, a fagot, a bundle of sticks ; facile. Of doubtful origin perhaps borCot. Der. facility faculty. to do. fac -Simile. (L.) For fac simile, rowed from 1^. fagotto, 'a faggot,' ^lorio; s of face- re, or (like/fl^MO from Norw/?^', a bundle make thou like L fac,
'

See purgatory. clean; Goth. ga-dab-ith, it is fit; Russ. fitur, cleansing fire, See Deft. Der. fabric- Fair. dob-ruii, good. Faeces. (L.) L. /#*, dregs; pi. of ate, from pp. of \ji t fabricarl, to construct; Per. fcc-ithnt, L. /zr-?/from fabrica (above). Brugm. i. /pjr, the same 563. Facade, face of a building. (F. Ital. lenhis, adj. fromy^jr. ' To fag, defiM. F. facade (CotA -Ital.//w*M/tf, ) Fag, to drudge. (E.?) cei e ^ Levins ( 1 5 70). The orig. sense was Ital. faccia, face. face of a building. ' to droop.' Perhaps a corruption vijlag', Folk-L. jfo0, for 1,. fades (below) and see below, see Flag (i) F. face. - Folk-L face. (F. - L.) Fag-end, remnant. (E.?) In Masfacia, for L.facifs, the face, appcaiance. Perhaps for F. fattlteux singei, Virg. Mart. ii. 3. Facetious. (F.-L.) ( '= loose end ; see above. Cf. the M. F mirth,' id. - flag-end

~L

'

imp

to

make

see

simile, netit of siiniUs, like ; e a ^ h0 ^ nc^ foctuni Similar, fl"

;

(Ross).

Fail.
falhre.

simile,

i.

made

like
reality.

~ Folk-L.

CF.-L.)

F. faittir\ cf. Ital. fallire, forl .fallere, to

;

fact, a deed,
a deed
;

(L

orig neut. vtfoetus, to make, do.

pp

L. factum, of/acert,

beguile, albo, to be defective Brugm i. 757. Fain. (F.^ M. M.fayn.

falli, to eir.

A.S.fagtn,

faction.
L.

(F.

L.)
ace.

factwnem,

taking part, faction.

facere, to do.

factitious.
cial; with suffix faccrc, to make.

(L.)
-0t(s.

glad. -f-U. Sax. fagan, Icel. fcgmn, glad. of fact^o, a doing, Cf. A.S. gefeon (pt. 1. gefeah}, to rejoice. L. factus, pp. of Tent, root *feh-, as in A. S. ge-fcon (for *-feh an] ; cf Goth. .///-#/, joy. I* factiti-us, artifiFaint. (F.-L.; M. E. /^w/.-O. F. L fac/its, pp. of feint, weak, pretended ; orig. pp of L. finger e, to form, fiindrc, to feign
faction, a sect.

factotum. (L)
"L.fac(ere^, totnui, to

general agent.
(F.

feign.

See Figure.
(1^,

do everything
\

Fair
LI M.

pleasing,

beautiful.

(E.)

facultd- Dan.Swed./^r^C^oth./^/'^ fit, Cf. Gk. TT^tem, ace of faadtas (^-facihtas], facility. \fagai. Teut. type *Jagtoz. 200, 701. j'u/ut, I fasten. see Facile, Brugm. i. \*.facilis, easy Fad, a folly. (F.-Prov.-L.) Ap- Fair (2), a holiday. (F -L.) M. E. a F. fdre (F. foire\ \*.feria, parently shortened from F fadatse, fiddle- fet/e.-A. commonei as pi. faddle; cL'fatfaes, follies, toyes, fooleries ;' holiday, later, a fair; Cot-Prov. fadeza, folly (Hatzfeld).- fina, for *fis-ue, feast-days; allied to L fatuus, Peast. Brugm n. 66. Prov./tf/ (Gascon^/), foolish.
;
!

faculty, facility to act. F. facitlte - L. M. L. facultce

E. fayr, A. S. f&ger, fair.f Icel. fagr\

O.K. G.

foolish.

O. T. fader from enchantment. [The mod. use of the woid - L is new Y. fade, adj enchantment, the okl fany tasteless, weak, faint. * O. F. faerie, napidum, ace. of uapidus, vapid. Sec \\ ord for elf being f<*y-~\ Vapid, ^f Vade, toifade, ib from M. I)u. enchantment. O. F fae, a fay; see Fay. also M. E. fcith vadden from O. F. fader. Faith. (F.-L) altered from O. Y.feid,fei, content witli, Fad^e, to fit, suit, bein some unex- fey. Slightly ace. of allied L jidcm, faith sncceea. (E.) fides, faith Formed, Cf. Gk. fnVrjy, faith. plained way, from the Tcut. base fag-, to to fidere, to tiust. (-/BIIKIDH.) Allied to Bide. Brugm. suit, whence also O. Sax. fogian, A. S. 202. figan, to join, suit, M. E. ffyn, to adapt, 1. fit, G. fttgen, Du. voegcn (see Kluge and Falchion, a sword. (F. Ital. L.) Ital. O. F. fauchon. Cf. Goth, fulla-fah jan, to M. E. fauchon. Franek) falciom (ci proa, as ch}. Late L. faltid* satisfy, O. H. G.^{/"^, content, Du.

Fairy.
;

(I

-1

M.

E. faerie, fay rye,

Fade,vb. (F.-L.)
,

FALCON
L. neni) ace. of falciO) a bent sword. fald- decl. stem oifalx, a sickle. Allied to flectere, to bend. M. E. faucon. 'falcon. (F. - L.) O. fan con, faith on.-* "Lvite L. falconem, sice, of falcO) a falcon, so named from its hooked claws. L. falc- stem of faLr, a
t
.

FARCE
cf. fcc.) from L. fam-ts, hunger; O. F. afamer, to die of hunger. Fan, an instrument for blowing. (L.) A. S. fann. Late L. vaimus, L. uanniis, a fan (whence also F. van}} see Van (2).
,

Brugm.

i.

357.
religiously insane.
(F.

Fanatic,

L.)

sickle.

O H. G.) LowL./rf/^/J/0//;//.-O.II.G. faid-on^ to fold jft/0/ (G. s/u/if), a stool.

;

Faldstool,

a folding-stool. (Low

L.~

}?.fanatiqtte'lL;.fanaticus, (i) belonging to a temple, (2) inspired by a divinity, enthusiastic. - L. fdnum, a temple; see

Fane.

Cf. F.fauteutt.

See Fold.
(E.)

Fall,

to drop

down.
;

O. Merc. /#//a;*
len, Icel./<z//0,

M. 1&. fallen. A. S./0/Az.+Du. z/fl/-

Fancy. (F.-L.-Gk.)
fantasie.
tasia.

O. F. fantasie.
(pavraaia,

Short for M.E. Late L. phan(pavrafciv, to

Gk.

a making visible

Dan./aAfe (for/<z/fc\Swed.

(hence,

imagination).

Gk.

falla^G. fallen. Tent. *fal!an-. Cf. Lith. ////, to fall and perhaps L. fallen, to deceive, ////", to err. Hiugin i. 757 Der. be-fall) from A. S. be-feallan, to fall
;

display; see

Phantom.
t
l

out,

happen fell
;

(i).

Fallacy.
-y to

(F.

L.)

Formed by adding

Fandango, a Spanish dance. (Span.) Span, fandango, a dance used in the \V, Indies;' Pineda (1740). Fane, a temple. (L.) L. fanum, a shortened from an earlier form temple
;

F. E. fallace^ a fallacy, deceit. fallace.l;. fallacia, deceit. L. fallac-, stem of fallaX) deceitful. L. fallere^ to See above. deceive. L. faUilnlis, liable fallible. (L.) L. ////', to err; fat/ere, to deto err.
ceive.

M.

*fasnom

cf.

Oscan fisiiam, a temple

allied to \..festus,fena. Bnigm. ii. 66. a flourish of trumpets. (F.

Fanfare,

of land. harrowed (i), orig. A. S. *fohan, to seize, only S. lit. a seizing. A. S. falging fallow-land. form fen, pt. t. fcalh) a harrow. Cf. E. Fries, falgen, to used m the contracted fallow land O. II. G.fclga, a harrow. fengi pp. gcfangen the pp. form having Fallow (2), used with refeience to alone survived, evolving an infin. mood colour. (E.) O. Merc, fain A S. fealu, in dialects. -f Dn. vangen, to catch; Icel. a catch of fish), Dan. fealo, pale red, yellowish. -f-Du. vaat, Icel. fa (cf fang^ sb., Lith. faae, S\\ed./a, Goth, fahan, G. fangen fair, pale, G fahl, pole, also jfa/
;

Fallow

'

(E)

-A

Prob. of imitative Span. ') F. fanfare. ongin, or borrowed from Span.fanfarrza, bluster, vaunting, which is of similar formation. Der.fanfarr-on-ade, bluster. Fang, a talon, claw. (E.) A. $.fang\

also L. pallidns^ Gk. iro\i6s } See Pale. gray, Skt palita-, gray. O. F. False. (F.-L.) M. E. /afr. yiz/j (F faux}.-*\j. fahtiS) false; pp. of fallcre, to deceive.

palvas\

cf.

to catch, fang, sb., a catch, also a fang. Allied to L,.pangcrc\ Erugm. i. 421.

Falter, to M. E. faltreii)
from a base

totter,

stammer.

(E.

?)

to

totter;

/h//-.

connected faltra-sk, to be cumbered, to be puzzled.

Perhaps

frequentative Of obscure origin with Icel. refl. vb.

Fantastic. (Gk.) Gk. ^avraoriK^^ Gk. tpavrafav, able to repiesent or shew See Fancy. to display. Fantasy, older form of Fancy, q. v. Faquir, Fakir, an Oriental religious

Fame,
fama,
Fate.

report.

(F.

L.)
to

Y.fame.
speak
;

L.
see

F faquir.fakir. mendicant. (F. Arab.) Arab, faqir, one of a religious ordei of mendicants; lit. 'poor, indigent;' Richardson's Diet. p. 1096.
Far. (E)
t

report.

L.

,/tf/v",

M.E./*r. A.S./w.+Dn.

Swed. fjerran, adv., Dan. Goth.^/SwVra, adv. Allied Skt. paras, beyond, to Gk. irtpav, beyond familia, a household. cf. Oscan faamat> para-, far. (-/PER.) The comp. farther servant, Oscan fame! he dwells. 'Der.fainiU-ar(L .familiaris'}. [for M. E. ferrer (i. e. far-er)] is due to Famine. (F. - L.) F. ^famine. - Late confusion with/wrM^r, comp. of Forth. L. *famina, unrecorded, but plainly an Farce. (F. L.) The orig. sense is hence, a jest inserted into a extension from L. fames hunger. Der. stuffing fam-isk t formed (by analogy with /##- comedy. -F. farce, stuffing, a farce. -F.
ver, Icel.f/arrt,

Family.

(F.-L.)
;

F. famille.-'L. L. famulus, a
l

fjem G.fern\

'

'

179

FARDEL
farcir, to stuff.
(f>f>a<Ta-(iv

L. farcin, to

stuff.

+Gk,

FATIGUE Fashion. (F. - L.)

facJion,

(for *<J>pAtc~ytv} ) to shut in.

make, shape.

O. F. face**, L. factiffnem, ace.

a pack, bundle. (F. Arab.) E. fardel. -O. F. fardel (F fardeau\ Prob. Dimin. of F. farde, a buiden. from Arab, fardah, a package (I)evicV

Fardel,

oifactio, a

making

see Faction.

M.

Fast
vast,

(i), firm.

Perhaps borrowed through Spanish

Span, fardel, farJo, a bundle.

cf
S.

Dan. Swed. Der. fast Armen. hast. Brugm. ii. 79.

A.S. /tftf.+Du. (E.) fast, Icel. fastr, G.ftst;

(2),

fast

(3),

(E.) observe, varen, Icel. be strict fromyfotf (above). f-Du. vasten, faran, Swed. fara, Dan. fate, G. fahrcn, Goth. Dan. faste, Swed. and Icel. fasta, G. fa fan, to go; Teut. *faran- (pt. t. *fo"r). fasten Goth fastan, to observe, fast. Cf. Gk. Tropevofiai, I travel; L. experior, fast (3), quick. (Scand.) peculiar this use is Scand. I pass through, Skt. pr, to bring over. use of fast (i) above (^/TER.) Der. fare-well, i. e. may you Cf. Icel. drekka fast, to drink hard, sofa thorough-fare, a passage fast, to be fast asleep, fastr z verkum, speed well ; wel-fare, successful pi acticc or hard at vrork,fylgy'afast, to follow fast, &c. through

fast

(2), to abstain

from food.
fast,

Fare,

travel, speed. to go, travel. 4" I^ u

to

(E.)

A.

A. S. fastan,
;

orig. to

make

journey.

It

means

firm, close, urgent, quick.

Farina, ground
meal.
feus.

corn.

(L.)

\
;

farina,

fasten.
fast or firm.
'

(E.)

L. far, a kind of giain allied to Barley. "Der. farinaceous, from L.farina-

A. s.fastni A. S.f&st, firm.

Brugm.

80.

ness,

L. farrago, mixed a medley. JL. far (gen farr-is}) grain ^above). (F. [A. S. feorin}. A. F. and O. F. ferme } a farm. Late L firma, a feast, farm, tribute; fern, of L.

farrago.

(L.)

food for

cattle,

M. E. festnes, fast(E.) 1 A. S. fastness, the strength. firmament, a fastness; orig. that which is firm A.S.yfo/, firm. Fastidious. (L.) lu.fasfidiosus, dis-

fastness.
ong.

Farm.

-L)

firmus,

dm able. (From the fixed rent also food, from its support ) See Firm.
a worker m

dium - arrogant

dainful <\s.fastidiu?n, loathing; perhaps L. fastu-s, for *fa:>tutldiuni (Vanicek). arrogance; t&di um, disgust ; so ihatfas/t-

Fastness;
A,
S. fcett, oiig.

disgust. see Fast.

(F.) U.lLfatt,fet,fat. a pp., contr. from *fieted,

Formeilyyferrar, O. F. ferrier (the same). erranus, a blacksmith. l^.ferrum, p*1u*f

iron.

Farrier. (F.-L.)

Fat (i), gross.

iron,

FarrOW,
sb.
;

to litter pigs. (E.)

litter

From

the

farrow, a

of pigs.

a pig pi. feat as. -\~ M. II. pig; G.ferk-el\ L.porcus', see Pork. Farther ; see Far. Farthing, fourth part of a penny. M. \^ ferthing. A. S.ferJ>ing,feor(E.) A. S. feord-a, $ing, older formy^w^///^. fourth; with dimin. suffix -ing or -l-ing Allied to A. S f cower, four.

A. S. fearh, G. varch, a

H. fattened, enriched. -f feizit (G. feut), pp. of a Teut. vb. *faitjan-^ formed from Teut adj. *faitoz, which is represented by Icel. feitr (Swed. fet, Dan. fed), fat. Cf. Gk. view, Skt./mz;/, fat. Fat (2), a vat ; see Vat. Fate, destiny. (F. - L ) M. E. fate. O. F. fat, fate (not common). L. fatum, what is spoken; neut. of pp. of fan, to

^peak.-|-Gk.

^^i,

I say.
i.

Perhaps allied_to
187
is

Boon (i). Brugm. M. Father. (E.)

The
pron. with th
1

E. fader.

(y'BHA.) A.S.

Farthingale,
hooped
petticoat.

Far din gale,

'
; '

(F. Span. L.) M.F. Cot verditgalle, 'a vardingall Span. verdugado, a farthingale, lit. provided with hoops.' Span, vcrdugo, young shoot of a tree, rod, hoop. Span, verde, green. L. uiridi^, green. See Verdant. Fascinate. (L.) From pp. of L.

fader. influences.-^ Icel fadzr, Du. vaJer, Dan. Swed. fader, Goth, fadar, G. vater, L. pater, Gk. -narrip, O. Irish athir, Per&. pidar, Skt.///r. Idg. type *pater-.

due

to dialectal

Fathom.

(E.)

M.F. fadme.

A.S.

fascinare,
spell.

to

enchant.

L. fascimtm,

ftzQm, the space reached by the extended arms, a grasp, embrace. -f-Du vadem, Icel. a Jatimr, a fathom, Dan.favn, Swed. fawn, an embrace, G.faden. Allied to Patent.

Fascine, a bundle of rods. (F. L.) F. fascine.- L. fascina, a bundle of twigs L fascis, a bundle.

Fatigue,

sb.

(F.-L.)

Q..fattgut\
L. fatigare, to

horn fafiguer, to weary.

weary. 180

FATUOUS
FattlOtlS.
;

FEEBLE
silly,

(L.)

L.

fatu-us,

the

with suffix -ous. Der. in-fatuate, feeble from pp. of L. infatuare, to make a
fool of.

A. S. fr-> 3rd peril of travelling. stem of faran, to go, travel. -f-Icel.

far,
Cf.

harm, G. gefahr, Du. gevaar, danger. L. perTcuhim, danger.

Fauces. (L,) l^. fauces, pi., the upper Feasible, easy to be done. (F.-L) Also fetsable.'] M. F. faisible, faisable, [ pait of the throat. Cot. O. F. fats-, as Faucet, a spigot, vent. (F. - L.') feasible, doable a faucet ; F. faiuset, fauhet, Cot. in fats-ant, pres. pt. of faire, to do. L. but cf. M. F. fauher, facere, to do. See Fact. Origin unknown to falsify, forge; also faulser un estu, to Feast. (F.-L.) M. K./W/U.-O. F. L. \feste (F./#<r).-Late l-festa, fem. sb.-L. hence, to pierce. pierce a shield See \fcsta, lit. festivals, pi. of festum. fahare, to falsify. <~\j.falsus, false.
' ' ;
;
i

- A. F fet O. 1\feet, fete. a defect, fem. of *fallitus, new pp. of turn, a deed; see Fact. cf. F. faillir. Sec Feather. (K) M.F. ether. A.S. fallere, to deceive Pail, Fallible, False. Hence also O. F. fe$er. -f Du. veder, Dan. fader, Swed. fauter, Span, altar, Ital. faltaiG, to be \fjader, Juel. ^tfr, G. /^/^r; L. /<?;/ (for *jf>ct-sttd)y Skt. patra-, Gk. nrtpov, a lacking. Faun, a rural (Roman) deity. (L,) L. wing, bee Pen. (^PET.)
;
.
\

- L.) Formerly faut. O. It.faute, a fault. (Span, and Ital./a/te, a defect.) - Folk-L. *fallifa,
Fault.
(F.

Festal.
I I

M. E./aute.

Feat,

a deed well done.

(F.-L) M.E. fait. -L. foe-

j '

faunu$.~\j.fauere(?) Feature, make, form. (F.-L.^ M.E. A. F. fet lire O. F. failure, Fauteuil, an arm-chair. (F. Low L. feture. -O. H. G.) F. fatiteml, O. F. faulde- fashion. L. factura, work, formation. tuezl (Cot.). Low l^.faldistdliurn, a fald- L factus, pp. of faccre, to make. see Faldstool. stool Febrile, relating to fever. (F.-L.) - L. febnhs. - L. felri-s, fever. Favour, &b. (F. L.) O. F. favour. .febrile.
t

to

be propitious

"L./audrem, ace. of fauor, favour. L. February. (L,) L. februanus, the ' month of expiation. L. februa, neut. pi., fauere, to befriend, orig. to venerate.' favourite. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F. a festival oi expiation on Feb. 15. L. favonf, cf. Y.favori, pp. of Jf.favorir, \fcbruum, purification \februare, to expiate. to favour. But the final / is really due to Of Sabine origin.
(

borrowing fiom \t-a\.favorito, pp. and sb. Ital. oiig. pp. of favonre, to favour.

Feckless,

ineffective.
;

Also

fectless

'

short for effect-less

see Effect.

L. jauorem (above). favore, favour. (i), to cringe to, rejoice servilely A. $.faknian t fagntan t to reover. (K.) joice; variants of fcegenian, to fawn, from fagen, fain, giad.-f led. fagna, to rejoice,

Fawn

Feculent,

foul.

(F.-L.)

?. feculent.

L. ficcukntus, full of dregs. See Feeces. dregs.

L. /^a"\f,
.

Fecundity.
(Cot.).

iF.-L.)

lk.

fawditi

welcome one
Pain.

allied to feginn, fain.

See
j
;

(2), a >oung deer. (F.-L.) O. F, fan, faon, eaiher feon, a fawn; to a Late'L. form *fetonem answering

Fawn

L. ace. fecunditatcm, fruitfulness. allied to fetus t ; See Fetus. oflspiing. - L.) F. ftdlial. Federal. (. Formed, with sufiix ~al, from L, feeder(for *fades-}y stem of focdus, a treaty.
L. fccundusy fruitful

(not found), aec. of *feto, a young one. See Fetus. \..fitusy foetus offspring.
y

Akin

to fides, faith.

a fairy. (F.-L) F. fee, O.F. Cf. Poit. fada> Ital. fata, a faey a fay. fay. -Late L. fata, a fate, goddess of destiny, a fay. - L. fa/a, pi. of L. fatum, fate. See Fate. Der./a/-;^.

Fay,

a payment. (F. A. Y.fec, O. F./i (F. /#0, a fee, fief. Late L. fevum, a fief (DuPiob. from O. G. fchu, procange). perty. -f*Ehi. ^Y, Icel. fe, Dan. y^p, Swed. fa, Goth, faihu, L. pcctts; Skt. pa{u->

Fee,

lordship,

O. H. G.

?)

Fealty,
oifidelitas,

true service.

fealt*,feeltett, fidelity.

- \..fidelitatem, ace. cattle, whence M. E. /#, cattle, property. - L. fidelis, faithful; now obsolete, fl" We also find Late L. fidelity.
M. E. far.
danger, fear.

(F.-L.)

O.F.

cattle.

(-v/PEK.)

So

also

A.S.

from/i/$-

faith.

Fear.
sudden

(E.)

peril,

f&r, a Orig. used of

S.

A.

feudum see Feudal. Feeble. (F -L.) M.

;

./<?#*.- A. P\ 0. F./^/4? (Godefroy).;

FEED
cf.

FERN
fell.

Ital. fievole

Ital.

/</].- L.
L. flere,

(<flevole\ feeble [since fjall, a flebilis, doleful; hence, (Kluge).

to

Allied to G. fch, a rock

peasant. (Arab.) Yl.fellahin.

weak.
5QO.

weep.

Brugm.

ii.

Fellah, a

Arab, fellah, falldh, a farmer, peasant. Arab, root fa/aha, to plough, till. Feed, to take food, give food. (E.) M.E. feden. A. S. fedan for *fddian Felloe ; see Felly. with vowel-change fi om o to e. A. S./?</tf, Fellow, a partner. (Scand.) ' M. E. food.+Du. voeden, Iccl.fa'da, Swed. foda, felaive. lsQl.felagi, a partner in a felag/ Dan. /?</<?, O. H. G.fuotan, Goth, fodjan lct\.fclag, companionship; lit. a laying Teut. type *fodjan-. See Food. Icel. fe, property; together of property. Feel. (E.) NL.E.fiten A. S felan.+ lag, a laying together, a law; see Law. Du. voelen, G. fuhlen. Teut *fdljan-\ The Icel. fe is cognate with A. S. feoh> from Teut. base /*/- (2nd grade, fol-), cattle, property, L. pec us, cattle. whence also Icel. falma, to grope, A. S. Felly, Felloe, part of a wheel-rim. folm, palrn of the hand (L. palina}. Allied (E.) M. E. fdwe. A. S. felg, fclgt, a to Palm (i). felly. +Du. vetg, Dan./r/^^, G. felge. Feeze, Feaze, Fheeze. (E ) Pro- Felon, a wicked person. (F. Late L. M.E. felnn.- O. F. felon, a perly to put to flight, drive away, chase -L.?) away, harass, worry ; often misexplamed traitor. Late L felonem, ace. offclojello, * E. fesen O. Merc, fesian, a traitor, rebel. See Fell (3). by whip.' A. S. fysian, to duve away quickly, Felt. (E.) M.E./*/// A.S. /&//.+ = Icel. *fcysa}, Du. vilt, Low G., Swed., Dan. jilt, G. chase. Cf. Norw. fbysa Swed. fosa, to drive. From Teut. base Jilz. Teut. type *fcltoz, n. allied to G. Der. *faus- (sense unknown). ^[ Distinct from \falzen, to groove, join together.
; ;
'
.

'

a shij). (Ital.- Arab ) Ital. feign-, as mfcign-ant, pres. pt. oifeindre. \/c!tica. A.ia.b.ftt!k, a ship. (Sec Dcvic.) L fingere, to form, feign. See Figure. Female. (F. L.) Yurfcinell, by conDer. feint (from F. pp feint). fusion with male. M. E. femelle. Q.}?. Feldspar, a kind of rmneial. (G}\femelle. l*. fcinella, a young woman; Corrupted from G. feldspath, lit. field- dimin. ^ifemina, a woman (below). F.
I

Feign. (F.-L) M. E femen

S.jfysau, to hurry, from//7j, prompt.

-O

\filter,

fcuter.

Felucca,

spar.

Felicity. (F.-L)
ace felicitdtem.
felix,

L. felTci-, dccl. stem of

;

happy,

fruitful

allied to

Feline.

O. F. feminin. L. Jennnimis, womanly. L. fennna, a woman. CLfelare, to suckle Gk Orjkvs, female, OijXrj, the breast; Skt. dhart a
;
t

feminine. (F.-L.)

L. felimis, belonging to nurse. L. feles, a cat cats. perhaps allied to Femoral, belonging to the thigh. (L.) Gk. 6rj\vs, female. L. femora h* adj. from femor-, stern of Fell (i ), to cause to fall. (E.) O.Merc. femur, thigh S. fallan, A. S. fyllan, causal of O. Merc. Fen, a bog. (E } M. E. fen. So also Du. fcnn. 'Du. veen, Icel. fen, Goth. //;, fallan, A. S.feallan, to fall. Teut. type Banjoul, n. vellen, D&n.falde, Swed. /#//#, Icel fella, mud. G. fallen ; all causal forms. Teut. type Fence; shoit for defence, see Defend. Sec short for Defend, q. v. *falljan-> causal of fallan-, to fall. ; Fall. short for defender. ; Fell (2), a skin. (E ) M. E fe/. A. S. Fennel, a plant. (L.) E. fencL
(L.)
;
;

Feline.

Fend

Fender

fel,

M.

/*//.+ Du. vel, Icel. fell, Goth. -///, H. G. vel\ L. pellis, Gk. rreAXa, skin.
cf.yf /-///.
(3), cruel,

Doublet,/^//;

Fell
L.
?)
/;//<?,

dhe.

M.

E./*/.

- O. F./*/,

(F.-Late
cruel

L-

A. S.faiol,finngk. 1 faenit ulum, fennel ; double dimin. oifaemtm, hay. Fenugreek, a plant. (F.-L.) F. femigrec. - L. faenum Gracum, lit. Greek
,

(cf. Ital.

hay.

Late L. fello, felot a malecruel;. factor, felon, traitor. Perhaps gall (N. E. D.) ; cf. Du. dial, fel, sharp, acrid (Molema). See Felon. biting,

Feoff;
for

see Fief.
(L.)

Ferment.

L.

fermcntum

(short

M. E./r/.(4), a hill. (Scand.) Icel. fjall, fell, a hill ; Dan. field, Swed.

Fell

*feriti-mentum\ leaven. L.ferttere, to boil. See Fervent. Fern. (E.) A. S. G. farn(kratit") Skt. parna-, a wing,
;

182

FEROCITY
feather, leaf, plant, the orig. sense bein^ 'feather.' Cf. also Brtigm. i. 973. Lith. papartis, Russ. paporot(e], Irish

FETTER
(F.-L,)
O. F. fesse (Roquefort)
;

mod.

raith,

W.

Y.fasce, a fess. L.^-w/Vz, a giith; allied lofascis, a bundle; see Fascine.

rhedyn, fern; Gk.

-are pis,

fern,

Festal. F.-L.) O.F. festal. Formed

V

iTTp6v, a wing, feather.

Ferocity. (F.-L.)

M.F. ferodtt L. fereii-,

L. ace. ferocitdtem, fierceness. decl. Ltem of ferox, fierce fierce, wild. Brugm. i. 319.

ferus,
of

Ferreous.
iron
;

(L.)

L. ferreus,

made

(with F. suffix -<7/<L. -a/is) from L. festum, a feast, orig. neut. of festus, festive, Allied to Fair (2) and Fane. joyful. Profestival. (F.-Late L.-L.) O. F. festival, festive. perly an adj. Late \j.festivdh^.^\^festiuus (below).

with

suffix -otts.

L.ferrum,

iron.

festive.
to a feast.

(L.)

'L.festhtus, belonging
feast.

(L.) L.fernigin-us y same as ferriigineus, rusty ; with suffix L. fcrrugin-, stem of ferrugo, rust -cits. of iron. L.ferrum, iron.

ferruginous.

L.festum, a

Fester,
sore.

a sore. (F.-L.)
;
>

T.feston, a Ital. festom, a garland. garland, festoon. Usually derived from ^L.festum, a feast. Fetch. (E.) M. E. fecchen, pt. t. A. S. feccan, to fetch, Gen. elite, fahte. carry off. Ferret (2), a kind of silk tape. (Ital. xvni. 4 Luke xii. 20. Prob. fecc(c]an is FYom Ital. fio) etti, little flowers, a later form of ///;*, to fetch (Anglia, vi. L.) also foret or ferret silke,' 177\ Allied to A.S.fat, a pace, step, flounshings PI. of fioretto, dimiii. of fiore, a journey Florio. Iccl. fet, a step, foot-measure L. Jlorem, ace. of jlos, a flower and to L. pcs (gen. pcd-is\ a foot. Cf. flower. see Flower. Cf. F. fleuret, ferret ; from A. S. gefeccan, O.K. T., p. 178. Der. fetch, sb., a stratagem. Jieitr, flower. F. - L.) Mod. Y.fete, the same Ferruginous ; see Ferreous. Ferrule, a metal ring at the end of a as O. F. fcste see Feast. stick. (F. L.) Fetich, Fetish, an object of superCorrupted spelling (due Port. F. to confusion with ferrum, iron) of the stitious dread. L.) (F. O.F. virol fetiche. Port, feittfo, sorcery, lit, artificial ; older form mrrol\ XVI cent. (F. viro/e\ a fenule; Late L. vtrola, the also, a name given by the Port, to the same. From L. uiriola, a little biacelet ; roughly made idols of Africa. \^.factitiust dimin. of *ut'rta, an armlet, only found in artificial. L. fact-us, pp. of facere, to

an animal. (F.-Low L.L. ?) O. V.furet, a ferret. - Late L.furetus,furectus, a ferret. Ahofftro; said to be the same as Late L. ffiro, a thief, from L. fur, a thief. Cf. Gk. </>oy>, a thief; from the strong 5 grade of ^pav, to bear,
(i),

Ferret

also spelt fistle^ an ulcer to fester (Godefroy\ L.

O. ^.festre, whence fcstrir,

a running

/?.f////0,

See Fistula.
;

Festival, Festive see Festoon. (F. - Ital. - L.)

Festal.

Fte.

Doubtful. make. (Diez.) O. F. fctide.-l.. vb. (E.) Fetid. (F.-L.) M.]L.fcrien. A. S. fenan, to convey across causal of A S. fetidus, fcetidtiS) stinking. L. fetere^ to faran, to go. -f- Icel. ferja, to carry; stink. ' ' causal of fara, to go Goth, far/an, to Fetlock. (Scand.) As if the lock or tuft of hair behind a horse's pastravel by ship. See Fare. (N. E. I ).) Fertile. (F.-L.) F./<rr//fc.-L./<r- tern-joint. Cf. Low G. Jit lock (Lubben); See M. H. G. vizzeloch (Kluge). The syllable L. fetre, to bear. ttlis, fertile. Bear (0. -l-ock is due to a double suffix, but was a rod or bat for thought to refer to Iccl. lokkr, A. S. locc>
pi. uirite.

Ferry,

Ferule,

punishing
'

L. (L.) Formerly ferula. ferula, a rod ; ong. the plant giantfennel/

children.

Fervent, hot,

zealous. (F.

- L.)

O. F.

a lock of hair. Fet- is prob. allied to Icel. fet, a pace, step, ./to', a pacer (used and to Icel. /<#r, a foot; cf. of horses) G. fesse I, pastern ; and see Fetch, Foot.
;

L. feruent-, stem of pres. pt. of fervent. Allied to O. Irish berbferuere, to boil.

Der. fervour, from O. F. aim, I boil. ]fcrvour<L. ace. feruorem, heat; fttvid, *fet-, ^grade of/(?/, foot.-|-Du. vcter, Icel* from l*.fentidus. fjoturr\ cf. L. ped-ica and com-pes, Gk. Fess y a horizontal band in heraldry. Der./?/^r, vb. fy, a fetter.
183

Fuss.) M. E. feter. shackle. (E.) A. S. fetor, a shackle for the foot ; from

(Kluge,

s. v.

Fetter, a

FETUS
Fetus, offspring. (L,) L. fetus, a L. *ftiere, an bringing forth, offspring. obsolete verb, to generate, produce
;

FIELDFARE
break down. See phrase unknown.)

Flask.

(Origin
let it

of

Fiat, a
done.
was. Cf. 282.

decree.

(L.)

L. ffat,

be

allied to

fa-i
fief
;

was
ii.

see

Future, Be.

Brugm.

i.

361,
(i),

587.

L. fio, I become ; used as pass, of facere, to do, but really allied to fui, I

Feu,

a variant of Fee.
hatred,

A.

S.

beo,

am.

Brugm.

i.

Fend

(F.-O. H. G.)
fied in spelling in

M.

perpetual hostility. E. jfofc.jfcfV/. Modi-

Fib. (Low
small
lie, fib

G.)

Allied to fob,
cf.

fab

off,

some unexplained way,

O. F.

perhaps by the influence of foe.

feide, faide, fede,

to delude (Shak.) ; (formerly, to he)

perpetual hostility. O. H. G. fehida enmity ; (G._ fehde), cognate with A. S. faM, enmity, from A. S.fah, hostile. See Foe. fief. (Low L. - F. ~ (2), a O. H. G.) Low L, feudum, a Latinised

G.fopfen, to banter ; Westphal. ftp-ken, a (Woe&te).

Fibre.
a thread.

(F.

- L. )

F. fibre.

- L.

fibra,

Fickle.
from

Feud

(E.)

M.E./XW.

*fician, to deceive, in

A.S.yfo/; comp. be-fician,

form allied to O. F fiu, also spelt figf see Fee, Fief. (The intrusive d is unDer. /?</ #/, adj. explained.)

Feuter,
Teut
)

to lay spear in
.

rest.

(F.

From M.

spear.

O. >

E. feitter, a rest for a fetitre, older feltre, a piece

first

Fiction. (F. - L.) F. fiction. - L fietioncm, ace. otfatio, a feigning. L.fictus, See Figure. pp. of fingers, to feign. Fiddle, a violin. (L.) M.E. A. S.fidele cf. Icel.fiSla, Dan./afofr/, Du.
;

to deceive; cf.yfr, sb., fraud, y^fm, deceitful ; fdctn, fraud.

of felt, also a rest (prob. at the lance. Cp. li*\.feltro,

origin;

felted) for

vedel, (j.fiedel.

felt.

Of
felt.

Tent.

from

Low

G.

Jilt,

See

Apparently borrowed from Late L. uittda, uiditla, a viol see Viol. Y. fidelity - L. Fidelity. (F. - L.)

Felt.

fidSlitatem, ace. vifidelita*, faithfulness.-*

a dog-keeper. (F.-Low L. L. fideli-, stem of fidehs, faithful. L. In Ben Jonson, Every Man out fides, faith. See Faith. C.) of his Humour, 11. i Older see Nareb. dimin. form of Fidget. (Scand.) O. spelling vewter, for veittr-er. fidge, to be continually moving up and veutre, mod F. vautrc, a mongrel between down, hkey&? in Noith of England, M. E. a hound arid a mastiff. Low Lat. ace. fiken, to fidget, to hasten. Cf.lcel./te,to veltrum for L. vertagus, vertagra, ver- climb up nimbly, as a spider ; Swed.yf&z, "Said to be Celtic. to hunt after, Norw fika, to take trouble, traga, a greyhound. Perhaps from Celtic vcr-, intensive prefix, fika etter, to hasten after, pursue. and trag- t to run see Fick, ii 136, 283 Fiducial, shewing trust. (L.) From Fever, a kind of disease. (Li) M.^E. Late L. fidttcidhs, adj. L. fidncia, trust. L fldere, to trust. feuer (fever}. K.$.Jefer,fefor\ see Matt. - L. febris, fever. viii. 15 ; A. Fie. (F. L.) M. E. fy. Y.fi. L. ft. Y.fevre. feverfew, a plant. (L.) A. &.fifer- Cf. Icel. fy, Dan. fy, Swed fy, G. p/tri, A. Y.feverfite. Late L. febrifuga, Lat. phu, phy, bkt. phut, ftige expressions for L. febrifitgia, 'fever-dispelling.' L. of disgust. fcbri-s, fever ; fugdre, to put to flight. Fief, land held of a superior. (F. Few. (E.) M.Kjfcw*. A.S ]A feawe. O. II. G.) O. F. fief, formerly spelt fiu 4-Icel. far, Dan. faa Swed. fa ; Goth. (Roland). See Fee. Der. feoff, vb., to fiom A. Y.fcoffer, faivai, pi.; cf. L. patwts, Gk. iravpos, put in legal possession small. to endow with zfeoj Also feoffee, orjief.

Feuterer,

doomed
feige,

Fey, doomed

to die (E.) A.S. ( ~?ge, to die.+IceL ./#/, Du. veeg\ G.

Y.feoffll, pp. vifeoffer.

Field.

(E.)

G. feld (whence Dan. felt, cowardly; Swed. feg, Dan. feig, Du. veld. cowardly. Swed./i//). Allied to A.S. folde, earth, Fez, a red Turkish cap, without a brim. land. Teut, type *felthuz. Cf. Russ. pol, (F.~ Morocco.) F. and Turk, fez' a. cap a field , Skt. prthivt, earth. .Brugm. i. so called because made at Fez. in 502.' Morocco. fieldfare; a bird. (E.) A.S. feldeFiasco, lit. 'a bottle/ (Ital.) Ital. fare [miswntten feldeware}, lit. 'fields far fiasco, to make a bottle, also, to fail, traveller;' see Fare/
;
;

M.E./^/.

A.S.

/eU.+

184

FIEND
Fiend.
feond)
lit.
;

FIN
File (3), to defile. (E.) A. S. fylan, A. S. ful, to make foul ; for *fulian, foul. See Defile (i) and Foul. Filial. (L.) From L. fill-its, a son,
;

(E.)
*

M.E. /?/*/. A.S. front, a hating one,' an enemy, the

pres.
pt.

enemy

hate, -f

D.

orig.

of feog(e}an, to
;

vijttnd,

Dan. Swed. /fmfc;

;

Goth. fllia, daughter oiig. infant: cf. \..fcldre^ 1c,e\.f/dndi> pres. pt. ofjfia, to hate Cf. Feminine. Cf. to suck. (-^/DHE.) Jijands, fromjijan, to hate G.fewd. Skt //>, to hate (Fick). See Foe. Filibuster, a freebooter. (Span. Du.) Fierce. (F.-L.) M. E. jfcrr.-O.F. Span filibuster a mere coiruption of I)n. /^'.r, JicrSj old nom. of O. F y^r, /?>", vnjbwlcr, a freebooter. Dn. vrijbmten, I )n. fierce (Y.fier, proud). to lob, plunder. buit> vrij, free L.ferus, wild. Fife. (F.-O. G.-L.) F. fifre.- booty, plunder. See Booty. O. II. G.pftfa, ;//*, a pipe. - O. II G. Filigree. (F. Ital. L,) Foimerly Late L. plpare, fihgrane XVII cent. F fihgranc. Ital. Pftfen, to blow, whistle. to pipe L. pTpare, to chirp (as a bird). filigrana, filigree-work, fine \\roughtwork. See Pipe. Ital. JilOj a thread or row, filare, to Fig. (F.-rrov.-L.) F/%//*.-rrov. spin grano^ gram or texture so called Folk-L. V^'tf, used for \ J .fhtts, a because the chief texture of it was wrought ^'tf. Fiom L. filum, thread; (Cf. O. F. //>, a fig; immediately in silver wne. fig.
, ;

Fight.

(EO

O. Merc. /"<?///#, Du. vcchtcttj G. fcchlen, to

;

l.Jihlfn,fchtcn,M\>. to fight fchte, a fight -ffight

granum^

(whence
>

<ffThe $$&&. filtgrana is grain. merely borrowed from Italian ^Monlau). A.S fyllan\ formed Fill, vb. (E.) fiom/}//, i. e. full, by vowel-change from u
to

Teut. *fehtan-. Figment. (L.) \ J .Jigmenfuni an invention. L.yF^-, base of fingere, to feign

Dan. /</<?, Swed /0te).

figura,) a fig~}> to

F, "^- - L 'thiead. See File (i). L. fingere (base Fillibeg, FhiHbeg, a kilt. (Gaelic ) make, fashion, feign, -f* Goth. Gael, fcileadh-beag) the modem kilt. deiqan, to knead, Skt. <///*, to smear. Gael, feileadh, fcile, a kilt, piob. from L. 'VDHKIGH.) linigm. i. 589. Der. ^lcll(m a veil (Macbain) and bcag, little, Cf. W. baih, little. small. dis-figure, pre- figure, tram-figwe. Filament. (F. L.) F. filament. - Fillip, to strike \\ith the finger-nail, Late L. ft lament um, thin thiead. Late when jerked fiom the thumb. E ) Another L. frluw, form of/7;/ ; see Flippant. L. filare, to wind thread. thread sec File (i) Fills, used for thilh. (E.) See Thill. Filbert, fruit of hazel. (F.- O. II. ^ Filly, a female foal. (Scand ) Icel. cf. short for fyljct, a filly, allied to foh, a foal Formeily phihberd (Gower") Philibird or Ptnlibert nut, fioin the 'Dan. Swed./?/, G.fullen. See Foal. Film, a thin skin. (E.) A. S. filmen proper name Phihbert\ (S. Phihheit's day is Aug 22) ; North F, noix de filbert (fylmcn}, ncut, membrane (O. Fries, filmcne, f, skin). For W. Teut. *filmm-jo- t (Moisy). O. H. G flu-bo ht, very bright

(pp

fic-tus, for ^fig-tu^.

figure.

(F. L.) thing made.

Icel fylla, Dan. fylde, fylla, Goth.fu!//an, (^.fallen. FiUet. (F.-L.) M. E. filet.-Q>. F. L filum, a filet, dimjn. of/?/, a thread.

y.+ l)u. wiUcH)

Sued

from fihi (G. vtel\ greatly, /;<?;///, bright. ^f Called in Germany Lambertsnuss i. e nut from Lombardy (Weigand). Filch.. (E ) Ktym. unknown possibly
> ;

fiom

*felnien, -won-, as in

skin of an egg.
fel- in

A. S. teger/elma^ Extended from the base

See
F. F.

A. S.fel, skin, Goth.///, skin.

to stiain.

Fell

(2).

related to M. li^fden, to conceal. Cf. Iccl. fela, to hide, bury; Goth, filhan, to hide. File (i), string, line, order. (F. L.) Partly from O. .jile, a file, from filer, to

Filter,
ftltrer,
filtre,

- O. Low G.) (F.

felt.

ong. to strain through

a strainer, orig. felt (Littre).

Low

thread;

ment)

fiom Late L. fihlre (see Filapartly from F, fit, thread, from

t

lL.fflum a thread.
a steel rasp. (E.) O. Merc. ffl\ A. S.jto/.+Du. vijl, O. ll.G.fi/iaZa, G. feile \ as if from a base *fenh-. The Icel.form is^7/, as if from a base *thenh-.

G./?//, felt; see Felt. Filth, foul matter. (E.) A. S./JVd'.A. S. /"///, foul (by vowel-change of // to So also O. Sax. fulithd^ filth, from
/)//, foul.

File

(2),

See Foul.
)
t

A. S. finn, a fm.+Du. vin Swed. ftna, Dan. finm L. pinna. See Pin.

Fin. (E

185

FINAL
O. F. final. - L. L.) finis, end. O. F. Finance, revenue. (F. fin znce. Late L. finantia, payment. Lite L. flnare, to pay a fine Late L. finis, a settled payment, a finish or end, i. e. final arrangement L. finis, end. M. E. finch. Finch, a bird. (E.)

FIST
H. G. fuir. Teut. type *fu-zr. Cognate with Gk. irvp. Cf. Skt. pavqka(from^w), purifying, also fire. (^PU.)
viur, O.

Final.

(F.

finalis,

final.

l^.

-L)

Firk,

to

conduct,

drive,

beat.

(E.)

A. S.fercian, to conduct, support. Prob. from A.S.f&r, a journey; allied to Fare.

fourth part of a barrel. E. ferdekin. From Du. vierde, fourth ; with suffix -kin (as in kilder-kiti] answering to the M. Dn. double dimin. suffix -k-in (G. -ch-en in madchen}. Vierde is from Du. vier, four see Four. - L.) M. E. fcrme. (i), adj. (F. O. F. and F. fenne. L. firums^ stead-

Firkin,

the

(M.

Du)

M.

A.S. finc.*\-'D\\. vink, Dan. finke, Swed. and G. fink. Cf. W. pinc^ chaffinch; Gk. (Trrcyyoy, ffiria, a finch prov. E. Der. chaf-finch, q. v., bull-finch, spi'ik.
;

Sec.

Firm

Find.

(E.)

A. S findan.+\)\\. vinden,

Der.farm. T)M\.finde, Swed. and lce\.finna ( -finfia], fast. firm (2), a partnership. (Span. L.) ^jQ^i.finthan, (j.finden Teut. *fenth-an-; J Idg. base *pent-, whence O. lush et-aim, The older sense was signature of the I find. Perhaps allied to L petere, to house or (as we call it) the firm. Span. seek after; see Petition. Span, firmar, to Brugm. ii. firma, a signature. L. firmare, to make firm. confirm, sign. 634. \J Fine (i\ exquisite, thin. (F L.) .firmus, firm (above). O. F. fin, witty, perfect. Late L finus, firmament, celestial sphere. (F. L ) a L. fit mamcntum fine; used in place of L. finittn, well O. F. firmament. rounded or ended, said of a sentence support also, expanse of the sky (VnlL gate). L. firmare, to stiengthen ; from (Brachet), orig. pp. of finire, to end. Finus is a back-formation firm us, firm. finis, end. N from finTre. Pers. Firman, a mandate. (Pers. Law L. fennan, a mandate, order; O. Pers frafine (2), a tax (Law L.) Skt. pram ana-, a cf. finis, a fine, a final arrangement ; L. mana (Horn) See Finance (above). decision, from pra, before (Gk. TT^O) and finis, end.
* ,
;

First. (E.) A S. fyrst, the superl. of winger, Icel. fingr, Dan. Swed. G. finger, Teut. type *fin- fore, with vowel-change of u (A. b o) to Goth figgrs {**fingr*). groz orig. sense unknown. coined word from L. Teut type *furii>toz, superl. from the base Finial. (L Cf final. see Fore. finis, end. *fttr;
")

Finger.

(E)

A.

S.

fingcr.+\>*.

ma,

to meastue.

A coined word; finical. (F. L.) extended from Fine (i) above. finish, vb. (F -L) M. ^.finischen.

'Firth; Fiscal,
(

see

Frith.
to

OF fimss-, ba^e of pres

L
finire, to end
(L.)

F.

- L.)

finish.

pt. of finir , to

*.fi'nits,

O. Y fiscal. - Late I fiscalts. a basket of lushes, also a puise.

,

pertaining

the

revenue.

finis, end.

finite, limited. toifjnire (above \

L.firntus, pp.

fi\kr,

Fiord,
CScand.)

a sea-loch, deep inlet of the sea

;

Swed.^r/', G.fisch Goth. Teut type *fisko".. Cognate with /7ss. L. piscis, Irish and Gael, iasg, O Ir iasc
;

Fish. (E.) Dan and

S.yfaf.-t-Du.z/2jr/fc,Icel.

Norw. fjord, Dan fi wd, fjord (with loss> of initial /). See Frith. O.F. figure -I, Fissure. (* Icel.fjordr. L. fi^us, p|>. of findcte, to Fir, a tree. (Soand ) M. E fir; answer- fissnra. ing to a mutated form due to A. S fitrh, cleave. -f-Skt. bind, to cleave; A. S. bitan, which occurs in furhwudu, a pme-tiee to bite. (-/HHEID) And see Vent

~L)

Cf Icel prob. of Scand. oiigin. fyri-skogr, a fir- wood (written fyriskogr) from Icel. fura, a fir; cf. Dan.^jv, Swed. fnra fohre, pyr. Cognate with L. qitercus, an oak; and O. Lombaidicj^;r^,
but

+G

Brugm. i. 567. Fist. (E) M.'E. fist, fest, fust. A.S. G. faust) O. II. G. fust. /tf.+Du. vuist,
(i).

Teut.

*fii!>tiz.

<|f

was
Idg.

*fttnhstiz,

it

may be

If the orig Teut. foim identified with

aesculus.'

Fire. (E

A.

S. ./?/.

+Du.

vuur,

Icel.

Kuss. piaste, fist, O. Slav. p$sti; from an base *pznksti-, which is allied to

fyri, Dan. and Swed.Jj/r, (^.feuer,

M.H.G. Five.
1

86

FISTULA
Fistula, a deep, narrow abscess. From the shape 'L.flstula, a pipe.
;

FLAMINGO
(L.)
(4), (Scand.) Icel. flaga^

Flag

Flagstone,

a paving-stone. a flag or slab of

Fit
M. E.
fitja,

(i), to suit; as adj., apt. (Scand.) Icel. and Norw. fltten, to arrange.

to knit together; Swed. dial, fittja, to bind together ; cf. G.ytov/, to bind into
skeins, fromyfotf, a skem.

This might give E. dial, flaw (see Flaw), but cf. Icel. flagna, to 'flake off, Dan. dial, flag-torv^ Sc. flag^ a cut turf. A weakened form of Flake.
stone.

From

a hem, also

'

web

'

Icel.^f/,
;

of a bird's foot
;

cf.

flagellarC)

M.

Dan.^fofofr, to knit

Perhaps allied to Fit

as to sense

by M.

fid, a skein. ^f Influenced E.fete, well done ; from

(2).
ill-

Dan.

O. Y.fait, L&t. foetus; see Feat. Fit (2), a part of a poem, attack of
1

ness. (E.) M. }L.flt. A.S.yfr/ , (i) a song, (2) a struggle; which perhaps are the same word. Cf. Fit (i).

Fitchet, Fitchew, a pole-cat. (F. M. Du.) Fitchew is fiom Picardyfcfoz/jr, \\ ith violence. Perhaps allied to Flagrant. M. F\fissau, a polecat older form, _/*.?<:/. Flagon. (F-LateL.) O. F. flacon, M. Du.^/fow, a polecat from the smell. another form of flascon Late L. fla^ioCf. Icel. fisci) to make a smell. Late L. nem, ace. of fiasco, a flask. Fitz, son. (A. F. L.) Formerly fiz flasca, a flask. See Flask.
;

Fitch., the same

as

Vetch,

q. v.

From pp. of L. (L.) L. flageUum^ scourge. diinin. oijlagrttm^ a scourge. See Flail. Flageolet, a sort of flute. (F.-Prov) M. .flageolet, dimin. of flagcol, with the same sense. \?\w.flajols*flaujolst a flageolet; which cannot represent a Late L. *flautiolus t a little flute, as suggested by Diez. L. flagitios-ns, (L) Flagitious. shamelul with suffix -ous. L. flilgitium, a disgraceful act cf. ^L.fldgitare, to act
Flagellate.
to
;

A. F. flz (with s as ts (with z as /j). also O. F.Jitz,Jt/s. L.fitius, a son. Five. (E.) M. E. fif\ sometimes fine, as a plural. A. S. fif (for *Jiwf). -f Du.
t

Flagrant,

glaring, as a fault. (F.

L)

O. F. flagrant, properly burning. L. flagrant-, stem of pres. pt. of flagrare, to Sk. bhraj. burn.-f Gk. <p\tyiv to burn
}
;

w;f, Dan. Swed. fern, Icel. funm, doth. funf\ W. pump, O. Ir. coic, L. ftmf, qiiinque, Lith. penkl, Gk. TrcVre (yKol. Idg t}pe *penqe. TTc/uirc), Skt. pancha. Dor. JfS/'-M, A. S. ///to y/7<ftv*, A. S.///1

VHHLEG
Flail.

(L.)

Brngm. i 539 (2). M. E. /*>/, fle$L

fleil. ~

Prom L.
a
flail
;

flagelhun, a whip, in Late L.

dun in. viflagrum, a scourge.

See

tcne-,flf-ty, \.$.'fifttg.

Fix.

(F.

-L.)

O. F. /,r, fixed.

-L

fixus, fixed; pp. otfigeie, to fix. cf Tcel. FlZZ. (Scand.) Imitative; y/jvz, Dan jfo, with the sense of L. /fcY/;r. Flabby ; weakened form rffloppy secFlap. Cf. Low flabbc, a hanging lip
;

Flagellate. Flake, a thin slice. (ScaidO Norw. cf. Icel. flak) a slice, an ice-floe flakna, flagna, to flake off, Swed. flctga, a flake.
,

Perhaps allied to Flay.

Flambeau. (F.-IO
torch
;

F, flambeau, a

flabbsig, flabby (Danneil).

Flaccid. (F.-L)
i

F. flaccid*. -I*,

F flambc (below). LJ O. F. flame, flame, sb. (F. flammc'j also flambc. L flamma (*flagdimin. of O.
flag-, to

flocculus limp. \^.Jlaccus, ilabby. Flag (i), to droop, giow weary, (K.^ Weakened form of flaik, to hang loosely M. E. flakken, to ilap about. From the
;

base Jlac- of A. S. Jlac or, flying, roving 4- Icel. flakka, to rove flako to flap
; %
;

a flame; perhaps from the base burn See Flagrant. Flamen. (L.) L. fla men, a priest of Prob. for *flag-i)ien, he v\ho Rome. cf. burns the sacrifice flagrare. to burn. Or else allied to Goth, blotati, to sacrifice.
)},
;

G. flokra, jiogra, 'Dwb.Jlagre, to flutter Flamingo. (Span. Pro v. L.) Span. flackern, to flutter. All from the imitative flamenco, a flamingo; but said to be a And Pro ven 9al word the Prov. form is base flak-, allied to flap* flicker. is supposed partly from O. Y.JIaqtnr, to be limp from flamem, where the suffix -cnc O. "R.flaque, limp, \^.Jlaccus. to be an adaptation of the Teut. suffix ' flag (2), an ensign. (Scand ?) Dan -tng. The F. form v^Jlamant, lit, flaming,' flag, Swed. flagg* a flag ; from base of but it seems to have been confused with F. Flamand) a Fleming, whence the peculiar a, to flutter (above). form of the Pi ov. form may have arisen ; flag (3), a reed ; the same word its Palsgrave has 'Flemmyng, flammant? (2) ; Irom its waving in the wind.
;

.87

FLANGE
Still,

FLEDGE
Flaunt,
(Scand.)
larly
It

the etymology

is

flamma, a flame;

from the

certainly from L. flame-like

to

display
the

ostentatiously.
fluttering

seems to have been particudisplay of

The same
cf.

colour of the bird. Flange, a projecting rim.

used

of

(F.

Teut.)
;

as prov. \Lflanch, a projection flanch in heraldry, an ordinary on each O. V.flanche side (or flank] of the shield. flanc, (A. M.flanke\, fern. sb. allied to side. See below.
.

Norw. flanta, to gad &c. plumes, about Dan. flane, to flirt. Somewhat
;

is Swed. dial. flankt, flutteringly, perhaps loosely, from flanka, to waver allied to ftakka, to waver, answering to

similar

M.

&. flab ken

see

Flag

(i).

M. E. (F.-Teut.) G. hlancha, F. flanc, side. O. flanc. lanka, hip, bend, loin; cf. Mid. Du. de Allied Lancke, the flancks;' Hexham. to A. S hlanc, slender see Lank (Disflank, the
side

'

The form seems (F. L.) to have been influenced by that of the O. Lowl. Sc. flewoure, word savour. Q. F. fleur, fleiur, flaur, smell. fleu>er.

Flavour.

puted

but probable

see

Kluge,

s. v.

Gelenk.)
better form.

Cf. Ital. flatore, a bad odoui ; answering L. flatus, pp. to Late L. ace. *flatorem. o{flare, to blow. 3316.) (Korting,

Flannel. (W.) Prov. ^L.flannen, a W. gwlanen, flannel, fiom

N
>

gwlan, wool.

Allied to "Wool. Flap, to beat with the wings. (E. not in A. S M. E flappen, to beat E. Fries flappen. Imitative \tisuflack, to see Flag (i\f V>\\. flappen to flap. beat
; ;

a ciack. (Scand.) M. E. Jlawe. Swed. flaga, a crack, flaw, also a flake Cf. prov. E. flaw, a flake see Flake. also, a gust of wind, like (as of snow) Dn. vtaag.

Flaw,

Flawn,akind of custard. (F.-O.H

M. \L.flaun
(cf.

F. /*;/,

G.)
;

.JIaon, a flawn

Der. flabby (flappy)

flap, sb.

flaschen, dial, flasa, to burn cf. Swed. to dash violently; Icel flasa, to rush, flat, a swift rushing.
,

Flare Flash,
;

see below. to blaze (E.)

flare.

(Scand

Norweg

fiara,

to

Span, flaon, Ital. Jiadonc). Q. H. G. a broad flat cake G. fladen. flado, Allied to Gr. wAaruy, broad. Flax, a plant. (E } AS. fleax.+ Du. vlas, G. flacks Perhaps allied to Goth. flali-ta, a plaiting, Gk. ir\tK-fiv, to weave. Flay, to strip off skin. (E ) M, E.
;

blaze; apparently a variant of Swed. dial. flean. A. S flcan, to flay.-f Icel. fid, pt. Teut. type ^flahan* t. flasa (above \ flo, pp. flegmn. Flask. (Late L ?) A. S flascc, flaxc pt. t. *floh\ to strike. Cognate with Lith. we also find 1t\. flaska, Dan.yfrt.sXtf, Swed. plakh, 1 strike cf. Lat plCtga, a stroke. lirugm. i. 569. flaska, (j.flawhc but it KS hardly a Teut. See Plague Late L. flasca, a flask cf aUo word. Flea. (E.) M. Kyfof, pi.yfaw. A. S. Kemoter flcah, a flca.4-l)u. vbo, Icel flo, \V .fflasg, (jzvl.Jlasir s^fiom floh, Teut. base *flauh-, or perhaps *flatth> } See Flagon. origin nncertam. Flat. (Scand ) M. }L.flat. - Icel. flat) , allied to the veib to flee See Flee. Fleam, a kind of lancet. (F. L. Gk.) HamilE. O. F. fheme, F flamme, a fleam Flatter. (F.-Teut.; or E.) Late L. fletoma, a lancet (Vocab. Either, ton ftateren, a fiequentativc form. with suffix -er-, from F. flat-er, mod. F. 400. n); shortened from Late L. flevoor formed from an E. tonnim, phlcbotomiim, a lancet. Gk. flatter, to flatter base flat-, of imitative origin cf. M. Du. Gk. <f>\^o-, decl. <f)\(por6iJiov J a lancet. TOJU-, o-grade of flatttren, to flatter (Hexham) from O F. stem of <phty, a vein from T/jiV(iv, to cut. Hence also M. H. G. flater, which is from Icel flat-r, flat Cf. the base fliedetne, G flicte, Du. vlijm^ a fleam. the notion of making smooth Fleck, a spot (Scand.*) M, E. fltk. flak-, seen in M. Swz&.fleckra, to flatter, Swed. dial, fleka, to caiess; also M. K. \ct\.jflekkr a spot flckka, to stain Swed. flakken, to move to and fro, and G. flach, flack, a spot +Du. vlck, G. fleck flat ; see Flag ( i ) The sb. flattery is Flection ; see Flexible. plainly adapted from O. F. flaterie, F. Fledge, to be furnished with feathers. The pp. fledged is now used in the flatterie. (E.) Flatulent, windy. (F.-L.) M. F. fla- place of M. E. flcgge, adj., ready to fly. tulent. - Late L flatulentus. - I., flatus, Ftc ge is a Kentish form of M. E. flygge, breath. L. flare, to blow see Blow (i \ ready to fly. Fiom A. S. *flycgt found
,
(

EA

FLEE
in the

FLIPPANT
'

L. flexus, pp. of inplumcs, Jlexibihs, easily bent. Der. in-flexible. flectere^ to bend. Better flection, bending, (L.) vfag_(M. Du. from L. ace. flexionem^ a bendTent, type flexion vlugge] ; O 11. G. flucchi. from *flug-, weak grade of ing. L. flextiS) pp. vi fleetere. So also *flugyoz adj flex-or, Jlex-ure. (Cf. !?. flexion.) *flMgan- t to fly. See Fly. Flee, to escape. (E.) M. E fleen, pt. t. Flick, a light blow. (E ) Imitative j [The M. E. pt. t. also appeal s cf //>. E. Fries /*, a flick flik-flakken, flch,flcih. as Jlcdde* whence mod. E fled, of Scand. to strike lightly. oiigin.] A. S.fleen (pt. t yf/W/j.-f O. Sax. Flicker, to flutter. (E.) M.E flikeren. A. S flicorian^ to flutter. Imitative ; a fliohan, G. fliehcn\ also \.o.t\. flyja (pt. t. we.ikened form of'flacker, frequent, of M. E. fldy also flyba ; Swed. fly fpt. t flydde} Tent type *thlenhan- flakkcn, to flap about Cf A. S. flacor, Goth, thhuhan* so that y/ was orig. ////, and ndj., flying; See flacketn, to flutter. (pt. t.thlattli] there was ;/0 ong. connexion with the Flag (i). verb to fly, which has from an early date Flight, act of flying. (E.^ A. S. fly/if, allied to flyge, flight. -fSv\ed. flykt^ G. been confused with it. M. E flees. A. S. fleos, flucht, Du. vhtcht. Teut. *fluhti- from Fleece. (E.) arliery?r//j alsoy^'j. -4-Du vlies, M.H.G. fluff-, weak grade of *Jleugan~, to fly. See also itlius ; cf G.flicss flutis, a woollen Fly. Tout. coat, M. H. G. vhls, a sheep-skin. Flimsy, weak, slight. (E.) Modern ; &tcms *fleusi~, *fleuso-, flii$o~\ possibly fiist recorded in 1702 (Kersey). Prob. See Plume. allied to L. plu-ma. note E. imitative, and suggested \yyjilm M. E. Yut$.flem,fltm a film; Dan. <\\o\.flems Fleer, to mock. (Scand.) Norw, flira, to titter, giggle jlim$, a skim on milk. For the ending, flcrun.

compound

unflycge, as in

unfligge,' Academy, 2 June, Du, E. Fries, flugge.

1894 (Napier),

'

also spelt fltsa, Dan. dial. fliret to jeer; Swed flissa, to titter. Fleet (i\ a number of ships. (E) a ship; or M. E. flete, fleote. A. S. (collectively) a number of ships. O. Sax. fliotan, Du. fleotan^ to float, O. H. G. fliozzatt, to vlieten, to flow

cf.

tipsy butnpsy\ also limpsy^ given by Webster as a U. S. synonym of flimsy ;

i

'

N.
O.

K.

D.

A S./^

Flinch.
.

(F.-Teut.?)

XVI cent;

float,

flow,

fljota,

G. fliesscn, to flow; Icel. Teut Swed. flyta, Dan. flyde.

;

*fleutan- (pt. i.flatit, pp. flutanoz) Idg. base *p!ettd, as in Lith. plndis, a float of a fishing-net, (^P-LEU.) Cf. Gk. irA 'v,
to sail, flow.
Skt.

flenchir, flaiuchir> flechtr, to turn abide, bend. Of unknown origin peihaps from O. H. G. *hlcncan, answering to G. The G. lenken is lenken, to turn, bend. from O. H. G. hlanca, the side (Kluge) ; see Flank, Flange, fl The initial fl would then be accounted for precisely as in the case of flank viz. from O. H. G. hi.
,

plu, pru,

to

swim,

float,

Cf.

fleet

(2), a creek.

(E

A.

S. fleot,

creek, a place

where water flows

a stream.
bee

A.

Fleet ( i ). fleet (3), swift. (E.)

;

; fleote, S. fleotan, to float, swim, Cf O. Fries, flet, stieam.

Cf.

A. S

fleotig,

j>wift

Icel.yT^T/r, swiit

From
Fleet

the verb,
(E.)

Cf. Swed. flanga^ to (Scand.) use violent action, romp, race about; i flang, at full speed (taking one's fling) ; M. Swecl. flenga, to stnke, \^^\.flengja^ Dan. fletige, to slash ; * fleng* to whip These foims presuppose indiscriminately a stiong veib *flinga which the E. form
;
t

Link Fling.

(i).

see

Fleet (i). fleet (4), vb., From A. S.flcotan

perhaps repiesent^.
to
;

move

swiftly.
(i).

see

Flesh.
flesh.

bacon; Dan fle\k^ Swed. flask, bacon; Du. vleesih\ G. Teut type *flankoz, n. fleisck.
fle^k
>

+ Icel.

(E.)

M. E

Flint. (E.) Swed flmta. Perhaps cognate with Gk.

ir\iv9os }

$. flint. 4- Dan. flint \

i.

flench.

A. S.fl^c,

a brick.

Brugm.

575,

74

Of

Flip (0,

vb., to fillip, jerk lightly. (E.) Cf. Flap. imitative origin, hke//zr.

flower of the Here F. flcitr de fts. (F. L,) p. Late L. tilius, corrupt form of L.

Fleur-de-lis,

lily.

hs~

see Flower and lily Flexible. (F.-L.)

;

Iiily.

Flip (2), a mixture of beer and spirit with sugar, heated. (E.) Prob. fromjft^, to beat up. Moisy (Diet, of Norman patois) spells it phlippe> as if from F. rhilippe but wrongly.
;

Flippant.
189

(Scand.)

Flippant

is

for

FLIRT

FLOUNDER

to Fldra> goddess of flippand, the North. M. E. pres. pt. ; flip- floralis, belonging the stem of Jiffs, pand prattling, saucy. Or else, the suffix flowers. -L. flGr- t as -ant imitates the French (heraldic) suffix a flower cf. Jlorere, to flourish, allied to
;

in ramp-ant,

flippant ; fleipa, to

&c. Cf. prov. \L.flip nimble, from the base flip-, as in Icel.
y

Blow

(2)

and Bloom.

prattle; Swecl. dial, flcpa, to talk nonsense ; cf. Swed. dial.y?//, the lip. Flirt. (E ) Often written flurt, meaning to mock, gibe, scorn ; the oldest sense

M. E. L.) florin, a coin. (F. Ital O. Y. florin, a floren (about A. D. 1303).

lloiin.

florid. (L.) \j.floridu$, lit. abounding with flowers; hence, rosy. "L.J!ori-, decl. stem of/for, a flower (above).

Of of flirt was to jerk lightly away. imitative origin; cf. flip, flick. So also E. Ynts.flirr, flirt, a light blow ; fl'irtje,
a giddy
girl.

Flit, to remove fiom place to

(Scaacl.) cause to flit

M
;
;

E. flitten.

- Icel.

place. flytja, to
;

Ital. florino (=Jlorino}, a com of Florence, so called because it bore a lily, Ital. flore, a the symbol of that town. flowei. I^.Jldrem, ace Qlflds> a flower. I- floscuhis, a little floscule. (E-) flower double dimm. otflos.
;

Dan. flytte
flyta,

flytta, to flit, remove causal of Icel fljola, Swed.

Swed

Dan

flyde, to float.

See Fleet

Float.

flosche\ Cot. has: soye floschc, sleave silke.' [So also Ital. (i), floscio, Venetian flosw, soft, weak; floscia
*

FloSS, lough Fiom L.) (F.

silk.;

as

M.F
An

in floss-silk.

Flitch,
flicche.

Perhaps allied to G. -F.jfcv; see Flock (2). and to E Fleck. Flotilla. (Span. Teut Span, floflick-, a patch Float, to swim on a liquid surface. tilla, a little fleet dimin u\flota, a fleet, M. E _/fo/<?w, /lot ten A. S. flotzan cognate with O. F. flote, a fleet of ships, (1C.) O F._/fo/tf(fem.), +lcel.J7ota, Du vlotten Tent *flutojan-, a crowd of people. This wk vb from *flnt~, weak giade i*flcu- Y.Jlotte (whence (j.flottc\ is from a Teut. cf Du. vloot, Icel floti, a fleet, See source tan-, to float, whence mod. E fleet. Fleet (i). <f[ Confused with F. flatter A. S flota, a shij). Fiom the base *flut(O. F. floter), to float, from the same see Float. Cf. M. E flote, a fleet. (Korfllk, a flap, tattei.
,
i

M. E. side of bacon. (E.) A. S flicce.+\vt\ flikki,*, flitch;

seta, floss-silk ]

adj
*

O. Y.J!oiher,tQ foirn into

formation from flocks or tufts.

'

Tent, base

*flnt-.

linp,

3349)
lost in shipwreck,

Flock
(E.)

(i),

company of

flok.

sheep,

&c

flotsam, goods
floating

and

flocc

+\w\.flokkr,

on the waves. (Law F.

;

An

T)a.n.jtfok,

Swed

flock.

Flock
O. F.yfor.

Floe,
',

of wool. (F. L) L. floe cits, a lock of wool. Dan. a flake of ice. (Dan.
(2), a lock
1

flage as in ris-flage, an flake/ Cf. Norw. isflak,

ice-floe, lit
isflok,

ice-

A. F. law-term, formerly Jlotson (Blount). A. F. flotcson O. F. flotaison, a flooding Low L. type *flotof fiefdb (Godefroy). tatidnem, from *flottnre to float, to flood (F. flatter]. 1 om the Teut. base *flut- (as
y

the same.

above).
Cf.

Cf.

Jetsam.

See Flake.

Flounce
beat.

Flog, to
(1111676

(L.?)

late

word
\

and
Cf.

Swed

(i), to dial, and

plunge about. (E.) Swed. flunsa, to

acantteim.
flail,

,{.

flack

or prov.

plunge.

Of

bably suggested by flagellate, q

Flounce

valiant of (j.flegel, dress. (F. ?) Changed fiom M. E. O. Y.fronser.froncer, to a flail, from Late 'L.flagelhtm, a flail; see frottncc, a plait Flail. gather, plait, wi inkle fronser le front, to Flood. (E.) A. S. flod, a flood ; from knit or wrinkle the forehead. Prob. from

Low

(j.Jlogger, a

imitative origin. -2), a plaited border

<

on a

to flow. Du. vlocd, Icel. J?d6, Late L. *frontiare, not found, but regudecl. stem of "Swed. Dan. flod, Goth, flodus, a river, G. laily foimed iiom fronti see Front. Tent. */?ff-6uz, act of flowing, also frons, forehead (Korting, fluth. a flood from 'Teut base *fld- see Flow. 3477-) Flounder (i to flounce about. (E Floor. (E.) A.S yfc7r+Du. vloer, G. Teut. *flffruz cognate with W. or Scand.) XVI cent. Imitative. Perhaps flitr. Cf. Idg. *plarus, from Norw. flundra^ to gprawL llawr, Bret, leur, Irish Idr. a floor ; from *pld- to spread out, whence Du. flodderen, to dangle, nap, splash See Plain. also L. pld-nus, plain. through mire ; w&.fladdra, to flutter. Flounder (2), a fish. (F. Scand.) Floral, pertaining to flowers. (L.) L.

floiuan,

>,

190

A.F.

FLOUR floundre. -).. flondre

;

FLY
jellied.

mandy).

(in Nor- meal boiled and S wed. ftundra, Dan. fly tide r, sharp, tart.

Cf.

W.

llymus,

Icel.jfySra

E. fries,

ftinder.

(F. part of meal. L.) Short for flower of wheat.' -F. fleitr, short ttotfleurdefarine, flour; see Flower below (which is a doublet).

Flour,

finer
'

Modern.

; "M.K.J?orisO. F. floriss-, stem of pres. pt. of see Flank. shen Folk-L. floriie, for Jlotir, to flourish. Fluor, Fluor-spar, a mineral. (L ) L florere, to blossom; of. L. florcsccie, The L. fluor (lit. a flowing) was foimerly See Floral. in use as a term in alchemy and chemistiy. inceptive form of'floret e. *L,. Flout, to mock (F.) Piob. from M. E. flu ere, to flow.
;

flourish,

vb.

(F.-L.)

a footman. (F.-O. H, G.) Lowl. Sc. flunkie, a servant in livery. Apparently irom F Jfanqitcttr, a scout (see Flanker in N. E. D.). F. flanquer, to flank, to be at one's elbow for a help at need Cot. F. jlanc, side

Flunkey,

'

"

flouten, to play the

/lute.

Similarly,
*

M. Du.

jluyten (Du. fluiteii), to play the flute, also had once the meaning to mock, jeer';

Oudemans

See Flute.
(E.)

E. floiven A. S.Jlowan, pt. i.fleow\ cf. Du. vheijen^ to flow; Icel.yJW, to flood. Teit. base
;

Flow,
;

to stieam.

M.

Swift hasyf//;rj, hurry. (E ) Fiom flurr, to \\hnr gust of wind. Imitative Swtd dial. cf. (N. E. D.). fltirig, disordered (as hair) flur, disoidered hair, whim Norv\eg. flttnitt^

Flurry,

shaggy, disordered.

And
;

cf. }L. flutter*

*flo-

cognate with Gk. TrXkw, to

sb.

float,

hee Flood.
O. F. flour (F. fleur}. - L jlorem, ace. of See Floral. fids, a flower. Fluctuate, to waver. (L.) From pp.
tot fluit

Flower,

(F.-IO

E. flour. -

(E.) Apparently of imitative origin d.fltish, to fly tip quickly (N. E. D.). Perhaps influenced by F flitx, a flowing, a flux ; also, a flush
*

Flush

(i), to inundate.

uare,

wave.
flow.

to float about. L. fliutus, old pp.

L Jluctus, a of fluere, to
(F.
in

Cot. See Flux. Clfusfk, a pool of water (G. Douglas) M. T)\\.fluysen, to gush or break out violently ^Hexham) ; Dan. dial.yftw, to gush out.
at caids
; ;

'

Flue

(i\

chimney-pipe.
[//#<.',
ib

L.

?)

Flush (2), to blush, to redden. (E.) XVIIIcer.t. Perhaps thesame as Flush (i ), but much influenced by Flash. Cf. Swcd.
dial, flossa, to burn, flare
;

Of doubtful
Virgil, x.

origin.

Phaer's

Norwtg.

flosa,

prob. a misprint for Prob. from M. E. Jlucn, to flow, flutel} as the pipe conducts the flow of the smoke; 'To flue, /lucre] Cath. Angl V. finer, ' ' to flow, glide L fluere, to flow. Cot.
209,
;

passion, \ehemtnce.

Arc! see Fluster.

Flush
deiived

(3), level.

sense;

it

This L a (E ?) meant in full flow,

hence,
level.

abundantly

full;

From

hent with drinking, conbe flustered ; flaustr, fluster, hurry ; cf. E. Fries. find Low G.fa?, E. Fries. flostern^fliistern, to rustle (as flug'Oti\. wind), Cf. Flush (2) and Flash. flu&flog, flue cf. G.Jlug, flight. Fluent. (L.) Fiom stem of pres. pt. Flute, a musical pipe. (F.) M. E. - 0. 1F.flaute*flmie,flahute> of L finere, to flow. flawte* floite. fluid. (F. L) O. F. ///*/*. - L. flehute, a flute (mod. F. flute}. Piov. Of uncertain origin. They? may fluidus, flowing. flauta. L.//*^7-<?, to flow. Fluke (O, a fish. (E.) M. E. floke, have been suggested by L flare, to blow. fluke. Flutter, to flap the wings. (E.) M. E. A.S.yfair, a kind of pi a ice. * 1 eel. flat fish. flotercn, to fluctuate. Lit. A. S. flotorian, to floki* a kind of halibut. The base *Jloc- i* the strong grade of Tent. float about; cf. A. S. Jlof, the sea; flota, a ship A.S. flot-, stem viflot-en, pp. of */fa^-> as seen in G.flach, flat. Fluke (2), part of an anchor. * (E. ?) fleotan, to float. Cf. E. Fries, fluttern. ' Also speltyft?0/'. Perhaps the flat end Flux. (F.-L.) O. F. flux, a flux.and the same word as ,/?//& (i). Appa- L. flilxum, ace. of fltixus, a flowing ; rently distinct from (j.flunke^ the hook of from the pp. totfluere^ to flow. an anchor. to float air M. E. (E ) . k.$>.fleogan\ pt. t. fleah\ Flummery, a light food. (\V ) W. Icel. fytiga, Dan. j llynuuwd, flummery, sour oat)
(2),

Flue

light, floating
flue.

down.

(E.

?)

Flush (i). Fluster,

to

prov. E. fluff, vative of the verb

Cf.

We

Perhaps a deriFly (cf. A. S. pt. t. pi.

fuse,

(bcand.)

Icel. flaitstia, to

'

191

FLY

FOLLOW

G. fliegen. Tent, type (F.-L.) M. F. feiiille, a leaf, 'also the flyve, Swed. flyga, Cf. L. plitma, a feather. foyle of precious stones,' Cot. ; Norman **Jleugan-. (yTLEUGH.) Not allied to Flee. Der. faille, fern. ; cf. Ital. foglia, Span, hoja, L. folia, pi. of folium, a leaf; Q.jliege. a leaf. fly, an insect, A. S. fleoge.flyge See name given afterwards used as a fern. sing. (2), a vehicle. (E.) to a kind of four-wheeled vehicle drawn Foliage. Also O. F. ///*//, foil, m. ; from
;

Fly

by men

Called jfyat Brighton, in 1816. coach in 1818 (Scott, Heart Midi. ch. i). See above. y, vb.

L. folium.

Foal.

(E.)
,

M.

E./0/e, A. S.fola

+Du.

veulen, Icel. Goth, fula,

;

Dan.
L.

fole,

Swed.
*fulon>.

G. fohlen.
pullus,
:

Teut.

Foin, to thrust with a sword. (F. L.) Lit. 'to thrust with an eelObsolete. O. F. fnne, folsne, an spear or trident L. fu^cina, a trident, the eel-spear. weapon used by a retiarius, or gladiator
'

Cognate with animal Gk.

young of an
A. S. film.
;

with a net.

Poison,
M. E. fame.
'.

plenty.

+Dan foldc, Swed./d//rt (=faldd), Icel. falda, Goth, falthan, G. A.S fodor, foddor; extended fallen. Teut. type *fallhan-. Allied to Gk. fodder. Da voeder, Icel fodr, Oi-n\d<rtoi, doubled; nKaaativ, to foim, fotm offoda, food Der fold, sb. f See Plaster. Dan. Swed. foder, G. titter. Teut. type mould. a plait Allied to Food, q. v. -fold, suffix, as in two-fold, &c. *fodrom, neut Foe. (E) M.E foo. A.S.fa/i, adj. Fold (2), a pen for sheep. (E ) A.S. Not connected Teut type *falhoz Idg. *poiqos fold, also falod, falud hostile. (whence Irish oech, a foe, with loss of \\i\hfold (i), but with Dan. fold, a sheepof
fire.
t

Teut. fusionem, ace. of ffuio, a pouring out, O. II. G. feim \J hence profusion. .fiisus, pp. otfundere, *faimo: Cognate with Kuss. plena, foam and prob. with Lat. to pour. See Fuse. Skt. phcna, foam Foist, to palm or put off, to intrude spurn a (lor *spoima\ foam, and Lat. pu~ Du. XVI cent. surreptitiously. (Du ) mex, pumice. Allied to Spume. Fob, watch-pocket. (O. Low G.) An vuisten, to take m the fist or hand; see O. Low G. word, only preserved in the N. E. D. ^Low G. vustcn, to take in the to palm a die, to cheat. cognate H. G. (Prussian) fuppe, a pocket; hand) hence, Du. vuist, fist see Fist. for which see Bremen Wort. i. 437. FOCUS, a point where light-rays meet. Fold (i), to double together. CK.) M. E. olden O. Merc, fa Idan, A. S fealdan (pt. L. focus, a hearth ; hence, a centre f (L.)
. ;

Foam. (E.) f Prov. G.

abundance.

(F.-L.) O.f.foison, Folk-L fiisionem, for L.

'

feold), to fold

Fodder,

food for

cattle.

(E).

M.E.

'

'

p).

From

the

weak grade

*piq-

we have

pen

Du

Gk. mxpos,

bitter,

Lith. piktas, unkind.

folio. (L.) From the L. phr. in folio, boggy, Cf. Norw. fogg, where folio is the abl. of folium, a leaf, tne sb. fog, a mist). long-strawed, weak, scatteied grass in a sheet. moist hollow (Ross). Perhaps allied to Folk, a crowd of people. (E.) A. S. Du. G. A. S.fuht) damp, moist. fole -f Icel. folk, Dan. Swed. folk Foible, a weak point in character. wlk. Teut. type *folkom, neut ^f Lithuan. (F.-L) O. F. foible, F. faible, weak, pulkas, a crowd, Kuss. poltf, an army, were probably borrowed (at an early date) feeble see Feeble. Foil (i), to defeat. (F.-L.) M.E. fiom Teutonic. under foot. O. F. F. L.) foylen, to trample Follicle, seed-vessel. (F. L. folliculus, double fouler, to trample on, also to oppress, follicule, little bag. Late dimin. rifollis, a bag. foil, over-charge extremely (Cot.).
mossy,
;

646. see Fetus. Fog. (E.) In several ' coarse grass fogge is
'

Brugm i. Foetus;

senses
;

M.

L.) Modified from M. F. fueillaqe, from M. F. L folia, pi. of folium, a fiteille, a leaf. E. leaf; used as fern. sing. f" Gk.
leaf.

Foliage,

Low vaalt, a dung-pit a c 1 uster of leaves. (F.

;

G faaL

hence foggy, murky (whence perhaps

Cf.

Foil

(2).

Follow. (E.) M.E. folwen. A.S. l^fulldre,foldre, to full cloth; see Full (3). 'DQT.foil, a blunt sword, for practice folgian, &\$ofylgan, weak verb, to follow, in foiling, i. e. parrying foil^ a defeat. -f O. Fries folgia, fulia, O. Sax. folgffn 9 Foil (2), a set-off, as in setting a gem. Du. volgen ; \<x\.fylgja, Dan. /#/<?, Swed,
' ;

192

folja

G. folgen. A. S.futgangan, (pt. t. ful-eode), with the same sense, but derived from A. S.fut, full, and and in like manner, gangan, to go O. H. G. follegdn. Hence the orig. sense was, perhaps, to go in full numbers,' to go in a crowd, to accompany and it is a
;
;

FOLLY We also find

,

FORBEAR
ped-is)
;

Gk.

irovs

iro5-os),

ir<foy

(Molic TTO/S), foot (gen. (ircfyos\ on foot; Skt.

Cf. Fetter, pad, a foot (gen. pad-as). Fetlock, Fetch. Brugm. i. 578. Footy, paltry, mean. (E.) A variant

derivative of Teut. *fulloz. full. See Full. Cf. A. S. fylstan, to assist, fultum, assistance also from A. S.///.
;

Folly. (F.-L)
/*/**, folly

M.E. folye.-O.Y.
.
.

vifoughty, musty (N. E. D.). Orig. damp ;' from A. S.fuht, damp, with suffix -j.+Du. Swed. //*, Dan./p//p-. vochtig, damp Cf. U.fcucht, O. H. G.fuhtijiiht. From a Teut type *ffthtuz, damp; from Teut.
;

M F fomenter vapour (Franck). fomentum, short for Fop, a coxcomb. (E.) M.E. fop, a *fouimentum, a warm application, lotion. fool. Cf. Du. foppen, to pi ate, cheat L fonere, to warm. E. fopper, a wag foppenj, cheating ( Fond, foolish. (E.) M. K. fond) more foppery). Cf. fob off, to delude (Johnson). commonly fonn-ed, pp. of fonnen, to be For (i), piep. and conj. (E.) Orig. weak, to act as a fool from the M. E. sb. a piep. A. S. for, fore, before, for; see
Foment. ( F
.

-O.F./0/, foolish. SeeFool(i).

L. ) L.

snow

base *feuk as in Icel. fjuka, to drift as or dust, whence also Norvv. fuk,
t

L. fomentare.

The sb. answers to fon, fonne, a fool. O. Fries, famne, fomne, Fries, fone (see Hettema\ E \ iu^~>.fone,fdn, a maid, girl, All weakling, simpleton (see Koolman). allied to A. S. Jilmne, a virgin. Der.
<

Fore.-f-Du. voor^

Swcd
TJY>O,

Icel. fyrii Dan for, Cf. L. pro, for; Gk. for, G.fur. before, irapa, near.
,

For-

(2), prefix.

(E.)

For- has usually

an intensive

force, or preserves

something

fond-le, vb.

Font
font.

(i),

L. fontem,

basin of water. (L ) A. S. ace. of fons, a fount

See Fount.

Font (2), Fount, an assortment of types

L.) Y.fonte, a casting of metals. F. fond're, to melt See Found (2).
(F.

A. S foda, A. S. fod- is the fend,for-go (v&i^^zVi fore-go^, for-get forsee strong grade of the base *fad, corresponding give, for-lorn, for-sake, Jor-swear to Gk. irar- in nar-tcaOai, to feed. From Bear, Bid, &c - L. ) Only in forthe Idg. loot pa-, to ieed, whence L. paFor- (3) prefix. (F. nts, bread, pa-bulum, food, and pa-sccre, close (misspelt foreclose], for-feit, which
(E.)

Food.

what one

eats.

M.E. The

Jode.

of the sense oifrom, to which it is related. (Quite distinct from fore-, though ultimately allied to it.) A. S for- Icel.for-, Dan.yi?r-, Swed. Jor-, Du. ver- t G. vcr-^ Goth, fra-, fair-, Skt. para-. The Skt. para is an old instrumental sing, of para-, far, perhaps the orig. sense was 'a\vay' ' or forth.' Der. for-bcar, for bid, for;

to feed.

See Pasture.
(i),

Der. fodder feed.

a jester (F. E. /<?/, L) Forage, fodder, chiefly obtained by pil* sb. and adj. Low L. Teut.) M. E forage, fol ($ fnu) , a fool. -L. lage. (F. & .fourage O F. former, to folleni, ace. oifolhs, a wind-bag pi. folles, fourage. O Y.forre (.feurre), fodder. puffed cheeks, whence the term was easily forage. as Low L. fddrum, fodder. transferred to a vain or foolish person Teut. type Late L,.follis, a fool. Der. be-fool. *f6drom, fodder; see Fodder. fbol (2), a dish of crushed fruit, &c. Foramlnated, perforated. (L.) Fiom From Fool (i) named like L. fora mitt-, stem of foramen, a small (F. L.) ' Florio has trifle, Mantiglia, a kind hole. \^.fordre, to bore see Bore. of clouted creame, called zfoole or a trifle Foray, Forray, a raid for foraging. in English.* Low L. Teut.) Foray, forray are i^F. fools-Cap, paper so called from the old Lo\\l. Scotch spelling;-, with the sense ' of water-mark on it Apparently foraging expedition.' Foot. (E.) M. E. fol, foot, pi /*/, feet. coined fiom the M. E. forrier, forreyer, O. F\ forrier, a forager \ A. S. fit, pi. fet. Du. voet, Icel. fotr, a forager.

Fool

see.

Dan.

/<?</,

Swed.
*fit

fot, Goth./^///^, G.fuss.

from

O F

forrer, to forage
(i), \b. (E.)

see

Forage.
(2)

Teut. type

spending to

(consonant-stem), coneIdg. type */wa?, with the

Cf.

Forbear
and Bear.

From For-

variants *fed, *J>od.

pcs, foot (gen.

Forbear

A. S.for&eran. (2), sb., an ancestor.

(E.)

FORBID
M.
one who

FORJUDQE
^
2)

For fore-be-er, E. forbear (Wallace). is before. See Pore and Be.

see

^orjudge.
front. (E.)

Foremost,

most

,in

Forbid. (E.) From For- (2) and Bid (2). A. S.forbeodan.+DvL. verbieden,
Goth, faurbiudan, G. verbieten.
E. (i), strength, (F.-L.) O. F. force. Late L. forlia, force, fors. L. forti-, decl. stem of fortis, strength. strong ; O. *L.forcttt. Allied to Borough.

Force

Bmgm.
Dan.

i.

566, 756.
(2), to stuff

Force Force
fos, wateifall.

fowls

Cf. Port. see Farce. ;

double superl., the old superl. form being misunderstood. For M.E. firmest, through secondary influence of most. A.S.f0rniest, by-form of the regular fyrmest (<*furS. mistoz], through the influence of A. forma, which is cognate with Goth. fruma, first, Gk. npapos, npopos, first, Further allied to Gk. ir/>u, befoie. Brugm.

(3^,

FOSS,

waterfall.

(Scand.)

Forensic,

belonging

to

law-courts.

Swed. foi s,

Icel. jois, foss,

Coined from L. forms-is, belonging (L.) L. forum, market-place, to the forum.

meeting-place orig. a vestibule or doorway. Allied to L. fores, doors, and E.
;

Forceps, pincers. (L ) L. forceps, orig used for holding hot iron for *forhot ; L. fonnus, (Vamcek\ nnceps capeie, to hold. E. ford\ also forth. Ford. (E.) S ford, a ford passage G.////V. Tent,
,

door.

M
;

forest. (F.-L.)

type "furduz. From Idg */*;-, weak grade L. forls, out of of y'PER, to go see Pare. Allied to L. parcns, enclosed park). adv. allied to L fores, doors. portus, a harbour, O. Welsh (p)rit, Welsh doors 01 rhyd, a ford, and to//-//// see Frith and Der forest-er, *\of sier, foster. Pore. Urugm. ii 108. Forfeit, a thing forfeited or lost by - L.) li.forfete; whence Fore, m front, coming first (E.) AS. misdeed. (F - A. F. forfeit, O.F. forfait, fore, for, before, prep. forc,foran> befoie, forfcten, vb. adv. 4"Du- voor* G voi Goth, faura cf. a ciime punishable by fine, a fine; also a Allied pp. of O. Y.forfaire,fortfaire,tQ trespass. Icel. fyrtr, Dan. for, Swed for. Late \*.fortsfactiem,%. trespass, fine; ong. to Gk. 7ra/)or before; Skt puras, before, in front, Skt. putd, formerly. Also to j>p 'nctit ) of fontfacere, to trespass, lit. L. foris faiere, to do or Por- (i), piefix, q. v. Der. fore-arm, to do beyond.' -bode, -cast, -cattle, -date, -father, -finger, act beyond or abroad; from forts, out
;

forestis, free space of hunting-ground ; foiesta, a wood (medieval writers oppose the fores/tv, open hunting-ground, to the

O F./ww/.-Late

-foot,

-f>ont,

-go

(in

the

sense

to

go

before'
-judge
*

only,,,

-gtonnd,

-hand,

-head,

of doois; close.

and facere, to do.

See Fore-

-know, -land, -lock, -wan, -noon, ordain, -part, -rank, -inn, -see, -ship, -shorten, -show, -sight, -stall (A. S. forelit
*

andY. M E. forfenden. An extraordinary compound of li.for-, prefix,

bud
;

Forfend, Forefend,
E.
}

to avert.

(Hy-

s/ea/l, feb
-telly

a j)osition in front

'),

-tasle*
;

-thought, -token, -tooth, -top, -warn understood. Foreclose, to pjeclude, exclude. t'F. Better spelt fore lose. ^ O. F forclos, L.) pp. of fotdorre, to exclude, shut out. O. F. for'j from L forjs, outside and claiidere See clorre, to shut, fiom L
all easily
;

Kvithyiw/, a familiar abbreviation of del/end. See For- (2) and Defend; also

Fend, Pence.

Forge. (F. L.I O. fr forge, a workFolk-L *fanjga, for *favwga shop (Schwan) for L. fainica, a woikshop.
;

Seer

Fabric

"Der. forge, \b.

)

Forfeit and Close.

G-et.
;

ForegO, to relinquish see Forgo. The ^ is wrongly Foreign. (F. - L

)

^.forgetan (E E. T.), forgitan. -f-T>u. verge ten, (i verges sen.

Forget. (E

Fiom ForPjom For

(2)

and

E. foraine, foreyne. F. Folk-L. *for&nus forain, alien, strange. for Late L. fotancust adj., from \^. fords, out of doors, adv. with ace pi form, allied to L. fores, doois cf. \*..foruni, a marketinserted.
;

M.

Forgive.
Give.

'EJ

A
',

(2)

and

S.

forgcfan .^>\5\\.. vcrgevcn, G.

vergcbcn

(juth.fiaifibaH, to grant. to give up. (E) Better forgo. A.S.forgan, to pass over.

Forgo, Forego,
(2)

Fiom For-

and Go.
to deprive of

place,

Pore and Judge.

E door. Forejudge (i),

and

to

prejudge.

From

Forjndge,
fonyudicart*

by a judge;

L./^m, outside and

iudi*

FORK
care,

POTHER
Forfeit

to

judge.
(L.)

See

and

decl.

stem of

forris,

strong;
.

-ficare y

for

Judge.

fa cere, to make.
A. S. forca.-'L.fitrca, a

Fork.
fork.

fortitude. (F.-L.)
Is.forlitudo,
st length.
~L.

fortitude.;

Der. bi-furcated.

p. forma, shape. Brugm.ii. 72.

*f[

E. forquite lost. (E.) A. S. forloren, pp. of forlcosan, to lorn. lose utterly from for-, prefix, and Icosan, to lose see For- (2) and Lose. So also Dan. forloren, Du. and G. verloren, similarly derived. F. forme. - L. Form. (F.-L)

Forlorn,
;

forti-s, strong

with

suffix -til do.

M. E. forth. (E.) adv.; related to fo)e, before; see Fore. -|-Du. voort, fiom voor; G. fort, M. H. G. vort, from vor\ cf.

Forth,

forward.

A.S.

for]),

(y'DHER.)
a bench,' like
(E.)

O. F. forme also means

\\eeks. (E.) M. E. also fourten night. M. E. early; XII cent ; a false formation, to \fourten, i.e. fouiteen ; night, old pi , i.e. E. formest, \ e. foremost A. S. ftoivertync mht. suit see nights. So also Foremost. Formed by adding -er to the en night seven mght.

iL.form.

Der

Goth, faurthis, further, from faur-a, beTeut. type *fur-J>o- ; Idg type *pdrto-. See Further. Fortify, Fortitude ; see Fort.
fore.

form-ula.
in

Fortnight, two
;

Former,

more

fiont.

Not fourtemght

base form- of A S form- a, first, ically a superl foim, where -m is an Idg snperl suffix. Cf L. pri-mus, fust.

Fortress. (F.-L)
talitia,

().Y.forteresec,forte!csie

E. fortresse. Late L forL.

a
a

small

fort.

Late

fortis

Formic,
formic- ic
;

pertaining to ants.

from

(L.) *L. formica, an ant.

l<oi

''domus^,

fort; L. forti^ strong.

.

See

L Jof-tts, strong, and Skt. dhr, to \forewfani, adj. S fore, before; weard, suffix ; Der. forward-s, see Toward. bear, earn, support. E. forsaken. A. S. M. E. forwardes, where -es is the suffix of Forsake. (E ) And see fotsxdin, to neglect, ong. to contend gen. case, used adverbially. from for-, prefix, and Further. against, or oppose sac an, to contend, whence the L. sb. sake Fosse. (F.-L.^ F fosse -L. fossa, a See For- 2) and Sake. So also Swed. ditch fossa, fern, of fossus, pp. of 166. ' fvrsaka, Dnn.forsage, Du. verzakcn, fodete* to dig. Biugm. i.
j

O. fortune -L. /?-, allied toforti-, fortuna, chance. decl. stem of fors, chance that *-\*formiddre, to drtad formido, fear. orig Formula, a piescnbed lorm (L ) L. which is brought,' or 'an event from formula, dimui. of forma, a foim. ferre, to bung; see Fertile. Form. L. f fortuitous. (L.) forttut-us, Fornicate. ,'L.) From pp. of L /<?/- casual with suffix -ous. L. fort ft- (as nitarl, to commit lewdness, seek a brothel, above). L forme- base offomuc, a vault, arch, Forty; see Four. brothel. Forward. (E.) M. R. forward. A. S. ILudly allied to Furnace; cf.

Formidable,

causing
;

fear.

(F.-L)
terrible

Fort, Fortalice. Fortune. (F.-L.)

F. formidable

L.

fonmdabths,

"See

rather

ForSOOth.
a truth.

(E.)

M.
;

E. for sot he, for

fossil,
digging.

A.S. for w&e

dat oi
.&<><),

wheic for
;

for,

petrified remains obtained by M. F. fossile, 'that (F. L.)

and

softe is

truth

see

Sooth
(2)

may
up.

Forswear.
Swear.

<,E.)

From For-

and
;

A. S.forswcrtan.

a fort a peculiar use of F. fort, adj., L. stiong. ace. fort-em, from nom. fortis, strong.
,

Fort. (F.-L.)

be digged;' Cot. L. Josstlis, dug L.f0AS-us, pp. offodere ^above\ Fosset, a spigot see Faucet.
;

F.>;Y. sb

Foster,
vb

A.S.fistrian, A. S.fmtor, nourishment; Teut. type

;

to nouiibh. ,.")

*fost>om, for *fod-trom, neut.

;

allied

to

See Force.

fortalice, small
fortclcsic
;

fort.

(F.
;

L.)
s-.e

foda, food -fJcel _/fa//-, nursing, \\hence O. F. \fistra, to nurse Swed./ar/ra, Dan.fosfre,

biing up. tress (below). Pother, a load, heavy mass. (E.) A.S. forte, loud. (Ital. L.) Ital./or/V. /ofov.+M. Du. voeder, Du. voer\ O. H. G. L. ace. fort-em, strong (above). fuodar, G.fuder. Teut. type *foj> rom t n. fortify. (F.-L.) O. F. fortifier, to From *fof>~, strong grade of *fft]>'\ see make stiong. L fortiJudre. L. forti-, Fathom.
j

Late L. fortahtia

For-

to real

195

FOUL
Foul.
(E.)

FRAME
A.
S,

foxglove a parting entertainment, by or to a wayfarer. From Dn. foot (Du.-F.) (in Hexham, j%', 'a banquet given by one at parting from his friends'). F./0*, lit. found-ation. cf. Late faith, from L. ace fidem\ L. to cast metals. (2), i^F.-L.^ fides, in the sense of 'payment.' (So 0. F fondre. \^. fnndeie, to Cut rather from F. voie, a way; pour, cast l^ranck ) metals. See Fuse L. uia Cf.
to lay the foundation of. M. E. fottnden - O. F. fonder. (F - L.) l^.fundare, to found. L. fundus, a See Fund. bottom, foundation. Der.
(i),

A. S. fox. -f Du. zw, G. Du. mill, Icel./w//, Dan. fuiil, Swed./W, fucks Tent, type */tt/i-s-, masc. We also Goth, /W/.T, G. fan!. Tent, type y>7-/^ tmd Icel. foa, Goth, fauho, fern, a vixen cf. Icel. fu-inn, lotten. Akin to Putrid. Tent, type *fuha. A connexion with Skt. 1 Brugm. i. 13. tail,' is doubtful. Der. vix-en. a polecat. (E.^ M, E./#/foumart, mart, fitlmard comp. of M.E.////, foul foxglove. iE.) A S.fox and A S, tneard, a marten. fo\'s glove; a fanciful name. Cf Norw. (as above), See Marten. a lit. fox-bell.'
//?/.+
(E.)
;

M. E./<w/.

Fox.

'

Found

icvbjolla,

Foy,

Found

Der. found-ry, F. fond-eric. Fracas. (F.-Ital-L.) F. fracas, a Founder, to go to the bottom. (F.- crash. F. fraca^ser, to shatter. Jtal. M. ^.foundrcn, said of a horse fall- fracassarc, to bieak m L.) Ital. //</, pieces. O F. fon/tcr, chiefly in comp. prep among, and caswre, to break- (imiing. afondrer (obsolete), effondrer, to fall in tated from L mternimperc^ Jtal. fra is ^still m use); ong. to sink in.-F fond, from L. in/id, below. CVm<zr6' = L qiiasbottom bottom See Found sfite, to shatter; see Quash. lu.fundus, (0. Fraction. ( F. - L. F.
,

^GHEUV

(i).

Voyage

a deseitecl child. (E) E. fundlin%\ formed AMth suffix -l-ing from A.S. fund-, weak grade of findan,

M.

Foundling,

I fraction ace fra<ftdncm< a breaking L. fracftu, v pp of frangete, to break. Cognate with break see Break.
} ;

,.

See Find. - L ) Foi med, n, by analogy with mount, from F. font. \, fontem, ace of font, a fountain. Der fottnt-ain, O. F. fontame, Late L. fon-

to find -f-Du. vonileling

Fount

a spring.'

O F fracture. -\,. fracttira, a bieach.-L. fraitus, pp. tffrangere, to break.

fracture. (F -L.
N
,

tana.

Aprov E word, as if from North E

to

Fractious,

peevish.

,E

<2;//

F -L.)
/Va/V//,

Fount
types. (F. metals.
,

(2),

Font,
O. *
.

L.)

h fondre, to """ cast^-L. to pour, cast metals. See ""

)

squabble, chide; tbe same as E. nssoitrnent of fracchcn, to cteak as a cart. But it also occurs in i 7051 in tbe sense of fo. tie, a casing ol refractory,
an
.

fun}.

Four. ;E
also

M.E

Found (2

A. .s. Jt'ower. Icel f/onr^ Dan S\ved fyra, Dii. (ioth.

wj-r;
Irish

being formed from yW/^;/, in the sense of 'dissension/ a sense now obsolete see ; N. K 1 ) See Fraction

/tie,

Fragile.
Doublet,

(\

-L

F
L
j

W.

/7 ^r,

(iael
,

cet/nt;

p^ Per,
,

^
r//

quatito>
,

Gk rtrrapcs, RUSS. r/w/ww, Lith. Skt. fhatvaras Idg.

t

G. \fraihs, easily broken. to bitak ceithir, (.\\frangtrc,

\

bas" of

Sec

Fraction.

._

h,^.$ feorfa;
;

L ftagmentum, ~ -'<-/}

fragment. (F-L)
a broken piece
i-

nnsr-

four-teen, A. feowertig.

S.
'

feowertem for-ty, A S
1

Qifrancrc\ with suffix -mention Fragrant. fF.-L.) F. fragrant.fragrant em, ace.

<ti

FOWL

E.

M.
t

E. fold, A. S. ~
Icel.

of fragrare, to emit an odoui

fnlgrans, pres
I-.

j)t.

bird.-fDu
t

See

f> cyl. Teut. O F fraile, brittle -\*, Swed.y^?^/, Goth, fugls, (r vo^el. fmgilcm, ace. of type *fughz masc prob. for *JlugIoz, by fragitis see Fragile. dissimilation the form fluglas, pi. occurs E. fraFrame, to construct. ^E) in Matt xin 32 (Rushworth gloss \ nnd mien also fremien. A. S. fratman, to cf. the From */l2<i>- be profitable, avail; cf also adj ftt$f>l, flying. fremien, weak grade" of Teut. *jteug'an- to fly fremman, to
;

vo$et

"_"

Dan.

Frail.
:

K.

-L

>

// ed,

'

Fugleman and Fly. Brugm. i.

491.

fuither.

piornote, effect, do,

lit.

to

A.S. front, strong, good,

lit.

196

FRAMPOLD

FRECKLE

forward; cf.fram, prep., from, away; see tik, shorter form frentik. O. F. frenaFrom, Icel. frama, fremja, to further, \^. tique. phreneticus, phremticus, mad. from framr, adj Gk. <f>pviTiK6s, mad, suffering from forward, fram, adv., allied to/ra, from. Cf. G.fromm, typevins, forward, See Frenzy. frenzy.

good.

Der. hame,

sb.

Fraternal. (F.-L.)

Late L. fidterndlis, the same as L. Frampold, quarrelsome. (Low G.) Obsolete. Al^oframpald,frompall. Allied frdternus, biotherly. L. rater, cognate to prov. E. rantipole, a romping child. Cf. with E. Brother. E. Fries. frante-pot, wrante-pot> a peevish fraternity. (F.-L.) O. F. ftaterman M. Du. wranten^ to chide, Dan. itee. L. *.o,i.fraternitatem, brotherhood, to be peevish, vrante n, peevish. L. frdlernus, brotherly. vrante, L. frdtert Cf. also Dan. vrampet, \\arped; Low G. brother Der. con-fraternity. morose (Lubben); E. Fries wrampachtigh) fratricide ( i ), murderer of a brother. Note also (F. - L.) O. Y.fratt ^i ide L. frdtnada, franteti) wranten, to be cross. Sc. fj ample, to disorder, and E. L frdttt-, stem of frump. a brother-sla)er. The second element is prob. fiom E poll. rater, bi other; -clda, a slayer, from see Caesura. cccdcre, to kill Franc, a French coin. (F. G.) M. E. fratricide (2\ murdei of a brother. Y. franc; said to be short for (F O. F. fratreade (Littre). - L. frank.-<J. trancorum J\ex (on a coin of 1360). See \Jratncidium, the killing of a brother -L, Frank. \frdtri-, stem of /; atcr, brother -cidium, ^ M. E. fran- a slaying, from cadet e, to kill. franchise. (F. G ) /use. 1^ Fraud. (F.- L ) O. F. frauds. - L. Jranchise, privileged hbei ty. O. F. fram hv>-, btcm of pres. pt. of fratidcm, ace. of frau s, deceit, guile. O. F. franc, free see Low G. or franchir, to fiee. Fraught, to lade a ship. Frank. en -franchise. Fnesic.) \\e now use ft aught only as a jDer. dis-fran^hisc, Late L. jrangibtlu, pp. M. E fiahten, ftagten, only in the Frangible. (L. bieakable; a coined word. L. frangere, \>\). fraught. Cf S\\ed frakta, to fraught or ~~ to bieak. bee Fraction. Dan. fiagte, height, from frakt, a cargo Franion, a dissolute person. (F. L.) from fragt, a cargo ; E. Fries. fracht>

Q.Y.fratemeL

-L

O. Y.fraignant, one
pres. pt.
infringe.

Qtfiamdrt)

"L.

infringes (law) to break, hence to rangeret to break. See

;

who

(O a cargo, (2) charge for transport; also Du bcvrachten* from vra*.ht\ G. fraihtcn, from fiacht. See further
Short affiay. (F.-L.) fray, or eff?ay^ ong. 'terror/ as shewn by the n&e of ft ay in the sense of
for

Fragile.

Frank,
O. F.

- Low L. -O. H. G ) ftanc.~ Low L. fiancits, fice;

fiec.

(F.

under Freight. (i), an

Fray a

II. G. franko, a Frank perhaps named from a weapon cf. A. S. franca, a javelin. The Franks were a
; ;

ong. a b lank.

-O

Germanic people.

terroi, Bruce, xv. 255. (2), to temiy.

See Affray.

fray

(F.-L.)

Short

for affray

frankalmoign,
tenure by which
held.
'free

the

name of

the

most church-lands are

Fray
(F.-L.)

(F.-O. II. G. and 1,-Gk.) Lit. alms/ F. ft am, free; Anglo-K almoiue - O. F. almosrn^ alms. See Frank and Almoner. frankincense. (F. - G. and L ) O. F. franc emcns, puie incense; sec Frank (above) and Incense.

see Affray. (3\ to wear away by rubbing. O. F. freier (also frour], to

;

rub (Godefroy). L,.fricatc, to rub. Freak (i), a whim, caprice. (E.) A quick movement from M. E. frek, quick, A. S. fffc, bold, rash whence vigorous.
,
;

franklin, a M. E. frankelein.

Langtoft, ii. 212; Low L. francaldmts, Low L. francus, fiee see franc/tttdnus. Frank (above). The suffix is possibly from O. H. G. -line ( = E. -l-ing as in dar-ling) precisely as in chamberlain.
; ;

freeholder (F. A. F. fraunkehyn,

frician, to move briskly, -f Icel. frekr, voiacious; Swed. ftack, impudent, Dan. frttk, audacious; (^.frah, saucy, O. H. G. G.^ freh t gieedy; Goth, faihu-friks, covetous.

Freak
word
;

(2), to streak.

(E.)

coined
;

to

streak
(i).

capriciously

(Milton)

from Freak

Freckle,

a small spot.
,

(Scand.)
;

We

find both frekell

and freken or ft akin.

,

pi

freckles

Frantic. (F.-L.-Gk.)

U.E.frene197

a freckle.

Cf.

Fleck.

FREE
Free. (E)
Du. vrij
*

FRIEND
entirely,

A.S: freo.+ M. E.fre. Goth. freis\ G. frei. Teut.

;

type *frijoz

allied to Skt. priya-, beloved, agreeable; also 'to E. Friend. Orig. sense dear, beloved ; hence applied to those of the household who were children, not slaves; cf. L. llberT, free, also 'children.'
tiansl. of F. picrt

devour Goth, fra-itan, to from fra~, entirely, and itan, to eat; Du. vretcn, G.fressen (**ver-esseii). See For- (2) and Eat.
entirely, -f

Der. freedom, A.S. freodom '" ''

'

efranche.

And see Booty, p 56. Fret (3), a kind of grating. (F.-L.) A S. Common in heraldry -O. F. frete, a Freeze. (E ) M. E. fresen. ferrule frettes, pi., an iron grating (Diez") pp. frown -f-Icel. frjosa, Swed freosan
vnj^\L.free.
;

a lover, pirate. (Du.) vrijbmter, a freeDu. vrijbutten, to rob; booter, robber Dn. free booty.' vrijbuit, plunder, lit

Free-booter,

to ornament, variegate. E. fretten, to adorn E.) F. with interlaced work.-O. refer, to with iron), also to adorn ; free-stone, strengthen (as O.K. frete, a ferrule 'also spelt ferter see Fret also a/;*/ (in heraldry)
(2),

Fret

(F.

L.

and

(Cot.),

Borrowed from

Du

(3). A. S.

influenced by M. HL.fretien, fratwan, to adorn ; from fratwe,

if

Not

'

ornament

frysa,

Dan./r;w, Du. vnezen, G.fnt-ren.

fretter, to

hoop

L. priirire, to itch, originally to bum (of pruma, hoarfrost), Skt plosha-, a burning. Brugm. i 562 ;

Teut type *frcMsan-.

[Cf. Span, fretes, to Ital. fernata, an iion grating.] !>. fermm, iron. iron.

frcttt, fretty (in heraldry). frets (in heraldry) ; allied

Y.fer,

11

II.G.) M.E. an altered spelling later freygkf freyte of F. fret, the ft eight of a ship, the gh being inserted by a true) connexion with * the fraught or fraught q. v. F. fret, freight of a ship, also, the hire that's paid for a ship;' Cot.-O. H. G.fitht, 'earn;
;
<

0/PRKU.) 657Freight, a cargo. (F.-O

fret (4), a stop on a musical instruFreh are bais across the ment. (F. L.) neck of the instrument probably the same
;

word

as fret (3)

SecN.
frit

Friable,
rub, crumble

easily

E. P. crumbled

(F.

',

M. F./)/^/t>.-L.

L.

//'/V?;r,

L.) to

L fratrcw, This O. H. G.ftcht is thought frcrc, fre h-c, lit. a bi other See Brother and ace of fniter, a brother to be the same as G.frac*:*, a cargo Fribble, to tiifle. (W. Hem -Du.) frcht has been supposed to rcpie&cnt a Teut type *fra-aihtiz\ from fra-, prefix From \\ J< lem fubbeien, wribbclen, to rub between finger and thumb. (see Frets and *ai'Atiz'>\.S. (C/if, ac- (as n thread; Du. wt yvcn, to rub, rub away. quisition from agan,to own). See Own Frenzy. (K L Gk ^ M. K frcneye. Fricassee, a ciish of low is cut up. F fritassce, afncas^ee, fern, of pp. L. phrencsis. Late (F.) O.K. frenine Gk. </>peVi7<rtJ, for Gk. Qpevins, inflammation of/>ifa?sfr, to fricassee, also, to squander Gk. </>pi'- base of fprjv, money. A fricas-.ee is made of chickens, of the brain &c. cut up into small pieces. Of unknown See Frantic. imdnff, heart, senses. Frequent. 'F. L.) M.F frequent origin Some have suggeMed L frigcre, L freqitentew, ace. &{frequcns, crowded, to roast, or L. fiittue, to rub (Korting).
ings,' hire.
;
. v
t

Friar.

E.-L)

frcre

-O.F.

frequent; pres. part of a lost verb ^freqiicre to cram, allied to farcire, to cram, see Farce. Brugm. u. 713.
,

Fresco.
on fresh

(Ital.-O. II.G.)
fri\c (E.
;

F friction I.. Friction, (F. L.) ace. frictidnern, a nibbing. ftictu\* cont'. pp. of fricare, to rub; allied to

painting \fnare, to rub; sec Friable

^

OH
;

plaster.

Ital. fresco, cool, fresh '(T frisfh). See below.

Friday.
1

(K.)

A.S
\

/rTge-rf&g,

trans-

at ing L. dies I'eneris

\\}xzie frige is

gen

fresh.
fresh

and

F. -Teut.)

M.

E.
.

The form
O.
II.

also fersh, representing A. S ferst fresh is from O. F. fres, freis cf mod. Y.frats, fresh. (fem. fresche")
;

of Frig, the wife of Woden Teut. type *fnja, fem. of *frijoz, dear, beloved, also See 'free'; Skt. priya, wife, loved one.

Free, Friend.

G. frisc

&.

type *friskoz. sweet, unsoured, i e. unleavened (applied to \o\t.^-\cc\.fra:tidi, Dan. frande, Swed, to breadj Russ priemuii, fresh. \frande, only in the sense of 'kinsman*; Fret (i), to eat away. fE.) A S. also Dn. vriend, (^ frennd\ Goth./n/flw/r, Cf. Jretan, for Teut *fra-etan, to devour a friend, pres. pt. of frijdn, to love.
i

M.E. frend. A.S. frisch), fresh. Tcutj Friend., (E.) ' Allied to Lith. preskas, \freond, oiig. loving/ pies. pt. uifrfogan,

198

FRIEZE
Skt.

FRIZ
to

prT,
i.

to

love.

Allied

Free.

Buigm.

567.
(i),

"Dem. friend-ship,

S. fripier,

ft eond-scipe.

- Du. ?)
it.

Frieze

M.
;

Perhaps due
Friesland

a coarse woollen cloth. (F. ' F. frize, /rise, ' frise ; Cot. to drap de frise, i e. cloth of

with which Cotgrave identifies

Vriesland, Friesland, Vries, a So Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. cheval dc Frise, a horse of Friesland also whence chevaux de Frise, spikes to resist cavalry, a jesting term. [ Hence O F. riser, to cover with a nap, to curl haii,
;

Du.

by a fripier. - M. F. or broker, trimmer up of old garments, and a seller of them so mended ' Cot.- O. F. frepe (also ferpe, clothes. felpe), frayed out fringe, old Prob. from \.,.fibra, fibre (Korting). Frisk, to skip about. (F.-Teut.) From the adj.y"; isk, biisk. M. ^.frisque,
Stuff sold
fripier,
'

~ L.) (F.

O.F friqut. fnske, blithe, bnske;' Cot frise, G./riff/i, fresh, biisk, see Fre^h. Cf. Norm, dial frislively
;

<

-O. H. G.
;

quet, fiisky.

to/>m.

See Korting.
(2), part of the entablature
i
.

Frieze

of a

column. (F.) M. M frize, the broad and flat band that's next below the coinish [cornice], or between it and the architrave ;*
Cot.
fregio,

(0, an enclosuie, forest, wood. Obsolescent M. E frith, peace, also enclosure, park. Cf. "W .ffridd, paik, forest, which is bonowed from M. E. A. S./riti, peace /ndu, peace, security, asylum.
(E
)
;
'

Frith

Cf.

Icel.

frtdr,

Dan. Swed. /red, Du.

Span. frisO) a
<i

frieze

allied to Ital.
I

fringe,

The

Ital.

lace, bonier, ornament fregio represents JL. Phrygium

(opus], Phiygian work.

M. F. fregatc, (F.-Ital/) a frigate Cot. Ital. frcgata, a frigate. Oiigin uncertain. Fright. (E.) \\.K.fryght. O Northumb. fryhto, A S. fyrhto, fyihtit, fright, allied toJorht. timid -f O Sax fothta, Dan. frygt, Swecl. fruktan, G. furcht, Goth allied to O. Sax. forht, faurhtei, fright O II. Ci.foracht, Goth, faurhts, fearful.

Frigate.
* ;

Teut. type fnede, peace. *frithuz from */ri-, base of *fn-joz, free. See Free, ^f The M. E frith is also wooded country.' This is prob. a different woid A. S. gefyrJihe (Birch, ni. 120).
vrede,
;
' ;

G.

'

Frith (2), Firth, an estuary (Scand ) M E firth Icel. fjortir, a firth, bay;
Dan.yfon/, Swed fjard, the same.
to

Allied

Urugm Fritillary, a

Ford

ii.

108.

plant. (L.)

So named

whence/rj'///-, wrinkled. De Do also gives W. Flem. frulkn, vb., to hang in pleats; hnllen en frullen, ribbons and trimmings. Hence * perhaps a verbal form fry Han. Fringe, a border of loose thieads. (F. -L.) M. E. fringe. - O. F. fringe (Palsgrave), oldest form of F. /range, fringe the Wallachian form is frimbie, for m;

for this there is no authority.] derivative from fritter (2\ The sb. (F. L.) answeis to \V. Flem. /ml, frulle, a a fragment ; whence fritter, vb., to cut wiinkled plait; De Bo cites frnllen as up into fragments See above. being round the bottom of a dress. Cf. Frivolous, trifling. (L.) From L. also Swed. dial. //W/, a wnnkled or curled friuol-us, silly with suffix -ous. The orig. ' sense stems to have been * rubbed strip, as on a woman's cap,
;

because the chequered markings on the corolla were in some way associated with L fritilhis, a dice-box. ^.fritillus. Fritter (i\ a kind of pancake. (F. Frigid. (L) 1~,./rlgiilu^ cold, adj. I, frigus, cold, sb M. E. frytowre, fritoure. [Cf. F. L.) 'L.frlgere, to be cold. a fritter/ Cot.]-O. F. friture, +Gk. /5fyos, cold. Brugm. i friteau, 875. Frill, a ruffle on a skirt. (Low G.) a fiymg, dish of fiied fish. O. F. frit, a hawk fried. \_Frill, vb was a term in hawking \^.frictus, pp. vifrigere, to fry. that shiveied, from feeling chilly was said Fritter ( 2 \ a fragment Shak. (F. - L.) to JnlL O. F. friller, to shiver with O. F. fret ure L. fra^tura, a fracture. cold. Hence some have deduced the See Fracture. sense of a hawk ruffling his feathers but fritter away, to diminish, waste.
;

',

away

hence fnuola meant broken potsherds, &c. L. rid re, fried re, to rub; see Friable.

(F. curie

Friz, Frizz, to curl, render rough. - Du ?) M. Y.frizcr, to frizle, ciispe,

' '
;

Cot.

[Cf. Span./risar, to frizzle,

frieze,
is

from/risa, frieze.} from frise, frize > brie (by metathesis). lu.fiwbria, fringe ; frieze see Frieze (i). DeT./rizz-/e, freallied iojibra, a fibre see Fibre. in commoner use ; cf. O. Fries. quent, form, Frippery, worn-out clothes, trash. frisle,/resle, a lock of hair.
*fi

raise the

nap on

Similaily the F. /riser

;

199

FRO
Pro.
(Scand.)

FRUMP
;

from.

M.E. frost, forst A, S. The Scand. form of . (E.) fra, Dan, fra, from. See forst (for fr0st).+T)M. vorst, Icel. Dan. Swed. G. frost. Tent, types *frustoz, m. From. Frock. (F.-Low L.) M. E. frok - *frustom, n. From *frus- weak grade of O. Y.froc Low \^.froccus, a monk's ftock, *freusan~, to freeze. See Freeze. Trob. so also spelt floicus (Ducange). Froth. (Scand.) M. E. rot he -Icel. called because woollen see Flock (2). frvda, fraud, Dan.fraat/e (Swed. fradgd}, From the Teut. a snow-flake, from L Of. Port, froth, foam on liquids.
Icel.
;

f
;

froco,

floccus.
it

Diez but Brachet derives *([ So from O. II. G. hroch (G. rock), a coat, in which the initial h is unoriginal. Frog ( i ), an animal. (E.) M lL.frogge. Also A. S frox, A. S. frogga, frocga a frog, -f- Icel. froskr, Du vorsch, G.
;
1

verb *freuthan-j to froth up

a-freoftan.

as in

A.

S.

Frounce, to wrinkle, curl, plait. (K L ) The older form of flounce', see

Flounce
(2).

//wr/i.

Froward, perverse. (Scand. and E.) M K. froward, commonly frcnvard

(Northern).

a substance in shaped like a a corruption of fork, q. v. In any case, it fourchette.

Frog

(L. ?)

(2), It is

a horse's foot. fork ; perhaps the P\ name is has been con-

From

ward.
sense
*

Cf.

about keep the orig. sense of from-ward,

;

Icel. fra, fro; and S. fromiveard, only in the ' but we still to depart
i.

e.

formed to Frog
,

(i).

averse,

perverse.

(Cf.

wayward,

i. e.

Frolic, adj sportive. (Du.) XVI cent. away-ward,) And see Toward. Frown. (F. Teut.) N..*.frounen Ong. an adj. Du. "vrolijk, frolic, merry. F frongnier, whence F. refrogner, + t.froklich, merry, formed with suffix
lijk

(=E

like,

-ly)

from

the

Sax

to

frown,

look

sullen.

Cf.

Ital.

m-

dial (Lombardic) fro- (as in fro-llko, adv.), O. Fries, fro fngno, frowning, Ital. {- G. frok\ merry. Der frolic, sb. and fngnare, to whimper, make a wry face. From Teut. *frunjan-, Of Teut. origin. verb. From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. from, as in Swed. dial, fryna, Norw. froyna, to

H. G. fram, make a wry face 3324.) fra, from -f- Icel. (Korting, Cf. also Icel. forth; Goth, fram, from. Frnctity. ( F. L ) * .fructijler. L. L. frficti-, fram, adv. forward (Swed. fram, Dan. frfictificare, to make fruitful. to frent)\ Goth. framis, adv., further. Allied foi frilctus, fruit ; -ficare, for facere, make. See fruit. to Frame. fram
;

It. frugal. thrifty. (F -L.) L. frugdhs, economical; lit belonging Front. (F.-L) M.E. front, fore- to fruits. L. frng-i, frugal; oiig. dat. of L. frux Cpl. friiges), fruit of the earth. O. F. front, forehead, brow. head Allied to fruit. frontcm, ace. ^{frons, forehead, brow. fruit. (F.-L.) M. E fruit -O. F. frontal, a band worn on the forehead. - L. ) O. K. frontel. L frontale, an frwt.*~L,. frilctnm, ace. of frilctus, fruit. (F. L. fnlctus, pp. of frui, to enjoy ornament for a horse's forehead. "L,.front-, allied to Brook (i). stem oifjons, forehead. fyBIIREUG.)

Frond,

ot frons,

a branch. (L.) a leafy branch.

L frond-

stem

frugal,

frontier. (F
fern.

L.)

O F

fronticre,

l^rugrn.

i.

1 1 1

ii,

Late

land.

fronttn a, fron tana, borderfront-, stem of frons, front

\^

fruition.

(F.

532. L.)

F.

(hence, bolder).

frontispiece.
pice
;
i

(F.

-L

enjoyment. fruit 10, enjoyment

Lale

ftuition,
ace. of

fnntioncm,

For//w//^F.

wfrnctus,
in

Li.frttit-u*, the pp. oi'fn/r, to enjoy.

same

thiough the influence of piece

'

frumenty, furmety,
milk,
(k. L.)

wheat boiled
.

frontiipict,
;

L. fronti-, decl. stem of see Species. fro/i<;\ specere,tct see frontlet. (F.-L) O. F. frontd-et dinnn. of O F. frontel\ see frontal
;

of a house a front view.

the frontispiece or fore-front Late Tu. fronthpicium Cot.

,

'furmenty, sodden made with wheat; the suffix -e - L. -dta, made with. O. V.froment, wheat. Late

fromentee, f Lit. -wheat;' Cot.

;

O.

\..frumcntnm l^frumentum, corn;

;

allied

to Ij.friiges, fruit.

(above^i

Frump,
A. S. froren, pp See Freeze.

an ill-lempered peison.
origin
;

(E.)

frozen. (E.) oifteosan, to freeze.

Frore,

Of doubtful

but cf

Jrampold
a
*

frump

formerly

meant

sneer,'

or

FRUSTRATE
Cf. Low. Sc. expression of contempt. frample, to disorder ; rumple, to crease

FUN
;

L, fultgin-, stem of futtgo, sus, sooty. Cf. Skt. dhu'li-, dust. soot. Allied to

frump, an unseemly
warped.

fold

Dan. vrampet,

(for/n//), Swed. full, Goth, fulls, G. voll Teut. pp. of Cf. Lith. lu.frustra, in vain orig. abl. fern, of obso- type *fulloz ; Idg. type *p9lnos. lete adj. frtlstros (=**jnld-tros), deceitful. pilnas, full, filled Russ. polnun, full Allied to Fraud. O. Irish *//*), full; \V. //w Frustum, a piece of a cone or cylinder. -, Pers. //-; cf. Gk. trX^pT/s, L. (L ) ~L. frustum* a piece cut off. Cf. Gk. plenus. Idg. root */?/, *//^,to fill, Brugm. Bpaiapa, a fragment, from (Jpavtiv, to bieak i. ^ 393, 461. Dor. fill, fulfil, fulsome. in pieces. Prellwitz Full (2), to full cloth, felt. (F.-L.) 853. Brugm. i. O. F. fuler, F. /0w&?; , to full, or thicken (O, to dress food. (F.-L) O. F. frire L. frlgcre, to loast. cloath in a mill; Cot. Also 'to trample ft ten. Cf. Gk. (ppvyeiv, to parch; Skt bhrajj, to on.' Late L. fullare, (i) to cleanse \ fry. clothes, 2) to full. Julio, a fuller. of fishe.. (2), spawn (F.-L.) fuller, a bleacher of cloth. (L.) A. F. fry M, E. /;-/, also used la the A. S. ftillcre, a bleacher. L. fullo, a sense of 'offspiing.' O. F. *fri, variant fuller, bleacher. (^Sce above.) of froi (F. fray'], spawn; see Supp. to Fulminate, to thunder, hurl lightning. Godefroy cf. O F. frier, froier, to spawn. ^L.) Fiom pp. of L fulmindre, to thunL. fnlmm-, far full/ten, a thunderder. l^.fruare, to rub. Fuchsia, a flower. (G.) Named aftu bolt (^*Jttlg-Mcn^. L.fu/geie, to shine.
; ;
;

Frustrate,

to render vain. (L.) From L. frustrari, to render vain.

Fume. Brngm. 481. Full (i), complete. (E.)

i.

A.

S.

Du.

//. +

vol, Icel./////r,

Dan.//^/

Fry

ME.

'

Fry

Fnchs, Geiman botanist, ab 1542. '* Fudge. (F.) Picard fiuhe feuche ! an interjection of contempt (Corblet). Fuel. (F. L^ M. ^.fewell ^Barbour). A. F. fewaile, O. F. fouatlle (Low L Late L. focdha, pi. of foalha], fuel. L. focus, a health. Sec focdle, fuel.
/,.

Fulsome,
fiom
-J0w

cloying.
full
;

(E

M.

fulsum,

with suffix -sum ( as in winsome}. See Full (i\

E.^/,

= E.

FulvOUS, Fulvid, tawny. J,.) From L fuhms, tawny Late \,.fuluidus, some;

what
363.

tav\ny.

Cf.

Yellow;

iJrugm.

i.

a musical composition. L fftrn-, for (F. fuimgdie^ to fumigate. F\jugnc. Ital fugct, a fugue, film us, vapour; -igare, for agere, to drive lit. a flight. -L. Juga, flight. Sec Fugi- about. tive fumitory, a plant. (F. L.) Formerly a point of support. Fulcrum, (L ) funnier. fumetfne, fumitory (for L. f^4crllm^ a support. L. fult u e, to dc terre^. Late L.
Ital.

Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI Fugitive. (F. L ) O. F. fugittf. - cent Du. fommclen, to fumble, -f- Swed. L. jttgitiuus, fleeing L. fugit-um, fttmla (also famla} Dan. famle. Apaway. supine of fugere, to flee, -f Gk </>/> eti/, parently ml is for lm cf. I eel. falma, to to flee; Skt, bhuj* to bend, tuin aside. giope about, from the sb. appealing as Allied to Der. centn-fugal, A. S folm, the palm of the hand, allied (i). v. to L. palma fcbi i-Juge, fever-few. see Palm. q. O. F. furn. - L. Fugleman, the leadet of a file. (G.) (F. - L.) the leader fumum, ace of Jumus, smoke. 4- Skt. }?GtjtMgleman. Jlugclmann, of a wing or file of men. (^.flugcl, a wing, dhilma-, smoke; Gk. Ovfjos, spirit, anger, from flug, flight, from Jliegen, to fly; (VDHEU.) Allied to Fuliginous. a man See Fly. mann, fumigate. (L) From pp. of L.

Focus.

',

Bow

Fume.

Fugue, L.)

prop.

fume

Fulfil. (E.)
fulfyllan, to
full
,

M. E.

fumus

teira,

fulflllen.

A.
S.

S.

smoke of

//, abundance ^and peihaps its curly appearfill. See Full, Fill. CC G. frdunttkt fumitoiy, lit. ance). Fulgent, shining. (L.) From stem of 'earth-smoke'; \V. tivd y mwg^ lit. 'bag
fill

full, fulfil.

the tarth;

so

named from

its

A.

fyllan, to
pt.

pres.

Der Fuliginous,

oi L. fulgcre, to shine. Gk. to burn ; Skt. bhraj, to shine. - L AT); 're-fulgent. ef-fulgent (ef-

of smoke.'

booty. (L,)

meniment. (K.) XVIII cent. It meant a trick from an obs. vb. l^.fuligind- fun, to cheat, hoax prob. from M. E.

Fun,

'

orig.

H3

FUNAMBULIST
fon, fonne, a foolish person.
Cf. Irish
;

FURTHEST
in

See Pond.

fonn, delight, pleasure, song; Gael.y&Ji/f prob. borrowed from E.

a bundle. From fardel, a bundle ; see Fardel. Cf. F. fardeler, 'to truss, to

make

into fardles;'

Cot.

[Y.ferler, to

Funambulist, a rope-dancer. (Span. L ) Formerly funambulo. Span, funL, fun-is, a rope anibulo, a funambulist. ambul-are, to walk see Amble.
;

furl, is

from E.]

Furlong, ith of a mile. (E.) A. S. furlang, orig. a furrow-long, or the length of a furrow. A. S. furh, a furrow ; lang,
long.

(F. performance, office. L. ace. L.) M. \t. function (f.fonction) functionem, performance. L.functtis, pp. Skt of fungi, to perform, ong. to use.

Function,

628. Brugm. 11 bhuhj, to enjoy. Fund, a store. (F.-L.) M. F. fond, a bottom, a merchant's stock ;' Cot. L fundus, bottom cognate with E. B ?ttom.
1 ;

Furlough, leave of absence. (Du. Du. verlof, Scand.) Ong. vorloffe. leave, furlough ; the same as Dan. forlov, Swed. forlof, leave. Cf G. urlaub, furlough Dan orlov. ft As to the prefix, Du. ver-, Dan. for-, Swed. for-, are the
;

same as

}L.for-

whilst

Dan.

or-,
lof,

G. ur-

fundament,
arc
;

base.

(F.-L)

M. E

funttenient.Q. F fondement, foundation L fund\j.fundanientuni, foundation.

Late L. funeralis, adj., Furnace, an oven (F.-L.) M. E L. fornacem, O. F. fornaise from i.ffiner- (for *ffines-], stem otfunits, forneis. L. fornus, an a burial. Der funere-al, homljffinere-Hs, ate. of fornax, an oven. Cf. Skt. funereal. oven; allied to formus, warm. FungUS, a spongy plant (L ) L. ghanna-, warmth, glow. See Warm. see Biugm. i. Gk. ffiru-yyos, a sponge 146. fungus.

see Found ( ). Funeral, relating to a

I

leave, is the equivalent of G. -laub", as seen in G. er-laub-en, to permit, and in A. S. leaf, permission. See Leave also Believe, Lief. (2)
syllable
-lof-,
;

Goth, us, out. shortened from

The

burial. (F.

L)

Furmety

see

Frumenty.

F. funeral.

Sponge.

Furnish, to fit up, equip. (F.-O.H.G

(TW.-L.)
M.
E.

Funnel.

fine?

Due to the Bourdcaux vine-trade. PJO\. Latf L fundibulum fouml, cnfoumlh.

L. infundtbulum, a ; L. infundere, to pour in L. in, in fundere, to pour. Hence also Span. foinl, Port. /unit and even Bret. founiL
funnel.
;

(Lewis and Short)

fourmss-, inceptive stem of fournir<, to furnish, of which an older spelling is fotmr, the same word as Prov. formir, O. 11 G frumjan, to provide, f/or/nr. furnish; cf O. G.frnwa, utility, piofit,
O.

G.) 1L.forreF. forre,fue tre, a sheath, case, whence furh, a furrow. -f-Du voor, Icel. for, Dan. the vb. forrer, to hue with fur Chaucer fure, Swed fare; G. untie, a furrow. translates form by 'furred,' R. R. 408. Tent, type *furh-, f. Cf. W. rhych, a furrow ; L porca, a ridge between two [Cf. Span fono, lining for clothes, Ital Goth, fodr, furrows. "Dot. fur-long. fodero, lining, fur, scabbard.] Further. (E scabbard, ong. 'protection;' Icel. fo$r, Probably the comp of fore, but also explained as comp. of allied to G utter, a case, lining, lining M. E. ftirber. A. S. furftra, adj. fur.-fSkt patra(m\ a receptacle ; cf. Gk. forth 7rw/*a, a cover. 174. Brugm. i. fnrbor, further, adv.+Dn. Borders, Furbelow, a flounce. (F.) Prov. F. adv further O. Fries fordcra, adj. farbala, a flounce, in the dialect of O. Sax forthora, adj.; O. H. G. fordar, Hainault (Diez); the usual form is F. (i. vorder, adj. Tttit. type *furthero- (i. c. Span. Ital. Port falbala, a flounce. Oiigin *fiir-ther-o-} ans\\ciing to Cik. 7rp6-T(p-o$,

Fur. (F.-O. Low

gam, (.t.fromm, good. Allied to Former, Frame. And see Veneer. Furrow. (E ) M. E. forwe. A. S.

unknown.

Furbish,
O. F. forbiss

to polish, trim.
,

(F.-O.H.G

In this view the comp. comj). of irpo. Miffix is -thcr (Gk. -rep-). Der. further,

inceptive stem of forbir, to furbish, polish. O. H. G. *furbjan, M. II. G. urban, to purify, clean, rub

vb

fyrtiran,

formed from
ti

fw dor
as the

by vowel-change of

toy.
foim,

furthest,
super!

a late

made

bright.

Furl,
Formerly

to roll
spelt

(F. up a sail furdU, farthel, to

and due to regarding The Arab.; further as the comp. of the same.
of forth,
roll

up

true superl. &( fore i* first.

202

FURTIVE
Furtive. (F.-L.) M.

GABARDINE

Y.furtif, fern. fust, a cask; orig. a stock, trunk, log. furt ive. \.. furtluus, stolen, secret L. L.ftistem, ace. oifustis, a cudgel. L. furari, to steal. L. fust (2), the shaft of a column. (F.~ furtuin, theft, fury a thief. 4-Ok. (f>u>p, a thief, allied to L.) In Kersey (i7i5).-O.F. fust, a tptptw, to bear, carry (away). (y'BHER.) trunk. Is.fustem* ace. vifustis, a cudgel, 160 (3). thick stick. Brngm. li. - L. ) F. furic. - L. furia, Fustian, a kind of coarse cloth. Fury. (F. (F. L. furere, to rage. Ital. -Low L. rage. E. fustane\ Egypt.) Furze. (E.) also fustian A. F. fustiane, fustain A.S.^ O. F. fustaine Ital. fustagno Low L. Arab. fustat> a suburb of FUSCOUS, brown. (L.) L. fuse-its, fustaneum. brown with suffix -ous. Cairo, in Egypt, whence the stuff first late came. Genoese (i), to melt by heat. (L.) *[f Introduced

M.E/w.

Fuse

word.

Due

through

to fus-ible

(in

fus-ion, in Sir T. Browne. oifnndere, to pour, melt. \<w (foi *x F~ lV }> Cioth. gtutan, to pour Der. >j-*VM* (fiom O. F.

Chaucer), L. filsus, pp. Allied to Gk.

commerce.

V^HEQ.)
; *

Fustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From L. fust-, pp. of L fustigarC) to cudgel. stem offustis, a cudgel ; -igdre, for agere, to drive, wield.

fusible']

fus-ion.
;

See Gush.

(F.-L.) F./tf/*.-L. orital.- fiitilisy futtilis, that which easily pours fuse, fusee, a pipe filled with wild- forth, also vain, empty, futile. From L. L.) fire, and put into the touch-hole of a *//?-, allied to fundere, to pour; cf. Gk. i. Fuse is fiom bomb;' Kersey (1715) XW. See Fuse (i). lio\.fuso, a spindle, a shaft (of a column) Futtocks, certain timbeis in a ship. L ffisus, a spindle 2. Fusee (E ) Futtocks the compassing timbers also, a fuse. * is from F. fus&, a fusee, i. e. a spindle- in a ship, that make the breadth of it
; *

Fuse (2) see Fusee (i). Fusee (i) Fuse. (F.-L.;

Fusty;
Futile,

see

Fust

(i).

vain.

shaped pipe

see below.

Kersey

r lorio, (2), a spindle in a watch. (F. O. F. fusee orig. a spindleful of is for foot futtocks is thought to be for Late L. fusata, the same; fem. foot-hooks, and was so thiead. explained in 1644; of pp. of fft \iire, to use a spindle. L. hook referring to the bent shape of the timbers. Bailey gives the form foot -hooks. fusus, a spindle. Fusil (1), a light musket. iF.-L) Future, about to be. (F -L.) O. F. L. futtirus, about to Orig. not the musket itself, but the steel futur, fem. future. From F. be; fut. part, from /-*", 1 was; allied to against which the flint struck.
I,.)
,
;

fusee

Called foot-stocks in ^1715). s. v. stamine. The first syllable

'

fusil,

a fire-steele for a tinder-box;

'

Cot.

Be.

Also

[Cf. Span. ///./, a fusil.] l^focile, a steel for kindling fire. Der. focus, a hearth; see Focus.
F.,

in

mod.

(VHHEU.)

fusil.

L
i

Fuzzball, a spongy fungus. (E.) Cf. prov. E. fuzzy, fozy, light and spongy ; Low G. fussig, loose, weak; Du. voos,
spongy
a peculiarly formed cross. (E.) to a mistake. MS.Lansd. 874, leaf 190, has jylfot, meaning a space in a painted window at the bottom, that

/// il-eer, fusillade.

Fusil

^2\ a spindle,

A. F. ftt\el (see

in heraldry. (L.)

Fylfot,

F. fuisel in Godefroy).

Modern; and due

Dimin. of \,.fnsu\, a spindle.

Fusil (3), easily molten. (L.) L.fftsi/is, L. fusus, pp. Qtfundeie, easily molten. Jills theyW. l to pour. See Fuse (i\ the

Erroneously connected with

gammadion.'

FUSS, haste, flurry. (E.) Piobably of imitative origin, descriptive of spluttering and puffing. Cf. fuff, i. e. to puff, and
hiss,

G.

^f

It

cannot be

connected

with

M. E. /us, adj, eager; A.S.

prompt.

fits, eager,

Gabardine, Gaberdine. (Span.Span gabardina* a coarse frock. also find M. E. gawbardyne ; which i& from O. F. galvardwe, gualvardine> a * loose frock. Perhaps a pilgrim's' frock from M.ILG. waifart (G. wallfahrt\
Tent."!

(0, to become mouldy. (F.-L) In Hamlet, iv. 4. 39. Coined from fusty (A. D. 1398), answering to O. F. fustt,
'fusty,

Fust

We

\.

tasting of the cask,'

Cot.-O.

F.

203

GABBLE
;
,

GALAXY
-

M. H. G. wallen, to wander pilgrimage. Crage ( i ) a pledge. (F. Teut.) M. E. gage. fart, travel, from /#/#, to go (lL.fare). .gage, a pledge (Low L. nadittrti). Tent. *ivadjom, n., a pledge; as in Goth. Gabble, to prattle. (E.> Frequent of Of imitative origin ; cf ivadi, See "Wed S. wed, a pledge. gab, to prattle. < The Prom the same souice jabber. gabben, to mock, is and see "Wage from O. F. gaber, to mock, which is also are Ital. gaggio. Span, and Poit. gage. perhaps of imitative origin, or is allied to a pie 'ledge. G-aL ( 2 )? to gauge ; see Gauge. Gabion. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. gabion, Gaggle, to cackle as geese. (E.) a gabion, large basket filled with earth. frequent, form from the imitative base gag. Ital. gabbione, a gabion augment, of Cf. cackle, gabble \ also Icel gagl, a \\ild Lith. gagg* the cry of a fox gabbia, a cage, also bpclt^v?^/^, and allied goose to Span ga^fia, a cage (for madmen) gageti, to gaggle L. canea, a hollow place, cage, clen, F. gaiett Tent.) Gaiety. See Gay. coop see Cage g-at, gay. Gain (i), profit. (F.-Tcut) O.F. Gable, a peak of a house-top. (F

M^.

/*--

Y. gable.- Icel gavl, Swed. gafvel, a gable -fA S. geafel, a fork Du. gajffel, a fork G. gabel, a fork. Further allied to O. Irish W. gaff, the fork gabul, a fork, gallows of the thighs. With a different gradation,
1

Scand.

M. E. gable -O.
;

gafli

Dan

gain, F. gagne> from the veib below. [It partly displaced the M. E. gain, advantage, \vhich was of Scand. origin from Icel.
;

gagn> gain, advantage

1

Swed gagn, profit,

>an gaini. ]

gain (2), to win. (F.-Tent) 'Yea, though he %aine and cram his purse with Du. gevcl, gable; O. H. G. gelal, head, ciunes;' and again, 'To get a game by Gk. Kf>a.\rj, head (root- form *ghebh-}. See any trade or kmde Gascoigne, fruits Gaff. of Wai st 69 and s>t 66 O F. gaigncr, Gaby, a simpleton. (Scand ) M. Dan. Y.gagner^ to gam. This F. gagnrr, <X F. Dan. dial, ^abenar^ a sim- gaagnier (Ital gttai/agnare\ is from gabe, a fool pleton, allied to Dan. gabe, to gape (Dan. O. II. G. wcidcnon > wfideneH) to pasnar means fool '). Cf. Icel. gapi, a ture, which wns the ong. sense of the F. heedless man gapanntSr (lit. gape- woid from O II G. weida (G. iveide^^ mouthed), the same ; Icel. gapa, to gape pasture-ground. Cognate with G. weide are Norw. gapa, stupid. A S wfJd, Icel. vctdr, hunting, the chase. Gad (i ), a wedge of steel, goad. (Scand Cf. L ue-nan, to hunt. Der. M.E. $ad, a goad Icel. gaddr, a goad, Gainly ; see Ungainly spike, *ting; cognate with Goth, gazds, Gainsay, to >peak against. (Scand. and a rod, Irish gath, L has fa, a spear. \ '1'he prefix is Icel gegn ;.} against cf. gad (2;, to amble idly. (Scand ) Tn A.S gegn, g^an see Against. Levins. The or g. sense was to run about Gait, mariner of walking. (Scand.) A
we
find

Goth., gibla, pinnacle,

G. gicbeL

'

Icel.

gaddtij
Cf.

(above).

to goad. Icel. gaddr on the gad, on the mow.

particular use of

gaff

a
i

way

see

Gate
Teut.)

(2)

See aUo Gantlet

2\

Gaff, a

light

fibhing-spear,

sort

of

boom
from

(F.

Tent.)

t\\e forked end against the ma 4 the F gaffe, a fishing-spear is hooked. Low G. gaffel, a tuogaff, iron hook. pronged hay -fork E. Fries gaffe/, a fork, a ship's gaff: Du gaff el a pitchfork,
;

A ship's zaffv* named

O

Gaiter,
The
ful,

a covering for the ankle. ;F.F. gititre, formerly guest re (Cot.). spelling w.th $tt shews the word to
(
(

be Teutonic

^<G.

7')

Origin doubtwester,
;

possibly allied to

M.II.G.

ship's gaff.

Allied to G. gabcl^ a lork.

See

a child'^ chnsom-cloth, lit. a covering (ioth. ivasti, clothing; see Vest. II G.} Gala. (I'. -Ital F. ftf/rf,

-M

Gable Gaffer, an old man, grandfather. (F. L and E.) From gramfe? \Vest E.
;

boi rowed from Ital. gala, festive attnc \\hence di gala, merrily cf. galanic, gay,
;

lively.

See Gallant.
the

form of gra nd-fa thcr.

See

Gammer.
; ,

E. gaggcn, to suffocate. Apparently of imitative origin zi. gaggle Also, \V. cegio, to choke the mouth.

Gag.

(K.)

M.

laxie. \*. gaGk. ya\aias, laxiam, ace. of galaxias milky way. (ik ya\atr-, for ya\afcr-, stem of ya\a, milk. See Lacteal.

M.E

Galaxy,

mdky way (F -L.-Gk.)

' '

204

GALE
strong wind. (Scand.) doubtful origin but cf. Dan gal, furious; Norweg. ein galen rform, a furious storm, eit galet ^veer, stormy weather. Cf. Icel. gahnn, furious,
;

GALLOW
lively Spanish

dance; perhaps through ' the galhard ; galop gaillani, Cot Span, gallajdo, gay, lively. M. F. gaillard meant valiant or bold; peihaps of Celtic oiigm cf. Bret, galloud, power, from gala, to cry out. See Yell. Note W. gallad, able, gallu, to be able; O. F. galerne, a north-west wind. Irish gal, boldness (Thurneysen). Gale (2), the bog-myrtle, (h.) A. S. Gallias, a sort of galley. (F. - Ital Late L.) O. F. galeace. Ital. galcaz^a, a Galeated, belmeted. (L.) *L.galeatus. heavy galley. Ital. and Late L. galca ; L. galea, a helmet ^e Galley. Galingale, the pungent root of a Galligaskins, large hose or trousers. M. E. (F. Arab. Pers) Ital. Span. plant. (K L.) Coriuption of F. garO. F. galmgal, garingal. galingale. guesqties, greguesqttes , 'slops, gregs, galloArab, kha- gascoms, Venitians;' Cot. Ital. Grechesco, Span, galanga, gahngale. Pers. khfilanjan, gahn- Greekish. Ital. L. lanjan, gahngale. dcco, a Greek. Greek. The name was given gale said to be of Chinese oiigm. to a paiticular kind of hose worn at Galiot ; see Galliot. Gall (i), bile. (L.) M. #*//?. O.Merc. Venice.
F.
;

Gale (i), a XVI cent. Of

cf.

'

Du. gal, Icel gall, S\\ed. galla, Dan. galde (for galle), G. /&; L yW, Gk. XOAT;. Allied to Yellow. Cf. Rus*. jelch(e}, gall (J ^zh} jellini, yellow. Gall (2\ to rub a sore place. (F.-L) Y. galle >-, M. Y.gnlle, a galling, itching
galla.
;

Gallinaceous.

(L.)

L. galZlnace-tts,

belonging to poultiy; with suffix -ous. L. gallina, a hen L gallm>, a cock. Galliot, small galley. (F. Late L.) O. Y.galtote; Late L galeota, small galley;

Cf. Ital.
'
;

'

//,
;

fl/0,

a disease called A

Flono. Also Late L galla, wmdgalle a soft tumour app. the same \\ord as L. see belo But also galla* a gall-nut
;

dimm. of galea\ see Galley. Gallipot, a small glazed eaithen

(F.)
tile

pot,

Fiorn
cf.

galley

and

pot,

as

being
galley-

Drought ovei
;

in galleys.

So also

partly

E ; cf. A. S. gealla, (i) gall, bile, So also Du. gaL (2) a gall on a horse.
Gall (3\
a
gall-nut.

See above.

galy-haljpeny, a galley-halfpenny,, com brought over by galley-men, who landed wines at a place called Galley-key

(F.-L.)

O. F.

galle

galla, a gall-nut, oak-apple. Gallant, gay, splendid, brave. (F. M. H. G.) O. F. gallant, better galant,
1,.

(F ) M. E galon, galun. gallon, jalon, a gallon ong. a large ' bowl augmentative form of the word which appears as mod. F. jale, a bowl.

(Thames
I<
.

Street).

Gallon.
;

'

with one

galcr, to rejoice.

preb. part, of O. F. O. F. gale, shows, mirth, Ital. festivity. (Cf. Span. Tort, gala, festive attire.) Perhaps from M. H. G. u'allen, O. H. G. wallon, to go on pilgrim/.

Orig.

Orig. unknown.

Galloon.
'

(F.-M.ILG.)
;

F. galon,

age.

cf. O. F. galoner, to galoon-lace,' Cot. adorn the head (with ribbons, &c.). [Also Span, galon, galloon.] O. F. gale. Span. see Gallant gala, festivity
:

Galleon,
)

a large galley. (Span.) Span. a galleon. Late L. galea, a galley.

,

Gallop.
also

(F.

- Teut.)

spelt walopen.

See Galley.

M. E. galopen-, O. F. galopcr, vb.

galop, ivalop (Bartsch), sb.

Gallery. (F.) lH..gallerie,j>alerie, bonowed O. II.G. walopieren, to gallop; a gallery to walk in. Late L. galena, a so that it is not of O. H. G. origin.] The sb. seems to have been due to Low G. long portico, gallery. Of unknown oiigm possibly, from Gk. tca\ov, wood, timber elements; and meant 'Celtic running.' Sec below. (Korting). O. Sax. Walh) a Celt and hlopan, to run, Galley, a low-built ship. (F.-Late L. to leap. See further under Walnut and - Gk. ?) K. galeie. - O. F. galie Late Leap. *([ The Norw. vallhopp, a gallop, Late Gk. ya\<a, -yaXafa. is only a modern adaptation ; as il ' fieldl^.galea, a galley
;
;

[Hence was

Orig. unknown. Korting suggests Gk. hop.' na\ov, wood, also sometimes a ship. Gallow, to terrify (E.) King Leai, Galliard, a lively dance. (Span. - C.?) in. 2. 44. M. E. galwen. A. S. galwan, Span, gallarda (with // as !y], a kind of to terrify; in comp. agalwan*
.

205

GALLOWAY
',

GANNET
1

Galloway, a nag, pony. (Scotland.) Gambol, a frisk, caper. (F. Ital. L,) Named from Galloway Scotland. Formerly gambold, gambauld,gambaud. Gallowglas, Galloglas, a heavy- M. F. gambade, 'a gam boll; Cot. -Ital.
*

.rmed foot-soldier. Iri Irish gallo- gambata, a kick. Ital. gamba, the leg (Irish.) .) glach,& servant, a galloglas. Irish gall, the same as F. jambe, O. F. gambe, Late a foreigner, an Englishman ; oglach, a L. gamba, a joint of the leg. Cf. Gael. youth, servant, soldier (from og, young, and W. cam, crooked, answering to O. O. Ir. oac, oc, cognate with E. Young). Celt. *kambos (fern. *kambd}, crooked; It meant an English servitor,' as explained Stokes-Fick, 78. Game. (E.) M. E game, also gamen. by Spenser, View of the State of Ireland, Globe ed. p. 640. (See N. and Q. 6 S. x. A. S. gamen, spoit. -f" Icel. gaman, Dan.
;

gammcn, M. Swed. gatnman, O. H. G. M.E.ar/KVJ,pl. A.S. gaman,}&y, ninth. See Gammon (2). galga, gealga, cross gibbet whence mod Gammer, an old lady, grandmother. L. and^E.) For grammer, West. E. galloWj the s being the pi. termina- (K E form of grand-mother. tion. -f-Icel. galgi, Dan. Swed galge, I "hi. (i\ the preserved thigh of a galg, Goth, galga, a cioss, G. galgen.
H5-)
-

Gallows.

(E.)

Gammon
(F.

Tent, type *galgoncf. Lith. ialga, a = zA). pole ( Galoche, a kind of shoe. (F. Late L. F. galoche, answering to a Gk.)
;

hog.

L.)
leg.

M.E. gambon.

A K

gambon
O.

Gammon
(}L.)

F gambe,
M.

(F. jamboii], a
(2),

Romance type

formed *galopia, *calopia from *calopus, sing, of Late L calopodes, wooden shoes ; we aUo find Late L.
;

See nonsense orig. a jest. gamen, a game ; sej Game.

;

gammon; from Gambol.

Arid see

Backgammon.
;F.-Gk.
;

Gamut.

and

Comp.

calopedia (see Biacheti, a clog, wooden Gk. Ka\otTuotoi\ shoe, and calopodimn. dimin of /cahoirovs, fca\a-rrovs, a shoemaker's last Gk. KO.KO-V, wood; irovs, a foot.

Galor6,
from

in plenty.

(C.)

lush

qoleor,

uf O. F. game, gamme, and ut. Here gam me lepresents the Gk. ydf.i^a (y\ because the musical scale was icpresented by <z, b, c, d, e, /, g, the last being Ut is the old name for do, the ist note in

gy.

Ciael. gtt leor, gu leotr, sufficiently. Formed In-li and Gael leor, sufficient, by ' prefixing go or gu, lit. to,' but used to

singing, because
St.
'

it

began an old hymn to

laxis,'

John,

Ut queant
'

&c
i^

used in
scale,

learning

turn an adj. into an adverb. Gait (O, Gault, clay and mail. (Scand.) Norvveg. gcifd, hard ground, a place wheie ground is trodden hard;

from 7

Gamut singing. (g) to ut (a\

\

the

hard-trodden snow. E. (2% a oar-pig (Scand ) Icel. golti gafti; Swed. Dan. gait, gait. a hog. Cf O. H G gaha, a sow. Named from Galvanism. (Ital.) Galvam of Bologna, Italy; about A.I).
Icel. fluid,

Gait

Gander. (E ) M. E. gandrc. A. S. gandra, also spelt ganra 'the d being, in Cf. also fact, excrescent), -f- l)u. gander. Low G. ganle, a gander (see ganta in
lent, type *ganroii-, Pliny), to Gannet and Goose.

Allied
(L.)

Gang

(i),

ciew of persons.
;

A. S. gang, a going, progression

but the

1792.

was affected by the gengc, a gang

related

word

Gambado,
gambade
;

an E. substitution for F.

see

Gambol.

Gambit,
Ital.--L.)

F. gambit
Ital.

an opening at chess. 'F. Ital. gambetto, a

tripping up.

gamba, the

leg

see

(Scand.) Icel. ganga, go; cf. A.S. gang, a going, path, course (whence E. gang-way} ; see Go. Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L. - Gk.) L. ganglion, Gk. 7077X10^.
to

gang (2 j, to go.

F gangrene - L ganword, put for ( F - L. - G k ) gamm~le or gam-le, a frequent, form which gr(na. (ji\i. yayypcuva, an eating soie. has taken the place of M. E. gamenen, to Allied to yep-ow, an old man, from cf Skt. jams, old play at games. A. S.gamenian, to play at ^yep, to grow old games from gamen, a game. See Game. age, jaraya, to consume (see Prellwitz). of solan goose, a sea -fowl. (E.) corruption Gannet, Gamboge. (Asiatic.) Cambodia, in the Annarnese territory, A. S. ganot.+Lovi G. gante, Du. gent, a whence it was brought after A. D. 1600. gander M. H. G. ganze, O. H. G. ganazo,

Gambol.

Gamble.

(E.)

Gangrene,
.
.

a mortification of the flesh.

late

206

GANTLET
a gander.

GARNER
;

From a
(i)
;

base gan-

see

beller (see

Gander.

N. E. D.), the same s&grabeller,

Gantlope, a military Pers. gharbil, Arab. billo, a coarse sieve (Swed.) Formerly gantlope connpted by confusion with gauntlet. ghirbal, a sieve ; Arab, gharbalat, sifting, Again, gantlope is a corruption of Swed. searching. Rich. Diet p. 1046. Gar boil, a commotion. (F.) M. F. gatlopp, lit. 'a running down a lane;' to run the gantlope is to run between tw o garbottil, 'a garboil, hurliburly ; ' Cot. files of soldiers, who strike the offender as Cf. Span, garbullo, a crowd Ital. garhe passes. Swed. gata, a lane, street (see buglio, a garboil, disorder. Of unknown Gate (2)); and /<?//, a running, from fapa, origin. Prob. imitative. Florio has Ital. to run, cognate with E. Leap. garabullare, to rave. Garden. (F. - O. Frankish.) M.E. Gaol, Jail, a cage, piison. (F.-L) A. F. gaole, geiote (F. gedle\ a prison, gar din. A. F., O. Noith F. and Picard Late L. gabiola, caveola, a gardin, F. jardin.<~Q. Frank, gardin birdcage. cage, dimin. of L cauea, a (ien, cave, (O. H. G. gartut], gen and dat. of gardo, L. cauus, hollow; see Cage. a jaid, cognate with E. Yard, q. v. Cf. cage. gartin-ari, a gaidener. dap. (Scand.) M. R. gappe. Icel. and O. II Swed gap, a gap, abyss. Icel. and Swed. Garfish; ?ee Gar (i).
(2),

Gantlet Gantlet

see

Gauntlet.
;

to garble or sort out spices, orig. to sift. The same as Span, garbillar, Ital. garbeltare, to garble or sift wares. Span, gar-

punishment.

'

'

gapa, lo gape (below)

Scand ) M. E. gapen. Icel. and Swed. gapa^ Dan. gabe +E. P nes. and Du. gapen, G. gaff en, Cf. Skt. jabh,

Gargle (F.-LateL.-Gk.)
from F. gargoidller
'
',

Modified
'
;

gape,

to gargle

Cot

jambh,

Gar

to gape.
(i),

Garfish, a
body
a spear

fish.

(E

with

slender

and
;

From A.

S. gar,

pointed cf. Garlic.

F. gargouille, the weasand of the throat, also a gargo)le, or mouth of a spout. So also Span, gargola, a gargoyle ; Ital. garfish gozza, the gullet. From an imitative base head. garg-, as seen in garg-arizare^ to gaigle,

So

from Gk. yapy-api&iv, to gargle;

cf.

Gk.

also pike, ged. (2 \ localise.

Gar

(Noreen), Swed. make, cause; lit. to make ready. Icel. see Gorge, Gurgle. gfrr,gbrr, ready; see Tare. gargoyle, a spout. (F.-L.) F gargarb (O, dress. (F.-O. II. G.) In gotnlle (above) O K garbe, a garb, good fashion. Garish, staring, showy. (E.) Also Shak. O. H. G. garawT* ganvi, dress, prepara- formerly sj.elt gaiiruh. Allied to M. E. tion ; cf O. H. G. garawen, M. H. G. gauren, to stare (Chaucer). Cf. M. E. O. G. garo, gawen, to stare ; Icel. ga, to heed, mark. ganvcn, to get ready. ready cognate with E. yare see Gear. Garland. (F.-Teut.?) M.TLgerlond. Garb (2), a wheatsheaf, in heraldry Q.f.garlande. Cf. Span, guirnalda, O. H. G.) A. F. and Picard garbe, Ital. ghirlanda (whence Mod. F. guir(F. F. gerbe, a sheaf. O. H. G. garba (G. lattde}, a garland. Prob. formed, with Lit. 'what is grabbed' suffix -and?) from M. H. G. *wierelen, g&rbe}, a sheaf. or caught up into a bundle by grasping. frequentative of ivieren, to adorn, from Ct.}L.gral>, Swed. gtabba, to grasp; Skt. O. H. G. iviara, M, H. G. wiere, refined grah, Vedic grabh, to seize, Brugm. i. gold, fine ornament, crown. Cf. Wire. 531Garlic, a plant. (E.) A. S. garleac, A. S. gar, a spear leac, (F. - O. H. G.) lit. spear- leek.' garbage, refuse. M. E. garbage, entrails of fowls. This a leek, plant. See Gore (3) and Leek. agrees in form with O. F. gat bage, go bage, Garment. (F. - O. Low G.) M.E. a tax paid in garbs or sheaves. Prob. garnement. O. F. garnement, garniment, O. F. gamir, to piosimilarly foimed from O. F. gat be, in the a robe (defence). sense of handful/ small bundle, a sense tect see Garnish. which occurs for Low L. garba. Garner. (F.-L.) M.E. garner.Garble, to select for a purpose hence, O. F. gernier^ variant toigrenier^ a granary. to corrupt an account (F. L. granariutn, a granary. L. gt anum, Span. Arab.) Orig. to pick out, sort, sift out. - O. F. gar- corn ; see Grain,
;

yapyapewv, the uvula. Hence also Ital. (Scand.) Ict\.g0rtta gargagliare, to murmur, gargatta, the The parallel L. base is gurggora, Dan. gjore, to throat.

'

207

GARNET
M. E. garnet, also M. F. O. F. granaU ; granat. ' grenat, a precious stone called a granat or garnet,' Cot.; Late L. granatus. So called from its resemblance to the seeds of the pomegranate, or mdlum granatum, lit. seeded apple. L. granum, a grain,

GAUGE
F, parser, to scarify, pierce with a lancet. Late L. caraxare, short for incaraxare, Cf. Late L. incharaxare, to pierce, incise. garsa, scarification, by making incisions in the skin, called in Gk. whence the Late L. vb. was formed. See

garnet. (F.-L.)

spelt

- Gk.)

Gash, to hack

cut deeply.

( F.

Late L.

Formerly garsh, garse.

- O.

seed.

Gamish.
nish.

(F.

O.LowG.)

Also7<y^r-

Character.

O. F. garnis-, warms-, stem of pres. pt. of garnir, ivarnir, to defend oneO Frank. *warnself, iortify, garnish. H. G O. G. wanton, cf. fan warnen, to guard against, provide oneself with; cf. O. H. G. ivarna, foresight, See "Warn. care
;

The

Gasp.
latter

(E.)

M.

E.

gaspcn,

gaispen.

answers to

Icel. geispa,

Swed.

The gaspa, to yawn (cf. Dan gispe\ iormer represents the cognate A S *?*/w;/(not found). Icel getspa is tor*geipsa
;

cf

Du

gijpen, to gasp

A.

S.

gifwng,

"

a gaping.

garniture. (F.-O Low G.) F. Low L. garnigarniture, garnishment Low L garnltus, orig. pp. of tura garnire, to adorn, winch is merely a F garnir (above). Latinised form of E. garite Garret. (F. - G.) O. F. garite (F. gufnte}, place of refuge, watch-tower. garir, warir, to O. H. G. war/an, to defend preserve. Allied to "Weir.

Gastric,
the belly.

Coined fiom

belonging to the belly. (Gk.) Gk yaffrpo-, from yaarrip,

Gate (0> a door, hole, opening. (E.) M. E. gale,yate. A.S. gtel, geat, a gate, pi. gatit opening (whence M. L. yate) E. gate}. 4* Du. gat, a hole, (whence

O. Fries opening, gap gat an opening

;

Sax.,

Icel.

Icel. gata, Swed Goth, gatwo, Ci cf. lane, Dan. gadc O F. ga^e. Perhaps allied to Gate (i), and nison, defence, stores, supply. garniwn, store, supply. O F. garnis ant, also to the vb. Go. p. Gate (i) answeis but gats (2) to to Teut. type *gatom, n pres pt. of garnir, to supply, garnish See Gait and And see "Warison. Teut. type *gatwon- f. see Garnish.
,
;

Confused with M. E gari*oun, warisoun, a reward but the true form is M. E. garnison, war(F.

Garrison.

O LowG.)

Gate
in the

(2>, a street.
;

(Scand.)

Common
i

North

it

a way.' gata, a way, path, street,

also

means

C.) Garrote, Garrotte. (Span. &pa.n.garr0te, a cudgel, tying a rope tight, strangling by means of an iron collar.

"

Gantlet
gadenan,

(2)

Gather.

A.S. E. gaderen. (E.) g<pdriaiij to collect, get together.

A.S gader-, together; also gador-, Formed, with dimin. suffix -ote, from Span. garra, a claw, talon, clutch, gra^p geador. -f-I)u gadeien, to collect, from Bret W., and Corn, gar, the shank of (fc gader, together. Cf A S. gtrd, a comthe leg (Die?). See Garter pany, society (whence also A S. gtcdeGarrulous. (L) L garrulus, talk- ling, a comrade ge-gada, a companion) L. garrire, to chatter. ative. P.rugm. i. Du. gade, a spouse, (i. gattc, a husband Peihaps allied 638{\v\h.gadiHggs, a cousin Garter. CF.-C.} A. F. garter O.F. to Good Gaud, a <how, ornament. (L ) M. E. gartier North of France, Ilecart), spelt L. gattdntm, gladness, joy hence, jartier in Cotgrave (F./<7r;-//<?r<?\ O F. gaitde and Norm.garet (F. jarret\, the ham of an t>iriament. L. gaitdcie, to icjoicc (base Bret, gar, the leg; a dimin. form. gauid-, as in gairisw sum, used as pt t \ allied to yaifiv -f-Gk. yr)0fiv, to rejoice gar, shank of the leg Celt, type *%arrts. Gas. (Du.) The Belgian chemist Van ( = yaf-ittv), to rejoice; yavpos, proud.
,
;
; ;

>

Der. ga ud-y, liehnont (died A. r>. 1644) invented tv\o Brugm. i. 589; ii. 694. the latter did not adj terras, gas and Idas come into use. lie tells us that gas was Gauge, Gage, to measuie the content See N. E. D. of a vessel. (F. Low L) Spelt gagt in suggested by the Gk. xa sGasconade, boasting. (Ga&cony.) F. Shak. O. North F. ganger, F. jauger, to O. North F. gauge, F. gasconnade, boasting said to be a vice of gage/ Cot a gage, instrument wherewith a Gascons at any rate named from them. jauge,
;

208

GAUNT
cask
is

GENEALOGY
Low
L. gaugia
origin.

measured/ Cot.

(A. D. 1446).

Of unknown
;

Gaunt, thin, lean,

Anglian word gant (1691). Cf. Norweg. gand, a thin stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown Swed. dial.V7,a lean, stripling (Aasen)
;

(Scand.?) An Eastperhaps Scand. Also spelt

magpie, dimin. of gazza, a magpie, whence it may have meant * tittle-tattle *

or (2) a very small coin (perhaps paid for the privilege of reading the news), from
Ital. gazzetta,

a coin less than a farthing, probably from Gk. yafa, a treasury.

Gear,
M. E.

dress, harness, tackle.

(Scand.)

half-starved horse (Rietz).

let,

Doubtful.

Gauntlet. (F.-Scand.) Q.Y.gantea double dimin. of ganf, a glove. O. Swed. ivantc, a glove; Dan vante, a
Cf.

Icel. gervi, gorvi, gere. gear, Cf. gbrr, geyrr, skilled, dressed, appaiel. S. geanvt, fern, pp. of gora, to make.

+A

mitten, Icel. vottr \stem van/u-), a glove. Du. -want, a mitten (prob borrowed
).

preparation, diess, ornament; A. S. And see Gar gearo, ready; see Tare.
pi.,

(2\ Garb

(i).

from Scand
;

Prob

from

Wind,

verb

(Noreen) cf G.gewand a garment; G want, cloth (Lubben).

Low

Geek,
351.
cf.

a dupe.

(Du.)
;

In

Tw.

Nt.

v.
;

Du. gek, formerly geek, G. geek, the same Dan

a fool, c ot gjek, fool

Gauntlet; see Gantlet (2). Gauze, a thin silken fabric

Palestine.)

(F.

Span. gasa. Cf. Low L. gazzatiim, gau/e gazetum, wine from Ga/a. Said to be from Gaza, in Palestine, whence it was first brought. Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. E.) M. E. gauelkynde answering to an A.S.
; ;
<

M. F. gaze

gikkr, a pert, rude person. fl Not to be confused with S. gcac, cuckoo nor with gowk nor with gawky. Gecko, a nocturnal lizard. (Malay.) Also F. gecko. Malay gckoq, a gecko; so named from an imitation ot its cry. Ged, the fish called a pike. (Scand.)
Icel.

Icel

gedda,
;

A.S. gafol, tribute, *gafol-cynd payment and cynd, kind, sort, condition. The A. S.gaf-ol (whence Low L. gabuluni) is from Teut. *gab, 2nd grade of Give, q. v. Gavial, the crocodile of the Ganges.
;

form

ged

allied

Named
kind of
see

Swed gadda, Dan gieddc, a iogaddr, a goad see Gad (i) from the sharp, thin head hence
;

also called pike. Gelatine. ( F.

jelly.

- Ital.

L.)

(F.

Hind.) Y.gaviat(a. corrupt form). Hind* gJiartyat, a crocodile.

L gelatus, gelatina L. geht, frost; pp. of gelare, to freeze.

Ital

F. gllatine,

Gelid

a dance. (F.) M.F. gavote, Geld, to emasculate. (Scand.) M. E. Gavot is a gelden. Icel. gelda, Dan. gilde, Swed. orig. a dance of the Gavots. in Provence, of the moun- galla (for galda] cf. Icel. ^geldr, Swed. sobriquet, tainecis of the Alps (see Ilatzfeld). barren. related to Goth.

Gavotte,

gall,

Perhaps

Gawk,
Scand
)

From

Gawky,
E.

awkward.
;

(F.-

dial,

garvk-liandcd,

Cf. Gait (2). Der. giltha, a sickle. gehi-ing, from \v&> gelding, the same.

gauliL k handed) left-handed gawk, clumsy. Here gawk is shoit for gaul-ick, where
-tck is a suffix.

Gelid,
frost.

cool.

(L.)
)

Allied to
(F.

Cool

gdle,

numb

Of F. origin cf. Burgund. with cold, said of the fingers

;

Gem.

- L

cmme.Tu. gemma,

Swed. Dan. valen, benumbed; whence jewel. Biugm. i. 413 (4). Swed. dial, val-handt* Norw. val-hendt, Gemini. (L.) L. gemml, twins pi. Prob. not from of qennnits, double having numbed hands kind. (F.-L.) M. E gauche (N. E. D.V Gender - O. H. G.) O. F. gai. - gcndre (with(i\ excrescent d\~* O. F. genre, Gay. (F.
;

Is.gehdus. ^.gelu, lirugm. i. 481. E. gem me. - F a bud; also a gem,

II.

wahi,

fine, beautiful.

Gaze. (Scand)
Gazelle, an
Arab.)
gazelle.

M.

E.

^w;/.-Swed. km.

dial, gctsa, to gaze, stare at.

animal. (F. Span. O F. gazcl, l<oimerly gazel. Arab, ghazal, a Span gacela
}

wild goat, gazelle.

L. gencre, abl. case of germs, kind, The unusual deriv. from the abl. case is due to the common phrases ffenere natus, hoc gcnere, omni gencre ; so also Ital gencre, kind. to produce. L.^ (F. gender
^|

kind.

(A

Gazette. (F. - Ital.

;

M. K. gendren.
foi

O. F. gazette, an

froy^.

gaztetfa, a gazette either (i) a

abstract of news, issued at Venice. Ital. the orig. sense is

O. I gendrer (GocleL.gpnerare, to beget. L. genet-, And *genes, stem of genus (above).

4
,

see

Engender.
(F.

magpie, from

Ital. gazzelta,

Genealogy.

-L. -Gk.) M.E,

209

GENERAL
genealogie. logia.

GERUND
gentle. (F.-L.) O.F.^/// (above).

O. F. genealogie. - L. genedGhi. ycv(a\oyia, an account of a

;

family, pedigree (i Tim. i. 4).-Gk. yVf6, birth ; shortened from M. E. gentrise, the birth (allied to ytvos, see genus) and same. O. F. genterise, another form of A<>7/a, an account, allied to \6yos (see gent i Use y rank (-Late L. *gentilitid}.~ L. gent'i i is ; see Genteel. logics).
'

gentry. (F.-L.) M.E.^^V,high

relating to a genus, common. Genuflection, Genuflexion, a O. F. general. L. genera Us, bending of the knee. (F. L.) M. F. ?/<belonging to a genus (stem gener- for flexion. Late L. ace. genuflexionem. l^. * see genus. Hence general, sb. genii, knee; flex-us, pp. of jlectere, to genes} a leader ; general-issimo, from Ital.^wmz/- bend. issimo, a supreme commander, with snperl. Genuine. (L.) L. genuinus, of the

General,
L.)
;

(F.

suffix -issitno.

true

generate.
to

(L.)

From pp

genus or stock
kin.

allied to L.

genus

of

L.

(below).

generare, produce. stem of genus

L. geiier-, decl.

genus,
generis, for 7fVoy, race
;

(L.)

*geneses\

generic, pei taming to a genus. (L.) Coined from L. gener-, decl. stem of (-/GEN.)
genus.

A. S.

L. genus (gen. Gk. km, race. See Kin. cyn, km.

Brugm.
.

i.

generous. (F. - L.)

O. F. genereus, geographic
7770-,

Geography.
a^ia, a
lit.

(F.

604.
1
.

- Gk.

x
;

M. F.

L. geographia.
earth-description.

later gdnereux. of noble birth.

Genesis,
genesis.

L. generosity (properly) above. - Gk.) L. creation. (L.

\ J .gcner-, as

Gk. 7*0;Gk. 7*0;-

combining
description,

-7/xi</Ha,

Gk.

form of 777, earth; from ypatyew, to

ytvfffis,
;

geometry. (F. - L. - Gk.} O. F. Genet, an animal. (F. Span. ' Arab.) geometrie, L. geometria. Gk. yfcjfjKTpia, F. genette, a kind of weesell Cot. land-measurement. Gk. ycu- (as above) ; Span, gineta. Kizh.jarneit (Dozy). -Hfrpia, measurement, from /-ifT/^'cy, I Genial. (F.-L.) O.F. genial -\~ measure, nirpov, a measure see Metre. genidhs, pleasant ; adj. from genius see L. georgicus, georgic. (L.-Gk.)
related to y4vo$ } race
*

origin,

source;

write.

see

genus.
;

genius.

Genicnlate, jointed. (L.) In From L. gemcttlum, a little knee,

botany.
joint in

a plant; double dimin. of genu, a knee. Allied to Knee. Genie, a demon see Jinn. Genital. \ F. L ) O. F. genital - L.

Work.

Gk. yfapyi^s, relating to husbandry. the same. Gk. ytupyta, tillage. Gk. 760;(as above) ; *pyiv>$p$eii' ) to work. See

genitdhs, generative. vigignere, to beget.

\^.

genii- urn,

O. F. genittf. ) genitive. (F. L. genettuus, belonging to birth, applied in grammar to a certain case of nouns.
L. faculty. (L.) genius, the tutelar spirit of any one also * wit, lit. inborn nature.' Allied to genus.
;

-L

Geranium, a plant. (L.-Gk.) L, geranium, Latinised from Gk. ytpaviov, a geranium or crane's bill (from the shape supine of the seed-pod). Gk. yipavos, a crane; allied to Crane.
Gerfalcon
;

see

Gyr falcon.
Y.germe.-

Germ,
Der

a seed.

(F.-L.)

L. genttum (above). genius, inborn

L.germen (stem germin-}, a

Gennet
gentiL
clan,

see

Jennet.

Genteel.

L gentilis, belonging to the same Germander. (F.- L.-Gk.) F. gera gentile (afterwards applied to mean mandrte, germander; O.F. germandree, L. genti-, decl. stem of gemamiree well-bred, &c.). (Godefroy, Supp.) cf. G. gaAllied to genus. mander. lLa.iQ L. gamandria, a gensy a clan, tribe. popular a plant. (F.-L.) Q.Y.gen- alteration of Late Gk. Gentian, xapovfyvk, gernamed after Gentius, mander. -Gk. xa/iotfyw, germander; lit. tiane.\a.gentiana\ an Illyrian king, abt. B.C. 180. 'ground-tree,' i.e. low tree.-Gk. x a A"* Gentile. (F.-L.) O. F. **///. -L. on the ground fyvs, tree. genttlis, gentile see Genteel. Gerund, a part of a Latin verb. (L.) 210
;

(F.-L.)

XVI

-M. F. germain. L. gennanum, ace. of cent; F. germdnus, closely akin. Allied to Germ.

same grandfather. Formerly spelt germain.

sprout, germ. germin-ate (from the stem). akin. (F.-L.) german, germane, Cousins-german are cousins having the

GESTATION
L. gerundus, L. gerundium, a gerund. that which is to be done or carried on ; a verbal adj. from gerere (pp. ges-tus], to
carry on, perform, bring. (<^GES.) gestation, the carrying of the young in the womb. (F. L.) M. F. gestation. L. gestdL. ace. gestdtionem, a cairying.
tus, pp. oigestdre, to cairy, fiequent. of gerere (pp. gest-us), to bring.

GIBLETS
Pol. ogurek, ogorek, ogorka, a
;

cucumber; Bohem. okurka. - M. Ital. anguria, a cucumber (Florio) Low L. angurius, a

water-melon. Byzantine Gk. dyyotipiov, a water-melon. Pers. angarak, a melon, a cucumber Rich. Diet p. 194. Ghost, a spirit. (E.) M.E. gost,gvosf. A. S. gdst. -f- Du. geest, G. getst. Teut.
;

form

type *gat stoz. Of uncertain origin; perhaps gesticulate, to make gestures (L.) allied to Icel. geisa, to rage (like fire), Fiom pp. of gesticulari, to make mimic and to Goth, us-gais-jan, to terrify.

L. gesticulus, a gestiue, double Brngm. i. 816 (2) dimin. of gestus, a gesture. L. gestus, pp. Ghoul, a kind of demon. (Arab.) Pers. of gerere. ghol, an imaginaiy sylvan demon; Arab. gesture. (L.) Late L. gestiira, a ghitwalj a demon of the woods; from Arab. mode of action. L. gestus, pp. of gerere. ghawl, attacking suddenly. Get. <^Scand.) M. E. get en, pt. t. gat, Giant. (F -L.-Gk.) M. E. giant, Iccl. geta, pt. \.gat -pp.gctinn. geatit, geaunt. A. F. and O F. giant, pp. geten. 4-A. S. -getan, pt. t. -gcft, pp. -geten, to geant. L. gigantem, ace. of gtgas. Gk. obtain ; Goth, -gitan cognate with 7/70? (stem 7<7ai'T-), a giant. Der. E*t, -hcndcre (base //#/), prehendcre, to gtgant-ic, from L. gigaitt-> stem ot gigas
gestures.
t
;

of the Levant (ByronV Pers. gawr, an a^plaything, specious trifle. infidel, a fire-worshipper; variant of Pers (F.) I'ormcily gugaw, (perhaps) answering gahr^ a Gueber see Gueber. to M. E. gtuegoHe, Ancrcn Kiwle, p. 196. Gibberish, unmeaning talk. (E.) The The pron. of M. E. giuegoue is. uncertain. hard separates it from the verb gibber, One sense of to gabble, which is the frequentative of Origin unknown; prob F. cf. Buigundian jibe, and allied to jabber. Fuller has HL. gewgaw is a Jew's harp gawe, a Jew's harp (Mignard). O. Swed. Gebensh, and Camdcn Gebrish\ apparently dial, guva, to blow ; Norw. guva, gyva in allusion to Gebir, an Arabian alchemist of the 8th century, and to the jargon of (pt. t. gauv^}. Geysir. Iccl.) \^.geystr, lit. gusher alchemy. But the word is imitative like allied to gjdsa (pt. gibble-gabble. Icel. geyw, to gush See N. h D.

Gk. \av^avttv (base x a ^)> to seize; Russ gadate, to conjecture. i^GHwED.) Der. be-get,for-get. Brugm. i. 632.
seize;

Giaour,
an
Ital.

an

infidel.

(Pers.)

Giaour

is

spelling usual

among

the Franks

Gewgaw,

'

>

t.gaus), to gush.

See Gush.

Gibbet. (F
O.
.

M.E.

gibbet, gibet.-

(E.) M.E.gas/fy. Formed fiom M.E. gastcn, A. S. gictfan, to tonify; allied to Cioth. usgaiyan, to ten if}. See Aghast. Allied words are

Ghastly,

terrible.

Piob. gibbet ^F. gibct], a gibbet. allied to O. F. gibet, a large stick, peihaps a dimin. of O. F. gibe, gibbe, a soit of
stick

shod vuth

iron,

gasted, teirified, K. Lear, n. i. 57, gaitSee Ghost. ness, Oth. v. i. 106. Ghaut, a landing-place, quay, way

btining up earth.
'

Or

an implement for is gib-et a dimin.

down

to a river

spelling. (L.) L. gibbon us, humped (whence also a hump, hunch gibbosc} l^gibbits^gibba, cf. gibbus, bent butter; orig. pp. of gkr, to sprinkle. small cucumber. (^Du. Gherkin, Gibe, Jibe, to mock. (E.) Of imitative Slav. L.-Gk.-Pers.) Short for origin cf. E. Fries, gtbeln, to mock, Du. Du. agurkje, a gheikin (of gijbelen, to sneer. Note also Icel. gcipa, *agherkin. which an older foim was doubtless to talk nonsense, Iccl. geip, idle talk;

Hind, ghat, Bengali ghat.

mountain-pass. (Hind.) See Wilson.

from M. Du. ivippe, a gibbet/ in Hexham 9 Gibbon, a kind of ape. (F.) F. gibbon, in Buffon of unknown origin.
;

Gibbous, humped,

Ghee, - Skt.)

boiled or clarified butter.

Hind. ght. - Skt. ghrta,

(Hind.

From

clarified

-Low

*agurken ( agurk-ken), because M. Du. used the dimin. suffix "ken where mod. Du. uses ~je in fact, the form augurken
;

Norw geipa^ to make grimaces. Giblets, the internal eatable

a
fowl,

parts of

is

final n,

Without the preserved in E. Fnesic.). we have Du. agorke (Sewel).

cooking. (F.) M.E. gibeltt.-Q.Y. gibdct, which, acto Littre*, answers to mod. F. cording

lemoved

befoie

GIDDY
gibelotte,

GINGER
Gillyflower, a
'

Formerly gilofer, gcraflour. Formed (by confusion withyftwtr) from M. F. giroflte^ Giddy. late A. ^.gidig, insane, answering to earlier a gilloflower Cot. From F. clou de Late L. caryophylhtm, *gydig, which would mean possessed by gtrq/!e,\ht same. a god cf. A. S. gyden, a goddess. Fi om l.atinised from Gk. /capv6<pv\\ov, a clove A S. god. nut-leaf.' - Gk. tcapvo-v, a nut tree, lit.
origin
; ;
1

stewed rabbit. Of unknown perhaps related to F. gibier, game. M. E. gidi, gedy, adj, (E.)
'

flower.

(F.-L.-Gk.)

'

'

Gimbals, a contrivance foi suspending a ship's compass, to keep it horizontal. (F. L.) Formerly gim wa/s ; also called gemmoiv or gemmow-ring, a double ring, Gift. (E.) M. E gift,yifi. - A. S.gfft with two or more links. The forms gema gift (rare) common the pi. gifta, mow and ginimal correspond to M. F. A. S. gtfan, to gemcaii) and O. F. gewd, a twin. L. gemelnuptials; E. Fneb. gift. give.+Icel.^v//, Du gift, G. -gift (in mit- lus, a twin, a dimin. foiin of L. geminus^ gift, a dowry), ^f The hard g is due to double. Scand. influence. See Give. I)er gift-cd, Gimlet, Gimblet. (F.-Teut.) M.F. Cot. Gig, a light carriage, light boat. (Scand.) gimbelet) a gimlet or picrcei In Shak. a gig is a boy's top M. E. gigge, guimbclct, Godefroy (F. gibeiet\ Norman Ch Ho. dial, guinbkt. Of M. H. G. origin ; appaiently a whirling thing Fame, in. "52 (whence E. whirligig). formed from a base wind-, to turn or Prob. of Scand. ongm cf. Iccl. geiga, to wind cf. mod. G. wendel-bohrer^ a take a wrong direction, to love at landom. wimble. Note also Icel. vmdla, to wind Cf. Jig. Prob. of imitative origin. See Wimble, of up, vindill, a wisp. which ?'inlet is the dimin. Gigantic ; see Giant. see Gimbals. Giggle, to titter. (E.) Of imitative

Gier-eagle, a kind of eagle. (Du. and F ) The hist syllable is from Du. gier, a vultuie; cf. G. geier, II. G. gir, a vulture. Allied to G. gier-ig, greedy, and to E. Yearn.

(f)v\\ov, leaf.

'

'

ongm;

Low
(E

cf gaggle

G. gtggdn

Cf. E. Fries, giihelti, (Danneili, G. kiJiern, to

S'Pgte.

Giglct, Giglot, a wanton woman.

flirt, used by from M. E. gadromllette] Pergigge, the same, Plowm. Tale, 759.

?)

Dmiin. of gigle, a
(s v.

Cotgrave

haps allied to

Gig

or Giggle.

Gild,
gilden.

to overlay with gold. (E.) M. E. A. S. gyldan, to gild cf. A. S

;

trimming, made of twisted silk, cotton, 01 wool. (F. O.H.G.) See Bailey's Diet. vol. n., ed. 1731. Named from a resemblance to some kind of wimple. Y.gmmpe, a nun's wimple; dbto guimple (see index to Cotgiave, s. v. H. G. wimpal, a light robe, ivimple\ a fillet for the head, G.?t'/Av/W,a streamer bee Wimple. Prob. confused with F. See Guigtupure, a thread or silk lace.

Gimmal-ring Gimp, a kind of

;

gylden,

Formed (with vowelgolden. mutation from Teut. u (>A. S. 0) to y) from gold, gold. See Gold. Gill (1), organ of respiration in fishes. M. E. gille. - Dm.gialle, Swed. (Scand.)
gill
;

pure.

Gin (i ), to begin. (E ) Obsolete often needlessly wntten 'gin> as though be- were omitted. M.E. ginnen. A. S. gmnan^
;

gal,&
ghyll

M. Dan.

galle,

M. Swed.

gel.

Gill
Gill

(2), a ravine, chasm. (Scand.) Icel. gil, ravine ; Norw. gil.

to begin, commonly on-ginnan (pt. t. ongann^ pp ongunneti}.+\jitf\\. ginnati, Also in the comp. du -ginnati, to begin. Brugm.
i.

376.

a quarter of a pint. Gin (2), a trap, snare. (F.-L/) M. E. - Late L.) - O. F. gelle, a gin, short for M.E. engin, a contrivance. (F. gille. sort of wine-measure, Late l^.gella ; cf. Late See Engine. L. gitto, a wine- vessel. Gin CB), a kind of spirit. (F. L.) Short Gill (4), with^- soft, a woman's name, for geneva, corruption of M. F. gfnevre, a pitcher, ground-ivy. (L.) Short for jumper. L. ace. mniperum\ sec JuniGiliian, from L. lu'liana a fern, name per. due to L. luhus see July. "Des. flirtGinger, the root of a certain plant. L. gill or gill-flirt, jilt. Gk. Skt. ) E. ginger, ginGillie, a boy, page. (C.) Gael, gille, geuet e (-gingevere}. Q.Y. gengibre (F. O. Irish gingembre] giolla, Irish giolla, boy, lad ; Late ^...gwgiber; L.zingibcr. a servant. Gk. fcy*yi0pts. - Skt. tffrgavera, ginger ; ,
(3;,

with

ME.

soft,

GINGERLY
horn-shaped,' from the horns on it. Skt. frfiga, a horn vera, a body. Gingerly, with soft steps. (F.-L.) From the adj. *ginger, soft, delicate (with soft g}. Apparently adapted from O. F. genzor, gensor, more delicate, comp. of wellgent, fine, delicate, noble ong. born.' Folk-L. *gentum, L. gentium, ace of gcnitns, born (well-born), pp of
lit.
; '

GLAIR
the waist; Dan. i'0n/-f Goth, gairda, a girdle. Teut. type *gerda. See Gird (i). Gist, the pith of a matter. (F.-L.) The gist is the point wherein the matter hes.-O. F. gist mod. F. gff), it lies; whence the proverb 'c'est la que gtt le lievre,' that is where the difficulty m, lit. ' that's where the hare lies From the F. verb gesir (now #;-), to lie L. lacere, to be. (O. M.gist L. iacet^ See Jet (i). Gittern ; see Cithern. Give. (Scand.) M. E. giff (Northern),
i '
;

'

gignere, to beget. (N E.D ) Gingham, a kind of cotton cloth. F. gmngan. (F. Malay.) Malay ging-

gang, striped cloth, gingham. Malay and getten, yeuen (Southern) pt. t gaf (N.), Javanese gmggang, striped (C. P. G. Scott). }'af(S ), \>\>.gifen (N. \ytucn, youen (S.) Icel. gefa, Dan. give, Swed. Gingle ; the same as Jingle. gtfva -fA S. gifan, pt. t. gcaf, pp. gifen Du. Gipsy; the same as Gypsy. Giraffe, a long-legged animal. (F. geven\ {jotCb. giban, (j.gebcn. Teut. type * M. F. giraffe Cf O. Arab) Span. *geban-, pt. t. Arab zc I give, I take. girafe], fa. Span, giro
;

zanifa(f}.

Gird (T), to enclose, bind round. (E M E garden, girdcn. A.S gynlan, to gird. -f O. Sax. gurdian, Du got den Icel.
i

Gizzard. (F.-L.) M. E. giser (the \d being added) ( ). F. gezur, jttgier, L. gigenum, only in juisier (F. gtsiM}. L g\zcna], cooked 'J ate pi. gigena
j

gytRa, to gird, Dan. gtonte, G. gurtcn. entrails of poultry. Teut. type *gurdjan-\ troni *#v/;rf-, weak Glabrous, smooth (L.) grade of Teut. *gerda9?- (pt t *gard), to \glabcr, smooth. Idg. stem enclose ; cf. Goth, bigairdan, to begird, see Glad. Brugm. i 589.
j

From

L.
;

*gladh-ro-

Allied to Garth, Garden, and Yard. eculiar Gird ( 2\ to jest at, ji be. E ) use ol M. E gndcn, gurden, to strike, cut. To gnd at-\r> strike at, jest at; a gii-d is a cut, sarcasm Tarn. Shrew, v. 2. 58.
(

Glacial,
Y. glacier (a

icy.

j, icy.

(F. L.

L)

F. glac tal.

L.

^^

tes, ice.

glacier,
j

a mountain ice-field. (F. L.) Savoy word \ F glace, ice.

Girdle.

(I

'

tolk-L.^r/ar/a, for L. giants, ice.

S gyi

del, that
;

\\

hich
1^

girds.- A. S gyrdan, to gird

glacis, smooth
\gtacis.

f Du.
often

gordcl, Iccl. gyrbill,

(E.) ustd to

seeGird(i) Swed. go* del,

gitrle,

pwudaioi-w. (L) ghtdene\ altered from L. gladiolus, a swoid-lily. Dimin. Giron, Gyron, m heraldry, the eighth of L. gladuts, a swoid see Gladiator. part of a shield, made by drawing a diaGlade, an open space in a wood. (E.) gonal line from the top corner to the centre, The ong. sense was prob. an opening for and fiom the centre horizontally towards from A.S. light, passage through a \\ood the same side a right-angled triangle. gltfdi Cf. Swed. dial. bright, shining.
;

boy'; a Answcimg to an A.S. form *gyrel-, ^guiil-, a dimin. foim from Teut Allied to N. Fries, gor, a *gHtLow G. gor, gore, a child. Cf. qitrn', gnrrh, a depreciatory term gnl (Sandeis, Gcr. Diet/

M.E. mean

child.

Teut
base
girl;

A.S gfad, shining, bright, cheerful, glad. g/ad, smooth, bright, Icel. gldbr, bright, glad, Dan G. glatt, smooth, polished. Cf. Russ. L gfafar, smooth gladfai, even, smooth see Glabrous
Glad. (E)
,

"~

^^ (above).
~

F. L.) slope. (F. TA. F. glacer, to covei with ice.-

Swiss
for
a

Gladden, Gladen,

AS

plant

frit

Y. giron. a giron (Little). O. II. gcrun, ace &{ gno, a lance, spear; M. II. G. gcre, a gore or gusset in a garment, a triangular piece. C). H. G. a spear, cognate with A.S. gar, a get
(F.
II.

G.)

spear.

See

Gore

(2).

(Diez, Schade.)

Girth.

(Scand.) a girdle, girth

M.E.
;

girth

round

glad-yppen, completely open, said of a lake whence the ice has all melted away. Gladiator, a su o rd sma n ( L.) L. gla diator. L. Radius, a sword. Glair, the white of an egg. (F.-L.) M. E. gleyre. O. F. glairc, L. clara, fern, of clarui, bright Late L. clara out, the white of an egg.
.

213

GLAIVE
Glaive, a
a sword
;

GLINT
M. E.
'

sword. (F. L.) A. ^F. glaive, O. F. glaive, a sword, lance.

glede.

A.
its

S.

glida,

glider,
glid-,

from

smooth

flight.

a kite, lit. A. S.
;

I^.gladiutn, ace. of gladius, a sword. see G-ramarye. ; GlaHG6 f a swift dart of light, quick look ; as a verb, to glide off or from, to

weak grade
A.
(2), S. gled

Glamour

Glide.

of glldan, to glide Cf. Icel. gletia (the same).

see

Glede
(E
)

Gleed, a glowing

coal.

The sb. is from L.) graze, to flash. (F. nasalised form (influenced the verb. by M. E. glenten, to glance) of O. F. F. glacer, glacier, to glide, slip, glance.

(where e is from J, by A. S. glowan, to glow; vowel-change). see Glow. Cf. Dan. Swed. glod, the same. A. S. gleo, Glee, joy, singing. (E.)
earlier gllu, joy, mirth, music.
-f" Icel. gly, glee, gladness ; Swed. dial, gly, mockery. 7 a J es *Cf. Gk Brugm. i. 633. ??

glace, ice

See Naies. a scoff, jest. Prob. a particulai use of Gleek (2\ Gland, a fleshy organ in the body, Gleek (2), a game at cards; in which L) M. F and F. a %leek meant three cards alike (as three secreting fluid. (F. See Nares.- O. F. L. glan- kings). (F. - Du ) O. F. glandre glande, a gland &tem ghc, a game at cards ; also spelt ghchcque dula, a gland; dimiu. of glans M. Du. gelijck, alike. M. gland-}, an acorn. -f-Gk. pdXavos, an acorn. (Godefroy)
dialects (Rietz).

glenten answers to the causal form of the strong "$e\\> ghnta, to shine, still found in Swed.
;

see Glacial.

2.

M.

x*^ Gleek (i),

See Glint

Brugm.

i.

665
glandular swellings. (F.
Lat.
;

glanders,

M. F. glandres, pi. L.) glandulas, swollen glands (above).

pi.

ace.

Du ge-, ghe-, Du. ge-, prefix ( A S. geGoth ga^)\ M. Du. -lijck, Du. -lijk, cognate with E. hke see Like, ^f Hexham has
9
;

from L. glans gelijk

(E.)

ofte ongelijk spelen, to

play at even

or odds.

Low glaren; cf. A S. gl&r, amber. G. glaren, to glow. Peihaps allied to Glass. Cf. Dan glar^ Icel. gler, glass

Glare,

to shine brightly.

M.

E.

Glen,

a narrow valley. (C.)

Irish gleann,

Irish

glenn

Gael, and glyn, a

valley, glen.

Celtic type *glennos.

(below).

G. glas
'

Glass. (E ) A. S. cf. Dan glat

;

gtes.
,

+ Du.
'

glas,

Cf. (E ) glippen, to shp.-f-Du ghbberig, slippery, ghbbcrcn^ to

(i),

Glib

smooth, voluble.
;

E. Fries, glibbcrig, slippery

;

M. Swed. glar,
shin-

slide

Du. and
(2),
t

Low

G. ghppen, to

slip

Icel. gler, glass.

Orig. sense prob.

(L.

away.
a lock of hair. (C.) Irish and Ir. clib, a lock of hair. Glib (3), to castrate. E.) The same as A. S. ge-, a common lib, with prefixed ^Gael.

ing

See above.
\

GlauCOUS,
L. glauc-us
KOS,

grayish blue. with suffix -ous.

furnish

- Gk

Glib

ghb

also

Gk. y\av(E.) see

'

gleaming, bluish.
to

Glaze,
M. E.
Glass.

with
E.
glas,

glascn.

M.

glass glass

prefix.
tiate,

Cognate with Du. lubbcn,

to cas-

a beam of light. (E.) A. S Teut. type *glainnz. -f- O Sax. gticm O. II G. glimo, gleimo, glinto, brightness a glow-worm (from base *gleim-'). Allied

Gleam,
;

to

Gk. x^
^

-a/0<>s,

warm.

Glean.
(

(F

See Glimmer. E. glenen. - O. F

;

Low glimmer, sb., glitter; Swed. dial glimmer, glener glaner (F. glaner), to glean L. glendre A D. 561) cf. Low L. glena, vb., glimmer, sb., glitter. Ficquent. of gehna, gelima, a handful. Of unknown Dan. ghmme, Swed glimma, to shine. Cf. The A. S. gihn, a handful, whence Swed. dial, glim, a glance, A. S. gleomu origin from *glim- 9 prov. E. yelm, to provide handfuls of straw (for *ghmu}, splendour ready for a thatcher, will not account for weak grade of *gleim- see Gleam. the F. form, also find the form ^f glimpse, a slight gleam. (E.) For\.Q gleame (Levins), also spelt gte we. merly glimse M. E. glimsen, to glimpse ; Glebe, soil. (F. - L.) M. F. glebe, formed with suffix -s- from *gltm (above). ' glebe, land belonging to a parsonage Glint, to shine, glance. (Scand ) M. E. Cot L gleba^ soil, a clod of earth. Swed. dial, giant a, glinta, to glenten. Glede U;, a kite, a bird so called. (E.) shine ; nasalised from Icel. glita t to shine.
; ;

t glood. V>Vi. ghjden, Dan. glide, glidan. Swed. glida, G. glciten. Teut type *gleidan-, pt. t. *glaid, pp. *ghdanoz verb. M. E gii(E ) mercn -f- Low G. glimmern, frequent of glimmen, to shine Dan. glimre, vb., cf.

M. Du lubben. See Left. Glide. (E.) M E. gliden, pt.

S.

Glimmer,

We

'

214

GLISTEN

GNARL
mouth of
the windpipe. Gk. 7\& rra, Attic form of yKwo-ffa, the tongue. Der.

+ M.H.G.gfinzen, to glint, Svrz&.glindra.

See Glitter.

Glisten, Glister,
glisnian, to shine.
glis term, glistren,

to

glitter.

(E.)

Extended from base glis- of to shine. A. S. glisian

;

M.E. glisien,
whence
Cf.

^pi-glottis,

Glove.

(E.)

A.

S.

gloft a glove

cf.

also

We

also find

M. E
Du.

Icel. glofi, prob.

bonowed from A.

S. glof.

to
;

glitter.

ghnsteren, to glitter

Swed.

Possibly from g- (for ge-\ prefix; and Icel. lofi, Goth, lofa, the palm of the hand.

dial, glisa.

shine Icel. ghtia, to Icel gloa, Dan. gbc, to glow, stare, Swed. of glita, to shine Swed glo, to stare, Du. gloeijen, G. gluhen. ghttra, to glitter glitter, sb., a sparkle Der. glede (2). Brugm. i. 156. Cf. Goth, Prom glit-munjaiii to glitter. Glower, to look frownmgly. (E.) E. V/*/-, weak grade of *glett- as in O. Sax. Files, gluren. Cf. Low G. gluren, M. Du. git tan, G.gteissen, to shine. gloeren, 'to look awry, to leare,' HexScot ham ; Du gluren. ^f M. E. gloren, to Gloaming, twilight. (E.) word for even-glow, the time of becoming stare, is nlhed to glare. dusk A. S. icfen-glommung, glow of eve Gloze, to inteipret, flatter. (F.-L.glitter, frequent,
;
;

Glitter. (E.) M. E. gliteren, to shine M. E. glowen. Glow. (E.) A. S. A. S glitinian> to shine; extended from glowan, to be ardent, to shine brightly. +

Der. fox-glove.

S. glitian,

to

Hymn. Surtees, 16. 16. See Glow. Gk.) M.E. gloscn, to make glosses. Gloat, to stare, gaze with admiration. M. E. glose, a gloss see Gloss (2). (E) Formerly glote (XVI cent.), -f Icel. Glue. (F. - L.) O. F. glu. - Late L. Swed glutcm^ ace. of gifts (gen. glfttis), glue ghtta to grin, smile scornfully
;
t

dial, glotta, gtutta, lo peep ; G. glotzen, to staie. Cf. Kuss. gliadict\e\ to look at.

Globe.
globum,
a ball, clue

(F.-L.)

O. F. globe
;

allied to L. gluten, glue, glutus^ tenacious. -f-Gk. 7X010?, mud, gum. Allied to Clay.

L,

Brugm.

i.

639.
sullen.

ace. vtglolms, a ball

cf.

glonius,

Glomerate.

(L.)

L glowermi'ratc,to collect into a ball. fur *glomcs, stem of glomus, a ball 01 clew of yarn See Globe. Gloom. (E.) M. E. gloumcn, to lower, as if fiom A. S. *glumian tl. room from
;

Fium pp

M.E. glommen, (E.) glow ben, gloumen, to look gloomy. E. Fries, glmnen, gliimcn, to look sullen. -fLow G. g/uutti, a sullen look, g/ummen, to make turbid Norw. glymc^ a sullen

Glum,

look, glyma, gloma, to look sullen.

See

Gloom.
(

and prov. E. glum, overcast. -f-Norw. glywa, an overcast sk} Low G.

,

S rum

Glume, a bracteal covering, L L. him a, a husk h nil

.)
,
.

in grasses. L. gliibere,
(i).

to peel, take of! the husk.

See Cleave
(F.

glutti, tui bid.

glorie (F. gloi> e). - L. gldrta GloSS v 1 ), lustre. (Scand.) Icel.^vfosj*, a blaze, gfys, finciy; Swed. dial, glossa, to glow Noiw.^vfaa, to II. G.

and

Glum. Glut, to swallow Glory. CF -L^ M. E ^r/r.-A.F. M.E. g?otJen. Q F.

See

greedily.

L.)

I-

'L. glotir, glottttr. gliit Tie, ghtttire^ to swallow ; cf. gula, the tin oat Der. gfatfon.

Glutinous, gluey. (L)

ghttin-, foi gluten, glue. M.E. gloton. (F. O. F. gloton. L. gluttonem, glutdnem, ace a glutton.- L. glntire t to devour.
sticky.

^low.+M.

glosen, to glow, g/os, lustre ; Du. gtorcn ^Fianck), E. Fries ghren. G1OSS (2), a commentary, explanation. L. K glose. O. F. glose, (F. Gk.) 'a glosse;' Cot -L. glossa, a difficult

Glutton.
,

word requn ing explanation. Gk. y\waaa, the tongue, a language, word needing explanation.

Der.

g/oss, vb., gloze.

1

foimed with suffix -armm fiom L. glo*s-a (above) glossogTapher. (Gk.} Coined from glosso-, from Cik. y\wo-(ra, a haid word;
to write.
.

a glossary;

glossary. (L.-Gk.

L.gfasttrium.

a viscid fluid, of sweet (V -Gk.) Y glycerine from Gk. from Gk. yXvicvs, sweet. \v/fpus, sweet Glyptic, relating lo carving in stone. Gk. yXviTTiKos, carving. Gk. (Gk. Gk. y\v<f>iv, to hollow y\virr6s, carved. See Cleave (i). out, engiave.

Glycerine,

taste.

Gnarl, to snarl, growl. (E.) Fiequentative of gnat'y to snarl, an imitative word, Cf. A. S. gnyrran, to cieak ; E. Fries.
gnatren, to cieak,

glottis.

(Gk.)

Gk.

7\wms,

the

snarl. -f-Du. know en, Dan. knurre^ to growl, Dan. knave, to 215

GNARLED
creak ; Swed. knorra, G. knurren, growl, G. knarren, to creak.
to

GOD

know. gnostic, one of a certain sect. (Gk. Gk. yvojGTiKus, wise, good at knowing. Gk. yvuo-Tos, from yvwros, known. Gk yviavcu, to know.
to

supposition arises that Teut *gaim, *gais, *gaitk are contracted from the verbal Gnarled, knotty, twisted. (E.) Gnarled particle ga- and the inherited im, tz, ith Skt. emi, eshi, eti\ cf. Gk. cfyu.' is full of gnarls, where gnar-l is a dimm. Kluge. of gnar or knar, M. E. knarre, a knot in But this is mere conjecture wood. See Knurr. Goad. (E ) M. E. gode. A. S. gad. Gnash. (E.) ^ M. E. gnasten, to gnash Teut. type *gatda, f.+Lombardic gaida, the teeth. E. Fries. gnasttrn, gndstern, a gore (Due.) ; from the base *gat-, Idg. to gnash. -|- S wed. knastta, to crash (be- *ghai-, whence also A. S. gd-r t Icel. gei~rr, tween the teeth) Dan. ktiaske, to gnash; O. Irish gai, a spear; see Gore (2). Icel. gnastan, sb., a gnashing, gnesta (pt. t. Goal, the winning-post in a race. (E) G. knasfern, to crackle. M. E. got, Shoreham, p. 145. gnasf], to crack Answering * to A. S. *gal, pi ob. Imitative so aUo Dan. knasc, to crackle an impediment whence A. S. gtl'fatt, to impede. Goal Icel gnlsta, to gnash, E t nes. gnisen. Gnat. (E.) A. S. gncett. Said to be may have meant stopping-place/ named from the whirring of the wings; Goat. (E) U.K.goot. A. S.^/.-f Dti geit, Dan. ged Swed. get, Icel. geit, cf. Icel. gnata, to clash, gnat, clash of G. gei*s gcisse Goth, gaits. Teut. base weapons. E gnawen, pt t. gneiv, *gait- allied to L. hadus. (E ) S gnagan, to gnaw, pt. t. gnoh, gnow. Gobbet, a mouthful, a small piece. pp.guagen^lhi. knagcn, Low G. gnauen, vF. C.) M. E gobct, a small piece. O. Icel. knaga, mod. Icel. naga, Dan. C). F gobet* a morsel of food (see Littre) ; gnave, Swed. gnaga. Without the g, we allied to M.F. gob, a gulp (in swallowing". have G. nagen also Dan. nage, to ^naw, O. F. gober, to devour. Gael, gob^ beak, Swed. nagga, whence prov. E. nag, to bill, mouth Irish gob, mouth, beak. woi ry. gobble Uj, to devoui. (F. -C.) FreG gneiss fi om quentative, with suffix -/t' } from O. F. ) Gneiss, a rock its O. 11 G. gncistan, to gob-er, to devour see Gobbet. sparkling. Gobble (2), to make a gabbling noise. sparkle; gneista, a spark, -f" A. S gnast, Icel gneisti, a spark. (K ) Imitative a variant of gabble. a kind of sprite. (. Gk.) Gobelin, a French tapestry. (F.) F, gnome, a gnome a word due to Para- Named fiom Giles Gobelin, wool-d)er of celsus; from the notion that gnomes could Pans, in the i6th cent. reveal secret treasures Gk. yvwp.rj, intelliF. gobelet, a Goblet. (F. - L.) Gk. yvunai, to know. (^GEN.) goblet;' Cot. Dimm. of O. F. gobel, a gence. gnomon, index of a dial (L. Gk.) cup. Late L. cupelluin, ace. of cupcllus^ L. ;/<?w<w. Gk. yvajpcw, an interpreter a cup; dimm. of L. citfa, a vat see the index of a dial. Coop. Cf. Picard gobe, a great cup. (one who knows) "
; ; '
;

'

Gnaw. A

Gnome,

j
'

Gk. yrwvai,

N
,

Goblin. 'P.-L.-G.) O.K. Low L gobelimis, a goblin

;

'gobelin.

properly
,

'

'

household-god

penatcs/
of

M.

II.

a kind of antelope. ( Hottentot.) Said to belong to the Hottentot language. See Supplement. Go, to move about, proceed, advance. M. E. gon, goon. A. S. .^w/.-f-Du. (E.)

Found

Gnu,

Icel

kofi,

in S. Africa.

Goby, a fish L - Gk.) For l*.gdbiu$, ong. applied to the gudgeon. Gk /w/3tos, a kind of fish, gudgeon, tench. Der.
(

(Kluge).

H. G. G. kobe, a a hut, A. See Cove.

cf

A.

S.

cof-godas,

kobel, a
stall,

hut
a

dimm.

cognate with

S. cofa,

chamber

gaan^ Dan. goae^ Swed. ga\ G. gehen gudgeon. O. H, Gt.gan,gen. <f[ The Teut.^vw- ( God. (E.) A. S. ^W.+Du god, Icel. A.S. gd-, O. H. G. ge-} supplanted gu, Dan. ^gud, Swed gud, Goth. Teut. tyj>e *guthom Idg. -/I, to go, in Lat. ire, Gk. Uvai .gut/i, G.gott. Idg. Skt. i. Since Teut. gai- ha^> no old primi- type *ghutom perhaps the being wortive noun-derivatives in Teut, and takes shipped/ a pp. form from Idg. root the place of Idg. ^\ (the Goth, aorist to woiship, as in Skt. /iu, to sacrifice - A. S. code still and as it (to), whence huta-, one to whom sacriiddja remains),
'

'

is.

inflected after the -mi- conjugation^ the

fice is offered.

^[

Not

allied to good, adj.

216

GODDESS
goddess.
Gk.
(E.
;

GOOSEBERRY
=
banner. (F.-M. H. G.) M.E. gmfanon. O. F. gonfanon.<l&. H. G. gundfano, < lit. battle-flag.' -M. H. G. gund, gunt, battle; fano (G. fa/me), a banner, flag. Here gunt is cognate with A. S. gu$ (for

goadesse (godesse}. adding the O. F. suffix -esse (==L. -issa

-tffffa).

with F. suffix?) M. E. Made from god by

godfather.
father in baptism

(E.)
;

M. E. M.

godfader,

from god and fader

E. godhcd, also goahod; the suffix answers to A. S. had, office, state, dignity; see -hood (suffix).

godhead.

(E.)

*gunth}, battle, war cf. Skt. hau, to }<ano is allied to Vane.

;

kill.

Gong.

(Malay.)

Malay agong or gog,

Godwit, a bird. (E.) Origin un- Good. (E.) M.E.f. A.S. god.+ known. Can it mean good creature ? Du. goed, Icel. godr, Dan. Swed. god, A. S. god wiht, a good wight, good crea- Goth, gods, G. gtit. Teut. type *godoz\ ture (wiht being often applied to animals from *gd(/~, fit strong grade of *gadand birds). See "Wight. see Gather. Allied to Russ. godnuii, Goffer, Gauffer, to plait or crimp ^uitable, O Slav, godti, fit season. Der. lace, &c. (K.-O Low G.) M. F. gauf- good-s, sb pi., i. c good things, property ong to mark like the goodwill, &c. A \sugood-man, i.e. master frer, to goffer edges of wafers. M. F. gauffre, goffre, a of the house, good wife, mistress of the
* '
' '

the gong, a sonorous instrument.

wafer

see

Wafer.
1

house.

Goggle-eyed,

haung

rolling

and

M. V^. gogil-eyid. 'They staring eyes ' gogle with their eyes hither and thither ; Cf. Hohnshed, Descr of Ireland, c. I. Irish and Gael, gogs hut leach, goggle-eyed,
having wandering eyes, from gog to move Hut gog seems to slightly, and sut I, eye. be from E and of imitative origin Cf. prov. E. coggle, Bavar. gagfln, to be unt
,

Goodbye,
very

farewell.

(E.)

familiar,

but meaningless, contraction of God be with you, the old form of farewell
;

common;
for

Not

buy you
peated).

God Cod be-with-you you (you

;

often \\ntten God b'wy. be by you\ the form God

re-

Goodman
Goose,

see

Good.

steady.

F. goitre, a swelled Du gans, Dan. gaas, ) *gons *gans). from (). F. goition, the same, esp. Swecl gas Icel gas, G gans. Teut. type in Savoy. Late L. ace. type *gtt1trionem, *gans cf. L. anser, Idg. type *ghans~ from L. gnltur, throat. Gk. xfiv\ Skt. hanisa, a swan O. Irish Gold.\F.) A.S. ^A/. + Du goMd(fa gets, a swan Lith gss, a goose. gold], I eel. gull, Swecl. Dan.^7////, G. gold, Gooseberry. (E. cf. F.- M. H. G.) Goth, git It h. Tent, type *gul-th om, n In Levins. From goose and berty; cf. cf. Russ zoloto, Skt. Idg. type *ghzl-tom a We also find North, goose -grass, &c. also Pers. zar, gold, Zend K. grosers, gooseberries fultaka-, gold hzsgrozet, Named from its a goosebeny. Apparently from O. F. zarattya-, Skt. hiranya-.

Goitre. ^F.-L
;

A. S. gos, pi. ges (E.) (lengthened o caused loss of it, and gos =
a bird.

<
,

throat

colour.

Allied to

Yellow.

Der

(y'GHEL.)

Mentioned A. n T 457 The name is from that of a (Jam.) Du. game played \\ ith club and ball. Du a gooseberry,
kolf,

mart-gold, gild. Golf, a game. (DiO

*grose, *grotse, a gooseberry, not recorded, but occurring not only in the O. dimin. form groisek, grosck, a gooseberry, but also

all

a club used to strike balls with

Low

bonowed fiom M.K. The

;

hockey-stick; Icel. kolfr, clapper of a bell, kylfa, a club Dan kolbe, butt-end of a weapon, kofo, bolt, shaft,
ktttf,
;

G.

arrow, Swcd. mace, knob

;

kolf, butt-end,

G.

is as old as the I3th and answers to the century (JSartsch^ form crowla in the dialect of Como (Monti\ P The ong. O. F. *groisc or

spelling

groisek

kolbe, club,

*g'ost

Golosh the same as Oaloche Gondola. (Ital. - Gk. - Pers. ?)

gondola,
(I)iez).
;

culling, crisped,
Ital.

was bonowed fiom M II. G. whence G krausbecre* a

.

chmin. of gonda, a boat. Gk. from the shape KWOV, a drinking-vessel

Said to be oi Pers. origin; Pers handft, an eaithen vessel. Gonfanon, Gonfalon, a kind

cf.

Cf. Swed. cranberry, a rough gooseberry. ktusbar, a gooseberry, from kttts, ciisp, cuiled, frizzled. The name was first given to the rougher kinds of the fruit, from the curling hairs on it; similaily, Levins

gives the Lat. of grape).

name

as ttna crispa (frizzled

217

GOPHER
Gopher, a kind of wood. (Heb.) Heb. gopher, a wood. Gorbellied, having a fat belly. (E.) Compounded of E. gore, lit. filth, dirt (also
and belly. So also Swed. the intestines) dial, garbalg, a fat paunch, from gar, dirt, contents of the intestines, and balg, belly.
;

GOSSIP
Gk.
fierce.

yopyos,

fearful.

O.

Ir.

garg,

Gorilla, a kind of large ape. (O. AfriAn old word revived. In the Periplus of Hanno, near the end, some creatuies
can.)

See

Gore
;

(i).

are described which the interpieters called Gorillas in Greek, yopi\\as. see Gourmand. ;
'

'

Gormandise
Gorse.

gorcrow,
gore-crow
'

carrion-crow. see above.

(L.

(E.)

I.e.

gorst, goise.
in the phr.

Formerly gorst. A. S. (E.) Cf. Skt. hrsh, to bristle.

Gordian.
who
tied

Gk.)

Only

Goshawk.
A. S goshafuc.

(E)
A.

Lit.
S. gos,

'

Formed from A. S. it. An oracle declared that whogosling. lE.") undid it should reign over Asia. gos, goose (M.. E. gos), with double dimin. Alexander cut the knot, and applied the suffix -I-ing.
ever
oracle to himself. Gore U), clotted blood.

Gordian knot,' i.e. intricate knot. Named from the Phrygian king Gordius (FopSios),

goose-hawk.* goose kafuc,

;

hawk.

(E)

It for-

gospel.

merly meant filth. A. S. gor, filth, dirt-fIcel gor, gote; Swed. ^j?r,dnt; goor\ H. G. gor, filth. Origin uncertain.

M.Du

M. E. the life of Christ. (E ) k.. S. god, God, A. S. godspcll. narrative Lit. i. e. Christ spell, a stoiy of God,' i.e. life of Christ, f" Orig. god

Gospel,

a triangular piece let into a garment, a triangular slip of land. (E.) E. gore. A. S. gdra, a gore, projectfrom %dt a dart, a ing piece of land spear-point. Named from the shape. [So also Icel. gciri, a tiiangular slip of land, G. gehre, a wedge, fi om geirr, a spear
',2),

O Gore

spell,

good
;

spell,

a translation of Gk.

but soon altered to godspell\ tvayyc\iov for the E. word was early introduced into Iceland in the form gubspjall (where guft= god, as distinguished from go<5-=- good}, and into Germany as O. II. G. gotspell

(where

got

god,

as
N

distinguished

from

guot, good).

gusset, gore ; j. The A. S.

Du. gar

geer, a
(Icel.

gusset, gore

Gossamer.
'

(E.

<

gem;

O. H. G. gosesomcr,

lit

ger)
allied

is

from

to Gaulish

Teut. type *gaizoz, L. gaesum, a javelin,

;

goose- summer'

M. E. gossomer, The prov.

E.

name

Named
(early

(in Craven) is summer-goose. from the time of yeai when it is

O. Irish gai, a spear.

most seen,

viz.

Gore

(3), to pierce.

(E)

From

S.

November)
1 1

during St. Martin's summer geese were eaten on

;

gar, a spear-point (with the usual change

Nov.

formerly.

Cf.

Lowl.

Sc.

go-

fiom d to long

o)

summer

the throat, a narrow pass. (F. Lai e L. gorga th oat variant of L. gurges, a whirlpool, hence (in Late L ) the gullet, from its voracity Cf. L. gurgulio, gullet. +Skt. gargara-, a

Gorge,
L. )

OF. gorge

(popular variant), Martinmas, fl; also Also called summer-colt (Whitby) summer-gauze. Cf. G. sommerfaden (lit. summer -threads), gossamer; Du. zomerdraden, Swed. sommertt&d, the same. [But
;

in

whirlpool.

lit.

gorgeous,
O. F.
arid

showy, splendid. (F.

t

L.)
;

The O. F. gorgias also meant a gorget appear that summer is here used in the ' the sense of gorgeous was orig. proud, sense of 'summer-film,' so t\wA. gossamer ~from the swelling of the throat in pride. goose-summer-film. (Better spelt gossomer Cotgrave gives F. se rengorger, to hold or gossummer. ) down the head, or thrust the chin into the Gossip. (E.) Now a crony formerly a sponsor in baptism. M. E. gossib, also neck, as some do in pride, or to make ' M. E. god^ related in god/ their faces look the fuller ; we say, to godsib, lit. bridle it.' Hence the derivation is from god; sib, related, from O. Northumb. F. gorge throat (above). sibbo, pi. relatives, allied to Goth, sibja, relationship, G. sippe, affinity, sippen, gorget, armour for the throat. (F. kinsmen. Cf. Skt. sabhya-, fit for an From gorge, i. e. throat. L.) GorgOU, a monster. (L. -Gk.) L. assembly, trusty, from sabhd, an assembly. 124 (4), 567. Gorgon, Gorgo. Gk. Topyfa, the Gorgon. Brugm. i.
* ;
',

M. ^.gorgias, gorgeous ;' Cot.

G. it is also called madchensommer, Maiden-summer, der allwcibersommer, which also the old women's summer means St. Martin's summer.] It would
;

218

GOUGE
Gouge, Low L.)

GRAMERCY

a hollow-bladed chisel. (F. graduate^ a service-book of portions sung Low L. *gobia, in gradibns, i. e. on the steps (of the F. gouge. *gubiay only recorded in the form guvia choir). 'L.gradu-s, a step. Cf. Ital. sgorbia, gouge; (Span, gubia). graduate. (L.) Late L. graduatus, Gascon goujo. one who has taken a degree pp. of Late Gotird. (F. L.") F. gourde, formerly L. graduare. L. gradu-s, degree. Graft, Graff, to insert buds on a stem. gouhourde and cougotirde (Cot.). L. cucurbtta, a gourd. (F.~L.-Gk.) Graft is a later form of Gourmand, a glutton. (F.) F. gour- graff, and due to confusion with graffed, Shak. has pp. graft, Rich. Ill, in. 7. mand, a glutton, gormatid, helly-god pp. E. graff Cot. en, to graff, from graffe, Etym. unknown. Der. gormandise 127. sb. O. F. graffe, a sort of pencil, also a (for gourmand-isc], Gout (i), a drop, disease. (F. L) slip for grafting, because it resembled a M. E. goute, a disease supposed to be due pointed pencil in shape. L. giaphium, a. O. F. goiite, style to write with. Gk. ypatyiov, ypato defluxion of humours. Gk. ^pcuptiv, to write. L. gutta, a drop. <piov, the same. goutte, a drop. Gout (2), taste. (F.-L.) F. gout, Grail (O, a gradual, a sei vice-book. -L) L. gustns, taste see Gust (2). M. E. graile, grayle. - O. F. taste. (F. Govern. (F. L Gk.) M. m. goiter- grae!. Late L gradatey also called graO. F. gaverner.~\i. gnberndre, to dudle sec gradual. nen Gk. Kvfitpvai', to steer. bteer a ship, rule Grail (2), the Holy Dish at the Last The etymology Cf. Litlu kumbnti, to steer. Gk.) Supper. (F. L. Gowan, a daisy. (Scancl.) North. E was very eaily falsified by an easy gowfan, bs. yellow gowan, corn marigold change from San Greal (Holy Dish") to Named from the colour. I eel gulr, Swed. San% Real (JRoyal Blood, sliangely taken
;
'

'

gul, Dan. guul,

Norw.

gnl, go.nl, yellow.

See Yellow.

Gowk,
gaukt
,

a simpleton a cuckoo, S\vccl.

(Scand.)
t

Icel.

V>.+G

gauch, a

O. F. graislc, graile (. grcle\ thin, L. gracilem, ace. of gracilis, grabltg, greedy; grabbehn, to grab at; small. Du g abbe I, a scramble, grabbelen, to slender. scramble for; Low G. gtabbeln, to grab Grain. (F. - L.) M. E. grein. - O. F. L. granum, a gram, corn. 4- Irish at; S\\cd. grabba, to grasp.-4-Skt gmh, grain* 0. Skt. grabh, O. Pers. and Zend grab, gran \N gronyn. Cognate with E. Corn. to bcizc. See Garb (2). Cf. Grasp. term applied to Grallatory. (L.) Grace. (F.-L.) _ O. F. grace. - L. wading birds L. gralldtor^ a vsalker on L. L. gratns, dear, pleasing. stilts. Ttf/?tf,favoui. L.^-ra//^ (for *gradfa}, stilts.
i
*

cuckoo, simpleton E. gonnc. Gown, a loose robe. (C. ) \\.gwn, a loose robe, flush gnnn, Gael, and Corn. gun, Manx goon, are from E. O F. gonnc is Gaulish] StokesFick, p. 2X1. Grab, to seize (E.) Cf. E. Flies.

O. F graal, greal, to mean Real Blood). gra^aJ, a flat dish; with numerous other It forms, both in O. F. and Late L. would appear that the word was coirupted in vaiious ways from LateL \y\&*cratalis (cf. Late L. gradate, a bowl'; from Late L. tiat-tts, a bo\\l, equivalent to L. cratert
a

bowl

see Crater.
v

Grail
Spenser,

(3

i,

fine
i.

(Piez.) sand. (F.

;

Q.

7.

In L.) Vis. Bellay, st. 12.

gradus, a step g> adf, to walk. 524, 632. a degice. (F.-L.) grade, Gramarye, magic. (F.-L Gk.) a degiee L. gradum, ace. of gradns, a M. E. gram cry, skill in grammar, and O. F. gramaire, L. gradi (pp. gressus], to hence skill in magic. degree, step

Brugm.

Grade,

step,
1.

walk, go. (VGHREDH.) Brugm. 635 h. 707. gradient, a gradually rising slope. L. gradient-, stem of pres. pt. of (L.)
;

grammar
gramaiie,
gician.

see
(i)

Grammar.
a grammarian,

Cf.
(2)
is

O. F,
a maa mere

i([

The word glamour

of

corruption

graJi, to walk, advance.

(L.) Ong. gradual, sb., a service-book called in Lat. gradudle, and in E. gradual or

meaning

(i)

gramarye or grammar, grammar, (2) magic.

thanks.
(F.

gradual,

advancing by steps.

Gramercy,

L.)
;

gray I.

Late L. gradualis, only

in neut.

merly graund mercy, Chaucer, C. F. grand merd, great thanks 8964 Grand and Mercy.

ForT,
set

219

GRAMINEOUS
Gramineous.
for

GRATUITY
-M. H. G. krapfe, O. H, G. krapfo, The senses Allied to Cramp. a hook. of 'hook' and 'cluster' result from that of clutching/ to descriptive, pertaining
fruit.
'

(L.)
;

gramen, grass

Grammar.
grammere.Q.
Late
"L,.

with suffix -e-ous. M. E. (F. - L. - Gk.)

gramaire (XIII cent.). Graphic, grammatical, giammar(Schwan). Gk. 7/>a/iftari77, grammar. Gk. Gk.) L. graphicus, belongwriting. (L. Gk. ypatyiKfc, see below. ing to painting or drawing. fttm/icos, knowing one's letteis Gk. ypd<f)iv, to write. Allied F. the same. grammatical. (F. L. G k ) grammatical, fiom L. gram mat u us, gram- to Carve. matical. - Gk. auiMfiKos, versed in one's Grapnel, a grappling-iron. ( F, Dimin. of M.E. grapenel. letters.Gk. ypa/npar-, stem of ypdfj.ua, M. II. G.) See M. Y.gtappin, a grapnel -O. F. grappe, Gk. ypdtyHv, to write. a letter O. II. G. ktapfo, a hook; see a hook. Graphic. Grampus, a large fish (F. L ) Spelt Grape. grapple, to clutch. (F.-M. H. G.) grampasse, A D. 1655. A. F. grampais L grandem pisccm, Properly to se;ze with a grapnel. M. F. Ulk. Bk. A dm. i. 152.
;

F.

ace oigrandis piscis, great fibh. Granary, store-house for giam. L granuw, corn L. grand na, pi

(L.)

grappil, sb., '\\\sg) apple of a ship; O. F. grappe, a hook (above).

Cot.

See

Grasp.
the
sense

Garner.

'

OY.gtand. Hoccleve. great. (F. -L) to allied \;.grandem, ace. vlgtandis, great. grapsen grandee, a Spanish nobleman. (Span. gi apsen, to clutch Low G. also Lith. a handful ; L.) Span, grande, gieat; also, a E. Fries graps, nobleman. L. grandem, ace. of grandis, grdp-i, to giab (Kluge).

Grand,

M.E. gi aspen, used in (E.) Also grapsen, in to grope.' Prob. for *grab-scn, closely Cf E. Fries. Grab, q v.
,

great.

Grass.
greatness.

(E.)

M.E.

gras, gres,

also

grandeur
-oreni),

pres. pt.

Swed gras, l3an. gnes. Teut. G. gtas from *gra- t the sense type *gra-sorn t n. grandiloquent, pompous in speech. of which is doubtful cf. grow Coined from L. grandi-, decl. stem Grate (O, a framework of iron bars. (L.) and loqtient-, stern of (Late L. - L.) M.E. grate. - Late L. of grandis, great L. crates, hurdles. see Loqua- grata, crata, a grating. to of
formed with suffix -cur (L horn grand, great.
\
;

grandeur,

(F.

L)

F.

gets.

A.

S. gifrs, gttts.

+ Du.

Iccl.

Goth.

loquii

speak

cious.
loquus.

The

true

L.

form

is

grandi-

Ste Crate.

Grate
Dan.

(2), to rub, scrape.

(F.-Teut.)

a farm-house. (F. - L.) O. F. grange, a barn, a faim-house. Late L. grdnea, a barn. L.grauttm, corn.

Grange,

O. F. grater (F

stone. L.) pleasant. (Hybrid; F.-L (Ital. and E.) The first syllable is fiom O. granito, granite, speckled stone. v\ ith E. \\z\. gramto, pp. of granire, to reduce to grat, pleasing, from L grains Ilal. grano, bllfflX -fill. grains (hence, to speckle). F. graltfer. a gram. L. grdnum, a grain see Q-rain. gratify. ( F. L.) L. L. gratificate, gratifuari, to please Grant. fF. L.) M. E. graunten* O. F. graanter, graunter, later spelling of grati-, for grdtus, pleasing; and -ficare y Der. gratific-at-ion. craanter, creanter, to caution, assure, for facere, to make. whence the later senses, to gratis, freely. (L.) L. gratis^ adv., guarantee for gratiis, abl. pi. of gratia, promise, yield ; Late L. creantdre, for freely see Grace. L. credent-, stem of pres. grace *cri>dentdre. See Creed. gratitude. (F.-L.) F. gratitude. pt. of credere, to trust. \^t\J ,gratitudinem, ace. of gratitude, Granule, a little grain. (L.) L. grdL. grdtus, pleasing. thankfulness. nulutn, dimin. ot grdnum, a grain. gratuitous, freely given. (L.) L. Grape. (F.-M. H. G.) A. F. grape,' M. Y.grappc, bunch, or cluster of grapes; gratult-us, freely given with suffix -ous. Cot. [In E., the sense has changed, from From grdtus. cluster to single berry.] The orig. sense gratuity, a present.' (F. L.) O. F. Cot. - Late L. a free gift ; of grappe was 'a hook,' then clustered gratuiti,

granite, a hard

(< Grateful,

kratta, O. II. G. chrazzon ktattc, to scrape *kratfon), to scrajx*.

gratter).
;

Swed

Ital.

'

220

GRATULATE
gratulate, to congratulate. From pp. of L. gratulart, to wish son joy. As if for *grdti-tuldri

GRIDDLE
the

grdtuitatem, ace. of gratuttas.~*L. gra- greve, Picard tmtus (above). Origin unknown.
(L.)

shank,

shin.

Grebe,
word.

a bird.
'

a per;

gives gnaibe,

from

Of unknown
(E.)

F. grebe. Cot. (F.) a sea-mew,' as a Savoyard

L. grains, pleasing. Brugm. i. 986. (0> to cut engrave. (E.) M. E.

Grave

>

grauen. A. S. grafan, pt. t. groj graven, Dan. grave, Icel. grafa, M. Swed. Teut. grafva, Goth, giaban, G. graben.
type
*graban-,
pt.
t.

*grob.

gr?dig.+ gretig, Icel. grdbugr, Dan. graadig, Goth, gredags cf. Skt. grdhra-, greedy, from grdh, to be greedy. The sb. greed, hunger, answers to Icel. grdtir, Goth. Cf. Russ. grediis, hunger Teut. type *grcduz.

Greedy.

origin. s. grMig,

Du.

g>ob" , a tomb, giave. thing cut or dug out

Der. grave,
;

sb., a

Green.

(E.)

M.E. green. K.S.grene.

Icel.

A.

Grave
kaunis\

(2), sad.

(F

-L
Skt

S. graf.
)'

L. graucm, ace

Digrams,

F. grave. heavy. -f Goth.

-f-Du. groen,

gr<znn,

Dan. Sued.
*gronjoz
t

Teut. type grott, G. grim earlier type *gro-ms (Sievers).

Cf. A. S.

Allied to Grow. guru-, heavy. gro-ivan, to giow. Ciccn is the colour of growing herbs. Gravel. (F.-C) M. E. grattel.- Der. greens, pi. sb. See Sward. O. Y .gravele, dimin ofO. P giove, gravel. Greengage, a green plum. Named Of Celtic origin; from Celt, base *gravo- fiom Sir W. Gage, of Hengrave Hall, as in Bret, grouan, gravel, Corn, grow, near Bury, before A n. 1725. There is also a blue Gage, a yelloiv Gage, and a gravel, \V. gro, pebbles. Gravy. (F. I M. E. ^rawt', mistaken purple Gage. form of O. r grant, a broth with powdeied Greet (^i), to salute. (E.) M. E. greten.
jSap^'y,

Gk.

Brugm.

i.

665.

almonds
of grains.

(like grains).

L.

grdnatum,

full

'

grar,

also G. grasen. (2), to feed as cattle. (E.^) S. gra<;ian.-*A. S. grascn, vb.

So

graa* Swed. ^w?, G gi'&u, O. II. G. ?rtf (gen grdw-e^. Teut. stems gf eten. A. S. gnttan, grJ/att.+Icel. grata, Dan. gnrde, Swed. grata, Goth, gretan. Graze (i\ to scrape slightly (E. ?) Gregarious. (L.) L. gregarius, beFormeily grase. Apparently a peculiai longing to a Hock. L. greg-, stem of grex, use of ^7-fl^, to crop grass used of a flock. \\v3s\graig, a herd of horses. cannon-balls that rebounded from grass. Grenade, a war-mi-sile. (F.-Span.

granum, a gram. M. E. gray, grey. Gray. (E.) *reg, A. S gmg -f Du. graauw,

L.

O.
Icel.
j

Dan

h.^.grf'tan, to visit, addiess.-4-Du.^vwfew, gfusscn O. Sax. grotian. Teut. type from the sb. *grot-, as in Du. *grot-janr0Y, G. gruss, a salutation. Greet (2), to civ, weep. (K) M. E.

+O

Graze
;

M.

E.

,^;v?j,
(ci.

see Grass. grass bow-y-cr, law-y-er}.

Der. graz-t-cr

E. gre\e, grece. A. F. gr'eissc, ctaisse, fatness, Ps. xvi. 10. Late L type ^trassia. L. crassus,
thick,
fat.

Grease. (. ~~ L ^

M.

L.") >oimerly also granado, which is like the Span, foiin. Named from its likeness to a pomegranate, being filled with combustibles as that is \vith seeds. F grenade, 1 a pomegranet, a ball of wild-fiie Cot.
' ;

Span granada. the same granado, full of seed s. L. gt an a tits* full of seeds. L. Der. granum, a giam; see Grain.
;

See Cra^s.

W..ML.gteihound, grehound. grlghund; where grig- =* sediment of grieg- (Icel. grey-), for Teut. *grai4jo-. (i), Graves, melted tallow. (E.) E. Fries, gmfe pi. Cf. Icel. grey hit mir, a greyhound, from Icel. grey, a dog, hundr, a hound; greygrafen, greaves.-f M. Swed. grejwar, dirt tjui-grcfit'ctr, lit. light-dirt,' lefnse of tal- baka, a bitch. ^[ Not allied to gray^ low in candle-making Swed. dial, gievar, which is represented in Icelandic by grdr. Low (\. greven, greaves; G. Griddle, a pan for baking cakes. pi., greaves gricbe, O. II. G. griubo, grntpo. M.E. gredil (F.-L.< Also girdle. Greaves (2), leg-armour. iF.) O. F. O. F. gredi! (Moisy, Diet, of Norman also greaves Cot. Cf. patois), greil ^Godefroy) greves, boots, cf. grediller, Span, grebas, greaves, pi. of greba. O. F. vb., to grill (same^ Late L. *cratuulum,

M. ]L. gret, greet. A. S. ^E.; Teut. type great. ^\)\\ groct, G gros\.

Great.

grcnad-ier. the same as ;

Grey

Gray.

Greyhound.

(E.)

S.

Greaves

'

'

'

221

GRIDE
for

GRISLY
dimin. of

L.

gray Malkin, the latter being a Malkin Maid-kin, dimin. gredire, a griddle, afterwards turned into cat's name. of A. F. Maid -Maud, i. e. Matilda from gridiron, by confusion with M. E. ire E. iron. See Grill and Creel. O. H.G. Mahthilt. Here maht = might ; Gride, to pierce, cut through. (E.) See hilt means battle. Cf. Macb. i. I. 8. A metathesis of Grime. (Scand.) Swed. dial, grima, a Spenser, F. Q. ii. 8. 36. Dan. grim, griim, see smut on the face gird, M. E. girden, to strike, pierce Cf. Low G. Gird (2). lamp-black, soot, grime. E. Fries. Gridiron ; see Griddle. grimmeln, to become smutty Grief. (F.-L.) M. E. grief, grcf.- gremen, to begrime. O. F. grief, gref, bunlensome, sad, heavy. Grin, to snail, grimace. (E.) M. E. L. grants, heavy see Grave (2). Der. grenncn. A. S. grennian, to grin.-f-Icel. Perhaps cf. Du. gnjnen, grieve vb., O. F. grever, L grauate, to grenja, to howl. Dan. grine^ to grin, simpei, to weep, fret burden from grants. - I,. - Gk.) Swed. **, G. greinen (Noreen, 149). Griffin, Griffon. (F.
cratis,

craticula, a hurdle.

gridiron,

Grimalkin, a cat.
for

Dor.

Hence M. E. Prob.

',

Better^r^w.

M. E. griffon.

F. griffon

See Groan.

formed from Late L. griffus, a gnffon Grind. (E.) A. S. grindan, pt. t. Allied to L. frenL. gryphus, extended form of gryps, a grami, pp. gtundcn* Gk. ypvi// (stem ypvir-), a griffon, dere, to gnash. griffon. A. S. a fabulous animal supposed to have a M. E. gripe Grip, sb. (E ) Gk. ypvnos, cuived, hook- gripe, a grip from the weak grade of hooked beak beaked. <fl" Confused with Gk. -yu^, a gnpan (below). vulture. gripe. (E'.) A. S. gripan, pt. t. grap,
;

Grig,
tick,

a small

eel,

cricket.

(E.)

App. of imitative

origin.
;

greipan, (j.greifen. Teut. type *greipan-9 preserved in cnck-et Cf Lith. louse; Du. kriek, a cricket, ^f In pt. t. *grmp, pp. *gripanoi. phr. 'as merry as a grig, grig is for Greek graibyti, to grasp at. Merygreek is a character (Troll, i. 2. ii 8) Grise, Grize, a step. (F. L.) Also from L. grce- spelt greet e, greese, Sec. in Udall's Roister Doister The proper cari, to live like Greeks, i. e. luxuriously. spelling is grees, and the proper sense is Grill, to broil on a gridiron. (F. L.) 'a flight of steps,' though often used as F. gnl, a gridiron,' meaning a single step. F. gnller, to broil. Grees is the pi. of Cot ; O F. gi eil, grail Late L. *cratl- M. E. grec, gre, a step. O. F. gre, a step culum, for craticula, a small gridiron (Roquefort) cf. F. dc-gn*, E. de-gree. \s. (whence F. grille, a grating). L. cratis, gradus, a step. Der. Piov. E. (Norf.) a hurdle. See Crate, Creel, and Griddle. grissens, steps ~gree~s-en-s, a treble plural. Grilse, the young salmon on its first Grisette, a gay voung Frenchwoman return from the sea to fresh water. of the lower class. (F. M. H. G.) F. (F. O. .grisle. grille, grisette', named from the cheap gi ay dress Tent.) Ong. grills, pi O. Jb gns, gray. See Grizzly which they used to wear. F. gris, gray j grayish.
' ;

Cf. ctick, still Lovvl. Sc. crick, a

pp. gripen, to seize. -f-Du. gnjpen, Icel. g) ipa, Swed. gnpa, Dan gnbe, Cioth.

Grim,
to

fierce.

(E.)

S grim
furious.
;

allied

see Grizzly.

gram,
,
,

fierce,

angry,
;
.

+ Icel.
'

GrisMn.
little pig,'

grimtnr, grim, gramr, angry Dan. grim, gr i m gra m an gry G gn mm fu ry gram From Teut. root *grem- (2nd hostile. Allied to Gk. xP t* ~ grade, *gram-}.
, ,
,

now

from

M. E.

The lit. sense is Dimin. spine of a hog. Icel. griss, a gris^ a pig
(Scanci;>

ri(tv,

to
i.

Grizzly. F. grimace, Grisled ; see Grizzly. (F.-Teut.) ' Cot Of uncertain origin A. S grisllc, Grisly, terrible. (E.) Formed with suffix -lit (like) Perhaps from Icel. grimmr, Dan. grim, tenible Fries, and from grts-an (pt. t.gras}, to shudder. cf. E. E. grim, angry (above) Low G. grimlachen, to laugh mali- Fries, griselik, terrible, from gnsent to horrible ; ciously. Derived by Diez from Icel. grima, shudder, -f- I^u. af-grijssdijk, a mask. af-grijzen, horror.

Brugm.
1

neigh, 572.
;

XP^M, Xf^M ^

noise.

young pig; Dan. gnis, Swed. gris, pi^. ^f Or is it for *gris-skin, where ikm Cf. icpresents Dan. skmne, a splint ^

Grimace.

a crabd looke

GRIST

GROUNDS

1 Grlfit, a supply of corn to be ground. upper part of the shoulder-blade, and A. S. grist. From the base of groin, 'snowt of a hog.' The O. F. (E.) Grind. groin also means 'extremity, headland.' Late L. type *grunnium, from L. grungristle. (E.) A. S. gristel, cartilage allied to grist, and A. S. gristbitian, to nire, to grunt.] But groin is a variant of gnash the teeth. From the base of grind, grtne (in Cotg., s. v. Aines] fuller form with reference to the necessity of crunch- grinde (grynde in Palsgrave). A. S.
;

So also Du. knarsbeen, grynde, abyss hence, depression. -Allied to crunch. to Ground. Der. groin-ed, having angular Grit, coarse sand. (E.) Formerly greet, curves that fork off. A S. grcot, grit, -f" O. Fries. gr/t, Icel. Gromwell, a plant. (F.-L.) ForAllied to Grout, Groat merly gromelle, grumelle, gromel, grumel. gtyot, G. gries.
ing
it

if

eaten.

gristle,

from knarsen,

Grizzly, Grizzled, grayish. (F. -M. H.G.) From M. E. grisel, a gray-haired man. F. gris, gray. M. H. G. gris, gi ay
;

CO-

G.gtcts, a gray-haired man.+Du.^rryj, O. Sax. fins, gray. Groan. (E.) M. E. gronen. A. S. grdnwn. to groan. Tent, type *grainojan-, from *grain, 2nd grade of *gteznan- as
cf.
t

or F - Low G.) Either from M. Du. grom, Icel. gromr, a boy, lad (Egilsson); or from O. F. *grome, in the dimin. gromet, a lad, boy, servant, valet (whence F. gourmet), which is prob. from the same

O. F. gremil, grenil, 'the herb gromil, or graymil ;' Cot. Prob. fiom L. grdnum, a grain; from itshaid seeds.

Groom.

(Low G.

M. E. grome*

in

O.
;

II.

grin allied to

G. grnian, G. greinen, to weep, Du. grijnen, to weep. Perhaps

Du. grow. Der. grummet.

And

see

Bridegroom.

GrOLt
giot.

Grin. (0, a particle, atom. (E

T0/. From *grut-, A. S. grade of *greut- (as in A.S. g/eot) Grit, Grout. Groat (2), a coin worth $d. (Du.

M. E. weak
See

Groove. (Du.) Du. grocf, groeve, a Du. graven trench, a channel, a groove (pt. t. groef\ to dig; see Grave (i) E. grofe, a cave.

Low

G) M.E. grote. M. Du. groote Low G. grote, a com of Bremen meaning

,

Grope. (E ) A. S. grapian, to seize, handle; hence, to feel one's way -A. S. O. grap, 2nd giade of gnpan, to seize. See
Gripe.

O. F. gros (fern. Gross. (F.-L) the copper coins (Schivareti} formerly in grosse}, gross, great. L. gros MS, fat, use there; cf. Du. groot, gieat, cognate thick. with E. great. Grot. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) F. grotte, Groats, grain of oaU. CE.) M. E. a cave. Ital. grotta L. fr>'/>/a. Gk. A. S. grot, an atom. AS. KpvTTTrj, a vault see Crypt. grotcs, lit. bits see Groat (l) above Gk^ *grntgrotesque. (F. - Ital. - L. Grocer. (F. L.) Formeily^-mwror F. grotesque, ludicrous. Ital. grotesca, O. engrosser, a wholesale dealei. gros- curious painted work, such as was emO. F. gros^ groat Ital. sicr, a wholesale dealer. ployed on the walls of grottoes.
'great,' because large in

comparison with

Gross. suy.
see

Der. grocet
and

-y,

formerly gros- grofta (above).

grotto.
water.

gTOg,

spirits

(F.

L.)
j

grotta
1

it had its name fiom Du. Ground. gnma. Admiral Veinon, nicknamed Old Grog, grond, (.\.grund-, Goth, grundtt-. Tent, from his grogram breeches (ab. A. l>. type *jv unduz also *gnmthuz, whence J 745)l he oideied the sailors to dilute Icel grunnr, Dan. Swed. grnnd.

Short tor giogram\

L. Gk.^ (Ital. Ital giotta i^above). A. S. (E.)

;

Better

their

rum with

water.

grogram, a stuff.
;

(F.-L.) Formerly

gtograti) so called from its coaise giam. M. F. grosgrain, giogrnm. O. F. gros, coarse grain, grain.

a spectator in the pit From ground, \\ith double dimin. suffix -l-tng, \\ith a con-

groundling,

of a theatre.

(iO

tcipptuous force

So called grounds, dregs. (E.) Cf. Gael. depression of the human fiom being at the bottom. body in fiont, at the junction of the thigh grunndas, lees, from grunnd^ bottom, with the tiunk. (E.) [Confused with ground Irish gntntas, dregs, from grunnt t F. Cot. gives groin de pore, the head or the bottom,

Groin,

the

223

GROUNDSEL
. f

GUANO

groundsel, a small plant (.) Also grobben. Cf. E. Fries, grubbeln, to grope groundswell (Holland's tr. of Pliny). A. S. about, -f Low G. grubbeln, the same; grundeswelge, as if ground-swallower,' Gr.grubeln, O. H. G. grubilon, to rake, dig, but really from the older form gundeswelge, grub. Allied to Grave (i). lit. swallower of pus,' from its supposed Grudge, to grumble. (F.) M. E. O. F. healing qualities from A. S. guud, pus. grochen, grucchen, to murmur.
'

groundsill,
ground and

threshold.

(E.)

From

groucier, groucher, to

murmur; Low L.

grunsel groussare, A.D.I 358. Probably gru-dge, ^Milton). gru-nt, grow-l are all from the same imiGroup. (F.-Ital.-G.) F. groitpc.- tative base cf. Gk. 7/>D, a grunt. Ital. groppo, a knot, O.II.G. Gruel. (F.-O. Low G.) O. F. gruel heap, group. Ijovf L. *grutellum, dimin. kropf, a crop, wen on the tin oat, ong a (F. gruati). bunch Low G. kropp see Crop. of grutum^ meal. O Low G griit Du, ropp si a bird (F.- Celtic') Grouse gruit, grout, coaise meal; see Grout. Grouse, to be a false form, evolved from appears Gruesome, horrible. (Scand.) Dan. an old \>\; grows (1531). In 1547, the pi. grusom, ciuel. Dan. gru, honor; with was gtewes. Of unknown origin, though suffix -sow, as in virk-som, active. Cf. the form seems to be Fiench. Giraldus Dan. grue, to dread, gruclig horrid. -|-Du. Cambrensis, Topographia Hibernica (Rolls gruwzaam (j.graitsam M H G griisam Seiies, v. 47) has: 'galling campestres, grnwesam from M.1I. G. gruive, horror. quas vulganter grutas vocant.' *(]" Cot- Allied to O. Sax. r;'/, A. S.gryre^ horror, grave, s. v. gricsche, has 'the hen of A. S be-greosan, to overwhelm with terror. the grice or moorgame.' This must Gruff, rough, surly. (Du.) Du grof, be a mistake, as the word grice is big, coarse, loud, blunt. -|* G.grefr, coarse otherwise unknown. Perhaps gruta re- (whence Swcd.^r^, Dan grov] O. H. G.
sill, q. v.

Also

spelt

..

piesents
croiv.

Celtic

word,
;

allied

to

E.

gerob

(F.-G.) F. coarse m<jal Low and prov. G. Grouts, diegs. grommcler (Cot ). M. E. grut. AS. grut, coaise gruwmelcn, to grumble, frequent. o( (E.) meal. Cf Du grnt\ \vs\.graulr, porridge, grummen, grotnmen, to grumble M. Du.

E. Fries, gruffig. Grumble, to murmur.

;

Grout,

grommelen, fiequent. of grom men. From allied to Lithuan. grudas, *grumm-, weak grade of Teut. grutze, groat^ *grcmman-, corn L. rudus, rubble. Cf. Grit. to rage, as in M. H.G. and A. S. grimman, a collection of trees. (E ) M. E. to rage. Cf. G Grove, gram, anger, and E Grim. w A S. graf, a grove. ). groue (with Grume, a dot of blood. (F.-L.) F grume, a cluster. L. grumus, Grovel, to fall flat on the ground. Raie.
;

Dan. grodj Swed. grot, boiled groats

; ;

G.

Due to M. E. groveling, pro(Scand.) perly an adv , signifying Hat on the ground; afcso spelt grofting, grojlinges, where the suffixes -ling, -hnges ate adverbial cf. head- long, dark-lmg. \m\. grufa, in phr.
;

a little heap.

f*S7 a
griifn,
grit fa,

Gromet, a ship-boy, a (F. cabin-boy. Teut) O. F. gromet, a seiving-boy cf. Span, grumete^ a shipM. \i\ji.grom, a boy; sec Groom. boy.
;

Grummet,

<*

8*Ttfu, to he grovelling, to swim on the belly

; ;

symja a
cf.

also

Grunsel see Groundsill. Grunt. (E) M.E. gninten

;
,

A.

S.

Swed. dial. grunnettan, extension of A.S gt union, grufta, to grovel gruva, flat on one's face, Hgga a grwve, to to grunt. 4- Dan. grynte, Swed. grymta, G. lie on one's face. grunzen so also L grunntre, Gk. ypvfriv. S. growan, pt. t greow, All imitative GrOW. (E.) cf. Gk. ypv, the noise made pp. ffrowen.+'D\\. groeijen, Icel. groa, Dan. by a pig.

groe, Swed. gro. Esp. to produce shoot-,, as herbs- allied to Green. "Der.grflw-th;

num
aco,

Guaiacum,
vitae.

a kind of resin, from ligIlayti.) vitae.

from

(Span.

Icel. grd^r,

Growl,

to

growth. grumble.
E.

- Low (F.

guayacan, lignum language of Hayti.

Span, guayFrom the

Picard grouter.

Fries.

Du. grollen, to grumble; rumble; Norw. gryla, to

grol\r\ Franck.) Grub, to grope in dirt.

grullen\ cf. G. grollen, to

giowl
(E.)

(See

Gttanaco, a kind of Pciuvian sheep. - Peruv.) Span, guanaco (Pineda). vSpan. Peruv. huanacu, a wjld sheep.

Guano.
M.
E.

huano.

Peruv.) Span. guano, (Span. Peruv. huanu, dung.

224

GUARANTEE
Guarantee,
;

GULF
Fora stranger, also an Hostile.

Allied to enemy. merly guaranty or garanty, which are O. F. garantie, garranbetter spellings. Guide. (F. - Ital. - Teut.) M. E. fern, of pp. of garantir, gyden (also gyen}. F. guider, to guide. tie, a warranty to warrant. O. F. garant, warant, a Ital guidare cf. O. F. guier, Span.guiar. wan ant; see Warrant. Der. guarantee, The gu (for w) shows the word to be of Teut. origin. O. Sax witan (A. S. ivitari), vb. cf. F. garantir. Guard, vb. (F.-O. Low G.) O. F. to pay heed to O. H. G. wizan. Allied to Wit. Cf Guy -rope. garder, earliest form warder, to guard. 0. Sax. warden, to watch cognate with Guild, Gild. (Scand.) The spelling A. S. weardtan, to watch, from weard, guild indicates the hard g. M. E. gilde. Dan. Icel. gildi, a payment, a guild Der. guard'ian see sb. see Ward.
sb. (F.
;
;

- O. H. G.)

Warden.
;

gilde.

Guava. (Span. W. Ind.) Spau.gwayborrowed from the native name in aba Guiana. Gudgeon. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E, goTu. \?. ione. gobionem, ace. of goujon. Gk. /cwfids, a gobio, a by-form of gobius. See Gold. gudgeon, tench.
a fire-worshipper. Pers. gabr, a Guebre. priest of fire-worshippers; Rich., Diet., p. 1228.

geld), to pay; cognate with A. S. geldan, to pay, yield; see Yield. fDu. ?A/; whence G, gilde. Guilder, an old Dutch coin. (Du.) Du gulden, * a gilder/ Adaptation of Hexham. From Teut. adj. type *gulthinoz, golden, from Teut. ^gulth'Om, gold.
Icel gjalda (pres
t.

Gueber, Gheber,
Pers.)

(F.

F.

guile.

Guile, a wile. (F - O Low From a Low G. form

;

G.)

O. F.

see further

under Wile.
prefix be- (

Der.
by),

beguile, vb., with E.

Guelder-rose.

(Du.)

Here guelder
O. H. G.

stands for Gueldre, the F. spelling of the province of Ge/de> land'in Holland.

Guerdon,
and
done).

L.)

recompense. O. F. guerdon
of O.
II.

(F.
(Ital.

guidarsingular
is

Low

L. widerdonum, a
gift.

compound

G. widar, back, again,

and L. donum, a

The word

really

Named after a Guillotine. (* ) French physician, J. L Guillotin, died A.D. 1814. First used, 1792. Guilt, crime. (K.) M. E. gilt. A. S. gylt, a trespass; also, a fine for a tresTeut. type *gultiz, m. perhaps pass. related to A. S. geldan, to pay, yield; see Yield.
;

a half-translation of the tiue form O. II. G. widarlon, a recompense. Here widar

G. wieder, back again and Ion (G. lofui} is cognate with A. S. lean* Du. /oon, a reward, allied to L. lu-crum, gam Brugm. 1. So also A. S. witier-lean, a 490.
;

Guinea. (African.) First coined of African gold from the Guinea coast, A. D. Der. guinea-fowl (fiom Guinea). 1663.
^f

so that
(F.

The guinea-pig is from S. America; it may mean Guiana pig.

Teut.)

recompense.

irregular wai Span, guerrilla, crown (whence waips, a wreath) G. weifen> Mittle war;' dimm. of to reel, wind. lit. O. H. G.) O. H. G. werra, war; see Guise, way, wise. (F. M. E. gtse, guise. O. F. guise, way, wise, War. GueSS. (Scand.) M. E. gessen. Dan. manner. O. II. G. wlsa (G. weise\ a gisse, Swed. gissa> to guess. +E. Fries, and wise; cognate with Wise (2). Du. gissen, Icel. gtska N. Fries, gezze, Guitar. (F. L. Gk.) Y.guitarc. Gk. tciOdpa, a lyre; see L. cithara. Allied to Dan. gjctte, to guess ged^e. * the Icel. giska may be for git- ska, a deno- Cithern. minative vb. from a base *git-i$kO', inGules, red. (F. IO M. E. gou!*$. to Late genious, acute, from geta, to get, also, F. gueules*, gules, red ; answering L. gula (pi. of gula^, meaning (i) mouth, to guess. See Get. E. gest. - Icel. (2) reddened skin, (3) gules. (See Gula Guest. (Scand.) Dan. gtest, Swed. gast.+A. S. gccst, in Ducange.) L. gula, the throat. Du. gast, Goth, gasts, G. gast. Gulf. (F. ~ Ital. - Gk.) Formerly ; Ital. golfo. Late Gk. F. golfe. Teut. type *gastiz goulfe. Idg. type *gho$tis cf. Russ. a variant of Gk. /fuXTros, the bosom, gost(e} a guest, alien ; L. hostis, tcv\<f>o$

Guerilla, Guerrilla,
O. H. G.)

lace of cords, kind of gimp. F. guipure. Teut. *wp-a*t, to wind, weave as in Goth, weipan* to

Guipure, a

(Span. a skirmish, guerra, war.

fare.

225

GULL
also,

GUY-ROPE
Der.

a deep hollow, bay, creek.

M.

F.

en-gulf.

ing,

giunter,
;

grongnard (F. grognard), gruntwhence M. F. gournauld,

Gull

(0, a

bird>
;

(CO
Bret,

gnll ; W. gwylan foilenn, 'alcedo.'

M.E. gtitte. A. S. gut\ pi. gum (Prob. of a channel) guttas; ong. a channel.' Monc, Quellen, Coptic kome, gum.) Gun. (Scand.) T*\.Y*.gonne\ from an p. 333, 1. 198. A. S. gut-, weak grade A S. geotan, to pour. engine of war named Gumlda in 1330-1. of Teut. *geutan-, From Icel. GnnnJnldr, a female name. y'GHEU.) -I- Dan. gyde, a lane, M. Du. Gunny, a coaise kind of sacking. gote, a channel, G. go^se, a drain. See Hind, and Mahratti gon, Gush. (Hind.-Skt.) go ni a sack, sacking. -Skt. goni, a sack Gutta-percha. (Malay.) The spelling gutta is due to confusion with L. (Yule). Gunwale, upper edge of a ship's side. gnlta, a drop, with which it has nothing Sec gunwale 01 gunnel in Keisey to do Malay gatah,gutah, gum, balsam; (E.) A wale is an outer timber on a percha, the name of thetiee producing it. (1715). M. E. gotere. Gutter. (F.-L.) ship's side ; and the gun-wale is a wale from which guns were pointed. A wale A. F. guttere; O. F. guticte, goutiere H. utre, s. v. goutttire, a gutter). see "Wale. is a beam Esp. Gurgle, to purl. (Ital. L.) In Spen- used for catching drops from the eaves of L. gutta, a diop. Imitated from Ital. a roof. - F. goutte. ser, 'Ihesstylib, 3

see Grunt. to grunt The same Gush. (E.) M. E gwchen. E. Fries. a dupe. (C.) from the notion that a gull was a stupid gusen, to gush out.-f M. Du. guysen, to But cf. Du. gul, soft, good- gush out (Kilian) Icel. gusa, allied togjosa bird, M. Du guile, a great wench (pt. t. gauss), Noi w. gjota, to gush. Allied natured to Icel. gjota, to pour, Goth, giutan, without wit,' Hexham. M. E. L. fundere. Cf. Du. gudsen, to gush. Gullet, the throat. (F.-L.) - M. F. zw/*/ (Cot.) dimm. of O. F. (VGH.hU.) See Gut, Geysir. golet. L Gusset. (F.) F. gousset, a gusset,' the thioat. gole, goule (F. guetile), Cot. Also the piece of armour by which throat. Urugm. i. 499. ^gttla, the the arm-hole is covered,' id. Named from a channel worn by water. (F. a its supposed resemblance to a husk of a Formerly gullet. M. F. goulet, rlly, Cot. The bean or pea dimin. of F. gousse, husk of gullet, a deep gutter of water bean or pea; cf. \\s\.guscio, a shell, husk same word as Gullet (above). Gulp. (E.) M. E. gulpen, gloppen, of unknown origin. Cf. E. Fries, and Du. gulpen, Gust (i), a sudden blast, gush of wind. ghtbben. Icel. gus-, Icel. gustr, a gust. to swallow eagerly; Du. gulp, a great (Scand.) Prob. of imita- weak grade of gjosa, to gush see Gush. billow, draught, gulp. So also Swed. dial, gust, stream of air Cf. Swed. glupa, to devour tive origin. E. from an oven, Noivv. gust, a gust. (i), flesh of"the jaws. (E.) Gust (2), relish, taste. (^L.) \^.gustus, gome. A. S. goma, jaws, palate, -f- Iccl. a tasting; ci. gust are, to taste. (y'GEUS.) cf, G gaumen, Lith. gotnr, Swed. gom Der. dis-gust Allied to Choose. gomurys, the palate Brugm. i. 196 L. Gut, the intestinal canal. (F.) (The (2), icsin of ceitain tiees. (F E gomme. F. gomme L. word is allied to M. E. gote, prov. E. gut, Gk )

gwelan

Corn.gullan, a grougnaut, gurnard (Cot.).-M. F. grognO. Irish ert to grunt with suffix -ard ( G. hart). ;
L.

grunmre,

Gull

(2),

f
;

'

'

'

'

Gum

Gum

gum fin.

Gk.

KUUUI,

'

Egyptian origin

'

gorgogliaie, to purl, bubble, boil; gorgoItal. gorge, a glio, gurgling of a stream.

whirlpool.

L. gurges, whirlpool

cf.

gttr-

See Gorge. gulio, gullet. gorgel, G. gurgel, throat ;

gitlw.

So also Du. from L. gitrfish.

Brugm

i.

499. a
(F.

Gurnard, Gurnet,

- L.

with Teut. suffix.) Gurnard is the better and fuller form. The word means 'a grantor/ from the sound which the fish

makes when taken out of the water.

Guttural. (F.-L.) F. guttural - L. L. gutturalis, belonging to the throat. guttnr, the throat. Guy, a hideous creature, fright. (F. Ital Teut.) Orig. used of an effigy of Guy Fawkes. F. Guy. Ital. Guido ; of Teut. origin. Cf. Guide. Guy-rope, Guy, a guide-rope, used to steady a weight in heaving. (F. Teut.) O. F. guie, a guide. O. Y.guier, to guide sec Guide. Cf. Span, guia, a guy-rope.
;

226

GUZZLE
(F.) Apparently suggested by O. F. goziller, gosiltier, to vomit ' (Godefroy), understood to mean to swal-

HACKNEY
Habiliment,
dress.

Guzzle.

(F.-L.)

F. kab-

low greedily.' The O. F. desgosiller had both senses (Godefroy). Cf. O. ^.gosillier,
the throat, allied to F. gosier, the thioat. Remoter source unknown. Gk.) L. gymna(L.

F, habilhr, to clothe, illement, clothing. orig. 'to get ready.' -F. habile, ready, fit. L. habilis, easy to handle, active' L. habcre, to have see Able
;

Gk. yv/ju'dffiov, an athletic school, sittw. where men practised naked. Gk. yv^dGk. fvjjLvos, (tw, to tram naked, exercise. Der. gymnast naked. yv^vaur^, a
trainer of athletes
;

Gymnasium.

practice. custom, dress. (F. L.) F. habit, a dress, a custom. L. halnturn, ace. of habitus, a condition, dress. L. habitus, pp. of habcre, to have, keep. See

Habit,

Brugm.

i.

638.

L. gypchalk. Gk. yvif/os, chalk. Prob. fiom Vs\s* jubstn, lime, A.\ sib. jibs, plaster, moitar; Rich Diet., p 494. Gypsy. (F.-L.~Gk.~- Egypt) Spelt Hubbaid, 86. Short gipsen, Spenser, for M. L. Eg)'pcicn.~Q.TP. Egyptien. Late L. JEgyptianus\ fiom L Agyptiiis,

Gypsum.

(L.~Gk.

gymnast-ic* Arab.)

F. habitable. L. habitabilis, that can be dwelt in halntdre % to dwell, frequent, of ha here, to

habitable. (F.-L,)

have

habitant.

(F.-L.)

pres. pt. of habiter, to dwell.

habitant, L. habit&ret

frequent, of habcre (above). Habitat, the natmal abode of a ]jlant. (L.) L. habitat, it dwells (there) 3 pres s. of habitare, to dwell (above).
;

an Egyptian Gk. AlyvTrnos. Gk. Af7V7TTo i Egypt. <|f The supposition that their they came from Egypt was false
,
;

oiiginal

home was

India.
(L.

abode. F. habitatwneni. L. habitatu, pp. of habitaie, to dwell, frequent of habere, to have. habitude. (F.-L) F. habitude,

habitation,
L.

(K-L)

habitation.

ace.

Gyre,
gyrus.

cncular course

Gk.)

L.

Gk. yvpos, ring, circle. gyr-atc, from pp. of L gyrare.

Der.
of
-

L habit-, Is.hahituao, condition. as in habitus, pp. of habere, to have

custom

Hacienda,
(Span.
orig as th
!,.)

Gyrfalcon,
prey
\\
.

Gerfalcon,

bud

Tent and

a farm, estate, farm-house. Span, hacienda, an estate,

^ 01 mci ly get

employment

fauhon\

O. Span. factenda. 'L. to translate L. ^vrofalco).-* O. F gerfaucon. factenda, things to be done; gtrundive -M, H. (;. gnvalke -O. H. G. glr-, for neut. pi of facere, to do. M. E. gin^ greedy (whence also G. geicr, a (i), to cut, mangle. (E.) arid L falco, a falcon, A. S. haccian, to cut, in the vulture) ^f L. hakken. gyrofalco \* a mistaken iform, comp./<7-^r7<zw.-f-l)u hakken, Dan hakke, Svved. hacka, G. hackcn, to chop, back. Gyron; see Giron. M. E. giues, Tent, types *hakkon-, *hakkojan-. Gyves, fetters. (F.) A F. give*, letters (Godefioy). 2 ; see Hackney. gyues Ci. O. H. G. be-wi/cn, to fetter. Hackbut. (F. - Low G ) Also hagbut. M. F. haqudmte, a haquebut, a cahver*
oi\.*o

gtn'faucott (used

by Tre visa

[The

c is

pronounced

thm."]

Hack

Hack
Low

"!

(i.e a sort oi

H.

musket)

Cot.

A coiruption

Ha,

mterj. (E."

An

Cf O. Fncs. haha, G he\ O. F. 7w/

to

exclamatory sound denote laughter;

HaLerdaslier,
(F
)

a seller of small wares.

So named from his selling a stuff called hapertas in A.F. see Liber Albus, Arquebus
;
;

G. hakebusse (Du. haakbits), an arquebus; due, apparently, to some conlubion with O. P Lit. butcr, to thrust. so called from the hook on hook-gun the gun, by which it was hung on to a biippoit. -"Low G. hake, (Du haak), hook busse (Du. bus}, a gun See
.

of

'

arid see

ed.

Riley,

this sinff is

The pp. 2^5, 231. of unknown oiigin.

)

name
neck

of

Hackle

U),
(2),

Hook Hatchel,
see

an instalment
feathers,

for diessing flax

Heckle.

breast.

Habergeon, armour for MK (F - O. H G

and

Hackle

long shining

on

haubergeoun.

habergeon, Q, F. haubergeon, hauber-

the neck of a cock. to Hackle (O.

(E

Probably allied

/on, a hauberk ; denv. (treated as dimin.) of O. F. hauberc\ see Hauberk.

Hackney, Hack, a iioise let out for hue. (E.) TA.l^Jiakeney. O.F haquenef,

227

HADDOCK
which was merely borrowed from the A. F.
;

HAKE
(Scand /)
cut;
as

hakeney (1340), hakenei (1307), Low L. hakeneius (i 292) all from M. E. Hakeney,
i.

Frequent, of North E. hag, to The hackle is of hack, to cut.

is

form hag

from
E.

Icel.

hoggva, to hew,
see

e.

Hackney in Middlesex,

A. S. in 1199; fr island. ^[ Hack is short for hackney, and hence hack, verb, i. e. to quite a late foi

Hakemia cognate with Haccanjeg, Hacca's Norman dial,

spelt

hew,

Hew.

Cf.

Haggle
bargain. (E
Cf.
faulter,'

hagtier, to hack. (2), to be slow in

)

making a
v. harceler.

In Cotgrave,
'

s.

use as a hack or hackney. M. K. haddok Haddock, a fish. (E (XIV cent.). Ong. doubtful ; the Irish for
)

Du. hakkden, to hackle, mangle, i. e. stammer (Sewel) hakketcren,

;

to

wrangle, cavil.

It

is

probably the

Cf. also same word as Haggle (i). abode of the dead. (Gk ) higgle, to bargain. Gk. qfys, atbrjs (Attic), dl5rjs (Homeric), Hagiographa, holy writings^ (Gk.) the nether woild; in Homer, the god of Gk. dyiuypatya (fiifiXia), books written by Gk. ayio-s, holy; ypaty-tiv, the nether world. Of unknown origin. inspiration.
'

haddock

'

is

codog.

Hades,

the

Arab. the pilgrimage to Mecca. (Arab.) a Christian who has performed the lidji, pilgrimage to Jerusalem, or a Muharnmedan [who has performed] that to Mecca;' Rich. Diet., p. 549. Oiig. the
'

Hadji, Hajji,

one

who

has performed

to write. F. haha, an interjection of laughter ; hence a snrpuse in the foim of an un-

From

Ha-ha, Haw-haw, a sunk fence.

(F.)

expected obstacle (that laughs at one). The F. word also means an old woman of surprising ugliness, a caution/ latter. Haematite, Haemorrhage ; see Hail (i), Irozen rain. (E.) M. E. A. S. hagl, hagol. 4- Icel. haghel, hayL Hematite, Hemorrhage. A. S. haft, a hagl, Du. Dan. Swed. G. hagel. Teut. Haft, handle. (I<O A. S. haf-, base of hebban, to types *hag(aMoz, m.,*kag(a)lom n. Cf. Gk. handle. see Heave. Du. heft, I eel. htpti tcdx^'nt) a round pebble lift Lit. Hail (2), to salute, greet. (Scand.) (pron. hefti}, G. heft, a handle. * M.E. heilen; a verb coined from M.E. that which is caught up.' Hag. (E.) M.E. hagge\ with same heit, hail, sb. winch is an adaptation of sense as A. S. h&gth, a fury, a witch, Icel. heill, prosperity, good luck, a sb. a hag.+Cr. hexe, M. H. G. hecse, a witch, formed from the adj. heill, hale, sound, Cf. A. S. h<fl, safety, luck. O. H. G. hazissa, also hagazussa, a fury. fortunate. Perhaps connected with A. S haga, a hedge, See Hale (i\ hail (3\ an exclamation. (Scand.) enclosure but this is uncertain. Haggard (i >, wild, said of a hawk. Icel. tieill, hale, sound in used m greeting. greeting persons, G.) M. K. hagard,vt\\&; esp used This word is common (F. of a wild falcon see Cotgrave. Perhaps ^far hall- faiewell, kom he ill, welcome, The Scand. veib is Icel. heiha, the ong sense was hedge-falcon formed, hail See with suffix -ard (<O. H. G, hart}, from Swed. helsa, Dan Jnlse, to greet. M. H. G. hag (G. hag), a hedge; see Hale (i).
* t ;

Haw.

Hair.
E. form
her.
-f).

(E.

influenced by F.)

Haggard (V, lean, rnea^re. (F. G.) Really the same as the wonl above (Cot We also find hagg-ed, e. hag-like, fiom
i.
'

was M. E. heer
;

The true Fiom A.S. hier,

The ghostly prudes with hagged Gray, A Long Story, near end. G. hager may be fiom M. F. 5f Mod. hagard; foi G. hagerfalk means a haggard
hag. face/

hawk.
chopped up, seasoned, and boiled

Haggis,

dish

of

sheep's

cntiails, in the

M. sheep's maw. fF.) A. F. hagiz, hageis; from the verb hag, Of Scand. origin ; cf. to cut up, chop up. Swed. dial, hagga, to hew, Icel. hoggva.

E. hagas, hageis.

Haggle (i

),

to

hack awkwardly, mangle, 228

haar, Icel. har, Dan. haar, G. haar, O.H. G. har. Teut. Further related to type *htirom, neut. and lc'l. haddr, hair, Teut. type *hazdoz to Lith. kassa, plaited hair also to Russ. chesat(^}, to comb out, L. carere, to card wool. p. But the mod. E. form is due to confusion with A. S. hcere, han-cloth, which was replaced by M. K. haire, borrowed from O. F. haire, with the same and this O. F. haire was from sense O. H. G. harm (for *harja), haircloth, a derivative of O. II. G. har, hair. Hake, a fish. (Scand.) Cf. Norw.

On

Swed. har

HAKIM
' '

HALT

hook-fish from the hooked 759). So also Du. heilbot, halibut, from Sec Hatch, (i). heilig, holy, hot, a plaice; Swed. helgeHakim, a physician, doctor. (Arab.) Jltmdra, a halibut, from hclig, holy? Arab. haktm> wise also, a doctor, physi- flyndra, a flounder; Dan. helle/lynder, Arab, root hakama, he exercised a halibut, from helhg, holy, Jlynder, cian. See Butt (4). flounder authority. Halberd, Halbert, a kind of pole- Halidom, a holy relic. (E.) M. E. O. F. hahbarde.- halidom, hahdani. A. S. haligdom, holiaxe. (F.-M. H. G.) AS. M. H. G. helmbarte, mod. G. hellebartc ness, a sanctuary, a holy relic sometimes explained as an axe with a hahgi holy -dom, suffix, ong. the same as long handle cf. M. H. G. halm (?), a helve dom, doom. See Holy and Doom.-f Du. Icel. helgidomr, Dan. helligBut it has been bettei heiligdom (helm), or handle. ^f By my kaliJam interpreted as an axe for splitting a helm, doni, G. heiligthum i.e. helmet, p. The O. H.G. barta, G. (with -dam for -dom} was imagined to barU) a broad axe, or axe vuth a broad refer to Our Lady (dame). O. Merc. Hall. (E.) M. E. halle. blade, is from G. bart, a beard. [Similarly the I eel. skcggja, an axe, is from skegg, hall; A. S heall, heal, a hall, ong. a a beard; and see Barb (i).] Cf. Icel. shelter. Du. hal, led. hall, ho II, Swed. Teut. type * holla, for hall, Dan. hal barfia, halberd.
hakef.sk ,
lit.
;

underjaw.

a kingfisher as adj. serene. *halnd, fern.; fiom *hal< 2nd grade of calm days; *helan-, to cover (A. S helati\ Allied to Gk.) Halcyon days it was supposed that the weather was calm Helm (2), Hell. when kingfishers weie breeding. L. Hallelujah., Alleluia, an expression Gk. aKtcvw, of praise. (Heb ) Ileb. halelnjdh, praise halcyon, alcyon, a kingfisher. Heb. halelu, praise ye (from Allied to L.. alcedo, ye Jehovah d\fcvuv, a kingfisher. the true L. name. ^[ The incorrect aspiiate hdlal, to shine, praise) jah, Jah, Jehovah. in Gk. was due to a fanciful etymology Halliard; see Halyard. from d\-s, sea, and KVOJV, conceiving. (F.) Halloo, Hallow, to shout. Hale (i), whole. (E.) M. E. hah, hal. M.E. halowen O. F. halloer* to pursue O. Noi thumb, hal, which became hale, with shouts. Of imitative origin. while the A. 8. (^Wessex) hdl became Hallow, to sanctify. (E.) M. E. halM.E. hool, now spelt whole. Cognate wen, haleiven, halowen. A S. hdlgian, to make holy, from halig, holy see Holy. with Goth hints. See "Whole. Hale (2), Haul, to drag, draw violently. So also Icel. helga, G. heihge^i. - F. M. E. halien, halen. (F. -O. II. G.) hallowmass, feast of All Hallows, E. and L.) i e. All Saints. haler, to haul a boat, &c. (Littre). (Hybrid O. II. G. halon, holon (whence G. holeii]. Short for All Hallows Mass, mass (or Sax. halon, Du. halen, O. Jbnes. feast) of All Saints. Here hallows is the .4- O. halia, E. Fries, halen, Low G. halen, to gen. of hallows, pi due to M. E ha /owe or = A. S. hdlga, a saint, def. to ha/we, a saint cf. also A. S. geholian, pull, haul ; Gk. foim of the adj. hdhg, holy; see Holy acquire, get L. calare, to summon Hale and Mass. KoXtiv, to summon. (-y'KAL). haul is later, dates from the XIV cent. Hallucination, wandering of mind. r^rom L. hallilcinatio, a wandering (L.^) appearing as hall in 1 581. Half, adj. (E.) M. E. half. O. Merc. of the mind. L. halluandn, better #//// l)u. cindri, alucinari, to wander in mind dream, A. S. Aeatf. half, O. Fries. half\ Gk d\viv, d\vtiv, to wander in half, Icel. halfr, Swcd. half, Dan. hah, rave. Goth, halbs,G.halt>. 2. Allied iohatf, sb., mind cf. i]\t6s, distraught. from O.Merc, half, A. S. healf, sb.+Icel see Haulm. ; in all these hdlfa, Goth, halba, G. halb Halo, a luminous ring. (F L - Gk.) languages the oldest sense of the sb. is F. halo. L. ace. halo, from nom. halos.-* 'side.' Der. halve, vb. be-half. Gk. aAws, a round threshing-floor, in Halibut, Holibut, a fish. (E.) So which the oxen trod out a circular path. called because excellent eating for holiHalser ; see Hawser. days; the lit. sense is 'holy (i.e. holiday) Halt, lame. (E.) M.E. halt. O.Merc. From M. E. halt, holy (see halt; A. S. ^^//.-f-Icel haltr, Dan. Swed. plaice.' Holy), and butte, a plaice (Havelok, 1. halt, Goth, halts, O. H. G. hah. Teut.

Halcyon,

(L.

+ Halm
;

229

HALT
type *haltoz> Cf. L. claudus, lame. hah, vb., A. S. healtian.

HANDSEL
Der.
hamaca.
word.

West Indian
(i), to

(Caribbean)
(E.)

Halt! (F.-G.)
hold'
See
lost).

F. fralte.-G. half,

Hold

(i).

hampren\ from

Hamper

impede.

M.

E.

Halter.
been
I)u.

strive against; cf. Swed. dial, hamla, to be awkward, to grope about. Perhaps and O. Low G. hahftra (Schade). Tent, types further allied to Icel. hemja, to restrain, G. From the hemmen, to check. See Hem (i). 2. Or *halftr*halijtr- (FranckV to hold'; a nasalised form allied to Low G. hapern, base *haflh, app signifying E. Fries, haperen, to stop short cf. Swed. I e. see Helve something to hold by dial, happla, to stammer, happa, to back cf L. capistntm* a halter. Halyard, Halliard, a rope for hoist- a horse Dan. happe, to stutter. See As if for hale- Hopple. O. 11. G.) (K. ing sails
t
c

has M. E. halter (an (E.) A. S. halftre, a halter. -f M. G. halffer, O. H. G. halftra ;

hamla, to stop,

same root as Icel. hinder, Norw. hamla, to

the

'

(F. (2), a kind of basket. O. F. G.) Formerly spelt hanaper. hanapier, Low L. hanapemtm, ong. a C). F. hanap vessel to keep cups in. Low L. hanapus^, a dnnkmg-cup. O Frankish ^frnapp-, Du. nap, O. H. G. hamar)\ piov. (i hamtue; O. 11. G. hnapf, M. H. G. napf, a cup. 4- A. S. frnap, han 421) connects a cup, bowl. liiugmann (i. these with Gk. wi)^, the lower part of lianaper, old form of Hamper
; 4

or haul-yaid, because it hales or hauh the yards into their places but really a perveision of M. E. halier, meaning simply See Hale (2). that which hales! E. ham me. A. S hamm. Haill. (K.) -f-Du. /iai, M. Du. frame, Icel. horn (gen.

Hamper

the leg

L. hamadryad-, stem ol hamadryas. the life d^j a wood-nymph of each nymph depended on that of the tree to which she was attached
)

Gk

Hamadryad,
Gk.

wood-n>mph.
;

(L.

from

(above). the

Hence Hanaper office, named basket in which wills were

(E.)

deposited.

Hand.
Du. hand,

A.

Icel. frond,

S. hand, hond.+ Dan. haand, Swed.

a^ta,

Hame Hames,
;

together with

5/>0-s, tree.

pi.,
N

the bent sticks

roun<l a hoi se- collar.

(E.

M
M

E. hame.
a
'

cratch of

haam Cf Mid. Du ham me, wood to tie beasts to, or a yoke Hexham. See Hem (i).
-f-Du

hand, Goth, han (his, G hand. Teut. type *hanJuz, fern. Root unknown. A cuff for the hand. handcuff. E ^ XVIII cent. too late for connexion with A. S handeops, a handcuff.
(
)

ages.
\

handicap, a race for From hand i (E.)

horses of all
cap,

hand

in

E hamelet, the cap, a method of drawing lots; hence, -Tent ^ frame! (F hameau}, a a mode of settlement by arbitration, dimin. of c. hamlet. handicraft. (1C.) A. S. handirtrft, Formed, with dnnin. sufiK -eL\ from O. lories, ham, hem, O Sax. htm, a a trade the i being inserted in imitation of handiwork (below). home*, dwelling see Home. (E.A. S. hamor. 4- Icel. handiwork. (E.) M. E. frandiwerc.

Hamlet.

(F. O. F.

Hammer.

hamji r, Dan. hammer, Swed. hammare, Du. hamer, G. hammer. Thought to be

to Kusi. kamen(e], a stone as if a stone implement;' Icel. framarr also means a rock

S. frandgeweort, oeweorc, from weorc,

.

S hand, hand; Merc, were, \\ ork.

allied

The

is

due to A.
vb.

'

ong.

'

'

Hammerdoth.
merly
hamer-cloth

which covers a coach-box. Origin un- or to trade. known. Perhaps orig. a cover-cloth; handle, &b. E } A. S. handle Cp. adapted from Du. hemel, heaven, also Glos 1904. A. S. hand, hand. a covei tester, Den hemel van canopy. handsel, hansel, first instalment of een koetse, the seeling of a coach;' Hex- a bargain. Icel. handsal, the (Scand.) ham. Cf. M. Du. hetnelen, to hide, cover, conclusion of a bargain by shaking hands adorne Hexham. lit. handhandgiving,' expressed by Hammock, a slung net for a bed. sale '; so also Dan. handsel, Swed. handsbl, The late A. S. (W. Ind.) Formerly hamaca Span. a handsel. See Sale,
(

A S handlian\ <L.) formed from handle, a handle (below). CDu.^w^E.?) For- Cf. Du. handelen, Icel. hondla, Dan. 1'he cloth handle, Sw. hand/a, G handeln, to handle, (1465).
handle,
; ^

S. ge

'

'

'

'

'

230

HANDSOME
handselen, glossed mancipatio/ occurs but once but cf. O. E. Texts, Charter 44,
;

HARDOCK
Hansel see Handsel. Hansom, a kind of cab.
;

1. 8.

handsome.
orig. tractable, or

hand

name of the inventor (no doubt the M. E. handsum, same word as handsome}. A. D. 1834. (E.) dexterous. A. 8. hand* Hap. (Scand.) M. E. Aa/. Icel. happ,
the

(E.)

From

-sum, suffix, as in wyn-sum, winsome. -f-Du. handzaam, E. Fries, handsdm,

;

hap, chance, good luck

fit.

cf.

A.

[The W. hap must be borrowed from

Der. kapp-y,
luckless
;

S. gehcep,

tractable, serviceable.

E.]

i.e.

handy
hand, with
;

was hendi (never kandi)

E. form A. S. hendig, formed from hand, hand, with skilful suffix -r^and vowel-change. -f-Du. handig, Dan. h&ndig, behcendig, Swecl. handig,
;

(i), dexterous. (E.) suffix -y. ^f The M.

From

lucky; hap-less,
;

i.

e.

used in
haps.

by luck (happily is the same sense) mis-hap ; perhap-ly,

happen.

(Scand.)

dexteious.

handy
with suffix

(2\, near.
-y, S.

(E.}

E. form \vus belly kirt, to cut (Ynle). hende\ A gchende, near, at hand. Harangue. (F. - O. II. G.) O. F. A.S. hand, hand. harangue, an oration; Low L harenga. Hang*, to suspend, to be suspended. The same as Span, arcnga, Ital. annga. The history of this vb. involves that Ong. a speech made in the midst of a (E.) of two A. S. and one O. Norse vb vi? ring of people as shown by Ital. anngo, O. H. G. (i) the A. S. hon (for *hanhan-}, pt t. an arena, lists, also a pulpit. h2ng, pp. hangen (2) die A. S. weak vb., hrinc (G. ring], a ring, ring of people, an hangian, pt t. hangode\ and (3) the Icel arena, circus, lists. Cognate with A.S. causal vb. hengja, from hanga (pt. t. hekk, hnng, a ring. See King. for *henk, pp. hattginn^. Cf. G. hangen, Harass. (F.) F. harasser, to tire weak vb., from G. hangen (pt. t hing, pp out, vex, disquiet Cot. Perhaps from gehangen^. Allied to L. cunctari, to delay. O. F. harcr, to set a dog at a beast. Skt. fank, to hesitate. O. H. G. haren, to call out, cry out (hence 420. Ilnigm. i. Hanger, a short swoid. (E.) So cry to a dog\ called became hung from the belt. (F. Harbinger, a forerunner. Hangnail; for ang-nail, a form of O. H. G ) M. E herbergeour, one who
^f
;

The M.

Fiom the sb. above. Hara-kiri, suicide by disembowelFrom hand, ment. (Japanese.) From Japan, hara,

hapnen, extended from happen,

E. happenen, i. e. to hap.

Agnail, q

v.

of skeins of yarn. (Scand ) Icel. honk, a hank, coil hanki, a hasp, clasp; Swed. hank, a stung, Dan. hank, a handle, ear of a vessel. Cf. also Low (i hank, a handle (Lubben), G. Prob. henke?, a handle, ear of a vessel. allied to G. haktn, a hook, A. S. haca, See Hatch (i). fastening of a dooi.
parcel
;

Hank,

provided lodgings for a man of rank. 0. F. herberg-e^, to lodge, to harbour; with suffix -our (L. -atorem}. O. F. hera lodging, harbour. O. II. G. bcrge,

henberga (below).

harbour ( i ),
hereberje,
'

shelter. (Scand. ^
Icel.

M. E.

Hanker, to long after. (E.) Cf. prov. E. hank, to hanker after, of which it is a a G. heri (G. camp, lodging, from 6. cf. the phr. ' to hang heer), an oimy,beigan, to shelter frequent, form (whence about.' From the verb to hang. Verified F. auberge, Ital. albergo). Cf. Harry and

herbcrgi, a Icel. herr, harbour, lit. army-shelter.' an army ; barg, 2nd grade of bjarga, to So likewise O. H. G. henberga, bhelter.

herberwe.

by

M. Du.

hengelen,

to

hanker

after

Borough.

Der. harbour,
(2), see

vb.
Fries.

(from hangen), honkeren (Y)\\.kunkereri),iQ hanker after (Sewel); also Dan hang, bias, inclination, E. Fries, kang, hank, bias. Hanseatic, pertaining to the Hanse towns in Germany. (F. O. H. G.) O. F. hanse, the hanse, i. e. society of merchants with L. suffix -dticus.-O. G. hansa (G. hanse), an association cf. Goth. hansa, A.S. has, a band of men. (From about A. D. 1140.)

Harbour
Hard.
herd. hart.
*kartiis
1.

(E.)

Arbour. A.S. heard-, O.

Icel.

Du. hard\ haard, Swed. k&rd,

f-

hartir,

Goth,
*karduz,

hardus,
Idg.

Dan. G.
type

Teut.
;

type

H
;

cf.

Gk. Kparvs,

strong.

Brugm.

792.

Hardock, Hordock,
bottle; Centaurea cyanus
pi., is

the corn-blue(E.)

HarJokes,
iv. 4. 4,

the reading in K. Lear,

ed.

231

HARDS
1623;
the quaitos have hordocks.

HARPY
The
Teut. type *herkan- can hardly be related

same as haudod, used in Fitzherbert's to Hear. Husbandry to mean the corn-bluebottle; Harlequin. (F. Ital.) F. arlequin, see Glossary, and pref. p. xxx. Mr. Wright harlequin, a Ital. arlecchino, harlequin. (note to K. Lear) shows that hardhake a buffoon, jester. The Ital. word seems to meant the Centaurea nigra. Both plants correspond to the O. F. Hellequin, Herlewere
called, indifferently, knobweed, knot-

weed, and loggerheads. Named from the hardness of the head of the Centaurea nigra for which reason it was also called iron -weed iron-heads, &c. See Plantnames, by Britten and Holland. of flax. M. E. Hards, fibtes (E.) herdes. A. S. heordan, pl.+M. Du, heerde, hards (Kihan), later hede (Hexherde, ham) E. Fries, hede. Teut. type *hizdonor *hezdon~ cf. Meed, ^f Distinct from hard.
; t ; ;

vagabond Ital. arlotto (Baretti), Teut. Low L. ar lotus a glutton. Of disputed pp. of hardir, lit. to harden. *hartjan, as in O. H. G. hertan, to harden, origin, ^f W. hcrlod is from E. make strong. O. H. G. harti (G. ha>t\ Harm, sb. (E.) M. E. harm. A. S. 1 eel. harmr, hard; see Hard. heaim, gnel, also harm. Hare. (E.) A.S hara. -f Dan Swed. grief, Dan. harme, wrath, Swed. harm, Du. haas, anger, grief, G. harm, grief; Teul. type hare, Icd./ieri (formerly here] G. hose. Teut. types *hazon-, *hason-, Idg *harmoz. Cf. Russ. srame, shame. Brug. *kasoncf. O. Pruss saints (for ii. Der. harm, vb. type 72.
brave;
oiig.
artot,
n,
; >

M.

Hardy,

stout, brave. E. hardi. Q.Y. hardi,

CF.

Teut.)

usual O. F. phrase (Low L. harhqumi familias], a troop of demons that haunted lonely places at night. popular etymology connected the word with Charles Quint\ Max Muller, Lect. ii. 581. Piob. of Teut. origin cf. O. H.G. hella cunni, the kindred of hell which may have been confused with O. F. herle, hierle, tumult. Harlot. (F.) Ong. used of either bex, and not always in a very bad sense ; eqtuv. to mod. E. 'fellow;' Ch. C. T. 649.O. F. herlot, arlot, a vagabond Prov.
kin, Hierlekin; the

was

la maisnie hierlekin

*kasins\
fafa, for
*

W.

fasa,

cein-ath, fern. (Rhys), Skt. a hare. The Skt. woid

means jumper/ from (Of (Idg, kas-}, to jump, leap along. harebell. (E.) From hare and bell.

concord. CF. - L. Gk.) Y. harmonic. L. harmonia. Gk. d/>/i(wa, a joint, proportion, Gk. d^os, a joining. Gk. harmony.

M. E harmonie.

Harmony,

Harem,
CArah.)
hibited.'

*dpfti' (apapiffKfiv}, to

set ot

Also

apartments for females. haiam. Arab, haram,

'

Harness.
'

(F.)

fit. (^AR.) The old sense was

women's apartments,
bited (because
entering).

'sacred/ or proArab, root hctrama, he prohilit.

whence
G.

men were The initial is

armour.' O. F. harneis, harnois, armour ; Biet. harnez, old iron, armour Of unknown origin; the (Thumeysen'i.

f mutton, (2) F, haricot, 'mutton kidney bean. (F.) sod with little \ui neps, Sec. Cot. The sense oi bean is late that of minced mutton with herbs/ O. F hericot, is old.
'

the Arab, alphabet. Haricot u) a stew

prohibited from the 6th letter of Rich. Diet., p. 563.

hamnch
-f-

is

from F.

M. E. harpe A. S. Du. Jiarp, Icel. harpa, Swed. Teut. type liarpa, Dan. harpe, G. harfe. whence F. harpe. *harpon-, fern.

Harp.

(E.)

hearpe.

'

Harpoon.
also harpon,

(F.

L.-Gk.)
is

Formerly

Origin unknown.

Hark, Hearken. (IO M.E./W/Y,

also

hetknen.

Uo knen

the F. spelling. F. harpon, a cramp-iron, a grappling-iron; whence also Du. harpoen.~Q. F. harpe, a dog's claw or paw, a clamp, cramp-iron
;

which

is

hercnian, heorcnian, to listen corresponds to a shorter type, A.S *hco> cian not found;, O. Fries herkia also O. \' ries.
i

from A. S Herken to.

cf. se

harper, to grapple. sickle-shaped sword.

Late L. harpe,

Gk.

ap-nrj,

Cf. also Span, arpon, a harpoon, arpar, to claw, rend.

sickle.

harkia (from the 2nd grade), E. Fne=;. harken. Teut. type *herkan-, pi. t. ^hark, pp *hurkanoz. '1'he O. H. G. horcchen, M. II G. horclien, with long o, must have been associated with O. H. G. horjan, G. But the h'oren, to hear; cf (^.horchen.

Teut. and Gk.) (F. Jiarpsechord'; with intrusive s. F. harperhorde, a harpsichord Cot. From Teutonic and Greek ; see Harp and Chord. Cf. Ital arpicordo (Florio).

Harpsichord.
'

Also

'

Harpy. (F.-L.-Gk.)

Q.Y.harpie.

232

HARQUEBUS
L. harpyia, usually in
'

HATCHET
Hashish, Hasheesh,
cating drink. (Arab.)

pi.
'

pi. apirviai, lit.

Gk.

spoilers apir-, base of dpirdfav, to seize

harpyia. Gk. or * snatchers/

;

an intoxiSee Assassin.

allied

to L. rapere.

See Bapacious.

see Arquebus. ; a jade, a worn-out woman. of M. F. haridelle, l a poor (F.) i. e. a tit, leane ill-favored jade/ Cot. ; worn-out horse also used in the sense of

Harquebus
Harridan,

A variant

the inwards of a pig, &c., for roasting. L.) FromO.F hastelet, meat roasted (F. on a spit.-O F. haste, a spit.-L. hasta, a spit ; see Hastate.

Haslets, Hastelets, Harslets,

a gaunt, ugly woman (Littre"). The form remains unexplained. Harrier (i ), a hare-hound. (E.) Formerly harier\ from hare. Cf. bow-yer from bow. Harrier (2), a kind of buzzard. (E.) I.e. harry-er, because it destroys small
birds
;

A. S. hapse, a fastening, (E.) clasp, catch of a door .4* Icel hespa, a hasp,

Hasp.
;

hasp wool.

a skein (of wool), Dan. Swed. G. haspe, cf. M. Du. hasp, haps, a skein of Cf. Low G. happen, hapsen, to F. happer, to lay hold of snatch, clutch
;

Hassock.

(E.)

M. E.
;

coarse grass or sedge

sec

Harry.
sb
(E.^

harwe. Not found in A. S. 1 eel. Dan. harv, a hanow; Swed. -|heifi, harf, a harrow. Apparently allied to M. Dan harge, Du. hark, Swed. harka, G. a lake. Base har- ? Cf. L. car-ere, harkc, to caul wool. Harry, to ravage. (E.) M. E. harwen, henen, her^ien. A. S. hergian, to lay waste, as is done by an army.-f Icel. herja, to ravage, Dan. htcrge, O. H. G. harjon Teut. type *harjdn-, to harry; fiom *frarjoz, an army (A.S. here, Icel. herr, Dan. bar, O. H. G. hart, G. freer, Goth, harjis}. Allied to O. Pruss kajjis, an army Lith karas, war.
E.

Harrow,

M.

hassocks weie made. of coarse grass, ^f sb pi., seclgts.

hassok, ong. of which the old A.S. hassuc, a tuft

hesg,

Not from W.

Noith

rries.

harwe.

Hastate,

tut) spear-like. to Gad.

spear-shaped (L.) L. hastdL. hasta, a spear. Allied

Haste, sb. (F.-Teut.) M. F. hast, haste.-Q.F. haste, haste (F &to).-W. Germanic *hai(f}sti-, violence; as in O. Files, haest (Richtofen, s. v. //<zj/),O. H. G.
heisti, adj
,

violent;

A.

S. hast, violence.

Goth fraifstSj fein., strife. ^f[ Du. haast, G. Dan. Swed. hast, haste, are all borrowed
Cf.

from F.
cent.

Der.

haste, vb.

hast-en,

XVI

Harsh.

Jiarskj rancid;

G. harsch, harsh, rough. Cf rusty, Lithuan. karttis, harsh, bitter (of taste);
see

(Somd.) M.E harsk. Dan. Swed. harsk, rank, rancid,

Hard.

Teut. stem * herut-. Allied to L ccnnis, W. carw, a hart, horned animal; Russ. -M/7WE. a chamois; cf. Gk. Kepas, a horn.

M.E. kerf. A.S. hcort, (E.) heorot, herut +Du. hcrt, Icel. hjortr, Dan. ///0r/, Swed. fyort,G.hirsch O.H.G.A^uz
t
;

Hart.

Hat. (E ) A. S. htet. -f- Icel. hott, a hood, later hattr, Swed. hatt, Dan. hat. If it is related Teut. type *fratfuz, m. to huod, it stands for an earlier form *hadnuz. See Hood. Hatch (i), a half-door. (E.) M.E. hacche a hatch also corresponds to North E. heck. S. h<zc (gen. hacce], a hurdle
;

See

Horn Harvest.
<

(E.)

ong.

crop.'

A. Du.

S. haerfest,

autumn

herfst,

G.

hcrbit,

autumn;

Icel.

haitst,

Dan.

Swed. host
*a/>ir<'s,

(?).-f-Du. hek, fence, rail, gate, Swed. Prob. hack, coop, rack. Teut. *hakjd, f. so named as being lightly fastened with a hook. Cf. A. S. hac-a, a fastening of a door; see Hake, Hook. Der. hatch-es, pi. sb., a frame of cross-bars over an opening in a ship's deck hatch-way. (2), to produce a brood by incubation. (E.) M.E. hacchen. 4- Swed. to hatch Dan. hakkebuur, a hacka,
;

Hatch

(contracted forms). Allied to Gk. fiuit; L. carpere, to gather, I.ith.

I shear.

kerpu,
cf.

Brugm.

i.

631.

And

Gk.

Kipdv, to shear.

Hash, a dish of meat cut into slices, - ) [O. F. hachis, hash. &c. (K. F. hacker to hack. F. hache, an ax. -

Origin unknown. Hatch (3), to shade by minute lines, F. hacher, ) crossing each other. (F. to hack, also to hatch or engiave; see
breeding-cage.

Hash.

Hatches
Hatchet,
Hash.

see

Hatch

(i).

O.

(;.

M. H. G.

*happja, whence O. H. G. heppa

hcpc, a
bill,

a small ax. (F.-G.) hachettc, dimin. of hache, an ax.

F.

See

a sickle.

233

HATCHMENT
Hatchment,
escutcheon.
,

HAWSER
(F.
L.)

Shoitened from achievement an escutcheon; which was contracted to dtchea-

ment (Feme, 1586),

1548); &c.

hachement
A.

(Hall,
S. hete,

Du. haven, G. haftn, a M. H. G. ^#fo, haven which seems to be allied to M. H. G. hab Icel. Swed. haf, Dan. /te>, A.S. heaf, sea.
Swed. hamn.
harbour.
-f-

Cf. also

Prob. and G. haft, seizure. (Cot.) The W. hafoc, from G. heben, to lift, destruction, is borrowed from E. Haw, a hedge also, berry of hawthorn. M. E. hawe, a yard. A. S. haga, an O (E.) Icel. hagi, Swed. kage, G enclosure, yard. enclosure Dan. have, garden Du. haag, See Collar and Bury. protect. E. hau- G. hag, hedge. Teut base *hag~ Idg. Haughty. (F.-L.) For Pals- base *kagh-, as in W. cae, an enclosure; tein, arrogant; Hawty, haultam O. F see Quay. Der. haw-thorn. See Hedge. Cf booty, from bntin, grave M. E. O. F. haut haittam* 'hauty;' Cot. (i), a bird of prey. (E.) L. altus, high; hank haitek ( - havek \. A.S hafoc, heafoc, oldest form halt, high. Du. havik, Icel. haukr, Swed. a hawk. sec Altitude. hok, Dan. hog, G. habicht, O. H. (i hapuh. Haul; see Hale (2). allied to E. heave, L. Haulm, Halm, stalk. (E) A. S Prob a seizer So also Low L. healm. -f- I^ u halin, Icel. haltnr, Dan. capcte\ see Heave. L. capits, a falcon, from capcte; and L. acRims. sn!m?ia, straw Swed. halm tultmis, stalk, Gk KaXa^os, reed W. calaf, cipitcr, a hawk. stalk. (2), to carry about for sale. 72. Brugm n Haunch, hip, bend of the thigh. (F. (O Low G.) A verb formed fiom the sb. -O. II. G) F hanche; O. F. hanche, hawker see Hawker. E) hankc; Low L hancha (i 275). Of Tent, (3\ to cleat the throat. from Frankish *hankd, represented Imitative. Cf. Dan. hatke, Swed. harska, origin to hawk; W. hoc /it, to hawk, hoch, the haunch or hip Du. hancke, by llexham. See Koiting, 3872. throwing up of phlegm Haunt, to frequent. (I J M. E. hantcn, Hawker, pedlar. (O LovvG.) IntroO. F. hauler, to haunt, frequent. duced from abioad Du. henker, a hawker, hannten M. Du. hoecker, hmker cf. heukeren* to Ongin disputed. hawk, sell by retail. So aKo Dan. hoker, Hautboy, a musical instrument. (F.
;

the vowel the from the verb hattan, to hate.+Du. haat, Icel. hair, Swed. hat, Dan. had, Goth. Cf. Gk. Krjfeiv, to hatis, G. hass, hate. vex W. cawdd, displeasure. Der. hate, vb. hatred. (E.) M. E. hatred, hatreden The suffix is A. S. rrfdcn, law, mode, conhiw-r&den, a housedition, state, as hold and see kindred. Hauberk, a coat of ringed mail. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. hauberk. - O. F. neckII. G. halsberc, lit. hauberc. O.H. defence. hah, neck; bergan, to

Hate,
;

sb.

hate

(E ) M. E. hate. mod. E. sb. takes

Haversack, soldier's provision-bag. G. habersack, F. havresac. G.) (F. ' G. haber, hafer, hafersack, lit. oat -bag.' oats ; sack, a sack. HavOC, destruction. (F.) Cf. A. F. where havok is for O. F. crier havok havot. O. F. havot, plunder whence a ier Cf. havot, E. 'cry havoc' (Godefroy). O. F. haver, to grapple with a hook

'

'

Hawk +
,

'

'

Hawk
\

Hawk

'

'

L.)

F. haut. high F. hatitbois. bois, L. altni, high; Late L. boscus, bit sens, L. bitxtts, box-tree; see Box (i)
;

chandler,

huckster,

hokre,

to

hawk

od.

Swed. hokare, a chandler, huckster. further under Huckster.

See

It is

tone.

wooden instrument with a high Hence Ital oboe, E. ol>oe borrowed

}

Hawse,
JIawse
is

Hawse-hole.

fScand.

from F. hautboi^.

Have. (E.) M. E. hauen, pt. t. hadde, A. S. habban, pt t. htffde, pp. pp. had. geh&fd. f- Du. hebben, Icel. hafa, Swed. hafva, Dan. have, Goth, kalian, G. haben. If cognate, a Tent, stem *habi:-. usually supposed, with L. habere, to have, the Idg. ba.-*e must be *khabh-. Haven, harbour. fScand.) A. S.
htfjcn,
hcefene.
Icel.
^i?/;^,

a round hole through which a ship's cable passes, so called because made ' ' in the neck of the ship. Icel hals, hah, the neck also, part of a ship's bows.-f,

O. Merc, hah, A.S. heals;

allied to

Du. G. hals\

collutn, neck.

Dan. havn,
2

a tow-rope. (F.-L) Cf. hauuitre^ a ha\\ser. But haivse-r is from M. K. hawse, to lift. O. F. halcier, F. hattsser, to lilt, raise. Lnte L altiare, to elevate. L. altus, high. See Altitude.
F.

Hawser,

34

HAWTHORN
Cf. M.Ital. ahaniere, a halsier [hawser] ' in a ship (Florio) ; from alzare, to raise,
l

HEAT
make whole formed from h dl, whole,
;

f Not allied to Hoist.

Hawthorn
;

see

Haw.

i- mutation of a to e see "Whole. So also G. heilen, from heil\ Goth, hail/an t from
(
;

hails.

M.E. hey. O. Merc. (i). (E.) Du. hoot, Icel. hey, Dan. heg; A. S. hig. Svved. ho, Goth. hawi\ grass; G. heu. Teut. type *hau-jom, n. Properly cut from the verb to hciu see Hew. grass A. S. hege, m. (2), a hedge. (E.) Teut. type *hagiz. Allied to and

Hay
'

health.
Heal

(E.)

A
f.),

S. held, health (Teut.

;

type *hailithd,
(above).

from hdl, whole

see

'

Hay

Haw
e.

Hedge.
warden.

Der.

hay-ward,

i.

hedge-

Heap, sb. (E.) M.E. keep A.S. heap, a heap, crowd, -f- Du. hoop (whence Icel. hopr, Dan. hob, Swed H. G. hop, houf} ; cf also G. haufe, O. H. G. hiifo. Eith kaupas, O. Slav, kupti, a

heap,

Hazard.
hasard.
a

F. (F. Span. Arab.?) Span, asar, a hazard ong. an

liiugm

i.

421

(7)

unlucky throw

Ital. zara, (at dice) , cf. at dice. Arab, al zahr, lit. the al being the Arab. def. art. die (Devic) ;

game

But Arab, zahr

is

of doubtful authonty.
'

(E ?) it Ray has: Etym. unknown. \Ve may peihaps compare the Lowl. Sc. haar,

M. E. heren, pt. t. //^njfe, ) O. Merc. heran\ A S. hyran, t. Du. hooren, I>t /y/rafe, pp gehyrcd. Icel. heyra, Dan ^'7'(?, Swed. //#;#, Goth. hauyaii, G. horen. Cf. Gk. ti-^ouetr, to hear. (Not allied to Ear.)
pp.

Hear.

Der. heap, vb.

^m

(E

Haze,
it

a mist.

Hearken

see

Harken.

hazes,

misles.'

Hearsay.

(E

From

//#zr

a sea -fog, a mist

Hazel.

(E.)

M.

E. hasel.

S.

f Du. hazelaar, Icel. hart, hcsli* Svved. hassel, G. hasel\ Teut. type *haselofrom the Idg. type *koselo- we have L conilus (foi *iositlus\ W. and O. Irish
coll (for *cos/}, a hazel. A. S. he] gen. his. dat. )

huul. Dan.
;

the latter being in the miin A. S. ic secgan hyrde = I (Beowulf, 1346).

and Jy, mood. Cf.

heard
say

Hearse.
The ong.
then
a
lights at a

sense

(F.-L.) M.E hene, hearse. was a triangular harrow,

frame
foi

triangular

supporting

ace. hine.

He. ^E
/fo>,

service, esp. at a funeral, then a bier, a carriage for a dead body.

chinch

Pcm

him,

sing.
\

nom.

hco, gen. dat.

All these senses are found a hairovv, a frame with pins on

F. herce,

it.
A

/r<?, ace. hie, hi

gen.

dat

////;/,

neut. sing. nom. hit, ace. hit, PI. (all gen/*/"

;

(Mod.

hcrse, Ital

ders), nom. ate. dat. //zw, heom. Goth, neut hit a.

///<?,

gen. hira, heora, Du ////, O. Sax. he, hi Allied to Lith. jc/j, this,
t-tcei,

puei.i, ace rehearse.

harrow. L. htrof hirpex, a harrow. Der.

crpice, a

Heart.
-f-Du.

(E.)

M.E

heite.

A.

S. heorte.

L.

-/n/,

tfcti/os,

on this side, Gk. that one Brugm. i.

}

theie,

83. 604.

hjarta, Swed. hjcrta, Dan. hicrte, Goth, hairto, G. ^rsj'Teut. Further allied to Lith. type *hciton~.

hait,

Icel.

Der. hence, her, here, hither szirdis, lush crtd/ie, W. craidd, Russ. E hed, heed, hcued erdtst', L cor^Qu. cordt^, Gk. Kap^ia, tcrjp. Head. (K A.S. 7^//W. -f Du. hoofd, ( E hath, herthe. heved). Hearth. (E> Goth, haubith, G haupt, O. II. (T houbit A S. heorft -f-^ 11 haard\ Svved. hard, also O. Icel. hanfob. later hofuS, Dan. a health, a forge, G. hcid\ Teut. type Cf. Goth, hautja, pi, Icel. hoved, Swed. hufvud, M. Swed. havud. **ctthoz m. Teut. types *hanbud-, *h ait bid-, neut. 'rr, embers, burning coals. Idg. base answering to Idg. types *koupot-, *koupct~, *ker- cf. L. cicmarc, to burn. which aie not exactly repiesented. The Heart's-ease, a pansy. .E.) Lit. L. fa//// (with short a) does not ac of heart, i. e. giving pleasme. correspond in the vowel-sound, but is allied to A. S. hearty. (E.i M.E. //cv/j; also hafela, heafola, head. (The difficulties as hertly fiom M. E. hcrte see Heart

are not yet eleaied up.) headlong, rashly, rash. (E.) M.E. hedling, heuedling, hcdlinges. Thus the suffix is adverbial, answering to A. S. suffix
-i-ing, really

to this

word

S. hJtu, M.E. hete. (E.) from *haitiu, for *haitjo-^ f. ; iif/0, formed from /;/, hot, with the usual

Heat.

a double

vowel-change.

-4-

Du.

hitte,

suffix.

Cf.

A.S.

Swed.
find

bac'ling, backwards, /Zr-m^, suddenly. Heal. (E.) M.E. he/en. S. hZlan, to

^//tf, Icel. hiti^ G. ^*V^ the weak grade hit- ; see Hot.

Dan. hede, all from

;

We

also

A.

S.

hStan, verb, to heat.

235

HEATH
Heath. (E.) M. E. heth. A. S. had. 4-Du. G. heide, Icel. heitir, Dan. hede, Swed. hed, Goth, haithi, a waste Teut. Cf. W. coed, O. W. type *haitht, fern. coit a wood. heathen, a pagan. (E ) A. S. haden, So also Icel. heiftenn, G. heiden, a adj.
;

HEIFER
hack la
hekel> a heckle ; Dan. hegle ; Swed. G. hechel, a heckle. Teut. type *hakila\ from a base hak- t to pierce, bite,

f Du.

as in O.
cf.

H. G. hecchen, M. H. G. hecken
(fish),

(for *hakjari), to pierce, bite as a

A.S. hacod, a pike

snake ; from its

(F.

sharp teeth.

heathen Goth, haithno, a heathen woman. ' wild Lit. a dweller on a heath, ong. cf. Goth, haithtwisks, wild (Mk. i. 6) A. S. hZSen a wild creature (Beow. 986). From A. S. h9, a heath (above). [Similarly L. pagdnus meant (i) a villager, (2)
;

Hectic,
Gk.
)

Cf. Hack (i). continual, as a

fever.

'

apagan.]

Heather.
with heath
points to
;

(E.)

Usually

associated

hectique (as if from Late L. *hecticus).~G\i. ZKTIKOS, hectic, consumpGk. e<s, a possession; also, a tive. habit of body. -Gk. tf-<v, fut. of *x* tv t to have, hold. (-/SEGH.) Hector, a bully. (L. Gk.) From L. Gk. "E/mwp, the celebrated hero Hector.
F.

but the
(E.)

Nhumb. form hadder

of Troy.

Lit.

'

'

holding

fast

from ^x ftv

some
S.

different origin

to hold (above).

E. heuen ( heven\ a pres. stem of A. S. Du. heffen, hebban, pt. t. hdf, pp. hafen. Icel. hefja, Swed. hafva, Dan. have, Goth. Teut type *hafjan-, hafjan, G. heben. t. *hof\ corresponding to L. capio, ?t. seize cf. Gk. rcwirr), handle. (Distinct

Heave.

M.

From A.

hef-,

A.S. hccg, f. (dat. (E.) Teut. type *hag-ja, allied to haga, a haw. -f-Du. hegge, heg, allied to haag, a haw G. hecke^ f., a hedge. See Haw. S. Heed, vb. (E ) M. E. heden.

Hedge.
;

hecge)

hedan,

pt.

t.

hedde.

Formed

from have.}

Heaven. (E.) M. E. heuen ( A.S. heofon, he/on. +O. Sax. hetctn. [Icel. hitninn, Goth, himms, G. httntneltO.Vl.G himil, O. Sax. htniil, Du. kernel heaven, may be from a diffeiont source.] Cf. A. S. hus-heofon, a ceiling, so that the sense may have been canopy.'
> '

= heveri].

(not found J; the corresponding O. Fnes. sb. hode t hude, G. huota, care. sb. hut, O. and the -f-Du. hoeden, from hoede, care; G. huten, from ht4t (O. H. G. huota), care, guard. Brugm. i. 754. Prob. allied to Hood. (0, part of the foot. (E.) A.S. and O. Fries. h~la, heel (whence Du, hief).
sb. *hod, care

as if from though we find

Heel

M.

Heavy.
E.

hem

Hard to heave, weighty. (E.) hevi). A.S. he ( fig heavy,

^
,

A.

hard to heave

A.S. haf-, stem of hebban with z-mutation (pt. t. hof), to heave of a +Icel. hofugp, hof.gr, heavy, from hefja, to heave; Low G. hevig; O. II. G. See Heave. hebig. Hebdomadal, weekly. (L -Gk.) I, Gk. !/3o^a5-, stem of hebdomadahs. Gk. Irrra, seven; see l/?5o//as, a week.

The -f Icel hall, Dan. h<rl, Swed. hal. S. he/a is prob. contracted from *hdh~ila, See Hough. dimin. of A. S. hoh, heel. (E.) (2), to lean over, incline.

Heel

Modified from M. cline on one side.

;

heldcn, htlden, to inS hieldan, hyldan, to tilt, incline cf. nider-heald, bent downwards. -f-Du. hellcn (for *heldan, O. Sax.

af-heldiatz), to heel over; Icel. halla (for

*

ha/da) hallr
tilt,

Seven.

Hebrew.

(F.

- L. - Gk. -

leb.)

The

L. llebrau*. Cotgi.). Gk. 'E/tyafos. Ileb. 'tvn, a Hebrew (Gen. xiv. 13;, a name given to Israelites asIleb coming from E. of the Euphrates 'avar, he crossed over.

hdbreu {hebrieit

over (as a ship), from *ha?th-}, sloping; Dan. helde, to cf. held, a slope Swed. halla, to tilt. Fries, hald, adj. is A. S. -hectld,
i

to heel

O. II. G. hald, inclined, bent forward Teut. type *ha/fhoz. Allied to A.S. hold, G. hold, faithful, true (to a
Icel. hallr,
;

Hecatomb. (F.-L.-G1O
catombe.

M.F.//*-

Gk. l/faro//j8i;, a L. hecatombe Gk. ! sacrifice of a hundred oxen.

a hundred
;

Goth hulths, gracious. a heaving. (E ) In Wint. Tale, u. i. 45. Formed from heave, just as haft is from have.
master),

Heft,

/9oO?,

ox

See

Hundred
an

Hegira.
ration
;

(Arab.)

Arab, hijrah, sepa-

and
in-

Cow.

med

esp. used of the flight of Mohamfrom Mecca ; the era of the Hegira

Heckle, Hackle, Hatchel,

begins on July 16, A D. 622.

hajr, separation. Heifer. (E.)

Cf. Arab.

(E.") strument for dressing flax or hemp. M. E. hechele, hekele, E. Fries, hakeI, hekel.

M.

E. hay fare, hekfere.

2 ?,6

HEIGH-HO
a heifer also spelt heahfre, heahfru. The form is still unexplained. An exclamation Heigh-ho. (E.) heigh) a cry to call attention ho, an exA.
S. heahfore,
; ; ;
'

HEMLOCK
Goth, hilms. Teut. type *hel-moz, m.; lit. a covering from * he Ian-, to cover. Allied to Skt. Barman-, shelter, protection. Lith. szalmas, a helmet, O. Slav, shtimti, are prob. bonowed from Teut Brugm. i. Der. helm-et, dimin. foim. Allied 420. to Hell.
'
;

clamation.
of highth highte as "well as he$c (heghthe}. A.S. hiehbu, heahbu, A. S. heah, heh, high. Du. height.

Height.
;

(Milton)

we

(E.) find

variant

M. E

Helminthology,
course,
t'A/nys,

history
;

of

worms.

hoogte, I eel. h<z$,

Swed. hojd, Dan. hoide,

See High.

Coined fioni Gk. e'A^tv^o-, decl. (Gk.) stem of (\iuvs, a worm -\oyia, a disfrom \fyttv, to speak. The sb. also eA/^ts, means 'that which curls
;

Goth, hauhitha.
heinous, hainous.

Heinous. (F.-O. Low

formed with
suffix
-os

M. E. G.) O. F. hainos, odious

about

'

allied to

Helix

(L. -dstu) fiorn O. F. hatne (F. haine\ hatred. F. hair, to hate. From an O. Teut. form, such

as Goth, hatjan, O. Pries, hatia, to hate; see Hate.

Heir. (F.-L.)
eyr.

M.

E. heirc, heir, also

O. F. heir, eir Late L. herein, for L. hcrcdem, ace. of heres, an heir Cf. Gk. X^a, a widow (lelict). Der heir-loom, where loom signifies a piece of propeity,' 1ml is the same word as E. loom. See
'

(Spartan) slave. (L. Gk.) L. pi. Helotes, from Gk. ctXorres, pi. of fabled to have (t\w$, a helot, bondsman meant an inhabitant of helos (a town of Laconia), enslaved by the Spartans. E. he/pen, pt. t. Help, vb. (E.;
;

Helot,

S. helpan, halp, pp. holpen pt. t. hcalp, pp. holpen. -f Du. helpen, Icel. hjalpa, Dan. hielpe, S\ved. hjelpa, Goth.

Loom
KOS,

(i).

Heliacal, relating to the sun. (L. Gk.) Prom Late L. hehacus. -Gk. i)AmGk. ^Aios, belonging to the sun. see Solar. - L. - Gk ) heliotrope, a flower. (F. F. heliotrope L. he hotr opium Gk.iyAtorpoiriov, a heliotrope, lit. 'sun-turner;'
sun
;

Teut type *hclpan~. hi/pan, G. he Ifen. Allied to Lithuan. szelptt, to help. Der. A.S. help, helpe; help-mate, help, sb suggested by help meet (Gen. ii. 18). Helve, a handle. (E.) M. E. helue A. S. hi elf, also helfe, a (= helve}. handle. -J- M. Du. helve, handle, Low G.
,

M. M. G. halp, handle; Halter and Helm (i).

hclft,

allied

to

from
sun
see
;

its

turning to the sun.

Gk

Hem

(i\

bolder.

(E.)

A.S. hem.

ij\io-s,

rpoir-,

2nd grade of

Tpcirftv, to

turn

Trope.
a spiial figure.
^

Helix,
helix a

.spiral.

Gk.

e'A*,

Gk

L. Gk.) a spiral, a twist

(L.

Ong. 'an enclosure;' cf. O. Fries, ham, hem (dat. hemme\, North Fries, ham, an enclosure (Outzen) prov. G. hamme, a Der. hem, fence, hedge (Hugel, i860.
;

lAtVerfxif,,

to turn lound.

Allied to

vb., to enclose within a border, cf he?nmen, S\\ed. hamma.

Volute.

Hem

hem

in

(2),

Hell.
gen. helle
hide.

(E)
;

M.E.
*

a slight cough to call atten-

helle.

A.S.
hides,'
t.

hel,

tion.

orig.

that

which
/;*/,

from

Hum. -f" M.
Named
L.
like.

Teut. *helan-, A. S. helan,

+ Du.

(pt.

heel}, to

hel, Icel.

G.

holle,

Goth,

/^tf.

Teut. type *ha?ja1 fern.

word allied to himmen, hem men, to call one with a hern,' Hexham. Hematite, an oie of iron. (L -Gk.)
(E.}

An

imitative

Du.

'

Allied to

Cell, Conceal.
&?r<?.

h&tnat]tes.**G\z..
half.

HeUebore. (F.-L.-Gk.^i Also*/fe- O. F. elkbore. - L. helleborus* - Gk.

name
of the plant.
tiller

irom the red colour of the powder. af/xcm'njs, bloodGk. ai/tar-, stem of af/*a, blood
(Gk.)

Hemi-,
sphere, &c.

Fiom

Lat.

i\\f@opos, the

Helm

(i),

an implement for steering a

Orig. the
01

transcription of Gk. $/-, half, cognate with L semi-, half; see Semi-. Der hemi-

ship.

(K.)

handle.

A. S. fo/ma.+lce\. hjalm (for *helm-\ a rudder; E. Fries, helm. The prov E. helm means handle so also M. E. halm (Gawain, 330). Prob. allied to Helve. (2), armour for the head. (E.) M. E. helm. A. S helm.+Du. helm Icel. hjalmr, Dan. hielm, Swed. hjclm, G. helm,
' '
;

hemistich,
(L.

half-line,

in

poetry.

Gk.)
a

L.

hetnh(icJiium.'G\i. ^fu-

(m'xtojf,

half- verse.

Gk.

1)^1-,

half;

Helm

(TTiyoy, a
lok.

row, verse.
I

Hemlock.
(Ep. Gl
).

E. hemlok, humE.) A. S. hemlic, hymlice ; also hymblica

M.

The

origin of

hym- is unknown;

237

HEMORRHAGE
the second syllable
is

HERESY
Hep,
hip; see

perhaps an unstressed

Hip

(2).

form of A.
(F.

S. //V, like.

a great flow of blood. F. hemorrhage - L. h&morrhagia.'Gki. alfjioppayia, a violent Gk. of/no-, for alpa, blood bleeding. pay-) a stem of firjyvvfjii, I burst, break the lit. sense being a bursting out of blood.

Hemorrhage, - L.

Gk.)

M.

L. relating to the liver. (F. Gk.) M. F. hepatique. L. hepaticus. Gk. 7)7rcm/f(5y, belonging to the liver. Gk.

Hepatic,

TJTTCLT-J

stem of ^Tra/a, the liver.-|-L. iecur^ See Liver. Der. Skt. yakrt, the liver. hepatica^ liver-wort, a flower.

Heptagon,
(Gk.) seven
knee.
figure.

a plane seven-sided figure.

painful L. bleeding tubercles on the anus. (F. Gk.) M. F. hemorrhoide, sing., a flowing

Hemorrhoids, Emerods,
L. hffntorrhoidcT) pi

Lit.
;

Gk. errra, seven-angled.' ytuvia, an angle, allied to y6vv t

'

See Seven and Knee.

a
solid

of blood.
rhoida.

of hcrmorai/AOppois,

heptahedron,
(Gk.)

seven-sided
Itrra,

Gk.

ai/j.oppoifos, pi.

of

Prom Gk.

seven;

Gk. alpo-, adj , liable to a flow of blood. for a?,ua, blood ; po- (as in po-os, a stream), allied to ptfiv, to flow, cognate with Skt
sru, to flow
;

edpa, a base, seat (allied to E. Sit).

see
for

Stream.
(L.

Hemp,
hemp
hccnep.

a plant.

XVII cent. Gk. ITTT-, persons. (Gk.) foi Inrd, seven ; and -apx (/ct > from apX" tV
to rule.

heptarchy,

a government by seven

(short

henep\

Gk.) A. S

M.

E.

hemp,

Borrowed at a very eaily peiiod from some Eastern language, whence also L. cannabis, Gk. Kavva0is, Fers. kanab, hemp, so that the word suffeied consonantal
Cf. Skt. cana, hemp fpiob letter change. not an Idg. word\ So also Du. hennep, Icel hampr, Dan. hamp, Swed. hampa, G. hanf\ all of foieign origin. HeU. (E } A. S. hcnn, hen, han a fern. form (Tc'iit type *han-ja} from A. S hana* a cock, lit. 'a stngei,' from \\\*
;

Her. (E ) M. E hire from S. hire, gen. and clat. of heo, she, fern, of he, he ; see He. Der her-s, M. E hirs, hires (XIV
;

cent.)

Herald. ( K - O. H. G. ) ME. hcraud. - O. E. heralt 'Low L. het aldus) O.II G.

;

her-self.

het olt

(G. heroltt}, a

herald;

note

aKo

crowing; cf. L canere, to ^mg.-f-Du. hen, fern, vihaan, a cock G. hennc, f of hahn Icel. hitna, f of hani Dan. hone, f. of hane\ Swed. hona, f. of hane. \/KAN.) See Chant. Hence. (E.) M. E. hcnnts, older form henne (\\hence henne-s by adding adv. suffix -f A. S. heonan, for Jnnan, adv closely allied to A. S. June, masc. ace. of See He. he, he
, ;

O. H. G. Jfertold, Hanohi, as a proper The piopei name is name, Harold |3. for *hari-wald^ i e. aimy-rule. O. II. G. hai /, an aim} (\ hcc?^ wald,iualt, mle, power (G gewalt}. ^[ The piecise histoiy
,

of the
herbe.

word
(

is

Herb.
piob.
pasture.

- L)
to O.

very uncertain.

M.
grass,

herbe.

F.

E.
allied

herba,

fodder,

heib;
<popt3r),

'

forbea, Gk.

'

page, servant. (E.; Formerly liengestman, henseman, hench-

Henchman,
;

man

cf

Ihnxman

as

For hengest-man, i. e groom from M E. Cf. Du hengest, A. S hcngest, a horse. and G. hcngst, Dan. hingst, a horse, Icel.
,

a proper

name

E. herde. d), a flock. ^E) A. S. Juord, hioid, a flock -f Icel. ///<;;#, Dan. hiord, Swed hjord, G heerde, C^oth. hairda. Tent. t}pc Jicrdd, f Cf. Skt. cardha $), a heid, troop. Bmgm i. 797. herd (2), one who tends a heid (E.) Usually in comp. shep-herd, cow-herd, &c. E. herde. A. S fucrde, hirde, keeper of a herd, from A. S. heoid, a flock.
l

Herd

+
S.

JnrQir, Dan kyrde* Swed herde, G. hnfe, (ioth hairdeis all similarly derived.
Icel.
,

hestr, a hoi be.

Hendecagon,
eleven sides (Gk.;
angles.

a plane figure having Named from its eleven

ketdzus, sbepheid. E. her, Here. (K.) i elated to he, he her, adv.

Cf. Lith

hcer.
-f-

A.
-

Gk.
see

tVSe/ra,

eleven;

ycwia,

an

Icel.

her,

Dan
Cf.

her,

Swed,

hier, har, G. hier,

I^ u

angle

Decagon.

Goth. her.

a paste used for dyeing the nails, &c., of an orange hue. (Arab.) Arab, hinna-a, }iina, or hinna-at, the dyeing or colouring shrub (Lawsonia inermis}\ Rich. Diet., p. 582. Kent, a seizure see Hint.

Henna,

L en, on Hereditary, adj. (L.)

this side.
\.Jiereditiiriiis.

L. hereditiire, to inherit.
decl.

L. hcredi-,

stem of hires, an hen. See Heir. Heresy. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. hereO. F. heresie L. type *haresia sye. for L. haresis. Gk. ai peais, a taking,
;

238

HERIOT
Gk. aiptTv, to take. choice, sect, heresy. Der. heretic, L. h&reficus, Gk. aipcrncAs, able to choose, heretical (from the same
verb).

HEW
with

Swed. suffixed -on (Ital. -one}. hager, Icel. hegri, Dan. hetre, a heron. Distinct from G. haher, a jackdaw.

heronshaw, hernshaw,
heron
;

a young

S. heregeatu, lit. military apparel hence, equipments which, after the death of a vassal escheated to his lord ; afterwards extended to include horses, &c
,

a tribute paid to the lord of a manor on the decease of a tenant. (E.)

Heriot,

A. S. here, an army geatu, geatwe, appai el, adornment. See Harry

;

Heritage.

(F.-L)

F. heritage.

Formed, with suffix -age (=*L. aticum'], from O. F. heritor, to inherit. L. heredtSee Heir. tare, to inherit.
an animal or plant of both sexes. (L. Gk.) L. heimaphroGk. !/)/*a</>/9o5iTos ditus. coined fiom

Hermaphrodite,

Meicury (representing the male") and 'AtppobtTTj, Venus (representing the

'KP/JLTJS,

(by confusion) a heronry. O. H. G.) 1. Spenser has herneshaw, (F. a heron M. E. heronsewe, a young heron From (still called heronsew in the North) O. F. heroitnc,eau, later form of heroun$el, a young heion (Liber Custumarum, p. 304) dim. of hairon (above) ; cf. lionceau, The usual form is lioncel, a young lion. 2. But F. htronneaii) O. F. hairomieau. heronshaw, a heronry, is due to a (false) popular etymology fiom he) on, a heron, and shaw, a wood Cotgrave has hairon niere, a heron's neast, a herneshaw, or shaw of wood wherein herons breed.' E. heering. Herring, a fish. (E) A. S hie) ing. [Sometimes said to be connected with A.S. heie, a hoist, army;
;
.

also

female principle).
(Gk.) explanatory. Gk. fpfjim'fVTiftds, skilled in interpreting Gk. cppm'evrrjs, an interpreter also tpur]Allied to L. sermo .stem vfi/y, the same.
;

Hermeneutic,

which seems impossible ] -f"Du. haring, G haring\ O. H. G. hdring (Kluge).

Hesitate.

(L.)

From

pp

of

L.

hcesitarc, to stick fast; intensive foim of hteiiire, to stick, -f- Lithuan. gaiszti, to

sermon-}

see

Sermon.
(Gk.)

tarry

Hermetic.

Low L.

hermcticns,

Hest,

(VG7/AIS.) Brugm. i. 627. a command. (E ) M. E. hest,

;

relating to nlehemy ; coined from Hermes, fiom the notion that the great seciets of

alchemy were discovered by Hermes Trismeghtus. Gk. 'EpfArjs, Mercury. ^[ Hermetically was a term in alchemy a glass O. H. G. heiz (G. bottle was hermetically sealed when the hcita, to call, promise orifice was fused and then closed against gcheiss), a command, from heizan (G. Cf. command. call, bid, heissen^, to any admission of air. Hermit. (F. - L. - Gk ) [M. E. here- Goth haitan, to call, name. Der. be hest. F. See Hight. mite, directly from L. heretnTtaJ] hermite. Late L heremita, more comHeteroclite, irregularly inflected. (L. Gk.) L. heteiocliliis.-*G\i. erfpuK^iros, monly ereniita. Gk. ipjjfuTTjs, a dweller in a desert Gk. tprj^ia, a desert. Gk otherwise (i.e. irregularly) inflected Gk. Der. hermit- 6T/)o-s, another -KXiros, formed from tpTJpos, deserted, desolate.
;

the final t being exciescent, as in ivhih-t) A. S h-7s, a command amongs-t, &c. Teut. type *haittiz, f (>*haissiz, with ss A.S ha tan, to command; Teut. for//). type *haitan-. Cf. Icel. heit, a vow, from
;

age.

Hern

see

Heron.
(L.)

tcXivav, to lean (hence, to vary as a case does) ; see Liean (i).

ical.

Hernia.
rupture.

L. hernia, a kind of

Hero. (F. -

L. - Gk.)

M.

F. heroe.

Gk. heroem, ace. of faros, a hero a hero, demi-god. Der. hero-ic, M. F. heroique, L. heroicus. heroine. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. heroine. L. heroine. Gk. ^/MV/I>;, fern, of TJ/WVS, a
TJpus,

L.

of stiange opinion, heretGk. T<po-s, anothei 86-a, (Gk.) opinion, from SoKefV, to think. heterogeneous, dissimilar in kind.

heterodox,

(Gk.)

Gk.
;

crepo-s, another; 7eV-os,kind,

kin, sort

see

Kin.

a captain. (Pol. G.) Polish hetman (Russ. ataman'), a cap-

Hetman,

hero.

a bird. (F. -O. H. G.) M.E. heroun heiron, hem. O. F. hairon F. (F hdron, Span, airon Ital. aghirone}.*O. H, G. heigir, M. H. G. heiger, a heron

Heron, Hern,
y

G. hauptmann a CossacksY G. kaupt, head mann man. Hew. (E.) M. E. hewen. A.S. 4A*> wan, to cut.-4-Du- houwen, Icel. hbggva, Swed. hugga, Dan. hugge, G. hauen\
tain vof
t

captain.

339

HEXAGON
Russ. kovate, to
to
fight

HIEROPHANT
sheu).

kauti,

* Lit. son of something/ a son to a father has left an estate. Span. -L. hijo, son; de, of; algo, something 639. Brugm. i. beat. Der. hay, q. v. filium, ace. o\fllius, son (whence O. Span. Hexagon, a plane six-sided figure. figo, later hijo} de, of; aliquo, something. ~ GkT) L, hexagonum. Gk. tgdycvvos, (So Korting. The explanation iromftllus (L.

hammer,
cf.

forge ; Lith. Lith. kowh, battle. Allied to L. ciidere, to

whom

six-cornered.

Gk.

',
;

six;

yuvia,

an

Italicus

is

baseless.)

angle, from

701% a knee
(L.

see

Knee.

Hide
huden.
hide
hide.
,

L. hexaGk.) meter. Gk. eci/x7y>os, ong. an adj., i. e six; having six measures or feet. Gk. ftfTpov, a measure, metre. Hey, mterj. (E ) M. E hei, hay a
,
;

hexameter.

M. E. hiden, (E.) A. S. hydan. -f- Gk. KtvQtiv, to cf. W. cuddio (base *fcoud-}, to
(i), to cover.

(-/KEUDH.)
(2),

Hide
hudc.

skin.

(K.)

M.

E.

hide,

natuial exclamation.-f-G. and l)u. hei.

heyday (i), interj. (G. or Du.) Also Borrowed either heyda (Ben Jonson). from G. heida, hey there hallo or from Du hei daar y hey there The G. da and Du. daar both mean * there.*
' !

A. S hyd, the skin, -f- Du. huidt Icel. bud, Dan. Swed. hud, O. H. G. hut, G. haut\ L. cutis, Gk. KVTOS, &KVTOS, skin,
hide.
(i) to
*

and hide
skin
'

(V[SREU.)
(3),

The
(E.)

roots of hide

(2) are prob. connected.

hide

to flog.

Colloquial;

frolicsome wildntss. (E ) means the ' high day of youth.' The spelling hey is a preservation of M. K. hey, the usual spelling of high in the I4th century. Hiatus, a gap. (L ) L. hiatus, a gap from pp. of /ndre, to gape. Allied to

The

Heyday (2),
*

heyaay of youth

'

Yawn
~

by flogging. So also Icel hyda, to flog, from fiud, skin. Hide (4), a measure of land. (E.) Estimated at 120 to 100 acres, and less. (Low L. hida.} A. S. htd, a contracted form the full form is hlgtd. Higid and hiivisc were used in the same sense, to mean enough land for one family or house;

and Chasm.
wintry. (F.
;

Hibernal,

L.)

F. hiber-

nal L. hibernalis, winery (Vulg.). L. allied to hicms, winter. Jribernus, wintry Also to Gk. x* 1 ***?11 ^, wintry, x 1 '^',

Gk

hold. They are probably closely allied words, and theiefore allied to hind (2); for Jriwisc is merely the adj. formed from hnv-a, a domestic, one of a household; connected with see Hind (2). ^[f Not

snow, Skt hi-ma-,

Der hibern-ate. Hide (i). Hiccough, Hiccup, Hicket, a Hideous,

frost.

spasmodic inspiration, with closing of the

causing a slight sound. (E.) The spelling hiccough seems to be due to a populai etymology from cough, certainly no one ever so pronounces the wrong word. Properly hiccup or, in old books
glottis,
;

lndous.

<J

hideous;

posed by

F. M. E. L. ?) ugly. F. hidos, hidut, later hideux, the earliest form is hisdos Supsome to be Irom L. hisftdostis,
(

rotighish; from hispidw, rough, shaggy. (See KOI ting, 3363 ) Hie, to hasten. (K.) M.E. hien, hyen,

hicket and hickock, which are still betlei forms. Hick-et, hick-ock, are diminutives of hick or htk, a catch in the voice," imitative of the sound. a hacking cough; Cf. and see Hitch, -f- M. Du. huck-up, the
'
'

Jmcn.
after,

A. S. hignin (htgianl), to stuve Ci Du hijgen, to be intent on

pant

and (perhaps ^
,

Hierarchy.
hici archie
Gk-.
if

(F.

Skt. $i$h-ni- t quick. - 1, Gk.) M. F.

hick, or hock,'

hiccup; Dan. hikke, Swed. hzcka, sb. and vb. \V. ?^, a sob, Bret. hTk, hak, a hiccough
sb.

'the hiccup, hikken, to

Hexham M. Du. hick, hick-hock/ Hexham; Du. hik, the

; ,
;

and vb.

hierarchia. papula, power of a iepapx Tl$, a steward or president of sacred rites. Gk. and apx tv t to rule. Itp-, for ttpos, sacred ^f Milton has ///Vr<7n//=-dk hpapx^. hieroglyphic. (L, Gk.) L./nero;

Cot

Late

igio, to sob.

And
a N.

cf.

Chmcougn.
sacred
;

us, symbolical.

Gk. hfwykvtjHKos,
(^k.
ifpo-s,

American tree. (Americ. Indian.) Formerly pohickery; from the American-Indian (Virginian) name. Hidalgo, a Span, nobleman of the

Hickory,

relating to

sacred

wnting^.

hollow out, engrave, incise. See Glyptic. hierophant, a priest. (Gk.) Gk.
yhvifi-fii',

to

lowest class (Span. Span, hidalgo; L.) O. Span, fidalgo, Port, Jidalgo, a noble*

lpo<f>dvrr)s t

Gk.

te/x>s,

man

sometimes written hijodalgo (Min- explain.

teaching the rites of worship. sacred Qaiveiv, to shew, See Phase.

;

240

HIGGLE
Higgle,
to

HIP
Merely a
hey,
hy.

bargain.

(E.)

weakened form of Haggle.

High.

(E.)

M.

E.

Du. hoog, Icel. hdr, A. S. heah, heh. Swed. hog, Dan. hoi, Goth. hauhs, G. hoch. Teut. type *hauhoz. See How (2); and also cf. G. hugely a bunch, knob, hillock
;

heigh,

Lith. kaukaras, a hill kaukas, a boil, swelling ; Skt. kucha-, the female breast.
;

O/KKUK.)
highland.
(E.)
land', cf zip- land,

A. S. *hTna, a domestic, unauthenticated as a nominative, and really a gen. pi., so that hina stands for htna man=*a, man of the domestics; cf. hina ealdor=* chief of the domestics, a master of a household. Hina higna, gen.pl. of hiwan, domestics cf. hhven, a family, htwritden, a household also G. heirath, marriage, Goth. heiwa-frauja, master of a household. Cf. L. cmis, a citizen. Brugm. i. 609.
;
;

From
called.
;

high
(E.)

and

Hind
'

low -land.
is

now The
is

'

say

(3), adj , in the rear. (E.) ' *hind feet ; but the older

We

form

Hight, was
hctte.

or

only passive vb. found in E.

he hight

dcrerc

he was named. M. }L.highte\ also hatte, A. S, hatte, I am called, I was called pr. and pt. t. passive of A. S. hatan,
;

even find M. E. hynA. S. hindan, (as if hinder-er). adv., at the back of, hinder, adv., back-

hinder feet/

We

to call. So also Icel. heiti, I am named, from heita, to call; G. tch heisse, I am named, from heisien, to call, bid. p Best illustrated by Goth, haitan, to call, 3 p.
pres.
*

wards. 4* Goth, hindar, prep., behind; hindana, beyond; G. hinter, prep., behind, hinten, adv., behind; O. II. G. hintaro, comp. adj , hinder. We also find Goth. hindumists, hindmost. In O. II. G. hin-

tense

Thomas, Thomas, who

vi. 1 6.

as in haitada (passive) haitada Didymus' = saei

;

and

is

called

Didymus, John
F.

Hilarity,
hilaritL

mirth.
ace.

(F.-L.-G1O
hilaritatem
;

L.

Hilary Term is so called from the festival of St. Hilary (L. Hilarius), who died Jan. 13, 367. Hilding, a base wretch. (E.) Also Prob. from M. E. helding-, XVI cent. Cf. M. E. helden, to incline, bend down. heldinge, a bending aside; Dan. helding, S hylding, a bending see Heel bias ;
t

hilarit, adj., cheerful I\ap6$ cheerful, ^f

also

X/?/0r//.r.

from Gk.

followed by -ists = E. -est. Extended from A. vS. hm-, as in hin-, heon-an, hence from //?-, base of he\ see Hence. hinder, vb. (E.) M. E. hindren. A. S. A. S. hindrian, to put behind, keep back. hinder (above ).-f*Icel. hindt a, G. hindern Der. hmdr-ance (for similarly foimed.
;

taro, the comp. stififix is like the Gk. -rtpo- ; in Goth. Jnn-duni-i^ts, the superl. suffix is like the L. -tim-(us] in op-timus,

hinder- ance],

hindmost.
most
;

E.)

a late formation.

From hind and The M E. form

(2).

Hill.
-|-

t0HiA, a hill; Lithuan. kalnas, a hill, kelti^ to raise; Gk. /coAcuz/oy, a hill. 633. Allied to Brugin. i.

(E.)

M. F lnl,hul.

cf. A.S. hin-dema, hindmost, a superl. form with suffix -dcma (cf. L. op-timus). -f- Goth, hindunnsts, hindmost {^hin-dum-ists, with double superl.

was Jnnderest;

A.

S.

hyll

suffix).

Du. hil\ L.

Holm

and Culminate.

Der. down-hill, up-hill. A. S. helt, (E.) hilt, -f Icel. hjalt, Dan. hialte, N. lyrics heeli. O. H. G. helza. Cf O F. helt, fiom

M. E. heng, that on from M. E. hengen, to hang, a later variant of M. E. hangien (A.S hangian^, to hang; suggested by
which the door hangs

Hinge.

(E.)

Hilt, sworrl-hnndle
Not
see

A.
to

Teut.
helve.

^|

allied to hold

rather,

to

Cf.
;

Low

G.

Him
hind.

helft,

ax-handle.

hengen, a hanging, or by Icel. hengja* Cf. A. S. henge-ctif, a steep hang. cliff; and Stone-henge; Dan. dial, hinge, For the hanige, ^ hinge ^Dan. hangs fl^. See Hang.+ sound, cf singe, swinge.
S.

He.

Hin, a hln, a hm

Hind (i
hind,
doe.
deer.
4

+ Du.

Ileb. liquid measure, (lleb.^ said to be of Egyptian origin. A. S ), female of the stag. (E.)
;

a hinge. a slight allusion (IO Hint is apparently a thing taken or caught up;

M. Du. hengf^ hcngene,

Hint,

'

hinde\

Icel.

Dan. and Swed.

KC/JL-^S,

M. H. G.

hinde, O. H. G. hinla, a

Perhaps allied to Gk.

young

an opportunity; in a hint, in a moment hint, to lay hold of. b roni M. E. hen'en, to seize. A. S hentan 9 to seize. Allied to Hunt, and to Goth.
ct.

Lowl. Sc

///;//,

Hind

is

fra-hinthan to seize. (2\ a peasant. (E.) The final d Hip (i), the haunch. (E.^ M. E. hipe, excrescent. M. E. hine, a domestic. hupe. A. S. A>'/A+Du. heup, Icel. huppr,
,

241

HIP
Dan.
hofte,

HOB
Goth, hups, G.
to move by jerks, catch slightly. E. hicchen, to move, remove. Lowl. Sc. hatch, hotch, to move by jerks ; hitch, a motion by a jerk ; prov. E. It describes hike, to toss, hikey, a swing. a jerky movement ; cf. Low G. and E. Fries. hikken, to peck, ^f Not allied to hook.

Swed.

hoft,

Hitch,
M.

hufte, O. II G. huf. Perhaps allied to Gk. KV&OS, the hollow near the hips of
cattle.

(E.) Cf.

of the dog-rose. heope, a hip heopbremel, a hip-bramble. -f-O. Sax. hiopo, M. II. G. hiefe, O. H. G. hntfo, a bramblebush.
(2),
(

Hip
E
)

M. E.

Hep,

fiuit

hepe.

A. S

Hippopotamus, L. - Gk.) L hippoGk. irnronoTapos, the liver-horse potatnus. of Egypt. Gk. iViro-s, horse wora/io-?, Gk i'wwos is cognate with L. eqvus; river. see Equine. M. E. hire. A. S. hy> Hire, sb.
i

Equivalent to hypo(Gk.) chonariacal, adj of Hypochondria, q v. = hyp-ish. The contracHence hippish tion hipped {hyp*d} was prob. suggested by hipped^ lamed in the hip (an older word).

Hippish.

hiie,

wages. -f-Du. httur, Swed. hyra, Dan. Low G. ^j/>'<?> prov. G. heuer, hire, rent Tent, type hnr-jd, f. httren, to hire.
;

a small haven. (E.) hyd, a haven. Hither. (E.) M. E. hider, hither. A. S. hidcr. t rom the base of he, with So also Icel. hcbra, Idg. suffix -t(e)r. O. Icel. kiQra, Goth, hidre, L. citra. Hive, a house for bees. (E.) A. S. hyf, fern. Tent, type *^/7//s.+Du. huif, a hive Dan. dial, hyve cf. L. cnpa, (see Franck) a tub, cup. Allied to Cupola. Ho, Hoa, a call to excite attention. natural exclamation. Cf. Icel. (E.) ho ho hoa, to shout out ho E. hoor. A.S. Hoar, white. (E.}

M.

Hithe, Hythe,
E. hit he.

A.

S.

A
i

'

'

//^r.-f-lcel

O. H.

harr, hoar
,

G. hehr, exalted,
'

her, proud, lofty, orig.

lit.
'

reveiend.'

Hirsute.
rough.
Cf.

(L.)

I,,

huwtits,
to

L
He.
)

horrere,

bristly, bristle ; see

Tent, type *hatroz ^hai-roz. white

in

shining,' hence,

The

base *hai- occurs

Horrid.

His

see

Hiss. (E

ME.
;

hissen,

hisshen.

M. Du. hiswhen

Low

+
,

G. his\en, to say

^/Itf/ in setting on dogs, Gascon hissa, to hiss (Moncaut). An imitative word like G. zischen, to hiss.

llist, an interjection enjoining silence.

Also ist, (E.) hysse, to hush.

'st.

Cf.

Dan

Goth, hai-s* a torch, G. hci-ter, orig. 'bright,' led. hei-d, brightness; cf. Skt. Xv///(j), a sign, a meteor (Klnge). Hoard, a store. (E.) A.S. hord.+ Icel. hodd, G. horf, Goth. huzd. Tent, type *huzdo- due to Idg. *kudh-dho-, 'a from the weak grade of thing hidden VKEUDII, as in Gk. *v0-ii>, A. S. hydt '
,

hys, silence!

an\

Milton has hist

summon

silently, II Pens. 55.

Histology,

the science treating of the

;

Brugm i. 699. a kind of fence. (F. - Du. or Du.) Not old. Either from Du. horde, a hurdle, or from M. F. hoard, a scaffold
(i).

see

Hide

Hoarding,

minute structure of tissues of plants, &c. (Gk ) Gk. iffro-s, a web (hence, tissue) -\oyia, discourse, from Kfyetv, to speak. UK. rro-s ^aiso mast; Gk. tVro-s (also a mast) is allied to l auiea IOTTJ^I,
to set, place.

(Cot , index), which is the See Hurdle. 'borrowed).

\

same word
a plant.

M. E. historic. L. historia. Gk. laropia, a learning by Gk. larop stem of enquiry, information.

(-y^STA.)

History, History. (L.-Gk.)

The true hoarhotind is the white, ine ine wnite, noarnouna Marrulnum vulgarc The final d is excrescent. M. E. hor(e]houne. A.S. har(& (E
)

Hoarhound, Horehoimd,

'

A.S. hilne, also called simply htine hdr, hoar; hune, hoai hound, the origin of
which
(E.) hoarse.
is

Gk.

"

tffTcupj

knowing

for

*!d-T<ap.

unknown.
having
is

/"i5-,

(VWEID.)
stor v. story, q.

base of tltievat, Allied to Wit.

to

know. Doublet,

Hoarse,
occurs in

rough, harsh voice.

The r

intrusive, but

sometimes
spelt

M. E.

hors,

also

hoos,

Histrionical, relating From L. hi'strionicus, (L.)

actor.
actor.

to the stage. relating to an

L. histrion-, stem of histrio,

to light iu ii^ui

an

A. S. has, hoarse -f Dan. has, Swed. hes, Du. hcesch, G. heiser. ^f Icel. hass seems distinct (Noreen).

Hoary
upon, uj;uu,
;

see

Hoar.
L.)

Hit, U.JLU,
(Scand.)

M.

E. hitten.

LU LiiJvi;, utiaiu strike, attain to Icel. hitta, to hit

Hoax. (Low
lob
(i),

to juggle, cheat.

upon

Dan.

hitte

Swed.

hitta, to find.

Short for hocus, i. e. See Hocus-pocus. Hub, the nave of a wheel,

242

HOB
The true sense is part of a grate. (E.) * projection ; the hob of a fire-place was 01 ig. 'a boss or mass of clay behind the E. Fries, hobbe, a N. E. D. fire-place rough tump of grassy land rising out of water hubbel, a projection. -f- Du. hobbel, a knob; G. hubel, O. H. G. hubel, a hilCf. Lith. kup-stas, a tump of grass lock. Du. heuvel, a hill A. S. hofer, a hump. Der. hob-nail, a nail with a projecting head. (2), a clown, rustic, a fairy. (F.
' ' ;
;

HOIST
river

Main, whence the wine comes. means high home.'

*

It

Hockey, a game. (E.) Also called hawkey, because played with a hooked stick See N. E. D. so called.
gler.

HoCUS-pOCUS, a juggler's (Low L ) As far as it

trick,

a jug-

can be said

to belong to any language, it is a sort of Latin, having the L. termination -us. But
is merely an invented term, used by a juggler (temp. James I) in performing tricks see Todd's Johnson and N. E. D. Der. hocus, a Cf. L. iocus, a game. hocus, vb,, to trick, to juggler, a trick hoax. Hod, a kind of trough for carrying
it
;
;

Hob

'Elves, hobs, and fairies;' Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas, Hob was a common personal name, iv. 6. a corruption of Robin (like Hodge from

-O. H.

G.)

Of unknown origin. (E.) Prob. an invention, perhaps for hobbledy, founded on hobble fabove), with the addiThe tion of hoy, an unmeaning suffix.
manhood.
Scottish hoy and vb.

The name Robin is F., and is Roger}. a form of Robert, a name of H. G. Der. hob-goblin see G-oblin. origin. Hobble, to limp. (E ) M. E. hobelen. Equivalent to hopp-le frequentative of hop -f-Du. hobbelen prov. G. hoppdn Hobbledehoy, a lad approaching

Modified from M. E. hotte, (F.) F. hotte, a basket, dosser; influenced by hod, a piov. E. form of hold', see Hold.* ' hold In Line, and York, hod means * as in (Whitby) powderor receptacle hod, powder-fla<;k cannlc-hod, candlestick.
bricks.
' ; ;

Hodge-podge Hoe. (F. G.)

hone, a hoe
;

see

Hotchpot.
F.

Formerly howe.
dial. hoe.

Norman
M. E.

houiva G. haue], a hoe, lit. O. II. G. houwan, to hew; see

'

O. II. G. a hewer.

Hew.
maialis, est

means
\

shout/ both as

sb.

enim porcus carens

Hog.

(E.)

hogge,

Hobby
a
hori>e,

Hobby-horse,

a toy like

II. G.) Corruption of M. E ' hobin, a nag [whence F hobin, a hobby Hob in is a valiant of Robin see Cot.]. Hob (2). Cf. Dobbin, a name for a horse. (F. (2), a small falcon. 1 o\v M. E. hobi, holy. From O. F. ) allied to F. hobreau holvt* a hobby; 'the hawke teaimed a hob-er-el\ { Cot F. hober, to stir, move hobby M. Du. hobben, to toss, move up about. and down. Cf. Hop (i).

ambling nag, a fa\ounle pursuit.

'

Anglic, p. 187. the fust year.

Phil.

testiculis;' Cathol. Cf. hog-sheep, one clipped A. S. hogg, Cambridge

(F.-O.

Soc., 1902, p. 13, 1. 2; cf. also Hocges-tfin, Cod. Dipl. Moisy gives Norman dial hogge, a six-months lamb, a pig
;

Hobby
'

and hogastre, a two-year-old sheep but these are prob. from E. ^f Not borrowed from Corn, hock, W. hivch, a sow; for which see Sow.
;

Hogshead.
hogs head
is
,

(E.)

Of

E. origin;

for

but the reason for the

name

unceitam.

Hence M. Du.

hockshoot,

Hobgoblin; set Hob (2). Hobnail; see Hob (i) Hobnob, Habnab, with
at

okshoofd, oxhoofil, a hogshead; M. Dan. hogshoved \ also Dan. oxhovcd, Swcd. ox~ hufviid, a hogshead, but made to seem to mean ox-head.'
'

free

leave,

random. (E.) Compounded of hab and nab, to have or not to have, hence applied
to taking a thing or leaving
free choice,
it, implying and hence a familiar invitation
*

a romping girl. Foimeily applied to males, and meaning a rustic. M. Du. heyden (Du. See hcideti}, a heathen also, a gipsy.

Hoiden, Hoyden,
;

(M. Du.)

Heathen.

^[

The W. hoeden

is

bor-

to drink, as in

to hob-nob together.' Hab is from A, S. habban, to have ; nab is from A. S. nabban, for ne htrbban, not to have see Have. Cf. willy-nilly.
;

rowed fiom English. Hoist, to heave. (M. Du.) The final / is due to the pp hoist, used for hoised.

The verb

Hock (i) see Hough. Hock (2). a wine. (G.) TfromHockheim,

;

the

name

of a place in Germany, on the

is really hoise; spelt hyce in - M. Du. (Cf. graft for graff.) Palsgrave. hyssen, Du. hijsschen, to noise (y sounded as E. long i\ ; cf. Dan. heise, hisse\ Swed.

HOLD
hissa, to hoist (cf. F. kisser from Teut ^f Not allied to F. hausser, to elevate.
',

HOMER
).

Holm,
river.

an

islet in

river, flat

land by a

(Scand.)

M. E. &?/>.- Icel. holmr,

;

Hold
haldan
;

A.

O. Merc. (E.) (i), to keep. S. healdan -f-Du. houden, Icel.

;

^/</a, Swed. /*#//<*, Dan. //<?/<, Goth. haldan, G. halten. Teut. type *haldanalso A?Der. &?/#, sb. pt. t *he-hald.
;

holmi, holmr, an islet, flat meadow ; Dan. whence G. holm, holm, Swed. holme island. Cf. A. S. holm, billow, sea; L. Allied to Hill and culmen, hill-top.

Culminate.
the evergreen oak. (E.) a corruption of M. E. holm, ' a holly. Holme, or holy [holly] and see Way's note. The Prompt. Parv. the Quercu* ilex, an evergreen plant leaves of which resemble those of holly. L. holocausHolocaust. (L. Gk.) tum, Gen. xxii. 8. Gk. oXoKavarov, a sacrifice burnt whole neut. of oAotfavoToy, burnt whole. Gk. oAo-s, whole ; and to burn. See Caustic. (caieiv, Holster, a leathern case for a pistol.

5lf0/</,

with prefix

/;<?-

(E. by

>

up-hold.

Holm-oak,
is
*

of a ship. (Du.) For //<?/<?, with excrescent d, due to Du. confusion with the verb to hold. holy a hole, cave, esp used of the hold of a ship (Sewel). See below. S. hoi, Hole. (E ) M. E. hole, hoi.
(2), the cavity

Hold

Here holm

a cave, -f- Du- hoi, Icel. hoi, Dan hul, Swed. hal. Teut. type *huloni, n.; ong. nent. of *huloz, adj., hollow, as in A. S.
hoi,

Du.

hoi,

Icel.

//0/r,

Dan.

////#/,

G.

Cf. Goth, us-hulon, to hollow out, hul-undi, a cave. p. Prob. A. S hoi is from &?/-, weak grade of str. vb. helan, to
hohl.

cover

itoiXos,

see Hell. hollow.

;

Not

allied

to

Gk.

Du. holster; Low G. G. holfter, a pistola pistol -case. M. H. G. case (with change of ft to st] from O. H. G. hulft^ a hulfler, a quiver

(Du.-O. H. G.)

holster,

Holibut Holiday,
See Holy.

see

Halibut
For holy day.
'

a festival. (E.)
'

Cf. M. Dan. holfte, cover, case (Kluge) a gun-case. who rejects Franck *[[ So the connection with Icel. hulstr, A. S.
;

Holla, Hallo, stop wait (F.) Not the same word as halloo, to shout but See Oth. differently used in old authors.
;

heolster.

Holt,
holt.

a wood.

(E)

M
W.

E. and A. S.

+ Du.

F. 56 As You Like It, 111. 2. 257 Cot. hola, an interjection, hoe there F. ho, interj. and Iti, there ( L. iliac). ftf The form hallo is due to a confusion with halloo.
i.

2.

G.

holz.

'

*toldo-.

hout, M. Du holt Teut. stem *hulto-, Allied to O. Irish

led. holt,
Idg. stem
caill,

coill

(for *caild],

a wood
")

celli,

a grove,

Holland, Dutch

linen.

(Du

'>

From

Russ. kol6da, a log, Gk. K\dbos, a twig. [This word is equiHoly, sacred. (E valent to the E. hool, whole, with suffix

Holland, the name of the province. So also hollands, spirits from Holland. Hollow. (E ) M. E. holwe, adj. A. S. holh, sb a hollow place, also spelt holg.
,

O. H. G. huhwa, a pool, puddle. Perhaps extended from A. S. hoi, hollow ;

Cf.

and therefore closely allied to whole J\ A. S hahg, holy.+Du. holi, holy. heihg, holy, Icel heilagr, helgr, Dan. G. heilig, Goth. hellig, Swed. helig, Teut. hailag, neut. (in an inscription). type *hailagoz, a denv. of *hailoz (A. S.
-y
;

M. E.

see

Hole.
(E.)

S holen, holegn, holly. -f*W. celyn, Corn, celin, Bret, kelen, Gael, citihonn, Irish cuileann, holly ; Idg. Cf. also Du. hulst, G. type *kolenno-. hulst, holly, O. H. G. huhs (whence F.

n has been dropped.

Holly.

M.

E.

holm

so that an

hdl}, whole, or o{*hailoz- or *hailtz- t sb., good omen. Cf. Irish cl, W. coel, an

omen.

See "Whole.

M. E. homage. O. F. homage, the service of a vassal to his lord. Late L. homdtictim, hominaticum, the service of a vassal or man. L. hom-o (stem homin-}, a man. See Human. Hollyhock, a kind of mallow. (E.) Home. fE.) M. E. hoom. A. S. ham. M. E. holihoc, i. e. holy hock. Com- 4-Du. heim, heem Icel. heimr, an abode; pounded of holy, and A. S. hoc, mallow.' Dan. hiem, Swed. hem, G. heim] Goth. We also find W. hocys, mallows, hocys haims, a village. Teut. base *haimo-t * cf. Lithuan. kcmas, a village; bendigaid, hollyhock, lit. blessed mallow,' *hatmiwhere bendigaid^ L. benedictus W. hocys and perhaps Skt. kshema-, safety, from is from A. S. hoccas, pi. of In A. S. kshi, to dwell. hoc."] the mallow is also called hocttaf. Homer, a large measure. (Heb.) Heb.

Homage. (F.-L)

244

HOMICIDE
khomer, a homer, also a heap (with
chcth}.
slayer.
initial

HOP
honeysuckle.
hunigsttcle,
(E.)
;

Heb. root khdmar, to surge up.

Lye gives A.
but

unauthorised

we

S. find

man-slaughter, also a manF. homicide, meaning (1) manslaughter, from L. homicidium 'L. (2) a man-killer, from L. homictda. hom-o, a man ; -cidium, a killing, or -cida, a slayer, from cadere, to kill. Homily. (L. Gk.) L. homlha. also conGk. 6fju\ia, a living together Gk 0/4X0?, a verse, instiuction, homily. Gk. 6fji-6s, like, same, throng, concourse. and together, cognate with E. Same (possibly) tX?;, fi\rj t a crowd, from fi\iv, shut in. to compress,

Homicide,

A.

S.

hunigsuce, hunigsuge, privet, simi-

(F.-L.)

larly

named.

A. F. honur. L. honorem, ace of honor, honos, honour. Hood, covering. (E ) A. S. hod.+Tto. hoed, G. hut, O. H. G. huot, hot, a hat. Allied to Heed and Hat.

Honour.

From A. (F.-L.)

S. siican, to suck.

-hood, -head,
;

suffix.

(E.)

A.

S.

had, state, quality cognate with Goth. Cf. Skt. ketu(s), haidus, manner, way. a sign by which a thing may be recognised ;

fiom
01

kit, to perceive.

Hoodwink.
hood.

Hominy, maize prepared for food.

Indian.)

(W.

Indian auhihninea, parched corn (Webster) Trumbull gives appumintonash, with the same sense.
;

W.

one wink close his eyes, by covering him with a

(E.)

To make

Brugm.

11.

104.

Hommock

see

Hummock.
(Gk.) Englished from

Hoof. (E.) M. E. hoof, huf; pi. hovcs. A. S. hof.+'Du. hoef, Icel. hofr, Dan. hov, Swed. hof, G. huf. Teut t)pe *hofot, m.
Allied to Russ. kopuito, Skt. $apha, hoof. Hook. (E.) M. E. hok. A.S. hoc.+
Icel. haki,

Homoeopathy.
Gk.

opoioirdQtia, likeness in feeling or condition. Gk. ojjioio-s, like; ira0-cfp, aorist

mfin. of Trcurx* iv, to suffer.

See
the

Same
same

and
kind

Du. hoek; abo vwith 0-grade) Du. haak, Dan. hage, Swed. hake, A S.
haca, a hook.

Pathos.

Allied to

Hake.

Homogeneous,
throughout. (Gk.)
6fjLoy(v-ris,

of

Englished from

Gk.

of the same race. Gk. o/xo-s, same (cognate with L. Same), and yev-os, a race (cognate with E. Kin). So also

homo-logous, corresponding, from \6yos, a saying, \tyetv, to say. like in sound, but

Arab. (Arab.) huqqa(t}, a vase, watei-pipe for smoking. (i), a pliant strip of wood or other material bent into a band. (E.) E. hoop, hope. A. S hop. -f Du. hocp ; E. and N. Fries and O. P>ies. hop.

Hookah, Hooka.

Hoop

Hoop
(F)
houper,

(2),
'

HomonymOUS,

M.E. houpen,
to
;

Whoop,

Gk.) \^.ho)nonymGk. o^vvfjios, having the same name. Gk. o^-s, same; tWyita, See Same and ISTame. &vofja, name. Der. homonym, F. homonyme. Hone. (K.) A. S. han, a stone (with change *rom a to long o, as in ban, bone);
Icel. hein, Swecl. hen. Birch, 458. Teut. stem *haina, f. Cf. Skt. ft, to
ii.

differing in sense. i^L. us; with suffix -ous.

hoop

to call out, shout. shout. O. F. unto Cot. Of imitato

' ;

tive origin

from houp

interj.

cf.

Goth.

hivopan, to boast.

hooping-COTlgh,
in

cough

accom-

panied by a hoop or convulsive noisy catch

the
)

breath.

Formerly called chinof a bird.

cough

Hoopoe,

the

name

(F.-L.)

sharpen.

Brugm.
.

i.

200.

Honest. (F.-L)
honnetc
L.
for hones- tus,

O.

honeste (F.

honestus, honourable; related to honos, honour

See

Honour.
(E.)

Honey.
+Du.
Swed

M.E. huni

A.S.

7/w;//v

honig, Icel. hunang, Dan. honing, G homg.

(E.)
;

honmng,

a honey-comb where tomb is the usual E. word, though the likeness to a comb is
rather fanciful.

honeycomb.

K.^.hunigcamh,

honeymoon. (E.) Wedded love was Hue (2). compared to the full moon, that soon Hop (0, to leap on one leg. (E.) M. E. wanes Huloet, 1522. See N. E. D. A. S. hoppian, to leap, hoppen, huppen.
;

F. huppe, aphoope parently confused with O. F. pupu, another form of the same woid. L. upupa^ a hoopoe the E. initial h is due to the F. huppe. -f Gk. Znoif/, a hoopoe. Of imitntive origin, ^f The F. huppe, a tuft of feathers, is from huppe a hoopoe (from its tufted head) not vice veisl E. kouten. Hoot. ^Scand.) Q. Swed. huta, to hoot. Swed. hut f interj. of onomatopoetic origin. So begone also Norm. dial, hoitter, to hoot \V. hwf I Irish ut ! expressions of dislike. See

formerly houpe,

'

2 45

HOP
Du. hoppen, Icel. hoppa, Swed. dance. Brugm. i. hoppa, Dan. hoppe, G. hiipfen. 421 (7). Der. hopp-er (of a mill) hop-scotch, hopp-le, a fetter for horses over a game in which children hop scotches, i. e. lines scored on the ground.
;

HOSE
horn, ^f It is strange that G. hornisse, O. H. G. hornaz (without vowel-change) is referred to a Teut. type *hurz-natoz (cf.

Du. horz-elen,
(for

to buzz), allied to L. crdbro

*cras-ro],

hornet,

Lith.

szirszu
i.

(gen. szitsz-ens], a hornet; see

Brugm.

Cf.

Hobble.
(2), a plant.
;

626.

O. F. horologe (later horloge}. ^* horoloGk. ojpoXoytov, a sun-dial, waterhoppt (Du. hop}, hop. -4- G. hopfen, hop. gium. We also find A.S hymele, Icel. humall, clock. Gk. wpo-y for o>/>a, hour -\oyiov, Swed. Dan. humlc, M. Du. hommel teller, from \iyetv, to tell. also F. (whence Late L. humulus) horoscope. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. horohoublon, which can hardly be allied words. scope. ~\*. horoscopus, a horoscope, from Hope (i), expectation. ^E.) M. E. horoscopus, adj., observing the hour. Gk. A.S. hopa, hope; whence hopian, ajpoGKoiros, observing the hour (also as sb.). hope. Gk. wpo-, for &pa, hour; attoTretv, to to hope. -f- Du. hoop, Dan. ^#<2/;, Swed. whence Dn. considei, allied to aW7rro/icu, 1 consider; hopp, M. H. G. ^<?^, sb hopen, Dan. haabe, Swed hoppas, G. hoffcn, see Sceptic. to hope. Horrible. (F. - L. ) O. F. horrible. L. hornbihs, dreadful. L. horrere, to Hope (2), a troop. (Du.) Only in the Du. dread (below). phr. 'a forlorn hope/ i e. troop. = lost band, where hoop verloren hoop horrid. (L.) Spenser has it in the

from the Netherlands

Hop

(Du.)

Introduced

XV cent. -M.

Horologe,

clock.

(F.-L.-Gk.)

Du.

volck,

E. heap see Heap. Een hoop krijghsa troupe or band of sQuldicr*/ Hexham verloren hoop (Kihan). (Now obsolete in Dutch ) Horde, a wandering tribe. F. Turk. Turk, ordft, a camp Tatar.) F. horde Tatar urdu, a ro>al camp, horde of
' ;
;
\

sense of 'rough'; F. Q. i. 7. 31. L. horL. \orrere (for ridut, rough, bristly. *hors-ere), to bristle; also to dread, with

icference to the bristling of the hau through terror. Cf. Skt. hrsh, to bristle, esp. as a token of fear or of pleasure.

Tatars (Tartars)
p. 54.
;

see Pavet de Courteille,

F. horizon. L. - Gk.) (F. Gk. horizon (stem horizont-}. Qpifoav, the bounding or limiting circle Gk. orig. pres. pt. of dpiftiv, to limit. Der. horizont-al opos, a boundary.

Hordock see Hardock Horehound see Hoarhound.

;

Horizon.
L.

Coined, by analogy horrify. (L.) with F. words in -jfy, from L. hornficare, to cause terror. L. horn-, for horrere, to dread -Jicdre, tor facere, to make. L. horror. L. horror, dread. (L/, horrere, to dread (above).
;

Horse. CEJ
pi. hors, it

M.

E. hors.

-A.

S. hors,

being a ncut. sb.-f-Icel. hross, hors, Du. ros, G. r0ss,C). H.G hros. Prob.
currere (sup. curs-uni}, 662. 516, 11. of encouragement. Hortatory, (L As if irom L. *hortatorius, coined
;'
cf.

'a runnei
to run.

Horn. (E)
Swed.

A.

S.

/wr;/.

horn ; Dn. horen, Goth, haurn Allied to Gael. Irish corn, L cormi Kp-as, a horn, and to Hart. blende Hornblende, a mineral (G. G. named from its horn-like cleavage G. hotn, horn; blende, a hornblende. f deceitful mineral, yielding little ore
;

+ Icel.
A

Dan.

Brugm.

Ml

W. Gk

fiom hortator, an encourager.

to
\

L. hortari,

encourage; prob. allied to L. horior, inge, and to K. Yearn.

(I..)

Horticulture, gardening.
;
;

Coined

'

from blenden, to deceive, blind, dazzle; 1^. hortus is allied to E. from blind, blind. yard (,i). Hornet, a kind of large wasp (E.; Hosanna, an expression of j^raise. So called from its resounding hum. A. S. (Gk. Ileb.) Gk. waavva. Ilcb. hosht* Heb. hoshia, A.S. horn, a horn, to -ah mid, save, we pray. hyrnet, a hornet. which the word was later conformed. Cf. bavc (from yahd\ and na, a particle O. Sax. homo-hero, a hornet, lit. 'horn- signifying entieaty. bearer A.S. horn-bora, a trumpeter. Hose. (E ) M. E. hose, pi. hosen. A.S. Hexham ha> M. Du. horener, hornte, a hosa, j)l. hosan, hose, stockings, -f" ^ u hornet; horentoren, a wasp, from horcn, a hoos, Icel. hosa, Dan. hose, G. hose (whence
;

from L. horti, gen. case of hortus, a garden see Culture. cttltura, cultivation

'

246

HOSPICE
O. F.
hose).

HOUND
(cf.

Der. hos-t-er

bow-yer,

faw-yer}.

host (i). So Korting. have been confused.

The words may

hostel.

F. hospice. -I., Hospice. (F. L.) L. hospiti-, hospitium, a house for guests. decl. stem of hospes, a host: see host

Hostel,

an inn. (F.-L.) O. F. Late L. hospitale see hospital.

;

CDable.

hospitable. From Late

as a guest. a host.

M. F. hospit(F. L.) L. hospitdre, to receive L. hospit-, stem of hospes,

hostler, ostler. (F.-L.) Orig. the innkeeper himself, and so named from his hostel ( above). Hot. (E.) M. E. hoot (with long d}. A. S. hat, hot. Du. heet, Icel. heitr,

M.E. hospital F. hospital. Late L. hospitale, a large house, a sing, formed from L pi. hospitalia, L. hospit-, apartments for strangers, stem of hospes (below). host (i)> one who entertains guests.

hospital. (F.-L)

Teut. type het, Dan. hedt G. heiss. *haitoz. Allied to Icel. hiti, G. hitzc, heat, Goth. heitOy fever ; and cf. Goth, hais, a

Swed.

torch, Lithuan. kaitra, heat.

Der. heat.
(F. corruption of

Hotch-pot, Hodgepodge.
Du.)

Hodgepodge

is

F. hoste. Port, hospede, a host, guest. L. hospilem, ace. of hospes, (i) a host, (2) a ^f Some make L. hospit- short for guest, *hostipot- where hosti- is the decl. stem of
(F. Cf.
host, hoste.
,

- L.)

M. E.

- O.

F. hochepot, hotchpot, a confused medley. a medley. hoc her, to shake; and pot, Imitated or borrowed pot (see Cot.).

-K

a strangei, enemy, see Host (2) Cf. E. Fries, hotjen, to shake. pot, SL pot. and -pot- means lord,' being allied to L See Hustle and Pot Mod. F. potens, powerful; cf. Skt. pati-, a mastci Hotel, an inn. (F.-L.) see Possible. Thus hdtel, the same as O. see governor, lord hostel] hospes -~-*hostipotis, guest-master, a master Hostel. of a house who receives guests. Cf. Russ. ot Hottentot, a native of the
hostis,
; ' ,

from M. Du. hutspot (lit. shake-pot), hodgepodge, beef or mutton cut into small M. Du. hutsen, hotsen, to shake; pieces.

gospode, the Lord, gospodare, a governor, master, from goste, a guest, and -pode = Skt. patt-}, lord. Brugm. i. ( 158, Der. ho\t-es* from M. F. hostesse, 240. ' an hostesse/ Cot. F. hdtesse.
y ;

Good Hope.

(Du.)

A name given

Cape them

Host (2)
sense
host,
'

an army. (F
'
*

- L.) The orig.

enemy

is enemy ost.O. F.

or M. E. foreigner.* L. host, a host, army.

(orig. a

hostem, ace. of hostts, an

stranger, a guest) ; hence, a hostile army, a host -f Russ. gotfe, a guest, stranger; A. S. g e\t bee Guest. Doublet, gitett. (,3), the consecrated bread "of the L. hostia, a victim in a euchanst. (L.)
t
;

by the Dutch, in derision of their speech, which bounded like stammeiing, or a repetition of the syllables hot and tot. En is Dutch for and hence Du. hot en tot hot' and 'tot.' Cf. M. Du. hateren, to stammer, Du. tateten, to stammer. Hondah, Howdah, a seat fixed on an elephant's back. (Hind. Aiab.) Hind. haudah Arab, hawdaj, a litter carried by a camel, a seat placed on an elephant's
'
'

'

back.

Host

sacrifice
is slain.'

O. Lat fostia, lit. that which L. hostire, O. Lat. *fostire to

( t

Hock, the joint in the hindleg of an animal, between knee and fetlock ; in man, the back part of the knee-joint.
usually hotk\ formerly hough. A. S hah, the heel; Teut. Icel. ha-, the hock, in type *hanhoz. ha- sin, hock -sinew. See Heel. Hock is a later form and prob. arose from the
(K.^

Hough,

Now

strike.

M. H. hough.

Hostage. (F.-L.)
hostage (F.
o\tatje).

O. F. hostage, a

We

ofage, Ital. ostaggio, O. Prov also find Ital statico, a

and (according to Diez), both ostaggio and statico answer to a Late L. lorm *obsidaticns, from Late L, obsidatus,
hostage;
the

comp.
A.
S.
,

'hough-sinew/ spelt hohsinu in and hoxene, hoxne in O. Fries.

(in

condition of a hostage L. obsid-, stem of 0&Hj, a hostage, one who lemains behind with the enemy. L. ob^idere, to
stay.

(A.S //j>^). Sec G. hcchsc and see Hox. Der. hough,

q. v.

Kluge)
;

vb.

hox,

L.

ol>,

at,

on, near;
is

^edere^ to

sit.

^f

Another evplnnation

from Late L.
as

*ho$pitalicuni)

a receiving

a guest;

from L. hospit-, for hospes. a host; seel Kw6$), Skt.

247

Hound, a dog. <j<;.) A. S. hund.+ Du. hond, Jcel. hundr, Dan. Swed. G. hund, Goth, hunds. Teut. t>pe *hun-doz, rn. Allied to L. canis, Gk. KVWV (gen.
c/van-, a

dog; also to

Irish cu,

HOUR
sz$t

HUDDLE
Bohemian haufnice, orig. a sling for casting a stone; Jungmann, Bohem. Diet. i. 662. Cf. F. obus, from the same. Howl. (E.) M. E. houlen. M. Du. huylen Dan. hyle ; G. heulen, to howl. cf. L. Of imitative origin tilulare, to howl, whence O. F. hullcr.

a dog, Russ. suka, a bitch, Lith. Brugm. i. 609. (stem szun-), a dog. The final -d may have been suggested by confusion with Teut. *henthan-, to catch. See Hunt.
ci,

W.

Sour.

(F.

-L.-Gk.)

O.F./wre(.

\j. hora. Gk. wpa, a season, heure). hour. Allied to Year. Hour!, a nymph of Paradise. (Pers. Arab. ) Pers. hurT, one virgin of Paradise, hura, hur, a virgin of Paradise, black-

Hox, to hamstring.
is

(E.)
sb.,

For hocks, which

from hock-sinew,

O. Fries, hoxene,

From Arab. hawrdy eyed nymph. of ahwar, having fine black eyes.

fern,

Souse. (E ) M.E. hous. A. S hus. 4- Du. huis, Icel. /itis, Dan. huus, Swed. Teut. type hus, Goth, hus, G. haus. Possibly allied to Hut, *husom, n. Hoard from -/KKUDH, to hide. See
,

hoxne, A. S. hoh-sznu, hough-smew. A. S. hoh, hough; sinu, sinew; see Hough. Cf. E. Fries, haksene, lit. heel-smew,' but also the hamstring (of a horse). Du. (i), a kind of sloop. (Du.) heu, heude, a flat-bottomed merchant-ship ; heude ; Flemish huit a hoy. M. Du. hode, (2), stop (E.) M. E. hoy. Cf. Du. hm ! hoy come well Allied to Ho.
'

Hoy

Hoy

'

Hoard, Hide
sense
is
*

(i).

The ong. eucharist. (E.) 1 M. E. housel. A. S. Allied to kftsel.+ Goth, hunsl, sacrifice.
sacrifice.

SOUS el, the

Brugm.

i.

796.

Hoiden. Hoyden D, a projection the same as Hob

Hu

see

(i ).

Hubbub.
ub,
interj
.

Imitative. Cf. Gael. (E.) of aversion. Formerly also

Lith. szwentas, holy, consecrated ; Zend Brugm. i. 377. spznta-, holy. Housings, trappings of a horse. (F. The old form was hous ; -ings Teut.) has been added. F. housse, a coveilet, *a foot-cloth for a horse ;' Cot. (Low L. Low L hucia, husia, Jiussia, the same) II. G. hitlst, a cover. type *hulstta

whoobub, a confused noise. Hubbub was confuted with hoop-hoop, reduplication of hoop and whoobub with whoop-hoop. See Hoop (2\ "Whoop.
;

Huckaback,
(Low G.
1

a
cf.

suit

?)

The
'

orig.

pedlar's

ware

Low

of linen cloth. sense was prob.

huckebak, pick-a-back.

G. hukkebak, G. See Huckster.

)

A. S hulstr. a case, sheath Goth, huhstr, a covering. From *hu!-, weak grade of Teut. *helan- (A. S helan\ to cover, hide; cf. O. II. G. and

led.

Huckle-berry. (E
hcorot-bcrge,
i.

The same
A.

as
S.

heolstor,

hurtle-, whottle-^ hurt-, hart-berry.

e.

Du hulltn, to cover. Hovel, a small hut.

(F.-Teut.?)

M.E.

O. II. G hitba (G. haube\ a hood huyue, a tilt of a cart.

hovel, hovil, a shed. Perhaps from O. *huvel-, as in huvdct, a penthouse.

;

hart-berry Huckle-bone, the hip-bone. (E.) Jiuckle is a small joint/ Cf. E. Fries. hiikken, to bend, stoop, crouch see below. Huckster. (<>. Low G.) M. E. hukhucster. Formed with the fern, stere,

'

M. Du.

suffix -ster (for

M. Du. huckcr, Low G.

P.

(E.) frequentative of M. E. hdven}, to be poised, to stay, cf. heave tarry, wait. Origin uncertain ^f The W. hofio, to hover, is borrowed from M. E. houen.

Hover.
{

which see Spinster), from hoker, a hawker,

also a stoopei, bender, one

who

stoops.

houen

The hawker or Jmckster was so named fiom his bowed back, bent under his burden from M. Du. hucken, to stoop
;

M.E. hou, hu\ A. S. (E. hu. Closely related to A. S. hwd, who; see "Who. -|- O. Fries, hu, O. Sax. hwd, Du.
(i).

How

Cf. Icel. hokinn, bent, pp. of a lost strong verb (Teut. *heukan-} also Icel. huka, to sit on one's hams, Low G. hiiken, to crouch. See Du. heuker,
;

under a burden.

hoe.
Icel.

HOW (2), a
Dan
hoi, a

hwahva, how Gk. ircus. (ScandO M. E. hogh haugr, a hill Swed. hog, a mound
Cf. Goth,
;

hut ken

in

Franck.
(E.)

hill.

Huddle.
;

M.

E. -hoderen, hodren,

hill.

Allied
;

to

Icel.

har,

which is an equivalent form, meaning to huddle together, as under a coveit or

frequentative related to M. E. huden, to hide; see Hide (i \ fl" But the mod. E. sense of huddle seems to be due
shelter,

Swed. hog, Dan.

HowdaJl
Bohemian.) a howitzer
;

see hot, high see Houdah.

High.
(G. haulntze,

Howitzer,

short

cannon.

Borrowed from

to

Du

hoetelen.
cf.

Mo

floe a

thing unskilly,'

foimerly spelt hauffmtz

Ilexham;
248

G. hudeln, to bungle.

HUE
Hue (i), show, appearance, colour.
M. E. hewe. A.
S.

HUMID
(E.)
hed, appear;

hiw, heow,

ance.-4-Swed. hy, skin, complexion kiwi, form, show.

Goth.

(2), clamour, outcry. (F.-Teut) ' In the phr. ' hue and cry A. F. hu et M. E. hue, a loud cry. O. F. hu, a cri. M.H.G. hu, interj. cry; huer, to hoot.
;
;

Hue

huzen, to hoot;
see

M. Swed. huta,

to hoot

Hoot.

to puff, bluster, bully. (E.) The old sense is to puff, blow hard; hence to

a husk, lit. ' covering ; ' from the same root as G. hulse, a husk, viz. Teut. *hul- weak grade of Teut. *helan(A. S. See Hell. helari], to cover. ' Hull (2), body of a ship. (Du.) From Du. hoi, hold. * Het hoi van een schip, the ship's hold or hull;' Sewel. See Hold ,2). Or the same as hull (i). M. E. hummen (i), to buzz. (E.) an imitative word. 4- G. hummen, Du.
t

Hum

Huff,

hommelen, to hum.

Cf.

bluster, vapour. Cf. Lowl. Sc. puff.

An

hum

Hem

(2).

(2),

hech, to breathe,

breathe
^f

imitative word, like kauch, a forcible puff, hard ; G. hanchen, to

;

ticular use of

To
blow

means

'

to

huff, at draughts, '

it
;

simply was customary to

;

blow upon the piece removed cf. Lowl. Sc. blaw, to blow, also to huff at draughts Dan. blase en brtkke, to huff (lit. blow) a

meant sound expressive of contempt also to applaud see (Cor. v. i. 49) Richardson, and Todd's Johnson. Hence it meant to So also flatter, cajole, trick.
to utter a
;

to trick, cajole. (E.) hum, to buzz ; it also

A
;

par-

man

Port, zttmbir, to buy/, zombar, to jest Span, zumbar, to hum, also to jest. Der. hum, sb., a hoax.

(Scand. ?) XVI cent. Uncertain. Perhaps of Scand. cf. Icel. hugga, to soothe, comfoit origin hugga barmS, to soothe a child, huga, to
closely.
; ;

Hug,

at draughts. to embrace

mind; hugna,
joy.

to please;
;F.

M.
?)

I)u. )ieuge,

Huge, vast.
hotige.

- Teut.

M.

a has dropped. A. I". ahoge\ O. F. ahuge, ahugue, huge, vast (i 2th cent.). Of unknown origin perhaps allied to Icel. haugr, a hill, whence O. F.
initial
;

An

E. huge,

hoge, hogtte, a hill; see

How (i).

Huguenot,

G.) sonal name Huguenot. This name was use Uvo centuries at least before the and is a dimin. of F. Hugon, Reformation, ace. case fiom the nom. Hugues, Hugh.
in

a French protestant. (F. huguenot; as if from the per-

-M. H.G. ffilg, Hugh. 2. Hut this form was due to popular etymology. The ong. fotm was G. eidgenosi, a confederate,
Swiss

L.) Formeily //&*/#??*. 'humane, manly;' Cot. L. ace. humanum, human. L. homo, a man lit. a creatuie of earth,' from see humble. f A. S. humus, ground guma, a man. humane. (L ) Directly from L. hutnanus, (i human, (2\ kind (above). humble. (F.-L.; F. humble. \*. hunnlem, ace. of hitmilts, humble, lowly, near the ground. L. humus, the ground. Cf. Gk. xanai, on the ground, Russ. zemha, earth, land. Biugm. i. 604. Humble-bee, a humming-bee. (E.) From the verb humble, for hummle> freCf. Du. hommel, a quentative of hum. humble-bee, fiorn hommelen, to hum, (i. hummel, a humble-bee, from hummen, to hum Swed. hum la, a humble-bee.
(1*.

Human.
;

P. hiimaui,
'

Humbug
4

a hoax, piece of trickery.

appearing as

Romance

Humlwg, a false alarm, a bugbear/ Dean Milks MS. (cited in Halliwell).

(E.)
1 Drolleries, bonmots, A. D. 1 740.
*
*

eingenot,

and humbitgs
ot

'
;

about

//^w0,apiotestant (Wedgwood). l<rom G <??</, nn oath (see Oath), and genois^ A. S. gen cat, a companion, ^f 15 ialse etymologic* of this word are noted by
Schclcr.

Compouncltd

hum, hoax,
'

and bug, a spectre, ghost, Lugbear; the sham bugbear orig. sense being see hum (2) and Bug. Der, humbug, -\b.
;

a heavy ship. (Late L.-G1O K. hulke. A. S. huh - La to L. hulka, also huh it m, holt as, a kind of Gk. ship a ship which is towed, also a oAas,

Hulk,
.

humdrum,
Humeral, -

dull, droning. (E/)

Com-

pounded oi hum, a buzzing noise, and drum, a droning sound; see Drum.
belonging to the shoulder.

heavy

ship,

drag.

merchantman. Gk. c\ictiv to draw, Cf. L. suhus, a furrow. Der

t

Late L. humcrahs, belonging to the (L.) shoulder. L humcrus, the shoulder; better *////<>? w.+Gk. w/xos, Goth,

hulking,

i.

e.

amsa,

from M. E. hulke, A.

bulky, unwieldy,

^f Distinct

Skt. amsa-, the shoulder.

Hull

S. hulc, a hovel.

(i),

husk. (E.)

M.E. huh. A.S.

249

Humid,

Brugm. i. 163. moist. (F.-L.) F. humide. L. hiimidus, better umidus, moist L.

HUMILIATE
cf. uuens, humere, umere, to be moist Gk. vypos, moist. ituidus, udtts, moist
; ;

HURRY
cf.

Related to hunt, sb., a hunting. Teut. *hunth~, weak grade of *henthan-, Humiliate. (L.) From pp. of L. to seize; see Hent. Cf. Brugm. i. 701. Hurdle. (E.) M. E. hurdel A. S. Aumi/idrfyto humble. ^L.humilts, humble; a dimin. from a Teut. base see Humble. hyrdd - L. ) M. E. humilitee. *hurth- also eaily A. S. hyrjnl. 4- Du. humility. ( F. (). F. humiliteit, humility. L. humili- horde, Icel. hurd, G. hurde, M. H. G. L. hurt, a hurdle; Goth, haurds, a door. tatem, ncc. of humilitas, humility. Allied to L. crates, a hurdle, Gk. icaphumilis, humble a mound, ra\o$, a (woven) basket. Cf. Skt. krt, The sense is a ' plaited * thing. It appears to spin. hillock, rounded mass. (\L] to be a variant of hump 01 hunch. Brugm. i. (VQERT.) 529, 633. moisture. (F. L.) orig. Hurdygurdy, a kind of violin, played a handle. (E.) From Lowl. See Trench, Select Glossary, and Study of by turning Words. The four humours, accoidmg to Sc. hirdygirdy, a confused noise; also Cf. Lowl. Galen, caused the four temperaments of hirdum-dirdum , the same.
;
;

Hummock, Hommock,

Humour,

mind, viz. choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic, and sanguine. O. F. humor (F. humeur).
L. umorem, ace. of fimor, moistuie. L. umere, to be moist ; see Humid. a lump, bunch, esp. on the back. ' (E ) Hump, a hunch, or lump,' West' Halliwell moreland Not found in M. E. Cf. E Files, humpe, hump, a bit, lump -f Du homp, a lump, bunch Low G. humpel, a heap. Cf Lithuan. kumpas, hunched. Parallel to hunch, q. v. Hunch., a hump, round mass. (E,.} palatalised form of prov. E. hunk, a lump. Appaiently a parallel form of hump,

Sc. hurr, to snarl, gurr, to growl.

1

'

Som

Hump,

Cf. W. Hem. hunke hunk of bread (De Bo) and perhaps Du. honk, a starting-post, ong. imitative ougin; cf. Dan. hurye, to buzz, Icel. hurr, a noise. a stump see Franck. So also M. H. G.

with nk for mp.

Irood^ a

vsep strange wlaffyng, chytenng, harryng and garryng ^somz people use a strange babbling, chattel ing. snarling and growling Spec, of English, ed. Morns and Formed on the Skeat, p 241, 1. 163. model of hitrlyburly. See Hurry. Hurl. (E.) M. L. hurlen, horlen. Not in A. S. perhaps of Scand. origin. Cf. E. hurleblast, a humcane, hurlepool, Also whnlpool, hurlcimnd, whirlwind. E. Fries, hurrcl, a gust of wind hurreln, blow in gusts; hurrcl-ivind, a whirlto wind. Explained by Swed. dial, hurra, to whir, whirl round whence hurrel, a whnl, hun el-wind, a whirlwind. Qf
,

'

'

from the sound. (E.) M. E. hundred. A. S. Jwrren, to move quickly hundred; a compound word. A. S hund, Cf. Hurly-burly, Hurry. and -red, with the sense of a bundled Hurlyburly, a tumult. (F.-L.) A reckoning or rate, to denote the rate of reduplicated word, the second syllable Cf. Icel. hund-rad, ong 1 20 counting. being an echo of the first [Cf. M. F. G. hund-ert. This suffix is allied to Goth. hurlubcrlu, tumult, in Rabelais (v. prol.).] see Rate (n. The short form hurly also occurs see K. rafijo, number, L. ratio O.F. hurlee, a howling, P. The A. S. hund is cognate with L. John, iii. 4. 169. centum, answering to an Idg. form *ksm~ outcry, great noise ong. fern. pp. of L. ululdre, to howl. tdm, perhaps for *dekdmt6m, a decad, hurler^ to howl. allied to Goth, taihunte-hund, a hundred, Trob. confused with Hurl. which Brugmann explains as SfKaSwv fiacas. Hurrah. (G.) From G. hurra, Cf. also GK. kicar&v, Skt. $atam, IV" s. sad, M. H. G. hurra. Of imitative origin Lith. sztmtas, Russ. sto, Irish cead, W. see Hurl. cant, a hundred. Brugm. i. 431, ii. 179. Hurricane, whirlwind. (Span. See Ten. Carib. Caribbean.) Span, huracan, A. S. hunger, -f Icel. huracan (Oviedo). (E.) Hunger. hungr, Swed. Dan. hunger, Du. honger, Hurry. (K.) Not allied to harry. G. hunger Goth, hithrus, hunger. Teut. Formed from an older base hurrlike Allied to scurr-y from skir. M. E. horien, to hurry types *hungruZj *hunkruz m. Lith. kanka, suffering. Alht. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 883). -f Brugm. i. 639. Hunt, to chase wild animals. (E.) M. Swed. hurra, to swing, whirl round ; M. E. hunten. A. S. huntian, to capture Swed. dial, hurra, to whirl, hurr^ sb.,
; ;

Hundred.
'

'

250

HURST
hurry, haste.
Cf. Dan.

HYDRAULIC
hurre, to

hum,

whir; Icel. hurr, a noise; M. H. G. See Hurl; hurren, to move swiftly. and cf. whir, whiz, of similar imitative origin whence whurry, to hurry (Nares). Hurst, a wood. (E.) M. E. hurst
;

A. S. hyrst.
thicket
;

M. H. G.

hurst, a shrub,

E. Fries, horst. ; to dash against, to harm. (F.) M. E. hurten, hirten, (i) to push, dash O. F. hurter (F. against; (2) to injure.

G. horst

Hurt,

heurter\ to strike or dash against. Of unknown oiigm. Hardly fiom Celtic (Thurneysen, p. 81). The Ital form is urtare, possibly from L, *urtum unused supine of urgere, to press on (KortingV hurtle, to dash (F.) M. E hurt ten, frequent, of hurten (above).
t

The mod. use (Scand.) properly husting, sing., and means a council, an assembly for the choice of a candidate. M. E. husting. A. S. husting. Icel husfiing, a council, Icel htis, a house J>ing, a thing, meeting. also an assembly see House and Thing. Cf. Swed. Norw. and Dan. ting, the same as Icel. /*>/. Hustle, to jostle. (Du.) For htitsle. Du. hutselen, to shake up and down, huddle together; frequent, of M. Du. Du. hotsen, to shake. See liutsen,

Hustings.
incorrect
;

is

it

is

Hotchpot.
hot) curds;

Cf.

prov. G. hotze,

swing; Lowl.
hotter, to jolt.

hotten, to curdle; a cradle, a Sc. hott, to move by jerks,

Du.

Icel. hiisbondi, (Scand.) the master of a house, the goodman short for hitsbuandi. \<:\. ///7r, house; buandi, dwelling in, pres. pt. of bua, to dwell see Boor. So also Swed. hus;

Husband.

bonde,

Dan

husbond.
(E.)

Der. husband man,

husht, whist, be a pp. Cf

husband-ry.

Hush.
'

M. E.

- O. H. G.) hotte, - F. (F. a cottage; Cotgrave. O. H. G. hutta (G. hutte), a hut 4* Swed. hydda, a hut. Perhaps i elated to Hide (i). Hutch, a box. (F.-Low L.) 'M. E. Y. huchc, a hutch, bin. huche, hucche. Late L. hutica^ a hutch, box of unknown Pei ha ps Teutonic; cf O. G, origin. huotan (G huten}, to take care of. See

Hut.

ME.

huttc,

silent; piob. taken to Swed. hyssja, Dan. hyssc, to hush; Dan. A purely imitative word, allied fiys, hush

Heed.
Iluzzah is (E.) G. hussa, huzza h M. II. G. hurta, huirah So also Sued, and D.n. hurra, huirah! Cf. M. H. G. httrren, to move quickly; Dan. //un'e, to
also written huzza.
Cf.
'
'

Huzzah, Hurrah.

to

/it vs.

Husk,
-k
is

shell

(E.)
suffix
;

M.

E. huske.
S.

The
hfis,

a house. Cf. Low G. huskc, a little house, E. Fries, huikc a little house, core of an M. Du. huysken, a apple, small case little house, a case, a husk of fruit (Kilian).
;

a dimin

from A.

hum, buzz.
F.

Hyacinth,
hyacmthe
an
iris,

See Hurry. a flower.

(I.-L.

Gko

xii'Oosj

Gk. vaL. hyacinthus larkspur (not our hyacinth).

See House. Husky, hoaisc

to

Doublet, jacinth
(E.)

Apparently allied
;

Hyaena

see

Hyena.

L. hibrida, mongiel. (L.) Some hybnda, a mongrel, a hybrid. Hussar. (G. Hungarian Seivian. connect it with Gk. vffpid-, stem of vfipts, Gk. L.) but it may Hussars, Husares* Coles insult, wantonness, violation G. be Latin. (i 684). Hung. I/uszar. Serv. \usar, hussar, robber, sea-robber Hydra, a water-snake. (L. Gk.) L. Late Gk KO vpadptcs, a corsair, hydra. Gk. vSpa, water-snake. Gk. (Popovic'). Late L. cutsdn'us, a i/5-cup, water. Cf. Skt. udra-s, a waterpirate (Ducange). L. ctirsus^ a course see Corsair, animal, otter, A. S. oter. corsair. Doublet, otter. ^f The woid is older than the story about And see "Water. Brugm. i. 572. Mathius Corvinus (1458); see N. and Q hydrangea, a flower. (Gk.) A coined 8 S. li. 156; Miklosich, name, referring to the cup-form of the p. 148. Short for capsule, or seed-vessel. From Gk. f/5/>-, Hussif, Hussy. (E.) i. e. hu$- in for #8cu/>, water dyyctov, a vessel. cf. huswife house-wife husband see Husband and House. hydraulic, relating to water in 1T ^ n the sense of case for needles, thread, motion. (F. L. -Gk.) F, hydmulique*
'

prov. E. husk, dry, parched lefeiencc to the dryness of husks.

with

Hybrid,

Huw.

>

'

&c.,' ' ion

Icel.

it
;

must mean
is,
*

house-wife's

companthat

it

however, remarkable
a ca?e.'

hnsi means

L hydraulicus. Gk. uSpavA*/cos, belonging to a water- organ. Gk. vftpavKis, an organ worked by water. Gk. &$p- t for

251

HYDRODYNAMICS
v8<vp,
drjfju,

HYSON
L. hyphen, for Gk.
w/>cV, lit.
'

water
I

av\6s, a pipe, tube (allied to

under

one.*

blow; see Air).

of water in motion.
foi

Gk.
(Gk.) and E.
see

hydrodynamics, the science relating

to the force

one Simple).

for viro, under ; &>, neut. of &, sim- in simplex \ see (allied to
v</>-,

Gk.

v8po~,
-,

vdcap,

water

dynamics

a word

of

Gk.

oiigin;

Dynamics.
a very light gas. (Gk.) 'generator of water.' Gk. t/5/)o-, for v8wp, water and the base jV", to produce; see Genesis. hydropathy, the water-cure. (Gk.) Gk. vdpo-, for vbcap, water; ndO-os, suffersee Pathos. ing, endurance of treatment hydrophobia, fear of water. (L. Gk.) Late L. hydrophobia. Coined from

The name means

hydrogen,

Hypo-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. vir6, under; cognate with L. sub. Hypochondria, a mental disorder inNamed ducing melancholy. (L. Gk.) from the spleen (which was supposed to cause it), situate under the cartilage of Late L. hypochondria, the breast-bone
Gk. for L. hypochondria, s. pi. ; vTroxovSpia, sb. pi., the parts beneath the
fem. sb.

Gk. vSpo-, for v5o>p, water; fright, allied to tf>t/3o/xcu, I flee

</>o/3os,

fear,

hydropsy, dropsy. (F. - L. - Gk.)

;

(y'BHEG.)
the
jp-.

Gk. virb, under; xo*>5pos, a breast-bone. coin, grain, gristle, cartilage of the breastbone (cognate with G. grand, gravel, and Der. hipp-ish, q. v. allied to E. grind}. pretence to virtue. (F.

Hypocrisy,
Gk.)

L.
i

Jh

hypocrisie.

Formerly dropsie or ydropsie dropsie being due to loss of

hydropisie.

form
F.

Tim.

iv.

2.

Gk.

viroKptais,

L. hypocrisis, a reply,

M.

hydropisia. Late Gk. *vbp<jumffis, not found, from Gk. diopsy, extended from v5po-, for Der. dropsi-c -al. p, water. hydrostatics, the science which
hydropisis,
treats of fluids at rest for v5a>p,

answer, playing a pait on a stage, acting Gk. inroKpivoftai, I reply, play of a part. a part. Gk. vir6, under; KpivofjLai, I con-

See tend, middle voice of Kpivou, I judge. Der. hypocrite, F. hypocrite, L. Critic. hypocnta, Gk. viroKpiTrjs, a dissembler,
Matt.
vi. 2

(Gk.)
a

Gk.
v.

#8/>o-,

water

and Statics, q

hog- like quad[M.E. hyene\ from Gk.) ruped. (L. O. F. hyene.~\ L hycena. Gk. vaiva, a hyena; lit. sow-like.' Gk. u-s, a sow, with fem. adj. cognate with E. Sow
*

Hyena, Hyaena,

belonging to the lower L. Gk ) (F. part of the abdomen. Late L hypogasM. F. hypogasti ique. tricus, belonging to the lower part of the Gk. vrroydffrptov, lowei part of the belly.

Hypogastric,

belly

suffix -cui/a.

see Hypo- and Gastric. Hypostasis. (L.-Gk.)

;

L.

hypo-

Gk. t/ir(Wa(m, a standing under, a Cf. Skt. stv, groundwork, subsistence, substance, vnqv, the god of marriage. Person of the Trinity. Gk vito, under; to connect, lit to sew see Sew. Hymn. ( F. L. Gk. ) M E ympne OTaais, a standing, from ^STA, to stand.

Hymen.

(L.

Gk.)
;

L.

hymen

Gk.

stasis.

(with

excrescent /).

O. F.

ynme

(later; See Statics.

\

hym'num,
Gk.
,

ace. of L.

a song, festive Hypallagfe, an interchange. (L. Gk.) Gk. vira\\a~ffj, an interL. nypallage. Gk. im-o, under ; change, exchange. a\Xayrjj change, from a.X\aaaetv, to change

hymnus. song, hymn,

Hypotenuse. (F. - L. - Gk.) Also "L. F. hypotenuse. hypothenuse (badly). dV. virordvovoa, the subhypotenusa. fem. of pres part, of virotending (line) TfiVfti/, to subtend, lit. to stretch under.
;
<

-^TEN.

from aAAoj, another.

See Alien.

Hyper-,
)

L. hyper-, Gk. yond, allied to L. super. Hence hyperbaton, a transposition of words from natural order, lit. 'a going beyond' (from
paivciv, to go)
cast)
;

prefix, denoting excess. (L. for Gk. vWf>, above, be-

Englished from M.F. L. hypotheca hypotheque, a mortgage. Gk. vnoOrj/crj, lit. 'support;' (the same). a pledge, mortgage. Gk. vir6, under 0r;-,
)
;

Hypothec, a Gk L. (V.

legal lien

on property.

as in

Ti-Ori-iii, I

place.

(^DHE.)
(L.

hyper-bole, exaggeration,

hypothesis, a supposition.
Gk. hypothesis. under, supposition.
;

Gk. vnp0o\'l] (from &d\\(iv, to throw,

extreme northern hyper-borean (from fioptas, north wind). Hyphen, a short stroke (-) joining two parts of a compound word. (L. Gk.)
,

L.

vir60ns, a

Gk.) placing
;

Gk. vn6, under from the same root as the above. See Thesis. Hyson, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In
a placing

252

HYSSOP
the

IDIOT

Gk. (Wtyiros, an aromatic plant our hyssop). Heb. czobh, a plant not exactly known what plant).
L.
)

2. Icel. jokull is the dimin. chhun-t^ lit. isjakeL 'spring tea,' from chhun, spring, and #, of Icel. jaki, a piece of ice, cognate with Said to have been orig. from hi Irish aig, W. tat, ice. tea. Brugm. i. 305. chhun, lit. Ichneumon. (L.-Gk.^ L. ichneublooming spring,' i. e. early From Chin, hi, blooming chhun t mon. Gk. ixvtvuow, an ichneumon crop. lit. a tracker,' because it tracks spring. (lizard) Hyssop, a plant. (F.~ L.-Gk -Heb.) out (and devours) crocodiles' eggs. Gk. M. E. ysope. O. F. hyssope. 'L. hyssopu^ ixvefaiv, to track. Gk. tx^os, a footstep.
' ;

Amoy

dialect

called

'

(not
(it
is

Ichor,
(Gk
)

the juice in the veins of gods.

juice.

Gk. IX&P,

also ichthyology, from \6yos, a discourse, t Gk. vvrfpa, the womb. Prob. \yiv, to speak. from Gk. vcrrfpos, latter, lower, comparaIcicle ; see Ice. tive from the Idg. base out see </-, Iconoclast, a breaker of images. Uterine and Out. Coined from Gk. cfcopo-, from (Gk.)
hysterical.
;

Hysteric, convulsive, said of fits Gk. M. F. hysterique. L liystet icus. Gk. v<TTpiK6s suffering in the womb;

(F.

Ichthyography, description of fishes

(Gk.)

Gk.

ixOvo-,

from
to

-ypatyia,

from

ypa<f>ttv,

ix#vs, a fish ; describe. So

tifcuv,

(but

I.
I, nom. case of first pers. pronoun. (E/ M. E. (Northern) ik, '; (Southern) ich, A. S. *V.+Du. ik, Icel ek* Dan. uch, i. jeg> Swed.y^, Goth, ik^ G. ich, Lith. asz, Russ, ia, L. ego, Gk l-yo;, 70^, Skt aham
Idg. base,

tckdcrTrjs, a vme-pruner a breaker), from K\betv to break. Icosahedron, a solid figuie with
;

an image

lit.

From Gk. twenty equal faces. (Gk.) iKoo~t, twenty t'Spa, a base, lit. a seat, from the base 45-, to sit see Sit.
; ;

L. idea -Gk. iSc'a, the look or semblance of a thing, species

Idea. (L.-Gk.)
notion)

(hence,

Gk.

Idtiv,

to

see.

EGII- and EG; .

(^

Me is from a different base. 434. see In- (3") I-, neg. prefix Iambic, a certain metre, a short and a L. iambilong syllable (-). (L.-Gk.)

Biugm.

n.

same. (L.) ForFormed as if merly identic, idcntick. from Med. (^scholastic) L identicus, adj. suggested by identi-tas see below.

WEID.) See Wit. Identical, the very

cus.

Gk.

lafjtfitKos.

Gk.

i'a/*#os,

an iambic
(Origin

foot,

iambic

identity,
L.)

verse,

lampoon

sameness.

identitl

(F -Late L. Late L. ~,cc. identita;

doubtful.) Ibex, a genus of goats. (L/) L ibex L. Ibis, a bird. (L.-Gk. -Egypt.)
Ubis.

Gk.
(E.)

r#<s,
;

Egypt, origin

Ice.
?js,

Jcel.

Teut.
is

m, type *ww,
cf.

Of Egyptian bird. Coptic hippen (Peyron"). M. E.jj>9, ??>. A.S. fj. Du. Dan. us, Swed. is, G. eis.
an
cf.

neut.
;

Der.

ice-berg,

quite a

modern word
,

the latter element

and G. berg, Norw. and guage. Gk. <'5<oo>, 1 make my own. Swed i sly erg, Dan itsbjerg, G. ehbcrg, an Gk. ifitos, own. Also iceberg; (piob. a Norxv. word). idiosyncrasy, peculiarity of tema field of ice, perament, ice-blink, Dan. iis-blink Cf. F. idiosyncrasie. (Gk.) from Dan. blinkc, to gleam. trom Gk. tSio-9, own; crvy-Kpaais, a M. E. isikel, iscyokel-, blending together, from avy- (^=avv^ toicicle. (E.) from M. E ys, ice, and ike/, a point of ice gether, See Oasis. tcpacris, a mingling. A.S. ts-giul, an icicle; also written F. Miof.-L. idiot. (F.-L.-Gk.^ ises gicel, where Tses i* the gen. case. ntiMa, an ignorant, uneducated person. Gicel, O. Mcic. (Sweet, O. E. T.), Gk. i5io;T7;y, a private person hence, one means 'a small piece of ice. '4- Icel. iss- who is inexperienced (j Cor. xiv, 16). jokull though jokull ia gtn. used by Gk. titoojy 1 make my own. Gk. fSios, itself in the sense of icicle Low G. is- own.
Swed.,

the Du., Norvv

a mountain;

L. identi-, occurring in tcm, sameness. with suffix -tas. idcntidem, repeatedly L. idem, the same L. /'-, and -dctn ; from Idg. pronominal bases I and DE. Ides, the 1 5th day of Maich, May, July, Octobei 13th of other months. L ) F. idts. L. ftftis, ides. (F. Idiom, peculiar mode of expression. L. F. ( Gk.) F. idiomc. L. idioma. Gk !5m>/4a, an idiom, peculiarity of lan;

Du.

y'st't-rg,

^7^

IDLE
vain,

ILLUSTRIOUS
;

M.E. Me!. A. S. idtl, (E.) empty, useless, -f- Du. ifdel, vain G. eitel, Dan. idel, Swed. idel, mere
Idle.
;

vain, trifling.

Origin doubtful.

Idol. (F.-L.-G1O
idolum

O.F,
seem
;

&/<?.- L.
lSttv t

Gk.
see.
/<z/r?>,

ctStuXoy, an t5o/ucu, I appear,

Gk.

image, likeness.
to
fc-

&c. logical] for which see legal, legible, And see illicit. Iliac, pertaining to the smaller intesto the tines. (F. L.) F. iliaque, belonging flanks. Formed from L. ilia, sb. pi., flanks, See also Jade (2). groin.

(VWEID.) Der
Late
1,.

idolatry,

Iliad, an
Iliad-,
'lAtaS-,

F.

tdolatria, shortened

form of

L. Gk.) epic poem. (L. stem of Jhas, the Iliad. - Gk. Gk. stem of 'IA*ay, the Iliad.

idololatria, from Gk. fl5ou\o-\arp(ia, service to idols (where Xarpda, service, is

"IXtos,

Ilios,

said to have

had

commonly known as Troy; its name from (a mythical)

from

Aarpt's,

a hired servant, Xarpov, hireV

Ilus, grandfather

idyl, idyll, a pastoral poem. (L L idyllium. Gk. a5t/XAioi/, a short Gk. efSos, form, shape, descriptive poem. Gk. e?t>o/xcu, I appear (see above). figure. If, conj. (E.) M. E. // A. S. 7/+Icel.
Gk.)
ef,
if,

Hence

idolater, &c.

of Priam, and son of Tros (whence Troy) M.E. ///<?. -Icel. 111, bad. (Scand.)
,

illr (later illr

ilde, ill,

ill,

adj

Swed.

ilia,

Dan.

O. Fries.

uf
t

gef, ef,

ibat, interrog. particle, jabai^ if; with which cf. I)u of, if, whether, G. ob, whether, ' also O. II. G. ibu, if, lit. on the condition,'

O.^Sax. ef,

Not allied to Evil. adv. ([ Illapse, a gliding in, a sudden entrance. L. L. illapuis, sb., a gliding in. (L.) //- (for z;z), in lapsus, a gliding, from pp.
;

Goth,

of lain, to glide.

See Lapse.
inference
(F. illdtionem, a

Illation, an
illation.
in,
(

L.)

F.
latus

ace
L.

bunging
T\r)r6^.

'

dat. of iba, condition,

if, ef, sb.,

doubt Cf. also Icel. See Kluge, s. v. ob Ignition, a setting on fire (L.) F. As if from L. *tgntfio. 'L igignition. L. nitus, pp. of ignire, to set on fire. ignis, fire. +Skt agm- fiie, base *cgnidoubt.
t
;

infeience.

il-

(for in), in;

(

~-//0/.r), boine,

brought

= Gk.

Sec Tolerate.

Illicit, unlawful. (F -L.)

'ilhcitous,'

F. ilhcite,

Cot -L.

ilhcitus, not
-

allowed

cf.

Kuss.

ogone,

Lith.
148.
;

ugms,

*ogm-. Brugm. i fatuus, a vain fire

Hence

fne, base also ignis

igne-ons, adj.
ignoble, not i--^in, not;

Ignoble.
noble.
see

1< (F. -L.) L. i-gnobihs, where

hdtus, pp. of ?-)> not See Licence. lut're, to be allowed. Illision, a striking against (L.) From L illlsio, a striking against. L. illlms, L. ilpp. of illTdere, to strike against. See (for in}, upon, hfdere, to stiike.
L.
il-

(foi

Noble
disgrace
(F.

Lesion.
L.)
F.

Ignominy,
;

Illude,
at.

to deceive

(F.

- L.)

F. t Under,
to

^L i- (for itt), ignominic. L. igndmima. not gnomin-, for gnomen, old form oi

'to illude;'

Cot

L. illudcre,

mock

//-

ffoi

m\, upon, at; Indere, to

,

women, name, fame

s e
i

Noun.
;F. to

jest, play.

See Ludicrous.
t< > <

know. L. ignordre, not z- (for *>/}, not; and base gno- t as in gnoDer. scere - uoscere, to know; see Know. we ignor-ant -ancc also ignoramus, lit. ignore' that, an old law-term.
ignorer
'

Ignore,

to

disregard.

L.'

F. L.

Illuminate
,

n 1 ighten to
;

L. )

From

pp of L. illitnnnare L //- (for in upon

throw light upon. 7/7w/;/-,foi lumen, \Ve also use see Luminary. <f

',

illumine, illume, fioin I illutmnare.

W. Indian.) Span, tguana. Of (Span. West Indian origin Ilayti iuanna,yucina (Eden.). a fossil dinosaur, with
ignanodoil,
teeth like an iguana.

Iguana,

a kind

of American

lizard

Illusion. <F.-L)
ace. illiisionem.

F
,

illuswv
)]>

L.
;

L. illu\nt
(L/J

oii//u icre

Illustrate.
illustrarc,

From
light

the

pp

of

From

iguan-a, and
L.
?;/,

Gk.

H-

o5ov-r-, stem of oSovs, tooth. from *-, prefix, (i), for

:

Exx. il-lapie, picp., when / follows. lusion, &c. when (2), for in-, negative prefix / follows. Exx. il-Ugtil, it-legible, tl-legitiil-

upon. L. *7(for 7,. upon lusttarc, lobhinc (below). illustrious K. L. 0r L. ) A badly citliei from F illustre, or coined won] from the L. illn*tri-s bright, renowned, L, of indmtnous.) f Imitation p. In
to

thiow
.
(

H-

illiistrh , the prefix //- ^ stands for */r?// r-r/r/r,

\

?w),upori; -lustris

from the base

i.

/?7r~,

mate, il-liberal, il-hmitable, il-literate,

il-

as in

Lucid,

q. v.

See Brugm.

760.

254

IM-

IMMUNITY
In some O. F. form
for L. in, in, before
Ital. imbrogliimbroglio, perplexity. Ital. im- (for are, to entangle. *), in; see Broil (2). broglio, a broil, confusion to moisten, drench. Imbrue, M. F. embruer s^embruer^ i to (F. L.)
Ital.

Imb,

(i),

words, imof L. im-, prefix.

(F.-L.) prefix. stands for em- y the

Or

m, or/.
(2), prefix. (E.)

ImImwhen

For E. in

Umbrae,

as in

im-bedj for in- bed.

(3)1 prefix. (L.)
b,

L. im- (for in),

or\*.*\

in,

or

Im-

follows.

imbrue or bedable himself with ; ' Cot. Variant of O. F. embevrer, embreuver, to F. em- (L. in, in) moisten. and a causal
;

(4), prefix.
;

(F.-L.;

Nega:

tive prefix

for L. in-, not. imLxx. material, im-mature, im- measurable, immemorial, im-moderate, im-modest, immoral, im-mortal, im-movable,im-mutable,

im-palpable, im-parity,im-partial, im-passable, im-passive, im-patient, im-peccable, mi-penetrable im-pemtent, im~perceptible, im-perfect, im-perishable, im-personal, impertinent, im-pei turbablc, im-piety, impious, im-placable, im-polite, im politic,
-,

verb -bevrer, to give to drink, turned into -brever in the i6th cent., and then into -bruer ; see F. abreuver in Hatzfeld. O.F. bevrer answers to a L. type *biberdre, to from L. bibere, to drink. give to drink See Beverage. Imbue, to cause to drink in, tinge
;

deeply. (F. L) O.F. imbuer.L, imbuere, to cause to drink in; where -buere is a causal form, apparently allied to tribe? e, to drink.

im-pondet able, im-possible, im-potent, imim-probable, im-proper, improvident, mi-prudent, im-pure\ lor which see material, mature, &c. Image, a likeness, statue. (F.-L.) F.
practicable,
likeness.

Imitate. (L ) From
to imitate
;

pp. of 1>. imitarT, frequentative of *imare, not

found

imdginem, ace. of imago, a P\>rmed, with suffix -ago, from the base im- in im-itdrt, to imitate see
image
;

L. imd-go. See Image. (L.) L. im-maculdtus, L. im- (/or /-), not; macuunspotted. See Maculate. Idtus, spotted. without intervention or
;

cf.

Immaculate.

Immediate,

Imitate.

imagine.
think. L.

^F.

imagmari,
,

F. imaginer, to L.) to picture to oneself,

L. imdgin-, stem of imago, an image, picture >ce above. Der. imagin-

imagine.
ary,

imagm-atwn.
a

Imam, Iniaum,
'he
163.

Muhammedan
leader,
p.

means. (F. M. F. immediat L. L.) im- (for in-), not; mediatus, pp. of L. mcdiarC) to be in the middle. L. medius, middle. See Medium. Immense. (F. L.) F. immense. L. immensus, immeasurable. L im- (for mensus, pp. of mctiri, to in-), not measure. See Measure.
;

Arab, imam, a priest (Arab ) Arab, root chief, prelate, priest.

tended
towards.'

Immerge,
into.

to

amma, immergere
L. plunge.

^pp.

plunge into. (L.) L. im- menus), to plunge

J

Rich.

Diet.,

Imbecile, feeble. (F. L.) formerly laie as an adj.; but the verb imbtcil, to enfeeble, is found, and was confused with embezzle. F. imbecile M. F. imbecille, L. imbecillum, ace 'feeble;' Cotgrave. of imbUcillus (also imbecillis), feeble.
;

im- (for w)> ll1 mergere, to See Merge. Der. immers-ion. Immigrate. (L.) From pp. of L.

(Root unknown.") Imbibe, to drink in. (F.-L. or L.) F. imbiber (i6th cent). L. imhbcre, to drink m. L. im- (for ?;/-), in, bibere, to drink.
,

immigtare, to migrate to. {Im-~m, in.) See Migrate. Imminent, near at hand. (L.) L. imminent-, stem of pres. pt. of im-minere, to project over. L. irn- (for />*), upon; -miner e, to project, as in e-minere.
(1715).

Immit, L

to

In Keisey inject. (L.) im-nnttere, to send into (pp.

;

immissui}. \s. ini- (/), in mittcre, to send. See Missile. Der. irnmiss-ion.

Imbricated,

bent and hollowed like

a gutter-tile. (L.) Botanical. From pp. of L. imbncare, to cover with gutter- tiles. L. imbrii.-, stem of imbrex, a guttertile. L. imbt i-, decl. stem of imber, a shower of rain.-f-Gk. d</>pas, foam; Skt. abhra-, a rain-cloud ; Brugm. i. 466.

From
to

Immolate,
pp. of
;

to offer in saciifice.

(,L.)
lit.

immoldre, to

sacrifice,

throw

inCitl

upon a

victim.

L. im- (foi

in),

upon
(i).

mola, meal, cognate with E.

Meal
(F.

Imbroglio, intrigue,

perplexity. (Ital.)

freedom from obligation. L. immunitl, immunity. immunitatem, ace. of immunitds, exemp-

Immunity,
L.)

F.

255

IMMURE
L. immunis, exempt from public services. L. im- (for in), not; munis, serving, obliging (whence also com munis, common). See Common.
tion.

IMPORT
impingere (pp. impactus\ to bind, fasten; see Pact. See Dispatch. Impede, to obstruct. (L.) From L.
L.

(F.-L.) For emmure.M. F. emmurer, to shut up in prison, lit.

to enclose with a wall. in miirus, a wall,
;

Immure.

impedire, to entangle the feet, obstruct. im- ( = in), in ped-, stem of pes,
;

foot.

L. im-

= "/),

Der. impediment,
(L.)

Impel.

a graft, offspring, demon. (Late Formerly in a good sense, meaning a soon, offspring. M. E. imp, Impend, to hang over. (L.) L. im* a graft on a tiee (A. S. impc} impen, pendcre, to hang over. L. im- (for in], to graft. Late L. impetus, a graft (Lex on, over; pendere, to hang. See PenS.ihca) [whence also Dan. ympe, Swcd. dant. G. iwpiton, to ympa, G impfen, O, Imperative. (F.-L.) F. imptratif, Gk. c/i^wrosr, engrafted L. imperattuus , due to a comgraft], James imperious i. 21. -Gk L. imperdtum, a command ipQvciv, to implant. - Gk. mand. neut.

Imp,

L.

Gk.)

im- (for tn), on; pellere, to drive; see Pulsate. Der. impulse, L. impulsus, sb from the pp. impulsus.
,

L. tm-pellere, to urge on.

I/*- (foi

>),

in;

<l>vii>,

to produce,

from

Q{ imperdt-us pp. oiimperdre, to

,

command.

-V/HHKU,

to be; see Be.

Sec

a striking against. (L.) L. impact-us, pp. of impingere, to impinge. See Impinge.

Impact,

Emperor. imperial. (F.-L.)

later imperial.

to an empire.

empeiren. peirer, later empirer, to nnpaire;' Cot. Late L. impewrdrc, to make worse L. Z//2- (for /'), prep., with intensive force;
(F.

Impair,
L.)

to

M.E

make worse,
'

O. F. emperial, L. imperials,, belonging L. imptrium, an empire.

injuie,

weaken. O. F. cm-

See

Empire
From imFrom Im(4)
(4)

Impertinent.
Pertinent.

and and

Impervious.
Pervious
'

and peior, worbe, a comparative foim fiom Impetus. L ) L impetus, lit. < a falla lost positive. Cf Pessimist a rush, attack. L. im~ (in), on ; ing on Impale, to fix on a stake. (L.) Late petere, to fall, fly, seek. See Petition. L. impdldre (whence l\ ewpa!er\ L. imImpinge, to strike against. (L.) L. (for/\ on pdlus, a stake. See Pale (i). impingere, to strike against. L. im- (in), Impart. (F. -L.) M. F impariir. on, upon pangere, to fasten, also to L. impart Ire, impertire, to give a share to. strike. See Pact.
' ; :

empescher, to hinder, stop, bar, impeach Cot. Older spelling empetstker, where the s is adventitious Littre and Scheler connect the mod. F. empcchcr with Piov. empedegar, from Late L. impedicdre, to fetter.
;
|

Implement, a tool. (Late L.-L.) Late L. implement wn, an accomplishing; L. imhence, means for accomplishing. Impassive. From Im- (4) and Pas- plere, to fill in, execute. L. im- (for in), sive in See Plenary. plere to fill. Impawn. From Im- (3) and Pawn (i ) Implicate. (L.) From pp. of L. imImpeach, to charge with a crime. (F. plicate, to involve. L. im- (in), in; L ) The original sense was to hinder * phcdre, to fold. See Ply. ' to impeach and as, stop their breath,' implicit. (F.-L.) F. imphcite. Holland, tr. of Pliny, b. xi. c. 3. O F. L. implicitus, old pp of imphcdre
; ; t

L. im- ( in), to, upon partire, to part, from parti-, decl. stem of pan, a part. See Part.
=-

'

'

'

Implore. (F.-L.)
implordre, to implore. upon pldrdre, to wail.
;

(above). F. iwplorer. L. im- ( ^ in), on,

Cf. de-plore.

Imply. (F.-L.)
(tn),

and//y; as
the

if

pedica, a fetter, from ped-, stem of pes, a foot.] p. At the same time the usual sense of E impeach and some (at least) of the senses of O. F. empescher above aie due to O. F.
(for in), on,

L.

Coined from L. tmfrom a F. *implier\

still

ini-

upon

but

earliei

impliquer, emploier (^whence E. employ).

F.

form was

See

Ply.

Import.
senses
in,
:

(J) to signify.

In two (F.-L.; or L.) M. F. importer, to

:

empacher, Sp&n.empachar, Ital. impacciare. to delay; fiom a Late L. frequent, form (fitnpacticdre, in Korting, 4110) of L.

L. importdre, to import, bring introduce, cause (2) to bring in from abroad ; directly from the same L. imsignify.

256

IMPORTABLE
(/), portare. Der. import-ant, i. e.
See
\^.

IMPROVISE
much.
(F
j

tm-

in

portdre, to bring,

importing

Port

(i).

L. tmporlabilis, L.) M. F. importable. L. tm- (in-), not; that cannot be borne.

portare, to bear.

importable, intolerable;

obsolete.

not ; F, prendre, from L. prehendere, to See Prehensile. take, seize. Impregnate, to render pregnant. (L.) m From pp. of JL. imptagnare, to impregnate,
?///-

(foi

in},

in

only used in the pres. pt pxfgnans

*pr(egnare, see ;

Pregnant.
,

an heraldic device, with a In Rich. II. iii. L.) L /;;/- i. 25. Also spelt impresa (Nares).-O. V. Cot. imporlun, importunate ; an imprese, an Ital. impresa, troublesome imprese port-units, unfit, unsuitable, * Florio. from L. im- (tn-\ embleme also, an enterprise Grig. hard of access ; of ttnpieso, undei taken (hence, not ; portus, access, a harbour. See Port l<em. Der. itnpo) fun-ate, from pp. of adopted), pp. of imprendcre, to undertake. (2). L. /;/, Late L. trnportunari, to vex, dep. vb. prehenderc^ to lay hold of. L and (ik. F. tm- Doublet, emprtse, an enterprise, Spcnsei, (F.

Importune, to molest.
K. imporitme^ adj
'

M.

From F troublesome
(F,

L.)

Imprese,

motto. (b\

Itai

'

'

'

F. im- (L *), upon , poser, to lay upon. See Pose (i) F. po^er^ to lay. Imposition. (F. L.) Y. imposition. L. L. "ace. imposilioneni) a laying on L. impostius, pp. oiimpbnert, to lay on. im- (///), on ponere^ to lay impost. (K L) (). F. impost, a a tax. pp. nent. tmposttum (above),
;

Impose.

F.
>f
!

Ital imprewio, imprendere. Der undertake!, stage-manager , from an undertaking Impress. (X ) L. impreswrt,, quent of unpruuere, to pi ess upon.
/;;/-

Q. n. 4 12 from F. emptise, fern. pp. emprendre,iv undertake (Cotgrave)

;

fre-

(?//),

on; pi f mere,

to

press.

L. See

thing imposed.

Press.
an
absct-ss.

imprint. (F.-L.) The verb, in Sir Better apostiime, as in Cotgiave. - T. Moie, ii> formed as if from im~ and l M.F. aposlume, an apostutne, an inward print but \ve also imd M. \L.emptemten. -O. F. ewpreinte, 'a stamp, pi hit;' Cot. stilt swelling full of coirnpt matter.' better spelling is M. F. aposteme, also in Ong. fern, of pp. of empretudrCj to ])nnt, J,. ^V. drroaTijfjia, stamp,' id imprimerf^ to impress, Cotgrave. L. apo\tema. See Print. a stand mg away fiom hence, a separation pi ess upon (above). Gk. diro, away; err?;-, of corrupt matter. Imprison. (F. L.) For emprison. F. base of 'iurrjut, I set, place, stand. (X F' empnwHner, to imprison. em- (for L. in), in j prison, a prison. See (VSTA.)

Imposthume,

(F -I,

Gk.)

>

L -impostor, a de- Prison. zmponere, to impose, also, Impromptu, a thing said off hand. See Imposition. F. F impromptu. I inpromptti, to impose upon, cheat. L.) Impotence. iF.-L^ F (and O.K.) in readiness where promptu H abl. of L. promptus, a sb. formed from promere t to L. impotentia, inability impotence see Prompt. impotent-, stem of impotens, powerless. bring forward See Im- (4) and Potent. ImprOpriate, to appropriate to pi i vate F. use. (JL.) Coined from L. im- (tit), in ; Impoverish.. (F. L.) FYom from proprms, tmpovris-, stem of pres. pt. of empovrtr, propridre, to appropriate, See Proper. F. em- (= L. *), ex- one's own. to impoverish
ceiver;

Impostor. from L

(L

"i

O. F. pov) e, poor, from tremely pauperem, ace. of pauper, poor. Poverty and Poor.
;

L.) Formerly emprove^ enproiven (Skelton), which, E. approwen, was itself an alteration of to Imprecate. (L.) From pp. of L. im- to benefit. O. F\ aproer, approiver, and L. benefit. -O. F. a (for L. ad, to), precdrt, to call down upon by prayer. See Pre- prou, sb profit, answering to Ital. prode, im- (in], upon precari, to pra) ood r Cf. Ital. prode, adj., carious and Pray. sb., benefit.
1 .at.

Improve.

(F.

See

for late

M.E.

Impregnable.
orig. represented the

(FL)
sound of
cf

The gn
followed
regue, pron.

valiant;
sb.

see

Prowess

fl"

The

F.

emprwement, improvement, occurs

.

by a slight glide
(ren 73),

M. E.

Godefroy.

'impregnable

whence E. reign. F. imprenable, Improvise. ( F. Ital L.) F. tniCot.-F. im- ( = L, in-\ \provtser -Ital. imprownsare, to sing ex;'
257

IMPUDENT
\

INCESSANT

temporaneous verses. Ital. improvviso, Inaugurate. (L.) From pp. of L. L. improuisus, in-augurare, to practise augury, to consudden, unprovided for. L. in, in, upon ; L. im- (for in-\ not pro, be- secrate, begin formally. unforeseen. See augur, an augur see Augur. fore uisus, pp. of uidere, to see. Vision. Inca, a royal title. (Peruv.) Peruv. Impudent, shameless. (F.-L.) F. inca, a title. Cf. Peruv. capay kapac L impudent-, stem of im- Inca, king of Peru ($apay only kapac impuaent. ~ lord). Inca was orig. the chief of a pudens, shameless. L. im- (for hi], not;
;
; ; ;

pudens, modest, feel shame.

pres.

pt.

of pudere, to

tribe (Oviedo).

impugnare, to fight against. L. im- (for in] , against pugndre, to fight, fiompugna, a battle cf. pugnus, a fist. Impulse ; see Impel.
;

Impugn.
;

(F.-L.)

Y.impugner.-L. From stem

Impunity. (F. L.) F. impunite". L. ace. impunitdtem, ace. of impunitds, L. impuni-s, without punishimpunity. L. im- ( ment. *-), not ; pcena, punishment.

glowing hot. (L.) of pres. pt. of in-candescere, to glow; where candescere is the inceptive form of candere, to glow. See Candid. Incantation. (F. L ) F. incantation. L. incant(itionem,&C. of incantdtio, an enchanting. L. imantdre, to enchant. cant are, to sing, L. in, on, upon frequent, of canere, to sing. See Enchant

Incandescent,

and Cant
in, in
;

(i).

See Pain.
F.
t.

Incarcerate,
and

to

imprison. (L.)

L.

\ imputer. L. im- (in), to wards; impiitdre, to ascribe See Putative. putare, to reckon. A. S. in -f-Du in, Icel. In, prep. (E i, Swed. Dan. i, Goth, in, G. in, W.jp;/, O. Irish in, L. in, Gk. kv, *vi. L. in is Gk. ev. Der. for O. L. en (as in en-do} inn-er, A. S. innera ; in-most, A. S. innemest (i.e. inne-mest, a double superl. The form innermost is also a corform). Also in-ward, ruption of A S. innemest.
">

Impute. (F.L.)

carcerdttts, pp. of carcerdre, to imprison, from career, a prison.

to dye of a red colour. F. incarnoilin, carnation Ital. incarnadine, carnacolour (Cot.). tion colour (Morio) ; also spelt incama-

Incarnadine,
Ital.

(F.

L.)

there-in,

where -in, with-in, in-as-much, in-so-much, in-ter-^ in-tro-. And see Inn. In- (i), prefix. (E.) In some words, it
:

Exx. is only the piep. in in composition. in-born, in-breathe, in-bred, in- land, &c.

In some words, it ) Exx. L. prep. in in composition. in-augut ate, in-carcerate, &c. Sometimes, as in-dicait has passed through French iion, &c. ^f It becomes //- before /, imbefore b, m, and /, ir- before r. In- (3), negative prefix. (L. or F. L ) From L. neg prefix in-, cognate with E. neg. prefix un- see TJn- (i), An-, A- (9).
is the
:

And see Im- (i). In- (2), prefix. (L

incarnato, incarnate; also, of L. incarnatus, pp.oftncarndre, to clothe with flesh (below). incarnation. (F. L.) F. incarnaL. ace. incamdtionem, embodiment tion. L. incarnatus, pp. of incarndre, flesh. to clothe with flesh. L. in, on ; and earn-, See Carnal. decl. base of caro, flesh. Incendiary. (L.) L. imendidrius, L. incendium, a burning. setting on fire. L. in, L. incendere, to set on fiie.
tino.
Ital.

flesh colour.

upon

and

candere, to burn (not found),

allied to Skt. chand, to shine. incense (0> to inflame. ^L.) From L. tnccnsus, pp. of incendere, to set on
fiic
;

see above.

2 )> smell of burnt spices. ( F. encens, incense, burnt spices. L. incensum, that which is burnt; neut. of pp of incendere, to set on fire (above).

incense
L.)

(F.

^f It becomes i- before^/;, as in i-gnoble before /; im- before b, m, and / ; ir,*"/Der. in-ability, in- accessible, before r.

Incentive.
ing

(L.)

L. incentiuus, strik-

&c., &c.
inanis,

Inane,

up a tune, inciting. L. *incentus, unused pp. of incinere, to sound an instruL. in, into ment. and canere, to sound, for which see able, access, &c. empty, silly, useless. (L.) L. sing. See Chant.
;

void,

empty.

Root

unknown.

Inceptive. (F.-L.)
adj.,

F. inceptif,

Der. inan-i-ty.

beginning (God efroyj.

;

Late

*in-

exhaustion from lack of ceptivus (not found). L. incept-us, pp. of ' F. inanition, an empty- incipere, to begin see Incipient. food. (F. L.) Cot. From the pp. of indmre, to Incessant, ceaseless. (F.-L.) F. ing; incessant. L. incessant- stem oiincessans, .empty ; from inanis (above).

inanition,
*

INCEST

INDEMNIFY

L. in-, not j cessans, ceasing, can, I know (how) ; cf. Icel. kunnigr^ unceasing. wise. pres. pt. of cessdre, to cease, frequent, of knowing, See Cease and Cede. cedere, to yield. Incorporate. (L.) L. incorporatus, Incest, impurity. (F. L.) M. E. in- pp. of incorporare, to furnish with a L. incestus (gen. body hence to form into a body. L. in, F. inceste, sb. m. f^j-/. See L. incestus* unchaste. L. in corpor-, stem of corpus, a body. -us), incest.
; ;

m-, not

castus, chaste.

See Chaste.

Corporal

(2).

the twelfth part of a foot. (L. L. Gk.) M.E. inche* A. S. ynce. uncia, an inch also an ounce, one-twelfth Sicilian ovyrcia, the same. of a

Inch, (i),

pound.

Gk.
(i).

oyifos,

bulk, weight.
see

Doublet, ounce
(Gael.) inis ; W.

And

Uncial.
an island.
Gael.

Inch

(2),

M.E. increscn, L.) (F. F. en (L. in) ; and A. F. i reiss-, encresen. stem of pres. pt. of A. F. creistre, O.F. croistre (F. crottre}, to grow, from L. See Crescent. Der. crcs^ere, to grow. increase, sb. ; A. F. encrees. increment. (L ) L. incrementum^

Increase.

L. z>z, in, used intensively; cre-tum, supine of crescere, to Incident. (F. L.) F. incident an grow, with suffix -mentuni. Cf. de-cre' Cot. L. incident-, stem of ment. incident ; L. in, Incubate. (L.) From pp. of Lat. pres. pt. of incidcre, to fall upon. on and ccidere, to fall. See Cadence. incubare, to sit on eggs to hatch them. Incipient. (L.) L. incipient-, stem L. z'/z, upon ; ciibdre, to lie down, to sit. of pres. pt. of incipere, to begin. L. in, incubus. (L.) L. incubus, a nightupon capere, to lay hold of. See Capa- mare. L. in-cubdre, to lie upon (above). cious. Inculcate. (L.) From pp. of L inF. cttlcdre, lit. to tread in, hence, to enforce Incise, to cut into. (F. L.) L. in, in ; calcdre, to inciscr.~\j. incisus, pp. of in-iidere, to by admonition. See tread. See Calk. cut into. L. z/z, uzdere, to cut. Caesura. Inculpate. (L.) From pp. of Late L. F. incites - L. L. inculparc, to bring blame upon. Incite. (F. - L ) See CulpL. z/z, on; c ifare, ///, upon ; culpdre, to blame. incitdre, to urge on. able. See Cite. to urge. L. incumbent-, Incline, to lean towards. (F. L.) Incumbent. (L.) inclindre. L. z;z, to- stem of pres. pt. of incumbe^e, to recline 'L,. F. inchner. where wards *clinare, to lean, cognate with E. on, rest on or in (remain in) *cumbere is a nasalised form allied to Lean (i), q. v. Doublet, enchnc.
innis, an island. -f- Irish Bret. enez', Corn. enys.

ynys
'
',

an increase.

crc-, as in

Inclose.

(F.

L.)

For

enclose.

O. F. cn^los, pp. of enclore, to include. L. in, in L. include* e, to shut in. See Clause. laudere, to shut. include. (L ) From L. indudere
i

cubdre, to lie down. So also pro-cumbent, prostrate; re-cumbent, l>ing back upon; sttc-cumb, to lie under, yield to. Incur. (L.) L. incurrere, to rim L. z'/z, upon; currete^ to into, run upon.

See Current. run. unknown. (Ital.L.) incursion. (F.L.) "M..Y. incursion. L. incurstonem, ace. of incursio, an L. in-cognitus, Ital. incognito, unknown. L. incursus, pp. of incumre, not known. L. in-, not; cognitus, known. inroad. to run into, attack (above). See Cognition.
(above).

Incognito,

lit.

Income,
that

gain, revenue. (E.)

Properly

which comes

m\
i.

from in and come.

result.

So also out-come,

e.

Incommode.

(F.

L.)

moder, to inconvenience.

incomL. incommoddre,
F.
;

Incurvate, to crook. (L.) From pp. of L. incurudrei to bend into a cuive. See Curve. L. in, in curudte, to bend. Indeed, truly. (E ) For in deed, \. e.
;

in fact

see

Deed.
indeleble.
'
' ;

to inconvenience. L. in, not fit; see Commodious.

commodus,

Indelible. (F.-L.) For - M. F. indelebile, indelible

indelebiliS) indelible.

Cot.
;

- L.
See

In COny,
In

fine, delicate,

very dear. (E.)

L.

z';/-,not

dclebilis,

Shak.

For in-conny,

where
E.,

in;

is

destructible,

from

delere, to destroy.

intensive,
skilful,

as in

M.

E. in-ly, very
is

and
E.

Delete.

conny (also canny}

North

meaning
259

Indemnify,
(L.)
Ill

to
;

gentle, pleasant,

&c.

From

coined

make damage good. from L. indemni-s^ un-

INDEMNITY
harmed,
L.
free

INERT
-fier, for

from

loss

and F.
to

Indite. (F.-L.)

-fa-are,

for facere,

make

(as

in

L. indemnis is from L. m-, magni-fy). not and damnurn, loss. See Damn.
;

endicter, O. F. enditer, to indict, accuse ; Late L. indictdre, to also spelt inditer. point out, frequent, of indtcere^ to appoint.

Yorendfte.

M. F.

indemnity. (F.-L.)
L. ace. indemnitatetn.

F. indemnity
"L.

See Indicate.

Doubtless confused with

in-demni-s,
like

unharmed,

fiee
(1),

from
to

Indent
teeth.

L. L. in, m; dent-, notch. stem of dens, a tooth. Der. indenture (F. endentiue\\ so called because duplicate deeds were cut with notched edges to fit one another. Indent (2), to make a dint in. (E.) From E. in, prep and dent, a dint. See Dint. Suggested by indent (\), but quite a distinct word. Index. (L.) L. index (stem iitdic-), a L. discloser, something that indicates. L. m, in, to; indicare, to point out. to dicdre, to appoint, declare, allied see Diction. dicere, to say From pp of L. inindicate. (L.) dicdre, to point at, point out (above). indict. (F. L.) For indite (which is the French spelling), and so pronounced.

(Law L)
to

loss (damnnni) cut into points

law term.

Law

indentare,

the closely related L. tndicdre, to point out. Indolence. (F. L.) F. indolence. L. indolentia, freedom from pain; hence, L. in-, not; dolent-, stem ease, idleness. of pres. pt. of dolcre, to grieve. See

Doleful.
(L.} Coined from in-, domittire, to subdue, irequent. of See Daunt. doniare, to tame.

Indomitable.

not;

Indubitable. (K-L.) M.F.

;

indvbi-

\j. indulntdbilis, not to be doubted. tabh\ L. in-, not dnbttdlnlis, doubtful, from dubtiare, to doubt; see Doubt. Induce. (L.) L. indtlcere, to lead to. L. m, in, to; dft cere, lo lead; see

Duke. induct.

From L. induct-ns, pp. (L.) of mdfuere, to bring in (above). Indue (i)j to invest or clothe with, In Spenser, Q. iii. supply with. (L ) 6. 35. L. induere, to put into, put on, The prefix is ind~, not clothe with

in- (for this prefix see Indigent) ; cf. See cycle of fifteen years. ejc-itutte, spoils, md-wiice, clothes. O. F. tndiition, an appointment of Exuviee. (L.) tributes arranged for fifteen years; the lit. (2), a corruption of Endue, q. v. sense is raeiely { appointment.' L. inIndulgence. (F. L.) F. indulgence. L. tndulgentia. \.. indulgent-, stem of dictionem, ace. of tndictio, an appointment, L. induing pp. of indlcere, pres. pt. of indulgere, to be courteous to, esp. of a tax. to appoint, impose a tax. L. in, upon indulge (Of unknown origin.)

See Indite.

induction,

Indue

duere, to say.

See Diction.
native.

L indigen-us, native; with suffix -ous. indi- = O. Lat. indu, within (cf. Gk. and #//-, as ii\.gen-t-tus, born, pp. (vSov} of gignere, to beget; see Genus. M. F. Indigent, destitute. L. indigent-, stem of pres. pait. indigent of mdigfre, to be want. L. ind for indu, an C). Lat. extension from in, in
;

Indigenous,

(L.)

Late L.

Indurate, to harden. (L.) From pp. of L. indnrare, to harden. L. in, intensive ; dnra re, to harden, from dtlrus, hard.
See Dure.
L.

(F-L)

industria. Origin uncertain

Industry. (F.-L.)
L.

F. industries

industnus, diligent.

Inebriate. (L.) From L. incbnatits, L. /;/, pp. of tnebndre, to make drunk. in, very; cbriare, to make drunk, from
ebrius, drunk.

(cf.

Gk.
;

tvSov, within)
cf.

egti e, to

want, be

See

Ebnety
F. incffiMe.-

L. indigtts, needy. Cf. Gk. dxrjy, poor, needy (Theocritus) IndlgO, a blue dye. (F. -Span. L.
in

need

Ineffable.

(F.-L.)

L. ineffiiln'hs, unspeakable. L. m-, not; ef (for eji], out; fd-rT, to speak; with

See Pate. indigo. Span. suffix -bilis neut of indigo Inept, foolish. (F.-L.) XVII cent. Indu us, Indian (hence Indian dye). Gk M.F. inepte. L. znepftts, improper, foolish neut. of 'Ivfiticos, Indian L. m-, not; and apttn, fit. (Also iv8ttc6v, indigo Pers. Hind, India a name due to the inapt, fiom in-, not, and apt.) See Apt. river Indus. Skt. sindhu-, the river Indus Inert. (L.) L. inert-, stem of iners, a large river. Skt. syand, to flow, fl" The unskilful, inactive. L. in-, not firs, skill. Persian changes initial s into //. See Art (2).
Skt.)

Gk.

Pers.

F.

indico

L.

indie um,

260

INEXORABLE
Inexorable.
F. inexorable, (F. -L.) L. inexorabilis, that cannot be moved
;

to
!

blow

into, puff up.

INGLE - L.

in, in

flare, to

See Flatulent. -, exordre, to! Inflect, to modulate the voice, &c. by intreaty.-L. ?-, not L. injlectere, lit. to bend in. L. gain by intreaty, from L. ex, out, greatly, (L.) and oriire, to pray. See Oration. See Flexible. ftectere, to bend. />/, in Infamy. (F.-L.) F. tnfamie.-I*. Inflict. (L.) From L. influtns, pp. of L. infdmi-s, adj., of mfligeie, to inflict, lit. to strike L. infdmia, ill fame. upon. L. /-, not, bad; fdma, lame. /;/, upon ; and fllgere, to strike. ill fame. See See Fame. Afflict. Infant. (L.) L. infant-, stem of in- Inflorescence, mode of flowering. F. infloiescetue. From the fans, not speaking, hence, a very young (F. L) L. /;/-, not; fans, pies. pt. of pres. pt. of L babe. inflorestere, to burst into L in, into and florescere, blossom. fan, to speak. infantry. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.infan- inceptive form oi floiere, to bloom. See tcrie. Ital. mfanteria, foot-soldiers orig. Flourish. a band of infants/ as young men were Influence. (F.-L.) O. F. influence, Jtal. infante, an L. a flowing in, esp. used of the influence of called, infant. Late L. mfluentia. L influent-, infantem, ace. viinfans (above). planets. Fiom pp. of L. stem of prex pt. A infl-uere, to flow into. Infatuate. (L.) L. in, in, L. in. into See infatudre, to make a fool of. fluere, to fluw, See Fatuous. Fluent. greatly; fatuui, foolish.
;

blow.

Infect,

to

taint.

(F.-L.)

M. K
O. F.
of in-

influenza.

^Ital.

L.)

Ital.

influenza,

infect, as pp. ; also infcclen, vb. L. injectus, pp. infect, infected.

influence, also used of a se\eie catarrh.

Jiiere,

to put face re, to put.

in,

dye, stain.

L. in,

See Fact.

doublet of Influence (above). influx. (F.-L.) O Y. influx. -I. mL in, in; fluxus, fluxus, a flowing in
pp. ^{fluere, to flow. Inform, to impart knowledge to. (F. L ) F. informer, L. informare, to put into form, mould also, to tell, inform. L. in, into forma, form. See Form. Infraction, violation of law. (F. F. injraction L. ace. infractioncin, L.) a weakening, breaking into. L. infractus, pp. of m-fnngere (below)
;
;
.

Infer,
ferer; F.
intioduce.

to imply.
infelrer.

(F.-L)
in;

M.
to

F. inin,

L. infirre, to bring
ferre,
F.

L.

in,

bring.

See Fertile.

Inferior. (F.-L.) M.

inferuur.-

L. inferiorem, ncc of inferior, lower, comp. of inferus, low, nether. Strictly, inferus is itself a compar. form, which some connect with Skt, adhara, lower which is. doubtful. See Brugm i, 589
;

infringe.

(note).
m

infernal. (F.-L.)

F. infernal.

-L.

break into, frangere, to bieak.

L. (L.) violate law.

infrmgere, to L. in, into ;

See Fragile.

ernalis, belonging to the lower legions inf L. injenms, lower; extended from inferus (above).

to harass (F.-L.) V.infeitcr. L. iitfeitare, to attack. L. infeitus, attacking, hostile ; oil,;, unsafe. Origin doubtful.

Infest,

(Ital.-L.) \lv\. infuriate, Ital, pp. of infunare, to fly into a rage. 5 in fmia, a fuiy, ragmgly; Florio. L. in, in ; funa, rage. See Fury, ^f Or
'

Infuriate.

Infidel. (F.-L)
fidell;'

M.F.

Cot.

infidelis,

infldele, <infaithless L.

/;/-, not; fldelis, See Faith.

faithful, iiumfule-s, faith.

from Late L pp. itijunatus (l)ucange). Infuse. (F.-L.) F. infuser.-^. inL. filsus, pp. of mfundere, to pour in. /, in fundete, to pom. See Fuse (i). Ingenious. (F. - L ) M.F. ingenieux L. ingcmosus, clever. L. ingenCot.) lum, natural capacity see Engine.
; ;

O. F. infinit (F. (F.-L.) L. infimtus. unendcd. L. /;/-, inflni}. not; fTmtus, pp. of fin'ire, to end, fiom See Final. finis, end. Infirm. (L.) L inflrmus, not strong, weak. L in-, not; flrmus, firm. See

Infinite.

Firm. Der. mjirm-ar-y, inflrm-i-ty, Inflate. (L.) From pp. of L. inflare, See Ignition.
261

L ingenu-iis,\K(L.) with suffix -ous. born, free-born, ftank L. in, in; gen-, as in gen-i-tus, born, pp. of gignere, to beget. See Genus. Ingle (i), fire. iC.l Lowl, Sc. ingle ^ fire. Perhaps from Gael and Irish aingeal^ fire. Allied to Insh ong> Russ. ogone, fire.
ingenuous.
;

INGLE
Ingle
or Fries.
(2),

INN
(Du.

a darling, paramour.

engle (Nares). M. Du. ingel, engel, an angel (hence, a term of endearment). Koolman notes E, Fries, engel, an angel, as being commonly used as a term of endearment and as a

-L.-Gk.) Also

Inhibit, to check. (L.) From L. inhibitus, pp. of inhibere, to keep in, hold in. L. in, in; habere, to have, keep.
See Habit.

female name. L. angelus. See Angel. Ingot, a mass of unwrought metal. M. E. ingot, Chaucer, C. T. 16677 (E.) &c., where it means a mould for molten metal. But the true sense is that which is poured in,' a mass of metal. A. S. in, in and got-en, poured, pp. of geotan, to
'
;

Inimical. (L.) L. inimicalis, extended from inimtcus, hostile. L. in- 9 not ; and amtcus, friendly. See Enemy
and Amiable.

Iniquity,

vice.

(F.-L.)

M.

E. in-

F. iniquite. L. iquitee. ace. of iniquitds, injustice.

(zqtiitas, equity.

inlquitdtem, L. in-, not ;

See Equity. Initial, pertaining to the beginning.

L.)

(F.

F. initial.

"L.

inittdlis,

adj.

pour, fuse metals. Cf. Du. ingieten, Swed Also Du. gieten, G. ingjuta, to pour in. giessen, Icel. gjota (pp. gotinti}, Swed. gjuta, Goth, giutan, to pour, shed,
fuse;

from initium, a beginning. L. initum, supine of in~ire, to go in, to enter into or

upon.
of

initiate,
L.

cognatewithLy#dbr (<^GH
F.
lingot,

L. in, in ire, to go. to begin. (L.) From pp, L. initium initiare, to begin.
;

Hence

for

guss, a pouting in, ingote, the neck of a mould for metals. Ingrain, to dye of a fast colour. (F. M. E. engreynen. M. F. engrainer L.) F. en graine, in grain, with a (Palsg. ). fast colour. F. en, Late L. (L. in) grdna, cochineal dye, from gj'dnum, a

G. einalso an ingot; Swed.

-f-

V ingot,

(aboveX

Inject.
;

(L)

From

iniectus, pp. of
in,

inicere, to cast in,

iacere, to

ia

throw.

throw into. L. See Jet (i).

^L.)

Injunction, command.

From

grain.

See Grain arid Cochineal.

F. inungiateful. (F.-L) \,. ingrdtus, not L. ;" grat. pleasing. not gratus, pleasing. See Grateful. Ingratiate, to commend to the favour

Ingrate,
;

L. imunctio, an order. L. iniunctus, pp. of iniungere, to bid. See Enjoin. Injure. (F.-L.) F. mjurier. - Late L. iniftriare for L. iniuriart, to harm. L. iniuria, harm. L. iniurius, wrong. L. in-, not ?'??;--, for iiis, law, right. See
; ;

Just.

Coined from L. in, in ; gratia, L.) See Grace. favour, grace. Ingredient, that which enters into a
of.
'

L) F. ingredient (the (F. ingredient-, stem of pres. pt. of ingredi, to enter upon, begin (hence to enter into). L. in, in ; gi adi, to go. See
compound. same L.
)

Grade.
L. ingrcssus, an enterL ingressus,])\\ ot ingredi (above). ing. Inguinal, relating to the groin (L ) L inguindhs (the same;. L. inguin-, stem of tnguen, the groin. Inhabit. (F. - L.) M. F. inhabiter L. inhabitdre, to dwell in. L. in, in habiSee Habitation. tare, to dwell. Inhale. (L) L. inhalare, to breathe L. in, in; hdldre, to in, draw in breath. breathe. Cf. Exhale.

M. E. enke. Ink. (F.- L.-Gk.) O. F. enque (F. encre}. Late L. incaustum L. encaustum, the purple-red ink used by the later Roman emperors ; neut. of cncaustus, burnt in. Gk. 7/mt/<rros, burnt in. Gk tv, in; Kaiu, I burn. (Cf. Ital. inchiostro, ink.) See Encaustic. Inkle, a kind of tape. (Origin un;

known.)
(L.)

ingress.

enkel,

single, as
is

there

Perhaps from M Du.#/r&r/,Du. opposed to double but no obvious connexion.

;

Inkling,
M.
E.

a hint, intimation. (Scand.?) inkling, a whisper, murmur, low

was discovered, because he 'herd a nyngkiling of his name'; Allit. romance

of Alexander, 2968 ; where a nyngkiling stands for an yngkiling. 'To incle the ti uthe '-to hint at the truth, Alisaunder (in app. to Wm. of Palerne), 616. Origin unknown perhaps allied to Swed. enkeL 1__ f It. 1 ,' cf. et enkelt ord, a ingle ; single word ; M. Du. enckelinge, a falling or a diminHexham. ishing of notes Inn, sb. (E.) M. E. in, inn.- A. S.
; m
.

speaking. feared he

Alexander, when in disguise,

L inherent-, stem (L.) of in-harere, to stick in. Hence See Hesitate. inhere, as a verb.
Inherent.
pt.

of pres.

'

Inherit. (F.-L.) O. F. enheriter. Late L. inhereditdre. L. in, in ; hered-em, ace. of hires, an heir. See Heir.

inn, in,

sb.,

room, dwelling.

A.

S. in,

262

INNING
inn, adv., within, indoors.

INSTEP
t

in.+Icel.w*, an inn
See In.

A. S. in, prep., inni adv., indoors.

sectnm, lit. 'a thing cut into,' i. e. nearly L. insectus, pp. divided, from the shape. of insecare, to cut into. L. in, into;

inning. (E.) Properly the securing secare, to cut. See Secant. or housing of grain, from tnn, vb., due to Insert. (L.) From L. insertus, pp. sb. Also innings, at of inserere, to introduce, put in. - L. in, inn, (above). See Series. cricket, invariably used in the plural, in serere, to join, put. because the side which is in consists of Insidious. (F. L) F. insidieux,
;

several players. Innate, in-born. (L.) I,, inndtus, inL. in, in; nafus, born; see Natal. born.

Innocent. (F. L.) F. innocent. L. innocent-, stem of tnnocens, harmless. L. in-, not nocens, pres. pt of noce> e, to
;

L. insidiosus, treacherous. L. deceitful. insidia, pi. troops of men who lie in wait, also cunning wiles. L. insidere, to lie in L. in, in; sedcre, to wait, lit 'to sit in.'

hurt.
less

See Noxious.
(L.) L. tnnocu-us,

inuOCUOUS.
;

harmI

with

suffix -ous.

L. in-, not

nocere,

See Sedentary. L. insignia, marks of (L.) office pi. of insigne, which is the neuter of insignis, remarkable. L. in, upon; signum, a mark. See Sign.
bit.

Insignia.
;

to hurt.

Insinuate.
stnuare,
to

Innovate, to introduce something new.

(L ) From make new.
pp. of L. innouare, to renew, L. in, in; nouns, new. See

bending.
a bend.

From pp of L. in(L.) introduce by winding or L. in, into; sinus (gen. swus},

Novel.

Innuendo, an indirect hint. (L.) Not to be spelt inuendo. From L. innuendo, by intimating ; gerund of innuere, to nod L. in, in, at; nuere, towards, intimate.
to nod.

See Sinus. (L ) L. insiptdus.*!;. in-, See Sapid. not; sapidus, savoury. Insist. (F. - L. ] F. insister. - L. in-

Insipid.

L. ?;/, in; sistere, to set foot on, persist. sistere^ to set, stand, from stare, to stand.

Inoculate.
means
*

See Nutation. In old authors (L.)

See State.
it

Insolent.
'

(F.-L.)
L.

M
'
;

F. insolent.

to engraft.' L. inoculatus, pp. of L. inoculdre, to engraft, insert a graft in, in ; oculus, an eye, also a bud of a

Inordinate. (L.) L. inordinatus. L. in-, not ordinatus, ordered, controlled, pp. of ordinare; see Ordain. And see
;

plant.

See Ocular.

Order.
Later spelling of E. enqueste. O. F. enqueste. Late L. inquesta, sb from inquesta, fern, of Late L. inquestus.~*L> inqufsitus, pp. of inL. in, into qmrere, to search into. See Query. qitacrere, to search. inquire, late spelling of Enquire,

M.

Inquest. (F.-L.)
,

M. insptrer (CotA-L. insptrare, to breathe into. -L. in, into; spirare, to breathe. See Spirit.

stem of doubtful origin. from L. in-, Perhaps swelling against against, and sol-, weak grade of vb, to swell, Inspect. (L.) L inspectare, to observe frequent, of inspicere, to look into. L. in, into ; specere, to look. See Species. Inspire. (F.-L.) O. F. enspirer,
insolent-,
;

F. insolent, saucy. of insolens, insolent ;

Inspissate, From pp. of L.

L. in, in
stance,
;

to make thick. (L.) inspissare, to thicken. spissus, thick, dense.

J

q. v.

inquisition. (F.L.)
tion.
into.

F. inquisi;

L. ace. tnquisitionem, a search L. inquisitns, pp. of inqulrere see Inquest (above). L. inscribes, to Inscribe. (L.) write in or upon pp. inscriptus (whence
;

inscription}. >L. in, write. See Scribe.

upon;

scribere,

to

Inscrutable,
(F. -L.) scrutabilis L.
,

ised.

F. inscrutable.

that cannot be scrutinL. inin-, not; scrutari, to

F. instance, inL. instantia, a L. instant-, stem being near, urgency. of pres. pt. of instare, to be at hand, to L. in, upon, near; stare, to stand. urge. See State. Instead. (E) For in stead, i.e. in the place. See Stead. Instep, the upper part of the foot, where it rises to the front of the leg. (E.)
1

Instance. (F.-L.)
urgency;

Cot.

scrutinise.

See Scrutiny.
F. insecte.-L. in-

Insect, (F.-L.)

Formerly instup and instop (Minsheu). These forms may be related to A. S. stop-, as seen in stop-cl, a footprint, O. Sax. stop-o* a step (cf. Du. steep, a set of steps,

263

INSTIGATE
G. stufe, a step, stair) from slop, strong grade of stapan, to advance (whence the The secondaiy verb steppan, to step). reference seems to be to the movement of See Step. the foot in walking, From Instigate, to urge on. (L.) L. /;/, on pp. of instigare, to goad on. and base *stig- to prick, allied to L. see Distinguish. stinguere, to prick See Brugm. i. 633.
;
;

INTERCOURSE
a covering, skin. L. /;/, upon ; tegere> to cover see Tegument. - L.) M. F. intellect. Intellect. ( F. L. intellectuS) perception, discernment. L. intellectus, pp. of intelhgere, to dis;

cern

L. infel-, for inter, between

legere,

to choose.

See Legend.
F.
^intelli-

intelligence. (F.-L.)
gence.

Instil.
instilldre,

(F.-L.)
to

F.

in stiller.

L.

in; stillare,

L. ?//, pour in by drops. to diop, from stilla, a drop.

;

See Still
sb.

L orL.} F. insti net, (F. L. instwctum, ace. of mtfifHdtv, an L. instinctus, pp. of inshngttcre, impulse. L. in, on; stinguere, to to goad on.
Instinct.
prick.

(2).

L. intelhgentia, perception. intelligent-, stem of pres. pt. of intelligere, to discern, undei stand (above). F. intelliintelligible. (F.-L) \. intelligibility perceptible to the gible. senses. L. intelligere, to discern (above);
L.

with

suffix -bilis.

See Distinguish.

From L. wstitutu*, (L.) L. ?//, pp. of tnstituere, to set, establish. in statuere, to place, from status, verbal sb. from state, to stand. See State.
Institute.
;

M.E. entcmlcn. L. intendere, to stretch to, bend or apply the mind to, design. L. in, to See Tend (i). tendeie, to stretch. intense. (F.- L.) O. F. intense L. intens-ftSj stretched out, pp. of intendere

Intend. (F.-IO

F. entendre.

^above'.

From L. instntttus, (L.) pp. of instruere, to build into, instruct. L. /;*, in ; strnere, to pile up, build. See
Instruct.
Structure.

instrument.
went
tool.

F. mstruL.) (F. L. instrumentum* an implement, L. tnslntere (above); with sufTijt

M.E. endesign. (F.-L) F. entente, intention participial sb. from F. entendre, to intend; see Intend. And see below. intent, adj. (L.) L. intentus, bent on pp. of intendere see Intend. Inter. (F.-L.) M. L. enterren.-Y. Late L. mterrare, to enterrer, to bury.
intent,
tetite.
;
;

-men turn.

Insular.
L. insula, an

L. insularis, insular. (L.) Cf. Isle. island.

L. /';/, in; terra, put into the ground. ground. See Terrace. Der. inter-tnent, F. enterrement
(L.) L. inter ^ a comparative form, answering to Skt. antar, within closely allied to InAlso Intel- (before /). terior, q. v.

Insult, vb. (F.-L.) F insulter.-L. msultare, to leap upon, scoff at, insult; L. in, frequent ol insilire, to leap upon. on satire, to leap. See Salient. Insurgent. (L) ^ insurgent-, stem
;

Inter-, prefix, amongst.

;

among

Intercalate,

to

irseit.

(L.)

From

of pres. pt. of vtsurgete, to rise up 01 on, to rebel L. ?;/, on ; surgere, to rise. See

F. insurrection L. a cc /;/ sun ectionetn , from n om insnrt-ctio. \,. insurrcctits, j)p. of in(,F.

Surge insurrection.
.

pp. of L. intercalate, to proclaim that a day has been inseited in the calendar, to mseit. L. inler amongst; caldre, to
t

L)

proclaim.

See Calends.

surgere, to rebel (above). Intaglio, a kind of caived work. (Ttal L. Ital. intaglio, a sculpture, carving. to cut into. Ital. in Ital. intagitate Late L. taliare, tagliare (-= L. in}, in taleare, to cut twigs, to cut, allied to tdlia talea, a slip, twig. L. a whole number. (L.)
)

Intercede. (K IO F. intenfder. L. tntercedcre, lit to go between hence, L inter, between ; ccdere, to to mediate
,

See Cede. Der. intercession, from go. the pp ?/Vnm-#f. Intercept. F. L ) F. intercfpter. I/, intercept-us, pp. of intetcipere^ lit. to catch between. L. inter, between caperr,
'

to take.

See Capacious.
(F.

Integer,

Intercourse.

L.)

Formerly

F. ent ret ours, intercourse, untouched, i e. entercottrse. unharmed. L. /-, not; */#,"-, base of commeice. Late L. inteuurstts, comlit. a running amongst. L. inter, tangere, to touch. See Tangent. Brugm. merce i. 244 (3); ii. 632. amongst cursns, a running, course, from Integument. (L.) L.integitmetitum, the pp. of currere, to run. See Course.
tnteger, whole, entire
;

lit.

264

INTERDICT
Interdict,
sb.

INTERSPERSE
L. interL.)

Y. interne, internal, dictum, a kind of excommunication; in kept within. L. intermts, inward; from L. interdictus, pp. of inter, within, and suffix -ntts. See Inter-. Latin, a decree, internal. (L) Cf. O. F. internet. interdicere, to pronounce a judgment between two parties. L. inter, between; From L intern-us (above); with suffix See Diction. -al (L.-a/is\ dtcere, to say.
(L.)
(i), piofit, advantage. (F. F. interest (F. inttret}, an inteiest in a thing, interest for money (Cot.). L. interest, it is profitable 3 pers. sing, of L. interesse, to concern, lit. 'be among.' See Interinter, among; esse, to be.

Law

F. interner.

Interest
M.

Internecine,
(L.)
tive.

thoroughly destructive.

L.)

L. internecinus, thoroughly destrucL. internecio, utter slaughter. L.

inter, thoroughly (see Lewis) ; and necare, to kill, from nee-, stem of nex, death. Cf.

375. F. interace. interpellationem. ^. interest (2), to engage the attention pellation. of another. (F. L.) curious word; intetpelldtus, pp. of intetpellare* to drive formed (by partial confusion with the verb between, to hinder, interrupt. L. inter, above) from the pp. interested of the between pellere, to drive. See Pulsate. obsolete verb to interest, used by Massmger Interpolate. (L.) From pp. of L. and Hen Jonson M. F. interest, *in- interpolate, to furbish up, patch, interpo' late. L. interpdus, interfohs, polished Cot L. teressed, or touched in to concern (as aboveX L inter, in, between; polire, to Der. up. teresse, Hence dis-intere^ted, from the verb dis- polish. See Polish. g. a pp. and spelt disinterested. Gk.) F. inInterpose. (!'. L. Interfere. (F. L.) Formerly enter- \teiposer, to put between. L. inter, beF. poser, to put see Pose (i). frir, to dash one heel against the other tween O. F. fentreferir, to exchange Hlount). Interposition. (F.-L.) F. interblows. F. entre, between fet ir, to strike. position. L. ace. interpositionem^ putting L. interpositus, pp. of interpoL. inter, between ferire, to strike. between. See Ferule. L. inter, between nere, to put between.
t

Gk. vKvs a corpse.

Brugm.
(F.

i.

and Essence.

Interpellation.

-L )

#W

Interior.

(F.

L.")

O.Y.tnterior.

ponere, to put.

See Position.

L. interior em, ace. of interior, comp of In-terus itself was ong. intents, within. a comparative form, answering to Skt. The positive is the L. antara-, uitenoi. in; in; see In. Brugm. i. 466. Interjacent. (L.) From pres. pt. of L. interiaceie, to he between. L. inte* between See Jet (i) lacere, to lie. interjection. (F.-L.) F. interjection, an interjection, a word thrown in to L. ace. interiectionem, express emotion. a throwing between, insertion, interjection. L. interiecHts, pp. of L. interfere, to
,
;

M. E. Interpret, to explain. M. F. interpreter. L. interinterpreten. L. interpret-, stem of pretdrl, to c xpound.

(KL.)

r interpres, an interpreter, piope ly an agent, The latter part of the word is perhaps allied to L. pret-inm, price; see

broker.

Price.

between

Interregnum.
;

(L.)

From

L. inter,

regniun,

a reign,

rule,

from

See Regent, Interrogate. (L ) From pp. of L. to L. interrogdre, question. inter, thoroughly rogare, to ask. See Rogaregeie, to rule.
;

cast

between

(^icerc

iacere, to cast).

tion.

and Du.)

Interloper, an intruder. (Du.

F.

- L.
;

Low

Interruption. (F.-L.)
into

Tt.interrttp-

G. and Du.
,

(Brem. Wort.). Lit. 'a runner between coined from F. entre (<L. inter] between and Du looper, a uinner, from loopen, to am, cognate with E. leap see Leap.
;
;

enterloper '

twn.<\.. ace. interrupt'tonem, a breaking

L. interrupts s, pp of interrumpere, to break into. L. inter, amongst ; rwnfere, to break. See Rupture. Intersect. (L. ) From L. intersectus, pp. of tnfersecare, to cut between or apart. L. inter, betw een ; retire, to cut. See

to interrupt, cease awhile. L. intemnittere, to send apait, inter(L.) L. inter, between rupt; pp intermissus

Intermit,

Secant.

mittere, to send.

See Missile.

Der.

in-

Intersperse. (L^
spersus,
scatter.

From

L. inter-

termiss-ion, F. intermission, L. ace. termissionem from the pp.

;

in-

pp of mtetspergere, to sprinkle amongst. L. inter, among; sparge? e, to

See Sparse.

Intern,

to confine within limits. (F.

265

INTERSTICE
Interstice. (F.-L.)
F. interstice.L. interstitiu?n, an interval of space. L. inter, between ; status, pp. of sistere, to See State. place, from stare, to stand. F. intervalle, Interval. (F. - L.) L. interuallum, lit. the space interval. between the rampart of a camp and the

INURE
Intricate, perplexed, obscure. (L.) From the pp. of L. intricare, to perplex.
L. in, in ; tricce, pi. sb., hindrances, vexaSee Extricate. tions, wiles. to form secret plots. (F.
t)

soldiers tents.

L. inter, between

uallum,

rampart.

See Wall.
L.) (F. L. interuenire, to Cot. L. inter, between; uentre,
will.

F. intriguer, (also M. F. in* to intricate, perplex, insnare ; * Ital intrigare (also intricare}, to Cot.). ' L. intricare Florio. intricate, entrap ;
Ital

intrigue,
L.)
'

iquer,

Intervene, to come between.

F. intervenir-, come between.
to come.

(above).

Intrinsic,

inherent.

(F.-L.)

For
*

See Venture. Intestate, without a

(F.-L.)

M. F. intestat. L. infestat us, that has made no will. L. in-, not testdtus, pp from sequi, to follow. See Sequence. of testdrT, to make a will. See TestaIntro-, prefix, within. (L.) L. intro
;

M. F. intrinseque, l inward ; *intrmsec. L. intrinsecus, lit. 'following inCot. wards.' L. *intrim, allied to intra, within (cf. interim} ; sec -us, lit. following,
\

ment.

Intestine.
'intestine,

F.

- L.)

F. intestin, adj.,

inward;' Cot. L. intestinus, mwaid. Formed from L. intus, within, cognate with Gk. IITOS, within extended from L. in, in. Cf. Entrails. Intimate (i), to announce, hint. (L )
;

an adv. closely allied to L. intrd', from See Interior. interns, inner. Introduce. (L.) L. introducere, to L. intro, within; diiccre, to bring in. See Duke. Der. introduct-ion biing.

pp. of L, intimare, to bring within, L mtimus, inmost, superl. corresponding to comp. interior; see Interior.
to announce.

From

(from the pp. introduct-us}. Introit, an antiphon sung as the priest approaches the altar. (F. L.) F. introit. L ace. introttum, from introitus, L. lit. 'entrance.' of introitus, pp. L. tntro, within introire, to enter. ire,
;

intimate
form
is

(2\

familiar.

(L)

This

to go.

due to confusion with the word Introspection. (L.) Coined from It is really founded on M. F. in- L. introspect-us, pp. of introspicere t to L. intro-, time, inward/ secret, deer, entirely affected;' look into (with suffix -/<?;/). from L. intunus (above). Cot within specere, to look. See Species. Intimidate. (L.) From pp. of Late Intrude, to thrust oneself into. (L.)
above.
;

sive prefix

L. intimiddre, to frighten. timidus, timid.

;

L. in, inten-

See Timid.

into

L. intrildcre, to thrust into. L. in, in, trudere (pp. trusus}, to thrust. Al;

Into, prep.
see

(E.)

M.E.
is

*V*/0; orig.

two
is
;

lied to

Threaten.

Der. intrus-ion, from

F.
intuition.

words. A. S. in to, in used adverbially, and to

to,

where in

the pp.

a preposition

In and To.

Intuition. (F.-L.) Formed, by analogy with

intuitus,

Intone, to chant. (Late L.-L. and Gk ) Late L. intondre, to sing according

L. in tonum, according to tone where tonum is ace. of tonus, borrowed
to tone.
;

from L. pp. of intueri, to look upon.

tuition,

L.

in,

upon

tueri,

to

watch.

See

Tuition.

from Gk.

Intumescence,
F. intumescence.
;

TOI/OS

see

Tone.

From stem

Intoxicate. (Late L. -L. and Gk.) From pp. of Late L. intoxicdre, to make
drunk.

a swelling. (F.-L.) of pres. pt.

L.

in,

into;

toxicum,

poison,

of L. intumescere, to begin to swell. L. in, very tumescere, inceptive form of turner e, to swell. See Tumid.

borrowed from Gk. Toifc6v, poison for arrows. Gk. TOLKOV is der. from TQQV, a bow, of which the pi. roa is used to mean arrows With Gk. roov cf Gk. Tf'x-^7,
or perhaps See Technical.
art,

L.

taxus,

yew-tiee.

Intrepid. (L.) L. intrepidus, fearL. in-, not ; trepidus, less, not alarmed.
alarmed.

inunddtionem, ace. of L. inunddre, inunddtio, an overflowing. to overflow. L. in, upon, over; unda, a wave. See Undulate. Inure, to habituate. (F.-L.") Also the word arose spelt enure, i. e. en ure from the phrase in (F. en} ure, i. e. in
lL.
;

Inundation.
inondation.

F.

- L. )

Imitated from

See Trepidation.

operation, in work, in employment, for-

266

INVADE
merly common. Here in is the E. prep. in ure is from O. F. cure, also spelt uevre, from L. opera, work. ovre, work, action See also man-anvre?) (Cf. man-ure manure, manoeuvre. See Operate. Invade. (F.-L.) M. F. invader.; ;

IPECACUANHA
inuestire, to clothe in or with. in ; uestire, to clothe. See Vest.

L.

ifc,

Investigate. (L.) From pp. of L. L. in, in, upon ; imiestigdre, to track out. uestigdre, to trace, allied to uestjgium^ a foot-track. See Vestige.

L. inuddere (pp. inudsus], to enter, inDer. L. in, in; udderet to go. vade. invas-ion, from the pp.

Invecked, Invected,

in

heraldry,

Inveterate. (L.) L. inueteratus, pp. of inueterdre, to retain for a long time. L. in, in; ueter-, for *ttetes- t stem of See Veteran. uetus, old.
Invidious. (L.) Fiom L. inuidiosus, causing odium or envy. L. inuidia, envy. L. inuidere, to envy, lit. to look upon L. in, upon; mdere, to (in a bad sense). look. See Vision.
Ab

indented \vith successive cusps, with the Lit. (L.) points projecting inwards. ' L. inuectus, pp. of inuehere, carried in.' L. in, in ; uehere, to to carry inwards.
carry.

See Vehicle.

attack with words, rail. Y.envahir, O. F. envair, enveir, to invade, from L. inuadere (see Invade) ; but popularly connected with L.

Inveigh, to From L.) (F.

Invigorate,
if

to give vigour to.

(L.)

gne
L.
bilis,

from pp. of Late L. *inuigorare, to L. in, towards; itigor, "vigour to.

Cf. Ital. invigorire. F. invincible. \_,. in-, not; uinci-

vigour; see Vigour.

inuincilnlis.

inuehere, to carry into or to, to introduce, L. /;/, against; attack, inveigh against. uehere, to bring, p. The latter etymology was suggested by the use of E. invective, borrowed from F. invective, 'an invective;' Cot. ; from L. inuectluus, adj., scolding, due to imtectus, pp. of inuehere. Hence Cot. has * invectiver^ to inveigh.' Inveigle. (F.-L.) In Spenser, F. Q. i. 12. 32. [Indirectly from F. aveugler, to blind; cf. E. aveugle,tQ cajole, seduce, and A. D. 1547, in Froude'b Hibt. v. 132 A.D. 1543, State Papers, ix. 287.] It
;

Invincible. (F.-L.)
conquer

easily overcome, from see Vanquish. ;

uincere, to

L. F. inviter. Invite. (F. L.) Allied militate, to ask, request, invite. to *uitus, willing, in in-uitus, unwilling. Doublet, vie, q.v. 343. Biugm. i. Invocation. (F. L.) F. invocation. L. wuocationem, ace. of inuocatio, a L. inuocdtus, pp. of incalling upon. L. in, upon ; ttocdre, tiocdre, to call upon.
to call.

See Vocation.

precisely answers to Anglo-F. enveoglir, to blind, in Will, of Wadington's Manuel des Peches, 1. 10639 > s P e ^ a ^ so enveogler These are mere (ignorant) in N. Bozon. variants of F. aveugler, to blind (like im-

post hum e for apostume)) from F. aveugle Late (A. F, enveoghs in Bozon), blind. L *aboculum, ace. of *aboculus, blind (Ducange has avoculus,Q\so aboculis, adj.). L. ab, without oculus, eye. ^f Baret ' (1580) has: inveigle ones minde, occcccare
;

L ) F. invoquer. L. (F. inuocdre, to call upon (above). Invoice, a particular account of goods sent out. (F. L.) corruption of envois^ pi. of F. envoi, O. F. envoy a sending ; see Envoy. Cf. E. voice, from O. F. vois. Involve. (F. L.) F. involver, l to L. imtolueie, to roll in, involve;' Cot.
invoke.

roll up. L. in, in; uoluere, to roll. See Voluble. Der. involiit-ion, involute , from the pp. inuolutus; also involucre from L. inuolucn4tn, an envelope. animum! Invent. (F. L ) F. inventer, to de- Iodine, an elementary body. (Gk.) vise. Foimcd, with suffix -er (L. -drc\ Named from the violet colour of its from L. inuent-us, pp. of inuenlre, to vapour. [Cf. F. iode, iodine ]- Gk. 1&5come upon, find out. L. hi, upon uenlre, 77$, contr. form of toccfr}?, violet-like with Gk. lo-v, a violet ; cft-os, to come. See Venture. Der. invent- suffix -me.
',

ion, &c.

appearance.
opposite. F. invers.
(F.

See Violet.

Inverse,

L.)

M.

E.

l^. inuersus, pp. M. invers. of inuertere (below). invert. (L.) L. inuertere, to turn L. in, towards; towards or up, to invert

ucrtere, to turn.

Invest.

(F.

See Verse. F. invest ir. L.)

L.
2

Gk. Iwra, a letter of the Gk. alphabet. - Heb. yod, the smallest letter of the Heb. alphabet, with the power of y. (Of Phoenician See Jot. origin.) Ipecacuanha, a medical root. (Port. Port, ipecacuanha (Span. Brazilian.)

Iota. (Gk.-Heb.)

IR-

ISOLATE

From the Brazilian name of Irrigate, to water. (L.) From pp. of ipecacuand}. L. in igare, to flood. - L. in, upon ; rigare> the plant ; Guarani ipt-kaa-guana. Ipt to wet, moisten. pebj small; kaa, plant; guana, causing Irritate. (L.) From pp. of L. irritare, sickness. Ir- (1), prefix. (L. ; or F. L.) For to incite, excite, provoke, tease. App. related to irnre, hirrire^ to snarl as L. in, in, prep., when r follows. For a dog; which is prob. an imitative Ir- (2), prefix. (L. ; or F. L.) word. L. neg. prefix in-, when r follows. F. irruption, Ire. (F. L.) F. ire. L. Tra, anger. Irruption. (F. L.) 'aloicible entry;* Cot. L. ace. irrupirascible. (F. L) F. irascible. from Jrasci, to tidnem, a breaking into. L. ir- (for ///), L. irasdbilis, choleric become angry with suffix -bilis. L. Tra, into rupt-us, pp. of ntmpere, to break.
;

anger.

Gk.) L. ?>/>. (L. a rainbow. Der. trid-esc-ent, irid-mw, fiom Tnd-, stem of rns. And

Iris, a rainbow.
Tpts,

Gk.

see Orris.
to weary. (E.) M. E. irken, erken, back also irk, erk, adj. weary. formation from M. E. *irkth, for *irgth, later form of A. S. sb. iergf>, sluggishness

See Bupture. Is. A. S. is i from VES, to be. The general Jdg. form is ES-TI, as in Skt. ff-ri L. es-f, G. is-/; also as'ti, Gk. O. Icel. es, E. is. See also Be, "Was.
}

Irk,

to tire

Isinglass,
from a
'

iish.

a glutinous substance made (Du.) A corruption ofM.Du.

hut-sblacT), isinglass,

huyzenblas (mod. Du.

lit.

sturgeon-bladder,'
;

whence

isinglass is

from earg, sluggish.

Iron, a
?re.

metal.
ircn,

(E

M.

E. iren, also

A.

S.

older

forms
;

Jsern,

sb. -f- Du. ijzcr; O. Icel. Goth. G. Tsarn, G. ei^cn eisarn, sb. (whence etsamems, adj.). And cf. W. haiarn, Corn, hoern, Irish iarann, The O. Ir. iarn, Bret, houatn, iron. J3. Celtic forms answer to an O. Celt, form

haern,
fsarn;

adj.

and

O.

II.

*isarno~ (*etsarno-, Stokes, in Fick,

ii.

25)

from which the Germanic forms may have been borrowed. At any rate, Icel. jam and Dan. Swed. jern are from O. Ir. jam. Remoter origin unknown.

ironmonger,
(E.)

a dealer
(E.;/

in iron

goods.
(3)

From iron and

monger-, see

Monger.
F.

iron-mould. Irony. (F.

(Mmsheii).
L.

See

Mould

L.
ironla*

Gk

irome

Gk.

dpa/veta,

M. I)u. Imys, sturobtained; see Sewcl geon blaese, bladder (Kihan). Cf. G. hausen /<flj, stui gcon-bladder, isinglass; from G. hauscn, a sturgeon, blaw, a bladder, from b la sen, to blow. Cf. O. II. G. hit so y a sturgeon. Islam, the religious system of Muhammed. (Arab.) Arab, islam, lit. 'submission.' Arab, root salama, he was resigned. See Moslem. Island. (E.) The s is inserted by confusion with F. isle. M.E. iland. A. S. A. S, ^, an island ; land, land ; tgland. perhaps by confusion of A.S. 7^, island, with A.S ca-tand, island, lit. * water-land.' The A. S. fg" is also Teg, O. Mei c. eg (cf. Angles-ey] cognate with Icel. cy, Dan. Swed. o, island G. aue, meaduw neai watei. The ong. Tent, lorm was *agwia,
;

Gk. tipcui', a disdissimulation, irony. sembler, one who says less then he thinks or means. Allied to Ionic ei'/7o//at, Attic tpojj.a.1, 1 ask, enqinie, seek out (cf. dpwriw,
Ion.
for tuGuT&oj,

search (base *?cu

Irradiate.
radian,

ask), (ptvva, enquiry, Prelhvitz). (L.) From pp ofL. irra;

of *agwioz, belonging to water, an formed from *ahwa water, represented by A. S. ea, O 11. G. aha, Goth, a/iwa, a stream, cognate with L. aqua, water. O. F. isle Isle, an island. (F. -L.) L. insula, an island. See (F. tie} Insular.
fern,

adj.

diare, to shine upon.

to s-hine,

ir-, for in,

fiom radius, a

lay.

on; See

Isochronous,

peifoimcd

in
;

equal
xpoi/os,

Radius.
not to be refuted. (F. L.) F. irre*fragable **\j. irrefragdbilis, not to be withstood. L. ir- (-//?-, not) refragatt, to oppose, thwart, from re-,

imcs. (Gk.) Gk. /ao-?, equal time (see Chronicled iJrugm. i.

sides as

345

c.

Irrefragable,

ISOSCeles, having two equal legs or mangle. (L.-Gk.) Is.isoscelei. ^a

Gk.
t(TO(TKt\r}<>,
;

isosceles.

Gk.

t<ro-s,

or/ceA-oy, a leg, side of a tiiangle. Isolate, to insulate. (Ital.-L.) Sug(probably) L. frag-, base of frag- or, a noise. (For the long a, cf. L. gested by Ital. isolato, detached, used as a term in architecture (whence also F. suffrdgium, piob. from the same root.)

equal

back, and

268

ISSUE
zWt/).
Ital.

JACKET
L. insula,

an island.

isola, an island. See Insular.

L.) M. E. F. /ww<?, O. F. issue (tissue), the issue, end, event ; Cot. Fern, of tssu, pp. of tsstr, to depart, go out. L. extre, L. &*, out fr<?, to go. to go out. Isthmus, a neck of land connecting a Gk.) (L. peninsula with the mainland. L. isthmus. Gk. laOfjtos, a narrow passage; allied to tOpa, a step. (v^EI, to g ) It. (E ) M, E. hit. A. S. hit, neut. of

Issue,

progeny, result. (F.

'

issue, sb.
*

inwit-an, to know; see "Wit. (-/WEID.) The M. E. prefix i- (A. S. /*-) is sometimes written apart from the rest of the word, and with a capital letter. Hence, by the mistake of editor, it has been
printed

/ w/J, and

This
ivis,

is

explained as I know/ the origin of the fictitious word

(

to

know, given

in

some

dictionaries.

J.
to chatter. (F. ?) Formerly jaberxn&jable, of imitative origin ; similar

Jabber,

l)ii. /^/, he, he. 4* J eel. hit, neut. oihinn The old gen. neut. oif hij\ Goth. hita. case was //, afterwards ?V, and finally z/j
;

to

(XVII^ent.).
thus

letters, printed in sloping type. (L.} ^ Named from Aldo Manuzio, an Italian, about A. L>. 1 L. Itahcus. L. I/aha, Italy. 501 Itch. (E.) North E. ynke. M. E. iken y icchen, fuller form jiken, $ichen.
.

See He. Italics, a name for

gabber and gabble. Godefroy gives O. Y.jaber as a vanant of gaber, to mock. See Cf. Du. gabberen, lo jabber ; Sewel.

Gabble.

L a precious stone. (F. L. hyacinthus, a F. jacmthe. Gk. vatcivOos, a jacinth; Rev. jacinth.
Jacinth,
Gk.)
xxi. 20.

See Hyacinth.
(F.

S. gictan, to itch, for *gyccan ; cf. A. S. gvhSa, an itch ing. -f-E. Fries, joken, Du.

A.

Jack (1), a baucy fellow, sailor. M E. Jaeke, 1,. _Gk. -Ileb)

'Jakke
fool,'

Jakke,

often used as a term of reproach, as in

G. jucken, to itch; (). H. G. jttcchan. Tent, type *jukjan~. Item, a separate article or particular.
jeuken,
L. item, likewise; (L.) for enumerating particulars

Chaucer, C.T. 3708.

Gen-

m common
;

erally used formerly (as now) as a pet substitute for John, and perhaps due to

use

closely allied Cf. Skt itthatn, thus, ?/Y,thus. to tia, so. iterate, to repeat. (X.) From pp. of Herare, to repeat. L. lie rum, again; a compar. form (with suffix ~ter] from the pronominal base I, as in i-tem, i-ta. Cf.

the dimin. form Jankin. A. F. Johan. L. Johannes.

John

is

from
*

Gk

'loxWi/s.
lit.

Heb. Yehokhanan,
'

okhandn,

God

Skt. i~tara(s^, another.

Itinerant,
pres. pait

travelling.

(L.)

L. such as a s woke-jack, a boot -jack so also supine of ire, to go. (VEI, to go ) Jack-o -lent, Jack-o'-lantern ^Jack-pudding, Ivory. (F. L.) M.E.*wra(==jw7*). Jack-an-apes ( Jack on <7/V.f,with on - of}. O. F. wurie, later ivoire L. eboreus, jack (2), a coat of mail. (F.-L.-Gk. L. ebor-, stem of Heb.) O. F Jaqne, James, also a Jack, adj., made of ivoiy. Cot, Cf. Ital. giaco, a ebur, ivory. Perhaps allied to Skt. ibha-, or coat of maile an elephant. coat of mail, Span.yflrt?, a soldier's jacket, Ivy, an evergreen. (E ) A.S. ?yf^-; also Q.jacke, a jacket. Of obscure origin but rfcgH' 4* O.H.G. ebahewi (G. e/>heu}; prob. due to \\\e Jacquerie, or revolt of the The A. S, tf-ig beems to be peasantiy nicknamed Jacques Bonhommes, Kluge. a compound word. The syllable if- is A. D. 1358; and hence due to F. Jaques, see above. equivalent to Du. ei- in ei-loof^ ivy (where James I oof** E. leaf} ; and to eba(h}- in O. H. G. Jackal, a kind of wild animal (Turk. Pers. shaghaL cbahTurk, chakal. but the sense is unknown. Pers.) Iwis, certainly. (E.) M. \Lyivts, twis. Cf Skt. frgttla-, a jackal, a fox.
;

of O. Lat. itinerdre, to ilincr-, stem of iter^ a journey.

Heb. Yaaqcl), Jacob; lit. one who Heb root 'aqab, to by the heel. Fiom seize by the heel, supplant. <fl" The name travel. was extended to denote various implements,
seizes

confused with gracious (3. Apparently F. Jacques, a common name in France* Gk. *Ia/ccy^os. JaqUiS is from L. lacolms
is

it-ntn,

'

A S.gewis, adj , certain (whence^w/W/r^ adv., certainly).4-t)u. gewis, adj. and adv. G. gewiss, adv. Cf. Icel. viss, certain,
sine.

toz,

From Teut. type *wtssoz (for *w/VIdg. *wid-to$}, pp. from the base wit-

Jackanapes. For Jack on apes, i. e. Jack of apes. See Jack (i). Jacket, a shoit coat. (F. - L. - Gk Heb.) Q.}?.jaquett a jacket; dimin. of O. }?.jaque y a jack of mail see jack (j).
t
;

269

JACOBIN
jacobin. (F.~L.-Gk.-IIeb.) M.E.
jacobin.

JAR

prov. E. champ, to mash, crush, also to Late 'Lz.t.Jaeobmus, chew ; so also champ, hard, firm, i. e. See Champ. adj.^ formed from facobus, and applied to a chammed or pressed down. friar of the order of St. Dominick. See ^[ But Ashe (1775) has Jamb, to confine ' Jack (i). ft. Hence one of the Jacobin as between two posts ; as if from Jamb* club in the French Revolution, which first

f jacobin
t

'

met

q.y.

in the hail

Paris, Oct.

1789.

of the Jacobin friars in Also the name of a

jam
if

(2), a

conserve of

fruit.
is

(E.)

soft substance, like that

*

hooded

(friar-like) pigeon.

And

chewed. we have anye stronger meate, it

'
;

which

Jacobite, an adherent of James II. must be chammed afore by the nurse, and Gk. From L. lacob-us, so put into the babes mouthe Sir T. (L. Heb.)
James (above).
More, Works,
^Ch.)
p.

241 h.

See above.

Jade
(Scand.)

(i)>

a sorry nag, an old woman.

M.E.f'a&
t

The
from

initial

j is perhaps from y. Cf. Lowland Sc. yaud,yawd &]a&Q\ Dimbar \\&->yald. Of

Scand.
(Rietz).

origin

borrowed

Icel.

Jamb, side-post of a door. (F. L.) 'F.jambe, a leg, also a jamb (see Cotgrave). Folk-L. gamba, a leg. See Gambol. Der. (perhaps) yamo, vb. ; see Jam (i). Jane, Jean, a twilled cloth. (F.Ital.)

jalda, a mare; prov. Svved. /#/<&, a mare

Gene, Genoa. - M. F. Genes. -

Also gene fustian/ 1580

l

cf.

M.E.

Ital.

Y.JaJe The jade brought from America by the Spaniards was called
piedra de ijada, because it was believed to cure pain the side for a similar reason it was called nephritis (from Gk. vttypos, kidneys). Span, ijada, also ijar, the flank

- Span. - L.)

Jade

Geneva,
(F.

(2),

a hard dark -green stone.

F.

Genoa

Jangle,
Scand.)
to jangle,

to sound discordantly.

jangleu.

prattle.

O. F, jangler, Of Scand. origin.

;

Swed. dial, and Norw. jangla, to quarrel cf. Du. jangelen, to importune, frequent, of janken, to bowl, yelp. An imitative

Port, ilhal) tlharga, the flank, side. L, tlia, pi., the flanks.
cf.

word

cf

gannire, to yelp.

a notch, tooth. (Scand.) Hardly a variant of dag. Iaggc> or dagge of a ' garment ; Pa Kg. I lagge, or cut a gar' ment ; ib. From Norw. jak, a notch ; jaka, to notch (Ross). Jaggery, a coarse brown sugar. (CanaSkt ) rese A corruption of Canarcse sharkare, unrefined sugar; II. II. Wilson.

Jag,

JanissaireSy

'

'

Of Turk,

r\c T>

Ital. F. (F. Turk.) the Janizaries;' Cot. M. Ital. ianizzeri, 'the Turkes gard.' Florio.

Janizary.
{

_i

origin

from Turk,

(Devic). auxiliary forces (Zenker).

means new soldiery '; and cheri, soldiery And chert is fiom Pers. charik,
;

:.

it

'

11

ycfli,

new

Skt. sarkara-, see Sugar. a beast of prey. (F. Brazil.) 'J&gua in the Guarani [Brazilian] language is the common name for tygers and

lanudmis, a month named from the god Ianus who was supposed to have doors
>

January.
his

(L.)

Englished from L.

Jaguar,

under
door.

protection;

cf.

L.

ianua>

the generic name for tygers is dogs jaquarete\* Clavigero, Hist, of Mexico, tr. by Cullen, ii. 318 It should be written yagoar\ for there is noy in Tupi-Guarani
;

Japan, a name given to certain kinds of lacquered work. (Japan) Named from the country. Der./tf/<7, \b., to polish. Jape, to mock, jest, befool. (F.)
Obsolete.

(Cavalcanti). (in Buffon).

The The

spelling jaguar is F. Diet, of Trevotix has

;

M.E.y^r/^w. Apparently from O. \*.japer (^-jappe>} y to yap (as a dog). Imitative ; cf. K. yap.

janouare (error for jauouare] for Brazil. yauara, a dog. Spelt jaguara. Hist. Nat. Brasiliae, p 235. Jail; see Gaol.
(Mexican,) Named from Jalapa or Xalapa, in Mexico. Orig. Xalapan, 'sand by the water.'

Jar

(i), to
cf.

Imitative;

make a harsh noise. (E.) M. E.garren, to chide, M. E.

;

jvren,A. S.georran, to creak Du gieren, to cry Bavar garren, to jar. Parallel

;

Jalap,

the toot of a plant.

to prov. E. char, to chide, M. to creak (Prompt. Parv.) ; cf. A.

charken,
ker-

S ceorian,

cerian, to

Mex.
near
;

murmur; M, Du. karren,

xat(li) t sand

a(tt} 1

water; pan, on,

wheie

Jam (i), to

-//',

-// are

suppressed.

pi ess, squeeze.

a variant of chain, to

Prob. (E.) chew, to champ ;

crake [creak] like a cart/ Hexham O. H. G. ktrran> to give a loud harsh sound. Cf. Jargon and Garrulous. Jar (2), an earthen pot. (F.-Arab.)
ren,

'to

270

JARGON
'
'

JEOPARDY

M. F.yW, a jarre,' Cot. ; F.>m?. [Cf. Korting.) ^f Perhaps influenced by chaw, Arab. chew j Palsgrave has chawe-bone for jawSpan, jarra, jarro, Ital. giara.~\ bone. jarra, a jar (Devic). Jargon, a confused talk. (F.-L. ?) Jay, a bird. (F.) O. F. jay, a jay (F. F. jargon, orig. the chattering of birds, geai\ Cf. Span, gayo, a jay. Of doubtful jargon ; O. F. gargon, gergon. Cf. Span. origin ; perhaps from O. H. G. wdhi, fine, See Gay. gerigonza, jargon ; Ital. gergone. Prob. beautiful, whence F. gai. from an imitative base gctrg (cf. garg-le, Jealous. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.jalous, cf. L. garrire, to prate, croak. gelus. O. F. jalous (later jaloux). Late gurg-le] L. zelus, zeal. Cf. M. E. charken, to creak. See Jar (i). L. zelosus, full of zeal. - Ital. Gk. 17 Xos, zeal. See Zeal. "D&r.jealous-yj Jargonelle* a kind of pear. (F. F. jargonelle, a kind of pear, F. jalousie. Pers. ?)
;

very stony (Littr) ; formed (ace. to Littre) from F. jargon, a yellow diamond, small Ital. giargone, a sort of yellow stone.

Jeer. (Du.) Doubtful; perhaps fiorn M. Du. phrase dengekscheeren, lit. to shear
the fool, hence to jeer at one ; whence the word geltscheeren, or simply scheeren, to
jeer.
4

Perhaps from Pers. zargun, from gold-coloured (Zend zairi-gaona-} zar, gold, and gun, colour (Devic). Jasmine, Jessamine, a plant. (F. Pers ) F. jasmin. Arab. (So also Arab, ydsemin (Devic). Span, jaziuin.)
Pers.

diamond.

Now spelt scheren. Cf. G. scheren, ' to shear, fleece, cheat, plague, tease ; Flugel E. Fries, scheren, the same.
;

Jehovah. (Heb
more

yasmin, jasmine

ydsamin,
L.

jessa-

correctly, yahwch, a proper rendered in the A.V. by * the Lord.'

Heb. yahovah, or, name,

L. ieiu-

mine.

Jasper,
Arab.)

a pi ecious stone. (F

Gk.

Jejune, hungry, meagre. (L.) nus, fasting, hungry, dry.

Jelly. (F.-L.)
'

O. F. jaspie

(Littrc*),

an occa-

Formerly gelly.-.

sional spelling of jaspe, a jasper. L. iaspidem, ace. of iaspis. Gk. tcuriris. Arab.

Cot. Orig. fern, of pp. of gelly ; L. gelare, to freeze. See geler, to freeze.
gelte,

'

whence Pers. yasb yasf, yashb, jasper Cf. Heb. yaihpheh, yashp, yashf, jasper. a jasper.
t

Gelid.

a small Spanish Span. Arab.) 'M.Y.genettt, Cot. Jaundice. (F. L) M.E.iaitm's; the 'a genet, or Spanish horse Span. d being excrescent. F. jaumssc, yellow- ginete, a nag ; but orig. * a horse-soldier.'

Jennet, Gennet,
(F.

horse.

ness

hence, the jaundice.

Y.jaune

(old-

Of Moorish

est spelling jalne), yellow.

L. galbinus,

traced by Dozy to origin Arab, zenata, a tribe of Barbary celebrated

;

L. galbus, yellow ; (per- for its cavalry. greenish yellow. haps of Tent, oiigin ; cf. G. gelb^ yellow). Jenneting, a kind of early apple. Jaunt, a ramble. (F.) Yromjaunfs, pi., (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) Prob. for Jeanne' a dimin from F. pomme de S. Jean, Cf. M. F. jancer itn ton toil.' for fdttnu, ' cheval, to stirre a horse in the stable till an early apple, called in Italian melo de he swart [sweat] withall ; or (as our) to San Giovanni, \. e. St. John's apple. So called because, in France and Italy, it Cot. jaunt (an old word) ; Jaunty, Janty, fantastical. (F. - L ) ripened about June 24, St. John's day. Also janty, jantee, variants vtjantyl, old So also, there is an early pear, called Amire spelling of gentle or genteel. Cf. Burgundy Joannet or Jeanette, or petit St. Jean \ G.
;
'

'

jantais,

gentil
(F.

Javelin.

- C.

Mignard.
?)

M.

F. javelin,

<

Johannisbirne. F.y^att-cLat. ace. lohanHeb. nem\ from Gk. looavvys, John.

javelmg,' Cot. ; allied tojavelot, 'a gleave, Yokhanan, the Lord is gracious. dart/ id. Perhaps Celtic. Cf. O. Irish Jeopardy, hazard. (F.-L.) M. E. gabul, a fork ; gab lack, pointed, Irish jupartie, later jopardye, jeopardie. O. F. gabhla, a spear, gabhlan, a fork of a tree ; jeu parti, lit. a divided game ; a game in Gael, gobhlan, a prong; W. gafl> a fork, which the chances were equal, hence, a Late L iocus partitus, the See Gaff. risk, hazard. gaflach, a dart. Jaw. (F.-L.) M. E. iowe (jowe}. same; also an alternative. L. iocus, a ' O. F. (and Y.)joue, the cheek, thejowle;' game partitus, pp. of partiri, to part* Cot. (Cf. Prov. gauta, Ital. gota, cheek, divide, from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a Late L. gabata* gavata, a bowl; part, ^f The diphthong *<? = F. eit ; ck jaw.) from the rounding of the jaw. (Diez, people ( = F. peuple). See Joke.
;

271

JERBOA

JIB

Jerboa, a rodent quadruped. (Arab.) about. M. E. ietten, to strut. - O. Arab, yard ft', (i) the flesh of the back or geter, getter, to throw, fling, push forth. L. iactare, to fling frequent, of iacere^ to loins, an oblique descending muscle; (2) the jerboa, from the use it makes of the throw. Der.y^/, sb., formerly in the sense strong muscles in its hind legs, in taking of guise or fashion, &c. Jet (2), a black mineral. (F.- L.-Gk.) long leaps. Jereed, a wooden javelin used in mock O. F. jet, jaet, also jayel, gaiete, jet (F. L. gagatttH) ace. of gaga fes, jet fights. (Arab.j Arab.ytf > /">/, a palm- branch //.$). Gk. ya.ya.Trjs, jet so called from Tdyai, a stripped of its leaves, a lance. Jerk. (E.) We find jerk, /erf, an<\yerk town in Lycia, in the S. of Asia Minor. all used in much the same sense, ong. to Jetsam. (F. -L.) MsojetUwn. An Of these, old teim in Law F. for things thrown overstrike with a lash, whip or lod. A. F. gctjert was regarded as equivalent to gird board from a wrecked vessel. L. ace. teson, a casting; O. F. getaison (Index to Cot.) see Gird (2).
;
; ;

singular (Peruvian.) corruption of ctharqtii, the S American name for jerked beef, or beef dried in a particular way see Prescott, Conquest of Peru, ch. v. From Peruv. icharqui, a Also called jerkin slice of dried beef. beef', from Peruv. rcharqmni, vb., to make
'
'

Jerked beef.

lactationem.

L.

iactare y

to

cast

see

Jet

(i).

jetty,

a kind of pier.
(

(F.-L.)
'

M. F.

jettfe (t. jett

'

also a jetty or jutty ; Cot. Orig. fern, of pp. of M. F. jetter (F. jeter], to throw ; see
cast, throw,

e\ a

Jet

(i).

dried beef.

Jew.
a jacket,

(F.

Jerkin,

Dirmn. of Du.

short coat. (Du.) Jttrk, a fiock (Sewel), by

Iewe, a Jew.

- L - Gk. - Heb.) M. E. A F. leu, Geu (F. juif}.

Jew.
'Iot;5a/a,

Ychilddh, Judah, son of Jacob, lit. 'illustrious.' Ileb. Tootyd(/iib,to throw, praise, Per. Jcw-ry, M. E. lewerie, celebrate. kilder-kin. O. F. Inerie, lit. a Jews' district also Jersey, fine wool, a woollen jacket Jcws'-harp, a name given in derision ; cf. the harp of David/ (Jersey ) If rom Jersey, one of the Channel Islands. Jewel, a valuable ornament. (F. L.) M. E wwel, nicl O. F. joel, joiel,jouel, Jessamine ; see Jasmine. Jesses, straps round a hawk's legs. juel (latery^j'a//). Lnte L. iocale, usually L. L) Double pi.; from M. E. ges, (F. pi. iocaha, jewels (lit. trinkets). O. F. ges, gies, pi of gef, giet, a iocari, to f)lay ,O. F. jocr, jouer). !;. jesses. short thong, for throwing off the hiwk wcus, play. See Joke. (Toynbee, 76, a cast.' fes Cf. M. Y.ject, a cast M3) orig. Jib (0, the foremost sail in a ship. jectsifun oyseatt, 'a hawkes lesses/ Cot. O. F. geter, to cast. L. icictdre, to (Dan ) So called because easily shifted
;

help of the once common Du. dimm. suffix Cf. -ken, now supplanted by -/> or -tje. Westphal jut ken, a sort of overcoat E. Cf. _/?/*;*, Fries jurken, a child's frock.

L. ludaus, a an inhabitant of

Gk.

'lovSatos,

Judsea.

Heb.

'

cast

see

Jet

(i).

from side to side

see jib (2} below.

a joke. (F. L.) Oiig. a story, F. E. gesfc, a story meiry tale. geste, an exploit, romance, tale of exploits L. gesla, for res gfsta, a thing done, an exploit. L. gesttis, pp of gerere, to

Jest,

jib
(Dan.)

(2), to shift a sail from side to side. ''Jib, to shift the boom-sail from
' ;

one side of the ma^-t to another Ash Also spelty/^gjVv. I )tm.gibbe ( J 775)to jibe, jib; Swed. dial, gippa, to jeik up. See Gesture, Gerund Allied to Swed. gitppa, to rock; see carry, carry on. Jesuit ; see below. The foim gibe answers to Du. Jump. JeSUS, the Saviour (L.-Gk. - Ileb.) gijpen, K. Fries. gTpen, to turn sudden v,
t

Ok. 'ITJTOVS Hcb Yeshft'a, Jeshua (Nehem. viii. 17); cotitr. form of Yehoshua, Jehoshua (Numb xiu. 16)
L.
lesus
signifying saviour, lit. 'help of Jehovah.' Ileb. root yashd , to be large, to save.
"Der.jesu-it, one of the society of Jesus (i), to throw out, fling about, spout.

aid of a snil.

3\ to move restively, as a horse. Scand ) ( ) F. giber to struggle Math the hands and feet (Roquefort) whence

jib

'

'

>

Jet

O. F. regiber fF. rfgtmber), to kick as a horse Cf. also O.^F. giper, to jib, as a
jerk

(F.

L.)

Formerly, to jet was to stiut

horse (Godefroy). up (above).

Swed.

dial, gippa, to

272

JIBE
Jibe,
the

JOURNEY
q. v.

same as Gibe,

Jig", a lively tune or dance. (F.-M. O. F. gige, gigue, a fiddle, dance. G.) G. gtge (G.geigc), a fiddle. M.^H. Jilt, a flirt. (L.) Formerly /*/&/, dimin otjill, a flirt, orig. Jill or Gillian, a personal name. L. Juliana. See Gill (4). Jingle, to clink. (E.) M. E. ginglen a frequentative verb from the base y ink,
;

joint, sb.

O. F. joinct, joint, pp. Qijoindi e,

to supL.)

to join

see Join (above). Joist, one of a j-et of timbers

;

port

the

boards of
giste.

floor.

(F.

jist (with i as in Q. F. gisfe, a bed, because couch, place to lie on, a joist these timbers support the floor. O. F.

Sometimes pronounced

mice).

M. E.

allied

to

chink

see

Chink
1

(2).

Also

gesir (Y.fffstr), to to he. Ct. Gist.

lie, lie

on.

L. iacere,

allied to

Jangle.
a demon.
(
;

Joke,
jest,

a
see

jest.

(L.)
i.

From
302.

L. iocus, a

Arab. ) Formed from Arab.y///0(/), demons, pi. the sing, form being /*>//>, Englished ^jinnee or gente, Job (i), to peck with the beak. (E. ?^

Jinn,

game.
;

Jole
form

Brugm. Jowl.

M. E. iobben. Cf. Perhaps imitative. Gael and Irish gob, mouth, beak. Job (2), a small piece of work. (F. ?) M. E. lob, a piece, lump. Gob, a lump Halhwell. also, to work by the gob O. F. gob, a mouthful gobet, a morsel. of Celtic origin. See Job (i). Perhaps
'

M.E. wly, earliest O. F. johf, later joli, 'jolly, lohf. ' Cot. Ong. sense l festive.' gay, trim, fine Icel. jol, a great feast in the heathen
Jolly. (F.-Scand.)
;

time

cognate with A. S. gcola, yule.

Seo

Yule.
find JoUy-boat. (Poit. ami E) but it grete bote and jolywat in M95 was also spelt galtcvat and galley"wat Port, galeola, a galliot ; sea (Yule). Galliot. Perhaps the foim of the word has been influenced by Y.joli. See Jolly. Jolt, to jerk. (E.) trom/0//, vb , to knock the jole or head ; cf. All's Well,
k
' ;

'

We

'

North

Jockey. (F. -L.-Gk.-Heb.) A E pron. of Jackey, dimin. of Jack

name.
(L.)

as a personal

See Jack

(i).

Jocose, merry.
L. wens, spoit.

L. iocosus, sportive.
t

See Joke.

JOCUlar.
his,

(L.)

little jest,

l .iocuL.ioculan's. dimin. of went* a jest.

Jocund. (V.-L}

M.E.

jo'condc.

Cf. jolt-head, a stupid fellow 3- 59' one whose head has been/<?//W or knocked about. See Jowl.
*
;

O. F. jocond, pleasant, agieeable (GotleL. tocundtts, iiicundus, pleasant; froy).

L. muare (supine in-iuni}, oiig. helpful. to help see Adjutant. Jog, to push slightly, jolt. (F.-Teut. ?)
;

Jonquil,

flower.

(F.-Span.-L.)

t. jonqutlle. Span. jttnqttillo\ named fiom its lush-like leaves. Span, junso, a rush. L. iitncus, a rush. See Junk (2).

M. E. wggen.
shake,

Cf.

shog,

W. ysgo^i,

wag, stir, E. schoggen, to shake

;

to

up and down; Kentish joik, to jolt. All schokken s-ee apparently from M. E Shock. ^[ We also find Norw. and Swed. dial jukka, to jump up and down, as in
riding.

a pot. (Unknown.) M. E. dan, iiirdan, tordeyne Late L. iurdanus (Prompt. Paiv. and Vocab.). It was orig. an alchemist's bottle (ITalliwell, Way) perhaps once used for keeping water from

Jordan,

101

John Dory,
L.)
fish

the Joidan. JOSS, a Chinese idol. (Poit.-L.) Not Chinese, but corrupted from Port. Deos,

a meie
ass
;

the name of a fish. (F. the \ulgar name of the called the dory. John appeals to be

God.

John dory K

O. F. dens.
L.
unt)i

Cognate with Span. Dios, God; L. /Y.s, nom., God. Jostle, JllS tie, to ptsh against. (F. ;

sailor's prefix, like \\\z jack in jack-

E.

suffi\\\

frequent,

form,

can hardly be from an alleged F. jaune dorde, which would he tautological

it

Dory is \ orrowed from F. tfon'e, a dory lit. 'gilded,' don'e being the fern, * of the pp. vidorer, to L. deaurarc* gild to gild. L. dc anro, of gold ; see Aureate. Join. (F.-L.) O/F. and F. foign-, a
;
'

nonsense.

with suffix -/<', iiora M. E._/0//?<Vw, to tilt, u^h against. See Joust. Jot. (L. - Gk. -lie b.> Englished from Gk. Iwra, L. iota, Matt. v. 18 (Vulgate). i letter of the Gk. alphabet. -Hcb. yod,
the smallest letter of th^ Hcb. alphabet, with the power of y. See Iota.

stem uijoindre.

L mngere
;

to join. 4- Gk. ffvyvvvai Allied to Yoke.

(pp. innc/u^,, Skt. yuj, to join.

Journal.
*

(F.
;

L.>
fc
.

Properly an adj
journal, daily.

signifying

daily.'
3

L,
a

joint.

(F.

- L.)

diurnalis,

<

aily

see

Diurnal.

O. F. joinct, joint, a

journey. (F.-L.)

M.E. ioumee.

JOUST
F. journtfe^ a day, orig. a day's travel. Late L. *diurndta, orig. day's work. the fern. pp. of Late L. diurndre, to L. diurnus, daily. L. dies, a sojourn.

JUMP
judicature. (F.-L.)
Late L. iudicdtiira,
judgment.
to judge. judge.

F. judicature. of a judge, L. iudicatus, pp. of iildicdre, L. ifidic-, stem of index, a

office

day.

jousfer (.joufer),\.Q tilt. - Late L iuxtdre, to approach (hence, to approach with hostile intent, as in tilting). L. luxtd, close to, hard by (whence O. Y.jouste, close lo). p The form iuxtd is short for *mgis-td, fern. abl. of the superlative form of L tug is, continual. From the babe iilgof iungere, to join. (-/YEUG.) Brugm.
i

Joust, Just,

to

tilt.

(F.-L.)

O.F.

judicial. (F.-L.) M. F. ><#>/.L. iiidicidlis, pertaining to courts of law. L. indicium, a trial. L. iudic-, stem of iiidex, a judge (above).
F. jndicicux ; L.) (F. from a L. form *tndiciosus. L. indie-, stem of index, a judge. Jug, a kind of pitcher. (Heb.) Drinkmg-vessels were formerly called jacks, jills, andyw^y, all of which represent Christian names. Jug and Judge were usual as pet female names, and equivalent to Jenny or

judicious.
if

as

760.

Der. jostle.
(F.

Jovial.
lit.

L.)

Q."F.jovial, sanguine,

born under the lucky planet Jupiter.

L. louidlis, pertaining to Jupiter. loui-, decl. stem of O. Lat. louis, Jove, L Jn-pitcr ( = Jove-fathei). loins whence represents Diouis (cf. Oscan dat. Diuv-ei}, allied to dies, day, and to dens, god cf. Gk. Atos, gen. case of Zeus. See Deity,
;

L.

120, 223. or cheek. (E.) E. jolle all the forms are corruptions M. E. chol, chaul, which is a contraction of of M. E. chauel (ckavel}, the jowl. A. S. ceajl, the jaw pi. ceafta<> t the jaws, chaps. Cf. O. Sax. kaflos, pi., the jaws; Du. G. kiefer, jaw, jawkevels, pi. the gums bone; also Icel. kjaptr, Swed. kaft, l)an.

M.

Tuesday. Brugm. i. Jowl, Jole, the jaw

;

Joan; ^zjannctte^jehannetteiii Cotgrave. Cf. Jock for John; fem. form Jacquetta. Of 1 leb. origin see Jenniting. Juggernaut, the name of an Indian idol. (Skt.) Skt jagannatha-, lord of the universe, monarch of the world (Berifey, Skt jagat, world; natha-, prop. 465).
;

tector, lord.

successive spellings are A.S. ceafl, chcefte (Layamon), chauel, chanl, chol,jole,jowl (all found).
ki&ft, jaw. ^[

The

neck. (L.) From L. iugul-um, or iugul-ust the collar-bone, which joins the neck and shoulders ; dimin. of tugttm, a yoke. See

Juggler. (F. L.) M. E. iogelour. O. F\jogleor, jougleor \aterjonglew. L. L. loculdtorem, ace. of loculdtor, a jester. L. ioculus, a little jest, ioculdri, to jest dimin. of tocus, joke. See Joke. Jugular, pertaining to the side of the
;

M. E. ioye. -O.F. ioye, ) (F. joye; oldest form goye (Y.joie} ; cf. Ital. gioj&tfoy, also a gaud, jewel, Span./^fl,

Joy.

-L

Yoke.
Jtlice. (F. L.) O. Y.jtis, juice, broth.
'

M.E.

iuce,

tuse.
;

L. ius, broth

lit.

a gaud. L. gaudia, pi. of gatidium, joy afterwards turned into a fern. sing. L.

mixture.' -f-Skt. yiisha-, soup. 911, 922. Brugm. i.

(^YU.)

See Gaud. gaudere, to rejoice. Jubilation, a shouting for joy. (L.) From L. iilbildtio, sb. L. inbildius, pp. of iilbildre, to shout for joy. L. iubthim, a shout of joy. ^f Quite distinct from
jubilee.

F. jujubes, pi. (Cot.). L. zizyphnm, a fmit of the tree called ztzyphus. jujube
;

M.

Jujube,

fruit.

(F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.)

of the tree ftfu^os. Pers. zayzafiln, ztzfiln, zizafnn, the jujube(i(wj>ov 1 fruit
tree.

Gk.

Julep,
season of great joy. (F

a drink. (F.
;

- Heb.)

Jubftee, a M.

./#/. -M.

Y.jubM,

'

L. a

julep,

Span.y///^.

sweet drink

Span. Pers.) F. Pers. /#/#, julep, a also gitldb, rose-water, also

L. iiibil&us, the jubilee jubilee;' Cot. (Levit. xxv. u); masc. of adj. iubilaus, belonging to the jubilee (Levit. xxv. 28). Heb. yobelt a blast of a trumpet, shout of Jy* If Distinct from the word above.

Pers. gult a rose ; ab, water. For julep. Pers. gul, see Hose. Pers. ab is cognate

with Skt. ap-, water. July. (F. - L.) O.

a

Julie.

indicem, Judge. (F. L.) Y.juge. ace. of index, a judge, lit. i one who points out law.' L. i n-s, law ; die-are, to
point
out.

-L

month (formerly called

- L. lultus, Qufnctt/is)nn'me<[

after Julius Ccesar, who was born in July. i to leap, spi ing, skip. (Scand.) ( ),

Jump

Swed.
to

dial,

gumpa,
;

See Jury and Diction.

wag about

to spring, jump,^7'w/a, allied to Swed. guppa, to

274

JUMBLE
move up and down
;

JUSTIFY
;

F. joncade (Cot.). Orig. a kind Dan.gumpe, to jolt L.) H. G. gumpen, of cream-cheese, served up on rushes, gampen, to jump, gumpeln* to play the whence its name. Ital. giuncata, a kind buffoon prov. G. gampen, to jump, hop, of cream-cheese on rushes, also a junket M. Du. gumpen, to (Florio).-Ital. giunco, a rush.-L. iunsport (Schmeller)
Icel.

goppa, to skip.-f M.
;

Tent. str. vb. *gim- cum, ace. of iuncus, a rush. Junta, a council. (Span.-L.) Span. pan~ (for *gempan-} ; whence Dan. dial. gimpe, to swing, wag, Lowl. Sc. jimp, to junta* a congress; a fern, form of junto (below). jump. jumble, to mix together confusedly. junto, a knot of men, a faction. (Span.
dance, leap.
also find . (Scand.) TLJombren*, Ch Troil ii. 1037; *xA. jumper* to mix hart

From a

We

L.) Span, junto, united, conjoined. L. iunctus, pp. of iungere, to join. See

moniously (^More). \ni&<zl*jumb-le*jomb- Join. ren jump-er are all frequentative forms of Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurist, the verb to jump* used transitively. Thus Juror ; see Jury. jumb-le \.Q make to jump, jolt together, Jury, a body of sworn men. (F. L.) make a discord; or, otherwise, to shake O. F. jurte, a jury, a company of sworn men ; orig. the fern. pp. otjurer, to swear. See Jump (i). together, make to agree. L. iurdre* to swear, bind by an oath. jump (2), exactly, pat also, as a veib. From the verb above cf. Ham- L. iur-, for iiis, law.-^Skt. yu* to bind. (Scand. Also used in the sense to let, i. I. 65. juridical, pertaining to courts of law
;
)

From L. iuncttc-us, agree or tally, esp. in the phr. to jump 01 to a judge. (L.) with. Oth. i. 3. 5 They jump not relating to the administration of justice; cf. Tarn. Shrew, i. i. 195. with suffix ~alis. lL. tun-, decl. stem of Junction, a joining. (L ) From L. Tits, law dicare, to proclaim. See Just L. iitnctus, pp. of (i) below. iunctio, a joining See Join. iuMgeie, to join. jurisdiction. (F.-L.) M. jurisL. iitrisdicjuncture, al union, a critical moment. diction (F. juridictioti}. (L.) The sense critical moment is astro- tionem, ace of iurtsdictio administration L. of justice. L. juris, gen. of ms, law (see logical, from the 'union' of planets. L. iunctus (above). and see Diction. Just (i) below) iuncturd) a joining. June. (F. L.) O. F. and F. Juin. <[f So also juris'-prudence. L. lunius* the name of the month and of jurists jurist, a lawyer. (F. L.) Late L. iitrista, a lawyer. a Roman gen f 01 clan. L. (Cot.). Jungle. \ITmd.-Skt.) Hind. /##/, lur-, for ius, law, with suffix -ista (=Gk. wasteland. ^\A.jangala-* adj., dry, desert -KTTTJS}. hence jungle =- waste land, if The Hind, juror, one of a jury. (F. L.) Imitated from F. jureur, a swearer, a juror. L. short a sounds like u in mud. L. iunior* luratdrem, ace. otiuralor, one who swears. Junior, younger. (L.) L. iurdre, to swear; see Jury (above). comp. of iuuenis* young; short for *iunenior. See Juvenile. Jury-mast, a temporary mast. (F. Juniper, an evergreen shrub. (L.) L. L.) Short for ajury-mast where ajury Of O. F. ajtnrie* aid, succour (Godefroy). a jumper. luniperus, iunipints* see Aid From L. adiutdrc, to aid doubtful origin. Cf. M. E iuivcre^ assistance; Prompt. Junk (i), a Chinese vessel. (Port Malay Chin.?) Port. (and Span.) /;?r0, Parv. a junk. Just (i), upright. (F.-L.) M. E. iust Malay jong\ also ajong. Said to be borrowed from Chinese chwan, a ship, F. juste. L. iustum, ace. of mstus, with suffix -fus. boat, bark, junk Williams, Chinese Diet. just, according to right cf. L. ius right, that which is fitting P 1 20 ; but this is from Malay. Junk (2), pieces of old cordage. (Port. Skt yu* to join. L. F. justice. L.) Poit. jtmco, a rush also junk> as a justice. (F. L) L iustitia, justice Late L. iustitia* a trinautical term i. e. rush-made ropes. iuncum, ace. of iuncus, a rush, fl" Junk bunal, a judge. L. iusti-, for iustus* just also means salt meat, tough as old ropes. see Just (i) above. F. justifier* - L. (But junk* a lump, is for churtk.} justify. (F. L ) junket, a kind of sweetmeat. (F. Ital. iustificare to shew to be just. L. iustii

'

'

375

JUST
for

KEN
for facere,

Justus,

just;

-ficare,

to

kydge.

Cf. prov. E. cadgy, cheerful

;

and

perhaps Dan. kaad, frolicsome M. Dan. kade, joy Swed. kdtja, to be wanton. Just (2), to joust see Joust. Keel (i), the bottom of a ship. (Scand.) Justle ; see Jostle. Jut, to project. (F. L.) Merely a cor- Icel. kjolr, Dan. ktol, Swed. kol, the keel ruption of jet in the same way a jetty or of a ship (whence G. Du. kiel, a keel). Cf. A. S. celae, the pier was formerly called a jutty\ see Teut. type *kiluz. beak of a ship (O. E.T.I. Distinct from Jetty. For A. S. ceol, O. II. G. kiol, M. II. G. kiel, jutty, a projection. (T. L) Der. jntty, vb., to pro- a ship. jetty see above. keelhaul. (Scand. a WE.) Also keelject beyond. Jute, a substance resembling hemp. hale to punish in the seaman's v\ ay, by Bengali jut, the fibres of the dragging the criminal under water on one (Bengali ) bark of the Corchorns olitorius (Wilson). side of the ship and up again on the From jhoto, vulgarly jhuto, the native other;' Johnson. From keel and ha ul or hale. Cf. Du. kiel-halen, G. kielholen. name in Oiissa (Yule). M. F. keelson, kelson, a set of timbers Juvenile, young. (F.-L.) L. ttiuemhs, youth- next a ship's keel. (Scand Formerly juvenile Y.juveml kelsine (Chapman). Swed. kolsvin, Dan. L. iuuenis young. See Young. ful.

make.

'

")

Juxtaposition,

^L.

and
;

F.

L.)
.

kwlsvnn (Norweg.
E. Fries, kohwin.

Coined from L. nucta, near See Joust and Position.

and position

kjolsvtll\ a keelson
ti.

kielschwein

Lit.

'keel-swine;' but this can hardly have been the ong. sense. A better sense is
i^iven

by Norw.

kjolsvill,

where
;

svill

K.
Kail, Kale,
E. form of
<.ole\

cabbage. (L.)
s.e Cole.

Northern

answers to G. schwdle, E. sill see Sill. This suffix, not being understood, may easily have been corrupted to swine, and
afterwards, in English, to -son. Keel (2), to cool (E) To keel * pot is to keep it from boiling ovei, lit to cool A. S. celan, to cool; for *idljan.* it. A. S. col, cool. See Cool.

Kails,
keyles
,

ninepins

(Du

see quille in Cotgi ave.

Formerly also These kails

;

were cone-shaped. met kegels spden, Dan. kegle, a cone,

kagla, a pin, cone
quille}.

Du. kegel, a pin, kail to play at ninepins, -fkegler, nine-pins;

;

Swed.
keg,

kegel (whence F.

Apparently a
an

dimm. of Du.

Keelson; see Keel (i) Keen, sharp. (E.) M. E.

cene,

kene.
'

where /

is

due to an older

0;

A. R. O.

a wedge.
optical joy. Kaleidoscope, Fiom Gk. /raA-or, beautiful eldo-s,
;

(wonr-ciV, to

behold
;

because

it

(Gk.) form; enables one

to behold beautiful forms.

Said to be not the native Australian name, but to have arisen from some mistake but even this is doubtful (see Morris). Kayles ; see Kails.
;

Kalendar see Calends. (v^^^^) Kangaroo, a quadruped. (Australian.) Keep.

Merc coene. The ong. sense is skilful, experienced/ -f- Du koen, bold, danng; led kicnn (for kocnti}^ wise, also able j G. knhn, bold, O. 11. G ihuom, Teut. type *kdnjoz able from Teut. root *ken
t
;

to

know

see

Can

(i).

A. S. cepan, (E.) M. E. kepen. to observe, notice, attend to, keep. -f M.Du. Teut. kepen, to keep, retain (Hexham)
type *kopjan-\
able.
cf.

A.

S. ge~iop,

fit,

suit-

Kecksies,
es
\

hemlocks
is

and kecks

for kecks(C.) also written kex. See

Kex.
(0, to warp a ship. (F. -L. ?) kedge is to drag a ship slowly forward, by help of a kedge-anchor, against tide. A kedge-anchor was formerly called a catch-anchor or catch (N. E D.). Hence ked^e may icpresent ketch for catch.
r

To

Kedge

a small cask. (Scand.) Formerly Icel. kaggi, a keg Swed. kagge> Norweg. kagge, a keg, a round mass or

Keg,

also cag

heap

Per.

kails.

Kelp, calcined ashes of sea- weed.

unknown.

Origin

An

Kedge

(2),

Badge,

brisk, lively.

(E

East- Anglian

word.

M.

E.

Also spelt ktlp know. (Scand.) M. E kennen. Icel. kenna, Swed. kanna, Dan. ktende^ to know so also G. kennen A. S cennan (to declare), Goth kannjan. Teut. type

Ken,

to

kygge,

*kannjan~.

Causal form oi ctmnan, to

276

KENNEL
can)

KIDDLE
1

know, derived from Teut. base *kann (cf. Ketchup, a sauce. (Malay. Malay by vowel-change of a to e. See kechap, kichap, a sauce soy. (Tn Dutch Can (i). spelling, ketjap.}C. P. G. Scott.
)
;

Kennel (i), a house for dogs.

kenel. chenil, a kennel.

M. E.

(F.

Norman form
'

L.) of O. F.

Kettle.
Icel. kei'ill
;

(Scand

_ L.

M.E.

ketel.

Late L. camle, domtis Wrt. Vocab. 198. 29. L. can-ts, a dog, with suffix -//<?, as in ou-ile, a sheepfold. Cf. Norman F. ken, O. F. chen (F. ehien\ a dog, from L. ace. can em a dog. Kennel (2), a gutter, (r. - L.) A cormption of M. E. canel, a channel. A. F.
canis
'

canel,

Charlemagne,
\

ed. Michel,

1.

556;

O. F. chanel

see

Kerbstone.

(F.

Channel. L.; axdE.)

Heie

kerb is for curb so called because the stone was sometimes placed, as round a See Curb well, on a curved edge.
cm-chief, O. F. covtechef, couerchef (coverchef). a head-covering. lit. F. covtir, to cover; chef, the head; see Cover and

borrowed from L. catillus, a small bowl (whence also Goth, kattls, A. S. cetel, Du. ketef, G. kessel, &c.). Dimin. of catinus, a bowl, deep vessel for cooking food. Perhaps allied to Gk. see Coty/f<5ruAoy, a cup (Prellwitz) ; ledon. Kex, heml ock a h oil ow stem (\V. L ) M. E. kex\ \V. cccys, pi., hollow stalks. Of Celtic origin cf. W. cegid, hemlock Corn cegas, hemlock prob. borrowed from L. cicftta, hemlock, fl" Kcx^kecks, and
,
.

is

properly a plural form.

(E.)
;

Kerchief. (F.L.)

M.E.

Key.
key
C).

A. S. keye. Fries, kai, kei, a key.

(Pers.
;

M.E

*?&

Khan, a prince.
khan, lord, prince Chingis Khan, i.
title

Per^. Tatar.) of Tatar origin. Cf.

e.

great lord, a Tatar

Chief.

Kermes,the dried bodies of insects used

in

dyeing

crimson.

(Aiah.

Skt.)

See

Crimson.

{^Chaucer's Cambuscari}. Khedive, a- prince. (F. Pers.) F. Peis. khadnv, khidiw, a great khtdive. prince, sovereign ; khidhvi, the khedive,

Kern
(Irish.)

(i),

Kerne,
see

an Irish

soldier.

Jnsh
(2)
;

ceathatnach, a

soldier.

O. Irish ccthern, a troop.

See Cateran.
:

Kern
dmnn.

Quern.
A.
S. cyrnel, a grain

Kernel.
ot

(E.)

A. S. corn, a gram (with the usual change from Teut. u (A. S. o] to^). Teut. stem *knrnilo-. See Corn. preserved only the syllable ab, rejecting Kersey, coarse woollen cloth. (E.) the latter syllable. (Doubtful.) Named irom Kersey (of A. S. origin), a Kick. (Scand.) M. E. kiken (whence Cf. prov. village three miles from Iladleigh, in W. acio, to kick, colloquially). Norw. kikk, a straining Suffolk, where a woollen trade was once E. ktn&, to kick. cnrned on. *ff Not from Jersey, which of a sinew; kikla, to jerk. Cf. JKink. is aho used as the name of a material. Kickshaws, a dainty dish. (F.-L)
a twilled cloth of fine A corruption of Cashmere or Cassitrtere, by confusion with kersey nbo\e. Kestrel, a base kind of hawk. F. L ^

Cf. Pers viceroy of Eg)pt (Palmer). khoda, God. 9 Kibe, a chilblain. (C. ) W. cilwst, chilblains explained by Pu^h as standing for W. ab, a cup gwst, a humour, ctb-gwsf. malady, disease; hence 'acup-likemalady,' from the rounded form. The E. woid has
;
,

Kerseymere,

A sing.
A

sb.

the pi. v&kickshauuses (Shak.).

quelqite chose,

v\ool.

^Cashmere.)

cuuous corruption of F.

"For

kcsrel;

the

wJnh -/, &c

;

M.F

excrescent, as in qucrcereUe, a kastrell

is
'
'

something, hence, a trifle, a delicacy. Spelt F. quelque chose. quelquechose by Dryden. L. qual-it, of what sort, with suffix quam caussa, a caus,e, a thing. <J[Moisy
;

gives

Norman

F. qiiiqtif chose.
E. kid
kid.-f-

F. crherelle. Extended from Cotgr.ive O. F. trecele, ceicel/e, M. F. quercelle, a kestrel. Of imitative origin cf. O. F. cercellc, F sane He, a teal, from L. que>;

Kid, a young goat. (Scand.) M. -Dan. kid, Swed. kid, Icel. /?<), a
G.
kitze.

qufdnla, a kind of teal. Ketch, a binall yacht or hoy. (E.) M. E. cache. l j ob. from the verb to catch see N. E. 1). ; s. v. Catch, The JHi. kits, F. quait, he, a ketch, are borrowed from E. fl[ Distinct from caique, q. v.
i
;

(Scand.) Kid, in Tudor E. slang, means a child nap is our nab. Dan. kid, a kid
; ;

kidnap,

to

steal

young

children.

see Nab. napfe, to nab Kiddle, a kind of weir formed of basketwork placed in a river to catch fish. (A.F.) Anglo-F. kidel, pi. kideux ; O. P\ cuidcl

277

KIDNEY
'
;

KIPPER

(Godefroy); later form quideau, a wicker natural, in-born ; allied to Goth, -kunds, ' Cotgrave. of such a nature. Allied to Kin. engine whereby fish is caught kindle (i), to bring forth young. (E.) Late L. kidellus ; Breton kidel. Kidney. (E.) M. E. kiden-ei, pi. M. E. kindlen, kundlen ; from M. E. kindel, kiden-ett en \ confused with M. E. neris, kundel, sb., a progeny; from the A.S. kidneys (Icel. nyra). 1. Here kid answers cynd, nature, or from the adj. cynfie, to A. S. *cyd-, perhaps related to A. S. natural. Kindle (2), to inflame. (Scand.) M. E. Lodd, a bag, pod, husk, M. E. tod, belly. 2. M. E. ei, pi. eiren, answers to A. S. kindlen, kundlen, leseinblmg Kindle (i); But it can hardly be Sec Egg. 3. see Anc. Riwle. (pg, an egg, pi. tfgnt. M. E. nere is a Scand. word. Icel. nyra, separated from Icel kynda, to inflame, Dan. nyrt, Swed. njttre, Du. nier, G. kindle, Swed. dial, kynda, kinda, a sense which seems to have been suggested by niere, a kidney. Kilderkin. (Du.) A conuption of M. Icel. kyndill, a torch. And Icel. kyndill Du. kindeken, also kinneken, the eighth is a meie borrowing from A.S. candel ; part of a vat. Apparently a little child/ from L. candela, a candle. See Candle. because the measure is a small one as Kindred. (E.) The former d is excompared with a tun, vat, or barrel. crescent. M. E. kinrede. A. S. cyn, kin ; But it has been ascertained to be a de- -r&den, signifying law, state, condition (so Rfeden is allied rivative, with the same suffix -ken* from also hat-red from hate). a Du. spelling of O. F. quintal, ' a quintal to the adj. ready, cf. Goth, ga-raideins or hundredweight.' See further under an ordinance.
'

Quintal.

Kill, (E.) monly cnllen.

M. E. killen, more comThe M. E utllen prob.

kumngjromkiini, tnbe; O. Fries, kining ; Swed. konung\ Dan. kiU is closely related to Quell, q. v. For Icel. konungr Du. komng G. konig, C). H. G. the loss of w, cf. dull, which is related to konge
; ;
;

type *ty!lan> from the weak grade c(w)ul- of cwel-an, to die. Cf. E. Fries, kullen, to vex, strike, beat, a parallel form O. II. G chollen, by-form Thus of quellan, to vex, kill, martyr.
;

answers to an A. S

A. S. cyning, a king lit. 'a man of good birth (cf. A. S. cyne- 9 royal, Icel. konr, one of gentle A. S. cyn, a tribe, kin, race with birth) suffix -ing, as in Alfred sEJ>elwulfing= Alfred the son of ^Ethelwulf. O. Sax.
' ; ; ;
;

Kine, cows see Cow. King, a chief ruler. (E.)

;

dwell.

A. S. cyln, also cylen Kiln. (L.) merely borrowed from L. cithna, a kitchen whence also W. (hence, a drying-house) See Culinary. cylyn, a kiln, a furnace. Kilt. (Scand.) The sb. is derived from Dan. kilte, to the verb kilt, to tuck up. Swcd. dial, kilta, to truss, tuck up PerCf. Icel. kilting, a skiit. swaddle. haps related to Swed. dial, kilta, the lap,
; ;

(from O. II. G. chunni, a kin, Teut. type *kuningoz, m. race). kingdom. (E.) Late M. E. kingdom ; not really a compound of king and suffix 'dom, but a substitution for early M. E. kinedom, A. S. cynedom, a kingdom. The

chum tig

S. cync~ signifies

'

composition, and

is

royal,' very common allied to A. S cyn t

a tribe. a twist in a rope. (Scand.) Swed. kink, Norweg. (So also Du. kink, a twist in a rope. Allied to Norweg kika, kinka, to kink.) writhe, Icel. kikna, to sink at the knees under a burden, Icel. keikr, bent back;

Kink,

Icel. kjalta, lap.

Northern word.

Kimbo

see

Akimbo.
(E.)
tribe.

Kin, genus,

race.

M. E.
-f-

kin,

kun

kyn, kin; O. Sax. kunni, O. H. G. cJmnni Goth, Teut. type *kunjom, neut. kuni, tribe. From the weak grade of Teut. root Allied to Genus. *ken-, Idg. gen-.
Icel.
;

A. S cynn, ong. a

Norw.

ketka, to bend aside, to CTeut. base *ketk-, to bend.) Kiosk, a small pavilion. (Turk.

twist.

Pers.)

(V GEN.)

Mnd.
natural.

kund, kind.

M. E. (i), sb., nature, sort. (E.) A. S. cynd, ge-cynd, nature ;

adj.

whence the

below.

Der. kind-ly,

kind
M.

(2), adj., natural, loving. (E ) E. kunde, kinde. A. S. cynde,ge-cynde,

Turk, kushk, koshk (pronounced with k as ki) a kiosk. I'eis. kuskk, a ]mlace, villa, portico. Kipper, to cure salmon. (E.) This meaning is an accidental one, arising from a habit of curing kipper- salmon, i e. salmon during the spawning season, which were
F.

kiosque.

KIRK
cured because of inferior quality. A salmon, after spawning, was called a kipper (PenA.S. cypera, a kipper-salmon. nant). Kirk, a church. (Scand. E.~Gk.)
kirkja ; borrowed from a church. See Church. Kirtle, a sort of gown or petticoat. with E. suffix^ M. E. kirtel. A. S. (L. cyrtel, a tunic ; Icel. kyrtill, Dan. kwrtel,
ktrke.
Tcel.

KNEE
Cf. Du. knakken, Imitative, like Knap. G. knacken, to crack. [The Gael, cnac, Irish cnag, a crack, W. cntc, a snap, are borrowed from E. crack.,] It meant (i) a snap, (2) a snap with the finger or nail,
(3) a jester's trick, piece of dexterity, (4) a joke, trifle, toy, &c. Cf. Knock. Knacker, a dealer in old horses. (Scand.) It formeily meant a saddler and harness-maker (Ray) .- Icel. hnakkr> a

M. E.

A.

S. tirice^ circe,

Swed. kjorfel; evidently dimin. forms. All from L. curtus, short, which appears also in Du. kort, G. kurz, short. See Curt.
a salute with the lips. (E.) The vowel i is due to the verb, which is formed from the sb. by vowel-change. M. E. coss, sb., a kiss; whence kissen, verb. A. S. coss,

saddle.

Kiss,

sb.

koss,

whence cyssan, verb.+Du. kus, Dan. kys, Swed. kyss, G. kuss, a

Icel
kiss.

Knag, a knot in wood, peg. (E.) M.E. wood. Not in knagge, a peg, a knot A .S. Low G. knagge, a kind of peg Swed. knagg, a knag, knot ; Dan. knag, a peg, find also Irish cog. cnag, a knob, peg, cnaig, a knot in wood, Gael, cnag,

We

knob,

Teut. type *kitssuz, sb. Cf. Goth, kukjan, to kiss; E. Fries, kuk, a kiss Kit (i), a milk-pail, tub; also, an outfit. M. E. kit. - M. Du kitte, a (O. Low G.) wooden bowl, a tub; Du. kit. Cf. Norweg. kitte, a corn-bin. Kit (2), a small violin. (F.-L -Gk.)

Du knappen, to snap, crack, crush, eat (whence knapper, hard gingerbread, a lie). Cf. Dan. kneppe, to snap; Swed. knapp, a snap, kmp, a

Knap,

pin, peg (all from E.). to snap. (Du.)

trick.

parallel

word

to knack,

and of

imitative origin.
beat,

Shortened

from

Norman

thump,
See

Cf. Gael, cnap, to strike, Irish cnapaun, I strike ; from

F.
.

(Moisy)

answering to O.

quiterne guitcrne

E.

Knop.

G'k.KiOa (Godefroy). FromL. n't/iara. a kind of lyre. See Cithern.

Kit (3), a brood, family, quantity. (E.) A vanant of kith. The whole kit = the
i

Du. knapzak, a knapsack, lit. a provision-bag. Du. knap, eating, knappen, to crush, eat zak> a sack

knapsack. (Du)
word of Hebrew

(a

'

origin)

see

whole

kith.

See Kith.
the

given to portraits of a particular size. (Personal name.) The size adopted by Sir G. Knellcr for painting members of the Kit-Kat club, which used to meet at a house kept by

Kit-cat, Kit-kat,

name

with a hard head or knop

Knapweed, Knopweed,
;

Sack. a weed

see

Knar
E.

Knop.
(E.)

see

Gnarled.
servant.

Knave,
M.

a boy, servant, sly fellow

knaue (knave), a boy,

A.

S.

Kit is for Christopher Kat (Haydn). Christopher (Gk. X/>i<7ro-<j!>o/M>y, lit. Christ'

bearing'),

Kitchen.
cycene,
f.

(L.)

M.E.
a
see

kichene.

A.

S.

cnafa, older form cnapa, a boy. -f So also Du. knaap, a lad, servant; Icel. knapi, servant- boy G. knabe, a boy. is It probable that the initial kn- represents the weak grade of Teut. *ken(Idg. *gtn-\ to produce cf. Knight. But the rest of
;
;

L.

coquina,
;

Jutchen.
)

L.

coquere, to

cook

Cook.
M.E.

Kite,
kite.^

a bird, a toy for flying. (E

S. cyta,

A.

word remains unexplained. Knead, to mould by pressure. (E.) M. E kncden. A. S. cnedan (pt. t. *cna:cl,
the

kite.

Kith,
cutitie,

ship.

to

know See Can (i). Kitten. (F.-L.) 'M.

;

E. kindred, acquaintance. (E ) kith. S. cyd, native land, relationA. S cud, known, pp. of kunnan,

E. kitoun, from

an A. F. *kitoun cf. O. F. (Central F.) chitouH) a kitten (Gower). Variant of North Icel. kne, Dan. kna, Swed. kna, G. knie, F. caton, O. F. chatton, a kitten. Cf. M. F. C). G. chniti, Goth. kniu. Teut. type chatton, a kitling or young cat ;' Cot. aug- *knewom, n. Cf. L. genu\ Gk. y6vv; mentative of F. chat, a cat. - Late l*.cattum, Skt. janu. The Idg. related bases are ace. of cattus, L. catus, a cat. See Cat. *genu- (as in L ), *gonu> (as in Gk ), Knack, a snap, dexterity, trick. (E.) gneu- (whence Teut. **#). Cf. Gk.

pp. cnecten), a strong verb, to knead. -f I)u. kneden, Icel. knoda, Swed. knSda, G. kneten\ (all from Teut. base*^ff-). Allied to Kuss. gnetate, gnesti, to press, squeeze from the corresponding Idg. root *gnet. Knee. (E.) M. E. kne, pi knees also A. S. cneo.+Du., knie, cneo, pi. cneon.
;
;

'

279

KNEEL
See to fall on the knees. v, Genuflection, Pentagon, &c. kneel, to fall on the knees. (E) M. E cneolitn, krielen A. S. cneowlian Low G. knelen (Lubben) Dti. knielen Dan. kntele (formed from kna, knee). Knell, Knoll, to sound ab a bell, toll. (E) M.TL.knil ten, knotten. A S cnyllan, to knock, beat noisily. Cf. Du. knallen, to to explode give a loud report, Dan. knalde, Swed. knalla, to resound, G knallen, to make a loud noise; Icel. gnella, to scream M. H. G. knullen, to beat. Perhaps of
\
;

KNURR
knock Corn, cnoucye, to knock. imitative word, from Teut. *knuk-, grade of Knack. Knoll ( i ) a hillock. (E.) M. E.
,

An
weak
ktiol.

A. S, r0/.-fDu. knol a turnip, fiom its roundness, Dan. knold, a knoll. Swed. knol, a bump, G. knollen, a knoll, clod,
y

lump. Swed.

IT.

W.

cnol,

knoll,

hillock;

dial, knall, a knoll.

;

Knoll (2) see Knop, Knob,

boss.

Knell.

(E

M.

a E.

bump, protnbeiance,
knop,
a
rose-bud.

imitative origin, to denote a loud noise f cf. Du. knal, Dan. kna d, Swed kna'l,
.

O. Fries, ersknop, the rump-bone. 4- Dti. and Dan. knop, a knob, bud; Swed knopp, a bud, knop, a knot, G. knopf, knob,
button, knot. Apparently allied to M. E. A. S. cncfp, a hill-top, knap, a knob whence Gael, cnap, Icel. knappr, a knob a knob, button, boss, stud, hillock, also also the verb map, to a slight blow
; ; ;

G. knall, a loud noise. From Teut. base *knel- (*knal-, *///-). Knickerbockers, loose knee-breeches. Named flora Diediich Knuker(Du.) bocker, the pietcnded author of W. Jrving's taken as the type of Hist, of New York
;

thump, beat (henc<,

cnap, a
1

to raise a

bump)

W.

New York Dutchman. Knick-knack, a tuck,

reduplication of knatk
toy.
Cf.

knob

Irish cnap,

trifle,

weakened form
See Knack.
(with u

And (with ong a\ Icel. Swed. knttt. knotty (Teut. *knattuz), a ball. knout, a scourge. (Kuss. Scand.) prov. G. kneif\ Low G. knif, knip, a knife Swed. F. camf, from G.) Russ. knutc, a whip, scourge. Lubben). (Cf. knut, Icel. knutr, a knot. Possibly relate! to Nip and Nibble. M. E. to be assured of. (K.) Knight, a youth, servant, man-at-arms A. S. cnawan (pt t. cneow, j^p. (E.) M. E. knight. A. S cmht, O. Merc. knowen. Icel. kna, O. H.G. chnaan. Du. knecht, a cndwcn). cneht, a boy, servant. Dan. knegt, man-servant, knave Further allied to Kuss. znate, to know servant
cuTf, a Icnife -f

Knife. (E.) M = v). A. S.

toy. (E.) hi lock, cnapaim, I strike. S. M. E knotte. the sense of Knot. (E.) Du knot. Cf. also Du. kmkken, to snap, cnotta, a knot. C) H. G. chnodo, G. knoten, a knot (with a of knakktn, to crack different dental ^ound). Also 'with a long kniites vowel) Tcel. knutr, a knot, Dan. knude, E.
trifle,

knob, bunch, See Knap.

in

knif,

pi.

Du

knijf, Icel

knifr, Dan. kniv, Swed kmf,

Know,

knekt, soldier, knave fat cneht ft. Perhaps cards); G. knecht. *cn~eht, belonging to the km or tribe ; cf. Gk. yv-T)<rios, legitimate, from ^V-os, kin
(at cards)
;

Swed

L. noscere (fat gnostere}

(wheie yvsee

is the wenk grade of 7*1'-) Kin. The suffix -eht, -iht is adjectival

Yers./ar-zan, knowledge known, accustomed, V^.gnaivd,*. custom Skt jnd, to know. All from a base *gno, a secondary form of <^GKN, to know.
;

Cik. yi-yvwaKfiv ; O. Irish gndth,

;

*&\\\]>orn-iht) thorny, from font, a thorn Knit. (E) A S. cnyttan, to form into a knot, to knot formed (by vowel-change) from Teut. *knu(-, the base of cnotta, a Allied to knot (Tent, type *knut ton-). Icel. knyta, Dan knytte, Swed. knyta, to knit; and to Icel. kniltr, Dan. kmtde, Swed. knut, a knot. See Knot. Knob, a form of knop M E. knobbe. Cf. Low G. knobbe, Du. knobbel> a knob
;

knaulethe

from know lei hen, vb to acA. S -l<2can Here -techen knowledge. (as in M.E. nchlechcn, A. S neahlifcan, to And -Llcan is from the A S. approach). lac, the same word as A.S. lac, a game, See "Wedlock. sport, play.
j
,

knowledge.

(E.)

E.

knowlege,

Knuckle,
fingers.

See

Knop.
to
strike,
;

Knock, knjcken. A
Irish

rap.

(E.)

M. E
Cf.

knokele.+ M D. A Dan. knokkel, G. knochd, a knuckle. the shorter form appears dimin. form in M. Du knoke, a bone, knuckle, G.
;

(E.)

the projecting joint of the M.E. knokil\ O. Fries. kneukel, knokel, Du

cnagaim,

S cnucian I knock

Icel.
;

knoka.
cnocto,

knochen, a bone,

Swed
a

knoge, a knuckle.

W.

to

Knurr, Knur,

knot

in

wood,

280

KORAN
wooden ball. (O. Low G.) M. E. knor. Not in A. S. M. Du. knorre, a hard swelling, knot in wood, -f- Dan. knort,
Skt.)

LACQUER
Pers. lak, gtim-lac,

whence crimson

M.

a knot G. knorren, a lump. Allied to E. knarre, a knot. See Gnarled. Koran, sacred book of the Mohamme;

dans. (Arab.) Arab quran, reading aloud, Arab, root recitation; also, the Koran. qara-a, he read. (The a is long.) alcoran ; the same word, with the

and Uncouth.

al (the) prefixed. an enclosure, a collection of huts, an African village. (Du. Port. L.) I)u. Port, curral, kraal, an African village. an enclosure the same word as Span. corral. See Corral. Kythe, to make known. (E ) A. S. A. S. cii6, known, cydan, to make known. See Can (T), pp. of tunnan, to know.
def. art.

Arab.

Kraal,

lake is obtained for dyeing. Skt. l&ksha, lac; also laktaka, raktaka, lac; tati/ t to Der. gum-lac, shel-lac. dye. Lac (2), a hundred thousand. (Hind. lac of rupees Skt.) 100,000 rupees Hindustani lak (also lakh}, a lac. Skt. laksha, a hundred thousand ; originally, a mark.* LaC6 f a cord, tie. (F. L.) M.E. las, laas O. F /</r, laqs (F. lacs], a snare, noose L. laqueus, a noose, snare, knot. Allied to L. lacere, to allure cf. E. elicit, See Lasso, Latchet. delight. Lacerate, to tear. (L.) From pp. of

L. lacerare, to tear

I,,
;

lacer,
Aa/f<s,

mangled,
a rent.

tom.-f-Gk. Aaf/)o?, torn

to tears.
(

The spelling lachrymal is 1^.) bad. L. la cry ma, better tacruma, lacrtma, a tear O. L. dacrima, a tear. Cognate with Gk. oaicpv, a teai, and E. tear', see
;

Lachrymal, Lacrimal,

pertaining

Tear

L.

(i).

Der. (from ^.lacrima} lachry;

'

mose, tearful

Label, a small slip of paper, &c. (F.) M. E. label. - O. F. label, lambel, a label mod. F. lambean. (in heraldry), a shred Of uncertain origin; cf O. Lat lamberare,
;

often

lachrymatory, a tear-bottle. want. (E.) The old sense is or fault.' E. lak, lac. Not in A. S., but cf. O. Fries, lek, damage,

Lack
'

(i),

failure

to tear in pieces ^Ascoli). Labial. (L ; Late L. lab id Us, pertainL. labiiitn, the lip. See ing to the lips.

harm, lakia, to attack. -f-lDu. lak, blemish, G. lak, defect, stain, taken, to blame ; blame Icel. lakr, defective, lacking.

Low

lack
lakken
;

(2), to

be destitute

of.

(E.)
sb.

M. E.
See

weak veib; from

;

lak^

Lip.

above
a pendulous petal.
(L.)

labellum,
L. labellum,

Lacker

see

Lacquer.
Span.?
Arab.')
*

dimm. of lalnum, a
iL.)
;

labiate.
labi-um, a
tory
(

lip.

botanical term.

Lackey, Lacquey, a foot man, menial

L.
attendant. (F. M. F. laquay,
'

From

lip

with
(

Laboratory.
Blount^.

suffix -ate (L. -atus}. L.) Formerly elaboj a-

M.

F. elaboratoire (Cot.).

elaboiatus, pp. of claboL. e, out; riirt', to elaboiate, woik out. laborare, to work, from labor, labour. M. E. labolaborious. (F. L.) rious. Y laboriei*\* L, laboriosus, toilsome. L. labor-, for labor, labour ; with
suffix ~o\us.

Foimed from L.

a lackey, footboy ; Cot. There was also an O. F. (F. laquais). form a/a ray Littre shews thnt, in the 1 5th cent., a certain class of soldiers (esp. crossbow- men \ were called a/agues, a lar l he cays, or laiays ( prefix a- is prob. due to Arab, al, the def article ) Prob.

from Span

lacayo, Port, lacaio, a lackey ; Poit. lacaia, a woman-servant in dramatic

1

L.) (F. i labour (later labeur}. ace. of labor, labos, toil.

labour,
O.
:
.

toil

M.

E. labour. ^. laborem,

Laburnum, a tree.
in Pliny, xvi. 18.

(L.) L.

laburnum,

a maze. (F. L. Gk. L. labyrinthus. labyrinthe. Gk. Xa&vpivOos, a maze, a place full of lanes or alleys. Of Egyptian origin

Labyrinth,
F.

Arab. luka\ worthless, performances. as a sb., a slave lak a, fern., mean, Cf lakd' lakT servile, laka'i, servile. it is much ^f This is a guess slovenly, Diez connects it with Ital. disputed leccare, G. leckctt*, to lick.
servile
;
;

',

Egypt.)

Laconic, brief and pithy. L. Laconic us, Laconian. Gk. Aawvi/uafc,

(L-Gk)

(MaspeioX

Lacoman. Gk. J\CLKOCV, a Laconian, SparThese men were celebrated for their tan. brief and pithy locution.

Lac

(i),

a resinous substance.

(Pers.

Lacquer, Lacker,
281

a sort of varnish.

LACTEAL
F. lacre Skt.) Port, lacre, sealing-wax. Port. (Cot.). Pers. lak, gum-lac; see laca, gum-lac.
relating to milk. (L.) From L. lacte-us, milky. L. lact-, stem of lac, milk.-f-Gk. *fa\aicT-, stem of yd\a, milk. Allied to lettuce. Lad, a youth. (E.) M. E. laddc. Prob. the sense was one led,' i. e. a follower, dependant. From M. E. lad, led, pp of
'

LAMMAS
M.
also, to be driven (Vigf.).

- Port. (F.

Pers.

Cf. also

O,F.

alagane (Godefroy).

Lac (i). Lacteal,

a [Or fiom Span. The former is an augmentative laguna.~] of L. lacus; the latter is from L. lacuna, extended from lacus. See Lake (i).

IiagOOU.
also

(Ital.-L.)

Ital. lagone,

pool;

lagiina.

Iiaic. (L. to the laity.

Gk.)

L. laicus, belonging

Gk. \QIKOS (the same).

See

See Lead (i V. (H. Bradleden, to lead. ley, in Athencenm, June i, 1894.) see Laudanum. ;

Lair, den
E. couch, bed.
(E.)

M.

Ladanum

or retreat of a wild beast. A. S. leger, a lair, leir. A.S stem *leg-, as in A. S.

M. PI laddre. A. S. (E.) hinder, hltedder, a ladder, -f- Du. ladder, ladder, rails of a cart ; O. II. G. hlcitra,
a ladder. Cognate with Gk a ladder; see Climax. Named from sloping ; see Lean (i). (-y'KLEL) Lade (i), to load. (E.) Formeily a strong verb ; we still use the pp. laden. M. E. laden. A. S. hladan (pt. t. Mod,

Ladder.
leitcr,

G.

leg-, base of hcgan, to lie clown, rest. See Lie (i).-f-Du. leger, a bed, lair, from hggen; G. lager, O. H. G. legar, a couch, from O. H. G. liggan, to lie; Goth. Hgrs, a couch. Doublet, leaguer.

K\t-jjia,

Laity,
with P.
lay, adj.
;

suffix.}
cf.

-L the lay people. (F. coined word

- Gk.
;

"from See gaie-ty from gay, &c.

Lay
lacus,

(3).

pp. hladen}, meaning (i) to load, heap up, heap together, (2) to draw out water, lade out, drain. -f-Du. laden, Icel. hlaGa,

A. F. Inc. -L. (L.) Gk. \CLKKOS, a hollow, O. Irish loth, A. S. lagu. hole, pit, pond ; Lake (2), a crimson colour (F. Pers.
(i),

Lake

a pool.

a lake.

Dan. fade, Swed. ladda, Goth, -hlathan hlathan}, G. laden, to lade. Tent, (in af
base *hlad (not *hlath], to lade (Kluge). Allied to Russ. klade, a lading. lade (2), to draw out water, drain.
(E.)

- Skt.)

Pers. lak,

We
i.

Lama
e.

Lakh

F. laque (Cot.). - Pers. lak, lake. gum-lac ; see Lac (i). the same as Lac (2). ;

The same word as Lade (i). M. E. ladle, a large spoon. (E.)

Lama (2)
Lamb.
pi.

(i), a high priest. (Thibetan.) speak of the grand lama of Thibet, chief or high priest (Webster).
;

see

ladel\ A. S. hl&dei'; so named from being used for dipping out or lading water from a vessel ; from M. E. laden, A. S. hladan, to lade out ; see a"bove.

A. S. /dw/^rw.+Du. lam, Icel. lamb, Dan. lam, Swed. and G. lamm, Goth. lamb, a young sheep. Teut. type *lamboz,
(E.)

Llama. M. E. lamb, lomb.

lamb,

Lady. (E.) Perhaps Moaf-kneader.' A. S. nl(7fdige, a lady. A. S. hlaf, a loaf; and (perhaps) A. S. *dige, a kneader, from the root seen in Goth, deigan, to knead see Bike, and see Dairy. <f[ Lady was spe;

neut.

Lambent, flickering.
flame.'
I,,

(L.)

'A lambent

cially used to mean the Virgin Mary; hence lady-bird, lady's-slipper, &c. Lag, late, sluggish. (C.) W. Hag, slack, loose, sluggish; Corn, lac, loose, remiss; Gael, and Ir. lag, weak, feeble, faint; O. Irish lac, Weak.-f'I^ laxus, lax; see Lax, Languid, Slack. Lagan, goods cast out in a shipwreck.

lambent-, stem of pres. pt. of lambere, to lick, sometimes applied to flames. Allied to Lap (i). disabled, esp. in the legs. (E ) M.E. lame. A. S. lama.+~D\\. lam, Icel.

Lame,

lami,

Dan.

lam, Swed.

lam, G. lahm.

orig. sense is bruised, maimed ; from a base *lam-, to break. Cf. Russ. lomate, to break ; Icel. lama, to bruise ; E.

The

prov.

lam, to bruise.

law-term; usually explained so force a false connexion with L. O. F. lagan, lagand, ligare, to tie. wreckage cast ashore (Godefroy). Low L. laganum. Perhaps Origin unknown. from O. Icel. laginn, positus,' old pp. of leggja, to lay, place (Egilsson), pass,
(F.) as to
'

Lament, vb. (F.-L ) F. lament'er. L. lamentari, to wail. L. /amentum, a mournful cry from the base la-, to utter a cry; cf. Id-trdre, to bark. Cf. also Russ. laiate, to bark, scold. Lamina. (L.) L. lamina, a thin plate of metal. Cf. Omelette.
;

Lammas,

name

for

Aug.

I.

(E.)

282

LAMP
A.
loaf-mass ; later hlaf-mtssse, lit. loaf spellings hlamm&sse, lammasse. was on this day offered as a first-fruits of harvest. See Mass (2).
S.
{ '

LANTERN
A
landau,
to be

a kind of conch.
is

named from Landau, a town

(G.)

Said
in

Bavaria.

Land

cognate with E. /and;

i-

Lamp.
L. lampas.

(F.-L.-Gk.) Q.^.lampe.Gk.
\afjiirds,

G. au is allied to Island.

in

M.

E. i-land\ see

a torch, light.

Gk.

\6ftireiv, to shine.

Cf.

Lantern.

F. lampon, (F.-Teut.) from the exclamaorig. a drinking-song tion lampons ! ^=let us drink (Littre). F. lamper, nasalised form of O. F. lapper, to M. Du. lappen, lap up; of Tent, origin. 'to lap or licke like a dogge;' Hexham.
;

Lampoon.

landgrave, a count of a province. Du. landgraaf. D\\ land, land; (Du.) graaf, a count. Der. landgrav-ine, from Du. landgravin, fern, of landgraaf; see
Margrave. landrail, a
skip
;

landscape.

See

Lap

Bail (3). Formerly landborrowed from Dutch painters.

bird
;

see

(Du.)

(i).

Lamprey, an eel-like fish. (F.-L.) A. F. lampreie, O. F. lamproie (Ital. Late L. lampreda', once lampreda}. spelt lampetra, as if 'hcker of rocks/ because the fish cleaves to them, from L.
lambeie, to \\ok,pelra, a rock; but this is doubtful. Cf. Limpet Lance. (F. L. ) F. lanee. - L. lancea Der. lance, vb., -f- Gk. Ao7x/, a lance.
.

Du. landschap, a landscape, a province. Du. land, land and -schap, a suffix cor;

to E. -ship in friend- ship, allied to the E. verb shape. ^[ The Du. sch sounds to us moie like sk than sh\

responding

hence our spelling with

(E.) lane, lone, a lane

sc.

to pierce

lanc-er.

and

lancegay,
F.

Span

a kind of spear. (F. oonsh .) Obsolete.

E. lane, lone. A. S. O. FIRS, lana, lona -f Du. laan, a Inne, narrow passage. Language. (F.-L.) M. E. langage. F. language (Cot ), now F. langage. langue, the tongue. L. hngua, tongue.
;

Lane.

M.

See Lingual.

corruption of lancc-zagaye, compounded of lance (as above), and F. zagaye, a kind of

Languish.
F
langiiiss-i

(F.-L.) T&^.languishen.
stem of pres
part, of fan-

Moorish pike. The latter word answers guir, to languish. L. languere, to be to Span, azagaya ( a! zagaya), where a! veak. Allied to Gk. \ayapos, slack; is the Arab. def. article, and zagaya is an Ictl. lakra, to lag; and to Lag. See O. Span, word for of Moorish Brugm. ii dart,' 632. (-/SLEG.) So Poit. azagaia, whence E. origin. languid. (L ) L langmdus, feeble. L. Lingitere, to be languid or wenk. assegai.
\

L. lanceolate, lance-shaped. (L.) L. lanceolatus, furnished with a spike. lanuola, a spike; dimin. of lancea ( above).

languor,

dullness.

(F.-L)

M.

E.

lancet.
F.

(F.-L.)
dimin. of

M. K.
lance,

F. longueur. }-, languor. languorem, ace of languor. L. languere (above).

lamctte, (above).

launcet. a lance

Laniard
allied to

sec

Lanyard.
L. lana
is

LaniferouS, wool-bearing (L) From

L. Idna, vool
;

feire, to bear.
(E.)

another spelling of lance, vb., to pierce; also of launch (below). launch, lanch, to hurl a spear, send (a ship) into the water. (F.-L.) M. E. launchen, launcen, to hurl. O. F lam hier, lander, Picard lanchcr, F. lancer, to hull, also to prick, pierce. L. fling, dart, L. lancea, a lanceare, to wield a lance.

lanch,

Wool.
slender, thin. slender.
,

Lank,

M.

E. lank.

A. S hlaiu

F lamer, 'a lanner;' Cotg. (F. L.) L. lamarius, a butcher, one that tears and L. laniare, to rend. rends. (So Diez.)
Der. Hence perhaps lanyard.

Lanner, Lanneret, a kind of falcon.

lance
E. land, lond. A. S. land Du. Icel. Dan Swecl. Goth. G. * land. Allied Teut. type tandem, neut. to Celtic type *landd, fern., whence Ir. lann, land, W. llan, a yard, churchyard, Corn. Ian, Bret, lann (whence F. lande, a See Lawn. Der. up-land, outplain). land- is h.

Land.

(E.)

M.

Lansquenet, a German foot-soldiei, a game at cards. (F. G.) F. lansquenet, 'a lance-knight [a mistaken foim] or
German footman;' Cot
a foot-soldier.

G. landsknecht, G. lands, for landes, gen. of

Thus lansquenet land *s-knight soldier from Geimany.

land, country; knecht, a soldier (E. knight}. ; orig. a

Lantern.

\F. - L.

- Gk.) M. E.

Ian-

283

LANYARD
F. lanterne. L. lanterna, lalema, a lantern (not a true L. word). Lanterna
terne.

LASH
form resembles Swed. ladda,\.o lade; see Lade (i). (The word still remains un-

<.*lamterna<*lampterna, borrowed from explained.) Gk. Xa/*7rrj7p, a light, torch. Gk. Xapitw, Larceny, robbery. (F. L.) The -y to shine. is an E. addition. O. F. larrecin (F. <f[ Sometimes spelt lanthorn, because horn was used for the sides of lartiri], larceny. L. latrocimum, robbery; lanterns. formed with suffix -cinium (as in tiroLanyard, Laniard, a certain small cinium} from latro, a robbei. Allied to - L.) Formerly spelt Gk. \drpis, a rope in a ship. (F. hireling, used in a bad the final d being sense and to \drpov, hire. lannier, M E. lame) e M. F. laniere, excrescent, or due to yard. Larch, a tree. (G. F.) From G. ' a long and narrow band or thong of larche, a larch (N. E. D ). Cf. O. F larne also lameres, pi hawks' limes leather L. lancem, ace. of lanx, a (Godefroy). Cot. Perhaps from F. lamer, a kind of larch. For *danx, and allied to E. tree. hawk. See Lanner Lard.7F.~L.) O F. lard. - L. lardum, Lap (i), to lick up with the tongue. also landa, larcl, fat of bacon Cf, Gk. E. lappen M. A. S. lapian, to lap. Ad/>os, nice, \apiv6s, fat. Der. lard-er, (E.) Icel lepja, from O. F. tardier, a tub to -f- M. Du. lappen fHexham) keep bacon in Dan. labe\ O. II. G. laffan, to lap up.+ (Cot.), hence a room in which to keep to lap with the tongue. bacon and meat. L. lambere, Also inter-lard. Allied to (y'LAB Brug. n. 632.) Large. (F.-L.) F. A/;;^.-L. larga, lambent. fern, ot largus, great. Cf. O. F. lari m. Lap ( 2 \ tne loose part of a coat, an largeSS, a liberal gift. fF.L.) F. Late L. *larg7tta, not apron, part of the body covered by an largesse, bounty. M. E. lappe. A S. found, for L. largttio, a bestowing. L. apron, a fold. (E ) a loosely hanging portion, -f- Du. largitus, pp of largJrl, to bestow. L. l&ppa, lap, Dan. lap, Swed. lapp, G. lappen, a largus, large, liberal. Cf. Icel. lapa, to hang Lark (i), a bird, (E.} Another form patch, shred, iag.
.

'

'

Lith. lopas, a patch, rag. < Hence of a coat, dimin. of E. lap', lapp-et, also dimin. of E. lap ; also the verb to lap over. Cf. (i). M. E. lappen, (3), to wrap. (E ) also ivlappen, another form of wrappen, see "Wrap. Quite distinct from lap (2).
;

down

is

lavrock

lap-el, a flap

laverock,
Idferce.

Limp

laweice, later Icel. l<rvirkt, a lark

;

AS.

(Burns')

M.

E.

larke,

also

lauerce,

Low

G.

Lap

lewerke, O. H. G. lerehha, lerche, Du. leeuwrik, E. Fries, leverke, Swed. tarka, Dan. litrke. compound word, of un-

known

one who sets precious (L ) Englished from L. lapidda stonemason L. lapid-, stem of rius, Allied to Gk. AtVas, a lapis, a stone. bare rock, \ciris, a flake, Xinw, to peel

origin.

Lapidary,

stones.

word

(2), a game, fun. (E.) The same as the above from the cheeiful note of the bud. The fullei foim lavrock
;

Lark

(Prellwitz).

See Iieper.
vb.

Lapse,
slip,

(L

From L

(whence lamck] produced the foirn larrikin' for larking, now used as a slang adj., in the sense of rollicking or rowdy.
See N. and Q. 7 S
vii.

lapsare, to

frequent of labl (pp. lapsus ^, to glide, Der. col-, e-, il-, re-lapse blip, trip. a bud M. E. lappe(E.) winke. A. S. hleapewince, as if * one who turns about in running from A.S. hlcap-

Larum
;

345.
lartta,

short for

Alarum.
a ghost, a
for a cater-

Larva. (E)
mask used
pillar or grub.

L
- Gk
)

Lapwing,
;

as a scientific
^L.

name

'

an, to run

*wince

one

who

Larynx.
\dpvy
larynx.

L. larynx.
throat,

- Gk.

turns
is

see

Winch.
nincte

(gen.

\dpvyy-os\
laryng-itis.

4f I*ut the older form

gullet,
soldier.
;

laepae-

Der.

(O E. T., p. 504); the sense of which is unknown.

'

Lascar,
(Ters
)

a native E.
a

Indian
soldier

Babort,

Larboard.
the
(

(E. ?)

Cotgrave

lias

Pers lashkari, lashkar, an army

from

larboard
j.

Hakluyt

Voyages,

side of a ship.' 4) has the spelling

Lascivious.
from L. taschats,
to desire.

(L.)

Corruptly formed
Cf. Skt. lash t

lustful.

leereboord\

where leere answers to prov. E. But the M. E. form is her, empty.

laddebord, of uncertain

meaning.

Lash (0, a thong, stripe. (F. L.) This M. E. lasshe) the flexible part of a whip

LASH
cf.

LATHER
j

O. F. lace

a snare, a noose

O. F.

and G.
hfast
hlad-,
is

last,

a burden.

See Lade.

<|f

A. S.

Folk \s*lacium, lache, a lace (Godefroy). for L. laqueum, ace. of laqueus, a snare ; see Lace. The relationship of this to Du.
lasschen, to join, to scarf together, is very Lash in the sense of thong is obscure. from its use in lashing or binding things The verb lash, to scourge, is. to together. use a lash. See below.

for *hlad-sto~

(>

with suffix -sto~. *htad-fo-\ a cart-load. Latch. (l), a catch, fastening. (E.) E. lacche, a latch, from lacchen, to A.S. ttpccan, to seize, catch hold catch.

*hlasto-) ; from Cf. Icel. hlass

of.

Lash (2),
L. )

We

to bind firmly together. O. F. lachier, variant ot lacer, to lace. also find the (perhaps unrelated) Du.
;

~ (F.

Latch
Shak.

(2), vb., to moisten.

iii.

(E.)

In

M. N. D.

36.

Cf.

M. Du.

las sc hen, to join, scarf together

latch, a

piece, joint, seam. So also Swed./as&a, Dan. laske, to scarf; Swed. Dan. lask, a scarf, see above. joint. The verb is from the sb. ;

laken, to flow (Oudemans); Swed. laka, to distil, fall by drops, laka p<i, to pour on to from lak, 2nd grade of Icel. leka, to drip Also prov. E. letch, see Leak.
; ;

vessel

for
,

to moisten

Low

making

A. S. lye G. lake, brine.

;

leccan,

a girl. (Scand. ?) M. E. lane, (Mat?ner). Cf. Icel. loskr, weak M. Swed. losk, a person having no fixed abode. Vigfusson cites O. Swed. loska

LaSS,

lasce

Latchet, a little lace, thong. (F.-L.) M.E. lachet. O.Y. lachet, Norman and
Picard foim of O. F. lacet, a lace; dimin. of O. F. lags, F. lacs see Lace. M.E. lat\ comp. later, Late. (E.)
\

(H. Bradley; in Ath. Cf. Bavarian lasch, a June 16, 1894) woman (a term of contempt) Schmeller.
kona, a spinster.
;

latter,

super!,
last.

4168),
laat,

Lassitude,
lassitude.

weariness.

(F.

L.)

F.

Icel.

latst latest, (Ormulum, Du. A.S. fat, slow, late. Swed. lat latr, Dan. lad,

lassus, to E. Late.

L. tassitudo, weariness. wearied ; for *lad-tus, and allied

L.

LaSSO,
L.)
laso,

a rope with a noose.

L.

rom Mexican Span, /aw;

Minsheu.
laqucus

(Span. Span. (Folk L.

weary. Allied From to L lapsus (for *lad-tus], weary. the weak grade of the vert) to let, i. e. let go late orig. meant slothful, slow. See

Goth.

/#/<, slothful,

G.

/as?,

See Lace. laceus), a noose, snare, knot. The mod. Span. has lazo (with z sounded fl"
as E. voiceless
//z).

Let (r). Brugm. i. 197. latter, another form of later (above). last (i), latest; contracted form of
latest.

Lateen
Latent,

see

Latin.

Last Last
for a

(i), latest; see

(2),

Late.
foot
lest.

shoemaker.
la tf,
/ifst,

wooden mould of the M. E. last, (E.)

A.S.

a foot-track, path, trace of feet (whence the mod. sense follows). -fIcel lastr, the Du. leest, a last, form
;

hidden. (L.) L. latent-, stem of pres. pt. of latere, to lie hid. Lateral. (JO L. laterals, belonging to the side L. later-, for * fates-, stem of
/attis, side.

foot below the ankle;

Lath. (E.) North E lat. M. E. lattc. Du. lat; A. S. latt, a lath; pi. latta. allied to G. G. latte (whence F. latter last, (j. The Tent, base laden, a board, plank, shutter. The mod. a foot-track. laists, form lath seems to have been influenced appears in Goth, laist-, with orig. sense from lais-, 2nd grade of by \\. llath, a rod, staff, Ir. slat, a rod; foot-track Goth, lais, I know which is cognate. cf. Tent. *leisanLathe (i% a machine for turning wood, Cf. L. lira, a track (find or trace out). &c. (Scand ) Cf. Dan. dreie-lad, a turningAkin to Learn. see Delirious. last 0\ to endure. (E.) M. E. fasten, lathe; vitver-lad, a loom, lit. a weavingJesten A. S. lestan, to observe, perform, lathe. Lathe (2\ a division of a county. (E.) to follow in the track of;' last; 01 ig. E. leti, a lathe, province; Goth A.S. Led, from last, a foot-track (above), G. leisten, to Thorpe, Ancient Laws, i. 184, 455- Perto follow after;
Swed. last, Dan. Goth. kisten, a shoemaker's last
;

'

'

'

laistjan, follow out.

Cf.

Goth,

laists,

G. fasten, sb.

haps

allied to Icel.
)

liiti,

land.

Last
cargo.

(4), a load, large weight, ship's

Lather. (E
leatior,

(E.)

burden.
lade,

M. E. last. A.S. //to/, a Formed from A. S. hladan, to

last,

lather
lather.

M. E. lather. whence lyftran, to

froth,

A. S. anoint.
cf.

4- Feel,
loder,

laittir,

foam, soap

load.+Dan.

cargo; Swed. Du.

For the form,

Swed. Gk.

285

LATIN
\ovrp6v,

LAW
to

a bath.

Allied

Lye and

L.)

Lave.
nus, belonging to

Latin. (F. - L.)

an interpreter
;

M. E. launder or lavander, a washerF. Latin. - L. Latl- woman. O. F. lavandiere, 'a launderesse Latium. Der. latim-er, or washing-woman ;' Cot. Late L. lauanL. lauand-, gerundaria,- deria, (same). dial stem of lauare, to wash. See Lave.

Formed by adding

F. suffix -ess to

for Latiner.

triangular, applied to sails. F. latine, as in voile latine, a L.) (F. lateen sail; latine is the fern, of Latin,

lateen,

Der. fattndr-y =* launder-y.

Laurel.
laitrer.

Latin

(i. e.

Roman).

breadth. (F.-L.) M. E. F. latitude. L. latitudo (stem L. Idtus, broad ; latit&dtn-\ breadth. short for O. L. st Idtus. Brugm. i. 529.

Latitude,

latitude.

loner (F. laurier], a laureltree.-O. F. lor (the same); with suffix -ler (L. -drius^, L. fauntm, ace. of
laurus, a laurel- tree.

- O. F.

(F.

- L.

M.E.

lo? el, iorer,

laureate.

(L.)

L. latiredtus, crowned

Low

Iiatten, a mixed metal, like pinch- with laurel. L. laurea, a laurel; orig. beck. M. E. /3/<?w.-O.F. laton fern, of laurcus, adj. from laurus (above). (F.) (F. laiton}, latten. Origin unknown. Cf. Lava. (Ital.-L.) Ital. lava, a stream
L. lato, latonus
;

Span, laton

Port.

(esp of molten rock).

lave.

L. lauare } to wash,
F. laver. L.) to wash. Der.

latao

Ital. ottone, latten.

Latter;
Lattice. M. E. latTs.
work.
see

see
l?.

Late.

See Lave. Lave, to wash.

-j-

(F.

(F.-G.)
latiis,

Formerly

fatt is.

L. laudre.
lav-er,

Gk. \oveiv,

F.

latte,

a lath.

lath-work, latticeG. latte. a lath

Lath.
to praise.
(L.)

Land,

L. lauddre, to piaise.
fous, praise.

M.E. lauden. washer. And cf Lather. L. laud-, stem of Laveer, to tack. (Du.

M.F. lavoir, a washing-pool (Cot.); lav-at-or-y, F. lavatoite t L. laudtorium, neut. of laiidtonus, adj., belonging to a

Laudanum.

(L.-Gk.-Pers.)
*

Now

a preparation of opium, but formerly applied to a different drug. Span. Diet. (1623) has:

Thus Minsheu's Laudano, the See Luff.

in

F. - Du.) In Dryden. Du. laveeren\ M. Du. laveren, to saile up and downe/ Hexlocveren, ham. loveer \Littre); F. louvoyer. -F. lof, luff, weather-side. - Du. loef.
(

M.F

gum
'

labdanum

vsed

Laudanum, Ladanum,

Labdanutn,

pomanders.' a

Lavender,
M.
;

plant.

(F.
;

-Late L)

sweet -smelling transparent gum gathered from the leaves of Cistus Ledon, a shrub, of which they make pomander, it smells

wine mingled with spices ; Blount, (Laudanum has a like strong 1674. L. Iddamwi, ledamtm, resin from smell.) the shrub lada (Pliny) Gk. A^Sai/oj/,
like

'

E. lavendre. A. F. lavendre\ Voc. 557. Late L. lavendula, id. also lavandula t 9. hvendttla see N. E. D. The form livendula points to L. liuere, to be livid ; from its blueish colour. See Livid.

Lavish,
merly
spelt

profuse, prodigal. (E ) also lavish, laves-,

Forlavy.

\ddavov (same).

a certain shrub. Pers. Iddan, the gum-herb lada (Richardson\ Laugh. (K.) M. E. laughen, lehghen. O. Merc, hUehhan, A.S. hhhan (pt. t. hldJi]
ArJSoi/,
,

Gk.

to laugh.
lee,

+Du.
le,

Formed with suffix -ish (A. S. -isc) from the obsolete verb lave, to pour out, lade out water; M. E. lauen, to bale out water, whence the metaphorical use of He lauez lauen, to give bountifully. God lavishes His gifts; h>s gyftez'
'

lagchen, Icel. hltzja, Dan.

,

Swed

t. hloh}. Lith. kleg-eti, to laugh, Gk. /c\6jffa<tv, to cluck.) Of imitative origin. Der. laughter, A. S. hleahtor. (i); see Lanch. a large ship's boat. (2), (Span.) Span, lancha, the pinnace of a ship ; Pineda (i 740). Port, lancha, the same. Cf. Port, lanchara, a kind of ship

(pt.

G. lachen, Goth, hlahjan (Base *Mz>fc-Idg. *klak

cf.

Allit. Poems, A. 607. It answers to A. S. lafian, to lave, wash, pour. Cf. Du. laven, G. laben, to refresh. *tf The Teut. verb was perhaps early borrowed fiom L. laudre see Lave. Cf. Norman
;

dial,

Launch Launch
'

laver, lavish, vb.

to

spend

lavishly.
edict.

Der.

'

perhaps of Malay origin (Yule). Laundress, a washerwoman.

law, from a stratum, order; Swed. lag\ Dan. (F. 286

a rule of action, M. E. lawe. A. S. lagu the usual A. S. word is S) ; Scand. Cf. O. Sax. lag, pi., but in sing, sense, a

Law,

(Scand.)

(not

common
Icel.

borrowed from
law.
log,

lag,
lev.

LAWN
lie

LEAGUE
(4),

2nd stem of *ligjan, to that which lies,' or is fixed (cf. Gk. Kftrai vopos, the law is fixed, from Ki/jiai, I lie). 3Der. law-y~er (cf. saw-y-er). See Lie (i).
Teut.
lag,
;

From

as

in

Lay-figure.

see

Lie

(i).

The sense is

(Du.) with

<

The
Lit.

old

word was lay -man (Richardson).

i.e.

'joint-man,*

man made

joints.

Du. leeman, a lay-man.

Here

lee- is for lede-, in compounds (Sewel) ; a space of grass-covered and Du. leden is the pi. of lid, a joint, M. K. laund cognate with A. S. liti, Goth, lithus, G. ground, a glade. (F. C.) O. F. lande, g-lied, a joint. Prob. allied to Limb (the d has been dropped) ' a land or laund, a wild, untilled, shrubby, (Kluge). or grassy plain ; Cot. Cf. Ital. and Span. Layer ; see Lay (i). landa, a heath, p. Of disputed origin; Lazar, a leper. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb ) = E. land), refened by Littre to G. land ( F. lazare. E. fazar. L,. Lazarus. open country; but by Diez (rightly) Gk. Aafapos, the name of the beggar in to Bret, lann, a bushy shrub, of which Luke, xvi. 20; contracted from Heb. the pi. lannou, like F. landes, means name Eleamr. Heb. El azar, he whom t waste lands/ It comes to the same God helps. Der. lazar-etlo, a plaguefor E. and G. land are cognate hospital, Ital. lazzaretto. thing with Irish lann, a piece of land. Cf. W. Lazy. (Low G.) Laezie (Spenser). Han, Gael, lann, an enclosure, piece of I>ow G. lasich, variant of losich, languid, land. See Land. idle (Lubbcn) laosig, lazy (Danneil)

Lawn

(i),

'

IiawiX

(2), fine linen.

(F.

place-name)

Pomeran
Du.

lasig, cf.

PaUgrave has Laune lynen, prob. for Lan lynen, where Lan is the i6th cent, spelling of Laon, to the N. W. of Rheims. Lawn was also called cloth of Remes,' i. e. Rheims see Caret's Alvearie.
'
;

leuzig, lazy.

laassam, lazy (Bremen) Allied to Loose.

E. lay, ley, untilled land. A. S. leak, lea (gen leage), a lea ; cf. Ilad-lcah, i.e. Iladleigh. Cognate with prov. G. loh, a

M.

Lea, Lay, Ley,

meadow.

(E.)

Lax,
loose.

slack.

(L.)

L.

laxus,
i.

slack,
193.

Allied to Slack.

Brugm.

morass, low plain, Low G. loge, Flem. loo as in Water-too also with Lithuan. lau;

L.) Y.Iaxlu. laxiltiuus, L. laxaatif. loosening L. laxus, tus, pp. of laxdre, to loosen.

laxative,

loosening. (F.

lax.

L. hlcus, a glade, open space in a wood. Ong. 'a clearing.' Allied to Lucid. Brugm. i. 221. Lead (i), to conduct. (E.) M. E.
kas,
field,

an open

M. E.
A.
S.

Lay

(i), to cause to lie down, set. leien, leggen, pt. t. leide, pp.
pt.
t.

(E.)
Icid.

ledcn y pt.
to

t.

ladde, pp. lad.

lezfta
;

lead.
;

-f.

Icel.

K.S. ladan, Swed. leda G.

;

lecgan,

legde,

pp.

gelcgd\

leiten

causal Qiliigan, to he. -J-Du. leggen, Icel. lfgSJa> an te&P> Swed. lagga, G. legen, Goth, lagjan. Teut. type *fag~jan~) causal verb from *lagt 2nd grade of *ligyan-, to For the modern forms, lie; see Lie (i). see Sweet, E. Gr. 1293. (E.) layer, a stratum, tier, bed. see The same as lay-er, he who lays N. E. D. ff Not M. E leir, a lair, couch, place for lying down in ; hence a bed,

Teut. type *laidjan- ; from *laith (by Verner's Law), 2nd grade of *letthan- (A. S. /itian), to travel. See
leiden.

Du.

Lode.

stratum, &c. O.) M. E. (2), a song, poem. (F. IciL O. F. lai, said to be a Breton word. But only an O. F. name for a Breton

Lead (2\ a metal. (E ) M. E. leed. A. S /^/.+Du. lood, Swed. lod, Dan. lod, G. loth, M. If. G. lot. Teut. type *latidom, neut. Cf. O. Irish luaidhe, lead. M. E. leef, pi. hues Leaf. (E.) = /eves). A. S. leaf, neut pi. #a/.f Du. ( Icel. lauf, Swed. lof, Dan. loof, foliage hv, Goth, laufs, G. laub. Teut. stem
,

Lay

*laubo-.

L.)

poem; and prob. fiom O.

Icich,

II.

G.

Icih,

a bond, alliance. (Ital. ' Late I* lorio. a league L. liga a league. L. ligdre, to bind. See

League
}

(i), Ital. lega,

'

a game, sport, song (see Schacle).

S. lac, sport.

Ligament
about three miles. (Prov. Prov. F. legitt (Roquefort) Late L. lega, leuca legua (Gascon lega) L. leuga, leuca, a Gallic mile ; a word of Cf. Bret, leo* lev* a league j C'eltic origin. also leu (in Vaanes).

Cf.

A.

secular L. Idicus. Gk. \anc6s, belonging to the Gk. Aa<5s (Attic Ao>y),the people. people. See Laic, Laity.

L.

Iay -

(3), pertaining to the laity.

Gk.)

M.

E. lay.

- O. F.

(F.

-L.-C.) O

League

(2),

lai,

287

LEAGUER
Leaguer, a camp. (Du.) In All's Well, 111. 6. 27. Du. leger, a lair, a camp. See Lair, Lie (i). Der. be-lea%uer.
Leasing,

LECTERN
falsehood. (E.)
;

M. E.

lesing.

Leak. (Scand) M. E. /;;/*. -Icel. /?a, to drip, dribble, leak as a ship, str. vb. (pt. t lak] ; cf. the causal forms seen in Swed. lacka, Dan. fakke, Du. lekktn, G. ge-l&te, a course, direction. From l&tan, A S. leccan, to wet. to let, permit. Cf. in-let, out-let. See lecken, to leak, drop ^f The mod. E. woid is Scand. not from Let (i). A. S. leccan. [We aUo find A. 8. filec, Leather. (E.) M. E. lethcr. A. S. leaky.] Der. leak, sb., from Icel. leki, lefter. -f- Du. leder, Ice), lebr, Dan fader, a leak. Prob allied to Lack (Franck). Swed. lader, G. leder, leather. Teut. type
;
;

A. S. leasitng, falsehood from leas, false. Cf. Icel. lausung, falsehood; Du. loos, false. See Loose. Least ; see Less. Leat, a conduit for water. (E.) A. S.

Leal,
A. F.
loyal.
loyal.

leal,

) loyal, true. (F. O. F. /i/a/, legal,

-L

M. E.

lei.

hence

just,

*lethrom, neut. O. Irish lethar,

Idg type *1ettom, as

lledr.

in

W.

Der

leather-n.

L. legalis, legal.

Doublets, /<?/,

See Legal.

(0> to incline, stoop. (E,^ M. E. A. S. hlienan, to make to lean, weak verb (cf. A. S. hitman, to lean, weak verb), -f" Dan lane, Swed. lana, causal forms G. lehntn, in trans. Allied
lenen.
;
;

Lean

to L.

Gk.

-clinare, in incline re, to tcKivtiv, to cause to lean,

incline

make

to

bend.
lene.

(VKLEI.)
M. (2), slender, frail. (E.) A. S. hl&ne, lean; orig. bending,
henje thin; cf. L. declhin, Cf. O Teut. type *hlainjoz.
Allied to A. S

lean

M. E. (i), to forsake, quit. (E.) A. S. Itefan, to leave a (leven\ heritage, leave behind one. + Icel let/a, to leave. Teut. type *laibjanto leave from *laib-, as seen in A. S. Idf, a remainder, Icel. !etf, a heritage. And *laib is the 2nd stem of Teut. *!eiban-, to remain, as in A.S be-Iifan, O. II. G. bi-hban (whence G. bleiben). Idg. root *leip, as in Gk. the weak grade *hp \Tiraprj^ persistent
leuen
t

Leave

stooping, declining

appears in Skt. lip, to smear, Gk Aiiro;, grease, Russ. lipkti, sticky, Lith. ////*, to adheieto See Live. 87. Brtigm i.
(2), permission, farewell. (E. take leave* ~ to take permission to ' go. By your leave by your pei mission. M. E. leue (Jevc). A. S. leaf, permission. Fiom the same root as A S. leof, dear, The orig. sense was pleasure; pleading. hence a grant, permission -f-Du- ./<?/", as
)

Leave

Irish ctten, sloping, bad. hlanan to lean (above \

'To

'

(E.) M. E. lepen, pt. t. leep, pp. A. S hleapan, pt t. hleop^ to run, jump -f- Du- loopcn, Icel. hlaupa, Dan. Swed. hpa, Goth, hlaupan, G. lobe, * laufen, chiefly in the sense to run.* Teut.

Leap.

/open.

in oor-lof, pei
?exfi>

type *klaupan-.

leave,
(2)

A. S. M. E lernen. G. lernen, to leatn. Teut. from *liz(a)noz, pp. of type *lizndn *leisan-, to trac^ out, of which the pt. t. /uw occurs in Goth, with the sense I know/ i. e. have found out. Hence also Teut. *latzjan-, to teach, as in A. S. Iteran

mission, ver-lof, leave; Icel. lofan, permission, lob (i)

; ,

Learn.

(E.)

praise,
lof,

leorman.

-f-

praise, leave leave, er-lanben,

From
leof),

Dan lov, Swed. permission G. ur-Iaub, ver-laub, to permit, lob, praise. Teut. base * fault- (whence A. S. 2nd grade *laub- (>A. S. liaf),

(G

And

lekren), to teach. Brngm. see Last (2), Lore.

(i), to let

i.

903

(c).

weak grade *lub- (>A. S. Inf-u, love) See Lief, Love, Furlough. (VLEUBII.) M. E. Leaven, ferment. (F.-l,.)
leuain (levain). Y. levatn. I*. hud men, an alleviation here used in the orig. sense ' of that which raises.' L leuare, to raise. L. leuis, light. See Levity. M. E. leJiur, Lecher. (F. - G.) lee hour. O. F. lecheor, lee hear, lit. one who licks up, a man addicted to gluttony and lewdness O F. lecher (F ttcher), to lick. O. H. G. lecchdn (G. lecken), to lick See Lick. Lectern, Lecturn, a ieadmg-clesk. Lnte L.) M. E. let crone, kc(Y.
:

Lease

a tenement.

F. laisser, to let go. L let go L. laxus, loose.

(F. L.; laxare, to slacken,

Lease
A. S.
t.

(2), to glean.

(E.)

See Lax. M. E.

lesen.

lesan, to gather, -f Du. lezen* to gather, to lead; G. lesen \ Goth. hsan t

pt

Lith. lesti, to snap up, a thong to hold in a dog. (F. E. lees -O. F. lesse (Y. laisse\ ) a leash. Late L. laxa a thong, a loose I,, laxus, slack. See Lax. <|f The rope number usually leashed together was three,
las, to gather
;

-L

Leash,

torne,

ItUrone,

kctnm

(Prompt. Paiv.).

288

LECTION
(Littre,

LEGAL

O. F. letrun (Godefroy) ; lectrun, letrin Swed. lakare. Also A. S. lacnian, to heal, s. v. Late L. lectrinum, Icel. Icekna, Dan. l&ge, Swed. laka, Goth. hitrin}. a reading-desk, pulpit. Late L. lectrum, lekinon, to heal. Also O. Irish liaig, a a pulpit. Ai?/ from Gk. Xiucrpov, a couch, leech. leech (2), a blood-sucking worm. (E.) support akin to Gk. Ae'xo?, a couch, bed For other forms, A.S. l&ce, lit. 'the healer;' the same of. L. kctus, a couch. like Late L. lectorinum^ lectorium, shew word as the above.
;

that
lectio

it

was popularly connected with L.

Leech

(3),

Leach,

the border or edge

(E.)

(below). Lection, a reading, portion to be read. L. lectus^ (L.) Fi om L. lectio, a eadmg. See Legend. pp. of legere, to read. lecture, a discourse. (F. L ) F. lecLate L. lectiira, a comture, a reading mentary. L. lectus, pp. of legere, to read.
i

of a sail at the sides. a leech-line Swed.

;

lik,

Dan.

Cf. Icel. lik, tig, a bolt;

rope.+M. Du.
Du.
A.
lijk (see
-f-

lyken, a bolt-rope (Sewel)

Franck).

Leek.
S. leac.
log,

(E.)

M.E.
look,

leek.

O.Merc

lec\

Du.
lok,

Icel.

Swed.
;

G. lauch.
S.
liican, str

laukr, Dan. Teut. type

vb. (pt.
t.
',

a slight shelf, ridge. (E.) Palsgrave has ledge (i. e. support) of a shelf. Cf. Norfolk ledge, a bar of a gate, rail of a chair M. E. legge. [But not Swed. lagg, the rim of a cask, Icel. logg, the ledge or inn at the bottom of a cask

Ledge,

*lauko-

cf.

A.

/!S0<r=Teut. */aitk\ to weed.

Der. gar-lie

char-lock, hem-lock (latter syllable). Leer, a sly look. (E.) The verb is a development from the sb , which is an old word. M. E. lere, the cheek, face, com-

logg (pi. logger}, the lowest part of a vessel; M.H. G. lekke."\ Cf. also Norw. lega, a couch, lair, bed, support on which anything rests lege, a ledge, as of All from Tent, leg, the base of rock.

Norweg

plexion, mien

*ligjan-^ to

lie.

Cf A.

S.

licgan,

Icel.

hggja, Swed. ligga, Dan. ligge, to lie. The s-nse is 'support' See Lie (i). Ledger, a flat slab also, a book in which a summary of accounts is preserved.
;

usually in a good sense, it in a bad sense. S. hence, the face, look, imen.-fJcel. hlyr, pi., the cheeks. Lees, dregs of wine. (F.) PI. of a sing,' form lee, not used. F. he, l the lees ; Cot. (Gascon ho, 'lie de vin.') Late L.
;

but Skelton has hleor, the cheek

pi. ha, unknown.

lia,

lees

(loth

cent.).

Origin
(Scand.)

Leet, an assembly of a township.

M. E.
Ute.
;

leger ambassadors, i. e. such as remained for some time at a ledger-book is one that foreign court.)
(E.)

(We

also

find

lies

always ready. Similarly, in MiddleEnglish, a large book was called a liggar (that which lies), because not portable.

A. F. lete perhaps adapted fioni Icel. /?*<), 'a leet;' Vigfiibson. M. E. Left, the weaker hand. (E ) A.S. lcft\ Dr. Sweet left, hff, luft.
' points out that manis, left] occuis in a gloss (Mone, Quellen, i. 443), and that the has senne for synne (sin) ; so same * that left is for lyft, with the s^ nse worth' weak ' ; cf. A. S. lyft-ddl, palsy. less or

From M.
see

E. liggen,

S. licgan, to lie

MS

Lie (i). Cf. Du. legger, one that lies down (the nether mill-stone is also so from Du. Icggen, to lie, a common + North Fries, leeft, leefter hond, leit called) E. Fries. conuption of liggen, to he (like lay for lie hand; M. Du. luff, lucht, left; in EnglishX Ilowell uses leger-book for luchter, left, luf, weak, p The form of ^ff
' ;

portable book, 'which is from O. F. legier, See ledger in Richardson. Lee, a sheltered place ; part of a ship away from the wind. (Scnnd.) M. E. lee, shelter. Icel. hie, lee (of a ship); Dan. A. S. hleo, hleow, Iff, Swed. /a.-f-Du. lij a covering, a shelter (distinct from prov.
light.
;

the base

is

*lub\

cf.

Du. lubben (Franck).

See Lib.

Leg.
leg
;

Icel. leggr,

E. leg (pi. legges).lag, the calf of the Swed. lagg (the same). Brugm. i.

(Scand.) a leg

M.

Dan.

<>47(5).

lew,
is

warm

use
is

Scand.

due to the

see Lew), fl" The peculiar the pronunciation lew-ard cf. steward for sty-ward
;

(ns if-^=L. *Iegatia, not found) L. legal urn, a bequest, neut. of pp. of allied to lex Ifgdre, to appoint, bequeath

word

Legacy.

(L."s

M.

E. legaae

a coined

from

The Teut. type

is

*hlewo- (Franck).

(stem leg-\ the law (below).

Leech
leche.

A.
a

lekeis,

M. E. (E) (i), a physician. heals, -f Goth. S. l&ce, one leech ; cf. Icel. heknir, Dan. l&ge,

who

M .F. legal - L. legdlis, legal. - L.

of lex, law.

legal,

pei taining to the law.

(F.
leg-,

L.)

stem Allied to L. ltgere\ Gk.

289

LEGATE
\{ytv,
to
collect.

LENIENT
i.

Brugm.

134.

pulse, a pod.

lL.feg'fifnen

(./LEG.)

M. E. leyser. - A. F. leisir (F. L. legatits,& deputy; (F.-L ) pope's ambassador. L. leg; stem of loisir), leisure ; orig. an in fin. mood, pp. of legdre, to appoint. See legal. lex, law. meaning 'to be permitted.' L. licere, to it be permitted. Iff The form is bad legatee. (L. with F. suffix.} law term; coined from L. legdt-us, ap- should be leiser or leisir pleasure is in The suffix has been pointed, with F. suffix -e (-L. -atus). the same case. See above. changed from -er or -/> to -ure (as in legend, a marvellous story. (F. L.) measure}. a sweetheart. M. E. legende. O. F. legende F. ttgende}, I. e hef man. E. lemman, also a legend, story. Late L. legenda, a legend (E.) fern. sing, from L. legenda, neut. pi., things leofman. A. S. leof, dear; mann, a man L. legendus, fut. pass. part, of or woman. See Lief. to be read.
;

legate, a commissioner. M. E. legate. Q. F. legat (F

(F.

L.) ltgat\ a

pulse, bean-plant. legumin-otis.

Brugm.

i.

667.

Der.

Leisure, freedom from employment.

<

Leman, Lemman,

legere.,

to read, orig. to gather, collect. -f-

Gk.

Ac'Ycu't to tell,

speak.

(-/LEG.^

Legerdemain, sleight of hand. L ) O. F. legier de main, lit. light

hand.

(F.
of

Lemma,
lemma.

an assumption. (L. Gk.) Gk. X^/i/za, a thing taken in

;

logic, a premiss taken for

granted

allied

to

Gk.

ft-\rjnfjLai, perf.

pass, of \ajjLJ3avfiv,

(Cf. Ital. leggiere, leggiero, light." The O. F. legier answers to a Late L type *leuid) jus, made by adding -drius to 1; F. F. de = L. de, of leui-s, light.

to take (base Aa/3-).

Brugm.

Lemming, Leming,
wegian
rat.

i. 852. a kind of Nor-

(Norweg.) Norweg lemende\

main

- L.

maniim,

ace. of nianus, a hand.

in music,

also occurring as lemming, limende, lomelCf. Svved. lemel, dre, lomund, lomhund

See Levity.

a lemming
scure
;

led. lomundr.

Origin obl

leger-line, ledger-line,
a shoit
staff.

Aasen

cleims

line

added above
F.)

mod F. lignes additionnelles. Legible, readable. (F.-L) O. F. L legibilis, legible. L. legere, to legible.
Cf.

and explains it to mean destroying where legcr -= F. ttgtr (formerly legier), from the destruction committed by them But this is popular etymolight; because these lines are small and see Lame. short. But wrongly The word may be Lapp ; the ledger means a hori- logy.' zontal bar/ and i^ allied to ledge (N.E.I).). Lapp name is luomek.
(K.
if
'
;

and

As

01 below the for legci -line ;

lemja, to stnke, beat,

from Norweg. maim, lit. lame/

it
'

'

Lemniscate,
(L.

Gk.

From

a curve like the figure 8. L. lemmscat-us, adorned

read.

See legend.
a

with a ribbon. L. lemniscus, a pendent ribbon. Gk. \rjjjivifficos, a fillet. Said to

large body of soldiers. E. legioun. - O. F. legion. L. legionem, ace of legio, a Roman legion, body of from 4200 to 6000 men. L legere, to gather, select a band.

legion,

(F.-L)

be from Gk. to "Wool.

\fjvos,

wool

which

is

allied

Lemon.
JH
.

(F.

hmon.

Formerly Union. Pers.) Pers. limun, limund, a

Legislator.

(L.)

poser of a law. law; lator, a proposer, lit. bnnger, from Idtum (for tldtum), to b?ar, bring, from

L. legislator, a proL. legis, gen. of lex, a

lemon, citron. Of Malay origin. Lemur, a nocturnal animal. (L.) L. lemur, a ghost so nicknamed by naturalists from its nocturnal habits.
;

Lend.
M.
lien,

V^TEL;
(2).

see Tolerate.
legislate, Sec.

Biugm.

i.

585
(F.

The final d is excrescent. (E.) E. lenen. A. S. Lilian, to lend. A. S.

Der.

See legal.

legist.
/4'&/?).

(F.-L.)

O.K.

legiste

a loan.-flcel. Idna, Dan. laane, Swed. lana, G. lehnen, derivatives from the sb.

the laws.

.Late L. legista, one skilled in L. leg-, stem of lex, law (with

-iaTT)$).

See Loan.

Gk.

suffix -ista

legitimate. (L.) Late L. legitimains, pp. of legitimdre, to declare to be lawful. L legitimus, according to law. L tegi-, for lex, law with suffix -ti-mus Legume, a pod. (F.-L.) f.Mgume,
;

A. S. E. lengthe. Length. (E.) lengS, 7cm. ; for *langi8d, with mutation of a to e A. S. lang, long.+Du. lengte\ Dan. tengde\ Swed. langd\ Icel. lengd. St e Long. Der. length-en. Lenient, mild. (L.) Fi om pres. part. of L. lenlre, to soothe. L. lenis, soft, mild.

290

LENITY
O. F. lenity mildL. lenitatem, ace. of L. lenis (above). optics. Lens, a piece of glass used So called from the resemblance of a (L.) double-convex lens to the shape of the seed L. /ens, a lentil. of a lentil. Iient, a fast of 40 days, beginning with

LETHE
which is word, from the adj. leprotts from M. F. lepreitx-lu. leprosus, afflicted with lepra, i e. leprosy. See Leper. M. F. (F.-L.) Lesion, an
;

lenity.

(F.

- L.)

(obsolete). lenitas, mildness.

ness

lesion,

hurt; Cot.

^injury.

L. fasionein, ace. of

L. fastis, pp. of fadere> fasio, an injury. to hurt. Der. (from fadere) col-lide, e-lision.

Ash- Wednesday.

(E.)

The
is

fast

is

in

Less,
adj.;

smaller.

(E.)

Used as comp.
loot.

of

spring time; the old sense

S. lenctcn, the spring; M.E. kntjenten. supposed to be derived from fang, long, because in spring the days lengthen Kluge suggests that it represents a Tout, form
;

simply spring.

httlc, but

from a
adv.
-f"

different

E.

lesse, lasse, adj., les,

lies,

adv.

O.

A. S./tessa, less, Fries. Icsw, less.

for

P. The form assimilation.

lics-sa

is

*tes-ra,
is

by

The Teut. type

*lats;

*lais-tzon,

long day,' where -tino- is *langi-tmo-, allied to Skt. dina-, Lith. dena, a day.-fH. G. Icnzo, Pn. lente, spring ; G. Icrtz, Der. leu ten, adj., from lenzin, lengtzen.
'

from a base
small.
*laisiz.

cf.

Lith.

lesas, thin,

The

type of the adv. is Der. less-er, a double comp. ;

Teut.

less-en, vb.

a plant. (F. - L.) M. E lentil L. Icnticuia, a O. (and F.) Icntille little lentil ; double dimm. of lent-, stem See Lens. of lens, a lentil. Lentisk) the mastic-tree. (F. L.') L. lentiscum, lentiscus, F. lentisqite. named fiorn the clammincsb of its resin.

A.S.

lencten, sb.
.

least.

Lentil,

(E.) M. E leste, adj , lest, adv. S. l&sest, whence test by contraction;

a superlative form fiom the

*/ats-.

same base

L. lentus, sticky, pliant.

ho.

L. a hon. (L - Gk. Egypt ?) Gk. AW, a lion. We also find'Du. Lithnan. leeuw, G. lowe, Kuss. lev, Cf. all borrowed foims. lavas, a hon
Leo,
;

but due to A.S. phrase tiy Us $e reason less that ; wherein <3/ (for the reason) was soon dropped, and las #<? Here ItJes - less, adv. ; coalesced into test. and tie is the indeclinable relative.
for least, --for the

lest,

for fear that, that not.

(E^

Not

-less,

suffix

see

Loose

O. F. lesse (lesst}, let go (lease). pp. of lesser, later latsser,\o

Lessee. (F.-L)
(i).

11 eb.

lavi\ a lion.
;

Probably of Egyptian

See Lease

origin

see

Lion.
;

Lesson.

(F.-L.)

M.E

lesson.

-Y.

leopard. <F.-L.-Gk.) O.F./#?/W.

Gk. \toirapSos, a leopaid L. leopardus supposed to be a mongrel between a pard Gk. \fo- for (panther) and a lioness. AeW, a lion -napbos, a pard
}
;

le$on.<- L. led i one fn, ace. of lec.io* Doublet, lection. ing ; see Lection. sec Less. ; M. E. leten, to permit. (E.)

a read-

Lest Let (i),

strong verb, pt.

t.

lat, leet,
t

pp. laten, lelen.

L. Gk.) The sense has (F. changed ; leprc formerly meant the disease and what we now call a leper was itself The lepre of him called a leprous man. M. F. \viis clcnsid Wyclif, Matt. via. 3.

Leper.
;

S. lietan, letan, pt.

let, leort,
;

pp

faten.

4-Du

laten
;

(liet, gelateti)

Icel. lafa (let,

'

Daii. lade, Swed. lata, Goth. latimi) G. lassen (ticss, letan (lailot, Ictans]
;

Teut. type *ltan, pt. t. weak Gk. ^lelot, pp. *ltanoz. Idg. Cot. - L. hpra. a leprosie Jepre, whence E. Late. Brugm. i. A^TTpa, lepiosy; so called because the skin giade LAD, Gk. AeTrpJs, scaly, scabby. scales off. Gk. Atrroy, a scale AfTreti/, to peel. Cf Let (2), to hinder. (E.) M. E. lcttcn\ A.S. A.S. lettan,\.Q hindei, make late to Rusb. Lithuan.
;

'

gelasscn}.

'

'

^LI);

kipite,

lupii,

peel.

lepidoptera,
insects
scale*,
;

whose wings
(Gk.)

applied to covered with Gk. Air*5o-, for Acrrfs, a

a
aie

term

fat,

scale irrtpa, pi. of TTT(p6v y a wing (allied to feather'}. Leporine, belonging to a hare. (L.) L. leporimis, adj., from !epor~> for *lepos,

Du. letten, Icel. letja, late, slow. Goth, latjan, to tany from the adj. Late. Teut. type *lat-jan-\ from *lat-, slow. See Late.
;

Lethal, deadly. (F.-L

lethal,

vL.)

M.F.
for
T

'deadly;' Cot.-L. lethalis, IStahs, mortal. -L. letum, death.

stem of lepus^ a hare.

Leprosy. (F.-L.-Gk.)

coined
291

Lethe, oblivion. (L -Gk.) -Gk. Aijfy, a forgetting; the

L. /tV//e river of
.

LETHARGY
oblivion allied to \a$-, base of \avOaveiv, to lie hid. lethargy, a heavy sleep. (F.-L.Gk.) M. Jb. lethargic, a lethargy ; Cot.L. le'thargia. ^Jx.. \r)0apyia, drowsiness.
;

LIBATION
-igdre, for agcre, to

make.

Cf.

Gk.

\fios,

smooth.

M. E. Levin, lightning. (Scand.) Wrt. Voc. 735.42. leyfnyng, lightning Prob. Scand. not found in A. s! Cf.
;

Gk.

\r)0apyos,

forgetful.

Gk.

Aijfl?;,

Icel. leiptr

oblivion (above). Letter, "a character. (F.-L.) M. E. lettre. - F. lettrc. - L. httera, for oldei litera (also leitera], a letter. See Brugm.
*

(pronounced leiftr\ lightning.

of the tribe of Levi. (L. L. Lettita. - Gk. Ai//r>;y, Heb. Lev i, one of the sons of

Levite, one
Gk.
Lu.

Heb.)
32.

x.

Jacob.

930.

M.

Lettuce,
E.
let uce.

a succulent plant. (F.-L.) O. F. *lctuce, only found in

;

the form lectus (Palsgrave, s. v. Lettes] and in the Latinised form tftusa, Wrt. Vocab. 787. I5.-L. *lactilcea, fern, adj from L. lacti'ica, a lettuce (whence F.
laitue, Ital. lattuga).

Levity, lightness, frivolity. (L.) From L. leuitas, lightness. L. leuis, light. levy, the act of raising men for an F. army; the force raised. (F. L.) l ' a levy, or levying of an levte, army ; Cot. Fern, of pp. of lever, to raise. L. L. leuis (above). leudre, to raise.

L. Air/-, stem of /0r, See Lacteal. milk, succulent juice. the E of the Mediterranean -Levant, Sea. (Ital.-L.) Ital. levantc, E. wind, eastern countiy or part (where the sun L tenant-, stem of pres. part, of rises).
leuate, to raise L. leuis, light.
;

Lew, Lew-warm,

tepid.

(E

M. E.

whence

se leudre, to rise.

A. S. hleowe, tew, Wyclif, Rev. 111. 16. warm (found once).-f Dti. lanw, warm ; Icel. hlUr, hlyr\ G. lau, O. It. G. lao \law-} Tent. base (peihai>s) *hlew-> hh'ew-. - Gk. ?) ignorant, base. (L. M. E. lewed, ignorant. A. S. hewede,

Lewd,

adj.,

levee, a morning assembly. (. L.) For F. k lever (Littre). F. lever, to raise. L. leuare (above). Level, an instrument for determining that a thing is horizontal. L.) M.L. (F
leu el (live!, O. F. live/, later level). spelling hveau; mod. F. niveau, a level.
liuel,

ignorant, also lay, belonging to the laity. [It may have been confused with the pp. of Itfwan, to betray cf. Goth,
;

L. libella, a level; dunin. of libra, a balance. See Iiibrate. ^f Hence the

adj. level.

is supposed answering to L. type */atcdtus, belonging to the laity, parallel to Late L. clertcafw (whence E. clergy}. If so, it is formed from L. Idicus, a word of Gk. origin. See Laic. (Sievers, 173;

betiay, from But it tunity.]

to

lew,

occasion,

lewjan, opporto be of

Latin origin

Lever.

(F.-L.)

M. K levour.-1c\

Pogatscher,
;

340.)

levetir, a raiser, lifter. -L. leualorem, ace. of leuator, a lifter. L. leudre, to lift. L.
leuis, light.

Lexicon. V' k O

Gk- ^tf6v
t

a dic-

Leveret. (F. - L.
'

neut of \ctic6s adj., tionary belonging to words Gk. A.fi-s, a saying. Gk. c7r, to speak see legend.

A. F.
1.

leveret (pi.
'>

^ 6239) Cot. levrault, a leveret, or young hare with change of suffix. [The suffix -ault^ Late L. -aldus, from O. H. G. wald, power,
' ;
;

levei es,

Gaimar, Chron.

Ley,
with

a meadow see Lea. Liable, responsible. (F. L) Formed,

;

suffix -able,

li^dre, to tie.

from F. h-cr, to See Ligament.

a F.

tie.

L.

common

a^>

a suffix.]

The

Liane, Liana,
plant.

base lever-

climbing tropical

is

from L. kporhare.

for *!epos,

stem of lepus,

iL.-IIeb.) Late L. leLias, a formation of limestone. (F.) viathan. Job xl. 20 (Vulgate). - Heb. F. lias, Hats, O. F. liois, a hard freestone. livyathdn, an aquatic animal, dragon, Lib, to castrate. (E.) Answers to an named from its twisting itself in A. S. type serpent only found in the - Heb. root lavdh Arab, root cognate Du. *lybban with the same sense curves. lubben, lawa', to bend, whence lawd, the twisting E. Fries, and Westphal. htbben* Der. or coiling of a serpent. cf O. Du. g-lib, vb., the same (obsolete) * Levigate, to make smooth. (L.) Out gelubt. gelt,' Hexham. Also lef-t, q.v. of use. L. letiigatus, pp. of leuigdre, Libation, the pouring forth of wine in to make smooth. L. leu-is, smooth honour of a deity. (F. ~ L.) F. libation.
; ;
;

Leviathan.

hane (the samt), from a Norman and Guernsey //Vzw, a band. L. ligamen see Lien, Iiirnehound.
(F. L.)
;

292

LIBEL
L. ace. iTb&tionem. ^. ttbatus, pp. of libdre, to taste, sip, pour out.+ Gk, Act/Sen/, to pour out, shed, offer a libation. Brugm.
i.

LIEF
Gk. Acix^p, lichen, tree-moss; also, an eruption on the skin. Generally connected with Gk. Ac/x<"', to lick up from its encioachment. Cf. Kuss. lishai, a lichen, a
;

.553libel i

Libel, a
M.E.

written accusation.

(F.
;

L.)

tetter.

a brief piece of writing A. F. L. hbellum, ace. of libellus, a little libel. dirmn. of book, a notice (Matt. v. 31) See Library. liber* a book.
;

Liberal.
0. F.

man,

M.E. liberal,^ L. liberal^, befitting a freeL. liber, free. generous.

(F.-L.)
liberal.

Lichgate, churchyard gate. (E.) So called because a corpse ^in a bier) may be rested under it. The former syllable is M. E. hch, a corpse, but ong. the living
body
(i).
;

from A.
to lap.
-f-

S.

/if,

a body

see

Like
A. S.

liberate.

(L

From

Lick,
hcaan.

(E

M.

E. likken.

pp.

of L.

13u.

hkken,

G.

lecken.

liberarc, to set fiee. 102. 1.

L. liber> free; Brugm.

L. Cf. Acts vi. 9. libertinus, adj., belonging to a freed man, also sb., a freed man ; later applied to denote the licentious liberty of a ceitain
(L.)

libertine.

secondary verb allied to the primary forms seen in Goth, bilaigon (be-hck) Kuss. lizate, O. Irish ligim, I lick, L. linger e,
;

Gk. Act'xet^, nh, to hck.

604.

Pers.

hshtan^

Skt.

lik,
i.

(-/LEIGH.)

Brugm.

sect

man.

(Acts vi. 9\ L. libert fi ee.

Itbertns %

fieed

liberty.
F. libtrtt

(F.-L)
lustful.

M.E.

hbertee.-

Licorice,Liqtiorice. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. licons. h. F. lycorys, Liber Albus, lickorice Cot. p. 224; M.F. liqiiertie,
'
'

freedom

L. libertateni) ace. oi llbertas, L. liber, fiee.

(F.

L.

liquiritia,

liquorice;

corrupted

Libidinous,

L. )

Hbidineux, L. hbidindwi, lustful. of libido, lubhto, libldin-, stem

L. libet^ fabet, it pleases. pleasure. Skt. lubh, to desire Allied to Love.

F. L.
lust,

form of glycyrrhiza (Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxii. 9. n). Gk. yXvicvfiflifa, liquorice,
loot/ Gk. yAv/tv-y, sweet; See Wort. Lictor, an officer m Rome. (L.) L. binder from the fasces hctor, perhaps or 'bound' rods which he bore, or from binding culprits. Allied to hgdre,\Q bind. See Ligament. (Doubtful.)
lit.

'sweet

^/fa, loot.

Cf.

'

'

F. hkrairie.l.. libra rid) fein. of libranus, L. hbr-, stem of belonging to books. liber, a book, <>rig. the bark of a tree (one of the eailiest wilting materials). Allied to Gk. A^TTfii/, to peel Biugm. i. 499. Librate, to balance, be poised, move The verb is slightly when balanced. (L.) rare, and due to the s,b libratioti (Kersey). L. ace. lilrrationem, a poising. L. libraL. libra, a tus, pp. of librare, to balance. a level also a pound of 12 oz.-f" balance, Gk. \irpa, a pound of 12 oz. Brugm. i.

Library.

(/.-L.) a book-shop;

Lid,
hh6,
a

a cover.

hhd, a hd.

M.E. ltd. A. S. (E.) A.S. hhd~, weak grade of

lid,

hlidan, to cover. -f l)u.

lid

Icel.

gate,
lit, ltd,

gateway,

gap,

breach;

II.

G.

a cover (obsolete").

Lie
verb.

(i), to jest, abide.

(E

strong
t.

E. (yen, also liggen, pt.

lay,
t.

ty, pp.

leicn, lein.

A.S. hcgan,

pt.

589-

freedom.
licence.

Licence, License, leave, abuse M.E. lycence. (F.-L.)

freedom to act. See Kcent-, from licere, to be allowable. Der. licence, more Brugm. ii. 587.
liitntia,

of F. L.

usually license, vb.

licentiate one who has a

t

hggen, Icel. liggja, Dan. hgge Swed hgga, G. hegen, Goth. hgan. Related to Rubs, lejate Lat. base Gk. base Acx- (in leg- (m lectus, bed) On the A*X05, bed). (yLEGH.) mod. E. form see Swtet, E. Gr. 1293. Lie (2), to tell a falsehood. (E.) M. E. T$eri, le$en, pt. t. hh, pp. loiven. O. Merc. A. S. leogan, pt. t. leag, pp. logen. tegan
t ; ;

tog* pp. Icgen -f Du.

grant to

exercise a profession. (L.) Englished from Late L. hcenlitituv* pp. of licentiare, to

HhDu. hcgen, Icel lju&a, Dan. Ijnga* Goth, liugan, G. fag&i.

lyve,
'1

Swed.
type

eut.

*/e'^-,pt.
Kuss
Igate,
.

t.

L. licenha, licence (above). licentious. (F. L.) F. lictmieux. L. litentiosus, full of licence. L. licentia, licence (above).
licence.

luigate,

Cf. *laug, pp. *luganoz. to lie; loje, a lie,

Lief,
4-Du.
\

Lichen,

a moss. (L.

dear. (E.) M. E. leef lief, Icel //<//r, Swed.

lieb.

ljuf,

A.S.fof. Goth.
Cf,

Gk.)

'L.lhhen

Hubs, G.

Teut. type *leuboz.

293

LIEGE
Russ. lioboi, agreeable, liobite, to love; L. luhet, libet, it pleases; Skt. lubh, to desire. (-/LEUBH.) Allied to Love.

LIGHTS
away.

The same

as

Lift

(i).

^f

Not

allied to Goth, hliftus, a thief.

Liege, faithful,
*

subject. (F.

O. H. G.)

[The sense has been altered by confusion with L. ligatus, bound. In old use, we could speak of a liege lord as meaning a free lord, in exact opposition to the im'

M. E. lige, lege legt ported notion.] poustee iiw sovereignty, Bruce, v. 165. O. F. lige, liege, liege, leal also, free ; a liege lord was a lord of a free band, and
\ ;

his lieges were privileged free men, faithful to him, but free from other service.

Ligament, a band, band of tissue connecting the moveable bones. (F. L.) F. ligament. L. ligamentum, a tie, band. with suffix -mentum. L. ligd-re, to tie ligature, a bandage. (F. L.) F. ligaL. ligatura, a bindture, a tie, bandage. L. ligatus, pp. of ligdre, to tie. ing. Light (i), illumination. (E.) M. E. - O. Merc, leht A. S. leoht, light. light. Du. and G. licht\ cf. Goth, liuh-ath, Teut. light, shewing that the / is a suffix.
; ;

type *leuhtom, neut. sb.

,

related to the

(G. ledig], free, esp. from all obligations of service. Cf. Icel. HSugr, free, M. Du. ledig, free. (Disputed ; see Korting, 4736.) Lieger, Leiger, an ambassador see
;

M. H. G.

ledtc, lidic

adj *leuhtoz, as seen in E. light, i. e. bright, adj G. and Du. licht. Co-radicate with L.

lux (stem luc-\

Skt.

light,

Gk.

\fv/c-6s, white,
)

ruck,

to

shine.

(^LEUQ

See

Lucid.
(E.) ' it shine as lightning; M. E. lightenett, more correctly lightens? light-n-en, where the -n- is formative, and gives the sense ' to become light.' 2. TRANS. This is only the intrans. form
i.

Ledger.
a legal claim, charge on property. F. hen, a band, or tie, anything L.) (F. L. ligamcn, a tie. that fastens or fetters. L. ligare, to tie. See Ligament.

lighten

(i), to illuminate, flash.

Lien,

INTRANS.,

to

Lieu,
L.

place, stead

(F.

L.)

F.

hen
See

locum, ace.

of locus, a place.

Locus.

The incorrectly used with a trans, sense. correct trans form is simply to light

lieutenant,
&c. (F
tenent-,

L.)

F. lieu tenant.

a 'locum tenens,' deputy, L. loiuni-

O Merc
'E
)

Ithtan, from leoht, sb.

stem of locum tenew, one who

;

lightning, an
Formed with
(2),

illuminating

flash.

suffix -?;;

from M. E.

L. locum, ace holds another's place of locus a place tenens, pres pt. titenere, to hold. See Tenable
*

lightnen, to lighten (above).

Light
A.
S.
Icel.

not heavy. (E.)

M.

E. light.
\

leoht (for *lTht).

leitr,

+ Du.

hcht, ligt
latt,

Life. (E
(lives),
llfes,

M.
lyue
t.

E.

/*/,

lyf\ gen. lyucs

Dan.

let,

dat.

(live).

dat. life.
(pt.

From
*latb,
in

A.S. Kf, gen. the base of Tent.

pp. *hbanoz), to Goth, bi-leiban, A.S. be-lifan, G bleiben* Du. bhjven, to remain, f Icel Iff, lift, Dan. hv Swed. ///, O. II. G. The lip, life (whence G. leib, the body).
*leiban-

remain; as seen

G. letcht, Wit. lihti. let/its, Teut. type ^lihtoz, for ^hn^toz, *lenytoz, Allied to Lith. lengivas, light and to Lung. See Brugm. i. 684; Sievers,
;

Swed. O. II G.

Goth.

84
|

weak grade appears

see
fl Cf.
'

in Live, q. v. And Leave (i). (yLEIP ^ lifeguard. (K.) From life and guard.

G. leibgarde, a body-guard, which is a cognate word, with the orig. sense of life-guard,' from O. H. G. lip, life.

E. hhten. A.S. lihtan, vb., to alight from, lit. to make light, relieve a horse of his bin den. A. S. leoht (lihf] The sense 'to descend upon' above). ^the earth) is secondaiy, due to the com;E.)
plctecl action

light M.

(3),

to

alight,

settle,

descend.

of descending from a horse.

(2), to alleviate. (E.)

lifelong Lift (ij,

Swed.

better livelong, q. to elevate. (Scand.)

v.

M. E.

merely formative, as m strength-en. A.S. Ithtan, to make light (above).

is

lighten

The -en

/#?*#. -Icel. lypta fpron. lyfta\ to lift, exalt in air, from lopt, air ; Dan. lofte,

lighten

(3), to alight on. (E.)

Ex-

The Icel. from luff, air. by mutation, from Teut. u see Loft. Der. up- lift. Lift (2), to steal. (E.) We speak of a shop-lifter, a thief; see Shak. Troil. i.
lyfta,

results,

tended from light (3) above. lighter, a boat for unlading ships. Borrowed from Du. ligter, a (Du. Du. hgt, light. lighter, i. e. unloader.
)

lights,
their

So named from lungs. (E.) So also Russ. legkiia, lightness.

from
legkii, light.

2.

129.

To

take tip;

hence,

to take

lights

294

LIGHTEN
Lighten
see
(i), to flash,

LIMN
Lightning;
L. Ugne-us,

Light
;

(i).

Ligneous, woody.

(L.)

wooden with suffix -oits, L. lignum, wood. Limb lign-aloes, a kind of tree. (F.-L. and Gk.) O.K. lignaloes (Godef.) -L. lignum aloes, lit. wood of aloes.' Aloes edging, edge. is gen. of aloe, from Gk. d\6ij, aloe. See limbo, limbus, the borders of hell. Aloe. The orig. phrase is in limbo, where (L.)
'

a member, branch of a tree. M. E. Km. A. S. /*w.+Icel. limr, (E.) Dan. Swed. km. Allied to A. S. #-ff, Goth. It- thus, G. g-lie-d, a joint. Cf. Lith. lemu, stature, growth. See Lay (4). (2), the edge or border of a L. limbus, a border, sextant, &c. (L.)
(i),

Limb

a strap-shaped petal. (L.) In L. ligttla, a little tongue, also spelt lingula, dimm. of lingua, tongue.

Ligule,

hmbo

botany.

See Lingual. Ligure, a precious stone. (L. Gk.) (jk. \tyvptov, a sort of gem L. hgurius. Exod. xxviii. 19. (amber or jacinth) Like (0, similar. (E.) M.E. lyk, hk. A.S. ge-lic-, as suffix, -lie. Du. ge-hjk, Icel. likt g-likr, Dan. tig, Swed. hk, Goth. ga-letks, G. g-leich, O.H.G. ka-lih. 0.
;

is the abl. case of limbtts, a border ; the limbus patrum was a supposed place on the border of hell, wheie the patriarchs abode till Christ's descent into hell. Limbeck, the same as Alembic.

Limber

(i), active, flexible, (h.)

In

Baret(i 580). Apparently allied toLimp(i). (2), part of a gun-carnage, a frame with two wheels and a pole (F.?) Cf. prov. E. limmers, thills, shafts (the b

Limber

having the same form,* and derived from the sb. meaning form, shape/ M/. A. S. lie form, body, Icel. //", Goth, leik, the body, Du. lijk, a corpse, Dan hg> Swed. hk, a corpse, G. leiche, O H. G. lih. See Lichgate. Cf. Lith. lygits y like like (2), to be pleased with. (E.) The construction has altered M. E. hketh, it
Lit.
*
,

'

being excrescent^. G. Douglas has lymnaris, shafts Probably from O. F. hmonier, from hmon, adj., belonging to the shafts a shaft. Cf. F. hmonure, pait of a car;

nage including the two shafts. Etym. unknown perhaps allied to Icel. //;// (pi.
;

hmar\

blanches of a

tree.

Limbo, Limbus;

see

Limb

2.

impersonal, as in mod. E. ifyou may please you. A S. liaan, to please, oiig. to be like or suitable for. A. S. -lie, ge-lu, like see Like (i).+Du.
pleases,
is
it

hke~\{

mortar. (E ) M.E. lym, htm, viscous substance. A. S. //>;/, bitumen, cement. 4-Du. hjm, Icel. lim, Dan Him, Swed. hm, glue G. him, glue; L. Itmus, slime. See Idg. type *leimo-.
(i), bird-lime,
;

Lime

(2\ the linden-tree. (E ) Lime is a corruption of line, as in Shak. Temp. v. to liken but the true sense ib intransitive, 10; and line is a corruption of hnd, viz. to be like. Cf. Swed. tikna, (i) to the lengthening of i having occasioned resemble, (2) to liken, from hk, like Dan. the loss of d. (Sweet, E. Gr. 1607.) See Liud. hgne, the same, from hg, like. Lilac, a shiub. ^Span. Arab. Pers.) (), a kind of citron. (F. Pers.) Pers limu, (also //">// /?;/), a lemon, Span, lilac. Arab, lilak, a lilac. Peis. F. lime. citron. lilaj, lilanj, lilang, of which the proper Malay llman, a lime, a citron. sense is indigo-plant The initial / stands Limehound, a dogin aleash. (Hybrid ; for and the above forms are from ml, F. L., and E.) Shoit for ham-hound, used by Turberville. The M. E. Ham or blue, whence nilak (>Arab. lilak}, bluish The plant is named from the bluish lyam means 'a leash.' O. F, Hem, now tinge on the flowers in some varieties. spelt lien, a band Guernsey Ham, Iran. L. ligamen, a tie. See Lien, Liane. (Devic). Cf. Skt. ntla-, dark blue. Lilt, to sing, dance. (Scand.) M. E. Limit. (F.-L.) F. hmite, a limit lilting-hom, horn to dance to cf. M. E. L. limitem, ace. of limes, a boundary; Cf. L. HUMS, lulten, to resound. Formed (with added -/) akin to limen, a threshold. from Norweg. litta, to sing in a high tone. transverse. Cf. 0. Swed. lylla, to lull to sleep (Rietz). Limn, to illuminate, paint. (F.-L.) Allied to Lull. M. E. hmnen, contracted form of luminen, Idly, a plant. (L.-Gk.) A.S. ///*>.- to illuminate (Prompt. Parv.). Again, L. //7/ww. -Gk. \tipiov, a luminen is for enluminen. O. F, enlulily.
;

Icel. lika, to like; Goth. lijken, to suit leikan, to please (similarly derived). liken, to compare. (E.) M. E. liknen,
;

Loam.

Lime

Lime

'

'

295

LIMP
miner, to illuminate, burnish, limn. illuminare see Illuminate.
\

LINNET
L. L. linedre, to draw a L. linea, a line (above). linear. (L.) L. linearis, belonging to a line. L. iTnea, a line (above). linen, cloth made of flax. (L.) Used as a sb., but really an old adj., A. S. Im-cn the old sb. being M. E. /*, A. S.
ing,

delineation.

line.

Not (i), flaccid, pliant. (E.) in early use. Apparently related, by gradation, to Bavarian lampecht, flaccid, downhanging, from the verb lampen, to hang

Limp

loosely

down
(2),

cf.

Skt. lamba, depending,

lamb, to hang down.

lin,

flax.
1

Shak

Mer. Ven A. S. lemp-healti

Lamp

to

walk lamely. (E.)

ni.
2.

In
find

130.

We

from gold.}

linum, flax. See linseed.

a
fish.

(Cf. gold~en

enrlier laempi-halt (Ep.

;

and a cognate Gl.j, adj., halting Cf. in M. II. G. limplnn, to limp. G. lumpen, to limp.

form

Low
(L ) A. S.

Named from (IlaveTok). Cf. A. S. lengu, shape.

leng, a ling,

Ling

(i),

(E.)
its

M.

E. lenge
-f- l

long slender
)u *

length,
;

Limpet,
lempedu,

a
.

small

shell-fish.

(Phillips, 1706). r a lamprey, which also ori^ Late L. leniptida, for sticks to rocks.

Formerly lempet

from Jang, long; Icel. langa, Norw. langa, longa, a ling Swed. langa G. hinge, a Img, also called lang-fisch, long fish. See Long.

long
Icel.

(2),

heath.
y

lyng

ling,

(Scand.) heather;

M.

E. lyng.
ling,

Dan.

L. lampedra, a lamprey
Cf.
'

S?e
'
,

Lemprida, Vocab. 438. 17.

pide.

lempedu

Lamprey. Swed. ljung. Wright's Linger, to

of

Iiimpid, pure, bright. (F

L.

L.)

Lymph

Hmpidus, Btugm. i.

clear.

F. //';;/Allied to

102.

linguist, one skilled in languages. Perhaps from Idg. root. */<?, (L.) From L. lingua, a tongue, language; peg, pin. with suffix ~nta (_- Gk. -ICTTTJS). (cf Gk. \v*iv), to loosen. Idnd, Linden, the lime-tree. (E ) The Liniment, sake, ointment. (F. L.) true form of the sb. is hnd, and lind-en F. hmmenf. ], lim?nentunt, ointment is the adj. from it. Hence Iznd-en free L. /mere, to smear cf. Skt. /f, to melt. the same thing. lirui M. E. hnd. A. S. Brugm. i. 476 (5) 11. 608. also a shield, commonly lind, the tree Lining. L) Formed, with suffix -ing, of this wood -f-Du. lindc, Icel. Dan. from the veib lo hnc, i.e. to cover the inSwed. lind) G. hnde. Cf. Lith. lent a, a side of a garment with line, i.e. linen see board. linen. Doublet, lime (2). a ring of a chain. (Scand.) Line, a thread, thin cord also a stroke, Link orY. L) In the O. Icel. *hlenkr, whence Icel. htckkr (by row, rank, verse (L sense 'cord/ we find A. S line, duettly assimilation); Dan. hsnke, Swed. lank\ from L linea. In the other senses, it is (T. gelenk, a joint, link, rini^. Cf. A. S. from F. hgne, aKo from L linea. (3 The hlcnce, or hlenca (\\hich would have given L. linea meant orig. a stung made of flax, /;;//-//). Also M. II. G lenken, to bend, (.) II. G. loin being fern, of adj lineus, made of flax. hlanca, (whence hip,
;
;

a pin to fasten a wheel on an axle, (h.) Formerly lins-pm, lit. * A S. lynis, an axle-tiee.-faxle-pin.' Du. luns, a Hnch-pm, O. Low G. lumsa, Low G. lunse, G. lunse, a linch-pin. Teut. base *lums- (cf. Goth, akw-izi^ an ax) from *////?-, as in O. II. G. lun, a bolt,

Linch-pin,

tarry. (E.) Frequent, form E. lengen, to tany. A. S. lengan, to A S. Az/7-,long. Cf. Icel. pi olong, put off. lengja, to lengthen, I)u. lengen,\z> lengthen, G. verlangern, to prolong. See Long. LingO, a language. (Prov. L. ) Prov. L. lingo (at Marseilles), a language. lingua, a tongue, language (below). lingual, pertaining to the tongue. Coined from L. hngua, the tongue, (L.) O. Lat. dtngua, cognate with E. tongue.

M.

L. linum, flax. Cf. Gk. \ivov, flax whence perhaps the L. word. Der. out-line lineage. (F. L.) F lignage, a line;

I>erhaps

Plank).
(2), a torch ; see a bird. (F

Link
*

Linstock.
)

Linnet,

~L

M. E.
cf.

age.

F. ligne, a line, rank.

L. tinea, a

line (above),

[A. S. /tHere.] a linnet/ Cot.

F. hneltc

hnet. F. linotte,

lineal.
a
line.

L linedh s, belonging to (L.) L. linea, a line (above).

(F.

flax-seed and

a linnet,
flax.

lineament, a feature.
lineament, Cot.

L.)

M.F.

We

Named from feeding on hemp-seed (cf. G. hanfling, from hanf, hemp). L. Itnum,
also
find

A. S. linehvige, a

L. linedmentum, a diaw-

linnet

(whence Lowl. Sc. lintwhite}.

296

LINSEED
linseed, flax-seed. (L.tfwrfE.) From M. E. lin A. S. lin, flax, borrowed from
L. llnum, flax
;

LITANY
liqueur , moisture, L. liquorem, ace. of L. liquere, to be moist. liquor, moisture. ^[ Now accommodated to L. spelling ; we also use mod. F. liqueur. Licorice ; sec Licorice.
l

and E.

seed.

from M. E. lin, linen, and E. wool. See lisp. (E.) M.R.lispenJtpsen. A. S. * linen, under Line. w7ispian, to lisp, as in a-wlispian, Linstock, Lintstock, a stick to foiined from A. S. wlisp, also whps, adj., hold a lighted match. (Du.) Formerly lisping, imperfect in utteiance.-f Du. Itspen, hntstock (Coles, 1684) but properly lunt- Dan. Icespe, Swed. laspa, G. lispeln. (Imistock fiom lunt, 'a match to fire guns tative.) with/ Phillips. - Du. lontstok, a lintLissom ; see Lithe. % Du. lont, a match; stok, List (i), a border of cloth, selvage. stock,' Sewel. a stick (see Stock) cf Dan. htnte-stok M. E. list. A. S. list. Du /*>/, (E.) from lunle, a match, stok, a stick. Du. Icel. lista, Dan. liste^ Swed. list, G. leiste, lent seems to have been formed from O. H. G. Itsta. (The t was ong. long.) M. Du. lompe, 'a bundle of hmien,' list (2), a catalogue. F. (F.-G.) Hexham lit. a lump. See Lump. hste, a list, loll; also, a list 01 selvage. link (2), a torch. (Scand ) Prob. It meant (i) a border, stiip, (2) a roll or confused with hut-stock (above). But list of names. O. H. G. Itsta, G. leiste, a ually a use of link (i), q. v., meaning a border; see List (i). short length of rope. List (3) ; &ce Lists List (4), to please. (E.) M. E. lust en, Iiint, scraped linen. (L ) Cf. Late L. if thee list if it please thee, Imtct, fiom L hnteum, a linen cloth, listen ; neut. of lin-leus, linen. L. Imum, flax. A. S. lystan, to desire, Ch. C. T. 1183. used impci serially. A S. lust, pleasuie. Lintel, the headpiece of a door. (F L ) M. L. hntel. - O. hntd (F. hnteait}. -|-Du. fasten, Icel. lysta, Dan. lyste, Swed. Late L. hnteHus. a lintel, for *//>/- lysta, Goth, luston, G. gelusten\ all from See Lust. lellus, dimin. of L. limes (stem ltmit-\ a the sb. List (5), to listen see below. boundary, border see Limit. - L. - Gk. - 1< gypt.) F. lion. Listen. (E.) Lion. (F. also find hst also L. honem, ncc. of leo, a lion. Gk. Xc'tw. M.E. lust-n-en and lust-en, the former Cf. lieb. lavi\ a lion. Prob. of Egypt, being deduced from the latter by a formaorigin ; from Egypt labai, lawai, a lioness tive n, as in Goih.fuH-n-an t to become lull. A. S. hlystan, to listen to. A. S. (whence Gk. \4aiva) see Leo. Idp. (E ) M. E. lippe. A. S. lippa, hlyst, hearing Teut. type *hlus-ti-, from the lip. Du. lip, Dan. labe, Swed. a base *hhts, weak grade oi Teut. base lippe, Cf. A. S. hlos-man, to hearken ; lapp, G. lippe, lefze. Also L. lab-rum, lab- *hleu-s. Pers. lab, lip. But the relations Icel. hlusta, to listen, from hlust, the ear ; ium, hp aie not clear. W. dust, the ear; also L. du-ere, Gk. Brugm. i. 563.
; y
'

linsey-WOOlsey, made of linen and woollen mixed. Made up (L. and E.)

'

'

We

Liquefy, Liquescent; Liquid, moist. (F. L.)

L. liqutdus, liquid.
clear.

see Liquid. F. liquide.

to

K\V-(IV,

to

hear,

Skt.

fru,

to

hear.

(VKLEU.)
lust-less
;

See Loud.

Listless, careless. (E.) The same as Gower has lustles, C. A. ii. liquefy, to become liquid. (F. L.) i T i ; From lust, q.v. And see List (4). M. F. liquefier (see Cot.). As if from Late Lists, ground enclosed for a tournaL. *lii/ueficdre, to make liquid but we only ment. (E.) M. E. listes, sb pi., the lists.
L. liqttere,

be

become liquid. liquescent, melting. (L) \..liquestent-, stem of pres. part, of liquescere, mfind

L. liqmdiiS) liquid, clear. liquor, moisture, strong drink. (F. M,E. licour, licur. K. F. licur\ F. L.)

of hst (i), border, boundary. Mixed with M. F. Ihse (\*. lice}, a list or Cot. Cf. Ital. hzza, Span. tiltyard ceptive form of liquere, to be wet. liza, Port. h\a, a list for tilting; Late L. liquidate, to make clear; hence, to facia, sb. pi., barriers Ittice duelll, the clear off an account. (L.) From pp. of lists. Origin disputed. Cf. Late L. licia, 1 .ate L. a stake liquidare, to clarify, make clear. perhaps from Late L. /ictus,
hquefieri, to
PI.
' '

oaken<L.

tliceus (from ilex, holm-oak).

Litany,
Gk.)

M.

a form of pra>er. L.(F. E. letame, afterwards altered to

397

LITERAL
litante.

LIVER
Gk.
straw to
scattered.
lie

O. F. letanie.

L. litania.
Ai-n),

AtTaveia, a prayer.

Gk.

Xiraivetv, to pray.

(F.

on, confused mass of things The same word apL.)

Gk.

Atrofiflu, I

beg, pray,

prayer,

plied to a straw bed for animals, &c.

entreaty.

Literal.
liter-dlis,

(F.

- L.)
(F.

O. F.

literal.

- L. word
;

according to the

letter.

L. litera

see Letter.

literature.

L.)

M.F. literature.

L. literatus, L. literatura, scholarship. learned, skilled in letters. -L. litera, a

letter
;

the various senses of M. E. lytere in the Prompt. Parv. ; and cf. F. ' accoucher, E. to be in the straw.' Little. (E.) M. E. Kiel, lutel A. S. we also find lyt (or lytel (or lytel], little
;

litter, a brood.
see

(F.-L.)

The same

see Letter.

/y/).4-Du. hittel, little, lutje, a O. Sax. luttil\ O. II. G. luzil,

liuziL
ful,
lot,

little;

luzzil,

Gk.) M. E. white lead

Iiitharge, protoxide
litarge. '
;

of lead.
f

- F. litharge,

(F.

L.

Compare
deceit;

also A. S. lytig, deceit-

litargie,

Cot.
*

L. lithargyrus.

Gk. luton, to betray.

*!eut, orig. to allied to less.
liten^

Goth. Huts, deceitful, All from Teut. base

\i&dpyvpos, lit. stone-silver.' a stone ; apyvpos, silver ; see

Gk. \i0-os, Argent.

stoop; see Lout.

Not

The

Icel.

active flexible, (E.) S. lide, lid, gentle, soft (for */?;/&?, the lengthened / causing loss of w).+G. gelinde, O. H. G. lindi, soft, Allied to Icel. linr, L. /ems, tender.
pliant,

Lithe,

Goth,

leitils, little,

Swed. seem to be from a

litill,

M. E.

lithe.

A.

It is difficult different Teut. base *leit. to see how they can be related.

soft

L. lentils

',

pliant.

Der. lissom,
dull.
'

i.

lithe-some.
pestilent, stagnant, ' lit her iv. 7. 21, pestilent or dull lower air ;

Gk. Gk. \tTovpyia, public service. luther Aerro-s, public f'pyov, work, cognate with eir/ pestilent air, P. PL, C. xvi. 220. E. work. M. E. luther, hther. - A. S. lydre, evil, Live (i), to exist (E.) M.E. liuien Not to (livieii}. O. Merc, lifgan, A. S. libban, to base, poor (hence, sickly, dull). dwell be confused with lithe, pliant. live, remain, be left orig. to writing on stone. (Gk.) behind. +Du. leven, to live Icel. Ufa, to
In
i

Lit her,

Hen. VI.

sky
cf.

(E } means

to the sea-shore. L. httoralis, adj., from littor- (for *httos-}, stem of littus or lit us, sea-shore. Liturgy, public prayer. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. liturgie, lyturgie. Late L. liturgia.

Littoral, belonging

(L.)

'

Lithography,
lithotomy*

Coined fiom Gk.

to write.

\i0o-s, a stone; ypdtyfiv,

(L. cutting for stone. Gk. \tOoro fj.ia. Gk.) L. lithotomia. Gk. \i0o-s, stone ; TO/X-, 2nd grade of TC/I-, as in Tttwuv, to cut ; see Tome. a contest in law. (L.)

From L. Ittigdtio, a disputing. L. IttiL. lit-, gdtus, pp. of litigdre, to dispute. stem of Its, strife -igiire^ foiagere, to carry L. Its O. Lat. stlis, strife. on.
;

Litigation,

Teut. *hb-, weak grade Q{*lciban-, to icmain. See Life. live (2), adj., alive. (L.) Short for alive, which is not a true orig. adj., but due to the phrase a hue (a live] = A. S. on life, in life, hence, alive. Life is the dat. case of lif, life ; hence the i in live is
long.

be left, to live Goth, hban, to O. H. G. leben.

Dan.
live
;

leve,

Swed.

lefva,
live,

G. leben, to

From

livelihood.
of living
;

(E.)
i.e.

Corruption of M.E.
life-leading,

litigious, contentious. aLo once meant debateable.

(

It (F. L.) F. htigieux,

huelode (livelode],

means

debatefull

' ;

Cot.

L.

lltigiosits,

adj.

from litigium, contention.

L. lltigare, to

older spelling liflode, lijlade. From A. S. lif-, life lad, a leading, way, provisions to live by, a course, a lode ;
;

dispute (above). Litmus, a kind of dye. (Du.) Corrupted from Du. lakmoes, a blue dye-stuff

see

Life and Lode.

as
life- long, i.e. is the older

livelong,
same
livelong

(E.) long- lasting. long as life is

spelling. M. K. lifly,
ln)er,
Icel.

The
;

but

moes pulp (whence G. See Lac (i). latkmus, litmus). Litter, a poi table bed. (F.-L.) M.E. Late L. *lecticana, litere. O. F. litiere. L. lectus, a formed, from lectica, a litter. bed see Lectern. Allied to Gk. \ix~ os a bed and to Lie (i).

Du.

lak, lac

lively.

(E.) (E.)

i.e. life-like.

>

litter, materials for a bed, heap of

(- liver}. hfr, Dan. Cf. Russ. lever, Swed. lefver, G. leber. liver*, the pluck of animals (from Teut.). Allied to Armen. leard, liver but not to L. iecur. 280, 557 (2). Brngm. i.

Liver.
S.

M.E. huer

A.

lifer.

4-

Du.

298

LIVERY
Livery,
uniform allowed to servants.
' ;

LOCK

a delivery, a thing delivered, Gk. \tiirftv, Skt. rich, to leave, O. Irish (F. L.) lecim, I leave. (y'LEIQ; Brugm. i. 463.) M.E. liuere ( = livere, three syllables). Hence the Teut. verb *leihwan- (as in A. F. liveree F. livree, a delivery of Gothic) ; and the sb. *laihwniz, *laihwa thing that is given, the thing so given, noz, a loan, from the second grade *laihiv ' a livery ; Cot. Orig. fern, of pp of livrer, with suffix -niz or -noz. L. liberdre, to set to deliver, give freely. Loath. (E.) M.E.IM. A.S. lad, see Liberate. free, give freely hateful, hostile.-f Icel. Jeidr, Dan. Swed. .Hvide. led, odious; O. H. G. hit, odious, ong. Livid, discoloured. (F. L.) L. liuidus, bluish. Teut. type *laithoz L. liuere, to be mournful. where Allied to G. bluish. Cf. W. lliw, O. Irish /f, colour, -thoz is prob. a suffix. but prob. not allied to hue. leiden, to suffer Brugm. 4. 94. Iiizard, a four- footed reptile. (F. ~ L.) A. S. lidan (pt. t. IdG), to liavel, sail as M. E. lesarde. O. F. lesarde. L. lacerta, usually said (Kluge). Der. loath-ly\ a lizaid. Cf. Alligator. -some, suggested by M. E. wlatsom, detestalso loathe, vb. (Peruvian.) able Llama, a quadruped. Llama is a Peruvian word, meaning Lobby, a small hall, passage. (Low L. ' flock ; Prescott. But the Peruv. Diet, Piobably fiom the monkish Latin G.) ' gives llama, carnero de la tierra,' sheep of bbia, laubia-, the Ital. form is loggia the country. See Late L. bbia, laubia, (see Lodge). Llano, a level steppe or plain. (Span. lobium, a poitico, gallery, coveied way ; as if from a Germ, form ^lanbja. L) Commoner in the pi. llanos. from M.H.G. loube^ an arbour, bower, open Span, llano, pi. llanos, a plain L. planits, flat way along the upper story of a house (as llano, adj., plain, Hat. in a Swiss chalet} mod. G. laube, a See Plain. behold! (E.) M.E./* A.S. /J, bowei. Ong. made with foliage. M.H.G. f hub (G. laub\, a leaf; see Leaf. an interjection. Loach, Loche, a small fish. (F.) F. Lobe, Map of the eai &c. (F. Low L. whence also -Gk.) F. lobe. - Late L. lobus. - Gk. Cot toche, 'the loach/ Span, loja, locha. Cf. Norman loque, a Ao#os, a lobe of the ear or liver. Brugm. 667. loach, a slug !^Le He'richei). Origin un- i. known. Lobster, a kind of shell-fish. (L.) Load, a burden. (E ) The sense of A. S. loppestre, a corrupter form of A. S. ' burden seems to be due to confusion lopusf, a corruption of L. locnsta, (i) a with the verb Lade (i) but cf. prov. E. lobster, (2) a locust. It was perhaps conM. E. lade, fused with A.S. loppe, a flea. lead, in the sense to carry.' a course, way, lode also, a load. A.S. Local, Locate ; see Locus. See Lode. lad, a lode also, cairiage. Loch,alake. (Gaelic.) Gael, loch, a lake.
;
t

'

Lo

'

led. hleifr, Goth, hlaifs, hlaibs, G. laib. Cf. Lithuan. klepas, bread (from Tent.).

Load-star, Load-stone; see Lode. Loaf. (E.) M. E. bf loof. A. S. hl&f.

t

Loam, clay. (E ) M. E. lam. A. S /tf/w.+Du. leem, G. lehm, O. H. G. him, Teut. type *laimoz. Cf. Icel. leir leimo.
(Teut
type
(i).

*laizoi),

loam.

Akin

to

Lime

Loan., a lending, money lent. (Scand.) M, E. lone (=-/ane). This corresponds to the raie A. S. Ian, borrowed from Norse. [The true A. S. form is Ice n, a loan.] Icel.
Dan. laan, Swccl. Ian, a loan. Ian, a loan I)u. leen, a grant, a 4- A. S. Iccn, a loan
; ;

loch, Com. and Bret. lagen\ Stokes, p. 237. See Lake (i). M. E. (i), a fastening. (E.) A. S. loc, a fastening, -f- Icel. loka^ lokc. a lock Swed. lock^ a lid G. loch, a dungeon. From Teut. base *ltik, weak giade of Teut. root */euk to fasten, whence also A. S. lucan, Du. littken, Icel. luka, to shut, Goth, galukan, to shut up. locket, a little hinged case worn as an ornament. (F. Scand) Orig. a fastening
f-

O. Iiibh
;

L. lacus

Lock

0. All from the verb seen in A. S. lean (pt. t. lak}, to grant, Icel. Ijd, G. leihen, to lend, Goth.
fief;

G. lehn, lehen, a

fief.

F. hquet, (Hudibras, pt. ii. c. i. 8oS). the latch of a door, dimin. of O. F. loc, a lock, boriowed from Icel. loka, a lock. (E.) (2), a tuft of hair or wool. A. S. bff. 4- Du. Icel. M. E. lok

Lock
*

M,
G.

bkkr,

Dan.
;

lok,
' ;

Swed.

lock,

locke*

leihwan

akin to L. linqucrc

(pt.

t.

llqui],

a curl cf. Icel. lykkr, a loop, Orig. bend, crook also Lith. lugtias, pliable.

299

LOCKET
Locket;
Bret.)

LOLL
down. So called from its lying on the ground, as distinguished from the living

see

Lock

(i).

Lockram,
linen
;

a kind of cheap linen. (F. F. locrenan, a sort of unbleached

the place where it was made, viz. Loc- Kenan, or 5*. Kenan, near Qnimper, in Brittany. Bret. Lok-Ronan, ceil of St. Ronan from Bret, lok (L. locus},
;

named from

From the ^rd (pt. pi.) grade, viz. of Icel. Hggia, to lie; see Lie (i) and Low. Der. logg-ats, logg-ets, a game with bits of wood ; log-wood, so called because imported in logs, and also called
tree.

lag-,

cell.

Locomotion
LOCUS,
O. Lat.

see

Locus.
)

a place. (L

L. locus, a place.

F. local. - L. locali\ L. locus, a place. locate, to place. (L.) From pp. of log, log-line, log-bog, logge, vb., seem to L. locdre, to place. L. locus, a place have been all borrowed back from E. locomotion, motion from place to logger-head, a dunce, a piece of Coined from loco-, for locus, timber (in a whale-boat) over which a line place. (L ) a place and motion. is passed to make it run more slowly. similai formation to Locust, a winged insect. (L.> M. E. (Scand and E ) L. locnsta, a shell-fish, also a blockhead. locuste. Cf. Icel. lagar gen. &ilag. locust. In (3), a liquid measure. (^Ileb.) Lode, a vein of ore, a water-course. Lev. xiv. 10 Heb. log, a liquid measure, ' (E ) The true sense is course.' A. S 1 2th part of a htn ong. a basin.'

stlocus, a place.

local.

- L.) (F.

belonging to a place.

blockiuood (Kersey). log (2), a piece of wood with a line, for measuring the rate of a ship (Scand.) The same word. The Swed. logg, as a seaterm, whence log-Una, a log-line, log-bok, a log-book, logga, to heave the log, Dan.

Log

a way, course, journey cf. A. S l&dan, to lead, conduct. +Icel. teid, lode, way, course Swed. led, a course. Teut.
lad,
;

Fiom the 2nd grade type *laida, fern. of Teut. *leiihan- (A. S. lidart), to travel. See Lead (i). Der. lode-star ^f And see
the polar star. Lit. 'way-star,' star that leads or (E.) guides; see Lode above.

(Gk.) Coined from Gk. Ao-y-, stem of Acryos, a word, a propoition, ratio; arid apiQjjivs, a number; the sense See Arithmetic. being ratio-number

Logarithm.
*

'

Loggerhead; the
Logic,
rectly (F. L. logica,

sec

Log

(i).

science

Load. lodestar, loadstar,

lodestone, loadstone, a magnet (E.) Compounded of lode and stone,, in imitation of lodestar ; it means a stone that leads or draws. Lodge, a small house, cot, resting-place. (F.-G.) IVf. K. hge, loggc. -O. F. loge
;

F. logiquc. logic art. Gk \oytKTf, for \oyiKrj rc^vr), logic art; where \oyiKrj is fern of \oytfcos, reasonable Gk \6yos, a speech Gk. \tytiv,
for

L.

- Gk ) O an logica,

of reasoning cor-

to sny.-f-I- legere, to speak

see

Legend.
being
doxo-,

Hence

all

words
bio-,
,

in -logy^ the chief

aslro-Iogy,

entomo-,

chrono-, gcnia-, (tynio-

cone ho-,
gco-,

nictcoro-,

cf. Ital loggia, Late L. lobia, a gallery. O. H. G. *laubjd, allied to huba, M. II. G loubf) an arbour, mod. G. lanbc, a bower. H. G hub, G. laub, a leaf; see Leaf

nimcra-, mytJw-, naro-, no\o-, ornitho-, osteo-, pat ho-, philo-, phraseo-, phreno-,
physio-, psycho-, tauto-, theo-, zoo-logy see these in their due place-. M. E. him -O. F. Loin. (F -L.) hgne, also longe. Late L *h<mbca, fern,
;

-O

Doublet,
loft,

lobby.
'

E. (Scand.) the peculiar sense is properly air Scand. Icel. lopt (pron. loft}, (i) air, sky, Dan. Swed. loft, a (2) an upper room Allied to A. S. lyft, air, sky, Goth. garret. luftus, Dti. lucht (for luft\ G. ///, the Der a- loft also lofty, i. e. 'in the air.
'
;

Loft, an upper room.

of

an ad).

*lumbcw
See
I hi.

(not iound), from L.

htmbus,
Pr.

loin.

Lumbar.
and

Loiter,
Parv
linger,

to delay. (Du.)

M. E. loitren, I)u. leuteren, to

air

' ;

////,

vb. a

loiter, trifle, M. Du. loteren, to deceive, vacillate; cf. K. bries. loteien, lofern, to loiter. Allied to M. Du. J utsen, with the same sense (Ilexham).

delay,

liOg
(Scand.)
Cf.

(i),

block,

pioce
;

of

wood

The vowel has been

laag, a fallen trunk
;

shortened
Icel. lag,

iVrhnps allied to Lout. Loll, to lounge about.

hllen,
fallen.

(E.)
'

M.

E.

Norw.
tree,

Cf.
;

Icel.

lol/a,

a felled
felled

tree,

Swed. dial, laga, a log a tree that has been blown

j

M. Du. agere,* Ilalldorsson over the fire; the orig. sense was prob. to

segniter lollen, to sit

300

LOLLARD
doze;
,

LOOSE

M. Du. lolle-banck, 'a sleeping IiOOXXX (2) to appear faintly or at a disHexham. Allied to Lull. tance. (E. T) Ong. sense doubtful. (Not IiOllard, a name given to the followers -M. E. lumen, to shine, as that has a It was confused If it meant orig. *to of Wychf. different vowel.) (M. Du.) with M. E. loller, i. e. one who lolls, a come slowly towards,' it answers exactly but lo E. Fries, lomen, Swed dial, loma, to lounger, lazy fellow see Loll above the words are prob. related. cf. M. H. G. luomen, to be Latinised as move slowly Lollardus from M. Du. lollaerd^ (i) a weary, fiom the adj luomt, slack. Kihan mumbler of piayers and hymns, (2) has M. Du. tome, slow, inactive. The
seate,'
; ;

a Lollard, lit. God-praiser or singer Formed first applied to a sect in Brabant. with suffix -aerd (same as E. -ard in

'

'

'

Teut. base of the adj. is */<?///-, connected by gradation with E. Lame. See Loon Cf. Lowl. Sc. loamy, dull, slow; E. (2).
Fries, lomig.

drunk-aid) from M. Du, bC2 Lull. to sing

;

lollen t

lullen,

Loon
Alone.

(i),

IiOne, short

for alone

see

Low

G.)

Iipwn, a M.E. lown

base fellow.
(spelt lowen,

(O.

but

(E.) rhyming on -oun), St. Cuthbert, 7957. IiOng (i), to desire, yearn. M.E. longen. A.S. langtan, impers. vb. Cf M. Du. loen* 'homo stupidus/ Kilian. with ace., to long after, crave, desire IiOOn (2), a water-bird, diver. (Scand.) A corruption of the Shetland name loom. (distinct from langian, to grow long).-f;

O. Sax. langon, impers. O. H. impers. and pers Perhaps allied to G impers. succeed. Cf. G. ver-langen,
;
;

langa, langon, gelingcn, to

Jcel.

G.

Swed. Dan. lorn, a loon. Icel. lomr Prob from the lame or awkward motion of diving-birds on land; cf. Swed. dial.
y

to wish for.

Der. be-long. IiOn&r (2), extended.

;E.)

M.

E. long.

and lowpit, looped.' Apparently Northern, arid borrowed from Gael tub, a bend, loop, 642 noose, \v Hiding, meander (whence Lowl. longevity, length of life. (L.) From Sc. loops, the windings of a river). So also L /0-wj>% long; Irish fab. Gnel. and Irish lub t to bend; L. longaititas, long life. from ("eui-, a cf. O. In>,h lubtha, bent. teuitas, usually ictas, age stem formed from attum^ life. See Age. Loop-hole, a small aperture in a wall.
;

+Du. lang, Icel. langr, Jang, /<? Dan. lang, bwed. lang, Goth, laggr* ( langrs), G. lant*\ \^lon%us. Biugm i
S.

E. Fries, lomen, to move slowly ; (2) above. Loop, a noose. (Celtic). G. Douglas has loivp-knot (yEn. xii. 603) ; also lowpis,
loina

see

Loom

'

Y. longitude longitudo, length ; in late Lat., the L. longt-, stem longitude of a place.

longitude. (F.-L.)

L.

formed from longus, long; with suffix Der. longitudin-al from stem -tit-do.
t

(F.) Formerly F. lanturelu, lanturlu, also a game at fudge interj., nonsense The expression was ong. the cards. refrain of a famous vaudeville (ab. 1630), aftei wards used to give an evasive answer.

longitudm-. IiOO, a game at cards.

called lanterloo.
'

G.) M. E. loupe, P. PL -O.K. Languedoc loup, a loupe (not found) small window in a loof (Wedgwood). M. Du. lupen, Du. luipen, to lurk (see Low G. lupen, in the same Franck) sense as Low G glupen, to peep ^Lubben U Hence, the sense was 'peep-hole.' Or
*

(h.-Low

else
los

from loop (above).

slack.
is

'

XiOOSe,
;

(Scand.)
(in

M.

E.

lous,

Prof.
true

Zupitza shews
it

152) that

Anglia, vn. due to the Scand. form.

is lees,

[The
A. S.
lauss,

M.

E. form
(i)

answering to
false.]

Being purposely nonsensical, no further etymology.

it

admits

ol

lias,

loose,

(2)

- Icel.
;

see Luff. to see. (E.) M. E loken. A. S. O. Sax. lokon, to look locian, to look,

IiOOf ;

Look,

cf.

M. H. G. luogen, to maik, behold, G. lugen, to look out. Brugm. i. 421(7) XiOOIIL (i), a machine for weaving cloth.
(E.)

Swed. Dan. los, loose; O. Sax. Ids, M. Du. loos, (i"i loose, (2) false (where mod Du. has los. loose, loos, false) G. Goth laus. empty, vain. Teut. los, loose from *faus-, 2nd grade of type *lausoz Teut. *teu*an-, to lose. See Lose.
;

less,

suffix.

(E.)

M.E.
leas,

-lees,

-/

M. E.

lome, a tool, implement. A. S.

ge-loma, a tool, implement, instrument per. heir-loom, where loom meant any implement, hence a piece of furniture.

A. S. -leas, the same as from (above).

loose, free

loose, loosen,
form
is loose^ later

vb.

(E.)

The

true

loosen

by analogy with

301

derivative from strengthen, &c. the adj. above. Other languages derive thus Du. the verb directly from the adj.
;

LOOT A late

LOUD
fused with M. E. fasten, to be lost.] The M. E. lesen is from A. S. -leosan, strong verb, to lose (pt. t. -leas, pp. -loren}. This
is

lossen,

Icel. leyset,

G.

losen,

Dan. lose, Goth, lausjan, to loosen, are

losa,
fas,

Swed.

cognate with Du. -liezen (only in comp.

ver-liezen}^
liereri),

derived (respectively) fiom Du.

lauss,

Icel.

G. -iieren (only in comp. verGoth, -liusan (only \nfra-liusan,

Teut. type */eusan~.
Cf.

Swed. and Dan.

Ids,

G.

los,

Goth.

to loose).
lu-ere,
lost,

L.

faus, loose, vain.

Hindi plunder. (Hindi. -Skt.) The (with cerebial /), loot, plunder. cerebral / shews that r is elided. Skt. faff a, shorter form of loptra, booty, sporl. Skt. /up, to break, spoil; allied to L. rumpere, to break. See Rupture, Rob.

Loot,

Gk. \d-(iv, to set free. Der. lorn, A. S. pp. -loreni &\so forlorn, q. v.
sb.

liit

destruction.

M. E. Allied to derived from Teut. */us,

loss,
(E.)

fas.

A. S.

fas,

Lose; being weak grade of

re-

*leusan~, to lose (above).

that Pers. Diet.

Loot =

losel, lorel, a worthless fellow,

probate. (E.)

which
;

is

robbed.

(Cf.

Horn,

Loover
Lop.
maim,

608.) see Louver.

(M. Du.)

M. Du.

/uppen,

to

castrate, mod Lithuan. lupti, to peel

Du. lubben. Cf. See Lib. Loquacious, talkative. (L.) Coined from L. faquaci-, decl. stem of loquax, same.
L. foqut, to speak. Lord, a master. (E.) Lit. loaf-keeper/ A. S. hlaford^ a lord early form hlafard, for hlafiveard* a loaf- ward sec Loaf and For the loss of w, cf. A. S. "Ward, fl"
talkative.
c

to perdition; A. S. fas, destruction, fas-ian, to be cf. From Ins- (A. S. tos-), lost, to perish. weak grade of the strong verb leosan, to * Lor-el lose, pp. far-en (for older fas-en). is formed from the base far- of the pp. in use, and los-el from the older foim of the

One devoted

For the suffix, cf. A.S. wac-ol, watchful. Lot, a poition, share. (E.) M. E. lot.
A.S. hlot

*hlutom\

lot,

share.

-A

S.

fiilluht*

fromfulwiht, baptism.
learning.

hint-, weak grade of hleotan (pt. t. hleat). to obtain by lot. -|- Du. lot ; Icel. hluti, allied to str. vb. hljota, to obtain by lot ;

Lore,

Idre, gen., dat , leer, G. lehte,

M.E. lore-, A. S. (E.) and ace. of lar, lore.+Du. O. H. G. iSra, doctnne.

Tent, type *taizii, fern ; cf. Tent. *laizjan (A. S. lie ran, G. lekren}, to teach; from *la?s-i 2nd grade of *leisan-, to tiace out ;
see

Dan. fad, Swed. fatt. All from the weak grade of Teut. *h!ctitan-, to obtain by lot cf. A. S. hliet, hlyt, G. loos, Goth, hlauts, a lot, from *///##/, 2nd grade of the same
;

verb.

Loth.

see

Loath.
1

Learn, Last
;

(2).

Lorel see losel. Lorimer, a maker of horses'

&c,

L.) Also farmer. loreimer, M. F. lot zniie) a sptirnei ;' Cotgrave. farnner,
nier,
'

T.

bits, spurs, ( ). F. lori,

a washing, external medicinal L. iCtion-em, ace. of application. (L. L. lotus, pp. of lauare, lotio, a washing.

Lotion,
wash.
;

to

See Lave.

Brugm.

35 2 (^X

later

Loto, Lotto, a game.

fato

farein,

brain,

rein, bridle,

bit.

O. F. Late L.

IdrSnutn, loramini, a rein, bit.

L. lorum,
(F.

a thong.

Loriot,
F.
lonot,

the golden

oiiole.

L)
;

see Lot. origin with F. wffix..} In (E. Levins, ed. 1570. Formed by adding -ery to E. lot cf. brcw-ery, The F. fish-cry.
;

a F. form woid of Teut.

(Jtal -Teut) *F. of the Jtal. lotto, a lottery,

lottery.
;

coiruptly wntten for rot tot, where onot is anothei form of onol see

loterie is

borrowed from English or from

(L.

Ital. fatteria

Oriole.

(Tomano). LottlS, the Egyptian watei-lily.

L. lotus,
lotus,
/vtos.

Lorn,
Lory,

lost.
;

//sen, to lose

(E.) M. E. loren, pp. see Lose.

of

Gk.) Gk.

(2)

Gk. Aom>s, (i) the the Cyrenean lotus, the

parrot kind. (Malay.) Also called lury\ and (formerly) nory, nury. Malay litri, nun, a lury or
bird

of

the

eaters of \\hich were called lotophagi, (3) the lily of the Nile.

lory.

Lose.
was Use
lose
;

(E.)

The form formerly

E. lesen.
its

in use

M.

[The mod. foim

to loose, con-

influence

has got of

sound of (uu) from the

fasen,

Loud. (E.) M. V. loud. A.S. hlud. Teut. type *hliidoz, -f Du. luid, G. laut. for eailier hluthts (with the accent on d] ; allied to the Idg. type *klut6s (with weak grade *k/u) as seen in L. -clutus, in
inclutus, renowned,

M. E.

Gk. K\vr6s, renowned,

302

LOUGH
Skt. fruta- t

LUBRICATE
hear.

heard,

from cru, to
i.

Low
M.
N.
E.

(i),

humble,
also
lah.

inferior.
Icel.

(Scand.)
Idgr,

O/KLEU.)
Loch.

Brugm.

100,
Ii.

13.

Lough,

a lake.

(Irish.)

/<?r;see

Lounge,,to loll about. (F.-L.) From lungis, an idle fellow or lounger, not an uncommon word in the 1 6th and lyth F. longis, an idle, drowsy, and centuries. stupid fellow (Cot.). Littre supposes that this sense of longis was due to a pun, having reference to L. longus, long, hence
a long and lazy man for, strictly speaking, Longis is a proper name, being the O. F. form of L. Longius or Longinus, the
;

low; Swed. %, Dan. lav. The orig. sense is that which lies down, or lies low (as we say) from Icel. lag-, stem of See Lie (i). Der. pt. pi. of liggja, to lie. be-low (= by low) also lower, vb., i.e. to let down, from low-er, comparative of
Fries. leeg\
; ;

huh*

low, adj.

M. E. lowen. (2), to bellow. (E.) S. hloivan, to bellow, resound, -f- Du. Cf. L. cld-mdre. loeijcn, O. II. G. hlojan.

Low
S.

name

old mysteries) of the cenpierced the body of Christ. This name first appears in the apocryphal gospel of Nicodcmus, and was doubtless
(in the

turion

who

In place-names. (E.) hldw, hl&w, a hill; properly a slope. -f- Goth, hlaiw, a grave hlains, a hill Lat. cliuus, a hill. FYom a Teut. base *hlai-, 2nd grade of the Teut. root *h!eiAllied (Idg. -/KLEI), to lean, incline.

Low (3), a hill.

A.

suggested by Gk. Ao7x7, a lance, in John

xix. 34.

to

Lean
;

LOW
flame

(i).

IiOUSe, an

insect.

(E

M. E

(4),
cf.

flame.

lotts, pi.

L. lux.

Icel. logi, (Scand.) Allied to Lucid.

A. S. his, pi. lys lys. Dan. htus, Swed. /us,

Teut. type *hls, fern. Lout, a clown. (E.)
*

(lice) -f-Du. tuts, Icel. /us, G. latis.

The

lit.

sense

is

stooping,' from

M.

bow.

A.S.

liitan,

E. louten, to stoop, to stoop J-I^el. liitr,

stooping, bent (winch prob. suggested our use of the woid"), from liita, to stoop; cf.

From (i), to let down. (E.) loW'Cr, comparative of adj. low. E. (2), to frown. (E.) Cf. M. loiiren, hiren, to lower, frcwn. Du. locren, to leere, to frowne/ Hexham Low G. pnd E. Fries. Ifiren* to lower, M. H. G. luren, G. laneni. frown, peer Cf. Icel. lilra, to doze.

Lower

Lower

'

Swed.

hita.

Dan.

lude, to stoop, lean.

Lown;
Loyal,
(^Cot.).

see

Loon
Icgdlis,

(i).

in the an^ opening roofs of ancient houses. (.] M. E. lover (used to translate O. F. louvert in the

Louver, Loover,

faithful.

(F.-L)
legal

F.

loyal
just,

(hence,

loyal)

see

Legal.

Romance
M.

of Partenay, 1175), but really

from O. F. lower, lover, used as a gloss to Late L lodium, a word also explained by
E.
adj.

lover. Romanic type *Iddarium, fonn due to Late L. lodium, a loover. (F'or the intercalated v, cf. F\ pouvoir, from O. F". pooir ~ Span, poder.} Prob. an opening over a fireplace from Icel. same. L. lapidem, ace. of lapis, a stone. hloft, n. pi., a hearth. (Academy, Dec. '94.) See /aitsa, lauza, a flat stone for buildings IiOvage, an umbelliferous plant. (F. M. E /attache (Alpmta).- O. F. (Ducange). L.) levesche, luvesche (Wright's Voc. i. 139). Lubber, a dolt. (E ) M. E. lobre, Cf. Ital. levistico, lovage. L. ligitsticum, lobur. Cf. M. Du. lobben, a lubbaid, a Low G. lobbts (the L. Ligusticus, clowne/ Hexham lovage, a plant of Liguria. belonging to Liguria a countiy of Cis- same) Norw. lubb, htbba, one of round thick figure; lubben, short and thick. alpine Gaul. Love, affection. (E.) M. E. lone (love]. Also W. Hob, a dolt, lubber, llabi, a A. S. lufu, love. From the weak grade stripling, looby. Cf. lob in Shakespeare, Goth, lubo M. N. I), ii. i. 16. Allied to Lump; cf. (lub) of Teut. base *leub. O. G. luba\ cf. also G. liebe\ Russ. E. F'ries. lobbe, lob, a flabby lump.
; ; ,
;

Lozenge, a ihombus; a small cake of flavoured sugar, &c., orig. of a diamond Formerly losenge, esp. a shape. (F\) shield of a diamond shape (in heraldry). C). F. losenge, lozenge (F. losange], a lozenge. Origin disputed ; prob. fi om O. F\ tauze, borrowed fiom Prov. faitza, a square flat stone, tombstone ; allied to Span, laude, the

liobotf

Skt.

/Ma,

covetousness, lubk, to

Lubricate,

to

make

slippery.

(L.)

desire. Closely allied toLief. Der. love, vb. ; belove, first

(VLEUBH.) From pp.

appearing
in

of L. lubricdre, to make slippery. Allied to Goth. L. lubricus, slippery.

M.

E. bilufien, to love greatly.

sliupan, to slip.

See Slip.

303

LUCE
Lnce,
-Gk.)
*

LUMBER
(F.

the pike
Lit.
'

fish.

Late L.

wolf-fish.'

- M. F. ///^, ///j, a
'
;

to pull, to pull

A. pull by the hair up weeds Dan. luge,

;

S. lucan,

to weed.

Late L. lucius, a pike. Gk. pike; Cot. Cf. Aifoos, a wolf; also a (ravenous) fish. Pyke, fysche, dentrix, lucius, lupus Luce, fysche, lucius ; id. Prompt. Parv.
'
'

P. The A. S. tucan is a strong verb, allied to a Tent, type *Ietik-aji~, to pull

(pt. t. *laiik, pp. *lnkanoz}. bug is from the weak grade *!uk. Der. fagg-agc^ with !. suffix as in bagg-age.

L. liicidus, bright. bright. (L.) -L. lucere, to shine; cf. lux, light. 4-Gk. Skt. ruch, to shine. Allied \fvic6s, bright
;

Lucid,
Light

il, a sort of square sail. (Scand. Prob. from the verb to lug', the

to
i.

(i).

(VLEUK.)

Der.

luci-fer,

e.

light-bnuger, morning-star, homferre,

fortune.

(Du. -M. H. G.) M. E. lukke (i 5th c.). Not found A. S. and Fries, luk is Lite. -Du. Ink. From M.II.G. ge-lucke, good foitune; G. ghtck (for

to bring.

tuck,

The Fries. Ink, Svvecl. lycka, ge-luck} Dan. lykke (like Du. luk} are borrowed from G. (Kluge). Perhaps akin to G.
locken, to entice, allure.

hoisted by a pull at the lope Or named from attached to the yard. lugger its apparent derivative, as if a ship furnished with lugsails ; but cf. Du. logger, which seems to mean 'slow ship/ from Du. log, slow, E. Fries, lug, (Doubtful.) Lugubrious, mournful. (L.) From
sail is easily
i

\*.liigubri-s,

L. lugere, to

mournful with suffix -ous. mourn. Cf. Gk. \vyp6s, sad.

;

L ) F. lucre. (F. Allied to Irish luach, price, wages, G. lohn, reward, Gk. A./a : (for *Aa/ ia), booty, Kims, lovite, to take Der. lucr-at-ive, F. lucratif, as booty. L. lucrdtiutts, from pp. of hicrdri, to gain,
Lucre,
gam,
profit.

L. lucrum,

gam

(E.) partially warm. L. luke, leuk, tepid. (Luke-warm = Cf. Du. lettk^ luke-warm; tepidly warm.) E. Fries, luk, luke t tepid, weak, slack. ^[ Distinct horn lew-warm. M. E. Lull, to sing to zest. (E.?)

M.

Iiukewarm,

lullen.
//////?,

Not
hum,

in

A.
;

S. 4- Swed. lulla,

Dan.

to

lull

M. Du.

from lucrum, gain. Brugm. 490. IiTlC Tib ration, a production composed in retirement. (L.) Properly, a working by lamp-light; from L. lucubratio, the
i

L. lucubratus, pp. of tucubrdre, to bring in lamps, to work by lamp-light. L. lucubrum, prob. a faint light; at any rate, obviously formed from luc-, tem of

same.

lux, light
(i),

cf lucere, to shine.

See Light
)

Lucid.
laughable. (L
1.

a humming voice; E. Fries, fallen, to sing badly, howl, cry. From the repetition of /// lu, in lulling children to sleep. This is a drowsier foim of la I la! used in cheerful singing; cf. lilt and see Lollard. Cf. Gk Aa\tV, to speak. relating to the loins. (L.) L. lumbaris. adj. whence lumbare, an xiti. i). L. lumbus, the apiori (Jerem. lom.4-A. S. lendenu, pi., the loins, Dn.
\

hi lien, to sing

Lumbar,

Ludicrous,
cr-us,

Ifidi-

lendenen,
loin
;

done

in sport;

with

suffix -ous

L.

Swed. land, Dan. lend, pi. G. lende, haunch. Brugm. i. 360.

;

L. hldcre, to play. /udi-, for Indus, sport. Luff, Loof, to turn a ship to wards the

lumbago,
lumbago, pain
loin.

pain in the loins.

in the loins

(L.)

L.

L.

lumbus,

wind. (E.)
for altering

From M.

K.

Idf,
;

a contrivance

a ship's course see Layamon, (i), useless furniture. (F. ill. 476. It seems to have been a sort of G formerly lombor (1487); lumbar tlie lumber-room was used to assist the helm in (Blount). Perhaps large paddle, keeping the ship right. Prob. named from orig. Lombard-room, where the Lombaid the resemblance of a paddle to the palm of broker bestowed his pledges. Cf. Lomthe hand cf. Lowl. Sc. loof, Icel. Jdfi, bardeer^ a broker, I ombard, a bank for Goth, lofa, palm of the hand. Cf. also usury or pawns; Blount. F. Lombatd^ a
)

Lumber

Du. loef, Dan. luv, S\ved. lof, weatherand perhaps Dan. luve, to luff gage
;
;

Lombard (who
the also

acted as pawnbroker
L.

in

I4th

of

Bavarian lajffen, blade of an oar, flat part a rudder. See E. Fries. lof, liif in

nturyX Langobardu\.
given
to

cf

f ongobardui>,
a
this
tribe.

G.

Langbart,
of the

name
Cf.

the

men

Koolmnn.

Der.

laveer.

Swed. lugga, to drag. (Scand.) to pull by the hair ; cf. lugg, the foi clock Norw. lug%ci) to pull by the hair; cf. lu%g, hair of the head. Also cf. G. luken,

Lug,

Low

A. S. Langbearda^, Lombards. See Ducange. (Etym. disputed.) (2), to make a great noise. A frequent, verb In Palsgrave. (Scand.) of Scand. origin. Swed. dial, lomra, to

Lumber

304

LUMINARY
resound
Icel.
;

LURK
noise,

cf.

hljomr, a sound, a tune. From Teut. base *hleu-, to hear, whence also Goth. hliuma, hearing. See Loud. Luminary, a bright light. (F.-L.) O. F. luminarie, later luminaire, a light, lamp. L. lumindre, a light; neut. of L. lumin-, for luminaris^ light-giving lumen, light. Lilinen - *luc-men from
;

Swed. Ijumm, a great

Lunge, a thrust, in fencing. (F. L.) Foimeny longe. The E. a longe is a mistaken substitute for F. allonge (formerly alonge], a lengthening; i.e. an extension of the body in delivering the thrust. F.
allonger, to lengthen (formerly alonger}. F a (from L. ad}, to ; and L. *longare, only used in comp. e-longare, to lengthen, from

longus, long.

lucere, to shine.

See Lucid.
bright.

luminous,
lumineux.

(F.

See Long. IiUpine, a kind of pulse.

(F.

L.)

F.

L.)
;

F.

lupin.

L. luminosus, bright from lumin-, for lumen, light (above). Lump. (Scand.) M. E. lompe, htmpe. Swed. tlial. and Norw. lump, a block,

lupinum, a kind of pulse ; ong. neut. of lupinus, wolfish, though the

is

reason

not clear.

L. lupus, a wolf; see

Wolf.
pilfer. (E.) The Cf. birch, birk. senses are (i) to lie in wait, lurk, (2) to one that Der. lurch- er, pilfer, steal.

Lurch

(0, to lurk, dodge,

stump, piece hewn off a log Swed. lumpor, Swed. Dan. lumpen, paltry. Cf. pi., rags Du. lomp (whence G. lumpen}, a rag, lump,
;

Allied to

Lurk.

'

lomp, clumsy;
thick, vile,

E. Fries,

lump,
t

clumsy,
;

lies

upon the

lurch, 01

upon the
'

catch,

lumpy.

also a kind of hunting-dog

Phillips.

Lunar. (L.) L. In nan's adj. from (F.) (2), the name of a game. '1 o leave in the lurch is due to an old L. Ifina ^loucsna, giver of luna, moon. L. luiFre, to shine. Biugm. i game. M. F. lotirche, 'the game called light. and lurche, or lurch in a game; il demoitra 218. Der. lun-ette, inter-lunar ' Cot. see below. lourche, he was left in the lurch Cot. also gives ourche, ' the game at tables lunatic. (F. L) F. lunatique. L. lunatic us, mad lit. affected by the called lurch.' Bavarian lurz, beaten at * the game Cf. Ital. lurcio, moon. L. Inna, moon. draughts. Lunch, a large piece of bread, &c. lurch,' Tornano. Cf. Low L. lurculus, parvus lusus Pucange. (E. ?) Lunch, 'a gobbet, or pcece
*

Lurch

'

'

'

Minsheu. Connected with lump, hunch with hump, bunch \\\\\\bump.

like

Lurch
L
*

(.3),

See

To lurch) devour,

Lump. luncheon, lunch, a J umh ib now used (E. ?)

'

Baiei.-O.
slight

to devour; obsolete. (F. ? ' or eate greedily ; F. *lurcher(?}\ cf. Ital. lur-

meal. as shoit for

'

care,

riano

to lurch or devour gi^edily,' ToiLate L. lurcari, hircare, to devour

roll sideways. (4), a sudden lee lurch, a sudden roll (of a

luncheon, though luncheon itself is an extension from lunch, a lump. Cot. gives M.F. canbot, a htnchion, or big piece of bi cad/ &c. nlso horion, a cuff, thump, also a lunJicon or big piece.' Lunchion appeals to be for luwihin, as in a huge lumhin of bread/ Thoresby to Ray (1703), which is pi ob. merely shoit for lunchin(g\ At any rate, luncheon is clearly fioin lunch, a
'
,

greedily.

Lurch
i^h.

v
)

'A

'

;' Webster Obscure; perhaps merely lurch (i) in the sense to stoop or dodge see Lurch (i).

ship) to the leeward

Lure,

a bait.

(F.

G.)

K. lure.-*
'

large

piece (above", from nuncheon,

^f

Quite distinct
lunges,

O. F. loerre, loirre, later leurre, a faulTent. *lothrom, neut.; coner'slure;' Cot. as seen in M. II. G. luodcr (G. luder}, a
bait,
*/<>///,

S lungen,\\. hingen a. \-Vi\\. long, Inngn, pi., Pan. lunge, Swed lunga, G. lungen, pi. Allied to A. S. lungre, quickly (orig. lightly), also to Gk. cAayv;, Skt. laghu-, light. The lungs aie named
longes,h.
Icel.

Lung

(K

V*

lunge, pi

A.

S.

lure Peihaps from Tent 2nd grade of *lath~. to invite' Cf. ladian, Icel. fada, Goth lathon, G.

decoy,

laden, to invite,

weak

verbs.
(L.>

gloomy. pale yellow, wan.

Lurid, wan,

l^luridiis,
?)

Lurk,
lurkt'n,

to lie in wait.

(Scand.

M. E.

E, lights, i. e. Russ. legkoe, lung, as compared lungs with Russ. legkii, light Port, levcs, lungs, from Port, leve, light see Light (2).
their

from

lightness

cf.

sneak away, go slowly; Swed.dial. lurka, to do

lorkeu
to
;

Norw. lurka,

Brugm.

i.

691.

E. Fries, htrken, to an> thing slowly shuffle along. Perhaps extended from lilr-, as in Norw. lura, Dan. lure, to lie in

305

LURY
wait, Dan. lure, (also) to listen, Swed. htra, to lie in wait; G. lauern, to lurk.

MACARONI
Luxury. (F. L.) M. E. luxurie. O. F. luxurie (Hatzfeld), F. luxure. L. luxuria, luxury. L. luxus, pomp, excess, luxury.

See

Lower
;

(2).

see Iiory. LUSCIOUS, delicious.

Lury

(F.

L.)

doubtful origin. Still, we find in Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, st. 36, 1 with lucius drinkes and in Sir Ama' with licius drinke.' The dace, st. 27, so that latter form is short for delicious luscious may be the same, but confused with lusty. Also lushious (Spenser) ; fa ssyouse (Palsgrave) Lust. (E ) The usual old meaning is
'
;

Of The

-ly, a
adj.

common
;

suffix.

(E.)
;

S. -//Y,

suffix
;

-lice,

adv. suffix

from Re,

like

see

Like

(i).

a mixture of ashes and water, for M. E. ley. A. S. ledh.+ washing. (E.)

Lye,

Du.
to

Perhaps

loog, G. lattge, O. II. allied to Icel. lat>g,

louga, lye.
;

a bath
iii.

and

Lym,

laudre, to wash. a lime-hound

Cf.
:

Lather.
6. 72.

K. Lear,

Short for

Limehound.

pleasure.
Iusty

A.

S. lust, pleasure. -f-Du. lust.

Icel. lyst, losti,

Dan.

lyst y

Swed. and G.
Allied
to

Goth, lustus, pleasure.

lash,
i.

Skt.
1

to

desire;
(2).

Gk.

\t\aiouat.

Brugm.

518

Der.

a colourless fluid. L. (L.) lympha, O. L. lumpa (Brugm. i. 102), The water, lymph, also a water-nymph. spelling with y is prob. due to a sup-

Lymph,

lust-y, formerly
(2).

posed

connexion

with
It

Gk.
is

vvn<t>y,

pleasant/

nymph
to
Ital.

(piob. false).

rather allied

Lustration; see Lustre Lustre (i), splendour. (F.

F. lustre
Itai. lustra,
;

a lustre,

a shining,' Florio cf. Late L. a window. L. lustrare, to shine. Prob. from a lost adj. *luslrus (for *facs/m\\
sinning
;

Limpid. Lynch., to punish by mob-law. (E.) From Charles LynJi, a Virginian planter a glasse, The name is lustrum, (1736-96"!; Cent. Diet.
L.>

from A.S.

hlinc^

ridge of land

See

Link

(i).

Lynx, a keen-sighted quadruped. L. a period of Gk.) M. E /j/^r.-L. /j/M-.-Gk. AuV, an expiatoiy a lynx allied to \(vfc6$, bright, and named fiveyeirs. (L.) also a period of five years, from its bright eyes. sacrifice Cf. Skt. rttch, to because every five years a lustrum was shine, lock, to see. Cognate forms are The ong. sense is 'a purifi- A S lox, Swed. lo, G. lucks, Lith lu^zis, pei formed. a lynx and (probably) Russ ruise, Pers. cation ; from faere, to wash, purify. Student's Pastime, lustration, a purification by sacri- rus, Zend raozha fice. (L ) From L. lustratio, an expia- P 393"F. lyre L. L. lustraitis, pp. of lust rare, to tion. Lyre. (F. L.-Gk) L. lustrum, an expiatory sacrifice lyra Der. Gk. \vpa, a lyre, lute. purify (above). Lute 'i), a musical instrument. (F Arab.) M. E lute - M. F. lut (Cotgrave), mod. F. luth. also find Prov. laut.
lucere, to shine.

from

Lustre
;

(2),

Lustrum, L lustrum,

'

We

M.

Span, laud, Port, alaude, Ital. liuto, Dn. ///, Dan. lut, G. laute. The Port, form shews the Arab, origin since al~ in ataude is for al, the Arab. def. ai t. Arab. <*/, the; '</, wood, timber, a staff, stick, wood of aloes, lute, or harp. Lute (2), a kind of loam. (F. L.) O. F. lut, clay, loam. L. lutum, mud,
;

Macadamise,
small

broken stones.

to pave a road with (Gael, and Ileb. ;

with F. suffix.} Named after Mr. John Ala cadam, A.D. 1819. Macadam = son of Adam. Gael, mac, son; Ileb. ddam, a man, from root adam^ to be red.
Ital. L.) * maccaroni, a kinde of paste meate f to Florio. Prob. from Ital. maccare, bruise, battei, to pester,' Florio; i.e. to L. mac-, base of reduce to pulp. See Macerate. macer&re, to macerate. Der. macaronic, i. e. in a confused or mixed state (applied to a jumble of
(

Macaroni, Maccaroni.
i

that which

wash.
Ital.

washed down, Allied to Lave.

is
)

L. lucre, to

Ital.

a lustrous silk. (F. L. curious corruption of lustring, F. lustrine, a sort of shining silk (Kersey).

Lutestring,

Ital. lustrino, lustring, lutebiring,lustring. tinsel; from its gloss. -L. lust rare, to shine ; see Lustre (i).

languages).

306

MACAROON
macaroon.
.

(F.-Ital.-L.) F. maca;

ron, pl.macarons, *macarons, little fritter' like buns, . also the same as macaroni Cot. - Ital. maccaroni (above). <([ Now applied to a kind of biscuit. a kind of parrot. (Caribbean.) Said to be the native name in the Antilles (Webster). Brazilian macao (Cent. Diet.). (i), a kind of club. (F -L.)

Macaw,

L, madame, i. e. ma dame, my lady. mea domina, my lady see Dame. Madder, a plant. (E.) M. E. madcr, madir. A. S. maddre also interfere, -fIcel. matira, Du. mede, mee.
;
;

MAGGOT Madam, my lady. (F. -

L.)

F.

Mace

O. F. mace (F. masse). Folk-L. *mattea, a beetle, only preserved in dimm. mateola, a little beetle. See Korting. ^J" But see
metselen\ a kind of spice. (F. L. F. macis, mace Gk. -Skt.?) (O. F. It seems to maceis, mads, Godefroy). have been confused with M. F. macer, which * is not mace, as many imngine, but a reddish, aromaticall, and astringent rind of a certain Indian root* ; Cot Both ' prob. from L. macer, macir, i. e. the rind of a great root, which beareth the name of the tree itself,' Holland, tr. of Pliny, xii. 8. Gk. fjia/cfp doubtless of Eastern oiigin.

a sort of wine. (Port L.) isle of Madeira, i.e. ' the well-wooded.' Port madeira, wood, timL m&teria, stuff, wood, timber. ber. See Matter (i). Mademoiselle, miss. (F.-L.) F.

Named

Madeira,

from the

Franck

Mace

(s.

v.

(2),

my demoiselle, damsel see Damsel. madonna, my lady. (Ital.-L.) Ital. ma, my donna, lady, from L. domina see Dame. Madrepore, coral. (F. - Ital. L.
ma,
; ; ;

pora.

F. madrepore. Ital. madrelit. sense is mother-stone/ a fanciful name, due to the existence of such
*

nd Gk.) The

terms

as madre-selva, honeysuckle mother-wood), madre-bosco, woodbine

(lit.

(lit.

mother-bush),
pearl. ace. of

madrc-perla,
is

mother-of-

to soften by steeping. pp. of L. macerare, to steep quent. from a basew<7*>.

From

Macerate,

(L.)
;

fie-

from L. mtitrem, see Mother. mater, mother; Pora is from (>k. irwpos, a light friable stone, also a stalactite. <Q But the word
has cei tamly been understood (prob. misunderstood) as connected \\i\hfore, whence numerous scientific terms such as cateni-

Here madre

Machine.
L. machina.

(F.-L.
Gk.
(i).

Gk) F
nr)\avr],

machine.
a device,

machine;
Allied to

cf f*r}\os, means.

(y'MAGH.)

May

Mackerel,
makerel (F. maquerellus

(F.-L) O.K. Scientific etymology From Late L. and frequently wiong. miiquereau).
a
fish.
'

pora, ttibi-pora, denti-pora, gemmi-pora. is usually clumsy,

'

We may

conclude

and E. pore have been understood Mackintosh., a waterpioof overcoat in the place of Gk. tro;/>o9, by confusion of Gael. Mack-intosh, the name of ideas. See Pore. (Gael.)
(

)f

unknown

origin.

that F.

the inventor.

Macrocosm,
(Gk
)

the

\vhole

universe.
;

Gk.

fta/cpo-s,

long, great
)

#00740?,

the world.

Cf.

Maculate,

muroeosm. to defile. (L

From pp

of L. macula re, to spot. L. macula, a spot, dimm of a form *maia, not used. Der. immaculate, ong. a pp.

Mad. (E.) [The vowel was formerly sometimes long. M.E. maadj\ But the M. E ///<&/ is from A. S. (ge}-m(eded, mad;

a pastoral song. (Ital.madrigale, a short song, for *mandrigale. Florio pastoral ditty also gives mandnalc, mandnano, a herdsman, also a mad) igal. Ital. mandra, L. flock. a mandra, a stall, herd, Gk. /*<i/&f>a, a fold. 4- Skt. manstable. dura, stable. (The suffix -/-#/ = L. suffix

Madrigal,
Gk.)

L.

Ital

-ic-alis.}

Magazine.
magazin

^F.- Ital. -Arab.)

Ital.

O.F.

(F. magasiri}.

magazzino,

dened, shortened to (ge-}miedd (cf. faf) pp. of ge-miedan, to drive mad. [The

answers to A. S. mdd\ cf. laying up in store. ge-maad, Corp. Gloss. 2105; hence Maggot, a grub. (E.) M. E. magot, O. Sax. ge- magat. Cf. W. mateiad macai.o. maggot; mad-mod, madness (Grein)] But maggot appears to m?d, foolish O. H. G. gimeit, vain Icel. magiaid, grubs. be an A. F. perversion of M. E. maddok, meiddr, pp. of mei&a, to maim, hurt Goth, ga-maidsj maimed. The orig. sense the usual word for maggot. Also M. E. * seems to be * severely injured dimin. of A. S. maj>a mafiti) a worm. the prefix made i G. made\ Goth, matha. ge-,gi- t ffa- is unessential.

M.E maad
S.

Arab, makhdzin, pi. ot a storehouse. makhzan, a storehouse. Arab, kkastt, a

A.

307

MAGI
Cf. also

MAIL (BLACK)
Icel.

Dan. maddik, Norw. makk,

see

niaSkr

Mawkish.
(L.-Gk.
;

Magi,
Pers.)

priests of the Persians.

Gk. ftdyot, pi. of fjiayos, a Magian, one of a Median tribe also an enchanter, properly a wise man who interpreted dreams. O. Pers. magu-, Pers. mugh, milgh, one of the Magi, a Per. fire- worshipper 984). (Horn,
L. magi,
pi.

mag-ic, short for magic art ; mag'ic-i-an. Magistrate. (F.-L.) F. magistral, a magistrate, ruler. L. magistrdtu r, i ) a L. magister, magistracy, (2) a magistiate. a master. L. mag-i^-ter is a double
^

due to the use of L. magnas in Hungary and Poland. Magnolia. (F.) A genus of plants namecfafter Piene Magnol, of Montpellier, in France died A. D. 1715. L. Gk. and Magpie, a bird. ( L ) Also called magot-pie, maggoty F. pie. Mag is short for Magot F. Margot, a familiar form of F. Marguerite, also used to denote a magpie. This is from L. Margarita, Gk. papyaptTtjs, a pearl cf. Pers. murwarid, a peail, from Skt. man' jarI, a pearl. Pie = F. pie, from L. pica,
is
;
;

magnas, a prince (Judith magnus, great, ^f Magnate

v.

26).

L.

compar. form

cf.

mag-nus, great.
;

Magnanimity, Magnate
under Magnificent.
;

see

magnet e, also Skt.) From Skt. mahd-raja-, great king. So also mahd-rdnl^ manete (13th cent.). L. magnetem, ace. Cf. L magnus rex of magnes, foi Magnes lapis- Magnesian great queen fjom Hind ram, Skt. rdjin, Gk. Mayvrj> (stem queen. stone, the lodestone.

M.

Magnesia see Magnet. Magnet, the loclestone. (F.- L.-Gk.)

E.
?tiagnelc

a magpie; see Pie (i). the American aloe. (Cuba). Of Cuban origin (Oviedo). Not Mexican, which has no^; the Mex. name is metl.

Maguey,

Maharajah,
;

great

king.

(Hind.

O. F.

Mayi'T/T-), also ^layv-qrrjs , Mayvrjfftos, be-

longing to Magnesia,

in

Thessaly; whence

\iOos MayvrjGios (or Mayvrjrijs), Magnesian stone, lodestone, or a metal like silver Der. magnesia, an old name in Chaucer,
,

(Arab.) Hffah.di, a spiritual director. Arab, mahdi, the guided one ; from ma, Cf. hddi, a prefix, and hady, to guide.
guide.
(Rich. Diet. pp. 1661, 1670.) a tree. (Hayti.) From mahagom, in the old Carib dialect of Hayti. (Garden and Forest, no. 438,

Mahogany,
)

C. T. 16923, or G. 1455), for a mineral brought from Magnesia; now diflieiently See Schade, p. 1395. applied.

July 15, 1896

Magnificent.
stem
of

(L.)

magnijiccns, L. magni-, for things, hence, grand. magnus, great; -Jicen ;, imfaciens, doing, irumfacere, to do. See magnitude.
1

L. magnificent-, lit. doing great

Mahometan
Mahout,

see

Mohammedan.
(Hind.)

an elephant-driver.

Hind, mahdwat
j

LI M. K. magmfien (F. L. magnificdre, lit. to F. magnifier. make large L magni-, for magnus, great -Jicdre, torfacerc, to do. magniloquence. (L.) L. magniL. magni-, loqnentia, elevated language. for magnus, great ; loquenl-, stem of pres. see Loquacious. pt. of loqui, to speak

magnify.
;

magnitude,
nitudo, size. pfyas, great
micel.
;

greatness. (L.) L. magL. magnus, great, -f" Gk. Skt. mahant- t great ; A. S.

See Mickle.
)

greatness of mind. L. F. magnanimity. L. ace. magnanimitdtem. \,. magnus, great; animti*, mind.

magnanimity,

(F.

Maid, Maiden. (E.) M. E. mayde, merely short for eailier maiden, meiden. A. S miTgden, a maiden, cognate with O. H. G magatin, a maiden (with fern. suffix -in). The form without this suffix is A. S. rnagcti) a maiden, cognate with Goth, magaths, a virgin, G. magd. Related to A. S. magu, a son 01 kinsman, cognate with Goth, magtts, Icel. mogr, and perhaps with Corn, maw, a boy. See Stokes (in Fick, ii. 198). Klugc compares O. lush mace, W. mab, son. Der. maidenhood, nlso spelt maiden-head. Mail (i), steel network for armour. O F. maille, mail, also a mesh (F. L.) of a net. L. macula, a spot, speck, hole,
mesh of a
net
;

see

Maculate.
(F.

Mail

(2), a lelter-bag.

-O. H. G.)

high-minded. (L.) L magnanim-us\ with suffix -ous (L. -cms ), L. magnus, great animus, mind.
;

O. F. male (F. matte), a bag, wallet. O. H. G. malaha, a leathern wallet. Cf. Gael, and Irish mala, a bag Gk. fioA/yos, hide, skin. (from E.) magnate, a great man, noble. (F. t. magnat. I^. magnatem, ace, of Mail (Black), a forced tribute. L.)

magnanimous,

M. E. male

308

MAIM
(Scand.)

MALINGER
;

term for dan, pt. t. macode, to make.+Du. maken rent. is the rent G machen. Allied to Match (i), q. v. in cattle, as distinct from white paid Mal-, prefix, bad. (F. - L.) F. mal. or silver. Icel. mail, agreement, L. mains, bad see Malice. money payment; cf. mal, speech, law-suit, agieeMalachite, a green stone. (Gk.) ment. Allied to A. S. mcefel, miel, a Named from its colour, which resembles that of mallow-leaves. speech. Formed with Maim, a bruise, hurt. (F. - G. ?) Also suffix -ites (Gk. -ITTJS) from /mAa^-1?, a mahim in Law-books (Blount). E. mallow. See Mallow. spelt maim. A. F. ma hay m, Liber Albus, p. Malady. (F.-L) F. maladie. ^. 281 ; M. F. mehaingi { a maime, or abate- malade, sick oldest sj elling malabde. ment of strength by hurts received Cot. Cf. O. Prov. malaptes, malaudes, sick. L. Cf. Ital. magagna, a defect, blemish. Oi ig. male habitus, out of condition (hence sick, cf. Bret, machan, mutilation, ill) cf. male habens, sick, Matt. iv. uncertain; 24 machana, to mutilate. Some derive Ital (Vulgate). L. male, badly, fiom mains, to maim, from G. man^ man, bad of habere, to have magagnate, habittis, pp and () II G. *hamjan, to mutilate, see Habit. ^[ So Schwan. Not from from the O. II. G. adj. ham, maimed male aptns (Diez); this> would mean
a Scottish Blackmail or black rent
is
;

Mail

'

'

(Korting).

foolish.'

Main
May

(O, sb, shength.

(E

A. S. mtfgen, sticngth megin, O. Sax. megm, strength.

to

main

Main (2), adj

M. E. mayn
fl"
t

(i)

and Might
,

(i).

F. o. F. saucy. L.) O. F* mal, ill; appert, appert. Allied \aspcrt, expert, icady, skilful. The sense is 'badly expert,' i. e mischievous. L.

M. E.
Icel

malapert,

\rnal

chief, principal.
Icel.

adj.

A. S. origin
'

Distinct fiom mam, see above. ;

(F.

(Scand ) megn, strong, which is ot sb.,

'

male, badly; experttts, skilful, confused with aperlus, pp. of apertre, to open ;
see

Expert and Aperient.

air.

Mainour.
ner
;

- L.)
'

with the mainour

i.

or

'

In the phr. taken taken in the manact

malaria, noisome exhalation. (Ital. L. aw/Gk.) Ital. maf ana, for mala ana,
bad and
L. mala, fern, of mains, bad
;

Anglo-F. meinoitre, mamouie, O F. mainenvre, lit. manoeuvre hence, act. See Manoeuvre. We find also 'to be taken with the manner,' i.e. with the stolen chattel in hand A. 1^ ovc mainout c.
; ;
.

caught

in the

Ital

ana,
air.

air,

which lepresents Late

of aernis, adj.

L. *arta, for aena, fem.

fnm aer, Male.

See

Air
I*,

(F.-L.)

male}\ F. malt. See Masculine.

malediction,

O. F. masle (later ma^nlus, male.

Maintain,
support, (b.
the
;

to keep
L.)

M. K maintencn
(in

maintcmr. \*. manu hand or more likely

by the hand, to
;

a fixed state, F. tencre, to hold in

in
late I,
)

to

hold

Malediction, a curse. (F.-L.) M. F. L ace. maledictionem, a curse. L malcduttn, pp. of maledfterc, to speak evil of. L ma/e, adv., evilly;
So also male-factor, an dicere, to speak. ill-doer, from factor, a doer; fi facere,

abl. of mafftt*,

Manual
Indian.)

hand and Tenable.

Indian

L. manu, abet. tenere t to hold see

;

om

to

do.
,

So also malevolent,

lit.

Maize,
of Hayti.

corn

Span maiz

ma/tis, in the old

Caub

W. (Span. Indian mahiz, dialect of the i&le

W.
'

wishing

ill

from uolcnt-, stem of

ttolens, pres. pt.

to will, to \\ish. ) Malice, ill will F.-L.^

K.
Ius,

malice.

E. malice. L. mamalitia, badness.

\ curable L.) O. F. (F. mating^ it-m. mahgne 'F wa////}. L. maIignus, ill-disposed, for *mah-gcnnsi illborn ijike benign us for *bem-gfnns\ See Magnitude. Brugm n. L. malt-, for mains, bad 135. gcn-^ base of major, a title of rank. (L.> L maior, gigntrc, to produce see Genus, greater; comparative of magmts* great. malinger, to feign sickness. (F. L. I)er. major-domo, imitated from Span. andG) trom F. malingre, adj., diseased, F. mal, mayor-dome a house-steward. formerly ugly, loathsome (Cot.). E. maken. A. S. ma- badly O. F. hamgre, heingre, thin, emaMake. (K.)
'

L.") M. E. inagestce. (F. L. matesmajeitft (\? majesty. tatew, ace. of mates/as, (hgnity, honour Here mii-ies- is related by giadation to mci'ior,. comparative of mag-nits, great.

Majesty.
O. F

bad.

malign, unfa

309

MALISON
dated.
L. male, adv., badly; G. hager,

MAMMOTH
a mallow,

+ Gk. paX&X'n
Gk.

*tM\f^x ?)* a
1

thin, lean (Korting). a curse.

mallow
(F.-L.)

named from
cf.

its

emollient pro-

malison,
;

A.F.

perties

fjiahaaativ, to

make

soft,

maleison O. F. malison, popular form of paXatcts, soft, mild. Cf. Malachite. malediction see Malediction above. (So Malmsey, a strong sweet wine, (F. also benison for benediction.} Gk.) corruption of M. E. malvesie, (F. malmsey. A. F. malvcsy (Ducange) ; F. mTftllriH; a kitchen- wench. Cot. From MalO.H.G.) Malkin is for Maid-kin, the malvoisie, malmesie dimin. of Maid, Mold, or Maud, i.e. vasia, now called Napoli di Malvasia or the Monemvasia (/zoy-// /3ao-/a), a town on the Matilda. See Grimalkin, fl" Not dimin. of Mary cf. Malkyne, or Mawt, E. coast of Lacedaemonia in Greece.
;

'

'

'

Molt,Mawde, Matildis, Matilda ; Pi ompt. Parv. MflrTI (i\ a laige wooden hammer. (F. malle O. F. mal, mail, L) * L. malleum, ace. Cot. F. mail, ' a mall of ma/leus, a hammer. mall (2), the name of a public walk. - Ital. G. and L.) In Pall Mall, and (F. the Mall in St. James's Paik. Named from E. pall-mall ; M. F. pale-matlle, because the game so called was played there ; this game of pall-mall was like the modern M. croquet, \vhich is imitated from it. ltd. palamaglio, 'a stick with a mallet at one end,' for playing the game of pall-

'

Malt,
malt.
tan-, to

M. E. and O. Merc.

ME.
-

steeped in water. (E.) A. S. mealt, malt. Teut. *malt-, 2nd grade of *melgrain melt, hence to
;

steep, soften.

Dan. Swed. malt\ O.H.G. inalz, malt, also soft, allied to Skt. mrdu-, L. mollis, soft. See Melt.
Du. mout
Icel.

Maltreat.
treat
ill.

(F.

- L.)
;

F. maltraiter, to

L. male,

ill

tractare, to handle,
(F.
;

tieat; see Treat.

malversation.
versation, fraudulent
f

'

L.)

F. mal-

misdemeanor
behaviour.) L. mah^
;

Cot.

(Hence

F. malverser, to

behave ill. engaged in, from

ill; tiers a re,

uenari* to be frequent, form

mall
'

lorio.

Also spelt pallamagho

lit.

mallet-ball.'

of uertere, to turn
tian

see Verse.

Ital.

maglio, a mall. hybrid word. O. H. G. palla, M.H. G. balle, G. btll, a ball; L. malleum, ace. Qimalltus^ a hammer. See Ball. malleable. ;F.-L.) U.T?. malleable, malleable, hammerable, pliant to the hammer ; Cot. From obs. L. *malleare, to hammer, of which the pp. malleat us
'
'

palla,

ball

Mamaluke, Mameluke, an
light

Egyp-

horse-soldier.
;

M. F. Mamaluc

Cot.

Arab.) Arab, matiiliik* a

(F.

purchased slave or captive, lit. 'possessed.' Arab, root malaka, he possessed.

Mamma.

^E.)

Also

mama
cf.

for

ma

a fantine

ma,

have

lepelition syllable. Many something like it

mere

of ma, an inother languages

F.

maman,

occurs.

L. malleus, a

hammer.

mallet, a M.E. maillet.

Dimtn. Cot. above.

mall. (F. L.) F. maillet, 'a mallet'; of F. mail ; see Mall (i)

small

Span

Du. and G. mama, Ital. and L. mamma, a child's word for mother.

the class of animals that suckle their young. (L.") I rom L. mam1

Mammalia,
pi.

malis (neut.
the
breasts.
i.

mammalia), belonging
L.

to

a wild drake. (F.-L.) M.E. malard. O. F. ma lard'; formed, with suffix -ard (of G. origin, from G. hart } , from O. See Male. The male, male. suffix -ard was particulaily applied to males, so that the idea of male appears

Mallard,

mamma,
,
i

the

breast.

Ikugrn

m am millary
(L.)
;

587

(3).
ei

breasts.
adj.

From

1..

taming to the mammilldris,

formed from L.
(L.

'

'

Mammon.

mamma, the bieast. Gk. - Synac.) L.

twice.

Malleable, Mallet see Mallecho, malt-fact ion,

;

Mall.
mischief.

Syr.
St.

mammdna. Gk. /^a^owis, Matt. vi. 24. mamona, which occurs in Chaldee

(Span. L.) Hamlet, i misdone malhecho,

;

iii.

2.

147.
euill

an

Span. deed
;

Span, mal, ill; hecho, done, L. male, ill factus, pp. of hacer, to do. See Fact. pp. rffacere, to do.
;

Minsheu.

Targums, and in the Syriac version of Cf. Matthew, and means 'riches/ Heb. matmon, a hidden treasure, from taman, to hide.

Mammoth.

(Kuss.

Tatar.)
;

Russ.

Mallow,

a plant.
;

(L.)

M.

E.

w-A.S. malwe

borrowed from L.

Mawanf,a mammoth, species of elephant. malwe. An older form is mammof see N. E. D. malua, Said to be from Tatar mamma, the earth;

MAN
because the Siberian peasants thought the

MANGE
Mandate, a command.
(F.-L.) M.F.

animal burrowed in the earth like the mandat. L. manddtum, a charge. L. mole. But no such Tatar word has been mandatus, pp. of mandate, to enjoin ; lit. to found. put into one's hand. L. man-us, Man. (E.) M. E. man. A. S. mann. hand dare, to give see Manual and 4-Du. man, Icel. mann-, w#cV,Swed. man, Date. Brugm. i. 589 (2, b). Dan. mand, Goth, manna, G. mann Mandible, a jaw. (L.) L. mandibula, allied to Skt. manu-, a man. L. mandere, to chew. jaw.
;
;
,

manikin, manakin,
man.
(F.

a dwarf, small
'
;

M. F. manequin^ a Span. Arab. See Nares Ital. L.) M. Du. manneken (Hexham) a mandillion, souldier's puppet.' mandiglione, double dimin. of Du. man, a man. lacket Floiio. Span, mandil, a coarse
Du.)
*

Mandilion, a
'

soldier's cloak.

(Ital

men. (E.) A. S. A. S. man, man cynn, kind, race see Kin. Manacle, a handcuff. (F.-L.) M. E.

mankind, the race of

;

mancynn, mankind.

L. F. tnanule. manacle, also manycle. manictila, dimin. of mamca, a long sleeve, L. manus, the hand. gauntlet, handcuff.

Arab, mandtl, a table-cloth, apron. L. manttle, a napkin. towel, mantle. Mandolin, a guitar (t . - Ital. - Gk.} F. mandoline. Ital. mandolino, dimin. of mandola, mandoia, a kind of guitar. Variants of Ital. pandora. See further
under Banjo.

See Manual.

manage,
trol,

government of a horse, conItal.

administration. (F.

L.) Orig.
'

a sb., but now superseded by management. See Rich. II. iii. 3. 1 79. M.F. manege, the Cot. manage, or managing of a horse Ital. maneggio, a managing, a handling Flono. Ital. mano, the hand. L. mamts, the hand. Der. manage, vb.
' ;

M. E. mandrake, mandrage\ Gk.) fuller form mandi agores cf. mandragora, O. F. mandragore (Ital. Othello, iii. 3.
\

Mandrake,

a narcotic plant.

(F.

L.

and

Span,

mandragord).
fiaffycryopas, the

L.

mandra-

goras.

Gk.

'

Mandrel,
Gk
?)

mandrake. the revolving axis to which

turners fix their

work

in a lathe.

(F.

From

a sea-cow. AV. (Span. Span, manati, a sea-cow. From its name in the language of Hayti. Manchineel, a tree. (K Span -

Manatee,

Indian.)

mandrel. enclosed space, sheepfold, also used to mean 'the bed in which the 'stone of a See ring is set,' much like E. mandrel.

mandrin, a punch, a Perhaps fiom Gk. /uarS/xi, an

F.

So called from its apple-like fruit. L.) F. mancenillc, the fruit of the manchineel tree. Span, manzamlla, the same; also

Madrigal.

But
(E.)

cf.

Oscan mamphur, part

i.

of a lathe; Biugrn

571, 757.
S.

Mane.
won
(gen.

A.

manu

cf.

Icel.

manchineel tree dimin. of Span, manzana, an apple; O. Span, masana (Diez). L

manzamllo, a
;

little

apple-tree, the

man-ar], a mane; Swed. and

the Matiana, fern, of Matianus, adj * epithet of a kind of apple ; lit. Matian.' L. JMatius, the name of a Roman gens. Manciple, a purveyor, esp. for a M.E. manciple. -O.F. college. (F.-L.) mancipe, manciple, a slave, servant; cf.
,

Du. maan, M. Du. mane Dan. man. G. ma/me, O. II. G. mana. Cf. W. myngen, mane, fiom mwn, neck; Irish Skt. nuance, collar, from nnan, neck manya, the tendon forming the nape of
;

M. Ital. mancipio, a slave, farmer, manciple.

L. manciprum, a slave; orig. possesL. mancip-, iwmanceps, a taker in hand. L. man-us, hand cap-ere, to take. Mandarin, a Chinese governor of a province. (Port. Malay. Skt ) Not a Chinese, but Skt. word (through the Port, mandannt, a manPortuguese) darin. Malay (and Hindu) manfri, a Skt. mancounsellor, minister of state. mahamantnn-, the trin-j a counsellor
sion.'
;
;

'

L. monile, neck-lace. Orig. sense * hair on the neck.' the same as a metal. (F.Ital.An old term, newly applied. Gk.) ' Manganese, so called from its likeness in colour and weight to the magnes 01 loadstone, is the most universal mateiial used
; '

the neck

neck

'

hence

Manege, Manganese,

Manage.

in
'

Blount, ed. 1674. "" making glass Ital. manganese, M.F. manganese ^Cot.)
;

also,

prime minister.
counsel.

Skt. mantra-, advice, Skt. man, to think.

a btuffe or stone to make glasses with ; * a kind of minerall stone ; Florio. perverted form of magnesia, as shewn cf. mangnet for magnet in the Cent. Diet. in Palsgrave ; see Magnet. scab or itch in dogs. (F. L.)

Mange,

MANGER
Made
out of adj. mangy, a mistaken form, due to M. E. manieive, sb. the mange. (). F. manjue, mange. O. F. manjuer (F. L. mandftcare, to eat; manger}^ to eat. manditcus, a glutton mandere, to chew.
;

MANSE
(L. Gk.) L. mania. frenzy. Gk. pavia, frenzy, orig. mental exciteDer. mania-c t ment cf. fttvos, mind. F. maniaque.

Mania,
;

Manifest,
manifeste. lit. sense

a feeding-trough. (F. L.) O. F. M. E. maungetir, Cath. Angl. mangeure I mangeoire. F. manger to

manger,
;

- L.) apparent. (F. L. manifestos evident. L. mani-, is doubtful.

, ;

F.

The
for

tat (above).

-festus, as iu in-festus, hostile.

mantts, hand

apparently the same It has been doubt-

Mangel-wurzel,
of beet.

(G
r

gold-iuurzel ,

lit.

(properly) a kind fully connected with -Jendere, to strike, as Corrupted from G. man- in of-fendere. G. mangold beet-root.' manifesto, a written declaration.
'

(M. H. G. mangolt], beet, derived by Schade fiom the personal name Manegold;
wurzel, root, allied to E.

Wort

(i).

Mangle (0, to mutilate. (Perhaps In Sir T. More, Works, p. 538. We find Anglo-F. mangier, to mangle
F.-G.)
(Godefroy)
;

Ital. manifesto, sb. Ital. (Ital. L.) L. manifestos manifest. manifesto, adj (above). Manifold ; see Many. Man. ; see Manioc, the cassava-plant. (Brazil.)
,

Manikin

and mahanglet

to

maim,

in

Brazil,

manioc

whence

Port, mandioca.

Langtoft'b Chron. i. 254. frequent form of O. F. mahaigner, to maim O. F. mahaing* a maim, hint. See Maim. (2), a roller for smoothing linen to smooth linen. (Du. Late L.

Mangle
;

Gk.) Borrowed from Du. mangelen, to mangle, roll with a rollmg-pm mangel- root **ple, to fill cf \S.ple-nus, full. Cf. stok, a rolling-pin, cylmdei for smoothing L. disti-pulus, a disciple. The corresponding Ital. word is manipulate, to handle. linen. A (L.) mangano, a kind of presse to pre^se coined word, and ill coined. Cf. L. Flono. Both Du. and Ital. mampulahm, adv by troops but it was btickrom words are from Late L. manganum, man- rather made dnectly out of the sb. mani;
;

a handful, small band of men, priest's scarf. (L.) L. mampulns, a handful, a wi*p of straw used as an ensign, a band of men round such an ensign. L. mani-, for manus, hand -pulus, lit. filling, from the weak giade (pnl) of the

Maniple,

'

gona, a military instrument for throwing pulus (above). stones, worked with an axis and winch. ManitO, a spirit, fetish. (Algonkin.) Indeed, the Ital. mangano also means a Algonkin manito, matntu, a spirit, demon. mangonel. Gk. nayyarov, a machine for (C'uoq ) see Man defending forts, also the axis of a pulley. ; mangonel, a war-engine. (F. Late Manna. (L. Gk. Heb.) L. manna. L. O. F. mangonel (later manGk. pcLvva. Heb. man, manna, p. Gk.) gonneau), a mangonel. Late L. man- Hardly from Heb. man hit, what is this? Lxod. xvi. 15; but from man, (it is) a gonellus, dimin. of mangona (above \ Mango, a fruit. (Port. - Malay. - gift cf. Arab, mann, favour, also manna. Tamil."* Pott, manga. \\.manere. Malay mangga, Manner, way (F. L.) The A. P. nianere, M. mamere, manner, formerly mangka, the mango-fruit. Late L. manena. L. Malay word is of Tamil origin. Tamil habit (Cot. mankdy i.e. man- fruit,' the tree being manus, the hand. mdmarum, i.e man-tree (Yule). manoeuvre. (F. -L.) Y.mantcitvre, Late L. manuopera, properly, handiwork. Mangonel ; see Mangle (2V MangOSteen, a fiuit. (Malay.) For- also manopera, a working with the hand. L mann, abl. of manus, hand opera, merly mangostan. Malay manggu^tan

Mankind

'

mangglsta (Marsden). Mangrove. (Hybrid Malay and K. ' A sort of trees called mangroves Eng. A. D. 1689. Meant, as I Garner, vii. 371 suppose, for mang-groves, from the peculiar growth in groves or thickets. Malay manggi-manggi, the name for the tree (Ciawfmd).
(Scott)
;
;

work

see

Operate.

Manor, (formerly) a residence lor a nobleman. (F. O. F manoir, a L.) mansion. O. F. manoir maneir, to dwell.
,

L.

manere

see

Mansion.

manse, a clergyman's house, in Scotland. (L.) Late L. mansa, a farm, dwellL. matuus, pp. of manere (below). ing.

3*2

MANSION
mansion.
(F.

MARAVEDI
O. F. mansion,
1608. -f Du. menig\ Dan. mange, Swed. mange, (perhaps) Icel. margr (Noreen, 359)> Goth, manags, G. manch, O. H. G. manac. Tent, type *managoz. Allied to Irish minic, Gael, minig, W. mynych, Der. frequent, Russ. mnogie, pi. many.

- L.)

a dwelling-place. L. mansionem, ace. of mansio, an abiding, abode. L. mansus, pp. of manere, to remain, dwell, -f- Gk. /zfVfti', to stay, remain. (<^/MEN.) Mantel, a shelf over a fire-place.
L.) The same word as mantle below ; (F. in old fire-places, it projects like a hood,
to catch the

mani-fold

see

Fold.

smoke.

Der. mantel-shelf,
<

mantel-piece.

mantilla,

a long head-dress,

Span

L.) Span. mantilla\ dimin. of manto, a cloak, veil (below).

The oldest maps represented the world, and vere called mappemoimde. This is an O. F. form of L. mappa L. mapfa mundi, map of the world. meant a napkin, hence a painted cloth.

Map.

(F.

L.)

See

Mop.

a cloak, covering. (F.-L) M. E. mantel. O. mantel, later manteau, 'a cloke, also the mantle-tiee of a Cot. L. mantellum, a napkin, chimney also a cloak; cf. L. mantile, a towel also find Late L mantum, a short

mantle,
'

Maple,
mapul.

Der. apron, napery, napkin. a tree. M. K. maple, (E.)

;

We

whence Ital. and Span, manto, F. mante, a mantle. Der mantle, vb., to form a covering upon, to gather a scum on a surface. Brugm. i. 1 34(1), 483 (7
cloak,
N

A. S. mapel-, mapulwhence mapul-treo, mapulder, a maple-tree. Mar, to injure. (E ) M. E. merren. O. Merc, -men an, in com p. atnerran. to hinder; A.S.amyrrati, to obstruct, waste, hinder cf. gemearr, an impediment. 4"
;

M. Du.

vicrren,

H. G. marrjan,

Mantua, a lady's gown.

toe or

(Ital.)

'Man-

marzjan, to base *marz-.

warren, to retard; to hinder, vex ; Goth. cause to stumble. Teut.

Dti.

Der. mere confusion. Der. mantua-maker. marline-spike. Manual, done by the hand. (P. L.) Marabou, Marabout, a kind of L. manuahs,_ adj., Airican stork Formerly manuel. also, its downy leathers. from manu\, the hand. i-y'ME, to (K. I'ort. Span. Arab.) F marabiwt. Port, marabuto. measure, Brugm. li. 106.) Span, moialnto, a
line.

a loose upper garManto is ment,' &c. Phillips (1706). from Ital. manto, a mantle (see mantle) but Mantua gown must refer to Mantua in Italy, though this connexion arose irom
;
;

Mantua gown,

Bragm.
(Dti
)

i.

903

b.

marline,
ing ropes. marling, a a

a small cord used for bindmarline.

Du. marhjn, also Du marren, to

ling,
;

bind, tie; and Hjn,

See

Moor

(2)

from and Iiine.

hgne,

manufacture.

facture, M. by the hand.

;

F. manu(F - L."i manifacture, lit. a making

L.

Mahommedan
still
;

quiet,

manu,

abl.

of manus,
to

hand factura, a making, fromfateie, make.

.

Cf Maravedi. <>ui Lord cometh. manumit, to release a slave. (L.") (Synac.) Synac intvan at ha, our Lord I manumittcrc (pp. manumi^sus}, to re- cometh cf. Aiab mar, loid (from Synac). lease, lit. to send away from one's hand. Maraschino, a coidial. (Ital -L.) L. manii abl. of maims, hand Ital mat aschino. Ital. mat asca.amarasca, mittere, to send see Mission. Der. manumission, a black and sour cherry. L. amaius,

among name earned

sage

Arab, nntralnt, sage. a hermit, sage a religious the Berbers (whence the bird's
;

Maranatha,
;

from the pp.

bitter.

manure,
simply
to

vb.

(F.-L.)
or
3.
;

Foimeily
the contracted

till/

to

work with

Maraud, to wander in quest of plunder.

Jb marauder, to play the rogue, beg;' Cot. F. maraud, a rogue, \agabond. Etym. disputed. Bugge connects

hand

Othello, i. form of manoeuvre

;

328.

A
see.

(F.)

which

written by the hand. (L.) Propei ly an adj., but also as a sb. Late L. manuscript um, a thing written by the hand. L. manu, abl of manus, hand scriptum, neut. of pp. of scribere* to write see Scribe.

manuscript,

M. E. many, mom'. A. S. Many. manig, monig, many; see Sweet, N. E.Gr.

(E.)

with F. mal, evil as if ioi *walaud (Late L. *malaldu*) Maravedi, a very small coin. (Span Arab.) Span, maravcdi, the smallest Spanish com; orig. a gold coin fust, struck during the dynasty of the Almoravides at Cordova, A. D. 1094-1144. Cf. Port, maravedim, marabitino, a maravedi.
it
; m

313

MARBLE
Arab. MurabilTn, the Arab, name of the above-mentioned dynasty ; pi. of murdbit ;
see

MARK
margo, a border, brink
;

Mark
(Du.)

cognate with

Marabou.
(F.

(2).

M.E. rnarbel; L.) also marbre. O. F. marbre. L. marmorem, ace. of marmor, marble, considered as a masc. sb. but it is commonly neuter, f- Gk. nap^apos, explained as a glistening white stone, as if from ftapfjiaipdv, to sparkle; cf. paipa, dog-star,
;

Marble.

Margrave,

a lord of the marches.

;

Du. markgraaf, a margrave. Du. mark, a boundary, march graaf, a count. So also G. markgraf. (That the word is
vine,

Du. appears from the fern, form margrawhich answers to Du. markgravin, not to G. markgrajin.)

lit.

sparkler.'

Marcasite,
(

See Marmoset. a kind of iron

.

pyrites.
.

S pan marquesita.-*z\*. marqashisha (Devic,

F.

Span

Pers

F marc assite.
.

a plant. (Heb. and E.) of Mary (from the Virgin Mary) and gold (from its colour). L. Marine. (F. L.) F. marin. marinus, belonging to the sea. L. ma ; e,

Marigold,

Compounded

Vullers).

L. withering. (L.) marcescent-, stem, of pies. pt. of marceiccre, inceptive form vi marcere, to wither,

Marcescent,
to
II.

cognate with Mere (i). marin-er. Marish, a marsh. (F. L.) mar is, marai\. A. F. march
sea
;

Der.

M.E.

lit.

March
O.
G.)

grow

soft.

Brugm.

i.

413

^8).

mareis,

of which

the

oldest

O. F. foim was

(i), a border, frontier. (F A. F. marchc. M. E. he.

man

maresc (Hatzfeld;. Late L. mariscus, from Low G. maiSih, a maish. See

O. H. G. marcka, a boundary. Cf. Goth marka, a confine, const. See Mark (2\ March (2), to walk with regular steps. L ? or G.?) F. matcher, to march (F. Of disputed origin perhaps fi om a Late
;

Marsh Marital,
1- )
is

belonging to a husband. (F.

L. marltalis, adj.

F. marital.

formed fiom mantus, a husband.

This

L. *marcare, to beat '.hence to tramp), from marcus, a hammer (Schelei). (3\ the name of a month (F. L) A. F. Marz (pron. marts). L. Marlins, the month dedicated to

March

a masc. sb. made to accompany L. marlta, a woman provided with a husband. L. mart-, for jnas, a man, husband ;
see

Masculine.
to the sea.

Maritime, pei taming L F. maritime.

")

(F.

Mars.

Marchioness. (LowL.-G.)
;
<

The

formed with for mare, sea.

suffix

L. mantimus, -twins from mart-,

(F.
r).

the E. proper F. form is marquise marchioness answers, to Low L. marchionissa, formed with fern, suffix -issa Gk. -to~act) from Low L. marchionem, ace of Low marchio, a prefect of the inarches. L. marcha, a boundary. O. II. G. marcha, a boundary. See Mark (2). Marchpane, a sweet cake, made with almonds and sugar. (F. O. F. Ital.)

M.

Marjoram, a plant. E majoran (without

(Godefroy)
;

-L.-Gk)
O. F. majoCf.

rane
Ital.

F.

marjolaine.

major ana, Span, mayorana, Port. maiotana, marjoram, Late L. majorana, majoraca variously corrupted from L. amara<.us. (jk. dfjapatcos, marjoram.
;

Mark

( i ),

a stroke, sign.

(E.)

M.E.

marcepain

now

massepain.

li'sX.
;

mar-

ciapane, marzapane, a marchpane Flono. Origin of marcia unexplained, but prob. from a proper name (such as L. Martia) : pane is from Lat. ace. pdnem, bread. M.E. mere. A. S. mere, (E.) fern, form of mearh, a horse. +Icel. merr,

A. S. men re, fern., mark, sign.-fDu merk, Icel. mark, Swed. marke, Dan. G. marke, M. II G. marc, a ttHfrke, mark. Cf. also Lith. mar gas, marked,
merke.
.

Mare.

marr, a steed; Dan. mcer, Swed. marr, E. Fries, mare, Du. merrie\ G. mahre, O. H. G. meriha, fern, of O. H. G. mork,t.,v, forest (orig. a boundary). Teut. marah, a battle-horse. Cf. Irish and Gael. type, *marka, fcm. Allied to L. margo, marc, W. and Corn, march, a horse, a a margin, Zend merezu, Pers. marz, a stallion. Idg. masc. type *markos, a horse. border O. Irish mntig. Cf. Marshal. (3), a com. (E) M.E.mark, Margin. (L) L. margin-, stem of A S. mearc, marc, a coin ; a weight equal
fern, of
;

variegated. Perhaps related to Mark (2), which seems to be an older word. (2), a march, limit, boundary. A. S. meatc, fem.-fO. Sax. marka ; (E.) l~)u.mark; G. mark, icm.,Q.H.G.marcha\ Goth, marka, confine, coast. So also Icel.

Mark

Mark

MARKET
to half a

MARROW
brownish crimson. (F.) F. marron, a chestnut (hence, chestnutcolour. Cf. Ital. marrone, M. Ital. marone, a chestnut (of unknown origin).
(i),
(2), to put ashore on a desolate island. (F. Span.) From F. marron,

mark
coin
;

pound; O. Fries. #!;'. 4*Dn. G. mark, a weight of silver, a

mork. p. Orig. a particular There is nothing to connect it

Maroon

Icel.

weight.

with

Late A. S. market, from Picard F. market. [Cf. Du. G. markt F. marche, O. Prov. mercatz, Ital.
;

Mark (i). Market. (F.-L.)

Maroon

adj., fugitive,

who

mercato, a market.] L. mercdtus, tiaffic, also a market (whence G. markt, &c.). L. mercatus, pp. of wercdri, to tiade ; see

applied to a fugitive slave takes refuge in woods. [Hence K. maroon, to treat as a fugitive, cause to be fugitive.] clipped form of Span.

cimarron, wild, unruly;

hence, savage.

Mercantile.

(Pogatscher.)
rich
earth.
;

Of unknown

origin,

^f

Negro cimarron

Marl,

(F.-L.

C.)

O. F. marie (F. manic)

Picard marie. Late L. margila, dimin. of Late L. marga, mail ; of Celtic origin (Pliny).

or cimarron was an everyday phrase for a fugitive slave hidden in the mountains,
in

Cuba, about

A. D. 1846,

Marline see Mar. Marmalade. ( F. - Port. ~ L. - Gk )

;

Marque, letters
letter of marque was ruler to make reprisals

of. ( F. - G.) a permission by a on the country of

F. marmelade, Cot Port, marmelada, Port, marodg. a conserve of quinces melo, a quince. L. mcliniclum, lit. honeyapple also a quince. Gk. ftfA^Aor, a sweet apple, apple grafted on a quince. Gk. pk\i, honey ^rj\ov, an apple ; see
;
;

another ruler; it had particular reference to passing beyond the march or limit of one's own country. O. F. marque, a boundary. M. II. G. marke, a boundary; see Mark (2) above. See man ha (i) in

Ducange.
being dropped because it was thought to be a plural foim. An E. spelling of F. marquise, a latgetent; orig. a tent for a marchioness or lady of rank. F. marquise, a marchioness, fem. of marqtas, a marquis; see marquis below.
.)
;

Melon.
a small American monkey. Much older than the discovery (F. L.) of America E. marmosettc, a kind of F. marape (Maundeville, p. 2io\ moset F. ii>arniou<;et, the cock of acistcin or fountain, any aiitick image from whose teats water trilleth, any puppet or antick ;' Cot. Thus it meant a grotesque creature, orig a grotesque ornament on a fountain. Formed, b) a Parisian change of r to s, as in chaise foi chat re (a chaii), from Late L.
;

Marmoset,

marquee, a large G t or marquees

tent.

(F.-Low

L.

the

'

>

marquess.
markis.

(Span

-Low L.-G.)
;

Span marque*, a marquis

see

marquis.
E.

marquis. (F.-Low L.-G) M.

a thing made in marble, applied to fountains. [Thus the rue dcs marmouteh in Pans was called in 1 ate Latin

marmorctum,

zniifi

marmoretorum

Littre.]

L. mar-

mor, marble ; sec Marble, flf This Litin form is inconcct. It appears that the transference in sense from ' image to * ape was certainly helped on by confusion with F. marmot, a marmoset, or little monkey;' which is a different word from E. marmot (see below).
'

O. F. markis, later mat quis, ' a * nvirquesse, govcrnour of a frontire town Cot. Low L. marcAensts, a prefect of the marches. O. H. G tnarcha, a march or boundary. See Mark (2). If The true O. F. foim vas marchts altered to markis by the influence of Ital. marchcse. Marquetry, inlaid work. (F.
; ;

Marmot,
L)
F.

a mountain-rat.
Ital.
'

(F.-Ital.

F. marqueteriC) inlaid \\oilc. F. marqueter, to inlay, diversify, orig. to mark slightly with spots ; Heratn e form of marquer, to mark. F. marque, a mark. M. II. G. mark, G. matke, a

M.lI.G^j

marmottc

marmotta, an

maik.

See

Mark
pith.

(iX
(K.)

ape, substituted for marmotana, 'the mountain-rat, a marmotan (Tornano), a marmot. From the Romansch (Grisons^

name murmont
;

O. H. G. murnmntt, muremunto, a marmot. L. miit-, stem of mus, mouse and mont-, stem of mons,
;

mountain. Thus the sense mouse.' (See Dicz.)

is

mountain(

O. Merc, merg, A. S mearh (dat, mearge} -|- I)u merg^ Icel. mergr, Swed, merg, Dan. marv, G. mark, O. H, marag; [not \V. tticr, Corn. mant.~\ Fitrthei allied to Russ. mosg\ Zend mazga, marrow ; Skt. majjan, marrow of bones, pith o

Marrow,

M.

F.

marcw,

mary.

trees.

Idg. type masgho*

Brugra.

i.

642

315

MARRY
M. E. marten L.) (F. F. marier.~lL. maritdre, to marry. L. maritus, a husband ; see Marital. Marsh, a swamp. (E.) M. E. mcrsch.
A.
S. mersc,

MASCULINE
(temp.

Louis

XIV)

dirnin.

form

of

Martin.

Martin; Nov. n. (F. and L.) ; early form mensc< Martlemass is a corrupt form of Martinlit. mere-ish, i. e. full of meres or *mar-isc> mass, suggested by Bartle for Bartholomew. A. S. mere (for *mari\ a mere, See Mass (2). pools. lake. See Mere (i). martlet (i), a kind of bird, martin. Marshal, master of the horse. (F. (F.L.) Variant of M. E. martnet, short O. H. G.) Lit. horse-servant/ a groom for martinet. F. martinet, 'a martlet or it rose to be a title of honour. M. F. martin,' Cot. dimin. of F. Martin. Cf. mareschal (F. marshal], a inarshall, a Picard martinet, called martelot in the O. II. G. marascalh, lit. dep. of the Meuse (Corblet). farrier,' Cot. O. II G marah, horse-servant, a groom. Martingale, a strap fastened to a a horse s<.alh, a seivant cf. Goth, skalks, horse's gnth to hold his head down. (F. a servant. See Mare. Arab. ?) Also applied to a short Span. - Gk.) Applied to spar, in ships, under the bowsprit but Marsupial. (L. animals that carry their young in a soit this is only due to a supposed resemblance of pouch. L. marsiipiuni, a pouch Gk. to a horse's martingale. F. martingale, a little a martingale for a horse Cot. [ReHapffviriov, pouch, dim in. of fened by Littre to the wearing of breeches, /m/><Ti;7ros, a bag. a shortened form of market. called chansses a la martingale (RabeMart, In Hamlet,i. i. 74. Pi oh in- lais) but this is quite another word.] (F. L.) fluenced by Du ma?'kf, market ^of Latin Span, al-martaga, a kinde of headstall See Markat for a horse, trimmed, gilt, and embroidered;' origin). Martello tower, a watch-tower. Mmsheu (1623) where al is merely the (Ital.-L -Gk.-Pers,.) [Not so called be- Arab. def. article. The sb. may be derived cause the watchmen gave the alarm by from Arab rataka, in the sense * to cause see to go with a short step sec Yule. I find striking a bell with a hammer ; xiv. 100. From Arab rataka given by Richardson as a Anosto, Orlando, x. 51 Ital. marietta, a hammer Late L. mar- verbal root, whence ratak, going with a But named from Marietta bay, short quick step tellits.'] Corsica (Davies). Ital. mortella, a myrtle. Martinmas, Martlet (i) see See Myrtle. Martin. - Low Martlet (2), the bird called the swift, F. Marten, a kind of weasel L. as depicted in heraldry. (F. Teut.) Short for marie) n (i 6th cent. An E. L.) M. E. tnartrin (Lydg.), adj. made of mar- substitution for F. mcrle/te, a martlet, in ten's fur from O. F martrin, the same. blazon/ Cot. Lit. a little blackbird'; The M. E sb. was marter, martre. l. dimin of merle, a blackbird. L. merula wartre. LowL. pi. marfures. Of Teut. see Merle. We find O. F. merlos, martcf. Du. martcr, G. warder, a lets Roll of Caerlaverock, p. 7. origin marten A S. meart, Icel. mortir, Swed Martyr. (L. - Gk ) A. S. martyr. - L. ward, Ban maar (for *maard), a marten. martyr. Gk. pdpTvp, paprvs, a witness, lit. Martial, brave. (F. L.) F. martial. one who lemembers, records, or declares. L. Afarttdlis, dedicated to Mars, god of Cf. Skt. snir, to remember.
of
St.

martinmas, martlemas,

the feast

a marsh

'

'

"

'

'

) ;

'

'

war.

(F - L ) F. martin, f i) a proper name, Martin, (2) the same name applied to various birds and animals. Thus martin-pec he ur is a kingfisher oi.^eau dc S. Martin is the ring-tail, and martinet is a martin A nickname, like our (Cot ). so that the bird robin, jenny-wren, &c. ir> named after Martin as a proper name. From L. Mart-, stem of Mars. martinet, a strict disciplinarian. (F ) So called from a F. officer named Martinet

Marvel.
F.
\v

(F.

Martin, a bird

mei"veillc

L.

onderful things.
L. mirari, to
in

M. E. mervaile. L.) mirabilia, neut. pi., L. mirtibilts, wonderful.

See Miracle.

wonder

heraldry, a perforated M.E. mascule, mascle. lozenge. (F -L.) F. mascle, eironeous spelling of made, a mesh of a net ^hence, a lozenge L. macula, a mesh ; perhaps perforated).

Mascle,

confused with 0.

11.

G. masca, a

mesh.

Doublet, mail

(i), q. v.

Masculine.

(F.-L.)

F.masculin.-

MASH
L. masculinus, extended from masculus, male. L. mas-, stem of mas, a male ; with double dimin. suffix -cu-lus. Mash., to beat into a mixed mass. (E.) A mash is properly a mixture ; and to mash was, formerly, to mix, the M. E. form of the verb being meshen, as if from S. *mcescan, from a sb. *masc. (The vo\\el been shortened.) A. S. mdxhas find

MASTIFF
Der. mass-tve, also a-mass. (2), the celebration of the Eucharist. (L.) M.E. messe. O. Merc, messe, (Matt. viii. 4); A.S. masse, (i) the mass,
fAaaaftv, to knead.
;

Gk.

mass-y

Mass

We

(2) a church-festival. -Folk-L. messa (Ital. Late L. missa, (i) dismissal, (2) messd] the mass. Usually said to be from the
;

*masc-wyrt), mash-wort, new but it beer so that the word is English is commoner in Scandinavian, whence Lowl. Sc. mask. Cf. Swed. dial, mask, Swed. mask, brewer's giains, whence maska, to mash Dan. and North Fries.

wyrt

(for

phr. tie, missa est (go, the congregation is dismissed) used at the end of the service; in any case, the derivation is from L. Cf. missus, pp. of mtltere, to send away. Du. mis, mass, ^f For the change of

mask, grains, mash, Dan. maskc, to mash, fatten pigs with grains Norw. meisk, sb., meiska, vb. -f* G. meisch, a mash, mcischen,
;

to mash.
original.

The sb. form appears to be the Cf. also Lithnan. maisz-yti, to stir things in a pot, from misz-ti, to mix The form of the Tent, base is *maisk-* so
that
it

vowel from i to e, cf. Icel. mesm, Swed. messa, Dan. messe, O. H. G. messa (as well as missa), all m the sense of mass also 0. F. messe, Ital. messa. And see Missal. Der. Candle-tnas, Christ-, Hallow-, Lam-, Martm*, Michael-mas, which see. Massacre. (F.-O. Low G.?) F. massacre, a massacie; massacrer, to mas'

'

may

be connected by gradation
a disguise for the (F. Span.
is
is
'

with mix.
face

See Mix.

Mask, Masque,
;

Of disputed origin it may perhaps be rcferied to Low G. matskcn, to cut, hew, Du. matten, to maul, kill. Cf. G. from metzeln, fremetzclei, a massacre
sacre.
;
;

masked entertainment.

quent, of mctzen, to cut,

kill.

And

see

' A jolly company in mnner of secondary. ' a maske ,' F. Q. in. 1^5. Some haue I sene daunce in a maske Sir T. More, Works, p. 1039 Moie uses maskers in the sense of visors ^conectly, according to F. masque, a mask, the Spanish use)
'
; l '

sense of 'entertainment' the true one the sense of disguise

Arab.)

The

Mason.
hold the sails of a E. mast. A. S mast, stem of a tree, bough, mast. -|- Du. masf, Swed. and Dan. mast, G. mast. Probably cognate withL.;;/^///^ (<*wac</<?.s),amast; Brugm.
(i), a pole, to

'

Mast

ship. (E.)

M.

1.

visor;

achpptd foim,duetoF.vb.///#j^#<v,
'

really short lor *ma\(jnerer; the fuller form comes out in M. F. masqitaiizd, masked,

(2\ fruit of beech-trees. (E.) The ong. sense is edible fruit,' used for feeding swine. A. S. mast, mast.-4-G mast, mast masten to fatten. Prob. allied to Skt.
'

Mast
y

587-

mastjHene masquerade, a mask or mumCot. Span. ?nascara, a masker, a masquerader also a mask. Aiab. maskt

weda(s\

fat

Biugm.

i.

6q8.

mery;

Master. (F. O F. maistie.

magister, a Der. master-y^

L.)

M.E.

maister.

harat, a buffoon, jester, man in masquerade, Aiab. a pleasantry, anything ridiculous. Der. root sakhna, he ridiculed (Dozy). F. masquerade, F. mascamasquerade,

L. magistrum^ ace. of see Magistrate. master

;

G. ?) O. F ma\\on\ F. Low L, maiio* a mason; \\e also ina^on find the forms machio, ma (ho. maco, macfto, Fiom Teut. stem *matmattio, matio. jon-, i. e. cutter; from a base *;//#/-, to cut or hack, \\hcncealso E. mattock. C'f. O.II.G. mezzo, a mason, whence G. stciiunctz, a
(

rade, Span, watcarada.

,

M MaSOU. K

F. maistrie. Mastic, Mastich, a kind' of gum lesm. (V. L Gk.) F. matin , mastich, L matfiche. Gk. a sweet gum'; Cot.
/iadT(\'T/,

in

the gum of the tree CTX^OS, called So called because used Latin Ictithcus. Gk. JUCWT-, base for chewing in the East. of /udcrTa, mouth, ^acrra^tv, to chew cf. Gk. nacraofMii, I chew. masticate. (,L Gk.) From pp. of L. masticiire, to chew, quite a late word ;
;

stonemason.

properly, to
;

chew
^f

Masque &ce Mask. Mass (0,a lump. (F.~L.-Gk.)

masse. L.

mastic (above"),
F.
to

L. mastiche, mastic. The true L. word for

chew

is

ma tide re.

mas fa

cake

allied to

Gk. /*aa, a barley payfjta, any kneaded mass.

Mastiff.
masttn, as

(F.

L."!
;

The A.

O. F.

F. form was hence F. matin, a

MASTODON
F. mastin also meant a see Godefroy. Hence the Late L. mastinus, a mastiff, has been conjectured to stand for *masnatinus> house-dog; as
mastiff.

MATRIMONY
'
' ; '

Pers. & Arab.) From the game of chess. Check-mate means * the king is dead cf. M. F. eschec et mat, * check-mate ; Cot. [Here et is not wanted.] Godefroy has if fiom Late L. masnata, a household (see mat du roi/ i. e. death of the king. Pers. The Late L. mastmus seems shah mat, the king is dead, check -mate. Menagerie). to have been mistaken for mastjuus Pers. shah, king (see Check) mat, he (Ducange) and confusion set in both with is dead, from Arab, root mata, he died. E. masty, fat, laige (adj. formed fiom Cf. Heb. muth, to die, ^[Ilence Tuik. and mast (2)), and with O. F. mestif, mongrel, Pers. mat, astonished, confounded, amazed, Late L. *mixtivus, from L. miscere (pp- receiving check-mate; F. mat, 'mated, See Mix. mixt-us}, to mix. quelled, subdued,' Cot. ; M. E. mate, conMastodon, an extinct elephant. (Gk.) founded. Named from the nipple-like pi ejections on Material, substantial. (F.-L.) O. F. its molar teeth. Gk. pavr-os, the female Materiel, >L. mdtendlis, adj., formed from See Matter. breast; 68ov- shoit for oSorr-, stem of matena, matter.

The O.
;

domestic

'

see Tooth. E. matte. A. S. meatte. L. matta (Late L. natta], a mat ; whence Du. mat, G. matte, F. natte, Sec. Matador, the slayer of the bull in a
;

oSots, a tooth

Mat.

(L.)

Maternal. (F.-L) F. waiernel. Late L. mdtcrndhs. 'L. matcmus, belongL. mater, mother ; coging to a mother. nate with Mother.

Mathematic, pertaining to the science

of number.

bull-fight. (Span.
slayer.

L.)

Span, matar, lo kill.

(i),

Span, matador, lit. L. mactare,

to kill.

an equal, a contest, marE. mccihe, maclit, ong. a comrade. A. S. -nhccca, whence gemacca, a comrade, companion, spouse; fiom the more original form -maca, Diirh. Kit. 165 Icei. (whence M. E. make, Ch.), gemaca. maki, Swed. make, Dan. mage, O. Sax. gimako, a mate, comrade. P. All closely related to the adj. seen in Icel makr, and suitable, M. H. G. gemach> suitable further to A. S. macian, to make, or fit together.' ^f Mate, as used by sailors,
riage.
(E.)

Match,

M.

matique.'L.. ma thematic us. Gk. paOrjfjLariKos, disposed to learn, belonging to the sciences, esp. to mathematics Gk. stem of pd0rjjji.a, a lesson. Gk. fj.ct.0ri par-,
/jLaOrj-ffouai,

(F.-L.-Gk.)

O. F. mathe-

futuie of firn'Oavtiv, to learn.

morning prayers. pi. sb. from F. matin, morning, ong. an adj. L. mat it* tlnum, ace. of matiitlnm, adj., belonging to the morning. Cf. Ital. mattmo, morning. L. Matula, the goddess of dawn, as if
fiom a rnasc. *matutu:>, with the sense of
'

Matins, MattlUS, (F. L) F. matins, a

'

prob. Dutch see Mate (i). Match. (2), a prepared lope for firing a cannon. (F. L.~ Gk.) M. E. macche. O. F. mcsche, meiche (F. meche\ wick of a match of candle, match to fire a gun, a lamp Cot. Late L. wyxa ( Gk. Late L. myxus, the nozzle of a Mt>a)
is
;
*

timely/ a long-necked glass bottle ; in chemistry. fF.) F. rnatrai ; also (in Cot ) matrac, matraz, matclas Span. matraz. Perhaps Arabic ; see Devic. Matricide, murderer of a mother. (F.

early/ or

'

Matrass,

'

L)

F. matricide, adj

*
,

Cot.
tri-^

L.

mdtritida,

mother-killing ; L. matricide.

lamp, through winch the wick protrudes; Gk. /*i'a, the nozzle of a also, a wick.
older senses being (i) mucus (2) nostril. Allied to Mucus. Der. matchlock , the lock of a gun holding a match hence, the gun itself. (O. Low G.) (i\, a companion. M. E. mate, a fellow (Prompt. Parv.) Low

cirdere,
^f

We

dtcl. stem of mater, mother; to slay; see Mother, Caesura. also use matricide to represent L.

lamp;

matriddium, the slaying of a mother.

Mate

matriculate, to enrol in a college. From pp. of Late L. matricttlare, (L.) to enrol ; a coined word. L. matriculants
dimin. of matrix (stem matric-\ a breeding animal, (2) womb, matrix, (3) a public register, roll, list, lit.
register
;

meaning

(i)

G. mate, mate (Lubben)

maat (Bremen)

M. Du. maet, 'a

maat.
-f-

mate,'

Hexham

Du

parent-stock.

O. II. G. gi-mazio, a meat -companion, mess-mate. Cf. Goth, matjan, to eat, mats, food. See Meat. (2), to check-mate, confound. (F.

Mome.

matrimony.
L.

- L ) O. F. matri(F. matrimonium, marriage, lit.

See matrix (below).

Mate

motherhood. L. mdtri-, decl. stem of mater, mother; with suffix -nton-io-.

318

MATRIX
cavity or mould. L. matrix, a breeding animal, the (L.) womb. L. mdtri', for mater, mother. matron, a married woman. (F. L.) F. matrone. L. mdtrona ; extended from mdtr-, stem of mater, a mother. M. E. ( i), substance. (F.-L.)

MAXILLAR

matrix,

the

womb,

Maund

(i),

a basket.

(F.-Low

G.)

[A.S. maiidj] Later, Picard and O.F. mande. Du. mand\ prov. G. mandt mande, manne (whence F. manne} E. Fries, mande. (2), a (very \ariable) weight.

Maund

(Arab.)

Arab,

mann

Pers.

man.

Cf.

Matter

Heb. maneh,

Cik. p-vd.

See Yule.
;

matere, matene.
.

Q.Y.

matere,

matiere

L. mdteria, stuff, materials, (F. matttre] useful for building, &c. Brugm. i. 407.

Good Friday. (F. is M. E. maundee,

esp.

Maundy Thursday,
reference

matter
(F. L.) see Littre,
s.

(2), pus,

a fluid in abscesses.
as

the day before L. andE..} Maundy a command, used with to the text Mandatum
'

The same word

v.
;

matter

(i)

noiram,'

John
'

xiii
*

34.

The

'

new com-

mattire,

8.

mandment

Matins. A.S. mattnc. Cf. W. Gael, madag, a matog, a mattock, hoe pickaxe; Russ motidka, \J\fti\\w\, matikkas, mattock (from Teutonic) bee Mason. Mattress. (F. Arab.) O.F. materas F. Picard and Walloon mat r as
;

Matting see Mattock. K

that ye love one another' ; but in old times it was applied to the particular form of devotion to others exis

Span, at-madraque, a mattress where at ib the Arab. def. art. Arab, matrah, a situation, place, a place
matelas.
;

where anything
to

is

thrown

this

word came

also anything hastily thrown down, hence, something to lie upon, a bed (I)evic). Aiab. root taraha, he threw prostrate.

mean

Mature,
(L.)

Matutinal,
morning.
L.

(L) L. mdtiirus, ripe. pertaining to the morning. L. mdtutinus, adj., belonging to the
ripe.

emplified by Christ, when washing His feet disciples' (on the first Maundy Thursday]. See my note to P. Plowman, B xvi. 140. This M.E. maundee = ). F. mand4y that which is commanded from L. manddlum, a mandate, command. <fi Not connected with maund. Cf. O. H. G. manddtj the washing of feet (Otfrid) ; from L. manddtum. Mausoleum, a magnificent tomb. (L. Gk.) L. mausoleum, a splendid tomb, Gk. Maixrworig. the tomb of Mausolus. Aciuy from Mavffaj\os, Mausolus, a king of Cana.
;
;

Mauve,
mattve, a

mallow
mallow.
the

See Matins.
'

colour. (F. L. malua,

L.)

F.

mallow.

Maudlin, sickly sentimental. (F. Gk. - Heb Orig. shedding tears of

)
1

See Mallow.
song-thrush. (F. -C. ?) mauvis, a hrostle cf. Span, malvis, a thiush. Perhaps Celtic; cf. Bret, mil/id, rnilvid, a mavis, also mil"

Mavis,

penitence, like MaryMagdalen. From M.E. O. F. Maudelein, the same %s>Magdelaine.

M.E.

mavis.

}?,

&raitdckine,Magdeleine, {..Magdalen?. Gk. Ma 7 80X771/77 i e. belonging to Magdala ; Luke \in. 2. Heb. migdol, a tower; whence Magdala as a proper name.
,

chouid (at Vannes) Corn, melhues, O. Corn, melhuet, a lark.

;

Maugre, m
is

Mavourneen, my
From
tated
Irish
;

darling.

(Irish.)

pioper sense

The spite of. (F.-L.) 'ill will,' as in P. Plowman,

lit.
ill

mo, my and form of muirnin,

affection.

whinrnm, mudarling,

from

vi.

will ; O. F. mat,

O.F. malgre, maugre, 242. ' but also with sense in spite
ill;
t

imum,

of.'

Maw, stomach.
uaga.+ Du. maag,
Dan. mave, G.

(Mhv.} (E.) M.E

Icel.

gre,gret a pleasant thing. L. matur, bad gratitm, neut. of grdtus,

;

mawe. A.S. magi, Swed. mage,

;

magen.

pleasing.

Maul,
;

M. mace from M. E. see Mall (i).

to beat grievously. L.") (F. E. mallen, to strike with a mall, or

malle, sb., a mall,

mace

Maulstick, a stick used by painters to steady the hand. (Du.) Du. maahtok, ' Du. malen, to paint lit. painting stick.' and stok, a stick. The cognate G. malcn
,

squeamish. (Scand. with older sense is loathsome, lit. maggoty.' Formed, with E. suffix -tsh, from M. E. maivk, mank, a maggot, a contracted form of M. E. maftck, a maggot. led. mabkr, Dan. maddik, a maggot = (whence Noi w. makk E. maivk}. Derived fiom the form which appears as A. S. mafia, Du G. made, maggot. See Moth.

Mawkish.,
*

E. suffix.}

The

signified

O.

II.

Meal

oiig. to mailc, from G. mahl, G. mdl, a mark, point of time see (2) and Stock.
;

belonging L. maxiltdris, adj. fiom maxilla, jaw-bone.

to the jawbone. (L.)
;

Maxillar, Maxillary,

319

MAXIM

MEAL
(F. for

Maxim,
maxime*

a
L.

proverb

L.)

F.

maxima,

maxima

sententiarum, an opinion of the greatest importance, chief of opinions, hence a maxim (Due.). Odg. fern, of maximus, greatest, superlative of magnus, great. Neut. of maximus, (L.)

maximum.
I
t.

greatest ^above).
(E.)

May (i), Pres.

E.

am
may,

able, I
pt.
t.

am

fiee to do.
;

(not in

might the infin. use) should take the form mow.

infin.
;
;

other languages, as in M. H. G. mase, a spot, and in E. Measles, q. v. Mazurka, a dance. (Pol.) From Pol. Mazurka, lit. a woman of Massovia or Mazovia, a province of Poland containing Warsaw. Similarly, polka means 'a Polish woman and secondly, a dance. Mazzard, the head. (F.-O.H.G.) From mazer, a bowl see Mazer. Me. (E ) AS. me (also met, in the
'

accusative only) -f"I^ 11 #*{/' Icel.

-

///t~r,dat.,

pres. t. may ; pt. t. A. S. mugan^ to be able pres. t. mighte. is the old (Here m<zg; pt t. mihte.

M.

mowen,

mag

^ ax mttgan, Gk. /KM, ;uo, dat., /LU, !/-u, ace. Skt. mahIcel. mega, pres. ma, pres. mag, pt. mahta Du. mogen, pres. mag, pt. mogt yam, me, dat., mam, ma, ace. pt. mdtti Da-i. pres. waa, pt. maatte Swed. pres. Mead (')? a drink made from honey. M E. mede. A. S. medu, meodu. 4mH, pt. mcltte G. mogen, pres. w^, pt. (E. r Du. mcde, Icel. wjo8r Dan. nnod, Swed. mochte-, Goth. maati, pres. wa^ pt. mahta also Irish mid^ W. medd, Russ. moche, to be able, pres. mogit\ cf. mjod, G meth Lith imddus, Russ. mcd\ Gk. n*0v Skt. Gk \j*.r)\avT], means. - L.) madhu, sweet, also as sb., honey, sugar. (F. (2), the fifth month. Cf. O. F. Mat. L. Mdiu*y May. 104. Idg. type *medhu, Brugm. ii. Mayor. (F. L.) M. E. maire F. Lith. mediis, honey. see maire. L. maior, nom Mead (2\ a meadow. (E.) So called gieater; Major (above), ^|f Mayor is a late because mown.' M. K mede. A. S. middle of m&d, a mead. [Allied to prov. K. math, a spelling, introduced in the the 1 6th century; it answers to O. F. mowing, as in after-mat'//.and A. S.mdwan, maior, from L. mdiorem, ace. cf. Span. to mow; G.mahdyQ. mowing, M. II. G. mat, a mowing, a mead.] Cf. M. H.G. mate, mayor. Mayweed, Anthernis, cotula. (E.' For- a meadow, Swiss matt a meadow (as in Zermatt, Andermatt}, Also Gk. a-//7/Tos, merly mat he-weed from A. S. mcegfia. Maze. (E.) M. E. mase we also a harvest, d^dav, to mow. See Mow (i). find M. E. masen, to confuse. The A. S meadow. (E.) This fuller form is *masian appears in the comp. pp. d-masod. due to the inflected form (dat. m&dwe} of Cf. Norweg. masa-st (where -.r/is reflexive), A. S. m&d) a mead. to lose one's senses and begin to dream, Meagre, thin. (F. - L.) M. E. megre. F. maigre.~\^. macrum, ace of macer, masa, to pore over a thing, also to prate, chatter whence A S mager, Icel. Icel. masa, to prate, chatter thin, lean Swed. dial, masa, to bask in the sun, to be magr, Dan. Swed. G. mager, thin, were Cf. E. in a maze = lazy, lounge about. perhaps borrowed at an early period in a dreamy perplexity. The orig. sense unless cognate). Cf. Gk. /ua/<yx>s, long. seenit. to have been to be lost in thought,' Meal (i), ground grain. (E.) M. E. dream or pore over a thing, whence the mele. A. S. mdu, ;<?/#. -f-Du meel, Icel. idea of perplexity for the sb. mjol, Dan. meel, Swed. mjol, G. mehl. Teut. type *melwom, ucut. All from Idg. Mazer, a large dnnking-bowl. (F. O. H. G.) M. E. maser. A.Y. mazer root MEL, to grind, as in O. Irish mel-im, the 2nd grade (Bozon) O. F. masere, a bowl of maple- Ch. Slav, mel-jq,, I grind O. H. G. masar, is Teut. *;///, to grind, as in Icel. mala, wood, also of metal. mark in wood, also maple. -4- Icel. mosur r, Goth. maJan, O. H. G. malan to grind, a maple-tree, spotted wood whence cognate with Lith. ma/ti L. molere.
perfect of a strong veib.)-4-O
;

mik, ace. Swed. Dan. mig Goth, mis, G. mir, dat., mich, ace. dat, mik, ace. For the stem, cf. Corn, and Bret, me mi L. mihi, dat., me, ace. Irish, Gael.
;
;

May

'

'

'

mosur-bolli,

mazer- bowl,
;

because

made of maple-wood

so called the maple'

wood was
from
its

called mosurr or spot-wood But being covered with spots the word for spot is only preserved in

a repast. (E.) M. K. mele. a time, portion of time, stated time (hence a common meal at a stated time, not a hastily snatched repast).
(2),

Meal

A. S.

nit$l,

(i)

4*Du. maal,

(i) time, (2)

meal

Icel.//v<7/,

320

MEAN
measure, time, meal ; Dan. maal, Swed. Goth. mSl^ a time m&l) measure, meal G. mahl, a meal, mal, time. From Idg. VME(ME) ; cf. Mete and Moon. See
;

MEDLEY
mechanical.
iKiJ,

L. m?chanica.

science of machines.

Gk. jtrjx&v-* Gk. /*i;x aM7> a

device, machine.

Medal.
medatlle.

Prellwitz, s.v. /WSo/Mu. (i), to have in the mind, intend. M. E. menen. A. S. mienan, to in(E.) tend, -f* Du. meenen, Dan. mene, Sv\ ed. mena, G. meinen. Cf. the &b. seen in O. H, G. meina, thought, allied to minm,

Mean

See Machine. O. F. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Ital. medaglia (Low L. meddlta,

Late L. *metallea, medalla, a small coin). L. metallum, metal. fem. See adj.

Metal.

Meddle.
simply
medler',
in

(F.-L)
sense
'

M. E. medlcn,
to

as a means. be due to confusion with Mean (3), which (L.) From L. mcdiatus, pp. of mediare, ' be in the middle (Palladius). It does not to L. sometimes meant middling See Medium. Der. appear that it was confused with A. S. medius, middle. wane, wicked, or with the Icel. meinn, mediat-ion, mediat-or. hurtful. Medic, a kind of clover. (L. Gk.) Gk. MrjSttrrj, Median grass; (3), intermediate. (F. L.) A. F. L. mcdua. meien (F. moyeti}. ~\^.medianus, extended icm. of Mr/8</cos, belonging to JWedta. foim from medius, middle; see Mid. Medicine, a remedy. (F. L.) O. F. Der. mean, sb., common in pi. means. medectne. medicina. l,. li*. medtats, a

Mind. Mean (2), common. (E.) M. E. mene. A. S. m<ene, usually ge-mne, common See Common. O. Fries, mene, common. ^[ The peculiar sense of base, vile, may
memory.
See
;
*

the O. F.

mix.*
to

A. F.

metier,

mesler,

mix

Late L. misculare, to mix; (F. meter}. cf. L. mtscelhis, mixed. L. miscere> to

mix.

See Miscellaneous.

Mediate, adj., acting by or

Mean
Mean
i.
;

(4), to
i^cd.

lament. (E.) Jn
1623).

v.

330

bemoan
in

see

Moan.
iii.

M N D. A. S. m&nan, to So also, probably,

(L.

Zend madh,

Merch. Ven.

5.

82.

Meander, a winding course.

;

Gk.)

L. Maander. Gk. McuWfyos, a winding stream Pliny, v. 29. Measles, a contagious fever accompanied by small red spots on the skin. Cot. (E.) 'Rougeolle, the meazles M. E. masclcs (14th cent.). From A. S mask- , a spot (Toller). Cf. Du. mazelen, measles also called mas el- sue ht, measellThe lit. sense is sicknesse/ Hexham small spots cf. M. Du. maesche, ma$che, maschel a spot, blot/ Hexham. The ong word occurs in M. H. G. mase, O. H. G. masa, a spot. See Mazer. K. mesel, <{[ Wholly unconnected with M. a leper, which nieiely meant orig. a
'

Cf. mederl, to heal treat medically. Der. medical, Late L. medi{alts, from medic its (above) ; medicate. Medieval, relating to the Middle Ages. Also written medieval. Coined (L.)

physician.

L.

to

from L. medi-us, middle; au-um, age;

see

Medium

and Age.

Mediocre,
mediocre.
;

middling See Medium.

meditari, to I attend to.
sea. (L.)

F. L.) middling. (F. L. mediocrem, ace. of mediae t is, formed from medi-us, middle.
(L.)

Meditate.

From
Cf.
i.

pp.

of L.

ponder.

Gk.

/i'5o/*en,

'

Brugm.

Mediterranean,
L.
the
; ;

591. inland, said of a mediterrane-us, situate in

'

middle of the land. see middle terra, land Terrace.

L.

medi-us^

Medium

and

wretch,'

from O. F mesel, L. misellus, from L. miser, wretched. Measure. (F - L.) M. E. mesw e. O. F, mesure.
\.. menstira, measure. L. mcnsus, pp. of metlri, to measure. See

(L.) L. medium, the midst, also a means; neut. of medius, middle. Allied to Mid.

Medium.

Medlar. (F.-L.-Gk.)

The name

Brugm.

n.

771.

M. E. mete. (E.) (for */w<7/).-f'Icel. matr, Dan

Meat.

A.

S.

mete

mad, Swed.

mat, Goth, mats, O. H. G. maz, food. Cf.

Mate

of a tree, bearing fruit formerly called medles. M.E. medler, the tiee, also called medte-tree (A. F. medlt = O. F. meslt\ O. F. mesle, a medlar (whence Gascon mesplo. meslier, the tree)
;

(i).

L.
pertaining

Mechanic,
L. (F. Gk.) sense 'mechanic

M.

art.'

to machines, mechanike, in the O. F. mechanique

y

mespilum. (whence also F.

Gk. pam\ov, a medlar

nefle)*

M.

Medley,

L.") confusion, mixture. (F. E. medlee -A. F. medlee\ O. F. medk,

MEDULLAR
melle, mesle (fern, medlee, mellee, meslee], pp. of the verb medler, to mix, confuse.

MEMENTO
medlee = 1?.

See Meddle.
mttte.

The

fern,

form

Medullar,
(L.)

L.

medullaris,

belonging to the marrow. L. medulla adj

meed. - A.
,

marrow.
S. Meed. (E.) M. E. mede, med, beside meord (with r for older 2). Goth, mizdo Russ. -f- G. miethcy hire; mzda, Gk. m<r66s, pay, Fers. muzd, wages. Idg. types *meizdha, *mtzdha, *misdhos.

from the honey in it. Gk. /tcAt, honey ; Aomfe, lotus, clover. Meliorate, to make better. (L.) From pp. of Late L. meliorare, to make better. L. melior, better, -f- Gk. /j.d\\ov, rather, comp. of /*aAa, adv., very much. ' Mellifluous, sweet. (L.) Lit. flowing sweetly,' flowing like honey.* L. melli-, decl. stem of mel, honey; -fluus, see Fluent. flowing, fromjluere, to flow
'

Cf.

Gk.

t*\t,

Goth,

mihth,

Irish mil,

W.

m$l, honey.

Brugm.

i.

226.

Meek.
agile,

(Scand.)

M.
;

E.

meke,

Icel. Ormulum, 667 meek, mild N. Fries, mjock* Svved. mjuk, Dan. myg, soft. Cf. Du.

spelt meoc,

meek; mjukr,

soft,

muik

Goth.

*mtiks,

in

conip.

miika-

modei gentleness. *mnkoz.

,

Tetit. types

*meukoz,

Mellow, fully ripe. (E.) M. E. melwe, ong. soft, pulpy. Pegge notes that, in Derbyshire, a mellow apple or pear is called a mealy one and mellow may be an adjectival use of meal. The M. E. melwe may represent A. S. melw-, as in Cf. Du. melwe, dat. of me lit, meal. mahch, Low G. mats, soft, mellow; from
;

Meerschaum,
making pipes. (G sea- foam (because
;

a substance used for

)

Teut. *malan-

to grind;
,

see

Meal
;

(i).

Du. mot men to moulder, mut, soft Goth gamalwiths, crushed Du. See Franck, s. v. mollig. molhg, soft. flf Perhaps confused with O. Merc, merwe, tender (Mat xxiv 32 E A. S. meant, G Meet (0fit. A. S mat-, 3rd murbe, mellow. small, ong. measured grade of mctan, to mete. Cf. G. massig, MelOCOton, a quince, a peach grafted on a quince (Span. L. Gk.) InNares. frugal, from messen, to mete. See Mete. Meet 0), to encounter, find, assemble. Span, mclocoton (Pineda). Late L. melwn O. Merc, moetan A S. cotoncum (Ducange). Gk. I*.T\XQV Kvow(E.) M. E. meten metan, to find, meet (for */notian'). Formed vtov, a quince. See Quince. Melodrama. (F Gk.) Formerly by mutation from A. S. mot, a meeting, melodra??te. mtfodrame* acting, with assembly. +Icel niceta^ moeta, from mot Goth, gamot-jan, Swed. mota, Dan. mode, songs. Gk. yucAo-?, a song; 8^a/xa, an
G. meerschaum, lit. it is white and light). G. meer, lake, sea; schaum, foam, lit. scum see Mere (i) and Scum.

Note
;

also

>

to meet.

See Moot.
*

action,

drama
v

see

Drama.
Gk. ) M.F. melodie.
a singing.
/jfAoySta,

a fossil quadruped, (Gk. ) Lit. great wild beast/ Gk. _ great; Qrjpiov, dimm. of Orjp, a wild beast. megalosaurus. (Gk.) Lit. 'great

Megatherium,

melody. L meldaia.
Gk.
song,
melon.
aJSiJ,

F.

L.

Gk.
,

/xeAyScis, adj

musical.
;

Gk.

/ue'A-os,

L. Ck.) O. F. mclonem^ ace of meld, an Megrim, a pain affecting one side of apple-shaped melon. Gk. /j.rj\ov, an L. the head. F. migraine, apple, also applied to other fruits. Cf. L. (F Gk.) the megnm ; Cot. Late L. hemigranea, malum, apple, prob. borrowed from Gk. Gk. -fjiuKpcunov, half of the E melten, pt. t. malt, Melt. (E ) megrim. Gk. i)f-, half Kpavlov, cranium. skull. pp molten. A. S me It an, pt. t. mealt.+ Melancholy, sadness. (F. L Gk ) Gk n\5(tv, to melt. Allied to Skt. Supposed to be due to an excess of black midit, O. Slavonic mladtt, soft; lirugm. M. E. melancohe. O. F melan- i. 580, ii. 690. fVMEL.) See Mild. bile/ L. melancholia. cohe. Gk. Member. (F.-L.) F. membre. \*.
lizard.'

Gk.

/*-yaAo-, decl

stem

allied to

/irya-?, great

oavpos, a lizard.

Melon, L

a song, ode a fruit (F.

see

Ode.

'

'

melancholy.
bile, gall,

Gk. fj,(\ayxo^os jaundiced. Gk. p(\av-, stem of /teAar, black x ^ ??

,

membntm,
I

membrane.
..

cognate with
L.

1^.

gall.

Melilot,aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.)
melilot (Cot.).
?nettldtos.

M.F
i

member. Brugm, i 875. (F.-L.) F. membrane. membrana, a skin covering a member

a

of the body, a

membrane
a memorial.
42),

L membrum.
(L.)

Memento,
322

L. me-

\QJTOS, AtcAiAwroi',

a kind of clover,

named mento (Luke xxm.

remember me;

MEMORY
ii.

MERE
menstrtLOUS.
stru-us, monthly.

imperative 8 4 6.

ofmemim, I remember; Brugm.

menstruum. (L.) Late L. men(F.-L.) M.E. memorie. A..memorie; ^.mdmoire. L memona, struum, a solvent a word in alchemy memory. L. memor, mindful, remember- from the notion of some solvent agency of

From L. men(L.) L. mensis, a month.

;

Memory.

ing.

This L.

duplicated form
Hfp-t/jLva,

memor appears to be a recf. Gk. pp- pep-os, anxious,

;

menstrual blood.

care, thought.

Allied

to

Skt

stnr, to

remember.

(^SMER.)

Mensuration, measuring. (L.) From L. mensuratio, a measuiing. L. mensuL. ratus, pp. of menstirare, to measure.
mensura, measuie
;

F. mental Late L. went-, stem of notes for remembrance, records; pi. of L. mentaliS) mental metis mind. memone, memory (above). 431 (2). Brugm. i. Menace. (F. L.) O. F. menace mention, a notice, (t L ) F. men* L. menti- t L. pi. nnnaiice, threats. L. ace. mentionem. L. mindc-, twn. stem of mmax, full of threatemngs, also, decl. stem of metis, mind (above). L. mini?, things Mentor, an adviser. (Gk.) Gk. MeVprojecting forward. explained projecting forwaid, hanging over and rojp, Mentor (Homer, Od. n) L. -minere, as adviser cf. L. monitor (Vanicek). ready to fall, hence threats. as in e-tninere, to project, jut out See Monition. Menagerie, a place for keeping wild Mephitis, a pestilential exhalation. animals. (F. L mephitis ^Veigil). F. mtnagcne, orig a (L.) L.) place for keeping household animals (BraMercantile, commercial. (F.-L.) F. manager, to keep house. Late F. F. wm*/?/,'merchantly;' Cot. chet). L. wereant-, stem of pres. L. mercantile. mtnagc, O. F. tnesnage^ a household. O F. mcsnee, mcisnee, maisnec, a family pt. of mercari, to trade L mere-, stem the same word as Late L tnansnada^ of merx, merchandise. Cf. Gk. /xapTrrctv, maisnada, masnata, Ital. masnada, a to seize (Prellwitz). * family (answeiing to a Lat. t} pe 'mansionmercenary. (F. I, ) F. mercenaire. at a) L. mansion-, stem of mansio, an L. mercenarily, older form rnercenndFor *merced-nanus see Mansion rnts, a hireling abiding, abode (K L.) M. E. mcnden, shoit fioni merced-i stem of mercer, pay. L. for M. E. amendcn, to amend, by loss of a men-, stem si merx, merchandise. see Amend mercer. (F L.) F. meraer, IK 'a Mendacity. (L) From L. mcndd- trader.' Late L me) urius* a trader. L. falsehood L. mcndai-, stein of men-, stem of merx, meichandise. cita\,
(

a record. (F. L.) Commoner in the pi. memoirs. O. F. memoire^,

memoir,

see L.)

Measure.

Mental.
y

F.

'

'

Mend.

mendax,

false.

merchandise.
chandiw.
(below).
F.
i

a beggar (L ) L. niendlcant-, stem of pies pt. of mendicdte, to

Mendicant,
L mend

(F.- L.) M.E. marmarchandiw, merchant's man hand, a merchant

beg
(

ens, beggarly, poor.

one of a household, servile - L.) Properly an adj. M. E. meyueal, as her mcyncal chirche - the church

Menial,
k

'

of their household, \Vychf, Rom. xvi 5 ^ me.\nec, tncunee, a household whence M. E. mcinec, mainee, a household, troop, letinue, once a common word with sufhx -al. See Menagerie. Meniver, Miniver, a kind of fur.

E. marmerchant. (F. L) M. F. marchant (F. mat chand}. chant. L. mcrcant-, stem of pres. pt. of mercarT, to trade see Mercantile.
;

mercury
menurie,
planet
tits,

quicksilver.

quicksilver,

men lire

M.E. mcmuer \ineniver O.K. menu ver, menu vair, miniver;

(F.
L.)
'

Meicury. L. AlercitmtM^QK.c.ofAIcnurMerciuy, god of traffic. L. mere-,

\

(F.~L M.E. named after the F. A. F. Met curie

lit.

minutus,
,

O. F. menu, small, from L. vair, a fur, from L. uariu* variegated. See Minute and Vair.
little vair.'

stem of mcrjCj merchandise. mercy. (F. L) F. mem\ O. F. menit. L ace. of merces\ see
,

small

mercenary
(i\ a lake (E.) M. E. mere. A. S. mere, sea, lake, m. ong. type *mari, ^u- meer\ Icel. marr, sea; G. meer, Goth, marei, Russ. more, Lithuan. sea
; ;

Mere

Menses.
;

(L.)

L.

pi. of discharges Allied to Month.

menses, monthly a month. rnensis,

323

MERE
mdres, pi., mare, sea.

METAL
L. merits,

W.

mdr, Gael. Irish muir, L.

(L.) (F.)

Mere
pure,
mtrelle,

(2), pure, simple.

unmixed

(as wine).

middle, cognate with L. medins ; Zvrepov, See Mid and Bntrail. Mesh, the opening between the threads M. E. maske. A. S. max of a net. (E.)
entrail.
st

Merelles,
unknown

game.
;

From

F.

a counter
origin.

Low

L. merellus.

Of

(=*masc, by the common interchange of and cs~x)\ cf. A. S. ma sere, a mesh,

Meretricious,

alluring

by

false

show.

knot, magstas, a knitting-needle, allied to megsti, verb fpres. t. mezg-tt), to knot, weave nets. From an Idg. root *mezg, to Merge, 816 (2). weave. Brugm. i. Mesmerise, to operate on the nervous Meridian, pertaining to mid-day. (F. system of a patient. (G.) Named from L meridianus. L. ) O. F. meri'lien. Mesmer, a German physician (about 1 766). L. merldies, mid-day formed from the (i)> a dish of meat, portion of M. E. messe - O. F. me?, old locative men-die, as if meaning in the food. (F. - L ) a dish, course at table (now spelt mets, clear day,' from L. merus, clear, dies, day Cf. Ital messo, a course at table. but ically for *mcdi-die, from medius, mid. badly). O. F. mes, that which is sent, pp. of Brugm.^i. 587 (7) L. missum, ace. (or neut.) mettre, to send. Merino, a variety of sheep. (Span. in late L.) Span, merino, roving from pastuie to of missus, pp. of mittcre, to send See Missile. Span, merino, an inspector of Lnt., to place. pasture. (F ~ (2), a mixture, disorder. sheep-walks. Late L. major inus, a majordomo, steward of a household cf. Late L. L.) The same word as above food badly From L. cooked. Perhaps confused with mash, sb. mdjoralts, a head-shepherd.
gain, receive hire. to sink, plunge under water. (L ) L. mergere, to dip. -f- Skt. majj, to dip, bathe. Brugm. i. 816.
;

(L ) L. meretrtct us, pertaining to a courL. merefrtc-, stem tesan; with suffix -OHS. of meretrix, a courtesan. L. merere, to

u watts* I eel. moskvz, dimin. form, -f Dan. maske, Swed. ma ska, G. masche, W. masg Ong. sense a knot,' from the cf. Lithuan. mazgas, a knots in a net
-

^
;

'

Mess

Mess

Major greater ; L.) excellence, worth. (F. merite. O. F. merite L. met ituw, a thing deserved ong. neut. of merittts, ' pp. of merere, to deserve; ong. to receive as a share,' if it is allied to Gk. ptpos, a share, ncipofjuu, I receive a share.
mdwr,
see

'

Mescolare, to mixe, to mash, to

*

mesh;'

Merit,

Flono

Mescolanza, a medlie, a MCS/I, a

id.

M. E.

a manor-house Low mansuagium.*- Late L. mansioniiMermaid. (E.) M E. mermaid. tuiim, a mansion; prob. shortened by A. S. mere, sea, lake; mtrgden, mniden. confusion with mansdttcum, ace. of mansMerry. (E.) M. E. mene, mine. dtnus, a mansion. L. mansionem, ace. A. S. myrge, myrige <mirige}, merry. Cf. of man\to, a mansion confused with O. H. G. murg-fdri, fragile, transitory Late L. manw, with a like sense and Gk. (Spaxts, short so that A. S. myrg-e origin. See Mansion and Manse. Gk. /ura,prep., (for *murgjoz] means 'lasting a short time,' Meta-, prefix (Gk and so making the time short/ Cf. Goth. among, with, after; as a prefix, it com104. monly signifies gantaurgjan, to shorten. Brugm. ii. change.' -f- Goth until, Der. mirth. A. S. mid, G. ;////, with Icel. meti. Mesentery. (L.-Gk.) L. mesenter- Metal. (F -L -Gk.) M.K.meta/.~ ium Gk. filter cvrepioi', a membrane in O. F. metal. L. metalluyi, a mine, metal. the midst of the intestines. Gk. /utV-os, Gk. /WraAAoi', a cave, mine, mineral,
;

a blackbird. (F.-L.) F L. metula, a blackbird. Cf W. mwyalch, a blackbird. See Titmouse. merlin, a kind of hawk. (F. L. ?) M. E. me? lion M. F. esmertllon, emenllon, 'the hawk termed a marlm;' Cot. Cf. Ital. smerlo, a kind of hawk. Prob. from L. merula, a blackbird the initial s

Merle,

mixture;* Message. (F.-L.) F. message L. Late L. mtisdticuw, a message. Der. mis 'ins, pp of mittere, to send messenger, with inserted n, for M. E. me^ager, formed fiom message with
suffix -er.

merle.

Messiah,
Heb
to anoint.

the anointed one. (Heb.) Ileb. mdshakh, masJriakh, anointed.

Messuage,
offices.

a
)

dwelling-house

(F.

M. E mesuage
;

me*

cage,

with A. F. L. messud-

being unoriginal (Diez).

giitm,

'

METALLURGY
metal.
Allied
to
/ieraAXdcu,

MEW
I
in

search }yncan, to seem.-f O. Sax. thunkian, Icel,

metals.

after, explore.

- L. - Gk. (F.

metallurgy,
)

working

O. F. metallurgy.

- Late
;

fykkja, Goth, thugkjan, i. e. *thunkjan, G. Allied (by gradation) dunken, to seem

to A. S. J>anC) a thought, and pencan^ to think. See Thank, Think.

L. *metalh4rgia,

G\t. ftTaAAoi/p-yos, adj.,

working in metals. Gk. /ic'raAAo-r, metal ^f L. /7^-Gk. epynv, work; see "Work,
ot/<oe.

Metamorphosis, transformation. (L. Gk. fACTafjiopGk.) L metamorphosis*

a change of form. Gk. ywera, here ' denoting change'; and fio/w/joco, 1 form, from /*op<i7, sb., shape. Metaphor. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.F. metaCot. L. metaphora. phore, metaphor ; Gk. peratyopd, a transfeiring of a word
tpuats,
' '

F. methode, (F. - L. - Gk.) a method Cot. L. methodtts. Gk. fitOotios, an enquiry into, method, system. Gk. fJifO-, for ftT-d, among, after ; o6os, a way the lit. sense is a way after, a fol-

Method.
;

'

'

lowing

after.

(VSED.)
used of
spirits of

when mixed with methyl to make it undrinkable. (L. Gk.) formed with suffix
-ated from methyl meaning a gas procured by the destructive distillation of \\ood. Methyl is a Latinised spelling coined from Gk. fitOv, mead, wine (see N. E. D.), and
>

Methylated,

wine

from its literal signification Gk. fjiraGk. //era, signifying <pepiv, to transfer. change' <f>fpttv, to bear see Bear (i\
' ;
;

V\T} }

wood.
the putting of one word Gk.) L. metonymia. change of name. Gk.
ovofia, name. change rhythm, verse. (F.
;

Metaphrase.
(ppaais,

(Gk

)
;

From Gk. /*cralit.

Metonymy,
for another. (L.

paiaphrasing
//era,

phrase.

Gk.

change of signifying 'change',

;

Gk.
fj.tra,

nerwvvfjiia,
*

and

<ppaais, a

phrase

see

Phrase.

'

implying Gk.)

Metaphysics,

(L. Gk.) L. metaphysica, neut.

the science of mind. Formerly also metaphysic.

Metre, Meter,
L.

M. E

metre.
is
'

M.F.

metre,
t

Gk. pfTara the study was supposed

pi. metaphysics. tyvaiKa, after physics ; because

'meetcr;' Cot
that by
*

L metrum.^G\i.^rpov
measured, a
;

to follow that of
\..

physics or natural science.

Metathesis. (L.-Gk)
sis.
'

metathe-

Gk. ftTa0<rts, transposition. Gk Otats, a placing /iera, implying change see Thesis. E< meten Mete, to measure. (E ) A. S. metan.ict measure. -f-Du. meten^ Icel. meta (to value), Swed. mata, Goth, mitan, G. mesien. Cf. L. modus, measure, Gk.
'

metre. cf. Skt. ma, to measure. See Bmgm. li. 62. Der. baro-metcr, chrono-meter, geo-mctry^ hexameter, hydro-meter, hygro-meler, pentameter, thermo-meter, tngonometry t trimeter, &c.

which anything Lit. measure

rule,

Metropolis, a mother-city. (L. Gk.) L. metropolis Gk. /^TpoiroA.!?, a motherthe city of a primate. state Gk wrpo-, for WTTJP, a mother; irt>A<s, a city. See
;

/ie'8-o/iai,

I provide for.

(y^MED

Mother and

Police.

Metempsychosis,
souls (Gk.)
f(jLif/vxooj t

transmigration of

Gk.

niTtii\f;v\Mois.

Gk. /T-

body
'

to
'
;

in use (Schmidt) With special allusion to change soul. See Psychical. the metal (or mettle] of a sword-blade. Meteor. (F. Gk.) M. F. meteore, a (i), to cry as a cat; a word of meteor;' Cot. Gk. pfTtapov, a meteor; imitative origin. (E.) M. E. maiven -f neut. of adj. pfrccupos, raised above the Pers. ?naiv, Arab mua, mewing of a cat. Gk. /^cra, among Der. meivl* from F. miauler^ to mew. earth, soaring in air. *afopos, prob. from ucipttv, to lilt (see (2), a sea-gull. (E.) M. E. waive. A. S. tridw, mi~aw meu, a mew. -4* N. Prellwitz). Metheglin, mead. (W.) W. medd- Fries. Mftvt, E. Fries, wave, Du. meeuw, /^/yw.meacX lit. healing liquor meddyg Icel. mar, Dan maage, Swed. make, G. moive Cf. O. H. G. mch, a mew. (irom L. medicus\ healing llyn^ liquor. Methinks. (E.) Lit. it seems to me (3), a cage for hawks, &c. (F. here me is the dat. case, and thinks is an L.) The pi mews now means a range of impers. verb, from M. E. finken, to seem. stabling, because the royal stables were A. S. me fynceti, it seems to me ; from rebuilt (A. D. 1534) in a place where the
*

the soul pass from one another. Gk /<T-a, denoting M- (for l>), in, into ; fax-i), the

make

spint, ardour. (F. L.-Gk.) Another spelling of metal \ in Shakespeare, no distinction is made between the two words in old editions, either in spelling or

Mettle,

Mew

Mew

'

Mew

325

MEWL
royal falcons had been kept (Stow). M. E. meive, mtte, a cage where hawks
%
;

MIGHT
midding.
'

Dan. mbdding (for *mogdynge}. Dan. mog (Icel. myki], muck; Dan. were kept when moulting. O. F. mue a dynge, a heap lit. muck-heap '). Dan. = Swed. dynga, dung; allied to E. moulting, also a mew for hawks Guernsey <#/ mue, a mew. F. muer, to change, moult. dung. And see Muck. L. miitare, to change. Der. mew-s, as Middle* adj., intervening also as sb.
; ;

above.

See Mutable.
(
;

where Michel = F. Michel, from

of engraving. sb. Cf. Icel. medal, prep., among. mittil, adj Ilal. mezzo tmto, half tinted. (Ital.-L.) Ital mezzo, mid; tinto, pp. of hngere, to Der. mtddl-tng middle-most, an ill-coined tint. L. mcdins, mid tingere, to dip, dye. supeilative, on the model of after-most , pollution, infectious matter. foremost. midriff, the diaphragm separating the (Gk ) Gk. /uiWyua, a stain. Gk. fjiiaivciv, M. E. heart from the stomach, &c. (E.) to stain. Mica, a glittering mineral (L.) 'Mica, midrif. A. S. midrif, also midhrif. a crum, little quantity of anything that A. S. mid, middle hnf, the belly, -f breaks off also, a glimmer, or cat-silver, O. Fries, midref, from mjd, middle, ref, a metallick body like silver, which shines nf, the belly Vv.Middel-rtf. With A.S. in marble,' &c. Phillips, ^1706). L. mica, hnf si L. (orp-us, body. a ciumb; cf. F. and Span, mica, mica. midship, short for amid-s/np ricnce But it seems to have been applied to the midship- man. mineral from the notion that this sb. is midst, tlie middle. (E.) /;/ middcst, related to L. muare, to shine, which islSpensei, F. Q. vi. 3. 25; formed, with added /, from M. E. in middes, equivalent probably not the case Mich, to skulk, play truant (E } M. E to amiddei see Amid not midwife. CE.) midwif rarely muihen, to pilfer. A. S *myccan found, but allied to G. mcuchhng ^, insidi- /;//Y/t'w// Wyclif ), from a false etymology which connected it with M. E. medc or Der. mnh-o\ muh-ing i^Shak.). ously. Michaelmas, the least of St. Michael. meed, reward. A. S. mid, prep., together w ith ivif, a woman. Thu the lit. sense is michelmc^c Heb. and L ) (F.
;
;
;

Mewl; see Mew i). Mews see Mew (3). Mezzo tint 0, a mode
;

(E.)
adj.,

M.E.

middel,
adj.

adj.;
sb.

middel,

sb.

A.S. middel,

midd, middle. -f-Du. middel, adj. adv. and O. H. G. G. mittcl, sb., means
S.

and

A.

Miasma,

ME

ME
'

Heb.
;

woman who

ib

with another,' a helper.

Mikhad, lit. 'who is like unto God?' The suffix -mas M E wesst' A S. HI^SSC
from

Cf.

A.S. mid-wvrctiH, to work with.

So

L mis^a see Mass Mickle, great. (E

;

i.

M.E.

mikel,
\

A.S muel mycd}. -f- Icel. mikill (myk2//}, Goth mtkih Cf. also Gk. ptyas, great, ptyaXr), great.
mukel, michel,muihel.
L. tnagnus.
.

Span, (.o-madtc, lit. 'co-mother,' a midwife. Cf. Du medehelpen, to assist G. (from mcdc, with, hdpen, to help) mit-hclfer, a helper with, assistant M. E twgge, myggt. Midge. 'E
also
;

See

Much.
a little world.
fF.

MicrOCOSm,

L.

1" T, microLO^mus miciocosme. Gk.,i Gk. (ik. fnKp6f(o<Tfj.os, a little world.

nudge, gnat. G. tnitgge, Swed. mygg* Dan. myg,{\. muikc. Tout. iy\)*mutya, f.,or *muiyoz, m.; prob. 'bu/zer;' cf. Gk.
-f-

S.

mug^

better niyig, a
I,o\v

I>n.

mug,

/-upo-s, little, for

cr/xf/cpos,

little

Kua^us,

to mutter, /-una, a ily (Pi ell wit?) also Icel my, a midge.
fjiv^ftv,

world
ing
little

see

Cosmetic.
an instrument for view(Gk.)
;

microscope,
small
;

wife

objects
(E.)

Gk.

piKpo-s,

0Koir-(Tv, to see

Mid,
(in

middle.

see Scope. M. E. mid.

-

Midriff, Midship, Midst, Midsee Mid. ; Mien, look. (F.-C.) F. W*H* 'the look;' Cot. (Whence Ital. mina, Ilat?-

S.

mid, midd, adj. -f

D U ^ an
-

Swed m?d-

O
Cf.

compounds)
II

Icel.

miQr, Goth. ?md]i,

G.

mitti,

^Eolic /leo-aoy,
Ir.

L. medius, (ik. //fVos, Skt. madhya-, adj., middle.

Prob. from Bret, mm, mu/zle, beak (also used of men). Cf. \V. ////;/, Ir. men, mouth Corn, mem, men, lip Celtic type lip, mouth (Thurneysen). *makna (*mekno-^, open mouth (Stokes).
feld.)
;

mid-, as in mid-nogt, midnight.

a dunghill. (Scand.)

See

Medium, Middle.
M.
E.

Might
S.

(i ),
;

strength

E.

)t.

miht

O. Merc, mceht.

Midden,

Icei.

mdttr,

Dan.

Swed.

Du. magt, magt, Goth.

-f-

326

MIGHT
f.

MINCE
Lit.
*

mahts, G. macht. Teut. type *mah-tiz, from the verb *mag-an-. See May ( I ). See (E.) (2), pt. t. of may.
;

May

Mill. (L.) M.E. milft, my In, mulne whence mille, mulle, by assimilation of n. A.S. my In, mylen. Late L. mulina^ for mignonette, dimm. see Minion. molma, a mill extended from mola, a Migrate. (L/) Frompp.ofL.w/rr<f, mill. See Molar. Cf. Gk. tl/zei^civ, to change. to wander. Millennium, a thousand years. (L.) L. millennium. L. mtlle, thousand; Milch ; see Milk. Mild. (E.) M. E. mild, milde. A. S. aunus, year see Annual. wi/dfe.-f-Du. mild, Icel mildr, Dan. Swed. Millet, a plant. (F.-L.) F. millet;
(i).
;

Might

fellow. see Sop.

bread sopped in milk ; hence, a soft - M. E. milk, milk soppe, a sop ;

;

'

Mignonette,

F. a plant. (F.) of mignon, darling;

G. nnld\ O. Sax. mildi,

O.H.G.

milti.

dimin. of mil, millet

millet.

(ioth. -mild*, in un-milds, without natural affection Perhaps allied to Gk. /j.a\OaKus,
soft,
i.

L. milium, millet (whence A.S. mil, millet). -f Gk. /xeXur/,

mi/laner (Ben Jonson). Disputed; but certainly for Milaner, a dealer in goods meledeaw, mildeaw, lit. honey-dew. A. S brought from Milan in Italy. deaiv, mcle, mi?, allied to L. mel, honey Million, a thousand thousand. (F. L.) dew. So also Irish milt eog, mildew from F. million; Late L. millio, lit. 'great L. And cf. Gk. /xeA.<, honey. mil-, honey. thousand,' an augmentative form. Mile. (L.) M. K. mile. A. S. mil - rmlle, thousand. Der. Hence b-ilhon, L pi tnilia, commonly nnllia, a Roman tr-ilhon, quadr-ilhon are formed, by a order to express shortly mile. L. millf, sing., a thousand whence sort of analogy, m i lie (\A millia\ passuum^ a thousand the ideas of bi-milhon^ tn-millton, &c. ( f. Du. to the second power,' paces, a Roman mile. mijl, G. where bi- means not twice/ all from L. mcile, Swed. mil Dan. mill Milt (O, the spleen. E ) M. E. milte. milfoil, yarrow. (F. L.) Lit. 'thouA. S. milte. -f- Du. milt, Icel. milti, Dan. F. mille, thousand sand-leaf.' A. F Late 1 nnllefohum, mtlt, Swed. mjaltc, the spleen; G. mils, foille, F. ft'ui/lt'. leaf. milfoil. CT. milzi, milt. FYom the verb to nnllc, thousand folium, leaf; O. melt in the sense to digest cf. Icel. melt a, see Foil (2,. Militate, to contend. (L.") From pp. (i ) to malt, (2) to digest. See Melt. L. of L. mill tare, to serve as a soldier. Milt (2), soft roe. (Scand.) A corruption of ?//z/,due to confusion with mtlt (i). tnilit-, stem of miles, a soldier. militia, tioops. (L.) L. militia, (i'i M.E. mylke of fyshe Vocab. 591. 16. L. nnht-, stem of Swed. mjolke, milt, from mjblk, milk warfaie, (2) tioops. soft roe of fishes, lit. fishmile*. a soldier. Du. Milk. (E.) M.E.w/#. O.Merc.wz/f milk;' G. fischmilch, milt. Cf. A.S. /#?/r, m<,oluc.+ melcker van een visch, the milt of a fish, (Sweet, O. E. T/) Du. ;w//, O. Sax mi Ink; Icel. mjolk, Hexham. Gk /) L m im icus farcical. Dan. wi/, Swed. mjolk\ Goth, miluks, . (L G. milch. Teut stem *meluk-, fem. Allied Gk. /.u^i/efo, imitative. Gk. A"ftos, an to the old strong Teut. vb. *melk-an-, as imitator, actor, mime. seen in A. S. melcan, Du. and G. melken, Minaret, a turret on a mosque. (Span. to stroke a cow, milk; allied to Gk. Span, nnnarete, a high slender Arab.) Arab, manarat, a lamp, lightd/u&'yci!', L. mulgcrc, to milk, Lith. /;uV.tt- turret. O. Irish bltr-im, I house, minaret. Arab, manar, candle/?, to stroke, to milk milk. Allied to Arab. (VMELG.) stick, lamp, lighthouse.
,
; ;
,

mild, O. Irish meld, pleasant. Brugra. 591. Mildew. (E) M. E. meldew. A. S.

Milliner.

(Ital.)

Formerly

also

'

'

',

'

Mimic

milk-giving. (E.) M.K milche, cf A. S. mile-en, adj., milkr, mjdlkr, adj., milkmilky. So also G. giving, from mjolk, milk. melk, adj., milch. milksop, an effeminate man. (E.) M. E. milksoppe, Ch. C. T. 13916 (B 3100).

milch,

nar fire.+Heb. manorah,

%

a candlestick

mehhe,

adj.; Icel.

from

nfir, to shine.

Mince,
to

to
cf.

M.E. mmccn.
mince
;

cut up small. (F. L.) M.F. mincer ,O.F\mincier,

Late L. adj., small. mince (Schwan, 199) ; fiom Late L. minutia, a small piece. "-L.
mince,
*miniitiftrc, to

327

MIND
Cf. A.S. minsian, to SeeMinish. Der. mince-pie, formerly mineed-pie, i.e. pie of minced meat. Mind. (E.) M.E.mM. k.S.gemynd, memory. A.S. nnman, to think gemunan, to remember (whence gemynd for *gamnndi-, by mutation). -f-Goth, ga-munds, Teut. type *mundiremembrance. f., for *muntht-, by Verner's law Idg. type manti- (cf. L. ment-ts, gen. of mens, mind From the weak grade Skt. mati-, mind). to think. of Brngm. i. 431. -y^MEN,

MINUS
small.
fern, allied to

minutus, small.

diminish.

L. min-ima, very small superl. min-or, less. See Minor. Minion, a favourite. (F.) F.
;

F. mignon, adj., minion, a favourite. Of doubtful dainty, also pleasing, kind. origin. Cf. G. minne ^ love ; see Minikin. Or from Celt, mm-, small (Korting).
sb.,

mignpn,

Minish, to lessen. (F.-L.) M.E. menusen. F. menuiser, to minish (answerL. miniitus, ing to Late L. *mmittiare).
small
;

see

Minute.
(F.

Doublet, mince.

Mine (i), belonging to me.

pi.
;

(E.)

M.

E.

gen. of ist pers. pronoun. -f Goth. meins, poss. pron. allied to meina, gen. case of ist pers. pronoun ; so in other Teut. tongues. Cf. L meus. See Me. my. (E.) M. E. mi, my short for
;

mm, A S. mm,

mine often shortened to my. win, poss. pron. (declinable), fiom formed with

M. E. ministre. L.) L. ace. mini strum; nom. F. mmistre. L. min-is-ter is minister, a servant.

minister.

suffix

-ter

allied to min-or, smaller; mm-, small ; see Minor.

fiom *min-es, from the base

Miniver

see

Meniver.
;

min

(above), by loss
(2),

of

final

n.

Der.

my -self, M.E. mi-self,

formerly me-self.
F. (F. C.) Cf. Bret, men;

Mine

to

excavate.

miner.
gleuz,

Of

W. (cf. cleuz, hollow) mine, mivn-glaivdd, a mine a pit), O. VV. mwyn, ore (cf. clawdd, Irish mem, ore; Gael, mem, (Davies) memn, ore, a mine (Thurneysen). Celtic
a mine

Celtic oiigin.

a small fish. M. E. (E.) menow. A. S. myne, a minnow cf. O. H. G . muniiva, a minnow (Kluge). ^f We find another word, viz. M.E. menuse, a small fish from C). F. menuise, a small fish. Late L.type *mmutia. L. miniitus, minute, small see Minute.

Minnow,

mwn,

ore, a

(L.> L. mm-or, less ; the S \'}, Irish positive form occurs in min, small. Icel. minnr, adv., less, Goth.

Minor,

less

mm

mmniza,
cf.

less.

Brugm.

i.

type *memi, ore (Stokes^

Minster. (L.-Gk.)
'

84.

S.mynster\
L. monaster-

mineral.
minerall;' Cot.

(F.

M.F. mineral, a F miner, to mine (above").

C.)

O. H. G. niumstn.
;

Fiom

turn

see

Monastery.

Cf. Span, minera, a mine. see Meniver. ;

Minever
Mingle,
of

to

mix

(E.)

A
;

frequentative

ming, to mix (Surrey); M.L. mengen, mingen, to mix. A. S mengan, a causal verb. to mix, to become mixed A. S. mang* a mixture, usually geman, gemongi a mixture, crowd, assembly. -f-Du. mengelen, to mingle, from mengen, to mix Icel. menga, G mengen, to mingle. See

form

E. minislral, (F. L.) or menestral O. F. menestrel, meneslral. Late L. mmistrahs, a servant, retainer, hence one who played instruments or L. minister, a servant; acted as jester.
see

Minstrel.

Minister.
,

Der. mmstrel-cy,

M.E.

mmstralcie.

Mint (i
(L
I

cf.

painting. (Ital. L.'. Ital. Ital, mimatura, a miniature. miniato, pp. of mimare, to dye, paint, * to colour or hmne with vermilion 01 red L. minium, cinnabar, red lead Floiio. said to be of Iberian origin. lead Iffj-mfrifij a little darling. (Du.) Used by Florio, to tianslate Ital. mignone.'** Du. M. Du. mmnekyn, a cupid (Sewel) minneken, my darling, dimin. of minne, love (Hexham Cf. O. H. G. minna, love ;
'

Among, Monger. Miniature, a small

L.
I
|

) a place where money is coined. M.E. mint, mynt. A.S. mynet', O. II. G. mumzza '(i. munze}. From moncta* (i; a mint, (2) money (Pogat)

scher).
in

Moneta was a surname of Juno, whose temple at Rome money was L. moncre, to warn; Brngm. n coined.
79.

See
l*.

Money.
a plant. t'L.-Gk.) A.S. menta, mentha. (j\i. pivOa,
a dance.
(F.

Mint
nnn(e. mint.

(2),

) .

from the small steps taken in it. M.F. Cot. menuet, 'smallish, little, pretty Dimin. of F. menu, small. L. miniitus,
'

Minuet,

L.)

So
;

called

allied to

Mind.

a note in music ^V n f a drachm. (F. L.) O. F. minime, lit. very

Minim,

(y'MEN.)

small
;

see

Minute.
less.

minus,
less
;

(L.)

Neut. of minor,

see

Minor.

MINUTE
minute,
' ;

MISPRISE

sb. (L.) M. E. minute, sb. menos-, from L. minus, less ; with the L. minuta, a small part orig. fern, of sense of bad.' Frequently confused with minutus, small, pp. of minuere, to make the prefix above. Der. mis-adventure L. min- t small ; base of min-or, (q. v.), -alliance, -chance (q. v.), -chief small,
less.

See Minor.

(q.

\.\-count

(q. v.),

-creant (q. v.),

(F.

-nomer
O. F.

G. minsk, (i) masc. a man, (2) netit. a pert female. Cf. G. mensch, neut., a wench. The G. mensch was orig. an adj., fiom mann, a man. Cf. A. S. mennisc, human from mann, a man. See Man.
;

Low

Minx, a pert wanton woman. (LowG.)

(q. v.), -prise (q. v.).

Misadventure.
mesaventure
ture.
TTOS,
;

see

Mis-

L.) (2) and

Adven-

Miocene,
for
fjitiojv,

less recent.
;

(Gk.)

Gk.

/zeto-,

less

Kaiv-6s,

new,

recent.

Gk. luaavepwGk. iua-tiv, hating mankind. to hate, from fua-os, hatred avGpcuiros, a man. Der. misanthrop-ic, -ist, -y (Gk.

Misanthrope. (G1O
adj.,

Miracle.

(F.

L.)

F. miracle

L.

L. mirari, to miraculum, a wonder. wonder at. L. minis, wonderful. Cf. Skt. smaya-, wonder, from smi, to smile. Allied to Smile, Urtigm. i. 389. mirage. (F. L") F. mirage, an

Miscellaneous,
miscellane-us
cellus,
;

various.

(L.)

with
L.

suffix -ous.

L. L. missee

mixed

miscere, to

mix;

Mix.

Mischance.
O. F.
meschance\

F. mircr, to look at optical illusion. L. mirari (above). Mire, deep mud. (Scand ) M. E. mire,
I eel. myrr, mod. myn, a bog; myre. Swed. myra, Dan. myrc, myr, a bog. O. II. G. tnios, M. II. G. miL*, moss, *mcitz-. Teut. base *mettsswamp.

M. E. L.) (F. see Mis(2)

and and

Chance.

>

M. E. meschief. ) (F. O. F. meschief, a bad icsult. Cf. Span. See Mismcnos-cabo, diminution, loss. (2} and Chief. Miscount. (F. L.) Q.Y.mesconter-,

Mischief.

-L

Allied to Moss.

see

Mis-

(2)

and Count.
(F.

M. E. mirour (F. L) O. F. mireor, later miroir,^. looking-glass, mirror (answering to Late miratotiuni}.

Mirror.

Miscreant, a wretch.
an unbeliever, misbelieving
'

L.)

Orig.

infidel.
'

Cot.
(2).

M. F. mescreant, Here mes- < L.

Creant
is

Late L. mJrare, to behold See Miracle.

L. mirari.

minus

see

Mis-

from L.

Mirth.

(E.)

M. E. mirthe.

A. S.

credent-, stem of pres. pt. of credere, to believe. Cf. Ital. miscredente, misbelieving ;

myrg^, mirhfi, mtngb, mirth. A. S. myrge, merry. See Merry. Mis- (0, prefix. (E.) The A. S. misoccurs in mis-dfcd, a misdeed, and in It answers to I)n. other compounds. Dan. Icel. mis Swed. G. miss-, Goth. Teut. mtssa*, with the sense of \viong.'
,

and E. re-creant.
Spenser, F. Q.
Cf. Ital.
11.
i
.

See Creed.
(L."i

Miser, a niggard.
8.

Also

'a wretch';

miser, wretched.
(i) wretched, (2)

and Span, misero

avaricious.

miserable.
pity

'

L.) (F. L. miserabilis, pitiable.

}K$. miserable.
L. miserari, to

typo *misso-\

Idg. type *mit-to-; allied to O. II. G. midan (G. meideii), to avoid Lat. mitterc, to send away, pp. missus. Brngm.i 794. Ber mis-become, -behave, -believe, -deed, -deem, -do, -give, -lay, -lead, -like, -name, -shape, -time, -understand. Also prefixed to v\ ords of F. and L. origin,
;

L. miser, wretched. Mishap, i Scand.) M. verb, to lall out ill; see

mishappen,
(i)

Mis-

and

Hap.

Mishna,
i^Heb.)

second
repeat.
It
'

a digest of Jewish traditions. mishnah, a repetition, a Heb. root shanah, to part.

Heb.

asm

mis-apply, -calculate, -cany, -conceive, -iondmt, -construe, -date, -demeanour, -em-

ploy, -fortune, -govern, -guide, -inform, -interpret, -judge, -place, -print, -pronounce, -quote, -repiesent, -rule, -spend, -term, -use, &c. Also to Scand. words, as in mis-call,

a misnaming. (F. L.) answers to an O. French mcsnommtr, to misname used as a sb. wiih the sense O. F mes-, badly nowa misnaming. mer, to name See Mis- (2) and Nominal.
; 1

Misnomer,

-hap, -take.

See Miss
(F.

(i).

Misspelling mischief.

(2), prefix.
is

L.)

The proper

Misprise, Misprize, to slight (F. L) In As You Like It, i. I. 177.

f ' ;

M. E. met-, as in mes-chief, M. F. mcspnscr, to disesteem, contemn The same as O. F. me-, Span. Cot. - O. F. mcs-, badly Late L. prttiare,
;

329

MISPRISION
to prize, esteem, from L. pretium, price. See Mis- (2) and Price. Misprision, a mistake, neglect. (F.

MITRE
taka, to take by error, make a slip. See mis-, wrongly ; taka, to take.
(i)

Icel.

Mis-

and Take.

M. F. mesprison, 'mispnsion, error, L.) Cot. Cf. F. mtprise, a mistake. offence O. F. mes-, badly, ill ; Late L. prensionem, ace. viprensio (short for L. prehensio} a seizing, taking, apprehending, from L. ^[ Quite distinct prehendere ; to take.
' ; ,

a title of address. (F. L.) corruption of master, due to the influence of mistress, which is an older word than mister ; see below.

Mister, Mr.,

from misprise.

Miss
missen.

M. E. (i), to fail to hit. (E.) A. S. missan, to miss; also, to

escape one's notice (lare). From a base *mith-, weak grade of *meith-, as in A. S. and O. S. mitian, to conceal, avoid, escape notice (as well as in G. meiden, O. H. G. midan, to avoid). See Mis- (i).-f-Du. missen, Icel. missa, Dan. miste (with exG. missan, to crescent/), Swed. missa, O miss ; also Du. mis, Icel. mis, adv., amiss

a lady of a household. (F. ' L.) O. F. maistresse, a mistress, dame Cot. (Y.maftresse.) Fern. ofO.F. maistre, a master see Master. Mistery, Mystery, a trade, handi-

mistress,

'

craft.

(F.

L.)

The mystery plays

;

(better

were so called because acted by craftsmen from M. E mistere, a trade, craft, Ch. C. T. 6i5.-O. F. mestier, a trade, occupation (F. metier}. Late L.
spelt mistery plays)

also

Du. mis-,

Icel mis-,

Dan. mis-, Swed.

misterturn (also written mysterium by confusion with that word in the sense of mystery '), short form of L. mimsterium, employment. L. minister, a servant ; see
'

G. miss-, wrongly. Allied to L. mittere, to send ; see Missile. (-/ME IT.) Der.
miss, sb., a fault,

Minister.

M.E.

imsse, Will, of

Pal erne, 532

L.)

Miss (2), A contraction

miss -ing. an unmarried

;

woman
;

(.F.

of mistress

Evelyn's

Diary, Jan. 9, 1662. See Mistress. Missal, a mass-book. (L ) Late L Late L. missa, missdle, a mass-book.

mass; see

Mass
a

(2).

A final n has been ) A. S. miste/tdn.-*K.$. mistel, also like G. mistel} with the sense of mistletoe tan, a twig, cognate with Icel. teinn, Du teen, Goth, tains, Dan. teen, Swed. ten,
mistletoe. (E
lost.
;

Mistle-thrush. fE.) So called from feeding on the berries of the mistletoe from A. S. mistel, mistletoe (below), -f- G. misteldrossel, mistle-thrush.
;

Mis tie- thrush. may be thrown. that may be (L ) Properly an adj thrown.* L. missilis, that may be thrown.

Missel-thrash ;

see

Missile,

weapon

that
,

'

twig, spindle. -f-Icel. mistelteinn, mistletoe. Pei haps mistel is related to (x.misf, dung. Cf. M. Du. mistel, bird-hine (Kihan),
*
'

missus, pp. of mitt ere, (perhaps for *nriter), to throw, send; pt. t. mtst.+ O. H. midan, to avoid; see Miss (i;.

glew

(Hexham).
;

Mistress

see Mister.

Brngrn.

i.

930.

mission.

L
ing.

O. F. and F. mission. (L.) missionem, ace. of mnsio, a sendL. miss-us, pp. Qtimittere, to send.

missive, 'a letter sent Cot. Coined from L. miss-us, pp. vimittere, to send.

missive.
' ;

(F.-L)
S

Mist.
the

E.)

mist, gloom, darkness.

ambiguous, as apL. Gk.) In the mistiness phrases misty language and of language/ misty is not from E. mist, but is short for mystic see Palmer, FolkEtymology. See Mystic. Mite Ci), an insect. (E) M. E. mite, A. S. mite, a mite, -f- Low (i mite, Du. myt, O. II. G. miza, a mite. Tent, type
(2), doubtful,

Misty Misty
'

(i), adj.

formed from Mist.

(F.

plied to language.

4- Icel. mistr, Du. Swed. mist, mist. Apparently formed type *mik sfoz

Tent,

*miton-,
biter;

f.

The word moans

'cutter,' i.e.
cf.

from

*mig- (>w///- before si}, Idg. Icel. mite (2), a very small portion. (Du.) *migh- (weak grade of root *metgh}\ as seen in Lithuan. migla, Russ. mgla, Gk. M.E. Mtte. M. Du. mijt, mite, a very also small com, mite, bit cut off. See above. o/*/xA7, mist, Skt. mih-ira-, a cloud Skt. megh-a-, a cloud, from ihe stronger Mitigate. (L.) From pp. of L. mJti;

base

from Tuut. base MKIT, to cut; See Emmet. meita, to cut.

grade.
distinct

(^MEIGH, to darken; peihaps gare, to make gentle. L. mit-is, gentle from -y'MEIGII, as appearing in -igare, for agere, to make.
Mitre,
to err.

L. mingere.}

Mistake,

(Scand.)

Icel.

mis-

(F.

a head-dress, esp. for a bishop. L. - Gk.) O. F. mitre. - L. mitra, a

330

MITTEN
cap.

MODERATE
head- band,

(some edd. moans} in Shak. M. N. D. v. Der. bemoan, vb., substituted for fillet, turban. 330. Mitten. (F.-G. or C?) M.E. mi- M. E. bimenen, A. S. bi-mtenan, to bemoan. a mittain, wintertame. F. mitaine, Moat. (F.-Teut.) M.E. mote.-Q.Y. Gascon mitano. Origin dis- mote, an embankment, dike Norman dial. glove,' Cot. motte, a moat, foss. [As in the case of puted see Hatzfeld, Korting, Scheler. Mix, to mingle. (L.) A back forma- dike, the same word means either the L. mixtus, mixed, trench cut out or the embankment thrown tion from mtxt, pp. cf. Low L. mota, pp. of misccre, to mix. -f" A. S. miscian, up, or both together also W. mys- (i) a mound, (2) a mound and moat to mix G. mischen gu, Gael, measg, O. Irish mescaim, 1 together; also spelt mottaJ] The same mix, Russ. mieshate, Lithuan. maiszyti, word as F. motte, a clod, lump, sodd, L. miscere, Gk. fjuffytv (for ^fii turfe, little hill, butt to shoot at;' Cot}, to Extended grave. Cf. also Ital. motta, a heap of earth, mix. Cf. Skt. mifra, mixed. from ^MEIK ; cf. Gk. jj.iyvvjjti, I mix. also a hollow, trench (like E. moat), Span. Der. mash, mota, a mound Romansch mtwtta, rounded 707, 760. Brugm. i. Of Teut. origin; from Bavarian mott, hill. q.v.

Gk. fuVpa, a

belt, girdle,

'

'

mixture. (L.) L mixt us, pp.

(above).

L. mixtura, a mixture.

peat, heap of peat (Diez).

Prob. allied to

Mud
j

cf.

Mixen, a dunghill. (E.) M. E. A S. mixen, meoxen, the same,

A.
S.

mixeit,

l^rom

mix, meox, dung.

y

grade of migan to
f

urine.

A. S. nng-, weak Cf. G. mist.

a ship. (F. a sail F. misaine, explained by L.) * Cotgrave (as the foresaile of a ship/ Ital. mezzana, a saile in a ship called the poope
Ital.
'

Mizen Mizzen,

or misen-saile
'

Florio.

Cf. Ital. mezzano,

'

a disorderly crowd. (L.) of mobile uulgus, i. e. fickle crowd. Both mob and mobile were in use, L. mobile, in the same sense, A. r>. 1692-5 L. neut of mobihs, moveable, fickle. mouere, to move. See Move. From (Du.) (2), a kind of cap Du. mopmuts, a woman's nightcap (where mnts means cap) M. Du. mop, a woman's coif (Sewel) ; Low G mopp, a woman's cap
(i),

Mob

Du. madder, mud.

contraction

Mob

meane man. between great and

little

(Danncil).
mobile,

seems to have been in the middle/ as a foresail between jib and mainsail. Late L. medianus, middle (whence al^o F moycn, K mean}. L. See Medium. medizts, middle.
id.
'

The ong.

sense

Mob Moccassin, Mocasin

^, molnhs
;

Mobile,

easily

moved.
see

(F.
(i\.

L.)

F.
of

shoe

E miselcn, Cath. Angl. merly misle Cf. M. Du. micschn^ to drizzle, Ilexham
;

Mizzle,

to rain in fine drops

(E

For-

deer-SKin. (N. American Indian.) the Algonquin wakisin (Cuoqj. deride. to (F.-L.)

From
M.E.

Mock,

Lo\v

mueln (Ueighaus)
dnmp, gloomy.
Cf.

E.

Fries,

Mist.

O. F. mocquer, later moquer* According to Koiting, it is the Picard torm of fnone her, to wipe the nose and Cotgrave has moi4chcr> to snyte, or make
;
'

mokkcn.

memory. (Gk.)

cleane the nose; also, to fiump, mocke, for u Inch Corblet gives mnemonics; scoff, deride neut. pi. of fU'rj/jiovtKos, belonging to me- the Picard form mouker. Cf. Ital. motcare, to blow the nose, also to mocke ;' Florio. Gk. fJLvrjfjLov-, stem of HVTJIJLQW, mory. Late L. mitt (are, to blow the nose. L. mindful Gk nvdonai, 1 remember. (From mnd, a giade of y'MEN.) miucus, minus, mucus. See Mucus. Moan, sb. (E M E. monc, a com- Mode. (F. L ) F. mode. L. modum,
the science of aiding the
'

Mnemonics,

(xk.fj.vijfj.ovtKa,

munication, also a complaint corresponding to A. S. *mdtt- (not found), supposed to be cognate with O. Fries, mene, an opinion, O. H. G. melna, an opinion, thought. Hence was foimed A. S. mtinan,
;

ace. of
lied to

modus, measure, manner, way.

Al-

Mete.
^F.
'

model.
^F.

- Ital. - L.) M.
Ital

Brugm.

i.

412.

modelc]>
;

to mean, intend, relate, also to complain, moan, lament, M. E. mcncn^ to lament,

now

obsolete, its place being supplied by the form of the sb., used as a vb. See
further under

frame, mould L. modulus, a standaid, measure, which is again a dimin. of modus, measure. Der. re-model.

F. modelk * a modell, modello, From dimin. of Florio.

Mean

(i).

^[ Cf.

means

moderate, temperate. (L.) From pp. of L. moderari, to regulate. From a stem

331

MODERN
moder-, for modes' extended from mod-us, a measure. See modest. modern. (F. L.) F. moderne. ^L,. modernus, belonging to the present mode extended from a stem moder- (above).
,
;

MOLECULE
This verb answers to a Late L. *mollidre,
to soften

Thus

L. molli-s, soft. not found. the senses were, to soften, moisten,

;

dirty, soil oneself, drudge.

Moire,

watered

silk.

(F.)

From

F.

moderate, chaste, decent. (F. F. modest e. L. modestus, modest, L.) lit. keeping within measure.' From a see neuter stem modes-, with suffix -tus

modest,
'

moire, used in two senses.

In the sense mohair, it is borrowed from E. mohair In the sense of watered silk, (Hatzfeld). it may represent L. marmoreus, shining

moderate

(above).

Bragm

small Neut. of L. modicus, moderate. measure.

modicum,
modify.

132. (L.) quantity.

11.

L. modus,

from marble, marmor, marble but this may be only a trans(Korting) ferred sense of the former.
like
;

Moist. (F.-L.)

M.

E. moiste,

often

(F.

L.)

F.

modifier.

modi are fie moderation

L. modi-, for modus, measure, -ficat e, foifacere, to make.

modulate, to regulate. (L.) From pp. of L. modular!, to measure by a L. modulus^ dimm. of modus, -standard. a measure ; see model.

with the sense 'fresh'; Ch. C. T. 459, O. F. moiste, later moite. Etym. 12249. disputed; (i) from L. musteus, new, from L. mtistum, must (2) from L. muccidus, mucidus, mouldy, from L. mucus
;

Mogul, a Mongolian. (Pers.) Pers Moghdl, a Mogul; another form of Mongol.

(Korting); (3) from L. mnstidus, later form of mficidus (Hatzfeld). Der. moistute, O. F. moisleur. Molar, used for grinding. (L.) I. moCf. molere, Idris, adj., from mo/a, a mill.
to grind.

Mohair,
ot

cloth

of fine hair.

(Arab.)
ii.

changed spelling (by confusion with

mockatre
(Hakluyt,
273)
;

hair)

(y'MEL ) Brugm Molasses, syrup made from L (Port. Formerly melasses

ii.
)

690.
sugar. Port.

whence

F. mouaire (1650),

also F. moncayar. kind of coarse camlet or hair-cloth; Rich.

Diet., p. 1369.

mod. F. moire Arab, mukhayyar, a

Mohammedan.
Arab,

(Arab.)

A follower

of Mohammed.

muhammad, praise-

worthy.

Arab, hamada, he praised. a gold coin. (Pers.) Pers. muhr, mithar, a gold coin worth 16 rupees muhr, muhur, Rich. Diet., (Wilson)

Mohnr,
;

153.4-

a Portuguese gold coin. See Bailey's Diet. - Port. i moeda d'ouro, a moidore, lit 75-. money of gold.' L. moneta, money de, See Money. of; aurum, gold. Moiety, half. (F. L.) F. mottic, a L. medietdtem, ace. of medietas, half. tedietas, a middle course, a half. L. medtus, middle. See Medium. Moil, to toil, drudge. (F.-L) Formerly moile, to defile with dirt later moil, 'to dawbe with dirt, to drudge Phillips. The older sense was to dirty, hence to

Moidore,

cf. Span, melaza (sained L. melhueus, made with honey. L. met, honey. Mole (i), a spot or mark on the body. E. ) M. E. mole. A. S. mal, a spot ( whence ( mole by the usual change from a to long <f). f O. H. meil, Goth, mail, a spot. Mole (2), an animal. (E ) M. E. molle M. Du. and Du. mol\ Low G. mull Prob. related to M. Du. (Berghaus). ' the dust or crumblings of turf,' mul, Hexham M. E. mul, A. S. myl, dust

melafo, molasses;

(Port.-L.)

which are further related to

Mould

(i).

sense may have been earth -grubber,' or 'crumbier,' from the weak grade of to pound. Cf. E. Fries, mullen, , to grub; mulle, a child that grubs in the mullground mulle, mul, a mole Low worm, a mole (Danneil). ^f Another name
; ;

The

'

'

Hen. IV. ni I. up mould.' M. E. moldwerp from mold, mould, See "Warp. Cf. werpen, to throw up.
(i

was formerly moldivarp

149),
lit
' ;

the animal that casts

led. moldvarpa, a mole, O. H. G. multivurf,

I

drudge, from the dirt consequent on toil, Spenser has moyle, to sully, Hymn of

Heav. Love,

st.

32.

Still earlier,

we have

F. moilto moisten, wet. ler, moiler (Littre'), later mouillcr, to wet, moisten, orig. sense, to soften, which (in

M. E. moillen,

Ital. L.) (F. F. mdle. Jtal. molo, mole, a great pile Florio. L. molem, ace. of moles, a great
' ' ;

G maulwurf Mole (3), a bieakwatcr.

heap.

molecule,
molecula
;

the case of clay)

is

effected

by wetting

it.

Bailey.

an atom. (L.) Formerly Coined from L. moles >

333

MOLEST
a heap
;

MONTH
of mixed breed
(small pike).
;

the true form

(F.

would have been

L.) ^.molester.
,
;

cf.

cock-er-el, pick-er-el

molicula.

A.

S.

mang, a mixture.

Molest, to annoy.
;

See Mingle.
F.

L. molestdre. L. moles tu* troublesome formed with suffix -tus, from a stem moles-, allied to molirT, to extended from motstrive, and to Mole (3). Mollify, to soften. (JF.-L.) M.F.wtf/hJier.
-Jicarey

a warning, notice. (F. L. ) L. ace. momtionem. L. monitus, pp. of moriere, to advise, lit. to

Monition,
monition.
to

make

think.

(^MEN

Brugm.

ii.

L. molhficare.
for
soft.

L.

facere,

to

make.

moll-is, soft; Cf. Skt.

ii.

Monk.
munuc

(L.-Gk.)
an

M.E. monk.

mrdu-j
690.

Allied to

Melt ; Brugm.

L. monachus. solitary; sb., a monk.

A.S. Gk. povaxfo, adj., Gk. /*OF-OS, alone.

Monkey,
ItaL
L.)
;

ape.

(Low G.
>ke
is

F.

I;. (F. L.) F. mollusque. which some mollusca, a soft-shelled nut L molluscs were supposed to resemble.

mollusc.
soft.

Borrowed from M.

Low

G.
in

Moneke, the name of the ape's son

Remke

de

Vos (where

for -ken,

moll-is

',

Molten, old pp. of Melt, Moly, a plant. (L. Gk.)

Gk.
/ttcuAv;

q. v.

L.

moly.L.

Homer, Od.
(F.
L.)
;

x. 305.

Moment.

F. moment.

momentum, a movement hence, an instant L. of time short for *mouimentum.

dimin. suffix; so that the F. version has Formed with Monnekin\ Godefroy). Low G. dimm. suffix -ken = G. -chen, from M. Ital. mona, M. F. monne, an ape. monna, an ape, a munkie, a munkiealso a nickname for women, as we face
l ; '
;

Monna is Florio. say gammer, goodie ; mouere* to move. See Move. Doublets, a familiar corruption of madonna, i e. my lady, mistrcbs; Scott introduces Monna momentttm, movementMonad, a unit, &c. (L.-Gk.) L. Paula in the Fortunes of Nigel. See same source is monad-, stem of monas, a unit. Gk. /zo^a?, Madonna, fl" From the M. Ital. monicchio, a pugge, a munkie, a unit. Gk. JJLUVOS, alone. monarch., a sole ruler. (F. L. Gk.) an ape Florio. This is the Ital. equivaGk. povap- lent of the Low G. word. F. monarqtie. ]^. monarcha. Gk. pov- (foi Mono-, prefix, sole. (Gk ) Gk. povo-s, Xn$i a sovereign, sole ruler. and dpxtw, to rule. single. povos), alone - Gk.) L. monastermonochord, a musical instrument monastery. (L. ium, Gk. povaffTfjptov, a minster. Gk. having but one string see Chord. So Gk. also mono- cotyledon, mon ocular, mon-ode^ alone, a monk. S, dwelling Gk. /*oi/os, alone. mono-logue (from Gk. \<ryos, a speech), faiv, to be alone. Der. moHast-icJrom Gk. HOVCLO-TIKOS, living mono-syllable, mono-tone see Cotyledon, in solitude. Ocular, Ode, Syllable, Tone. monopoly, exclusive sale. (L. Gk.) (E.) M. E. monenday, later Monday. of moneday, monday. A. S. monan d<rg day L. monopolium. Gk. povoirw\iov, right
'
' ; ; ;

of the

See motto, of L. dies luncc.

moon moon

wheie monan

is

Moon.
to

the gen. of translation

(L.)

monopoly

fcovoircuAt'ct,

monopoly.

Gk.

/IOPO-S, sole; TrwAciV,

to sell, barter.
(Ital.

Monsoon,
money.
Malay.

Monetary,
L. monctartw,

relating
lit

a periodical wind. Arab.) Ital. monsone

Malay

L. moneta, (i)

belonging to a mint. See a mint, (2) money.

musim, a season, monsoon, year. Arab. Arab, wasm mawsim, a time, season.
(root ivasama), marking.

Mint

(i).

O.F. L.) lA.'E.tnonete. monetf (t monnaie}* L monSla, (i) mint,

money.
.

(F.

Monster,
rnonstre.
L,.

F. a prodigy. (F.-L.) monstrum, a divine omen,

"

(2)

money

see

Mint

(i).

a dealer, trader. l^L.) Hence E. monger iron-monger, coster-monger. A. S. mangere, a dealer, merchant ; A. S. mangian, to traffic. L. mango, a dealer.

Monger,

(For *mon>es-trum. portent, warning. L mon-ere, to warn.

;

animal of a mixed breed. (E.) Spelt mungril in Levins (1570). It stands for *mong-er-el> i. e. a small animal

Mongoose

see

Mungoose.

Mongrel, an

Month. (EJ M. E. moncth, later from A. S. monafi, a month month. mona, moon. See Moon.-fDu. maand\ Icel. manutir, Dan. maaned, Swed. manad\ G. monat, Goth, menoths, a month. Teut, stem *m&ndth~. Cf. also Lithuan. menesis, Russ. mieuats\ L mensis, Irish and

333

MONUMENT
Gk. pfiv, Skt. mas, a connected with Moon, q.v. Monument, a memorial. (F. L.) F. monument. L. monumentum, a memorial. L. monu-, for moni-, as in moni-tus, pp. of monere, to advise, remind; with suffix -men-turn. Blood (i), disposition of mind. (E ) Prob. sometimes confused with mood (2), but properly distinct. M. E. mood, mind, A. S mod, also temper, anger, wrath.
mis,

MORDACITY
proper sense of moot is 'meeting/ as in moot-hall, hall of assembly ; hence, to moot is to discuss at a meeting, and ' a moot point is one reserved for public discussion. M.E. motien, to discuss. A.S.
'

Gael, mios,
;

month

all

motian, to
discuss
;

from A.

converse, address a meeting, S. mot, a meeting, also

gemof,

mind, courage, pride.

Icel. moftr,

+ Dn..moed, courage
;

in gemot phr. witena esp. meeting of wise men, parliament. -f-Icel. mot, M. H. G. muoz, a meeting. Teut. base *motJ Der. meet. (i), an implement for washing

wrath,

moodmess

Dan. Swed.

Mop

mod, G. mnth, courage; Goth, mods, wrath. Teut. type *mo-do- (where -do is a suffix).
Cf.

Gk.

/-tcu'o/zcu,

I strive after.

Der. mood-y^ A. S. 196. N. E. G. 1608.

Brugm. i. modig\ Sweet,

Mood
(F.

The same word as Mode, but confused with mood (i}.

(E.) a masc. sb.-f-Du

L)

(2),

manner, grammatical form.

q.v.
;

In a late ed of Florio's ' is explained by a manikin, a map of clouts or rags to rub ' Halhwell gives mop, a napkin withal Prob. from O. F. mappe, Gloucestershire. a napkin (afterwards turned into nappe). ^ L. mappa, a napkin (of Punic origin). See
floors.

(F.

L.)

Ital. Diet.,

pannatore

E. mone, A. S. mona, maan, Icel. mam, Dan. maane, Swed. mane, Goth, mena, G. mond,

Moon.
II.

Map. ^f Cf. strop, strap The Celtic forms are from E.

;

knop, knap.
(E.)

The same word

word
i.

Mop
e.

(2),

a grimace
as

to grimace.

mope (below).

O.

G.

masc

Teut. type *mtenon-, Cf. also Lithuan. minn, Gk. 771/77

/-i
,

ma no.

mope, to

be dispirited. ^E.)
*
;
1

The same
mops'

as mop, to grimace
;

cf.

in the

Skt. mas, moon, month. Peihapsjt meant the 'measuier' of time. ^y'ME) See

sulky \HalhwelO. -f Du. moppen, to M. Swed mopa, to mock pout, be sulky

(Hire);
(T.

Brugm.
(Arab.)

i.

132,

11.

132.
secretary,

Wcstphal. mopen, to grimace; nniffig, sullen, pouting (^Flugel), Bavar.

Moonshee,
Arab,

interpreter
secretary,

munsht,
tutoi.

language-master or

Moor

And see Miijfcn, to growl, j^out (3). a line of stones at the edges of a glacier. (F. Teut ) F. moraine', cf.

mow

Moraine,

(i), a heath.

(E.)
;

M. E. more.
;

Ital

mora, a
a
'

pile

of rocks.
the
lit.

Bavarian

A. S mar. -f M. Du. moer, moor, mud Icel. mor Dan moerlandt, peaty land mor, Low G. moor O. II. muor, marsh, Teut. type *moroperhaps pool, sea. related (by gradation) to Goth, maici,
,

mur, sand and broken

rocks in
valley
;

stones, fallen

from
being

sense

crumbled matenal.' Cf. G. perhaps Icel. murbe^ soft, O. H. (i. mttntwt merja, to crush.
;

sea,

lake

or to Skt.

maru,

a desert,
(E.)

mountain.

See Mere.
(2),

Moor
A
S.

Moral. (F. \^\ F. moral. I >. mofrelating to conduct.

;//Jr,

L. morahs*
t

from nom.

to

fasten

up a

ship.

Cf ropc. niarren, to

*mar-ian, whence nitereh, a moonngDu. mcren (Fr.inckj, usually

tie,

Du

Moor
L.

bind, moor a ship. Africa. (F. (3), a native of F. More, a Moor Cot. L. Gk.;

'

'

-Low G.) moeras, marsh, len M. Du. moerasch^ ndj belonging to a moor, as if from the sb moer moor, mire, but really an altered form of M. Du. marasch, macrauh, a
;
,

a manner, custom. MoraSS, a bog (Dn.-F

Manrus.
(Mirisheu),

Gk.
i.

black-a-moor,
e.

Per. Mau/>os, a Moor. of blackmoor corruption black Moor.

;

marsh (Kilian)
,

O.F. maresque, mat eschc,

;

adj. marshy ; also, as sb., a marsh L. manscus.'-l^QVf G. marsch, a

Low

elk. (W. Indian.) See Marish, Marsh. name 'Knisteneaux *morask], Swed. moras, Dan. morads^ a cited in the rnorass all from Du. or Low G. mouswah, Algonquin musu Cent. Diet. Cuoq cites Algonquin mons Morbid, sickly. (F. -L.) Y.morbide.

Moose, the
native

American

marsh. Cf. G. morast (for

The

W.

Indian

'

(with

).

Moot,
used
gives
in

to discuss a point.
*

CE.)

Chiefly

Minsheu a moot point.' phr. moot as a verb, to discuss. The

L. morbidus, sickly. L. morbtts, disease. Allied to mor-i, to die; Brugm. ii. 701. Mordacity, sarcasm. (K-L.) Little used. F. mordacitt. L. ace. morddci-

334

MORE
L. tatem, from morddcitas, power to bite. L. morddc-, stem of mordax, biting. mordere, to bite. Cf. Skt. mardaya, to rub, break in pieces, fiom mrd, to rub.

MORTAR
(above) by adding the substantival (not participial) suffix -ing ( = A. S. -ung). So also even-ing, from even.

morwen

Brugm.
distinct

ii.

More.

794. (VMERD.) This does duty for (E.)

viz. (i) a. larger,

two

Morocco, a fine kind of leather. Named from Morocco, in N. Africa; which was named from the Moors dwelling there.
;

Morose. (L.) L. morosus, self-willed mo, more in The former (i) in a good sense, scrupulous; (2) in a number, (2) more, is from A. S. ma, more in number, L. mor~, nom. mos, orig. bad sense, peevish. an adv. form, like G. mehr, Goth. mats. (i) self-will, (2) custom, use. ^[ Confused p. The latter is from the corresponding with L. mora, delay, in the i /th cent. adj. A. S. mdra, greater cognate with Morphia, Morphine, the narcotic I eel. meiri^ Goth, maiza, greater. See principle of opium. (Gk.) From Gk. Most. ^[ The notion that mo is a posi- Mo/></>U9, Morpheus, god of dreams (Ovid); tive form ib quite wrong the positive lit. shaper,' i.e. creator of dreams. Gk. forms are mtich, mickle, many. The r Hop<f>r), a shape, form. Der. meta-morphin more represents an earlier -z- which in osis, a-morph-ous from //o/xpi;.
; l ;
t

M. E. words,

the adv. (being final) Brugm. i. 200.

t

was regularly

lost.

Morganatic. (LowL.-G) Low

,

Morris, Morris-dance. (Span. L. Gk) Ihe dance was also called a

mori\co,
i.e.

L.

Moorish dance.

Span.
j.

morganatic a in the phrase matrimomiim Monsco, Moorish. Span. Moro, a Moor. ad morgandticam a morganatic marriage. L. MaiiniS) a Moor. See Moor (3 Coined fiom G. morgen, here short for Morrow. (E.) M.E. morwe, from an morgengabc, lit. morning- gift, ong. a pre- older form morwcn (from A. S. morgen], sent made to a wife on the morning after by lobs of final n. Thus See Morn. marriage, esp. if the wife were of inferior M. E morwcn gave use i) to morrow, by rank. See Morn. loss of n (2) to morn, by loss of w, and Morian, a Moor. (P\ L.~Gk.) In contraction; cf. M.E. moroun, Gawain,
^ ;

Ixxxvii, 4 (P. B. version). O.K. Morien, Monaine (Godefioy). Late L. *Mauritamts, for L. Mauritamcus, a Moor. L. Mauritania, the land of the Moors. Gk. L. Maitr-us, a Moor.
;

Pss. Ixvni 31

1208. [Or else morne, dat., is from A. S. Der. tomorgene, short form morue^} morrow = A. S. to morgene, i. e. for the morrow, where to ib a prep. (E. to}, and

Maupos.

Sec Moor (3). Moripn, an open helmet. (F. Span.) F. morion. cf. Port. Span, morrion The morriao, Hal. monone, a morion. word ib Spanish, if we may accept the prob. derivation from Span, morra, the crown oi the head a word of unknown
;

morgene

ib

dat. case of

morgen, morn.
;

origin.

moron,
the

Cf. Span, morro, anything a hillock.

round;

The Mormonites are of Joseph Smith, who in 1827 said he had found the book of Mormon. An invented name.

Mormonite.
followers

a walrus. (F. Finnish.) F. morse. Finnish mursu > a mor^e whence also Russ. morj\ a morse (withy sounded ab F.y). The true Russ. name is morskaia korova, the sea-cow. Morsel, a mouthful, small piece. (F. -L.) M.E. morsel. - O. F. morsel (F. morceati}. Cf. Ital. morsello. Dimm, from L morsus^ pp. of L. morsitm, a bit. mordere, to bite. See Mordacity. Mortal, deadly. (F.-L.) F. mortal. from mort-, stem of L. mor talis, adj.

Morse,

(E.) form. Short for Riwle, p. 22.

mr, to die, mrta, dead Russ. mertLithuan. mirti, to die Pers. vuii, dead A. S. mot gen, whence murdan, to die Gk. &por6$, mortal. morwen by the usual change of rg to rw. Allied to Murder. Brugm. i. 500. O. Fries, wora.-f Du. Dan. G. morgen Mortar (i), Morter, a vessel in Icel. morginn, Swed. Goth. which substances are pounded with a morgon Teut. type *murgenoz, m. pestle. M. E. morter. A.S. mormaurgins. (L.^ Cf. Lithuan. merkti, to blink. Ong. sense ierc. L. mortdrium, a mortar.
Skt.
; ; ;

Mom.

morsy death.

From

L. mor-i, to die

cf.

M.E. morn, a Northern M. E. morwcn, Ancren

prob.

dawn/

morning.
Ch. C. T.,

mortar (2), cement. (F. L.) M.E. Doublet, morrow, q. v. F. mortier, mortar Cot. Short for morwening, mortier. 1062 formed from M. E. L. mortanum, mortar lit. stuff pounded
' '

(E.)

335

MORTGAGE
together; above.
(F.
yield,

MOTHER
Mohammedan
temple.
;

different

use

of the

word

Mosque,

(F.

Mortgage,
L.)
;

root sajada, to adore, prostrate oneself. Mosquito, a gnat. (Span.-L.) Span. became dead or lost to the mortgager on mosquito, a little gnat ; chmin. of mosca, breach of the condition. L. musca, a fly. F. mort, dead; a fly. Cf. Gk. fu/fa, L mortuus, dead, pp. of Lithuan. muse, a fly. gage, a pledge. MOSS. (E.) M.E. mos\ A. S mos, a morl, to die gage, a pledge ; see Mortal

pledge

it

a kind of security for debt. O. F. mortgage, lit. a dead because, whatever profit it might did not thereby redeem itself, but

F. mosquee Cot. Span. Arab.) Span, mezquita, a mosque. Arab, masjad, masjtd, a temple, place of prayer. Arab,

and Gage (i). Der. mortgag-ee^ where -ee answeis to the F. -/ of the pp.
L.) M. F. mortifier, (F. L mortijicare, to cause death. L. morti-, decl. stem of mars, death ; -ficdre, for

mortify.

swamp. -f-Du. mos; Icel. most, moss, also a moss or moorland Dan. mos, moss, G. moos mose, a bog, moor ; Swed. mossa Teut. base moss, a swamp, O. H. G. mos.
; ;
%

*mus~

allied to

M.

II.

rnic*,

O. H. G.
;

faeere, to

make

a hole in a piece of timber to receive the tenon. (F.) Spelt mottessc in

Mortise,

F. mortaise, a mortaise in a Palsgrave. piece of timber; Cot. Cf. Span mortaja, a moitise. Orig. unknown Devic sug' '
,

mioSy A. S. mfos, moss (Teut. base *rneus-} and to Mire Cognate with Russ. mokh\ moss, L. muscus, moss. ^[ Note E. moss in sense of bog, moorland ; hence mosstrooper.

Most.
sponding

Brugm. i. 105. (K ) M. E. most, w^/.-A. S

meest, Icel. mcstr, G. meist, the superlative form corre;

gests

Arab mnrtazz,

fixed in

the

mark masf.+Du
Goth, maists
to

(said of an arrow), very tenacious (said of a miser). (F. L.) Property trans-

Mortmain.

The
o in

o (for early
.

comp more. M. E T)
<

is

See More due to the

ferred to the church

*

was

said to pass into

more

morte main, lit. dead hand/ because it could not be alienated. L. mortuam,
ace. fern, of mart-tins,

of inanus, hand.

dead manum, See Mortal.

;

ace.

mortuary,
the dead.

(L
fee,'

belonging to the burial of ' a Chiefly m tlie phr.

mortuary mortuary

which

was

also

called

for short

Late
;

L mortuanum,

neut of mortuarius, belonging to the dead. L. mortu-us, dead pp. of mort, to die.

a particle of dust, speck. (E.) mot. A. S. mot, a mote. EHi. mot, sawdust ; E. Fries, mut, grit. Motet, Motett, a short piece of sacred music. F. motet, *a iF L.) verse in musick Cot. [Ital. mottetto, 'a Dimin. dittie, a wittie saying ;' Mono of () F. mot, a saying. L. mutt'urn a murmur see Motto.

Mote,

M. E.

'

Moth.
moktic.
;

(E

M.

E. mot he.

A.

S.

ornamental work made with small pieces of marble, &c. (F. L Gk ) F. mosaique, mosaicall Ital work;' Cot. Ital. mosaico, 'a kinde of

Mosaic-work,

curious stone worke of diuers colours

T-'lorio Late L mu\aicus, adj., tended form from L. muuettm mosaic work Late Gk povarfov, work, lit. artistic, neut. of povfftios,

' ;

an ex(opus),

mot, Icel. motti, G. motte, a moth Swed. matt, a mite. (3. Perhaps related to S mafia, a maggot, Du. G. made, a maggot, Goth, mat ha a worm. Kluge alhcb these forms to the verb to mow, i. e. to cut, as if the sense were
-f-

Du

mdWe,

'

cutter.'

Cf.

E
s

mosaic
belong-

Mother
M.
E.

(I

aftet-math. a female parent.

(L.)

moder.
J).

Gk /zoOaa, ing to the muses, artistic. a inns". Cf. Museum. Moslem, a Mussulman. (Arab. ) Arab mushtn, 'a mnsulman, a true believer in the Mohammedan faith Richardson Cf.
4

mother;
after A.

A. S moder, modor, a the change from d to th is late,

1400. -4*1 )u. mocder, Icel. modtr,
;

'

Arab, musalltm, one who acquiesces. A mussulman is one who professes is lam, i. e. submission to the will of God and to the orthodox faith. Arab, salama, to be resigned, ^f The E words moslem, mussulman, is lam, and salaam are all from the same Arab, root salama.

Dan. Swed. moder, (j. mutter Irish and {jt&\.mathair\ Russ. male, Lithuan mote, L. mater, Gk nfjrijp, Pers. madar, Skt. mdtd, mat-)-. Orig. sense uncertain.

mother
In
;

(2), hysterical passion.

(E.)

King Lear, n. 4. 56. Spelt moder in and the same word as the Palsgrave

above

+ Du.

moeder,

mother,

womb,

hysterical passion ; cf. G. mutterbeschwtrung, mother-fit, hysterical passion.

336

MOTHER
Mother
(3)* lees,

MOURN
A

mole defaceth the whole peece of lawne/ Cf. Da. Lyly, Euphues, p. 39, This is now called peculiar use of Mother (i). moer, lees, dregs, mother, variant of mocdcr, iron-mould (with added d). We also find a mother (Franck). So also G. mutter M. E. moled, spotted hence mod. E. We mouldy (in some senses) by confusion (i), a mother, (2) mother, sediment. even find Gk. ypavs, an old woman, used with mould (i). See Mole (i). in the sense of mother or dregs, ^f Not Mouldy , musty. (Scand.) Orig. disto be connected with Low G. mudder, tinct from also from mould, ground mud or with E. mud. mould as used in iron-mould. Formed Motion. (F.-L.)_ F. motion. -I,, from the sb. mould, mustmess, in which mot tone m, ace. of motto, movement. L. the final d is excrescent. From the M. E. See verb motilen, mowlen, to grow musty motus, pp. of mouere, to move. Move. formerly very common, and much used in motive. (F.-L.) M,F. motif, 'a the pp. mouled. Note also the M. E. moul^ moving reason;' Cot. Late L motivns, mould, mouldiness, answering to Dan. moving. L mot-us, pp. of mouere, to mul Swed. dial mul, muel, mujel, Swed. move. Cf. also Dan. mullen t mouldy, mogel. motor. (L.) L. mot-or, a mover. Mtilne, to become mouldy; Swed. dial. Motley, of different colours. (F.) M.E. mulas, Swed. moglas, to grow mouldy Of uncertain Icel. mygla, to grow musty. From mug-, mottelee, Ch. C. T. 271. origin. Perhaps from O. F. matteU^ as mlcel. wajgga, muggmess. See Muggy. Cot Cf. M. F. Thus mould is * muggmess in this use. 'clotted, curdled;' mattonnt, as in ciel mattonne, a skie Moult, to cast feathers, as birds. (L ) full of small curdled clouds id. [Thus The / is intrusive. M. E mouten. A. S. the orig. sense of motley was merely mutian ^mcomp. &i-muttan}, L* mutare, Bavarian cuids to change. See Mutable. matte, spotted.'] 2. Or Irom O. F. motel, (Schmeller). Mound, an earthen defence, a hillock. M. F. motteau, a clot of congealed mois- (F. L.) A F. mttnd, variant vimunt, a ture,' Cot. L. montem, ace. app a deriv. of M. F motte, hill (Vie tie S. Auban a clod, lump; see Moat Der. mottl-ed, of mons, a hill, ^f Note also A. S. mund, for O. F. mattelt above, by substituting the protection, chiefly as a law-term but also E. pp. suffix -<v/for the F. pp. suffix -<f. mund-bcorhy a protecting hill, a mound.
; ;
;

mouldiness. (E.)

'

'

'

'

I tal. motto, a say(Ital. L.) motto. L. muttiim, a murmur, muttered sound cf. L. muttire, mutirc, to murmur (^MU.) Allied to Mutter. E. molde. (E.) i), earth. A. S molde, dust, soil, eaith -f-Icel mold,

motto.
a

ing,

Mould
,

'

M
;

Mount (i), a hill (F.-L.) M.E. mount, mont. F. mont. L. mont-, stem of mons, a hill. -^MEN, to jut out; see Mound. Cf. A. S munt (borrowed from
.

L.).

mount (2), to ascend. (F.-L.) F. Dan. muld, Swcd. mull (for *mu/d) tnonter. mont, a hill. [The verb is mould Goth, mulda, dust O. H. G. due to O F a mont, up-hill.] L. montem, molt a, mould. Allied to the shorter forms ace. of mons above). seen in T)u wz//, G. mull, A S. my I, dust mountain. (F. L. N Q.lc.montatne G muljan, Icel. mylja, to crush. (. montagne}. Late L. montanea, b)cf. O The lit sense is crumbled.' fcrom Tent orm of mont ana, a mountain L. montana, mu/, weak grade oi ^/MEL, to grind. See neut. pi mountainous regions from manMeal, Mill. Der. mould-er, to crumble tantts, adj. from mons (stem mont-\ a also mould-y (which seems to have been mountain. confused with Mole (O, q v.\ mountebank, a quack doctor. (Ital. Mould (2), a model, form. (F. L ) ~ L and G ) Lit. one who mounts a M. L. molde, with excrescent </. Norman bemh, to proclaim his nostrums. Ital. dial molde, O. F. mole, molle (\*\ monle^, montawbatifOy a mountebank; M. Ital.
9
{

mould

once spelt tnodle in the

L.

2th

cent. (Littre" ).
lus,

modulum,

ace. of

moduSee

to

monta tn mount
;

dimin.

of modus,
(3),

a measure.

Mode.
a spot. (E.) For mole-, mold in Spenser, F. Q. vi. 1 2. 7. * One yron

Mould

Ital. montare^ banco, the same. Here in, on banco, a bench. montaie is the same word as F\ monter t to mount in L. fn on and banco is from O. H. G. bane, a bench ; see Bank (a).
;
;

Mourn.

(E.)

M, E. murnen.

A.

S.

337

MOUSE
;

MUFF
t
;

wurnan, to grieve, -flcel. morna, Goth. out of a stable Dan. mbg dung Norw. maurnan, O. H. G. mornen. Cf. A. S. mok-dunge, a muck-heap, allied to mukka, meoj-nan, to care, Gk. /Wp-t//va, sorrow. a heap. ^J Not allied to A. S. meox, dung.

(VSMER.)

Mouse.

(E.)

M.

E. mous.

A.

S.

mus

(pi. mys}. -f- Du. wwzV, I eel. mils, Dan. muus, Swed. wwj, G. maus, Rubs, mttjshe, L. wj, Gk ftvy, Pei s. mush, a mouse Indian muck] Hind and Panther, iii. 1188. Skt. musha-, a rat, a mouse. Perhaps fiom To run amuck =- to run about in a rage. VMEUS, to steal Skt. mush, to steal. Malay amuk, rushing in a state of frenzy See Muscle (i). to the commission of indiscriminate mur'

a term applied to Muck, malicious rage. (Malay.) Only in phr. * to run amuck,' where amuck is all one word ; yet Dryden actually has * runs an

Amuck,

Moustache, Mustache. Gk F. moustache. Ital.

)
1 ' ; ,

(F -Ital.
mostaccio,

der;' Marsden.

a face, a snout, a mostacho Flono. Gk. /uiWa/c-, stem of fivcrraf the upper a moustache, Doric form of fJtaoTa, lip, the mouth, uppei lip See Mastic. K. mouth Mouth. (E ) A. S.

MUCUS,
slime.
-4-

slimy
/iii^a,

fluid.

(L.)
;

I,,

mucus,
snuff of

Gk.
Cf.

mucus

fJ.vKr)s,

aTTo-nvaaeiv, to cast or

w#. + Du. mond. Icel.muuHr, Dan. mund,

mun,
type
*

Swed.
Tent,

mund, Goth. munths.

inasc.
;

Skt much, L. mungcre, Gk. wipe away. wet soft earth, mire. (E.) E. mud (not common). Not found m A. S. Cf. E. Fries, mudde, Low G. mudde, mud ; M. Swed modd, mud (Ihre). Bavarian

a wick.

Mud,

*munthoz,

Idg.

type

*nwntos

cf L.
iK.

Move.
to

mentum, the chin. M. E moiten (u = v}. L.)

.

whence E. moat, Du. modder, mud.

mott,

peat

q. v.

Cf.

O. F. movoir (F. t L,. moucre, dabble in mud frequentative from mud. move, pp. mot us. Der. motion Muddle, to rout with the bill, as geese to cut grass K ) M. E. and ducks do also, to make tipsy and (O, V A. S mawan, to unfit for business ;' mowen, pt. t. ///^zy Kersey. -f-L>an. muJdre, vb. -f- Du. maaijen Dan. to stir up mud, mudder, mud (from Du.) mow, strong G. waken, O H. G. ;ad. Teut. E. Fries muddelen, to dirty #/>, M. Du. modbase w-. Allied to Gk. d-yua-w, I reap, delen, 'to mudd water,' Ilexham Pomcran. L. mc-t-cre, to reap. 680. Brugm. ii. muddeln, to disorder 2), a heap, pile of hay or corn. Muezzin, a Mohammedan crier of the M. E mowe, A. S. muga, a mow. -|- hour of prayer. (Arab.) Arab, (K ) mu-azzin, Icel. mugr> a swathe, also a crowd Norw. mu-zin, the public crier, who assembles a heap (of hay) Cf Muck. people to prayers. Aiab. azan, the call to ww^z, mua, obsolete (,3), a grimace (F. uzn, the ear. prayers (Palmer) M. Du.) F. ;/*0z/, a moe, or mouth Muff (i), a warm, sort cover for the Cot. Norman dial. moe. M. Du. mouwe, lands. (Walloon. F. Low L.) A late the protruded under-lip, in making a word. Formerly muffe Mmsheu. Prob. from Walloon mouffe (Sigart). grimace (Oudemans). Cf. Mop (2). Cf. Du. Much. (E.) M. E moche, muche, adj., mof\ Low G. ww^(Berghaus) E. Fries. later forms of M. E mochel, muchel, micheL The word muffle is found earlier, muf. For the loss of final /, cf. E wench, from and is moie widely spread so that Wall. A. S. wencel. The change of vowel (from mouffe is merely a short form of F. moufie michel to muchel] seems to have been due see below. to association with M. E. lutel, little, from muffle, to cover up warmly. (F. A.S. lytel. The orig. A. S form was Low L) 'I muffyll;* Palsgrave. 'A mice! (cf. Low Sc. mickle>, great, -f- Icel. muffle;' Levins (1570"). - O F. mofte, mikill, great; O, H. G. mihhil\ Goth. moufle, a kind of muff or mitten -Low mikils. Cf. Gk. }iyd\-ii, fern, of utyas, L. muffula, (occurring A. D. 817); also great. Cf. M. Du. moffel, a muff, spelt mulfola. The late appearance of Du. Mucilage, a slimy substance, gum. mitten, F. L. ) F. mucilage. L. tuiicilago (stem mof, and the Low L. form mulfola, lemain tnucifagin-), mouldy moisture (4th cent.). unexplained. Cf. M. H. G. mouwe, a sleeve. L. mucere, to be mouldy. Muff (2), a simpleton. (E.) Lit. a Muck, filth. (Scand.j M. E. muck. - mumbler,' or indistinct speaker; hence a Icel. OT?I', dung m*ka, to shovel dung tupid fellow. Cf. prov. E. muff, muffle.
;
'

muddle,

to

confuse.

(E.)

Lit.

to

MOW

Mow

Mow
;

'

338

MUFFLE
to

MULTIPLY
waffle.

mumble

also
;

woffle,

+ Du. Mule.
Arab. Arab.
[]"

(F.-L.)

'V.mule.-'L.mulus,

muffen, to dote prov. G. muffen, to be Allied to Mumble. sulky.

Muffle; see Muff (i). Mufti, a magistrate.

mufti^

magistrate.

(Arab.) Allied to

a mule (whence also A. S. mul}. Mulled, applied to ale or wine. (E.) Mulled wine first appears 1618, and is of uncertain origin. Peihaps from M. E.

The fatwa, a judgment, doom, sentence. phr. in mufti means in a civilian costume,
not in military dress. (Low G.) In Levins (1570). Cf. Irish mugan, a mug ; Norw. mugga, mugan open can Swed. mugg, a mug. E. ge, Fries, mukke, a cylindrical earthen vessel

Mug.

mullen, to break to powder, to crumble, fiom mull, powder, perhaps with reference to the powdered condiments. From A.S. myl, powder. Blount's Gloss, has vinum mollitum, as if from F. molhr, L. molllre^
to soften.

Groningen mokke (Molema, p. 543") whence also Norm, dial moquc, a cup, Guernsey mogue* Muggy, damp and close. (Scand )

From

Icel.

tnugga

soft

dri?zling

mist

whence muggiive&r, muggy, misty weather.

Cf. Norw mtigg, fine rain Dan. muggen, muggy
,

;;/?/?;;, moist,

musty, mouldy,

mugne,

to

grow musty.

MugWOrt, a plant. (E.} M. E. mogwort. A S mucgwort. For the latter

syllable, see A. S. mucg is
;

"Wort (i). The sense of unknown, unless it be a b)form of A. S. my eg, a midge cf Norw. mugg, O. Sax muggia^ Du. mug, a midge O. H. G. mttcca, a midge. [Like fea- Tamil mtlagu-tannTr, lit. pepper- water Yule. Cf Malayalam mulaka, pepper. baneC\ Mulatto, one of mixed bieed (Span. Mullion, an upright division between
;

the verbascum. (F.) M. E F. moletne F. molhie. The M. E. name was softe, i. e. the soft This molj soft suggests a derivation from O. from L. mollis, soft. Mullet CO, a fish. (F.-L.) M.E. F. mulet\ Cot. Dimin. molet, mulct. from L. mullus, the red mullet. Mullet (2\ a five-pointed star. (F. O F. molette, a rowell, whence it L.) came to mean the mullet of heraldry also M. F. mollette, a mullet, rowell of a spur Cot. Dimm. from L. mola a mill, whence Ital. mola, a mill-stone, mill\\hcel, molla, a clock-wheel with cogs. See Mill. Mulligatawny, a hot soup. (Tamil.)

Mullein,

nioleyn.

'

'

'

'

'

L.) Span, mnlato, a mulatto. Usually derived fioni Span. mula, a she-mule, as being one of a mixed breed. *|[ The usual forms ior '\oung mule' arc muleto, m., 1 once der. muleta, f by De Sacy from
1

lights of
r

windows,

(b

corruption of

munmoii, which occurs with the same

\ he lit. sense is sense. stump,' because the mulhon is, properly, the stump or lowei part of the division below the F. moignou, a stump. tiacery. (Cf. K.
c

Cf. Bret, moun, won, (^Suppl to Diez\ maimed, aUo occurring in the forms mank, monk) motis. Also Span, mutton, the stump of an arm or leg Ital. mttgiwne, 'a carpenter's munion or trumon, Toiriano. Multangular, &c. see Multitude. Multitude. ^F.-L.^ F. multitude. L. mnltitndmem, ace. of multitudo^ a The word berry is E. see multitude. berry-tree. L. mutti-^ for nndttts, many, Berry. Cf. also Gk. fjtwpov p6pov, a mul- much; with suffix -tudo. 'broml .mti/fus beny, /xope'a, a mulberry-tree. t(f Similarly, come also mult -angular, multi-lateral, G. maulbeere, a mulberry, is O. H. G. &c. mfirbeH, from L. mdnu and O. H. G. multifarious. L.^ ^multifari-ui, beri, G. beere. sense manifold; with suffix -oits. The
;
1

Arab, nnnvallad, lit. 'begotten'; also used to mean one who has an Arabian fathei and a foreign mother allied to Arab, w&lad, a son. See Devic. Mulberry. (L. and\L.} M.E. moolHere the / stands for an older r, bcry by dissimilation; and M. E. oo answers to A. S. ff, as usual. Thus the M. E moolib the same as A. S. mor-, in morbeam, a mulberry-tree. Again, the A. S. mor is borrowed from L. montt* a mul*
'

trunmou = M.F.^T^/w^dimin.of jronc =^Ital. tronco.^ O.K. moing^ maimed

orig.

L. mulcta, a fine also spelt multa. Perhaps ong. 'damage;' from L. mulc-dre, to injure. Brugm. i. Der. mulct, verb. 756.

Mulct,

fine.

(L/)

seems to be many- speaking,' i.e. speaking on many subjects. L. mufa- for multus, many fart, to speak see Fate.
t
;

'

multiply. (F.-L.)

F. multiplier.

339

MUM
L. multiplic-^ from L. multiplicdre. multiplex, many-fold ; cf. phc-are, to fold. See Plait. Blum., a kind of beer (Low G.). In Pope. Said to have been so named after Chr. Mumm, a brewer of Brunswick (ab.
1487). Cf. Da.
;

MURMUR
L. mundus, clean, adorned.

Der. supra-

mundane from
the world.

L. stipra, above; imtndus,

Mum

mom in
!

a kind of ichneumon. Jerdon Telugu mangisu gives mangiis, however, as a Deccarii and

MungOOSe,
;

(Temgu.)

silence

to express the least Cf. L. mu, Gk. n\j (the same). lips. to speak indistinctly.

Franck; Gr.mumme. M. K. mom, mum y sound made with closed

(E.)

Mahratti word
L.

'

Yule.
(F.
L.)

Municipal.

F. municipal.

mumcipahs, relating to a township. ^'L.munictpium^ a township which had

the rights of Roman citizenship, whilst reL. munietp-, stem taining its own laws. of municeps, a free citizen, one who undertakes duties. L. mtlm~, for muttus, See obligation, duty ; capere, to take. 208. Brugm. i

mumble,

(E.)

For mumm-le.

M. E. momelen, mame;

frequent, form ten, to speak indistinctly due to M. E, morn, mum (above). -f- E. Fries, mumtnelen Du. mommelen.
;

L.) munificence, liberality. (F. F. munificence. \-j. munificentia\ formed mommen, to go a-mumming; cf. mom- from munificus, bountiful L. miim-, for Low G. munusy a duty, also a present ; -jic-, for aensicht, a mummer's mask mumme, a mask. P. The word is imita- facere, to make. or mom, used a defence, title-deed. (F. tive, from the sound L. munimentum, L.) M. F. muniment. by nurses to frighten or amuse children, at L. muntre, to fortify old form the same time pretending to cover their a defence. a L. moenia neut. pi., walls, faces. Cf. G. mummed bug-bear. moenirc. 208. Der. mummer-y, M. F. mommerie (F. ramparts, defences. Brugm. i. momenc munition. (F. L.) F. munition. fF.-Ital.- Arab. -Pers.) L. ace. munitiCmcm, a defending. L. F. momie (munne in Cotgrave). Ital. munitus, pp. of miinTre (above). Der.
;

a masker, buffoon. (F. Du.) M. F. mommeur, ' 'a mummer, one Cot. M. Du. that goes a-mummmg
;

mummer,

mum

Muniment,

Mummy.

mummia,
mumiya, a

mumia

mummy

Arab. (Florio). the substance with

ammunition.
old form of Mullion, q. v. -L.) F. mural. - L. murahs, belonging to a wall. L. miirus, a wall.

which mummies are preserved. (Cf. Pers. mumdytn, a mummy.) Pers. mitm, morn,

Mural.

Munnion,

(F.

wax

much

used in embalming.
to

A mumper was a
cf.

Mump,

sulk, beg (Du.) cant term for a beggar. Du. mompen, to mump, cheat (Sewel);

mumble,

Murder, Murther,

sb.

(E.)
;

M.E.

mommelen, mompelen, to mumble Thus mump is merely an (Hexham). emphatic form of mtinij M. Du. mommen, to say mum, also to mask. Cf. Norw. mumpa, to munch. See Mumble.

mordre, moithre A. F. murdre, sb. murdrir, vb. A.S. morbor. -f- Goth, maurthr. P. We also find A. S. morft, Du. moord, Icel. mordy G. ?nord, murder, death, cognate with L. mon (stem mort-) see
\

Mortal.
lying
liquor.

To have the mumps" (Du.) ' or to be the mumps was to be sulky or sullen hence it was transferred to the disease which gave one a sullen appearance. From mump (above). to chew. (E.) M. E. monchen (Chaucer). Doubtless an imitative word,

Der. murder, vb. Muriatic, briny. (L) *L.mundticus>

in

mumps. m
;

'

brine.

L.

muna,

brine,

salt

'

Munch,

L. muriprickly. (L.) L. muwc-, stem of murex, a prickly fish, a spike. 4* Ok. uva (for *uvaa\ a sea-muscle from /m, a mouse, a sea-muscle. See Muscle (2).

Muricated,

cat us, prickly.

like

mump.' Kilian has M. Du. moncken, Murky, Mirky. (Scand.) The -y mompelen, mtissitare.' Cf. E. Fries, and is a modern addition. M. E. mirke, merke, Low G. munkeln, to mumble; and see Tcel. myrkr (for *mirkwoz Noreen) Dan. It cannot be from F. manger Swed. mork, dark, rmrky.-f-A.S. mirce\ Mump. O. Sax. mirki. ^f The A. S. form would (<L. manducare]. Mundane, worldly. (F. L.) M. E. have given nnrch. mondain. 1< mondain, L. munddnus, Murmur, sb. (K. L.) V.murmure. L. murmur, a murmur ; murmurare, to adj. from mundus, the world (lit. order).
,
,

34

MURRAIN
;

MUSTACHIO
;

murmur.4-Skt. marmara-, rustling sound muse heron. M.F. mouscheron, mousseron, of wind. A reduplicated form a mushroom cf. G. extended from F. mousse, Of moss (Hatzfeld).-O. H.G. mos (G. moos), uiurren, Icel. murra, to murmur.

- L. - Gk.) M. E. musik. (F. F. musique. \^. musica. Gk. novaiK-fj, musical art, fern, of /Liovat/cos, belonging to a. Norm. dial, murine. Cf. Span, morrifia, the muses. Gk. /xovo-a, a muse. Port, mo) rinha, murrain. O. F. morir Musit, a small gap in a hedge. (F. L. mort, to die. See C. ?) M. F. mussette, 'a little hole;' (F. mourtr), to die. Mortal. Cot. Dimin of O. F. musse, a secretMurrey, dark red heraldic. (F. L.) corner. F. wusser, to hide. Perhaps of In Palsgrave. M. F. morje, 'a kind of Celt, origin cf. O. Irish much-aim, I hide muney, or dark red colour;' Cot. [Cf. (Thurneysen, p. 108). Ital. L. moraio, mulberry -coloured.] Musk, a perfume. (F.-L.-Gk. Pers.) See Mulberry. F. musc. L. museum, ace. of muscus. ftiorum, a mulberry.
M.

imitative origin.

Brugm.

i.

499.

moss

Murrain,

cattle-disease.

(F.

see

Moss.

L.)

Music.

E. moretne, also morw. O. F. morine, carcase of a beast, also a murrain

;

Murrion
AT.

see

Morion.

Mnscadel, Muscatel, Muscadine. (,F. - Ital. -L.- Pers.) M.F. muscadeL

Ital.

moscadello
v\

*,

moscatello,

from their perfume. M. Ital. moscato, scented with musk. M. Ital. musco, musk. L. museum, ace. otmuscus, musk ; see further under Musk.
moscatinO)
ines,

names of

And
(F.

see

HTutmeg.
(i), the fleshy part of the body. F. muscle. L. mwculum, ace.

Muscle
L.)

of wmculus, muscle, from

(i)
its

little

mouse,

(2)

misk. Cf. because musk was obtained from a bag behind the muskdeer's navel it also means 'little mouse/ from mush, to steal. See Mouse. Musket. (F.-Ital.-L.) M. F. mousquet, a musket, orig. a kind of hawk ; (another sort of gun was called a falconet another a saker, a kind of hawk). Ital. mosquettOy a musket, orig a kind of hawk, so called from its small size. Deriv. of Ital. L. musca, a fly. mosca, a fly.
fjioaxos.
t

Gk.

Pers.

musk,

Skt.

mushka
;

testicle,

',

when moved. see Mouse.

(2) muscle.)

creeping appearance Dimin. of L. mils, a mouse (Cf. F. souris, (i) mouse,

;

Doublet, mosquito.
Ital. F. (F. Syriac.) O. F. mosolin. lt&l. mussohno, dimin. of mussolo, muslin. Synac Mosul, a city in Kurdistan, whence it first

Muslin.
;

mousse line

muscle,
(L.)

(2),

mussel,

a shell-fish.

In earlier use.

M. E. muscle, A.S.

came

Arab Mawsil
;

mujcte, musde (Wright), a muscle (fish). L. musailuS) a sea-muscle, also a little

(the same).

mouse

las above).

with Gk. L. MUMO-, for muscus, moss; sujfi*^ and Gk. suffix -ctS^s, like, from elScs, foim. See Moss.

MuSCOid,

moss-like.

(L.

Mohammedan

Musquito see Mosquito. Mussel; see Muscle (2). Mussulman, a true believer
faith.

in

the

(Pers. Arab.) Pers. musulman> an orthodox believer. Arab. moslim, mushm, a moslem ; see Moslem.

(F.-L.) M. E. musen. Y. mmer, 'to muse, dreame Cot. O. F. Mu\e, the mouth, muzzle see Muzzle. The image is (Godefroy) that of a dog sniffing the air when in
' ; ;

Muse (0, to meditate.

Must

(i),

part
(E.)

'

obligation.'

which
able, I

is

now

M. E. mot, moot,

of a verb implying pt. t. remains, only used as a present.

Only the

preterito-pres.

t.,

am

fiee to, 1 ought; pt. t. moste, A. S. ic mot, muste, I was able, I ought.

am

doubt as to the scent cf. Ital musare, to muse, also to gapr about, to hould ones music or snout in the aire,' Flono, from
;

preterito-pies.
t.
;

'

infin.

*motan
t.

Ital.

mu so,

ik mot, pt.

moste, I must, new pt. Sax. *mofan, pr. t. ik most a \ Du. moeten, to be
t
;

ic

+O.

snout.
(F.

(2), a goddess of the arts. L. mitsa. Gk.) F. muse. /xofJo-a, a muse.

Muse

obliged ; Swed. maste, I must (compare the E use) G. mussen, pr. t. ich muss, pt. t
;

Gk.

ich musste

Goth. pr.
lit.
'

t.

ik

ga-mot

pt. t.

museum. (L,-Gk.) 'L. miiseum Gk. povvfiov, temple of the muses, a study, a school. Gk. /zovact, a muse.

ik ffa-mosta,

I find

room.'

Must
S.

(2),

A.

must.

L.

new wine. (L.) M.E. must. mustum, new wine neut.

;

Mushroom.

(F.

- O. H.

G.)

M.

E.

of mustus, fresh, new. ; see Moustache.

Mustachio

34 1

MUSTANG
Span, mestcno (with % as ny\ formerly mestengo (Pineda), in the same sense as mostrenco, adj., stray, having no owner. The adj. mestefto also means belonging to a mesta/ Span, mesfa, a body of proprietors of cattle, a company of L. mixta, fern of pp. of miscere-, graziers. to mingle. Cf. Span, mestura, a mixture. Mustard. (F. - L. with Teut. suffix ) M.E. mostaril. Q F. mostarde (F. mouIt took its Cf. Jtal. mostarda. tarde). name from being mixed with must 01 L. nmstum must with vinegar (Littre). suffix -ard (<G. hart). Muster. (F. L.) M.E. moustre, a muster of men, lit. display O F. mostre^ another form of monstre, a pattern, also T a muster, view, shew The fern, Cot. form of F monstre, a monster; see Monster. Cf O. Norm. dial, mustrer, (iascon mustra, to shew. Musty, mouldy, damp. (L.) doublet of nioisty, used by Chaucer in the sense of
(Span.
L.)
'
;

MYRRH
old verb to mutine \ Haml. iii. 4. 83. F. muttner, 'to mutine;' Cot. O. F. O. F. mute, a mutin, tumultuous. Low L. mota ) a pack sedition ; (cf. Folk-L. of hounds = mod. F. nieute).

Mustang,

a wild horse of the prairies.

*movita,
bustle),

(lit.

moved, hence, a movement,

of
*movittis,
Cf.

fern,

new pp.

mouere, to See Move.

move.
to

mod.
(E.)

of F. trneute.

Mutter,

murmur.

M. E. mut-

tren, mote r en. frequentative verb, from a ba^e mut~, to express inarticulate mumbling, as in E. Fnes. motjen, to mutter; Swed. dial, mtttla, muttra, Norw mutra. So also L. mutt ire, miltire, to mutter, prov. G. muslern, to whisper.

'

Mutton. (F.-C?) M. E. motoun. O. F. nioton (F. inouton), a sheep Low

;

L. multO) a sheep. Cf. Ital. montone (for *moltone) a sheep. Prob. of Celtic origin, from Celt, type *moltos, a sheep ; whence Irish and Manx molt, Gael. #///, W. mollt, Corn. mols Bret, maout, a wether
,
t

but by Ascham in the sense of L L. musteus, like must, new. mustum, must. Sec Must (2). Perhaps influenced by F. moist, mouldy, musty,
'

new,'

Diez cites Prov. mout, Como sheep. mot, Grisoris mutt castiated, and derives
t

'

moist'

all

from

not

fusty/

Cot.;

from

which,

however,

it

cannot possibly be derived.

Mutable.
mutiibilis,

(L^
for

Mutual. (F. - L.) O. F. mntueL Extended from L mutu-its, mutual, reciL. mutate, to procal, orig. 'exchanged
'

now

mutt/us, accepted.

maimed

but this

is

changeable.

E L

mutable -I. mntare, to

;

change.

See

Mutable
muzzle/ Cot Diez Bois). F form was
*
;

change.

Prob

* mot tare

allied

to

Muzzle, snout. (F. L."i M. E. moscL O. F. mmel (Burguy), mnset (A. l). 1521,
Godefroy'i
;

mutuus, mutual, and to Gk. poiros, thanks, favour (TrellwiU;. Mutchkin, a pint. (Du.) From M. Du. muds c ken (for *mutscken)i 'the halfe pint of Pans measure/ Hexhain. Du. mutse Lit. 'small cap dimin. of (Du. t/iuts), a cap. Cf. G. uiHtie a cap. See Amice (2).
'
,

later wuseatt,

Norm.
shews
morsel

dial.

mu\el

(Du

Mute (J;,dumb
dumb
M.
E.
Cf.

From L mutus,
fl

the orig. preserved in Bret, morzeel or muzel, a muzzle, forms borrowed from O. F ). This O F. morsel is a dimin. from Late L. mor&uv, a moisel, also a snout, beak L. morsus, a bite; from morsui See Mordacity. }jp. of morderC) to bite.
that
(still
y

Skt.

muka-, dumb,

The Cf
a

Ital.

wtts0y

snout,

morso,

snaffle

muet, meivet, mute, is from Kornanic foi m *mutettus^ formed from

mut-w O F mu by
(/

Mute

(2;,
y
'

to

(]

M.Du.
hawke
;

M
;

adding -ettni dung; used of birds.

mntir, 'to mute as Short for M. F. es-

^[ Disj)uted. M.L. ?H/, (E.) mine, by loss of final n

(Mono).

My.

my\

shoitfoi min,

See Mine.

Der.

mv-sflf,
/jLvptds,

M.

Mjrriad.

E. mi- self, formcily mc-\df. (Gk ) (Jk pvpi&S-, stem of

Cot

oldest spelling fsmeltir. M. Du. smclten, s milten, to smelt, to See liquefy; also to mute (Hexhain;.
metitir, the

same

the number of 10,000 numberless.

Gk.
Gen,
pi

pvpios,
in pi. (Jk.

Myrmidon.
Myrmidons,
L.

(L

Gk)

Mynnidones,

Smelt.

Mutilate.

L mutifas maimed. mutilare, to f-Gk. /4t/r<Aos, pirvKos, curtailed, docked. Mutiny. (F. L.) Formed from the
t

:L) maim.

From

pp.

of

L.

Mvf)fu1)6vs, pi , a warlike people of saly, formerly in ^Egma (Homer).

Thes-

mirreQ..
myrrhe.
L.

Myrrh. (F.-L.-(ik.-Arab) M.E.

mirre

(nth

cent.);

F.

myrrha.

Gk. uvppa.

Arab.

34 2

MYRTLE
murr,
(i) bitter, (2)
its bitterness.

NAP

myrrh, named from nagen, naggsn, to gnaw, vex, nag ; gnagmor, myrrh. gen, to nag (Berghaus). See d-naw. Myrtle. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.) O.F. Naiad, a Avater-nymph. (L.-Gk.) L. Gk. yatds, a myrtil, dimin. ofmyrte, meurte, the myrtle- naiad-, stem of naias. tree. L. murtus, myrtus. water - nymph. Gk. ftvpros. Gk. vdeiv, to _flow. Pers. ward, the myrtle. Cf. O. Irish sndim, I swim. (^SNA.)

+Heb.

M.

Mystery E.
is

(i),

mysterie.

a secret rite. (L.-Gk.) L. mysterium. Gk.

xvi.

Nail.

(E.)

M.E.

nayl.

+Du.

nagel)

Dan. nagle^ Swed.

;

A.S.nageL
nagel,

G.

jjLvffTTjpiov

(Rom.
(2),

25).

one who

initiated.

Gk.

nvffrrjs, fjLVtv y to initiate.

Gk.

Mystery
handicraft
;

Mistery,

a
(F.

trade,

see

Mistery.
L.--

Mystic,
Gk.)
F.
fjivarifcus,

secret, allegorical.

Gk. mysttyue. l.. Mysticus. Gk./uwm/s, fern, pvcms, mystic.

;

one

who is initiated see Mystery (i). mystify. (F. - Gk. and L ) F. mysti;

nagel; Icel nagl, the human nail, nagli, a nail or spike and cf. Goth ganagljan, to nail. p. The Teut. type is *nagloz, masc. Allied to Lithuan. nagas^ a claw, Russ. nogote, a nail, Pers. nakhtin, Skt. and nakha-) nail of the finger or toe further, to Gk. ovv, L. unguis, 0. Irish tngctj W. twin, a nail, with a different
;

gradation.

fier, a

modern and ill-coined word coined from Gk. /wm-(k, mystic, and F. -fier^ from I;, -ficdre, forfacere, to make. Myth, a fable. (Gk.) Gk. i*vGos a
y

fable.

mythology
thologie.

- L. - G k
Gk.

.)

ftvOo\oyia, Gk. p0o-s, a fable legendary lore. \6y-o$j a discourse, from \tyttv, to tell.

F my.
;

mythologia.

N.
Nab,
to seize.

Naive, artless. (F.-L.) F. ttatve, fem. of natf, native, natuial. L. nattuus, native. L. natus, born see Natal. Naked. (E.) A. S. nacod.+V>\i.naakt, Ci. nackt, (ioth, nakivaths, Icel nokviftr\ tf. Dan. nogen, Swed. naken, mod. Icel. naAll these are pp. forms cf. nake, kinn. to strip, in Chaucer, tr. of Boethius, bk iv. which is a back-formation. 7 Teut. type *nakivatho z,">*nak wadoz\ Idg. Allied to Skt. nagna-, type *nog(-iv}otfa. Kuss. nagoi, L. nudus, Irish nochd, W.
;

<

noeth) stripped, bare.

Brugm.

i.

165.

(Scand.)

Prov. E. nap

See

Nude.
;

From Swed. and Norw. nappa, (North). Dan. nappe, to catch, snatch at, nab. Der. kidnap. Nabob, an Indian prince. (Hind Arab.) Hind naivdb or nawwdb, orig. a the sing, as a title of pi. sb., but used honour. PL of Arab, naib, a vice-gerent,

Naker, a kettle-drum. (Arab.) In Chaucer. Arab, naqqarah, a kettle-drum see Palmer's Pers. Diet., col. 659. Name. (E.) A. S. wawa.+Du. naam
;

Goth, namo, G. name.

L. nomen, a
Skt. natnan

Further allied to
oyofia, Peis. nani,

name
;

Gk.

deputy, viceroy. Cf Arab, nawb, supplying the place of another. Nadir, the point of the sky opposite the zenith. (F. Arab.) F. nadir. Span. Span, nadir. Arab, nazir, short for nazirus 'sa??it, the nadir ; lit. correspondArab, nazir, alike, ing to the zenith/ corresponding to; assamt, the azimuth, also the zenith. See Azimuth, Zenith. (The z is here the 1 7th letter of the Arab,
*

and

name,

^f Piellwitz.

Not

to Ir. ainm, allied to

i.

W.
;

Know

ewiv, see

Brugm.

Nankeen, Nankin,
cloth.
in

399, 425. a kind of cotton

So called from Nanktn y (China.) Chin, nan-king, south court cf. pe-king) north court (Yule). M. E. (i), a short (E.) sleep. nappen, verb, to doze. A. S. hrngppian, Cf. O. H. G. hnaffezen, to verb, to doze.
China.

Nap

alphabet.)

(M. Du.) M. K. M. Du. negghe, negge, Du, mgge, naggc neg, a small horse; Du. "dial, knagge Cf. Low G. nikkel, a (Molema). nag, Origin unknown.
(i),

Nag

nap.

a horse.

Nag (2), to wony, Norw. Swed. nag^a, to

Dan.

tease.

(Scand.)
; ;

cf. nibble, peck nage> Icel. gnaga, to gnaw Low G.

roughish surface of cloth. nappe, nap (Prompt, Prob. introduced by Du, clothParv.). workeis. [A. S *hnoppa is unauthorised.] M. Du. noppe, 'the haire or nap of wooll or cloath Hexham, Du, nop. Cf. M. Du. noppen, to sheare of [f ] the nap ;'
(2), the

Nap

(M.

DiO

M. E.

'

'

Hexham. -f Norw.

//, nap;

nappa,

to

343

NAPE
give a nap to; Dan. noppe, nap ; noppe, to Allied friz ; Low G. nobbc, nubbe, nap. to Norw. nuppa, to pluck off with the fingers; A.S. hnoppian, to pluck, Voc. 480. 23 ; Goth, dis-hnupnan, to be torn to
pieces, dis-hniupan y

NAUSEOUS
Swed. narhval
;

Icel.
'

corpse- whale ; the fish being (often) of a pallid colour ; perhaps ' a popular etymology.* Icel. na-r, corpse ;
lit.

The

nahvalr, a narwhal. f

sense

is

hvalr, whale.

to

tear

to

pieces.

Teut. root *kneup. Nape, the joint of the neck behind. (E.) M. E. nape\ also naupe (Palsgrave). The same as O. Fries, hah-knap, nape of the neck ; which links it with A. S. cnap, the top of a hill ; and with Knop.

Late L. naparia, mappdria, the office in a household for supLate L. ndpa, a cloth, plying table-linen, for L. mappa, a cloth. See Map, Napkin. Naphtha. (L.-Gk -Pers.) 'L.naphGk. va<t>0a. Pers. naft, nift^ naphtha.

Napery,

linen for the table.

(F.

L.)

O. F. napene.

Nasal. (F. L.) F. w<*W.-Late L. ndsdhs, belonging to the nose. L. ndsus, nose. See Nose. Nascent, springing up. (L.) L. nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nascT, to be born, arise, spring up, inceptive verb with pp. ndtus. See Natal. Nasturtium, a flower. (L.) Lit. nose-wring ;' from the sharp smell. L. better spelt nasturnasturtium cress cizim. L. nds-us, nose; torquere* to twist, torment see Torment.
' ,

Nasty.
see

(Scand.) P'ormerly also nasky ; Cf. Swed. dial. Alau-lave in Cot.

tha, bitumen.

Napkin, a small cloth. (F. L. E suffix.} M. E. napektn, also

;

with
napet,

naskug, nasty, dirty, also spelt snaskig\ Swed. snuskig, nasty. Swed. dial, snaska, Dan. snaske, to eat like a pig, be slovenly
;

both dimin. foims of O. F. nape, a cloth, from Late L. napa see Napery. Narcissus, a flower. <^L.-Gk.) L. named from Gk. vaptciaaos narcissus See below. its narcotic properties.
;

to cat like a pig. -f

Low

G. nask, nasty

Norw. nask, greedy, naska^ to champ; E. Fries. nasken> G. naschen, O. II. G.

nascon to eat dainties.
y

narcotic, producing stupor.

F. narcotique.
ing.

(F.

Gk.)

Gk.

vapicooj,

(j&. vaptcwTiKus, benumbI benumb; vaptcatu, 1

vaptfij,

belonging to one's birth. (F L. natdlis. F. natal (O. F. noel}. L.) L. ndtits (for gndtus}, born (cf. Gk.

Natal,

KaffiyvijToSta.

blood relation)

pp. ofnasti,
beget.

grow numb.
;

Gk.

numbness, ong.

to

be born.

y'GEN,

to

See

for *avapKrj. i. e. contraction. contraction Allied to Snare (Prellwitz). Nard, an unguent. (F. L. Gk.

genus, Kin.

Brugm. i. 452. Natation, swimming. (L.) From the L. natdtncc. of L. natdtio, a swimming.

Pers

F. nard.
xiv.
3.

L. nardus.

Gk
t

Mk.

nard (whence natada-), spikenard. +Skt. nada- a

Pers.

vapSos, Skt.
reed.

us, pp. of nataie, to swim, ficqucnt. of Cf. Gk. vr)X (lv > to swim, ndre, to swim.
I s\\im. See Naiad. F. nation. L. L.) (F. L. of natio, a nation. nationetti, ace natus, born. See Natal. * l na1 \ r native . ( F L. ) iiatif,

Irish

snd-iw,

Horn,

1060.

Der. spike-nard.

Nation.

a pipe or smokmg-apparatus in which the is passed through water. (Pers.) Pers. ndrgil, a coco-nut, because these pipes were originally made with a cocoCf. Skt. nut, which held the water. (Devic, ndrikera-y ndnkela-, a coco-nut.

Nargileh,

Nargili,

Nargile,

smoke

Cot. born.

L. natiuns,

Doublet,

natural. naive.

L.

uatus^

Yule.)

F L.) F. narration. L. narrdL. ace. narrdtioneni, a talc. tus, pp. of narrare, to relate, lit to make known. L. ndrus, gndrus, knowing, acto know; see quainted with

Narration.

VGEN,
i.

L. L) F. natttre. L. natus, bom. Natron, native carbonate of sodium. (F. - Span. - Arab. - Gk. - Ilcb ) doublet of mtre see Nitre. Naught, Nought. (E.) M. J% A.S. naught. A. S. nawiht, also naht. sec No and "Whit. nd, not iviht, a whit

nature.

(F.

ndtura, nature.

Know.

Brugm.
<K.)

457

(2).

Der. naughty
not.

lit.

naught-like, worthless).

Narrow.
sad.

M.E. narowe, narewe, Doublet,

;

narwe. A. S. ncaru, drawn. -f-O. Sax. naro

narrow, clasely I)u. naar, dismal, Perhaps allied to Nerve (Franck).

(Scand.)

Nauseous.
adj.
;

(L

Gk.)

L. //a//w7s//i,

fiom

nausea,

sea-sickness.

Gk.
ship.

vavffia,

sea-sickness.
(2).

Gk.

yaOs, a

Narwhal, sea-unicorn,

Dan.

See

Nave

344

NAUTCH
Nautch,
women.
a kind of
ballet-dance by

NECK
Nay.
Dan.
(Scand.)

M.

E. nay.

Icel. net,

(Hind.- Prakrit. -Skt.)

Hind.
;

net,
q. v.

Swed.

nej, nay.

Negative of
of

(and Mahratti) nach, a dance; Prakrit nachcha. Skt. nrtya, dancing, acting orig. Cut. pass. part, of nrt, to dance, to act. Der. natitch-girl, a dancing-girl (Yule). Nautical. (L. Gk.) From L. nautic-us, nautical.

Aye,

Nazarite,

a Jew

who made vows

;

abstinence, &c. (Heb. with Gk. suffix.} Heb. nazar, to separate oneself, vow, abstain; with suffix ~ite (=L. -ita, Gk.
-ITT?*).

Gk.

VCLVTIKOS,

to ships.

Gk.
See

vavTiys,

pertaining a sailor; from vav-$,

a ship.

Nave

(L.-Gk.) L. nautilus, a Gk. vavri\os a sea-man; also nautilus* Gk. vavrthe nautilus (from its sailing). a sailor from vav-s, a ship. i;s, Naval. (F.-L.) F. naval. L. naI., nauis, a ualis, belonging to ships.
t

(2). shell-fish.

said of a tide. scanty, veiy low E. neep ; A. S. nep (or nef], Near, nigh. (E.) Mow used as a positive, but orig. the comparative oinigh. [The form nearer is a double comparative.] M. E. nerre, adj., ner, adv., nigher A. S. near, comparative adv. from neah,

Neap,

(E.)

M.

ship.

Nave

M.
G.

See Have (2). (E.) (i), the hub of a wheel. A. S. nafu, nabu. -4E. naue (// = ?/).
Cf.

Gk.

va.vs.

Du. naaf,
nabe
y

Tcel. nof, Dan. nav, Swed. Teut. O. II. G. naba.

naf,

nigh.+Icel. n<zr, adv., both positive and comparative orig. the latter. See Nigh. Neat (i), black cattle, an ox. (E.) M. E. neet, both sing, and pi. A.S. neaf, pi. naut, pi. neat, cattle -f Icel. naut,
;

type

cattle;

Swed. not;
Teut.

Cf. Skt. nabhi-, the nave of See Navel. a wheel, navel, centie, boss.
*nal>a, fem.

noz
p.
'

cattle.
'

Dan. nod] M. H. G. type *nautom neut.

t
'

Der. auger.

(F. (2), the body of a church. From O. F. nave (Y. nef), a ship, neotan, to use, employ, Icel. njota, G. L.) also the body of a church said to be named geniessen, Goth, niutan, to enjoy, get from its lengthy shape. L. natiem, ace. of benefit from. Cf. Lithuan. nauda, use221. nams, a ship. -f Gk. vavs, a ship, O. Irish fulness. (VNEUD.) Brugm. i. Der. neat-heni. nau, Skt. nan-. Brugm. i. 184.
; ;
fc

Nave

or domestic Usually explained as from the 2nd grade (naut) of useful Teut. *neut-an, to employ seen in A. S.
;

'

**/(*- r^; A.s. nabu la, navel, -f" Du. navel, Icel. nafli Dan. mwlc, Swed. najle, G. nabel. from the form seen Teut. type *iiab,*lon(E.)

Navel.
t

M.L.

nafela,

F. net, L.) (2), tidy. (F. L. nitidus, masc., nette, fem., neat, pure. L. nitere, to shine. shining, neat. M. E. neb, face. beak, nose. (E.)

Neat

see Nave (i). Lettish naba, navel Cf. also Pers. ;/<://", navel ; Skt. nabhi-, (0 nave, (2") navel ; related (with a difference of gradation) to Gk. o/^aAoy, navel, Lat. ttmlnlhm,. Irish imbliu. Similarly, nave (I is allied to L. umbo, boss (of a shield).
in
; N

Neb,

face.+Du. w^, bill, aib, mouth; Dan. nab Swed. nabb. P. 1* urther allit-d to Du. sneb, bill, beak, snavel, bill; G. schnabel, bill, M.H.G.
S. nebb,
Icel.

A.

nef,

nose

snabc1 allied to
t

M. H.

CT.

snaben, to snap.

And

ci.

Lith. snaflas,

bill.

Brugm.

11.

76.

that can be traversed by F. navigable. L. ndm~ L.) ships. (F. L. L. nauigare, to navigate. gabths. aw-, for fidutSj a ship; -igarc, for agere, to dn\c.

Navigable,

a misty patch of light. (L.) Du. -4- Gk. v^k\j\ y cloud Allied to neve/, Icel. mjl, G. ncbel, mist.

Nebula,
i'</>os,

L. nebula, mist

Gk.

cloud,

\\

nef,

O.

Ir.

nem,
Skt.

F. navigaL.) navigation. (F. tion sailing. L. ace. nauigdtidnem ; from pp. ot L. natiigare (above).
,

navvy, a labourer employed on railways, &c. (L.) Short for navigator, formerly used to mean a labourer employed on canals for navigation; first used, according to Haydn, about 1830. Y..navie. navy, a fleet. (F. L.) O. L. navie, orig. a single ship. nauia^ a vessel. L. naui-$, a ship.

554. Necessary. (F. L.) O. F. necesL. necesse, I ,. nccessarius, needful. saire. neut. adj., necessary. Neck. (E.") M. E. nckke. A.S. hnecca, neck, orig. nape of the neck.+Dn. nek, G. genii k Teut. type *hnekkon-. Cf. also
;

heaven, Russ. nebo, heaven; nabhas, sky, nether. Brugm. i.

also

hnakki, Dan. nakke, Swed. nacke, G. nacken, 0. 1LG. (Ji}nach, nape of the from Teut. type neck, back of the head * *hnakkon-. p. Orig. sense projection ;
Tcel.
;

'

further allied to Irish cnoc,

hill.

345

NECROMANCY
Necromancy,
divination

NEPHEW
by
comnegligent-, stem of pres. part, of negligere. to neglect (above). Negotiate, to do business. (L.) From

munion with the dead.

L. (F. Gk.) M.E. nigromancie (since altered). O. F. nigromame, 'nigromancy, conjuring, the black
art;'

Cot

Late L. nigromantia, corrupt

form oiLt.necromantia. Gk.vfKpojjia necromancy. Gk. vKp6-s, a corpse; Tf/a, prophetic power, p. Gk. vtKpos,
allied to vetcvs, a coi pse
;

is

cf.

necare, tokill.
*

Gk. fjLavTfia is from /JLO.VTIS, a seer, fl" Necromancy was called the black art' owing to a popular etymology from L. mger, black; cf. the Late L. mgro- neue (u ~v) dat. case. Icel. hnefi, fist; mantia. Swed. nafve, Dan. n<eve. Nectar. (L.-Gk.) L nec/ar.-Gk. Neigh. (E.) M.E.//#w. A. S. hniegan, to neigh. 4"Low G. neigen (Lubben), M. j'fKTop, the drink of the gods. Need. (E.) M. E need. A. S. nicd Du. neyen, to neigh. Cf. Icel. gneggja (nyd], also nead; O. Merc, ned, necessity. hncggja, Swed. gnagga, T)w\.gneggc, Norw.
t t

L. pp. ot L. ncgotidri, to do business. negotium, business ; compounded of neg-, not (see Negation), and otium, leisure. Negro. (Span. L.) Span, negro. L. nigrum, ace. of niger, black. beverage invented by NegUS. (E.) Colonel Negus (one of a Norfolk family) in the time of Queen Anne. Neif, Neaf, the fist. (Scand/) M. E.

-f-

Icel.

nan^r, necessity, naud, distress

kncggja.

Du. nood, Dan. Swed. nod, G. noth, not, Neighbour. (E) M._E. neigh ebour; Goth, naulhi. Teut. stem naudi-. In A. S. neahgebur or neahbilr.^A. S. neah, late A. S texts this word is confused in nigh; bur, or gebiir, a husbandman, the form with neod, nied (nyd}, desire which same word as 1 )u. boer, a boor See Boor. is related to O. Sax. mud, O. H. G. mot, 4"G. nachbar, M.1I.G. ndchbur\ from nach, nigh, bur, a husbandman desire; Teut. base *neudBrugm. i. Neither. (E) M.E neither-, for ne 427 b. Needle. (E.) Alsow^A/, M.E. nedle, (negative particle), not, and either. See also nelde A. S n&del; earlier form Either. With A. S. ne, not, cf. O. Sax. naetil. -|- Du. naald (for *naadl] Goth, and O.K. G. ni, not. Icel ne, ni Swed nal G. nadel nal\ Dan naal Nemesis. L.-Gk } L./ww^r.-Gk. Goth, nethla All from a Teut. type vtpfffis, allotment, retribution, vengeance. (3. Gk. vlptw, to distribute. t^NLM.) *n<-thld, from root *//<?, to sew, as in G. nahen, to sew, L nere, Gk. vrj&fii', vtttv, Nenuphar, a kind of water-hly. (Pers.
;

to spin. Cf. ^/SNE, as in O. Irish snim, a spinning cf Irish snathad, a needle,

;

Skt.)
\ j

Terb. ninitfar, for nihlfar, nllu-

snathaim ,1
See Brugm.

string together, snaidhe, thread i. 62. 136, 11.

M.

Neese, Neeze,
E. nesen
,

not in

niesen,
san-.

O.

H G

to sneeze, puff. (E.) S ntezen, G.

+Du

Skt. par, nilupal, a water-lily (l)cvic). Skt. mla, blue; n'tlotpala, a blue lotus. utpala, a lotus. Neology, the introduction of new

mu\an,

Icel.

hnjosa,

Swed. nysa, Dan. nyse. Teut. type *hneuSee Sneeze. Nefarious. (L ) L. nefari-us, im;

(ik vio-s, new; -Ao-ym, phrases. (Gk.) \6yos, discourse, from \tyeiVj to speak ; see New.

from

L. nefas, that L. ne-, for ne, not ; fas, law, allied to fan, to speak, declare, Cf. Skt. bhash, to speak. Negation, denial. (F. -L.) M. F. ne-

pious

with

suffix

-otis.

which

is

unlawful.

(ik. vcotfivros, lit new planted, neophytus. Gk. vco-y, new; <J>VT-OV, hence, a novice. a plant, <f>vr-6s, grown, from 0i5< to grow, cause to grow, allied to Be.
',

neophyte,

a novice

(L -Gk.}

L.

neoteric,
ricus.

novel. (L.
)

Gk.)
;

l^.nedte-

Gk. vOJTpiK6$ novel.

Gk. vtw-

\^. ace. L. Tf/>os, comparative of vt os, new see New. gation. negationem, denial. Prob. negdtus, pp. of negare, to deny. Nepenthe, Nepenthes, a drug from a particle (neg-) of negation which lulled sorrow. (Gk.) Gk. vrjirevOts, cf. an epithet of a soothing drug (in Homer) ; Lith. negi, also not. Brugm. li. 774. Gk. free from sorrow. Neglect. (L.) L. neglectus, pp. of neut. of L. neg-, not (see vrj-, neg. prefix neghgere, to neglect. irtvOos, grief, allied to See naOos. Negation*) ; and legere, to gather, select. (i; and Pathos. - L.) M. E. neueu M. F. negli(F. negligence. (F ' ' L. negligentia, carelessness. L. ( = neveu). F. neveu, a nephew ; Cot. gence.
;

-L)

No Nephew.

346

NEREID
L. nepotem, ace. of nepos, a grandson, also a nephew. Skt. napdt, a grandson Pers. nawada, a grandson A. S. nefa, a nephew

NEWEL
;

G.

nephew; Du. neef. Idg. *nepot; whence orig. Teut. type *nefod,
neffe,

downward, into.+Icel. netiri, adj., adv. Dan. neder- (in comp.), whence ^/, downward Swed. nedre G. Du. neder, adv., down. type nieder, nether
ni,

from

netian-,

Cf.

Russ. nije (j as in F.) adv., lower.

S. nifte-

later *nefon-. The fern, type is Idg. *nepti(Skt. naptT, L. neptis], Teut. *nefti-> ?//, Du. wiVA/). Der. nepot*nifti- (A. S. ism, favouritism to relations, from L.

Der. nether-most, corruption of A.

mest, extended (by the usual superlative from an earlier *m-8em-a, suffix -$/) where -tie-mIdg. -to-mo (as in L.

stem of nepos. Brugm. i. 149. L. a sea-nymph. (L. Gk.) Gk. N?7/>(y, a Nereid-, stem of Nereis. daughter of Nereus (Gk. Wrjpfvs), an Gk. vrjpus, wet _cf. Gk. ancient sea-god.
nepdt-,

op-ti-mus}.

Nereid,

vativ, to flow (PreHwitz).

(ySNA.)
Cot.-L.
Perhaps
;

M. E. netle. A. S. netele, net el, Dan. nelde (for *ncdle], bwed. nassla (for *natla), G. nessel. Teut. type *natilon-, fern. An older form appears in O.K. G. nazza, fern., a nettle. Cf. O.

Nettle.

(E.)

netle*-\*\)\\.

Nerve.
neruum,
allied to

(F.-L.)

F. nerf\

Irish nenaid, nettles.

ace. of neruus, a sinew.

Gk. vevpov, a smew,

snava-^ a tendon. Nescient, ignorant. (L.) From L. nescient-, stem of netcicns, pies, pt of L. ne-, not; sclre, nescirc, not to know.
to

string See Prellwitz.

Skt.

pain in the nerves. (Gk.) a nerve, and aA7-os, with suffix -m. The Gk. vtvpov pain may be allied to L. neruus see Nerve.

From Gk.
;

Neuralgia,

vtvp-ov,

know.

See Science, Nice.

L.ww/Vr, neither; hence, sex-less. L. ne, not; liter, whether; see Whether. Der. neutr-al, &c.
(L
)

Neuter.

M. E. nesh tender, soft. (l\,.} A.S hncsce, soft.+Goth hnaskwus, soit, tender Ness, a promontory. (E. ) Seen in

Nesh,

Never.

(E.)

M.

E.

A.S. niefre.~A.S. see Ever.

ne,

neucr (it v}. not; tffre, ever;

New.
tiy,

Sheci-nt,$<;, Icel. ;/d"r,

&c.

A.S.
Jhes,

;/^yr,

headland. -f-

nC'oice. -\-D\\.

Dan

Swed. na$.

Teut

M. E. ncwc ; A. S. niwe, nieitu\ Icel. nyr, Dan. Swed. Goth, niuji^, G. ncu L. nouus, \V.
(E.)

types */!awz or *nassoz, masc., *nasjom,

neut.

Perhaps
)

allied to

Nose.

Nest. (E
Du.
neiz,
nest,

E. and A. S. nest.

II.

G. and

+
,

;;r.v/

l>ret

lush and Gael, nead* O. lush, ;^;^ \, Skt ttTJa-, nyth,\, mdu\ (for a nest, a den p. Ong. 'a place to sit in.' Explained as bhort for *m-srf-os, a place
;

neisydd, Irish and Gael, nuadh, Lithuan. uauja^, Rus^ ncrvun, dk. ^^'os ( = 1/6^05), 1'cis. 7/d7<:, Skt. nava^f), navya{s\, new. Idg types *iwvw, ncwos', Brugm. i Allied to Skt. 63 120, 3 18; 11.

now

recent.

hence new See Now.

'

that

whica

is

now,'
(E.)

which to sit down cf Skt. ni-sad, to sit down. Here -sd- is the weak grade of VSED, to sit. Sec Sit. Der. nc&t-le, from A.S. nesthan, to make a nest imt1-1 H Brngm i. Si.
in
;

The d has been added.

i.

newfangled,

fond of novelty.

Net (i), an implement

A.
1

for catching fish.

net, Icel.

e. fond of what is neu <e, new, and /#//<;/, icady to catch, from the base fang-, as in A S fangen, pp. of The suffix -el is the same fon, to catch. as in A.S. sptec-ol, fond of speaking, talka-

M. E. newcf angel, new. Compounded of

S. net, ;///.

+Du.

Dan.

tive,

&c

See Fang.
tidings.

;/r/c. Teut. wj/, Goth type *natjoi, neut. Cf. L. nassa, a wicker

Swed

creel, Icel.

a net. (2), clear of all charges. (F. L) F. net, pure; hence, free see Neat (2\
;/<>/,

Net

(E ) Formerly newcs, sb. things see the Kmgis Quair, It is a translation of F. noust. 179 Cf. velles, news, pi. of O. F. novel, new.
pi., lit.

news,

new

Du. nieuws (^SewelX

M. E. net here. (E.) A.wS neoftera, niofterra, nether; a comp. downward, also a adj. due to nidcr, adv

Nether,

lower.

compar. form.
the
suffix

To

be divided as ni-tier

being comparative, as in o-ther, nei-ther (cf. Gk.-Tfpo?, Skt. -tara-\

-$er
find Skt. nt-tamm, adv., excessively, continually, grammatically a comp. form

We

Newel, the upi ight column round which a circular staircase \\inds. (F. L.) FormerO. F. nud, nozel, later noyau, ly nue//. the stone of a plumme, the nuell or L. spindle of a winding staire;' Cot. nucale, neut. of nucdlis, lit. belonging to a nut hence a kernel or stone of a plum. E. nuc-, stem of nux, a nut. ^[ Named
' ;

347

NEWFANGLED
from
nut
its

NIGHTMARE
New.
by Cronstedt (a Swed. mineralogist) 17-4 (Cent. Diet.).
in

(dial,

central position. of La Meuse).

Cf. F. nueil, a

a kind of lizard. (E.) The iniNickname. (E.) M.E. nekcname, tial n is unoriginal a newt stands for an also ekename (a nckename an ekename}. M. E. newte also ewte, which is a See Prompt. Parv. ; cf. Du. toenaam, G. evut. shortened form of M. E. evete. From eke and name. A. S. zuname. Icel. See Eft. efeta, a lizard. auknefni, Swed. oknamn, Dan. ogenavn, Next, nighest. (E.) M.E. next', also an eke-name, nickname. A. S. nehst, nehest, superl. of neh, nigh Nicotian, belonging to tobacco. (F.) F. Nicotiane, ' Nicotian, tobacco, first See Nigh. superl. of neh, neah, nigh. Nias, a young hawk, a ninny. (F. L.) sent into France by Nicot in 1 560 Cot. M. F. niais, 'a neastling, ninny ;' Cot. Nicot is a personal name. Late L. ace. type *nididcem (Ital. mdiace]. Niece. (F. L.) M. K. nece, ncyce. L. nidus, a nest. F. niece (F. njece\^ Lnte L. neptia, a See Nest. Nib, point of a pen. (E.) Another form niece. L. neptia, a granddaughter, niece ; of neb see Neb. Cf. E. Fries, mbbe, used as fern, of L. nepos, nephew. See Nephew. nib, Low G nibbe, a neb.

Newfangled,

News
; ;

see

Nicknack
;

see

Knickknack.

Newt,

'

Lit. to nip often the (E.) Niggard, a miser. (Scand.) M.E. frequent, of nip, to pinch off the end of nigard', where the suffix -ard is of F.

Nibble.

'

'

grass, &c.-f"Low G. nibbcln, kmbbeln, to nibble, to gnaw slightly. (Cf. dibble from dip ) ^[ Or we may regard it as an attenuated form of Du. knabbclm, to nibble. Nice, fastidious, delicious. (F. L.)

= O. H. G. hart, hard). also E. nigun, a niggard, and mggish, Icel. hnoggr^ adj stingy; and even nig. niggardly, Swed. njugg, niggardly, scanty ; cf. Mid. Dan. nygger, Swed. dial, nugger,
oiigm
,

We

find

M.

M.

E. nice, foolish, simple, later fastidious,

lastly
;

and

delicious.

OF

nice,

lazy,

stmgy.-f-A S. hncaw, niggardly (Noreen). Cf. M. Du. nuggcr, nimble, careful 1, or

i

simple orig ignorant ; Romanic *necium L. nescium, ace. of (cf. Span, necio]. L not; sci-re, to nescius, ignorant know. See No (i) and Science. Niche, a recess in a wall for a statue. - Ital. - L ) F. niche - Ital. niuhia, (F. a niche, a shell-like recess in a wall. Ital. L. nicchio, a shell, also a mtch (Flono) mltulum, myhlum, ace. of mltulus, mytiliu, a sea-muscle. Derived in the same way as Ital. sccchia from situla, a bucket, and vecchio from uetulus, old as to the change of initial, cf. Ital. nespola with L mesptlum, a medlar;' Diez. [The same change occurs in F. natte, a mat, and in napkin ] We also find L. muttilus, a sea-muscle cf. L. musctilus, a sea-muscle see Muscle
, *

diligent,'

Hcxham.
(E.)

Nigh.
;

TA.\\.neh,neih,ncy. A.S.
;

adv and prep. Du. ncah, neh, nigh na, adv., Icel. na- (as in nd-but, a neighG. bour) Goth, nehwa, adv. and prep. nah, nahe, adj., naJi, prep., nigh. Teut. type *ncehwo-. Root unknown. Night. (E.) M.E. night, niht. A.S.
;

niht, neaht

Icel. natt, nott,

O. Merc. naht.+ Du. G. nacht, Dan. nat, Swed. natt, Goth.

type

nahts.

Teut.
4"

*naht-

*fwkis,

W.

nos, Irish

; Idg. type nochd, Lithuan.

(i).

Cf.
is

Nick
Nick
;

(Liddell). (i), a small notch. (O.

Gk.

Low

G.)

an attenuated form of nock, a notch see Nock. So also /// from galan, to sing. Lit. singer by night.' A.S. gal-an is from gal-, 2nd stem of top Tick (2), the devil (F. - L. - Gk.) giellan, to yell. See Yell. So also Du. Short for Nicolas. [ Not from A. S nicor, nachtegaal, Dan. nattergal, Swed. naktera water-sprite, hobgoblin ; Icel nykr, Dan gal, G. nachtigall, O. II. G. nahtagala. nek, nisse, Swed. nack, G. nix, a waternightmare, an incubus. (E.) M. E. See Kluge, s. v NixJ] trom A.S. niht, night ; goblin. nightemare. Nickel, a grayish white metal. (Swed. mare, a nightmare, incubus allied to
; '
;

Russ. nochc, L. nox Astern noct-"}, (stem VVKT-), Skt. nakta-. ^f For the old system of reckoning by nights, cf. sennight, fortnight E. nightinnightingale. (E.) gale, earlier nightcgalc (the n having been A. S mhlegale. A. S. nihte-, inserted) for niht, night gale, a singer, from

Gk.

i/v

a Teut. verb *marjan-, to crush, Icel. G.) kupfer nickel^ nickel of copper shortened to Swed. nickel. So named merja (pt. t. mardi), to crush, [Mara is
;

348

NIGHTSHADE
quite distinct from A. S. mere, a mare, but

NOCK
to Lith. gnyb-ti, to kneb-ti, to pinch.

mara, Dan. mare, Low G. moor, O. H. G. mara, mar ; all with the sense of incubus or crushing weight on the breast. Cf. F. where cauche is canche-mar, nightmare from L. calcare, to tread on, press upon. Also N. Fries, naagtmare, G. nachtmahr,
;

the two have been confused in Du. nachtmerrie, a nightmare.] 4-Icel. mara, Swed.

pinch; or to Lith.

Nipple, a teat. (E.) Formerly nible dimin. of (Nares) ; neble (Palsgrave) nib or neb ; see Neb. Cf. O. F. niflc, niffle, a nose, Ital. niffolo, niffa, a snout, from the Teutonic (Low G. nibbe, a beak).
;

Der. nipple-wort. Nit, egg of a louse

nightmare.

M. E.
a
plant.
(E.)

nite,

nit, also

a louse
;

a louse. (E.) A.S. hnitu,

;

A. S. a louse's egg. -f- Du. neet Icel. nitr, pi., Ct. Du. nachtschade, M. Du. Dan. gnid, Swed. gnet nihtscada. G.ntss; Gk. om W. nedd, pi., nits cf. also nachtschaede, G. nachtschatten. Also Swed. (stem Kovif*-) dial, natt-skate-gras, as if from natt-skata, Russ. gnida, a nit. a bat, and^Tw, grass (Rietz). Nitre. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb) F. nitre. L. nitrum. Gk. virpov. Heb. nether, Nigrescent, growing black. (L.) From stem of pres. pt. of nigrescere, to nitre, fl" Nitre and natron are doublets,

nightshade,

black, inceptive of nigrere, to be L. n?g7'-y for niger, black. Nihilist, a member of a re\ olutionary secret society, esp. in Russia. (L.) Etymologically, one who denies real existence.

giow

black.

but applied to different substances. Natron is from F. natron. Span, natron.* Arab. Gk. virpov. Heb. nalriln, nitrun.
nether.

duces

nitre,

Der. nitro-gen, that which profrom y(v-, base of yiyvetv, to

the
title

L
the b

Nilgan Nimble,
is

nihil, nothing. see Nylghau. ;

active.

pioduce.

Nizam,
'

of

ruler

in

the

excrescent.

from A. S. nim-an, with suffix -<?/, as in tprec-ol, talkative. nt'zam. Though the proper sense is We actually find A. S mimol or numul, government,' in the phrase nizam-l-mulk from it is used as a title, meaning * governor of taking, seizing, or able to receive the weak grade (tium-) of the same verb. the empire first used by Asaf Jah m 1713 Cf. Icel. netna, Goth, niman, G. nehmen, (Yule.) Arab, root nadhama, he arranged to take. Perhaps related to Gk. vk^oQai, or ordered. (Devic, Richardson.)
'

M. E. niwel\ (E.) ' Lit. ready to catch ; to catch, take, seize;

Deccan, in Hindustan. (Hind. Pers. From the Arab, mdham, governArab.) ment, which the Persians pronounce as

'

to occupy, vipnv, to distribute.

(V^EM.)

No (i

),
;

word of
;

(L ) simpleton. Thought to be a corruption of L. non compos (mentn}, not sound in mind. Nine. (E.) M.E. nine, where the final -c is a pi. suffix, and nin- is for nijen, nine (Layamon). A. S. nigon, nigen, nine.

Nincompoop,

M. E. no
ever,

A.

refusal or denial. (E.) S. na, no, adv., never, no.

a, ever

A. S. ne, not

(whence M. E.

oo, o,

See Aye. p. With obsolete). A. S. ne, not, cf. Goth, ni, Russ. ne, Irish, Gael. W. m, L. ne (in non-ne), Skt. na, not.

now

Dan. m, Sw. nio, Goth, uiun cf. also W. naw, Tr naoi, L. nouem, Gk. tvvta, Zend nava, Pers. nuh, Skt. nava, nine. Idg. type *new9n. Brugm. 11 173.
-f-Du. negen, Icel. niu,
nettn,
;

no
q.v.

(2),

none.

(E.)
\.

Short for none,

G.

Der. no-body,

e.

none

took the place ot

no- thing.

M. E. no man.

it body So also
;

pen

M. E nippen, for knip(E.) see G. Douglas, Piol. to /En. xii. From the weak 1. Not in A. S. 94. grade (knip-} of a Teut. verb *kneipan-, to pinch, as seen in Du. knijpen, to pinch,

a simpleton. (E.) [Cf. Ital. mnno, a child (Diez). Cf. Span, nino, a Ital ttinna, child, one of little experience. a lullaby, nurse's song to lull children to sleep, also nannaJ\ Of imitative origin.

Ninny,

Nip.
,

L. noF. noble. Noble. (F. L.) For bilem, ace. of nobths, well known. O. L. gnobilis. L. gno-, base of ndscere allied to E. (i.e. gno\cere), to know; Know. Der. nobil-i-ty, O. F. nolnhtet, L. ace. nolnlitatem. Also i-gnoble. from no and body ; see (i) . ;

Nobody
Nock,
Du
;

No

(M.

(Kilian),

indentation, M. E. nokke. a notch in the

an

notch;

obs.

M. Du.
head
;

nocke of an

arrow
dial,

M. Swed.

nocka, a notch

Swed.

Sw. knipa G. kneifen, knibe, kneipen, to pinch (from Low G.). Allied
Dan.
;

nokke, nokk. The M. Swed. nocka also denotes the same as Icel. hnokki, i, e.

349

NOCTURN
in a distaff,

NOOSE

the small metal hooks holding the thread L. nomen, name; calare, to call; see Calends. fl" The M. Ital. nocca, a nock, is of Teut. origin. Distinct from notch. nominal. (F. L.) F. nominal. " Nocturn, a service of the church. notmndlis, nominal belonging to a name. F. nocturne, a nocturn; orig. L. nomin-, for nomen, a name ; see Noun. (F. L.) nocturnal. Late L. nocturna, a nocturn nominate. (L.) From pp. of L. fern, of L. nocturnits, nocturnal. From nomindre, to name. L. nomin-, for See Night. nomen see Noun. noct-, stem of nox, night. Nod. (E.) M. E. nodJen. Not in Non-, prefix, not. CL.) L. non, not. S. ; but the orig. form began with hn. nonage. (L. and F. -L.) I. e. nonThe ong. sense was to push, beat, shake. age, minority So also non- conforming, Cf. Icel. hnybja, a rammer for beating non-descnpt non-entity, non-juror, nonhnoton (hnoton^, to shake turf; O. II. sense, non-suit. Bavar. notteln, to move to and fro. Teut. see One. ; base *hneud. Nonchalant, careless. (E. L.) F, Noddle, the head. (E.) M. E. nodle, nonchalant, careless pres. pt. of O. F. nodil, the noddle, nape, back of the head. nomhaloir, tp be careless about. O. F. ' Vocab. 673. Dimm. non, not Occiput, a nodyle chaloir, to glow, hence to be of *knod, a word not found in M. E., but hot over, take care for. L. non, not ; the same as M. Du. knodde, a knob alare, to glow. Du. knod, a club; cf. G. (Hexham), None. (E.) M. E. noon, non. A. S. This is a mere nan. A. S tie, not an, one see One. knotfn, a knot, knob. variant of knot ^Franck". Cf. Low G. Hence no, as in no-thing, no-body, by loss a ball of yarn, a hard swelling of final n. knuddel, under the skin (Berghaus). Nones, the ninth day before the ides. Node, a knot (L.) L. nodus, a knot. (L.) From L. nona, ninth (i. e. ninth a wooden cup. (Scand.) Cf. day), fern, of nonu^^ ninth from nouem, Noggin, See Nine. \ivshnoigin, Gael, noigean, a noggin; Gael. nine. a little knob, a peg, an earthen cnagan, Nonpareil, matchless. (F. - L.) F. a knocker a gill, non, not; pareil, equal L. non, not; pipkin, cnagaire,
; ;
;

Nonce

'

<

all from E. Late L. panculus, equal, double dimin. noggin a quart measure Also Lowl. Sc. noggin, horn par, equal. Cf. Apparel. (Macbain). Jb 01 noggie spelt knoggin by Swift. Nonplus. (L.) To be at a nonplus,' *knogg~en, with -en as in wood-en, from to be in perplexity, not to be able to provariant of knag, a knob, peg, also a ceed. L. non, not //wv, more, further. knog, M. E. a corner. Nook. keg (Jamieson), knaggie, a keg (id ). Of Scand. origin see Knag. Lowl. Sc. neuk, whence (probably) Irish - and Gael, mnt, a corner, nook; also Lowl. E. noise. Noise. (F. L -Gk.) F. noise, O. F. noise, nose, a debate, Sc. nuik, nuk, a headland. It answers Cf. Prov. noisa, nausa, to Norw. quarrel, noise. cf Norw. nok, a nook, crook nueiza. Die? holds that it can only be nahke, a corner cut off; Dan. dial. (3. nogg, derived from L. nausea, sea-sickness, dis- a bend in a river. the L. word gust, hence annoyance, &c. the ninth Noon, mid-day. Ong. See Nausea. hour or 3 P.M., but afteiwaids the time of being borrowed from Gk. Noisome, annoying, troublesome. (F. the church-service called none\ was shifted L with E suffix ) Formed from to mid-day. \Ve find A. S. twn-tld (lit. M. E. noy, annoyance with E. suffix noon-tide), the ninth hour, Mk. xv 33. This M. E. noy is short for M. E -some. L. nona, \ e ninth hour, fern of non us, O. F. anoi, vexation see ninth. See Nine. anoy, anoi,
;

'

'

Annoy. Nole, Noll, head

Noose,
;

a slip-knot.

see

Noule.
Gk.

Beaumont and
imported
noose or
a
;

Fletcher.

(Prov.-L) In The word was

;

Nomad,
stem of
ture.

wandering. (Gk.)

vofjLa$ f

roaming
assign.

in search of pas-

from Gascon y by sailois. Gascon nus O. Prov. notz Prov. nou\,o.

loo}}.

Gk.

i/o/uos,

a pasture, allotted abode.

[Cf. Prov. nous courrtnt,

pi.

Gk. vipfiv, to
(L.)

running noose;

nouses;

nous de
;

Nomenclator,

one

who names
*

L. nomenclator,

lit.

things. name-caller.'

r araire, a noose
Gasc.

for

mooring ships

nousett a knot, nousera, to

tie

note a

350

NOR
knot.]

NOURISH
a

L. nodus, nom.,
(E.)

knot.

See

Knot.

Nor.
neither.

M. E.

nor, short for nother,

makes notes, a see Note. Notch., an

scrivener.

L. nota, a note

incision

a score

also,

as

S. ndwfier, conti acted A. S. net, of ndhwccfter, neither.

A.

form
not
;

vb., to incise, nick.

hiv(z$er, whether.

Normal, according to rule. (L.) L. normdlis, adj. I,, norma, a carpenter's

square, rule, pattern.

Norman, Norse
North.
Icel.

see

North.

For *otch, by association with nock, which has a similar meaning. M. E. ochen, to cut, cut into, occurs in the Morte Arthure, 2565, 3676. Notch was often particularly used with reference to the scoring of tallies, and cricket was once scored by counting notches.
(F.)

A. S. nord.+T)\i. noord, norSr, Dan. Swed. G. nord. Root

(E.)
;

unknown
on the
wards)
;

left

some compare Umbrian nertru, hand (to one looking east-

Gk. veprepos, lower.

O. F. oche (F. hoche], a nick, nock, or Also notch, the cut of a tally;' Cot. to nick, nock, notch, to cut as a ocher, J The O. F. oche, Gascon osco, id. tally is of unknown origin. <J[ There is a similar
' ; ;

O. F. Nor- difficulty as to initial n in the word nouih (F. Scand.) mand. Dan. Normand; Icel Norftmaftr, or ouch see Ouch. Lit. North-man/ Note, a mark. (F. L.) F. rn>/i. L. pi. Nordmenn. From Norw. and nota, a mark, lit. that by which a thing is XIOrSG. (Scand.) Dan. norrf;, Norse Icel. norskr, Norse. known. Perhaps for *gn6ta, and allied to r Breal. (For Short for *A orth-isk i. e. Norih-i^h. nottts, known, pp. of noscere

norman.

'

northern.
nate with Icel. For the suffix,
er-ly
,

(E.)

A.

S. norftern

cog-

the short

nomn, O.H.G.
cf.

L. -aneus.

nordrom. Der. northA. S. nosu.

put for north-ern-ly.

(E.)

L. cognttus ^*cognotus.} Der. not-at-ion, from L t.otdtio, from pp. notdtuf, and see not-able, not-ary above. (E.) Short for no thing', see
o,
cf.

Nose.

M.

E. now.

None.

Nothing.

neuv. Related, apparently by -f- Du. gradation, to A. S. nasu, nose, Icel. w>, Dan. nifse, Swed. nasa, G. nase, Russ nos\ Lithuan. uosh, L natm*, ndres, pi Skt ndsd, dual. Allied to Ness. Der. cf. prov. E. gay, a painted nose-gay picture in a book, from^wy, adj. nos-tml nozzle nuzzle. Nosology, science of disease. (Gk.)
, ;
;

Notice. (F' L.) F. notice. - L. notitia, L. notiis, pp. a being known, knowledge See Know. of noscere, to know. L. F. notijier. notify. (F. L ) L. noti-, for notifadre, to make known. known ; -jicdre, for facere, to notus,
make.

notion.
notus,

nohonem, an
pp.

Gk. i/oao-s, disease; -\oyia, from ^0705, discourse, from \eyftv, to speak. Nostril. ^E.) Nostril nose-thrill or nose thirl A. S. nos&yrl. nose-thirl. M.

F. notion. L. ace. L.) (F. L. investigation, a notion. of noscere, to know. See

Know.
notorious. (L-) From L. notori-us, manifest; with suffix -ous. L. notor, a L. pp. notus, known. voucher, witness. Der. notori-e-ty, M. F. notonetl ^Cot.).

~
,

A. S
orifice
;

Nostrum,
nostrum^.
*

jiis-u, nose ; fly/ el, a perforation, see Thrill. a quack medicine. (L.) L.

Not-pated,
i

close
4.

shorn.

our own,' i. e. a special drug Neut. of noster, peculiar to the seller. ours L. nos, we, Cf Skt. nas, us. d), a word expressing denial. (E.) M. E. not, short form of nought, naught

lien. IV.
;

11.

78.

From A.
(E.)

See (E.) S. knot,

close shorn

and Pate.

Not

Notwithstanding.

M.
ii.

E.

nought withstanding, Gower, C. A. From naught and withstand.

181.

see

Naught.

Not
(E.)

know not, or he knows Obsolete. M. E. not, noot. A. S.

(2), I

not.

Nought, the same as Naught. Noule, Nowl, Nole, Noll,

(E.) M. E.

head.

ndt.
;

A
see

S. ne, not

wdt,

know, or he knows

F. nota6k.-L. L.) (F. L. notdre, to maik. notdbilis, remarkable. L. nota, a mark ; see Note.

Wit Notable.
notary.

SeeNares. Mid. Nt. Dr. lii. 2 17. noL A. S. hnoll, the crown of the head.+O. H. G. hnol, top.
a grammatical term. (F. L) noun, non, nun (F. norn\ a name. L no'men a name. See Name. Nourish. (F. L.) M. E. nori$en.< O. F. noun's- norris-j stem of prcs. pt. ot

Noun,

O.

(F.

L.)

M.

F. notaire.

ace.

notdrium (from notdriui), one who

351

NOVEL
nourir (F. nourrir) t to nutrlre, to nourish, suckle.

NUNCIO
F. nuisance > a (F. L.) F. nuisanty hurtful; pres. pt, of L. noclre y to hurt. nuire, to hurt. /.-L. Null, invalid. (F.-L.) F. L. ne t not ; ulli4S, any, nulluSy none. short for *unu/us, dimin. of unus, one. Nullah, a water-course, bed of a torrent. a water-course Hind, nala, (Hind.)
hurt.

Novel.

nouveau] nouus, new. See New. Der. novel-ty, from O. F. noveliteit, from L. ace. nouelli-

nourish. L. Cf. Nurse. O. F. novel (F. (F. L.) L. nouellus, new, dimin. of

Nuisance.

tdtem, newness. novice, a beginner. (F. L.) F. novice. L. nomcius, noultius, new, fresh, a novice. L. nouus, new. Der. noviti-ate, from M.F. novitiat, the estate of a novice,' Cot. from Late L. novitiatus, sb. L. Nouember, the (L.) L. nouem, ninth month of the Roman year.
'

(Yule).

November.
(E.)
//,

nine.

See Nine.

Now.
w/7 -f-Du

M.

E. now, nott,
.

Icel. w;7,

Goth nu,

Skt.

w,

nu-nc. Der.

#tf?//.

nu\ A. S. Dan. Swcd. O. H. G. Cf. Gk. vv-v, L. 1042. Brugm. i.

(E.)

M. E. nome, nomen, pp. caught with, overpowered, deprived of sensation. Pp. of M. E. nimen (A.S. nimati), to take; see Nimble. -f" Icel. numinn, bereft, pp. of nema, to take. Number. (F. L.) F. nombre. lu. numeritw, ace. of numents, a number. Cf. Gk. v6fj.-os, law, vfptiv, to distribute. (^NEM.) Der. out-number.
(E.)
seized, taken,

Numb.

numeral.
belonging (above\
tion.

(L.)

From

L. nitmcratts,

form

noways. A. S. nanes weges, by no way, the gen case used adverbially. See
is

Noway, Noways.

The

older

to

number.

L.

numerus

None and "Way. nowhere. (E.)

A.S.

S. na, not;

hwar, where.
(E.)

nahwr See No

numeration. iF. L.) F. numeraL ace. numerdtionem, a numbering. L numeratus, pp of numerdre, to

L. numerus, a

(i)

number.
(Cot.).

number

and "Where.
Short for in no wise, M. E. on none wise where none is dat. of M. E. noon, none, and wise is dat. of wise, a way, from S. wise, a. way. See None,
;

numerous.
,

(F

L.)

M.F.#w^m/.r

nowise.

L. numerosiiSy adj.; from nua number. merits, sb relating to coins. (L.

NOXIOUS. (L.) L noxius, hurtful. cf nex, L. nocere, to hurt L. noxa, hurt. destruction, -f- Skt. nd^a(s], destiuction.
;

and Wise,

sb.

GkJ Coined from L numzsmat-y of numuma, current com. Gk.

Gk.
vtptiv, to distribute.
(L.)

Numismatic,

stem

a custom, also current coin. Gk. to adopt, use as coin. Gk. vopos, usage.

(-/NEK ) Bragm Nozzle, a snout.

dimin of nose

n.

794.

Nun.
;

Oy^NEM.) M.E. and A.S. nunne.

;

(E.)

P ormerly nozle

Late L. mtnna, nonna, a nun

of
;

orig. a title

Nucleus, core
nut, kernel.

(L.) L. nucleus, small L. nuc-, stem of mix, a nut.

Nude, naked
*nogivedos.

(L.)

L. nudus, bare

for

' It mother.' oldest sense, respect answers to L. nonmis, father, also a monk (Ducange).-f Gk. vawrf, aunt; Skt. nand y mother, a familiar word used by children.

Allied to

Naked.

a slight push. (E.) Lowl. Sc. nodge, to push, strike, strike with the knuckles North. E. nog, to jog. Perhaps of imitative origin. Cf. Norw. nu^ga,

Nudge,
;

the like.

ma-ma, da-da (daddy], and Der. nunn-er-y, from () F. nonnerie, which is fiom O. F. nonne, Late L. nonna. Nuncheon, a luncheon. (Hybrid L.

Formed

like

to rub, push, allied to nygg/a (pt. t. nogg), to push; Swed. dial. nogga, to move slightly. trifling, vain (L.) L.niigfi-

and
of

The ending is confused with that luncheon. M. E. nonechcnche (for noneE.)

'

Nugatory,
adj.
trifles.

torius,

from nugatory a

trifler

cf.

nugatuSy pp. of nugdrt, to

nuga:,

trifle.

L. pi.

Riley, Memorials of London, a noon-drink,' to accompany M. the nonemete or noon-meat.' none, noon schenche, a pouring out of drink.
schenche),
p.

265
;

lit.

'

Nugget, a lump of metal (E ) Formerly see Trench, Eng. Past and Present. niggot Cf. prov. E. nug a block of wood nigg, a small piece (Essex); nog, knog, a block of wood, knob, peg; allied to Knag.
; t ;

See Noggin.

A. S mm, noon (of L. origin see Noon) ; sccncan, to pour out drink, p. The A. S. * scencan is lit. * to pour out through a pipe derived from A. S. scam, a shank, hollow bone, pipe see Shank. Nuncio, a messenger. (Ital. L.) Ital.
;

35 2

NUNCUPATIVE
nuncio.,

OATS

L. nuntium, ace. of nuntius, a E. Fries, ntisseln, Swed. dial, nosla, to bringer of tidings. Prob. for *nouentius, nuzzle. a bringer of news, from nouus, new. Nylghau, a kind of antelope. (Pers.) Nuncupative, declared by word of Pers. nilgaw, a nylghau, lit. blue cow.' mouth. (F. L.) F. nuncuftatif (Cot.) - Pers. nil, blue (see Lilac ; and gaw, a LateL. nuncupatlvus, nominal. L.nuncu- cow, allied to E. Cow. of nuncupdre, to call by name. F. nymphe. patus, pp. (F.-L.-Gk) For *nomi-cupare from L. nomen, name. L. nympha. Gk. vvn<j>i),3i bride.
*

Nymph.

capere, to take.

Brugm.

ii.

34.

Nuphar, a kind of water-lily.

Skt.)

(Pers. Pers. nufar, short for nililfar see

;

F. nuptial - L L. nuptidlis, belonging to a marriage. L. nupta, a nuptice, s pi., a wedding. bride ; fern, of pp. of nubere, to marry, lit.

Nenuphar.

O.
M. E. o ; (i), Oh, interjection. (E.) not in A.S.-f Du. Dan. Swed. G. Goth. L.
o
;

Nuptial. (F.-L.)

Gk.

tD,

&.

There was no

distinction,

to

veil.'

norice, nurice.

Contracted from E. O. F. norrice (F. nournci). L. nutricia,) a nurse. L. nutrlc-, stem oinutrix, a nurse. L. nutrire,\.o nourish.

Nurse. (F. - L.)

formerly, between o and oh. So called because (2), a circle. (E.) the letter o is of a circular shape. a simpleton. (Scand.) Prov. E. Oaf,

- ) E. norture. (F. O. F. noriture (F. nourritHre). ^. nutri-

nurture.

ttira,

nourishment

from nutritus, pp. of

note,

Icel. d/fr, an elf. Chaucer auf, an elf. uses elvish in the sense of simple.' variant of elf\ see Elf. Oak. (E.) M. E. ook A. S. ac. Du.
*

nutrire, to nourish Nut. (E.)

Icel. eik

Dan.

M.K

eeg, eg,

Swed.

ek,

G. eicke

nutc

A.

S.

Teut. base *atk-.

hnutu.+T)M. nootj Icel. knot, Swed. not, Dan. nod, G. nuss. Cf. Irish cmt, Gael. f0, W. cneuen, a nut. Der. nut-hatch^ i e.
nut-hacker
L.
Pers.
;

Oakum, tow from old ropes. (E.) A. S. dcumba, tow. (For the soundchange,
cf.

nutmeg,
nutmegge.
;

see Hatch (3). the musk -nut. (E. ; and?. M. E. notenwge, later Skt.)

which

is

E. oak<A. combed out.'

S. ac.} Lit. 'that S. a-, prefix ;

Here -muge is from O. F. mugue, musk. L. museum, ace. of muscus, musk see Musk. Cf. O. F nwguette, a nutmeg, also called noix tnuscade, Span. nuez moscada, Ital. noce moscada, Late L.
mu^cdta, nutmeg.

Nutation, a nodding. (L.) From L. L. nut are, to nod, niitdtw, a nodding. frequent, of nuere^ to nod.|-Gk. vtvttv, to
nod.

cemban, to comb, from camb, a comb; see A- (4) and Comb. Cf. O. H. G. achambi, tow of like origin. Oar. (E.) M.E. ore; A. S. dr.+ Icel. Teut. type dr, Dan. aare, Swed. ara. *d7/7f,fem.; whence Finnish airo (Noreen, 57)IT A connexion with Gk. Ip-cr^s, oarsman, cannot be established. Oasis. (L. - Gk. - Egypt.) L. otists. Gk. 6Wts, avcum, a fertile islet in the
;

Nutriment, food.
tum^ food.
feed.

(yNEU.)

(L)

'L.nutrimen-

L. nntnre, to nourish, suckle,

(L.)

desert. Of Egypt, origin cf. Coptic ouahe, an oasis, a dwelling-place, ouih, to dwell (PeyronV Oast, Oast-hpUSe, a kiln for drying M. E. oost, ost. A. S. ast, a hops. (E.)

Libyan

nutritious.
nutrtre (above).

L. nutriti-m, for

nfttricius, adj., nourishing; with suffix -ous. L. nutric-, stem of nutrix, a nurse. L.

nutritive. Formed with F.

niitrlt-uSj

(F.-L.)

F.

nutritif.

pp.

suffix -if (L. -iuus), of nut r ire (above).

from

to thiust the nose in. (E.) Formerly nouste, nosy II ; a frequent, verb ; from no$e t sb. Cf. Swed. nosa, to smell ; also Bavar. nuseln, noscln^ to seek about

Nuzzle,

kiln, drying-house. -f Ehi. cest, M. Du ast Allied to L. astus, Gk. a?0os, (the same). a burning heat. (^AIDH.) See Ether. Oath. (E.) M.E. ooth, oth. A. S. d$. eed Icel. eitir, Dan. Swed. ed, Goth. 4-Du. Teut. type aiths, G. eid, O. H. G. eid. *aithoz\ Idg. type *oitos as in O. Irish ofth, an oath.
y
t

sing.

for,

also,

to

speak

through

the

nose;

A.S. ate, etes, pi. Perhaps allied to Icel. eitill, a nodule in stone, Norw. eitel, a gland, knot, nodule, Russ. iadro, a kernel,
(E.)
;

Oats.

M.E.

pi.

atan.

353

OBball,

OBSERVE
From
the

Gk.

ottos,

a swelling.

swollen shape.

(-/EID)

to ocIt changes (L.) L. ob, before /, op- before /. with very variable senses ; as, towards, at, Cf. before, upon, over, about, near.

Ob-,

prefix.
of-

before

<:,

L. ace. oblaL. offering, obl&tus, used as pp. of offerre, to offer see Tolerate. (but from a different root)
;

oblation, an offering; Cot. tionenii ace. of obldtio, an

Oblige,
obliger.

Oscan op t near, Gk. tm, upon

557-

Brugm.

i.

oblige.

F. (F. L.) L. obligdre, to bind together, L. ob, near ; Itgare, to bind. See

to

constrain.

Ligament.
(L.)

Obdurate.

obdurdre, to harden. hard. See Dure.

L. obdurdtus, pp. of L. ob\ and diirus,

O. F. obedient. L. obedient-, stem of p res pt. of obcdire L. 0-, near; (O. L. oboedire}, to obey. See Audience and audire, to hear. Der. dis-obedient. 250. Brugm. i. obeisance. (F. L.) M. E. obeisance.

Obedient. (F.-L.)

O. F.

obeissance,

service, a salute. of obeir, to obey.

obtissance, O. F. obeissant, pres. pt. L. obedire (above)

later

F.

Obelisk. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. obehsque.L. obelucum, ace. of obehscus. Gk.

a pointed spit hence a thin pointed pillar; dimin. of o^cXos, a spit.
<jj3\io~Kos,
;

Oblique, slanting, perverse. (F.-L.) F. oblique. L. obliquus, obltcus, slanting, L. ob\ *fa/uus, oblique sideways, awry. (not in use). Obliterate. (L.) Fiom pp. of L. L. ob, over ; littera, oblitterare, to efface. a letter. See Letter. It seems to have been associated with L. oblinere, to smear over though there is no etymological connexion. Oblivion. (F. L.) F. oblivion. L. ace. obltuionem, forgetfulness. L. obliulsa, to forget. Origin uncertain.

Oblong, long from side to side. (F. L. oblongus, long across. F. oolong. L.) L. ob, over ; longus, long; see Long.
Obloquy,
Loquacious.
calumny. (L.) *L.obloquium,
,

Obese,
to eat

fat.

(L.)

away, wasted; has devoured.'

L obesus, (i) eaten i that which (2) fat, lit. \^.obd.\us, pp of obedere,
ob,

contradiction. L. obloqui, to speak against. L. ob, against See loqut, to speak.

away
(

I,,

near

edere, to eat.

See Edible.

Der.

Obey.
obeir.

F.

- L.)
to

obe^-i-ty

Obnoxious,
in

offensive.

L. obedire, to
dis-obey.

M. K. 0Ayw/. -O.F. obey see Obedient.

,

the sense of
L. ob,

'

liable to.'

(L.) Formerly L. obnoxt-iis,

liable to hurt or

Der.

haim, with suffix -ous. See noxius, hurtful. against

;

From darken. (L.) L. ob, pp. of L ob-fuscdre, to obscure. See Fuscous. near zndfttscus, brown. Obit, a funeial rite. (F.-L) O.F. L. ace. obitum, a going to or down, obit. L. obitum, supine of downfall, death. L ob, near ire, Ob-ire^ to go near.

Obfuscate,
;

Noxious.

Oboe.
F. haitibois

- F. - L.) (Ital.
,

Ital. oboe.

Gk.) (L. coin, perhaps ong. in the shape of a spike or nail ; allied to Gk. 6/3tAos, a spit.

Hautbois. Obolus, a small Gk. com. L. obolus. Gk. 6&o\6s, a small

see

to go.

Obj ect

vb

objecter.

- L.

throw against, oppose ; frequent, oiob-icere (obiicere},io cast towards. See L. ob, towards lacere, to cast.
obiectdre, to
;

Jet
tion.

(ij.

Obscene. (L ) L. obscenus, obscaenits, obscoemis, repulsive, foul. Etym. unknown. Obscure, dimin. (F. L.) Y.obscur. 1 L. obscurus, dark, lit. 'covered over. I,. 06; and -scurus, \ e. covered ; cf. Skt. cover. <>kn, to Brugm. i.

^SKEU.)
See Sky.

Objurgation. (F.-L.)

F. objurga'

109; h.
'

74.

L. ace. obturgdtionem, a chiding. L. obiurgatus, pp. of obiurgdre to chide.

y

ob, against; zurgare,

to sue, chide,
; f

from iurwhich stands for *iuriare stem otius, law, and -igdre, for agere, to Cf. Navigate. drive, pursue. Oblate, widened at the sides. (L.) L.
L. ob, obldtus, spread out (at the sides). towards; Idtus, borne, cairied out, pp. of tollere, to bear. See Tolerate.

F. obseques, ) L. obsequids, ace. of L. obsequies, funeral rites, lit. followings. obscqui, to follow near, comply with. L. ob, near; sequi, to follow. See Se-

Obsequies.
obsequies
;

(F.

-L

Cot.

quence.

obsequious.
qtneux
pliance
;

Cot.

M.F obse(F. L.) L. obsequiosus, full of comL.

L.)

obsequium, compliance.
(F.

ob^equi, to

comply with (above.)

O. F. observer.-*

Oblation, an

offering.

(F.-L.)

F.

Observe.

354

OBSIDIAN
ob,

OCTANT
to meet in the way, prevent
uia^ way.

L. obserudre, to take notice of, mark. L. near sernare, to keep, heed. Obsidian, a vitreous stone. (L.) From L. Obsidianus lapis (false reading for Obsidnus lapis), a stone found by one Obsidius (false reading for Obsius) in
;

L. ob, against ;

See Viaduct.
;

^Ethiopia (Pliny,
xxxvii.
c.

lib.

xxxvi.

c.

26,

lib.

10).

Obsolescent, going out of use. (L.] Fiom pres. pt. of L. obsolescere, to grow
old, inceptive

obvious. (L.) L. obui-us, lying in the way, evident with suffix -otts. - L. ob, over against ma, the way. Oca, the name of a ceitain edible root. (Peruvian.) Peruv. occa^ the same. Occasion. (F.-L.) F. occanon>-\^. ace. occasionem. L. oc- (for ob}, at; and to fall. See cds-us, pp. of cadere,
;

form of
;

obsotirc,

to decay.

Cadence.

Origin
against
'

doubtful
;

sole re }

Obsolete.

Occident, west. (F.-L.) O.Y.ocetperhaps from L. ob, L, Occident-, stem of pres. pt. to be wont. dent, west L. obwlelus, pp. of of occidere, to fall, set (as the sun). l^.oc(L.)
(/or ob], at
;

obwlere (above). Obstacle. (F. - L.) F. obstacle.L obsta^ulum^ a hindrance. L ob, against; -staculum, double dimin. from sta-re, to
stand.

cadere, to fall.

Occiput. (L)
head. L. the head.

L. ocaput^ back of the

over against
;

oc- (for ob},

caput,

See Capital.

Obstetric, pertaining

to

midwifery.
lit.

L. obstetrnius, adj., from (L.) stem of obstctrix, a midwife;

;

obstetrii-, an as-

L. obstare, to stand sistant, stander near. near with fern, suffix -tnx (of the agent). L. ob, near; stare, to stand. See State.

Occult. (F. L.) F occulte.-^L. occultus, pp. of occulere, to cover over, conceal. L. oc- (foi ob ; and obs. *celere, to hide, allied to celart, to hide. Cf. O. Irish ccl-im, I hide, A. S hel-an, to hide.
^

Occupy. (F.-L
occuper.

JL.oefupten.-Y.

L obstinatus, reso- Of) pp. of ob^tinare, to set about, be re- // c -occupy. L Occur. (F.-L.) M. F. occutrer. \,. solved on ; lit. to put oneself neai L. ocob, near ; and *stanarc, to place oneself occurrere, to run to meet, occur cf. Russ. sianovitc, to set ; from See -y^STA. (for ob), against currere, to run.
Obstinate. (L
;
*

L. occupare, to lay hold of. L. Der. (for ob\ near; capcre,\.o seize.

lute

'

See Destine.

Current.
clamorous.

Obstreperous,
Obstriction,
from L.
bind, fasten

(L)

L.

obstreper-us, clamorous; with suffix -out, L. ob, against, near ; sheperc, to rattle.
ob^fiictiiSj

Ocean. (F.-L.-Gk.) O F ocean.Gk. &K(av6s t L,.occamtm, ace. of&eanus the great stream supposed to encompass
the earth.

obligation. (L.) Coined pp. of obstrtngcre, to L. ob, over; stnngere, to

Ocelot, a quadruped. (Mexican.) Mexican ocdotl, a tiger applied by Buffon to

,

draw

tight.

See Stringent.

the ocelot.

Obstruct. (L) From L. obslruttus, pp. of obstrucrc, to build in the way of L. ob, against anything, lit. build against.
;

Ochre, a fine clay, commonly yellow. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. octe, oker; Cot.-L. ochra. Gk. &xp a yellow ochre from its
k

'

>

See Structure struere, to build. L^ F. obtemr. L. Obtain. (F. L. ob, near; obtinere, to hold, obtain. Sec Tenable tenere, to hold Obtrude. (L ) L. obtrudere, to thrust
I,, ob, against. against thrust. See Thrust
;

pale, wan. Octagon, a plane 8-sided figure. (Gk.) t rom Gk. ora-, for OKTCU, eight ; y<av-ia t an angle, connected by gradation with y6vvf knee see Knee.
;

pale coloui.

Gk. &xpus,

trtidcrc,

to

F. obtus, a base, from the base cS-, to sit , see Sit. ' L. obtfisu^ blunted, j>p of 'dull; Cot. Octangular, having eight angles. L. ob, against; (L.) troiii L. oct-o, obtundere, to beat against. eight, angulus, tundere, to beat. angle. the aspect of two planets Obverse, lit. turned towards one, used octant, L obuersus, when distant by the eighth part of a circle. of the face of a coin. (L.^ L. ob, (L.) L octant-, stem of octans, an instrupp. of obucrtere, to turn towards towards ucrtere, to turn. See Verse. ment for measuring the eighth of a circle. L. oct-o, eight. Obviate. (L.) From pp. of L. obmare,
blunt.

Obtuse,

(F

-L^

M.

Octahedron, a solid 8-sided From o/rra-, for &KTW, eight (Gk.)

figure.
;

(Spa,

355

OCTAVE
octave. (F. L.) Lit. 'eighth;' hence, eight days nfter a festival, eight notes in L. F. octave, an octave (Cot.). music. L. octd, octaiia, fern, of octduus, eighth. eight.+Gk. OKT&, eight; cognate with E.
[Eight.

OGEE

Cf. Gk. ofctK ( - *o5-^>), to smell.

Doublet,

utas.

Der. odorous, from L. odor-us, with suffix ous the accent has been thrown back. Of, from, &c. (E.) M. E. of\ A. S. of. +Du. Icel. Swed. Dan. Goth. af\ G. ab, O. H. G. aba L. ab, Gk. dmS, Skt. apa,
; ;

October. (L ) L. October, month of the Roman year.

eight.

the eighth L. odd,

away.
off,

of

of.

Brugm. i. away from. M. E. of\

smite off

560.
(E.) An emphatic form as in ' Smiteth of my

octogenarian, one who is eighty From L. octogendrius (L.) years old.

',

hed'

(Harleian

MS

my

head; Ch. C. T. 782

).

L. octdgeni, eighty belonging to eighty. each, distributive form of octogtnta, eighty. L octd, eight; -ginta, probably allied to decem, ten. 164. Brugm. ii. Octoroon, the offspring of a white person and a quadroon. (L.) One who is, Coined from in an eighth part, a black. L. octd, eight in imitation of quadroon.
;

Offal, waste meat. (E.) M. E. offal, falling remnants, chips of wood, &c. From u. afval, windfall, offal; off and
Dan.

affald, a fall off, offal

;

abfall

all similarly

Swed. a/a!!; compounded.

;

Offence. (F.-L.) O. F.

offence, offense.

Octosyllabic.
labtcus,

Gk.) (L. having eight syllables.

-rj,

l^.octo^

Gk. OK

eight

a syllable
;

Octroi,
O. F. O. F.
I,,

toll.

(F.-L.)

see Syllable. F. octroi,

L. offensa, an offence ; ong. fern, of pp. of offendere, to dash against (below). E. offenden. - F. Offend. (F. - L.) L. offendere, to dash or strike offendre L. of- (for ob], against; against, injure.

otroi,

ong. a grant

verbal sb. from

otroicr, to

a^tct^rl{are,

authorise.

Late authorise, grant. by-form of auctorizare to L. auctor see Author

,

See Defend. *fendere, to strike. Offer. (L.) A. S. offrian. ^L. offerre, to offer. L. of- (for ob], near; jerre to Der. offer-tbring, cognate with E. bear. or-y, fiom F. offertoire, L. offertdrium, z.
place to which offerings were brought* F. office. -I,, Office, duty. (F.-L.1
'
;

Ocular.
to the eye.

(L.)

L. oculdris, belonging oculus, eye ; cognate with

service.' lit. See Optic. Perhaps offictum, duty female slave in a Turkish from opi-j for opus, work; andfacere, to Der. offic-er, F. officier, harem. (F. Turk.) F. odalisque', better do (Walde). Turk, odahq, a cham- Late L. officidnus\ offic-i-ous, F. offictettx, odaltque (Devic"). L. officiows. Turk. oda, a chamber. bermaid. Odd, not even, strange. (Scand.) M. E. Officinal, pertaining to or used in a F. officinal. odde Icel. oddi, a triangle, a point of shop or laboratory. (F. L.) conL. officina, a workshop, office land; metaphorically (from the triangle), an odd number (ong three] hence also tracted form of opificina (Plautus). L. for facere, the phr. standask i odda, to stand (or be) opi-, for opus, work -fic- 9
ofjL^a,

Gk.

eye.

Odalisque, a

at odds, to quarrel ; oddamaSr, the odd man, third man who gives a casting vote, Allied to oddr, oddatala, an odd number.

to do.

Offing,

the part

of the visible

sea

a point of a weapon (for *0s</r)+A.S. Dan. od, a ord, a point of a sword, point point, Swed. udda, odd, ttdde, a point ort, a place, M. II. G. ort, extreme point. Teut. type *uzdoz. Ode, a song. (F. L. - Gk.) F. ode. ; ;

remote from the shore. (E.) Merely formed from off, with the noun-suffix -ing. See off. From off and OffsCOUXing. (E.)
scour.

So also Oft, Often,

"

"

off-set, off-shoot, off-spring.

whence

frequently. (E.J

$.ofi\

E.

ofte,

with added

-e,

Gk. oJ5^, a song for doi L. oda, ode. a song. Gk. df/dei?, to sing. Allied to O. Irish faed, W. gwaedd, a cry, shout.
;
.

ofte-n with

Der.
hatred.
;

Odium,
L. odi,
I

hate

an

ep-ode, palm-ode L. odium, sb. (L.) Cf. old perfect tense.

160. Armen. at-eam, I hate. Brugm. i. Odour. (F.-L.) M. K. odour. - F.

odtur.

L. oddrem, ace. of odor, scent.

An ogiue (ogive}.wogee, Span. Arab ) ,, a wreath, circlet, or round band in archiAn ogee arch is a tecture/ Minsheu. pointed arch, with doubly-curved sides. M.F. augive, F. ogive, an ogive or ogee
*

added -w.-f-lcel, opt, Swed. <?/?0, G. oft, Goth. /fa. Origin unknown. Ogee, Ogive, a double curve. (F.-

and lastly Dan. ofte,

356

OGLE
(Cot.). Span, auge, highest point, also meridian, apogee (cf. Port, auge, top) from the pointed top of Moorish arches,
;

OMELET
oleaster, Rom. xi. 17 ; formed from olea> olive-tree. Gk. l\aia, an olive-tree.

an
L.

Olfactory,

relating to smell. (L.)

which have doubly-curved sides. Arab. olfactorius, adj., from L. olfactor, one who awj, summit. *([ Perhaps not a true Arab, smells, olfactns^ a smelling. L. olfactus, word, but der. from Gk. dnoyatov, the pp. of olfafere^ olefacere, to scent. L. apogee (in which sense aivj is sometimes ol$-re (also olere), to smell facere, to This L. olere stands for Der. ogiv-al, adj. (also written make, cause. used). *odere cf. od-or, scent andcf. L. lacmrna ogee-fall !}. Ogle, to glance at. (Du.) A frequent for dacruma. Allied to Gk. 65-/XT7, scent. form of Du. oogen, to cast sheepes eyes Oligarchy. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. oligarHexham. (Cf. Low (j.oegeln, chic Late L. oligarchia. Gk. 6\tyapxia, upon one Du. government by a few men. Gk 6\ty- for to ogle, from oegen. to look at.) and -ap\ia, t from oAryos, few, little cognate with E. Eye. ooge, eye
;

'

'

apx*w, to rule. Olio, a mixture, medley. (Span. L.) most Diet., and probably from F.V Of A mistaken form for oha, intended to unknown origin. The deriv. from L. ace. represent Span, olla (pronounced olya)> a augurem, soothsayer, hence, a wizard round earthen pot, also an oho, esp. in Der. ogr~css, phrase olla podrida, a hodge-podge. L. ^Korting) is not convincing. F. ogres se. olla, O. Lat. aula, a pot.

Ogre,

a monster.
ogi-o

Cf.

Span,

F. ogre L.) (F. (Diez; but not given in

Oil. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. w&.-A. F. from oka, an oile (K huile).** L. oleum olive-tree. Gk. cXcu'a, an olive-tree. See
;

Oh; seeO

(i).

Olive.
ollua.
tree.

(F.-L-Gk.) F. ohve.-L. Gk. cXa/a (for *IXaifa), an olive121 (2). Brugm. i.

Olive.

Ointment.

(F.

L.)

The former
;

t is

due to confusion with anoint the M. E. form is oinemenl. Q.Y. oignemcnt, an O. F. oigne-r, anointing, also an unguent. with suffix the same as oindre, to anoint
;

a simpleAnglo-Irish; fiom Irish amaddn^ a simpleton, Irish amad (the same). Irish am-, for an-, neg. prefix (cf. Gk. di>-) -mad, O. Irish -met, mind, cognate with L. mem and E. mind. Cf. L. dmcns,
ton. (C.)
;

Omadaun, Omadhawn,

mad.
a game at cards (Span. L.) Span, juego del kombre, lit. game of the man' (whence F. hombre}.~\-*. See hominem, ace. of homo, a man.

ment

L. ungcre, to anoint.
(E.)

See

Un-

guent.
O. Merc, aid, later ald\ (A. S. eald). +I)u. oud^for *old), G. alt cf Goth Teut. type althets. *ald6z\ Idg. type *al-t6s, formed with
old
;

From

Ombre,

Old.

M.E.

Human.
Gk. w, called the end. (Gk.) great o, long o ; which is the last letter of the Gk. alphabet, as opposed to alpha, t\ie first letter. is neut. of ptyas, great, allied to E. Mickle. Omelet, a pan-cake, chiefly of eggs. F. omelette, attmelette (Cot.). (F. -L.) These are from O. F. amelette, but this again was preceded by the form alemette t which is, through change of suffix, from The sense of alemelle alemelle (Scheler). was * a thin plate/ still preserved in F. alutnellc, sheathing of a ship. Godefroy gives O. F. alemeh, blade of a knife thus the omelet was named from its shape, that 2. Lastly of a 'thin plate* of metal. F alemelle is a corruption of la lemelle, the correct O. F. form. L. lamella, a thin plate, properly of metal dimin. of lamina t a thin plate see Lamina, ^f See this clearly traced by Scheler and Littre.

pp. suffix -t6$ from y'AL, as seen in L. al-crc, Icel al-a, to nourish, bring up ; so that the sense was orig. brought up
4
'

Omega,
ptja,
i.

e.

p.

M^a

with

altus, high, is prob. the a newer sense.

same word,
an

oily, with suffix -ons olive-tree. See Oil.

Oleaginous. (L.-Gk)
;

L.oleagin-us,

adj.,

from

olea,

(F. rose-bay-tree. oleandre, ros>e-ba\-tiee as Ital. oleandro, Span. (Cot.). eloendro (Minsheu^Port. eloendro, locndro all variously corrupted from Late L. lorandrum (taken for V orandrtwi}. It seems to

Oleander,

the

Late L.)

M. F. The same

have

been

confused

with
as
'

oleaster.

2.
!

Isidore gives the

name

vulgo lorandrum.'

arodandarum, This shews that the

of rhododendron,
laurel.

name was

due to confusion with L. laurus,

corruption

Oleaster,

wild olive.

(L.-Gk.)

L.

357

OMEN
Omen,
L.
ous.

OPHIDIAN
A. S. antic, adj., unique, A. S. an, one /7r, like.
;

omen

a sign of a future event. (L.) O. Lat. osmen. Der. ominto

lit.

'

one-like/

L. omittere, neglect. (L.) * For *omto let go.' (pp. omissus], lit. mittere<*ob-mittere from ob, by, miffere, to send. See Missile. Der. omiss-ion, from F. omission, 'an omission,' from L. from the pp. ace. omissionem

Omit,

formation of a word with a resemblance

signified. (Gk.) Gk. making of a name. Gk. bvoiM.ro- combining form of oi>ojua,aname; and itoieiv, to make see Name and Poem. Brugm. li. 117.

Onomatopoeia,

name-making,

the

in

sound to the thing

,

ovofMTOTToiia, the

Omni-,
Der.

omniall-powerful present, everywhere present omni-scient, all-knowing; omni-vorous, all-devouring;

;
;

omm -potent,

prefix

(L.)

L.

omms,

all.

Onset, an assault.
set

on

i.

attack

Onslaught,
Slay.

an

(E.) Due to the phr. From on and set. attack. (E.) From on
;

see

Potent, Present,

Science, Vora-

laht t A. S. sleaht, a stroke, and M. E. see blow, formed from slean, to strike

cious.

And

cf.

slaughter.
;

Onward, Onwards. (E.) From on and -ward, -wards see Toward. Onyx, a kind of agate (L. Gk.) L. Gk. ovv, a nail; a veined gem, onyx Omrah, a prince, lord. ^Arab ) 'Ai- onyx, from its resemblance to the fingerSee NaiL Scott, Vis. of nail grettes by omrahs worn Don. Roderick, st. 31. Omrah is properly Oolite, a kind of limestone. (F. Gk.) a plural, like Nabob, q v Aiab. umara, F. oolithe v with 1h sounded as /). Gk. see Emir. ${>- v e gg Lit. 'egg-stone.' At'0-os, stone. pi. of amir, a prince, emir Cf. the Arab, title anilrul-uniara, prince vSee Oval. of princes (Yule). Ooze, moisture, soft mud. (E ) F"orDu. merly wot A S. wos, M. E. wose. On. (E ) ME. on A S on. Peraan, Icel a, Swed a, G. an 'whence Dan. moistme, juice -f- Icel. vat, wetness. an), Goth, ana, Gk. ava, Ktiss na Idg. haps confused with A. S. wine, soft mud uhich is cognate with Icel. vetsa^ a stagtype *ana. nant pool. Der. ooze, \ b. Once; see One Once, sometimes for Ounce (2). Opacity ; see Opaque.
omnibus, a public vehicle. (L.) So called because intended for the use of all. L. ommbus, for all; dat. pi. of omms. <|f Commonly shortened to bus
'
;
-

>

One

Already written won

Ci), single, sole. in

M.

fE.) E.

E. oon

Opal,
opaius,
;

gem

'

L.)

F. opale.

\*.

See

Guy

of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, note to 1. 7927 Du een, Icel einn, Dan A. S. an, one. een, Swcd. en, G em, Goth, ains, \\ un, Irish and Gael, aon, 1, fmus, O L. oinos, Gk *otvos, one (fern. 00/77, an ace on a die Tent, type *ainoz, Idg. type * oinos Cf. Lith. vcnas Der an, Brugm. n. 165.

an opal Cf. Gk. oird\\tos, an Skt upala-, a stone, gem. opal Opaque. F L} F opaque. L. opacum, ace of opanis, dark, obscure. Der. opacity^ from F. opaiitt, L. ace opant a tern. Open, unclosed. (E.) The verb is from
.

a, on-ly, al-one, al-one

'

sometimes shortA. S open, 43'. M. E. ones A S anes, adj open, with the form of an old pp. Once. E Swed. Icel adv., once. Ong gen. case masc. and -f* Du open, adj optnn G. offen Tetit neut.) of an, one; the gen case was used oppen types *upenoz, * adverbially, as in need s, t^vl-ce, thri-ce. Perhaps connected with the upanoz.
,

the adj. open, which

i
,

is

ened to ope (Coriol.

'

OnerOUS, burdensome. (F. L. M.K L. onerosus, adj. onereux L. oner-, for *ones-, stem of onus, a burden.
)

a person, spoken of indefinitely. In the phrase ' one says/ one mean-, a single person.' Merely a peculiar use of the ordinary word one. ^f Not F. on.

One (2;,
)

(E

'

idea of the lifting of a tent-door cf. A S. See Up. Der. open, vb., A. S. up, up opcnian, to make open. Opera. (Ital. L. ) Ital. opera, a work, a musical play. see L. opera, work
; ;

below.
to work.

a plant. (F. L.) ^.oignon. L. umonem, ace. of unto, a large onion

Onion,

see

Union (2). Only. (E.; M.

E. oonli, adj. and adv.

From pp. of L. operarl, ( L. L. opera, work; from oper- (for *opes-}, stem of L. opus, work, toil. 4* Skt. apas, work. Ophidian, relating to serpents. (Gk.)

operate.

358

OPHICLEIDE
Formed with
Gk.
6<pi8iov,

ORACLE
oppositus, pp. ofopponere, to set against. L. op- (ot>), against ; pdnere, to set. See

suffix

u<pt8ioi>,

-an (L. -anus), from dimin. of o</ns, a

serpent.

Zodiac).

+ Skt. ahia
'

Cf. the dimin. form (y-8tov (see L. anguis, a snake. t

*

Position.

musical instrument. because Gk.) Lit. a key-serpent (F. made by adding keys to an old musical instrument called a serpent (from its Gk. o</n-s, a serpent twisted shape). K\citi-, stem of rt\cis, a key. Ophthalmia, inflammation of the

Oppress. (F.-L.)

F.

oppresser.
ot L. oppri-

ophicleide,

Late L. oppressor*, frequent,

mere, to oppress. L op- (ob), near ; premere (pp. press us], to press See Press. Opprobrious. (L.) From L. opproL. opprobrium, bnosiiS) full of reproach.

eye. (Gk.)

Gk.

o</>0aA/^'a.

Gk.
;

6(f>6a\fj.6s,

the eye, Boeotian o/nra\Aos, for *o/nrai/Xos (cf. Skt. akshan-, eye) Doric 6irri\os,

op- (for ob), on, upon ; prodisgrace. to resist. F. op(F. L.) L oppugnare. L. op- (ofy, pugn er. against pugnare, to fight, from pugnus,

reproach.

drum

Oppugn,
;

From Idg base *0^-, eye cf. the eye Russ. oko, eye, Skt. aksha-, akshi, Lith. See Prellwitz. L. oc-ul-us. And fl/t?y,
;

fist.

See Pugilism

Optative, wishing. (F.-L.) Chiefly as the name of a mood. F optattf. ^.

optatmui, expressive of a wish.
tatus, pp of optare, to wish. to attain.

see

Ocular.

F. opinion.*- L. (F. L.) opinionem ace. of opmio, a supposition. L. oplnarl, to suppose, opine. J,. opinw,

Opinion.

L. opCf. Skt. ap,

expecting; only in nec-opinns, not expecting, unexpected, in-opnius, unexpected. T>QT. opine, F. opiner, L. opTndri ( above). Opium. (L Gk.) L. <?/?/. -Gk.
thinking,
tmioi/,

Optic, relating to the sight (F. Gk.) F. optique. Gk. own/cos, belonging to the cf o7TTi7p, a spy From the base sight OTT- (for OK-) seen in Ionic cm-wrr-a, I have cf. oc-ulus, seen, o^-cyicu, 1 shall see the eye. See Ocular.
;

poppy -juice.

Gk.

(Wos, snp.

a quadruped. (\V. Indian.) W. Indian opassom ; in the language of the Indians of Virginia; Capt Smith, p 59.

OpOSSUm,

Oppidan. (L ) L. oppidans, belongL. oppidum* a town O. ing to a town. L. oppedum. Apparently from L. op- (pb}, near; *pedum (Gk. ire SOP 1, a field, plain;
;

Brugm.

i.
'

the plain the sense.)

65. (Explained as protecting the derivation is clearer than

'

the doctrine that all is for L. optim-us, O. Lat. with opitumus ( Brugm. ii. 73), best suffix -tsm (Gk. -ianos\ L. op-tt-mu is a superl form from a base op- (i.e. choice, cf. opt'are , to wish. select) Option, choice. (F. L) F. option L. opt:onem, ace. of optio, choice. Allied to L. opt are, to wish ; see Optative.

Optimism,

the best. (L.)

From

(E.) Short for other, outher, anther, the L. op (for ob\ M. E. forms, which answer to A. S ahwtzoppTldre, to stop tip. against; pi Iare, to ram, from pi htm, a pet dwj>er. But this M. E. other took the And L. pllum is for *pins-lorn place of A. S od6t y or. pestle. from pinsere, to pound. (2\ eie. (E.) M.E. or, unemphatic Opponent. (L.) L. opponent-, stem of form of er, ere. A. S. icr, ere see Ere. L. <?/;, (In the phrases or ere, or ever.~] pres part, of opponcre, to oppose. against ; ponere, to place. See Position. In heraldry. F. (3), gold. (F.-L.) Opportune, timely. (F.-L.) F. <?/- or. L. aurum, gold. /0r/. L. f opportiinus, convenient, sea- Orach, a pot-herb. (F. L. Gk.) sonable, lit. near the harbour,' or easy of Also arr-ache F arroche, orache, orage ;' access,* L. op- (0),near; portus^ access, Cot Picard form corresponding to F. harbour. See Port (2). *arreuce (Hatzfeld). [Cf Walloon arip > Ital. L. Oppose. (F.-L. andGk.) Y.opposer, orach (Remacle) atrepicc~] to withstand. L. op- (for ob\ against F. atrtplicem, ace. of atriplex, orach. Gk. poser ) to place, from Late L.paus&re, used pd^iy, drpd^ofus, orach. to translate L. ponere, to place. See Pose. Iracle. (F.-L.) F. oracle.-'L. oraOpposite. (F.-L.) F. opposite. -I. culum, a divine announcement ; formed
, ,

a stopping up. (F.-L.) M. 1< oppilation, an obstruction ' Cot. L ace. oppildtioncm. L. oppildtus, pp. of

Oppilation,

F. opuwealthy. (F.-L.) L. opulentiis, wealthy. L. op- base of opes, wealth. Cf. Skt. apnas, wealth,

Opulent,
(i),

lent.

'

Or

conj.,

offering

an alternative.

Or

Or

'

359

ORAL
from drd-re, to pray, from dr(for
ffs),

ORGAN
the

mouth

of testicular shape.
the suffix -id
e?5oy,

(below).
(L.)

Oral, spoken.
(for ft), the
Icel.
<7.w,

Coined from L. dr-

Der. orchid, where was suggested by the Gk.

set

mouth. mouth of a

+ Skt. dsya,
river.
'

shape

cf.

mouth

Ordain,

to

M. E. ordeinen.

cydo-id, cono-id. in order. (F.-L.)

Q.Y. ordener

a large ape. (Malay.) < Malay orang-utan^.. wild man - Malay orang, a man titan, hutan, woods, wilds of a country, wild.

(later or-

Orang-outang,
;

Orange.

(F.

Ital.

Arab.

Pers.)

F. orenge (F. orange}. For *narenge, but the initial n was lost (in Italian), and

\^. ordinare, to set in order. donner). L. ordin-y declensional stem of ordo, order. Der. pre-ordain. Ordeal, a seveie test, judgment by fire. &c. (E.) M. E. ordal. A, S. ordtt, orddl, a dealing out, judgment, decision. O.

Friesic ordel.
dal,

- A. S.

then arenge became orenge by a popular etymology from or, gold. Cf. Span, naranja, an orange, It&l.arancia an orange Low Lat. arangia. Arab, naranj, naAllied r/;/y.-Pers. narang, an orange. to Pers. nar, a pomegranate.
, ;

or-, prefix, out

dtel,

Deal, Dole. The prefix 0r-~Du. oor- t G. ttr-, Goth, us-, out (hence, thorough). 4- Du. oordeel, O. Sax. urdSli, G. urtheil, judgment; simia

dealing;

see

larly

compounded.

Oration. (F. - L.)

F. oration. - L.

ace.

dme.

oratwnem\
pray.

cf. cratus, pp. of orare, to L. or- (for ffs), the mouth. See Doublet, orison Orator. (F. L. ) Formerly oratour. F. orateur. L. oratorem, ace. of orator, a L. oratus, pp. Q{ orare, to speaker. pray, to speak (above). - L.) F. orbc. - L. <?;&/;/, ace Orb. (F. of orbis, a circle, sphere. Orbit. (L ) L. orbita, a track, circuit

Oral.

F. ordre, O. F. or(F. L.) L. oidinem, ace. of ordo, order. Allied to L. ordiri, to begin, oriri, to arise 128. Der. disBrugm. ii. order.
1

Order.

ordinal, shewing the older. fL.) L. L. oidin-, deordinalis, adj , in order. clensional stem of ordo^ ordei Ordinance. (F.-L) O. F. ordi.

nance.

Late

ordjnantia, a

command

L. ordinant-, pres pt. of ordinare, to ordain. See Ordain.

formed with suffix -ta from orbi-, decl. ordinary. (F. - L.) F. ordinaire. stem ot orbis, an orb, circle. L. ordinarius, regular (as sb., an overa large marine animal a seer L. or din- decl. stem of ordo, order. Ore, Ork, narwhal, or grampus. (L.) See Nares. Der. ordinary, sb. L. orca, perhaps the narwhal (Pliny). ordination. (L ) From L. ordinatio, K orchard. an ordinance, also ordination. L. ordinOrchard. (L. 0WE). A. S. orceard, older form ortgcard* Cog- atus, pp. of ordinare, to ordain. See nate with Goth, aurtigatds, a garden Ordain. (Gk. fcfjnos}. The latter element, A. S. Ordnance, artillery. (F.-L.) Forgeard, is the mod. E. yard\ see Yard. merly, ordinance it had reference to the The former element i^ merely borrowed bore or size of the cannon, and was thence from L hortus, a garden, both in E. transferred to the cannon itself (Cot. and Gothic see Horticulture. As s v ordjonnancc\ see ordinance. the L. hortus is cognate with E. excrement. (F.-L.) F. <?;-yard, Ordure, the form ort-gtard merely ord (fern, orde), filthy, foul, repeats the dure. O. of jard.' idea So in Krugm. i. L. horridus, 767 ugly, frightful. rough, but some consider A. S. ort-geard as wholly See Horrid. (So Korting.) frightful. connect it with A S. Teutonic, and Ore. (E.) M. E or, oor. A. S ora, wyrt-geard, Dan. urt-gaard, Swed. orte- ore of metal, allied to ore, a mine. E. Fries. gard, a kitchen-garden, from A. S. wyrt, fir, ore.-f Du. oer, ore. from <fl" Distinct Dan. urt, Swed. ort, a wort. (See Jfi?;-/ A. S. ar, brass, which is cognate with Goth. in Franck.) See Wort. But the woids may ats, L. aes, brass. Orchestra. (L. - Gk.) L. orchestra. have been confused. Gk. upxhafpa, an orchestra which, in the Oread, a mountain-nymph (Gk.) From Attic theatre, was a space on which the Gk. Gk. opeiad-, stem of opeias, an oread. chorus danced. Gk. opxcofMi, I dance. opos, a mountain.
;
.

Orchis,
Gk.

o/>^i9,

a plant (L.-Gk.) L.0rMs. a testicle, a plant with roots

Organ. (F.~ L.-Gk.) Y.orgunf.-L. organum, an implement. Gk. opyavov, an 360

ORGIES
implement; allied to ipyov, work; see
of L.

ORTHODOX
era,

Work ;

border,

edge.

Cf.

L.

ff$ 9

mouth.

Orgies, sacred rites, revelry. (F. L. Gk.) F. orgies. L. orgia, sb. pi., a festival in honour of Bacchus, orgies. Gk. opyia, sb. pi., orgies, rites, from sing. *opyiov a sacred act allied to tpyov, work. Orgulous, proud. (F.-O.H.G.) Also
t
;

Orlop, a deck of a ship. (Du.) Formerly orlope (Phillips). Contracted from Du. over loop, a running over, a deck of a ship, an orlope (Sewel). So called because
it traverses the Du. over, over; ship. loopen, to run ; see Elope, Leap. a kind of brass. (F. L.) F.

orgiilous
gttyllus.

M.

E. orgeilus
orgoillos,

Anglo-F. or-

Q.Y.

Ormolu,

orgueilleux, proud. F. orgueil, pride. From an

orgutllus, later O.F. orgoil, orguil,

H. G.

sb.

or moulu, lit. 'pounded gold/ F. or, from L. durum, gold and moulu, pp. of moudre, to grind, O. F. moldre, from L.
;

*urguoK, from O.H.G. urguol, remarkable,

notable (Graff).
a recess (with a window) in a room. (F. L) M. E, oriol, oryall, a small room, portico, esp. a room for a lady, boudoir O.F. oriol, a porch, gallery, corridor. Late L. oriolum, a small room,

Oriel,

Ornament. (F. - L.) M. E. ornek ornement. ment. L. orndmentum, an adornment. L. orndre, to adorn.
.

molere, to grind.

Ornate.
to adorn.

(L.)

From
the

pp. ofL. orndre,

science

recess,

portico
is

prob. for

aureolum

Ornithology,
(Gk.)

of birds.
;

(?),

that

which

ornamented with gold

L.

aurutn, gold.
c. 3, for

^[ See Pliny, lib. xxxiii the custom of gilding apartments.

Cf. Oriole. Orient, eastern. (F. L.) F. orient. L. orient-, stem of onens, rising, the east orig. pres. pt. of orirt, to rise, begin Skt. r, to rise.

Gk. opviQo-, for opvis, a bird -\oyia, from \oyos, a discourse, \tyeiv, to Allied to A. S. earn, G. aar, W. speak. cf. eryr. an eagle, named from its soaring Gk. opwfu, I stir up, rouse.
;

anirrial.

Ornithorhyncus, an (Gk.) Named from

its

Australian the resembill.

blance of

snout to a duck's
;

Gk.

opviQo- (for opvis}, bird

Orifice. (F.-L.)
opening.
of
os,

F.

L
;

orificiuni,

orifice, a small an opening, lit.

'making of a mouth.'

L. ori~, decl. stem

facere, to make. Oriflamme, the old standard of L ) F. orijlamme, the sacred France. (F. standard of France. Late L. aunflamma,
'

mouth

Orphan. (L. - Gk. ) L. orphanus. Gk up<pav6s, destitute; John xiv. 18. Allied to L orbus, destitute. Orpiment, yellow sulphuret of arsenic. Lit. 'gold paint.' F. L.) (F. orpiment. L. auripigmentum gold paint. L aurt- (for aurunt], gold; and pig,

fivyxs> a snout.

lit.

golden flame/

because the banner

mcntum, a pigment,
to paint.

paint,

was

from pingere,

cut into flame-like strips at the outer L. aurtedge, and earned on a gilt pole. (for auruni}, gold ; Jlamma, flame.

Orpine, orpin, a kind of

(F.
L.)

Named
;

from
*

its

stone-crop. colour. M. E.

orpiment above. Orrery, an apparatus for illustrating ornament. the motion of the planets. (Ireland.) ConOrigin. (F.-L.) F. origine. 'LaA.. structed at the expense of Charles Boyle, L. earl of Orrery, about 1715. originem, ace. of origo, a beginning. Orrery is a orh i, to rise. barony in co. Cork, Ireland. Oriole, the golden thrush. (F.-L.) Orris, a plant. (Ital.-L -Gk.) ForO.F. onol^ F. loriot Voriot}. ^L.aureolus, merly otice, ons. These are E. corrupL. aurum, gold. tions of M. Ital. trios (Ital. zV*ar). M. gt)lden. Orison, a prayer. (F.-L.) O. F. ori- Ital. trios, oris-roote,' Floiio; with referL. orattonem, ence to the Ins florenttna. son, oreison (F. oraisori). Modified ace. of ordtio, a prayer; see Oration. from L. ft is, a rainbow, an iris. Ort ; see Orts. Orle, a kind of fillet, in heraldry, &c. (F.-L) F. orle, m., M. F. orle, f., a Orthodox, of the right faith. (L. cf. Late L. orla hem, narrow border Gk.) Late L. orthodoxus* Gk. op#o5oo?,
; l
;

Orian,wild marjoram. (F. L. Gk.) F. origan. L. origanum. Gk. bpiyavov, lit. Gk. opt = o/>-, 'mountain-pride.' related to opos, a mountain yavos, beauty,

F. orpin, orpin. orpin, or live-long ; ' also orpiment Cot. docked form of

a border, edge.

L, type *o~rula, dimin.

of the right opinion.

Gk.

&p06-$, upright,

361

ORTHOEPY
right;

OUCH
So/ccir, to

seem.
(Gk.)

86a, an opinion, from Cf Arduous. Brugm.

Orthoepy, correct From Gk. opOotircta,

6p06-s,

L. 0ssi-, decl. stem of os t bone; ii. F. -fiery for L. -Jicdre, to make, from 143. pronunciation. facere, to make. Der. ossific-at-ion.

From

Gk.

right;

ITT-OJ,

orthoepy. a word; see

Ostensible.

(L.)

Coined from

os-

Epic.
I,.

tensi- (for ostens us), pp. shew ; with suffix -Inhs.

tion.

of extendere, to See below.

.

Orthography, correct writing. (F. Gk .) M. ortographie. M F. orto.

.

graphie.
~fpa<pia.

L. orthographia.

Gk.

6p66-s, light
lit.

Gk. op9oypd<f>w, to

write.

OrthopteroUS,
(Gk.) wing.

Gk.

bp9o-s,

straight-winged. straight; Trrfpuv, a

(F.
Ital.

ostentaL. ostentdtiSneniy ace. of ostentdtio, L. ostcntdtus, pp. of ostentdre, display. intensive form of ostendere, to shew, lit. stretch before. L. 0s- (for *op- s- related to See tcndere, to stretch. ob), near, before
y
;

Ostentation. (F.-L.)

Tend
143-

(i).

For

*^-,

see

Brugm.

i.

a gardener, also an ortolan, lit. haunter of L. hortuldnns, a gardener. L. gardens.' hortulus, dimin. of hortus, a garden ;
hottolano,
*

O.

Ortolan, a F hortolan.

bird.

Ital.

L.)

M.

science of the bones. (Gk.) a bone; -\oyia, from Ao-yos, a discourse, At^y, to speak. See osseous.

Osteology,
6ffTfo-v,

Gk.

allied to

Yard.
leavings.
or-,

Orts, remnants, ortes From A. S.

(E.)

M.

E.
;

to banish written on a potsherd. (Gk.)

Ostler see Ostracise,

;

Hostler.

by a vote Gk. barpa-

out (what

is left)

Proved by M. Du. orcte, etan, to eat. ooraete, a piece left after eating, Swed. dial, orate, urate, refuse The fodder. same prefix or- occurs ordeal. Cf. also

Gk. oarpaKov y a pot/afcfi', to ostracise. sherd, tile, voting-tablet, ong. a shell ; allied to Gk ocrrpfov, an oyster, ong. a
shell.

See Oyster.

G. ort, an ort Dan. dial ored, orret, an ort ; N. Fries, orte, to leave remnants after eating. Oscillate, to swing. (I,.) From pp.
;

Low

Ostrich, a bird. (F.-L. and Gk.) M. K o$tn<e, oystryche. O. F. ostniie\

[Cf. Span, avcstmz, auis 1,. ostrich.] Here strutJiio struthiOi lit ostrich-bird. Port,

mod. F. aiitnuhe.
abestmz,

an

tended from ffrpov66s, a bird. Osculate, to kiss. (L.) From pp of Other, second, different. (E ) M. E. L. oscular i, to kiss. L. osculum, a little other A. S. 08er, other, second. Du. double dimin. of ander, Icel. antiarr (for *anthar-^, Dan. mouth, pretty mouth 0s, the mouth. anden, Swed. annan, G. ander, Goth. Osier. (F ) F. osier, the ozier, red anthar\ Lithuan. antras, Skt antara-y Cot. Cf. Late other. In Skt. an-tara-, the suffix is the withy, water-willow tree L. osdna, ausdna, a bundle of osiers or same as the usual comparative suffix (as in Gk. ffo<pw-T(pos, wiser). Cf. Skt. an-ya-, twigs of willow (Qth cent.). Osmium, a metal. (Gk.) The oxide other, different. has a disagreeable smell. Gk.oa/jtrj, oS/oJ, Otter. (E ) M. E otery A. S. otor a smell Gk. ofav (for *o5-j/i'), to smell; Du. otter, Icel otr, Dan. odder, Swcd. cf. 06/^77, scent. See Odour. Kuss vindra, Ijth udra utter, G. otter Osprey, the fish-hawk. (L ) A cor- aUo Gk. v$pa, a hydra, water-snake. ruption sAossifragey the older name for the Teut type *otroz, Idg types *udros, bird. L. ossifragus, osM/raga, an osprey in *udrd, f. Allied to water compare L. ossifragus, bone-brtaking (from its Gk. vdpa, hydra, with vfioop, water. The L. ossi-, decl. stem of os, sense is 'dweller in the uater.' strength). Doublet, bone; frag-, base Qlfrangtre, to break. hydra, q v.

of L. oscilldre, to swing. swing.

L. ostillum^ a

is

from Gk.

arpov&ioov,

an ostrich

ex-

<

'

OSSeouS,
with
bone. bone.
see
suffix

bony. (L.)
1^

osse-us,

bony
as,

Otto,
Turk
)

the

-ous

oss-,

stem of
Skt.

Cf.

Gk.
i

ocrTtov,

asth?,
xi.

a a

Ottoman,

Brugm.

703.
fl>.)

F
In Levit.

seat. (F. F. ottomane, an ottoman, sofa.

same as Attar. a low stuffed

ossifrage.
Osprey. OSsify,
to

13;

Othman

Ottoman, Turkish. So named fiom or Osman, founder of the Turkthe socket of a precious

ish empire.

turn

to

bone.

(F.-L.)
362

Ouch, Nouch,

OUGHT
stone, ornament. (F.

OVER
Usually
out-balance, out-bid, out-break^ presenting

O. H, G.)

M. E. yet nouch is the true form. nouche. O. F. nouche, nosche, nusche> a buckle, clasp, bracelet (Burguy) Low L. nusca. M. II G. nuske, JrL.G.nusca,
ouch
;
;

no

difficulty.

^f Perhaps of clasp, brooch, Celtic origin ; cf. Irish nasc, a tie, chain, ung, nasgaim, I bind (Schade, Stokes).

a buckle,

(Scand.) M. E. outlawe. Icel. utlagi, an outlaw, lit. out of (beyond) the law. Icel. iit, out see Out log, law and Ijaw. Cf. L. ex lex, lawless.
;

Outlaw.

Outer, comp. form

see Utter.

Outlet.
letting out.'

(E.)

M.E.
S. ut, out

utltte
;

lit.

<a

Ought Ought Ounce

(

(i), pt.
(2),

t.

of

Owe,
;

q. v.

A.
;

l&tan, to let.

-L

(i),

M.

see Aught. twelfth part of a pound. - O. F. unce (F. E. unce.

anything

Outmost
lier

see

Utmost.
F. outrage, ear-

Outrage. (F.-L.)
form
Ital. oltraggto.} yond; with suffix

oltrage, excessive violence.

(Cf
1

once\
inch

L. uncia, (i) an ounce, (2) an Allied to Gk. o-y^os, mass, weight.

F. oltre, F. outre ^ be-age

(<L.

-dticuni ).

See Inch.

Ounce
ounce
;

L. ultra, beyond.

See Ultra-.

(2\

Once,
F. once
;

(F.-L.~Gk.)

a kind of lynx M.F. /once, Cot.

Cf. Port. on$a, Span, onza, Ital. lonza, an also Ital. onza, an ounce (Flono,

proOutrigger. (E. and Scand.) jecting spar for extending sails, a projecting rowlock for an oar, a boat with projecting rowlocks.

From Out and Rig.

A.
S. ilteivcard, out-

1598), obtained by treating lonza as if= /'<?W2fl Late L. type *lyvcea, lynx-like, fern. L. lync-, stem of lynx, a lynx. Gk. AtJ-yf, a lynx see Lynx. For F, <?<CGk. u, cf. grotto, tomb, torso.
;

Outward.
ward.
A.

(E.)

S. ute,

out; u>eard, -ward; see

(F.

Toward.

Oval,

egg-shaped.

L)

F. oval.

Ouphe,

an

elf,

i Wives, iv. 4. 49. See Oaf and Elf. gradation to L. ants, a bird (like <wa, a Our. (E.) A. S. fire, of us gen. of sheep-skin, from ui$, a sheep) see AviThe possessive pronoun was also ary. Perhaps cognate with Egg. Der. we, we. The ov-ar-y, Late L. ouana, the part of the nre, which was regularly declined. form lire stands for */? s-ercf. Goth body in w hich eggs are formed in birds ; umara, gen. pi. of Goth, wets, we. ovi-form, egg-shaped; ovi-parous, fiom Ourang-outang; sec Orang-outang. L out-parus, egg-producing (see Parent). Ousel, a kind of thiush. (E.) M. E. Ovation, a lesser Roman triumph. (F. A. S dslc. For *omsal-, which is osel. "L. ace. ou&twnem, F. ovation. JL.) for older ^amsat-. G. amsel, O. II. G. am- from oudtio, a shouting, exultation. L.
;

Formed with suffix -al (<L. -dhs} fromL. faiiy. (Scand^ Mei. oiium, an egg.+Gk. tpdv, &iov, an egg. A variant of oaf elf. The Gk. wiov is for *&wzom, elated by
;

an ousel. The L merit la (whence K. merle] can stand for *mesula, and may be connected with G. amsel by gradation. Sec Merle. Oust, to eject. (F. L.) A. F. ouster
?a!a,

ouatus,
fvdfctv,

pp. of ouare, to shout. 4- Gk. to shout, from eveu, fvot, inter-

jections

of rejoicing,

esp.

in

honour of

Bacchus.

(Bozon),

F. ostcr,

'

to

remove

Of disputed ^F. dter.^} derive it from obstare, to gives the right foim, but does not suit the sense Die/ suggests L. *haustare, a denvative of haunre (pp hausttis], to draw watei. and L. ex-haust Cf. E cxhaurirc, in the sense to icmove
,

Oven. (E.) M. E. oucn {**ovcn). A. S. Cot ojen, ?/"w.-f-Du oven Icel. ofn, omn (also some ogn), Swed. ugn, G ofen, Goth auhns. origin thwart, which Teut. types *u/ino-, ufnoIdg. type
' ; ;

*ttqnos.

Allied to Skt.
;

tMd,
A.

a pot

(cf.

Gk. tTTvos, an oven") remarkably preserved

vessel.

this older sense is

in

S. ofnet, a pot,

'

Over,
(

(E.) M. E.oute, utc, adv., A. S. itte, iltan, adv., out, without formed (with adv. suffix -c or -ati] from A. S. tit, adv., out, from. +Du- #//,

Out,
;

without, abroad.

- over}.
Dan.
;

E ouer above, across. (E.) A. S. ofer -f-Du over, Icel yfir,

over,

ofr,

Swed.

ufar

Gk

vntp,

ofver,

s-tifer

G. uber, Goth. Skt. upari,

;

Icel.
iit
(

itt,

Dan.
S.

ltd,

Swed.

A.
S.

0,

w^ =
(
;

ut,

aus, Goth.

A.

S. /7/^), ^,

utana

(= A.
<([

Hence

up, out. numerous compounds, such as

ittaii]

Skt.

Idg. form is *uper-, closely related to *uperos* upper (Skt. upara-, L. s-upenis, S.yferd). This is a comparative form from Idg *upo- (Skt. upa, near, on, under ; Gk. vir6, L. s-ud, Goth.

above.

The

363

OVERT
uf, under ; cf. A. S. u/an, E. -ove in Closely allied to Up. ^[ Hence ab-ove]. a large number of compounds beginning with over, which present no difficulty.

OZONE
Own
(3), to grant.

(E.)

develop-

Overt, open, public. (F.-L.) O. F. overt (later ouvert), pp. of avrir (later The etymology is disouvrir], to open. puted, a. Diez suggests that ovrir is a shortened form of O. F. a-ovrir, a-uvHr (Livre des Rois), answering to Prov. aduThe latter can be resolved brir, to open. into ad, dc, operire, where ad is a mere |3. prefix, and de-operire is to uncover,

ment fiom own (2), to appropriate, claim; hence, to acknowledge. See Johnson, have been due to A. S. fl" Usually said to unnan, M. E. unnen, to grant, of which there is no clear trace.

Ox.
oxa, pi.
also

(E.)

M. E. ox, oxe, pi. oxen A. S. 0xan.+Du. os, Icel. uxi, oxi, Dan.
;
;

Swed. oxe, G. ochse, ochs, Goth, auhsa W. ych Skt. ukshan-, an ox, bull.
;
;

Teut. type*0//5vz/z- Idg. type *oksen-. The Skt. ukshan- is usually derived from Skt. uksh, to sprinkle, hence, to impregnate;

considers ovrir to be for avnr, the change aperire, to open being due to association with covrir (F. Cf. Port, avrir to couvrir], to cover.
Littre
i. e.

Brugm.
oxahs.
sorrel
;

11.

114,

L.

Oxalis,

wood-sorrel.

(L.

Gk.)

L.

Gk. 6a\is, (i) sour wine, (2) from its sourness. Gk. ot/s, acid.
a

open

See Oxygen.

Overture, a proposal, beginning (F L ) O. F. overture, latter ouverture, an

opening, from
F. overt, open (above). see Oval. to possess hence, to possess another's property, be in debt, be obliged. M. E. ajen, awen, owen, orig. * to (E.) A. S. agan, to have, possess possess.'

Oxide,
(for oxy-,
-aSrjs, like

non-acid base.

compound of oxygen with a (Gk ) Coined from oxand

-ide,

as in oxy-gen)

Gk.

Oviform, Oviparous;

Owe,

(whence long o from A. S

flcel eiga, to

own

Dan.

eie,

and w for g). possess, have, be bound, Swed. aga, O.H.G etgan,
a,

S. oxanslyppe, an ox-slop, piece of ox-dung (a coarse name, like some other plant-names). A. S. oxan, gen. case of oxa, ox sfyppe,

Oxlip,

See Oxygen. a flower. (E.) A.

orig.

a slop;
cow-slop?}

see

Slop.

(So also cow-slip**

Goih.atgan, to possess. Teut. type *aigan-. Allied to Skt if, to possess. ought. (E.) The pres. tense of A. S. dgan is ic ah, really an old perf. tense E. hence was formed the new pt. t. ahte,

aughte, oughte, mod. E. ought in phr owing to --- due to, because of. (E ) Orig. pres pt. otowe, vb. Owl, a bird. (E.) M. E. oule. A.S. Hie +I)u nil, Icel. ugla, Dan. ugle Swed. Teut. ugla, G. eule, O. H. G. uwela. fera. Cf. types *uwalon-, *uwwa!onahte,

Owing,

The also L. ulula Skt. uluka-, an owl. sense is howler,' from an imitative cf See root L. ululare, to howl.
y * ;

a gas often found in acid comLit. (Gk.) acid-generator/ Gk. dv-$, sharp, acid yw-, to produce, base of ytyvofjiai, I am born. OXymel, a mixture of honey and Gk. L. oxymeli. vinegar. (L. -Gk.) Gk. 6u-s, sharp, acid; fteAf, ot;/<A.*. honey see Mellifluous. Oxytone, having an acute accent on the last syllable. (Gk.) Gk. ofiWoy, shrill-toned. Gk. ov-s, sharp; rovos, a tone see Tone. Over, a term in law. (F.-L.) Oyer andterminer means, literally, to hear and

Oxygen,

'

pounds.

determine/

F. oyer (F. ouir), to hear. auiltre, to hear.

'

Howl.
possessed by any one, peculiar to oneself. (E.) E. a)en, awen, owen, contracted to own by loss of <?. A. S. dgen, s^e own, orig. pp of agan, to possess
(i)>

Own

Oyez, oyes, hear ye (F -L.) Public criers begin by saying oyes, now corrupted
into o yes / A. F. oyez, 2 p. pi. imperative of oyer, to hear (above). Oyster. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. oistre. A. K. oiitre (F. huttre). L. ostrea also
;

Owe. -f Icel.

eiginn, Dan. Swed. egen, G.

M. E. ajnien, ahnien, ahnen, ohnen, A. S. agman, to appropriate, claim as one's own ; denom. vb , from A. S. ogen, own (above). -f- Icel. eigna, to claim as one's own ; from eigmn, one's own. Der. own-er.

eigen, Goth, aigans (2), to possess. (E.)

OWn

ostreum Gk. oarpeov, an oyster named from its hard shell. Gk. OCTT^OI/, a bone, shell see Osseous, Ostracise. Ozone, a substance perceived by its
;
;

smell in the air after electric discharges. Gk. ofav, smelling; pres. pt. of (Gk.)
vfav, to smell.

See Odour.

364

PABULUM

PAGE
185; Oth. ii. I. 259. It is a parallel formation to pattle, frequent, of Cf. Low G. paddeln, pat-, see Pat (i). to tramp about (Danneil), frequent, of pedden^ to tread, or padjen, to walk with short steps (Brem. Wort.) from pad, the sole of the foot. See Pad (i). Cf. also Low G. pladdern^ to paddle in water. Paddle (2), a little spade, esp. to clean a plough with. (E.) Formerly spaddle-, dimin. of spade. See Spade. Paddock (i), a toad. (Scand.) M. E. paddok, dimin. of M.E. padde, a toad. Icel. padda, Swed. padda, Dan. padde, a toad, frog.-f-Du. padde, pad\ L. Fries.
iii.

PA-PE.
Pabulum. (L.) L. pabulum, food; from the base pa-, as seen in pa-ui, pt. t. of pascere, to feed. See Pastor. Pace, a step. (F.-L.) M. E./j.-F. L. passum, ace. of passus, a step, pas. pace, lit. a stretch, distance between the
feet in

Haml.

4.

to stretch.

walking. L. passus, pp. vipandere, Sec Expand.

;

Pacha
(Gk.)
ftar-,

see

Pasha.
thick - skinned.

Pachydermatous,
From Gk.
stem

iraxt-s, thick; and e/>of 5'pfia, skin. Gk. irax^s is

See Derm. Pacify. (F.-L.) 1? pacifar.-*L.patiL. pact-, decl. ficare, to make peace.
allied to Skt. balm-, strong.

padde.

Paddock
ruption of Palsgrave. See Park.

(2),
;

stem of pax, peace ; make. See Peace.

-ficare, for facere, to

Not an old word

a small enclosure. (L.*) used by L\elyn a cor;

Pack,
pakke pak\\ packa
;

a bundle.

(Low G. - L

M. E. parrok^
rice

spelt parrocke in
foi

?)

M.

E.

(So zlsopoddish
in

porridge.)

(lath* cent).-M. Du. pack (Du. cf. Icel. pakki, Dan. pakke, Swed.

also Irish /<3r Gael, pac, from E. Bret, pak, fiom Romanic Ital. pacco, F. paqu-et Late L. Prob. of Late L. origin from paccus.'] the L. base /#<:-, as in pp. pattus, from pangere, to fasten (Kortmg). See Pact.
/#<:/.

G.
;

Paddy,
Malay padt,

the

husk.
It

(Malay.)

[Cf.
;

seems to have been confused with Hind, bhat, cooked rice from Skt. bhakta, (properly)
rice in the husk.
;

boiled

rice,

food,

orig.

divide, possess, &c.

pp. of bhaj, to (See Yule )

Der. pack-age,

\\ith

K.

suffix

-^

(cf.

bagg-age)\ pack-et, from F. paquet, a packet, bundle, dimin. form from Low G.

a loose-hanging lock. (E.) lock for hampers, &c. ; prob. coined by adding lock to prov. E. pad, a pannier This word is also written (Norfolk).

Padlock,

pakk, M. Dn.pack.

pactitm, an I agreement. pactus, pp. of pacuci, to agree, incc ptive form of O. L. pacere, to agree (Breal). Allied to pangere (pp

Pact,

a contract
,.

(L.)

ped

see

Pedlar.
a

Psean, L. paan

hymn
Gk.

to Apollo.

(L.-Gk.)
(i) Psean,

Ilaiav,

Haiwv y

pactus), to fasten, fix; Skt. /#f, to bind,

Gk.
ii.

rrrj-yvvfjii,

1 fasten.

Brugm.
7

i.

200

79.

Pad (i), a soft cushion.

in the sense of 'saddle

(Low G. ?) Also

also in the sense of

Of obscure origin. beneath an animal's foot, it agrees with M. Du., Low G., and Pomeranian pad, ton. Some connect it with pag-^ base of sole of the foot perhaps boi rowed from pangere, to fasten as being marked out Slavonic. Cf. Russ. podoshva, sole of the by fixed limits see Pact. foot also podushka, a cushion, pad Page (i), a boy attending a person of Cf. Pod. rank. (F.-LateL. Gk. ?) M.E./ta^.-. \Ai\\.padas, (the same). (2\ a thief on the high road. (Du.) Y.page. Late L. pagium, ace. otpagius, We now say foot-pad. Formerly mpadder, a servant. Cf. Span, page, Port, pagem, one who goes on the pact, i. e. foot-path. Ital. paggio, a page. Etym. disputed. Du. pad, a path see Path. (Many cant Diez thinks that Ital. paggio was formed words are Dutch.) Der.pad, a nag, orig. from Gk. iraiS/oi/, a little child, dimin. of pad-nag, a road-nag; pad, vb., to tramp. wafs, a boy. (See Diez, Littre, Scheler.) Paddle (i), to finger, dabble in water. Page (2), one side of the leaf of a book. (Low G. ?) Formerly also to finger, handle (F.-L.) F. /<*. -L. pagina, a page,
,

(Levins, 1570); ' (Halliwell). In the sense of cushion

*

bundle

Pa.on, physician of the gods, (2) Apollo, Der. peon-y (3) a hymn to Apollo. P&dobaptism, infant baptism. (Gk.) From Gk. TrcuSo-, representing irais, a child and baptism. Cf. Pedagogue. Pagan, a countryman; hence, a heathen. L. paganus, (i) a villager, (2) a (L.) pagan, because the lustic people remained L. paganus, adj., longest unconverted. rustic. L. pagus, a village, district, can; ;

Pad

365

PAGEANT
Orig. a leaf and named from the fastening together of strips of papyrus to form a leaf. L. pag-, base oipangere, to fasten (pp. pac-tus <!pag-tus}. pageant, an exhibition, spectacle. (Late L. L.) Orig. the moveable scaffold on which the old mysteries were acted.
leaf.
; ' '

PALEOLOQY
Pajamas, Pyjamas,
;

loose drawers.

(Hind. Pers.) ilind. paejama, pajdma, ' Hind. pde t leg-clothing.' drawers, lit. Pers. pdi, cognate leg jama, garment. with E. foot ; jamah, a garment (Horn,

E. pagent (Prompt. Parv.), dsv pagen, pagyn formed, with excrescent / after ;/, from Late L. pagina, a scaffold, stage for L. pashows, made of wooden planks.

M.

Palace. (F. L.) M. E. palais. F. palais.-* L. paldtitim, ong. a building on the Palatine hill at Rome esp. a palace
;

of Augustus on this
hill is

The Palatine supposed to have been named from

hill.

gina, a page of a book in Late L. a plank Pales, a pastoral divinity. of wood. Named from being fastened topaladin. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. paladin, Der. page-ant-r-y a knight of the round table. Ital. palagether see Page 2) an Indian idol's temple. dtno, a warrior ong. a knight of the Per s.) From Poit. pagoda, pa- palace or royal household. L. paldtinus ; (Port. Pers but-kadah, an idol- see Palatine. gode, a pagoda Pers. but, idol, image Palaeo- ; see Paleo-. kadah, temple. habitation. (The initial Pers. sound is Palanquin, Palankeen, a light sometimes rendered by p, as in Devices litter in which tiavellers are borne on men's Supp to Little,) Perhaps confused with shoulders (Port -Hind. -Skt.) Cf. F. From Port, palanqinm, a Skt. bhagavati, f verieiable, as the name palanquin. All from Hindustani palang, of a goddess (Yulc^. palankeen A. S. ptPgel, a bed, bedstead (Forbes) otherwise piilkT, E. paile. Pall. (E.) a pail (Bosworth-Toller\ See Anglia, vui. and (in the Carnatic) pallakki (Wilson)
;

450. Cf Dan /tetf/,half-a-pmt; M. Du. pegel, the contents or capacity of a pot Partly, from O F. paelle, a pan, liquid L. patella, dimin. of patina, a measure. pan.

Pali pattanl o, a palankeen (Yule). Skt. paryanka- (Prakrit pallanka-^, a couchApparently named from the bed, bed. Skt. part support afforded to the body.

L. Palate. F -L ) O F. palat. pahltum, the palate, roof of the mouth, cf O. Ir. cm, Palatine. (F. L) In phr. 'count Zend kaend-, punish- palatine ;' the proper sense is pertaining a fault 'Ir. non F. rnent, Pers kin, revenge, Kuss tueiia, a to the palace or royal household.' .pal(jtnnn, (i the name of a iJrugm. palatin price, Gk. rivtw, to pay a price. hill at Rome, (2j belonging to a palace; 202 Cf Pine (2). i. see Palace. Painim ; see Paynim.
F.

Pain.

(,F

-L -Gk)

M.

E. pcinc

(= Ok. Trcpt\ round, hook, also the flank.

(

about;

anka-,

pcine, a pain, a

penalty.
;

L pana

punishment, penalty, pain Idg type *qoind penalty.

,

Gk.

77-0/1/7;,

'

Faint.

(F.

L.)

M. E

pcinten, vb.

Palaver. Tort.-L.-Gk.) A parley.

Port,

Y.pcint, pp. of peindre, to paint

palavra,
(ik

word,
,

parole.

L.

See Picture ptngere, to paint. Painter, a rope for mooring a boat.

;
;

parabola

-rrapa(3o\r)

see

Parable.

(F. L.) Assimilated to painter, one who and but also spelt penter (1661) paints perhaps adapted from (J.Y.pentoir,pentioir (Godefroy), a perch for hanging clothes Late L. pen to diy, also strong cordage. ditorium, a perch for clothes. Cotgrave has penteur, the name of one of the ropes which pass over the top of a mast. From Low L. *pcnditum, for L. fensum, supine of pendere, to hang. Pair, two equal or like things (F. L.) M. E. peire. F. paire, a pair Cot. L. /am//, ace. pair, like, equal ;' id. of pdr t equal. See Par.
' '

paal pahtm,

L.) M. E. (i), a stake, limit. (F. L. F. pal, 'a pale, stake;' Cot. For *pacace. of paint, a stake. i/us, frorn/<7<:-, to fasten, as in ^ to stipulate. Hrutjm. n. *([ The 76.

Pale

heraldic pale
pole (i).

ib

the

same word

so

is

O. F. pale. L. palhdum, ace. Allied to Fallow. pale. Paleography, the study of ancient modes of writing. (Gk.") (Jk. ira\ato-$,
(2),

Pale

wan.

(F -L.)

later flash (F. pale*

,

'

old, from ir6.\ai, adv., long to write.

ago

7fxfy-cti',

paleology,

archaeology. (Gk.)

From

366

PALEONTOLOGY
Gk. iraAo5-s, old ; -\oyia, discourse, from \6yos, a word, Ac-yetf, to speak. paleontology, the science of fossils,
decl.
;

PALM
the same whether read forwards or backwards. (Gk.) Such a word is madam. Gk. ira\iv8pono$, running back again. Gk. ir<i\tv, again 8p<Vos, a running, from see Dromedary. fya/^cfv, to run
is
;

&c. (Gk.) From Gk.rraAai-os, old; OI/TO-, stem of &v, existing -\oyia, discourse, from \6yos, a word, \iyttv, to
speak. a wrestling-school. (L. Gk. ira\aiffrpa, a L. palastra. Gk ira\ativ, to wrestle. wrestling-school.

Palinode, a recantation, in song. (F. -L.-Gk.) ^.palinodie (Cot.).-L./<z/zGk. tra\iv^lia, a recantation, esp. nodia. of an ode. Gk. ira\tv, back, again ; yf>^, an ode. See Ode.

Palestra,
Gk.

Gk.)

Palisade. (F.-IO F. pahssade, a wrestling. a loose garment. (F.) Mod. row of pales Y.pahss-cr, to enclose with F. pah, a pale, extended from F. paletot, formerly spelt palletot, palletoc, pales. a sort of coat whence M. E. paletok, used pa/, n pale; see Pale (i). Pall (i), a cloak, mantle, shroud. (L.) of a dress worn by soldiers, knights, and A S.pall L pallium, a coverlet, cloak; kings, and usually mad.' of silk or velvet. S levers, 80. Explained by Diez as pallc-toquc, a cloak Pall (2\ to become vapid. (F. L) with a hood from L palla, a mantle, and W. toe, Bret, lok, a cap. Littre' derive- Pall is a shortened form of appal formerly O. F. palletoc from M. Du. paltrok, a used in the same sense. Palsgrave has oi mantle, but Franck says that this M. Du palle and appalle, both in the sense word is taken (with alteration) from the losing colour by standing as drink does ; See Appal. Cf. Bret, paltok, a peasant's also I palle, I fade F. word. lobe from palten, a covering Palladium, a safeguard of liberty. (L. - Gk.) L. Palladium Virg. JEn. ii. 166, and tok, a cap. \Vhence also S Gk. naXA65toi/, the statue of Pallas 183. toque. a small slab on which painters on* which the safety of Troy depended.
Trd\rj,

Paletot,

'

'

Palette,
flat

mix

F. palette, (F. Ital.-L.) blade, spatula, and lastly, a Ital./0&#0, a flat blade, spatula; palette. dimin. of pala, a spade L./tfAz, a spade, shovel, flat-bladcd peel for putting bread See Peel (3). into an oven colours.

Gk. DaAAds (stem HaAAaS-),

epithet of Athene.

Pallas,

an

ong. a

'

'

Palfeey.

(F.-LowL.-C.)
*
,

Pallet (i\ a kind of mattress, properly E. paillet. one of straw. (F. L.) F. paillct, a heap of straw, given by Littre" Cf. paillat, a pal as a provincial word.

E.

pahfrai, palfrei.() F. palefrei (F. paleLow L. paraverechis lit. an extra froi} Low L. para- (Gk. post-horse' (White).
;

+ Gk. 7raA?7, fine meal SU paldla, straw; Russ polova, chaff; Lith pelai, pi., chaff. Pallet (2), an instrument used by potueredus, a beside, hence, extra irapa.}, Here ue- ters, also by gilders also a palette. (F. J3. post-horse, courier's horse. It is a flat-bladed instrument redits stands for ^vo-redus, from a Celtic Ital. L.) and Celtic for spreading plasters, gilding, &c. type *vo-reido~, a cainage-horse. and Celtic is a doublet of Palette. *vo (Ir fo-, W. ,#-), under, in
;

hasse, in patois of Lyons (Puitspelu). L. palea, straw, chaff. F. paille, straw.

*reida, Gaulish L. reda, rhcda, a carriage Celt *vo-rcido~ appears in W. gorwyddj a horse. The Celt. *reida is from

The

the verb seen in O. Irish riad-aim, I travel, ride, cognate with E. ride (Stokes). palea^ straw. See Pallet (i). Cf. Du. paard, G. pferd, O H. G. pferPalliate, to cloak, excuse. (L.) From ([ L. L. pallidtus, covered as with a cloak. frit, ahorse, also from paraveredus. Palimpsest, a MS. which has been pallium, a coverlet, cloak. See Pall (i). twice written on, the first writing being Pallid. (L.) L. pallidus, pale. pallor. (L.) L. pallor, paleness L. partly erased. (Gk.) Gk. iraXifje^ijarov , a See Pale (2). palimpsest, neut. of traA^T/trros, scraped pallere, to be pale. Gk. irdXt^Fall-mall; see Mall (2). again (to renew the surface). from (i), inner part of the hand. (F. (for TrdXii/), again ; ^arte, scraped, L.) E.paumt, palm of the hand. F. ^ae/, to rub. Palindrome, a word or sentence that paume. L.pa!ma t the palm of the hand. 4"

Palliasse, a straw mattress. (F. L.) F. paillasse (with // mouille's), a strawbed spelt paillace in Cotgrave. .paille, L. -aceus}. \,. straw; with suffix -ace
;

Palm

367

PAGEANT

PALEOLOQY
;

Gk. iraXapij, the palm of the hand ; A. S. find F. pamphilC) the knave of clubs, from similarly, I film, the same; O. Irish lam, W. Haw. the Gk. name Pamphilus should suppose that there was a F. form Brugm. i. 529 (2). Der. palm-ist-r-y. A.S. palm.- *pamfilet, or Late L. *pamphiletus, coined (2), a tree. (L.) L. palma, a palm-tiee. Der. palm-er, from L. Pamphila (of Gk. origin), the M. E. palmere, one who bore a palm- name of a female historian of the first branch in memory of having been to the century, who wrote numerous epitomes of Holy Land hence a palmer or palmer- history. G. Paris suggests L. Pamphilus, worm, a sort of caterpillar, supposed to be the name of a medieval Lat. comedy. so named from its wandering about. Also We find Low Lat. panfletus (A. D. 1344). Pan. (E-?) M.E. Ratine. A. S. panne, palm-ary, deserving the palm (of victory). Palpable, that can be felt. (F.-L.) a pan, broad shallow vessel cf. Irish Late L. panna, F. palpable (Littre, Palsgrave). - L. palpa- panna, W. pan, a pan. L. palpdre,pal- a pan (whence also Du. pan, G, pfanne, bihs, that may be felt. If not of Teut. origin, O. H. G.pfanna}. pdri, to feel, to handle. Palpitate, to throb. (L.) From pp. it may be a corrupted form of L. patina, Der. pana shallow bowl, pan, bason. of L. palpitdre, to throb. Palsy. (F.-L.-Gk) M.E. palesy, cake; pannikin (M. Du. panneken). L. fuller form parlesy. Y. paralysie. Fan-, prefix, all. (Gk.) Gk. irav, neut. Gk. irapd- of rrds t all. paralysin, ace. of paralysis.

Palm

kvffts

see Paralysis. to dodge, shuffle, equivocate. (Scand.) Spelt patilter in Cotgrave, s. v. harceler. The orig. sense is to haggle, to haggle over such worthless stuff as is called
;

Palter,

a universal remedy. (L. L. panacea. Gk. -nava/cua, a universal remedy allied to iravaK^, allGk. nav, all (above) ; d/cc'o/xcu, healing. I heal, O.KOS, a remedy.

Panacea,

Gk.)

paltne
it is
*

in

Lowland Scotch

More
' ;

literally,

Pancreas,
Gk.
flesh,*

to deal in rags, to

triflt

see further

called sweet- bread. (L.

below

a fleshy gland, commonly Gk.) L,. pancreas. irdyKpeas, sweet-bread; lit. 'all
its

paltry, worthless. (Scand.) Lowland Sc. paltne is a sb., meaning trash ; so ' also Norfolk paltry, rubbish, refuse/ Forby. But both sb. and adj. are from an
old sb. palter, rags, which
in
is still

from

softness
;

Gk.
cf.

trav,

all;

Kptas, flesh, for ^/tp^as

Skt. kravya-,

raw flesh, L. cru~dus and Crude.

raw.
(F.

See Pan-

preserved
;

Pandect,
Usually in
pi.

a digest.

L.

- Gk.)

Danish and Swedish.

S wed. paltor,

Dan rags, pi. of palta, a rag, tatter p. ptatter^ rags, pi of ptalt, a rag. find the adj. itself in Low G, paling, ragged, frompa/te t a rag, piece torn off a

We

M. F. pandectes, pandects. pi. (Cvt.}. L.pandect<e, the title of a collection of laws made by order of Justinian ; Gk. iravStKrai, also (in sing.) pandecte:*.
pandects; fromGk.ffavfo'/rr^ali-receiving, comprehensive. Gk. rrav, all; 5<x<>/ttat, I receive. See Pan-. Pandemonium. (Gk.) The home of
all the

prov. G. palterig, paltry, from palter (pi. pattern], a rag (Flugel). find also M. Du. palt, a fragment, E. Fries, palterig, Fnesic palt, a rag Possibly of Slavonic paltrig, ragged. Cf. Russ. polotno, platno, linen, origin.
cloth
;

and

in

We

for

5cu'/io;j>,

demon*,. a

Gk.

irav,
;

all;

daipovi-,

demon

see

Pan-

and

Demon.

platite, to patch.

Pampas,
vian.
;

The

plains in S. America. (Perufinal s is the Span. pi. suffix.

quent, from

Fre- name is from Homer (11. 11. 827); but the to glut. (O. Low G.) Low G pampen, to cram. story belongs to medieval romance. Low G. pampe, broth, pap, nasalised form Pane, a patch of cloth, plate of glass. M. IL.pane, a portion. F. pan, Cf. Low G. (Altmarkj (F. ot pappe, pap. L.)

Peruvian pampa, a plain.

Pander, Pandar, a pimp. L. Pandarus. Qk. Tldvdapos, a personal name the name of the man who procured for Troilus the favour of Chryseis The
;

- Gk.) (L.

Pamper,

pampen, pappen, to cram oneself (Danneil).

See

pane,

Pap
o.

(i).

pannum,
patch.

piece, or pannell ace. of panmis, a

Cot.

L.

cloth,

rag,

Gk. ?;
iii.

Pamphlet, a small book. (F.?-L.?4.

Allied to

Vane.
t

Spelt pamjlet, Test, of Love, pt.

Etym

quite uncertain.

We

Panegyric. (L.-Gk.)
cus, a eulogy;

L. panegyrifrom L. panSgyricus adj.

368

PANEL
Gk.
festive,

PANTRY
Pansy,
' ' ;

iravqyvpiicos,

solemn

for a full assembly, hence applied to a festival penste,

fit

heart 's-ease.
;

(F.

L.)

F.

oration.

Gk.

iravrjyvpis^
;

a thought
(It

full

assembly.

sie

Cot.

Gk.

iray, all

-rjyvpts,

related to d^opS,
sur-

a gathering, a crowd.

remembrance.}

Panel, Pannel,

a board with a

M. E. See Pendant. Cf. Chaucerian Pieces, rounding frame, &c. (F. L.) panel, (i) a piece of cloth, sort of saddle, xxi. 62 (note). (2) a schedule containing jurors' names; Pant, to breathe hard. (F.-L.?-Gk.?) the general sense being M. E. panten, to pant (T$th cent). The little piece/ O. F. panel, M. F. paneau (l&teTpanneau), O. F. panlais (Godefioy) meant shortness ' a pannel of wainscot, of a saddle/ &c. ; of breath, in hawks/ and was a term in Cot. Late L.panneltum, dimm. of pan- hawking. So also F. pantois, shortnusy a cloth see Pane. Der. em-panel, winded, Y.panteler, to pant; Gascon panA. F. pantoiser. The im-panel, to put upon a panel, enroll tacha, to pant O. F. pantais is a verbal sb. from O.F. jurors' names. Pang, a sharp pain. (E ?) Spelt 'prange pantaisier, to breathe with difficulty ; cf. of love'; Court of Love, 1. 1150 Prob. from (ed. 1561); Pro v pantaisa, to pant di earn M. E. pronge, a throe, a woman's pang Late L. *phantasidre, by- form of phan(Prompt. Parv.). The sense is a sharp tasiari, to imagine, dream (Ducange). stab/ a prick see Prong. For the loss Gk. <j>ai>Taaiaj a fancy; see Fancy. (G. of rt cf. speak for spreak. Paris, in Romania, vi. 628.) *ff Not from Panic, extreme fright. (Gk.) Gk. rb W. pantu, which does not mean to press TraviK6v, Panic fear, supposed to be in- (Diez), but to sink in, indent. Gk. trcti/wos, adj., Pantaloon (i\ a ridiculous character, spired by the god Pan. from Tldv, Pan, the rural god of Arcadia. buffoon. (F.-Ital.-Gk.) Y.pantalon. Panicle, a form of inflorescence. (L.) Ital. pantalone, a buffoon from the perL. pamcula, a tuft ; double dimin. of sonal name l^antaleone, common in Venice, panus, the thread wound round the bobbin St. Pantaleone being a well-known saint in of a shuttle. -f-Gk. TTTJVOS, the same. Allied Venice. Prob. from Gk. -navTaXlow, lit. to 'L.pannns, cloth see Pane. all-lion/ a Gk. personal name. - Gk. lion. Pannage, food of swine in woods. (F. iravra-, all L.) Anglo-F. panage M. F. pasnage, pantaloons, a kind of trousers. (F. ( pawnage, mastage, monie for feeding of Ital. Gk.) F. pantalon, so called because swine with mast;' Cotgrave. - Late L. worn by Venetians. - Ital pantalone, a Venetian see above. pasnaticum, pastidnaticum, pannage. Late L. pastionare, to feed on mast, as Pantheism, the doctrine that the uniL pastion-, stem of pastio^ graz- verse is God. (Gk.) From Pan- and swine see below. ing, iibtd in Late L. to mean light of Theism pannage. L. past-us, pp. of pascete, to pantheon. (L.-Gk.) I., pantheon. feed Gk. irdvOctov, a temple consecrated to
'

penser, to think. -L. pensare, to weigh, ponder, frequent, of pendere, to weigh.

paunis the flower of thought or fern, of pp. of F. Prop.

also, the flower

'

'

AW,

Pannier, M. E pamer.
a

bread-basket. (F.-L.) F. patuer. L. panarium, biead-basket. L. pdms, bread. Cf.

find

all

the gods.

Gk.

irav } all

fofoy, divine,

from Of 6?, god.

Pantry

Company.
a
little

Panther, a quadruped. (F. L.-Gk .) M E. pantere. - O. F. panthere.

.

with E. Dimm. of Pan. Cf. M. Du. suffix.} panneken, Westphal.//zw^w, the same. Panoply, complete armour. (Gk.) Gk. Gk. Trav, all; TravorrA/a, full armour. oirA-a, arms, armour, pi. of oir\ov, an implement, from Gk. error, I am busy about. Brugm. ii. 657. And see Pan-.

Pannikin,

pan. (L.

L. panthera, panther. Gk. irdvOrjp, a panther prob. of Skt. origin, ^f supposed derivation from irdv, all, typ, a
;

beast,

gave

rise to

numerous
a

fables.
;

dumb

Pantomime,
.

dumb
L.

actor

show, (t mime, an actor of

- Gk.)

later,

many

F. pantoparts in one play.

iravrdfjupos, all-

pantowimus.

Gk.

Panorama,
*

a kind of large picture.

all

(Gk.) Lit. a view all round.' Gk. trap, ; &papa, a view, from opdcu, I see. See

imitating, a pantomimic actor. Gk.irai>T0, for irar, all ; jtf/409, a imitator ; sec

Pan- and Mimic.

mime,

Pan- and Wary.

369

Pantry.

(F.-L.)

M.E. pantri*.-

PAP
taria, a place where bread is made or Late L. paneta, one who makes kept.

PARADOX
Gk. irdirvpos, an Egyptian rash or flag, of which a writing material was made. Prob. of Egyptian origin. Par, equal value. (L.) L. par, equal.
Perhaps allied to Pare.
'

O. T.paneterie.

Late L. panetaria, pani- papyrus.

bread.

L. pan-is, bread, food

cf.

cere, to feed.

(V PA -)
' ;

pas-

Pap
'

(i),

food for infants.

(E.)

Pap(A. D.

mete for chylder

Prompt. Parv.

1440). Cf. M. E. pappe, only in the sense Of infantine origin, due to of breast.' the repetition of pa, pa, in calling for food cf. L. papa, pappa, the word by which infants call for iood. So also Du. pap, E. Fries, and G. pappe, pap Dan.
; ;

Para-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. irapa, beside. Allied to Skt para away, from, L. per, through, and to E.for- in far-give.

Parable. (F.~ L.-Gk.) M.E.farabole

iv.
2.

O. F. parabole.

L. parabola,
,

Mark

pap, Swed. papp, paste-board.

(2),

Cf.

pap
E.
;

Gk. napa&o\rj, a comparison, a Gk. irapa$a\\tiv to cast or put parable. Gk. irapd, beside beside, to compare. 713. Brugm. ii. /3aAAti/, to cast.
;

Papa.
(2), a teat,

Cf. M. Swed. papp, the breast pappe. changed, in mod. Swedish, to patt. So also Swed. dial, pappe, N. Fries, pap, pape, Lithuan. pdpas, the breast. Much

pap

breast.

(E.)

M.

the same as Pap (i) infant's call for food.

and due

to

the

(F.-L.) Not found in old books; lather, borrowed from F\papa. Port, or Ital. parare, to ward off; and Cf. chute is equivalent to Ital. caduta. a fall, L. papa, a father, bishop, pope L. pappas, a tutor, borrowed from Gk. ong fern of caduto, fallen, from L. cadere, Due to fall. See Parasol. irdTnras, papa; Homer, Od. vi. 57. see Pap (i), to the repetition of pa, pa Paraclete, the Comforter. (L -Gk.) Gk. irapdtc \rjro* called to L. paracletus. Pope. one's aid, the Comforter (John xiv 16). papal, belonging to the pope. (F Gk. TrapaKa\*iv to call to one's aid. Late L papahs, adj., F. papal. L.) from L. papa, a bishop, spiritual father. Gk. -rrapd, beside KaXftv, to call. Gk. irdiras, nairna.*, papa, father Cf. Parade, display. (F. Span. L/) F. parade, a show, also a stop on horse(nbove). Papaw, a fiuit (Span. W. Indian.) back/ Cot. The latter sense was the earCarib ababai lier in French Span, patada, a stop, Span, papaya (Pineda). See Yule. halt, from parar, vb., to halt, also to get L. pardrc, to get ready. See Paper. (L. - Gk. Egyptian^) A. S. ready. was due to paper; directly from L. papyrus', see Pare. The sense display the F. veib/Vmv, to deck, trim, from the Papyrus.

Papa,

father.

parabola, a certain plane curve. (L. - Gk.) L. parabola, Gk. irapa&o\rj, the conic section made by a plane parallel to see Parable. the surface of the cone Parachute, an apparatus for breakF. ing a fall from a balloon. (F. L.) parachute, lit. that which parries or guards F. para-, as para-sol; against a fall. Here para- represents and chute, a fall
;

'

'

papier-mach.6, paper made into pulp, L.) moulded, dried, and japanned. (F F. papier, paper, from L ace. papyrum F. mache', lit. chewed, pp of mdcher, L. See Masticate. masticare, to chew. Papilionaceous, having a winged corolla (L.) resembling a butterfly. Coined, with suffix -acetis, from L. papisee lwn~, stem of papilio, a butterfly Pavilion.
;

same L. parare.

L.

L. paradigma. (ik. irapdfitiyfjia, a pattern, model, example of declension. Gk. wa/xi, beside ;
F. paradigme.
Sfitcwfju,

Paradigm, an
Gk )

example, model

(F.

point out,

show.

See Dic-

tion.

Paradise.
disus
;

- Gk. - Pers.) l^.para(L. Gk. irapaSmror, a park, pleasure-

From bling nipples or teats, warty. (L.) L. papilla, a small pustule, nipple, teat dimin. of papula, a pustule, -f" Lithuan. pdpas, a teat, /**//*, to swell out. See
Prellwitz,
s.

Papillary,

belonging

to

or resem-

ground an oriental word of Pers. origin. Zend paindaeza, an enclosure, place Zend pairi (= Gk. trcpf), walled in. around diz (Skt. dth), to mould, form, shape (hence to form a wall of earth).
;

VDHEIGH
Paradox.
doxe.

see

v. iru<j>i.

Dough. (F.-I,-Gk.)
rieut.

F. para-

Papyms. (L.-Gk.- Egyptian?)

L.

L. paradoxum,

370

PARAFFIN E
Gk. 7ra/w5ooj, contrary to received Gk. ira/xx, beside Sofa, opinion, opinion. from SoKftv, to seem see Dogma.
adj.
;

PARAPHERNALIA
lines.

-Gk.
,

irapd\kr)\o-s, parallel (above);

Paraffine.

(F.

L.)

Named
;

from
alkali.

its

having but small affinity with an F. paraffine. L. par-urn, little

having
affinity
;

afftnis,

a line, from ypdfaiv, to write. - Gk.) So parallelepiped. (L. wntten; a mistake for parallelepiped. L. parallelepipedum. Gk. irapaX\rj\(~ iriirtdov, a body formed by parallel surfaces. Gk. 7ra/DaAAi;A-os, parallel ; lirt7r5oK, a plane surface, neut of eirtircBos, on the ground, from ITTI, upon, and TrtSo^, the ground.

ParagOge,
paragdge.

see Affinity. the addition of a letter at

is

the end of a word. (L. tyran-t, the final letter

past, alteration.

Gk.) [Thus, in L. paragogicJ\ Qm. irapayarffj, a leading by or

Gk. irap-d, past. see Agent.

Gk. irapdyfiv, to lead beyond ayeiv, to lead

; ;

Paragon.
paragon
excellence.

(F. Gk.) M. F. M. Spnn. paragon, a model of Gk.

- Span -

Paralogism, a conclusion unwarranted by the premises. L. Gk.) (F. F. paralogtsme L. paralogismus. Gk. Trapa\oytan6s, a false reckoning or conclusion. Gk, Tra/xzAo-y/fofwu, I misreckon.
rrapd,

beside,

amiss;
;

Ao7/fo^cu,
see

Cf. Ital. paragone,

;

'

a para-

reckon, from \6yost reason

Logic.

gon, a match, an equal ;' Flono and Ital. paragonare, to compare. The latter answers to the Gk. irapaxovdetv, to rub against a whetstone (hence, probably, to try by a

Paralysis. (L.-Gk.)
Gk.
-napdXvffis,

L. paralysis. a loosening aside, dis-

Gk. irap-a, beside; touchstone, compare). dfc6vr), a whetstone, allied to &rcls a sharp See Tobler, in Zt. fur point. ) roman. Philol. iv. 373. Paragraph., a short passage of a book. L. Gk ) (F. Actually corrupted, in the iflth century, into pargrafle, F. paragraphe. pylcrafte, and pih row \~,&\.z\^.paragraphum, ace oiparagj'aphus. Gk. Trapdypafyos, a line or stiokc the margin, a paragraph-mark ; hence the
t

(VAK

Gk. abling of nerves, paralysis or palsy. Gk. rra/aci, rrapa\viv to loosen aside. beside Aufti/, to loosen, allied to Lose. Der. paralyse, from F. paralyser, verb formed from F. sb. paralysie, paralysis.
t ;

'

paragraph

ypd<ptiv, to write

Gk. napd, beside; Graphic. (N. B. The pilcrow or paragraph-mark is now

itself.
;

Also paralytic, from Gk. irapaXvriKos, with palsy. Double t, palsy. Paramatta, a fabric like merino. (New S. Wales.) So named from Paramatta, a town near Sydney, New South Wales. Properly spelt Parramatta the lit. sense is where parra place of eels represents eels, and matta, place. Parramatta is also the name of the river
afflicted
;
'

'

see

printed ^f.)
real

the diffeience between the and apparent places of a star. (Gk ) Gk. 7ra/>aAAais, alternation, change also

Parallax,
(in

ten miles off, is not a rivei. of the highest importance O. F. par amont > at the L.) (F. top, above, lit. by that which is upwards/ L.per, by; ad niontem, to the hill, upwards where montcm is ace. of nions, a

Ca J>ramatta,

Paramount,
k

Gk. TrapaXscience). Gk. \do~fftiv, to make things alternate, irapdj beside ; aX\daativ, to change, alter,
parallax

modern

hill

See

Mount.
t,F.
;

Paramour.

L.)

M.
;

E.

par

from aAAos, other

Parallel,
L.

- Gk

see Alien. side by side, similar.

;

(F.

M.

K.

parallelc,

Cot.

amour, with love orig. an ad verb, phrase. where /ar< F. par amoitr, with love L. pet', and amour is from L. anwrcm, ace.
Sec Amatory. a lampart, breast-high. (F. \{&\. parapetto, F. parapet Ital. L.) a wall breast-high lit. guarding the breast.' Ital parare, to adorn, also to L. parare, guard, parry petto, breast.
of amor, love

L.

Gk. TrapaAA^Aoy, parallel, patallelus. beside each other Gk. irap-d, beside *aAA?7Aos, one another, only in the gen.
dat.

Parapet,

'

and

dAA^Ao-

The decl. stem ace. plural. (3. stands for aAAo- diAAo-, a leduplii
'

or catcd form, lit. the other the other ' ' from Gk. aAAos, othei one another
; ;

to piepare, adorn

pectus, the breast.

See

Pare.

see Alien.

parallelogram.
M. F. paralelograme,

(F.

L.

Paraphernalia,
Gk.)
)

ornaments.

(L.

Cot.

L. parallclo-

grammum.
figure

Gk. napa\.\r)\6ypafjijj.ov a contained by two pairs of parallel

<

property which a bride beyond her possesses dowry. Formed by adding L. neut. pi. suffix -alia to Late L. paraphem-a, the pro-

Gk.)

Properly the

371

PARAPHRASE
above her dower. Gk. napouftcpva, that which a bride brings beyond her dower. Gk. a dower, that which is vapd, beside ; , to bring, allied to brought, from
perty of a bride over
"

PARHELION
whence Span, parche^ the end of a drnm.
Cf. also prov. F. pois sans parche, for pots sansparchemin; Vocab. du Haut Maine, by C. R. de M. Paris, 1 859. See further below.
,

and

O. F. parchemin. L. perperchemin. Paraphrase. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. gamma, pergamena, parchment; fern, of paraphrase. l^.paraphrasin, ace. ofpara- L. Pergamenw, belonging to Pergamos Gk. irapa<j>pao~is, a paraphrase, (where parchment was first invented). pkrasis. free translation. Gk. irapd, beside (ppaais, Gk. irfpyafjLrjvrj parchment, from Tltpa phrase, from typafav, to speak see Pergamus, in Mysia of Asia Minor. Phrase.
(i).
; , ;

E.

Bear

Parchment. (F.-L.-Gk.)

M.E.

a little par(Span.) Span, periquito, a little Diez parrot, dimin. of pence, a parrot. supposes pertco to be a nickname, meaning little Peter,* dimin. of Pedro, Peter.

Faraquito, Parakeet,

Pard,
L.

a panther, leopard.

rot.

pardus.
;

Gk.

7ra/>5os.
;

An

(L.-Gk.)
Eastern

word

cf.

Pers./^r^, a pard

SVt.prdaku,

a leopard.

Der. leo-pard^ camelo-pard.

PardOU,
pardoun.

See Parrot.

Parasang,
(Gk.
origin.

Pers.)

a measure of distance. to forgive Gk. irapaaayyvjs, of Pers debt, pardon. L. per, Mod. Pers. farsang, ferseng, a give see Donation.
;

M. E. forgiveness. (F. L.) F. pardonnert F. pardon, sb. Late ^L.perdonare , to remit a

fully; donare, to

league.
site.

(Horn,

818.)

Parasite.

(F.-L.-Gk)

l^.parasitus.

Pare, to shave off. (F. L.) M.E. F. para- paren. F. parer, to deck, trim, pare. L. Gk. irapdairos, eating parare, to get ready, prepare.

beside another at his table, a flatterer, Gk. irapa, beside; CTITOS, toad-eater. wheat, food. Orig. in a good sense ; see

Paregoric, assuaging pain (L. - Gk.) L. paregoricus, assuaging. Gk. iraprjyoptKOS, addressing, encouraging, soothing.
Gk.
iraprjyopeiv,
;

Gk. Lex.
a sun-shade. (F. -Port. L.) ' F. parasol, an nmbrello ; Cot. - Port. parasol (or Ital. parasolc}, an umbrella to

Parasol,

'

keep
Ital.

off the sun's heat.

Port,

para-r

(or

parare), to ward off; sol (Ital. sole), sun. L. parare, to prepare solem, ace. of See Parry and Solar. /#/, sun
;

to address. Gk. irapd, dyopd, an assembly, whence also &yoptviv, to address an assembly. Parent. (F. L.) F. parent, a kinsman L. parent - t stem oiparens> a parent, lit. one who produces. L. parere, to produce. Brugm. i. 515.

beside

Parboil.

(F.
5

L.)

It

now means

'

to

boil insufficiently, by confusion with part. The old sense is ' to boil thoroughly.' O. F. parbotllir, to cook thoroughly, also, to boil gently ( God efroy). Late L.parbulllre, L. peraullire, to boil thoroughly.

L. per, through; and bullire, to boil;

see

Boil

(i).

Late L. parcelle, a small piece or part. particella, only preserved in Ital. partictlla, a small part. Dimin. of L. particular

4th cent.). Cf. Perjado, Anglice, to Vocab. 602. 7. As if from L. per, fully; lactare, to cast, frequent, of ia cere, to throw. See Jet (i). 2. But see Particle. really substituted for O. F. porgeter, to Parch, to scorch. (F. - L.) Very rough-cast a wall (Godefroy). L. ptoiecdifficult. M. E.parchen, to parch. Not tdre, to cast forth from pro and iactdre. the same as M. E. perchen, to pierce, an Cf. Walloon porgett, to parget (Remacle). occasional form of percen, to pierce; the Also spelt spargetten, where the s of sense being too remote. I suggest that it spargetten^Q. K. es-, L. ex (intensive). meant to d/y or harden like parchment Parhelion, a mock sun. (L.-Gk.) from O. F. parche, a shortened form of H,. parhelion. Gk. napjj\tov, neut. of wa/w/parchment which actually occurs (Bartsch, Aioy, beside the sun. Gk. 7ra/>-ci, beside; see Heliacal. Chrestomathie, 1887, col. 309, 1. 16); , sun

Parcel. (F.-L.)

M.E

Parenthesis.. (Gk.) Gk. irapeV#<m, an insertion, a putting in beside. Gk. in 6{ats, a placing see nap-a, beside f, Thesis. Parget, to plaster a wall. (F. -L.) once common. M. E. Nearly obsolete as if from O. F. pargeter, to pargeten spread abroad, cast around, Late L. perjactdre (not in Ducange, but found in the
;

parcel.-?.

'

'

perjette

372

PARIAH
\

PARRY

L. parochia, same as pararia, a parish ; Pariah, an outcast. (Tamil.) Tamil paraiyan, corruptly pariah, Malayalim see Parish. parayan, a man of low caste, performing Parody. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. and F. one of his parodie. 1u. parddia. Gk. ira/>y5m, also the lowest menial services duties is to beat the village dram (called irap^-fi, a song sung beside (i. e. in imitaparai in Tamil), whence, probably, the tion of) another. Gk. irap-a t beside ySiJ, appellation of the caste. (H. H. Wilson.) an ode. See Ode. Parian, belonging to Paros. (Gk.) Parole. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. parole, a Pares is an island in the ^Egean sea. word, esp. a promise the same word as Parietal, forming the walls, applied Prov. paraula, Span, palabra ( = *flaraLate L. parabola, a to two bones in the front of the skull. bla], Port, palavra. L. parabola, a parable. See L. parietdlis, belonging to a wall. discourse (L.) L. pariet-, stem of paries, a wall. Parable, Palaver.
; ;
;

Parish. (F.-L.-Gk.)
napoittia,

M.E.

pa-

ParonymOUS,
in sound.

allied in origin

alike

rische.*<*. paroisse.** L. parcecta.~Gk.

neighbourhood; hence an Gk. itdpoiKos, district. Gk. irap-a, near; ofac?, neighbouring. house, abode, allied to Vicinage. Der. formed by adding -er parishion-er, (needlessly) to M.E. parisshen <O. F.
a
ecclesiastical

(Gk.) Gk. irapuvvfios, formed from another word by a slight change. Gk. ircLpa, beside ; <W/xa, a name. Der. paronom-as-ia, a slight change in a word's

meaning, from Gk.

rrapovo/jiaaia.

irapcavopaffia,

better

Paroxysm. (F.-L.-Gk.)
ysme.

Y.parox-

paroissien, a parishioner. Paritory ; see Pellitory-

Parity,

L. paritdtem

F. paritt. equality. (F.-L.) ace. of paritds, equality.

,

L. paroxysmus. Gk. irapov<7>i<5s, Gk. iropirritation, the fit of a disease. ovviv, to irritate. Gk. irap-a, beside;

L. par, equal.

Park = Q. Y.parc,
and panvg (<E.

Park,

an

enclosed ground. is a F. spelling.

(E.

7)

M.
'.

E.

parrok, an enclosure, A. S. pearruc, pearCf. Irish and Gael, pairc, \V park roc.

Teutonic tongues, as in Du. perk, Swed. Dan. park, G. pferch, and is prob. Teutonic cf. M. E. parren, to enclose. Hence, probably, Late \ J .parcus, parricus, an enclosure; whence F. pare,
;

common m

parrots).

The word

is

ovvftv, to sharpen, from &v$, sharp. See Oxygen. Parquetry, a mosaic of wood-work for floors. (F. Teut. ?) F. parqueterie. F. parqueter, to inlay a wooden floor. F. parquet, a wooden floor ; orig. a small enclosure ; dim in. of F. pare, a park.

See Park.

Parricide, (0

the

murderer of a

father; (2) murder of a father. (F. L; or L.) The former is the older E. sense, and answers to F. parricide, L parricida, for older paricidas (Brugm. ii. Ital. pa> co, Span, parque. 190), a Parley. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.parlcr, sb., murderer of a relative. L. parri-, for F. parler, vb., to pari-, a relative (cf. Gk. irr}6s t a relative, speech, talk, a parley. and cadere, to Late L. paraboldre, to talk. L. Prellwitz, s. v. irao/xai) speak. 2. The kill (whence -olfo, a sla>er). parabola see Parable. parliament. (F. - L. - Gk. with F. second sense is diiectly from L. parriM. E. parhment. [We also find cidium, the murder of a lelative, from suffix?} Late L. pa rlid mentum, corresponding to the same sb. and vb. our spelling parliament ] F. parlement* Parrot. (F.-L.-Gk.) .Perrot,ot ' * a speaking, parleying, a supreme court which the lit. sense is little Peter,' given Cot. Y. parler, to speak (as above) with to the bird as a nickname see Cotgrave. F. suffix -ment (L. -mentuni}. Also written Pierrot, both forms being from parlour. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E./ar- Pierre, Peter. -L. Petrum, ace. of Pctrus, Gk. -nlrpos, a stone, rock ; also lour, parlur.-*Q. F. parloir, a parlour, Peter. F. parl-er, Peter. Der. F. perroquet, borrowed from lit. a room for conversation. to speak with suffix -oir <L. -atdrium Span, perichito or periquito, dimin. of so that parlour answers to a Late L. form Perico, Peter; see Paraquito. ^fThe (Cf. F. word is prob. imitated or translated *parabolatd"rium, a place to talk in. F. dortoir <L. dormitdrium^) See above. from Span, or Portuguese. Parlous. (F. L.) Short ior perilous. Parry, to ward off. (F. L.) Formerly Parochial. (L. Gk.) \^.pardchidlis. parree, sb., awarding off. From F.
; ; ;
* ; ;

373

PARSE
used as equivalent to Ital. fern, pp.; F. parer, to parata, a defence, guard. L paprepare, also to guard, ward off. See Pare. rare, to prepare. Parse, to tell the parts of speech. (L.)

PARTURIENT
participate. (L-) From pp. of L. L. particip-, participdre, to take a part. stem oiparticeps, sharing in. L. parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part capere, to take. participle. (F. L. ) The / is an E. L. insertion, as in syllable. Y.participe. participium, a participle; supposed to partake of the nature both of an adjectival sb and a vb. L. partidp-, stem of parsee above. ticeps, sharing in
; ;

To parse is to tell
part.

quse pars orationis,' i.e. what part of speech a word is. L pars,

See Part. an adherent of the old Persian Pers. parsi, a religion, in India. (Pers.)

Parsee,

Persian.

Pers. Pars, Persia.

Parsimony, frugality.
parsimonie\ Cot.

(F.-L.) M.F. cent.). L. parsimoma, better parti-,

;

parctmoma.
with
suffix

l^.parci-, forpare us, sparing -monia (Idg. -many a). Allied

\oparcere, to spare.

Parsley. (F.-L.-Gk.)
persely.
1<
.

Formerly

persil older form peresil. Gk. TreTpovtKtvov, rock L. petroselinum. Gk. Wrpo-s, rock, stone; a4~ parsley. see Celery. \LVOV, a kind of parsley
;

Parsnep, Parsnip. (F.-L.)

;

For-

merly parsnep, and still better pasneppe, as in Palsgrave the r being intrusive. O. F. pastenaque, a parsnip (by dropping L pastinaca, a parsnep perhaps te] Perhaps from L. orig a root dug up. L. pastinum, a pastindre, to dig up two-pronged dibble. ^[ The ending -ncp

L.") Y.particule (i6th L. particula, double dimin. from decl. stem oi pars, a part. partisan (i), an adherent of a party. - Ital. L.) F. partisan. - Ital. parti(F. giano, a partner ; answering to a Late L. L. partitus, pp. of form *partttidnus. L. parti-, decl. partiri, to part, divide Others (see Korstem of pars, a part. ting), give the Late L. form as *partensidnus, extended from part-, stem of pars, a part. Partisan (2), Partizan, a halberd. - Ital. L. ?) M. ^.pertuisane, a par(F. O. F. pottrtisan, or leadmg-staffe,' Cot.

particle.

(F.

ttmine

(i5th cent., Littre) (Godefroy, s. v. pertuisanier).

*

tegiana,

partesan,

iauelin

pertcsane ].^. parFlorio.

'

[The M. F. pert uisane is an accommodated

spelling, to make it look like TA.Y.pertmser, to pierce through, due to L. per-tundere^\
Cf. Late L. partesdna, pertixdna. ft. Apparently connected with the word above, as if the weapon of a partisan (Diez). Partition. (F. L) Y. partition. L. ace. partJtionem, a sharing, partition. L. L. partitas, pp of part'in, to divide. parti-, decl. stern of pars, a part ; see

was assimilated

Parson.

(F.

to that of tuniep. M. E. personc, L.)

;

which also means person see Late L. persona, a person of rank, a choir-master, Sec Person, curate, parson (Ducange". fl" Blackstone gives the right etymology, but the wrong reason the Late L. peror dignity, sona was applied to rank and had nothing to do with a fanciful embodiment of the church in the parson's
;

'

'

Part.
frequently misread and misprinted ^.spartener, by the common confusion between c and t in MSS., and through the influence of/tf;/. O. F. pariener, M. Y.pajsonmcr, 'a partener, or cotion of
1 >ate 1 .. *partittdnarius y parcener ; Cot. of which the shorter form partiondrius L. partition-ent, ace. of partltio, occurs. a sharing, share see Partition. - Gk.) Partridge, a bird. (F. - L M. E. pertriche. F. perdrix, where the second r is intrusive. L. perdicem, ace. ot pcrdix. Gk. ir*p&, a partridge.
;

person

'

Der. parson-age.
F. part.

Part. (F.-L.)
ace. of pars, a part.

-L. part em,

a share,' that

partner.

fF.

A curious corrup-

M. E. parcener,

Ong.

which
;

is

provided

from the same root as

Der. part, Brugm. i. 527. portion. vb. partake, partial, &c. partake. (F. L ; andScznd.) For part-take, i. e. take part. Wyclif has parttakynge, I Cor. x. 16 (earlier version,/.
See Part and Take.
F. parterre, an even piece of garden -ground. V.parterre, along the ground. L. perterram, along the ground. See Terrace. F. partial. Partial. (F. - L)

'

Parterre.

(F.

L.)

LateL

partialis, referring to a part only. L. parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part.

See Part.

about to produce young. ^.parturient-, stem of pres. pt. of part urire, to be ready to produce young. From part-, as in part-ns, pp. of parere t

Parturient,

(L.)

374

PARTY
to produce. Brugm. ii. 778. tur-it-ion, F. parturition.

PAT
Der. parL. passdticum, a right of Late passage. L. passare see above, Der. passenger, for M. E. passager.
;

E. partie, usually a part O. F. partie, a a party Passion. (F.-L.) F. passion. T _. ^part, ^ Cot. L. partita, fern, of partitus, pp. o] passionem, ace. of passio, (propeily) sufferSee Partition. partiri, to divide. ing. -L. passus, pp. of pati, to suffer. Parvenu, an upstart. (F. L.) F, See Patient. F. passif.-l.. parvenu, lit. one who has arrived, hence passive. (F -L.) one who has thriven. Pp. of parvtnir, to passiuus, suffering. L passus (above). L. per-uenire, to arrive, arrive, thrive. F. passeport, Passport. I F.-L) come through. L. per, through: uenire, written permission to travel from a
'
; ^

Party. (F.-L.) M.

to

come

see

Venture.

port,

a porch. O. F. parvis, a (F ~L.-Gk.-Pu-s.) Late L. pasta, paste. porch outer court before a house or pdte Gk. tranrrj, church; variant ot parems,pareis, par at s, a mess of food orig. fern, of TTOCTT^S, beL paradi- sprinkled, salted from Tracraftv^io sprinkle. parndise (Low L. paravtsus) 1 sus, a church- porch, outer court, paradise. The orig sense was 'a salted mess of food. r See Paradise. lhe v was inserted in ~D&T.past-y, E. pastee, O. F. pastt (F. pare-is, to avoid hiatus. p&t], a pasty past-r-y, orig a room in Pasch, the Passover. (L. - Gk. -Heb which pasties weie kept i^cf. pantry, K.. ^. pascha. L. pascha Gk. Traa\a. And see Patty. buttery]. Heb pcsakh,& passing over the passover Pastel, a coloured ciayon. (F Ital.
,

Parvis,

a porch,

room over

passer, to pass port, port, from L.portus; see Pass and Port (2). Paste. (F.-L.- Gk.) O.F/orfe; F.
.

&c.

M
;

Exod. xn.

ii.

Heb. pasakh,
(

lie

passed
dial.

L.)
pastel,
te/to,

An

artist's
'
;

over.

crayon

Pash,
the

to dash.

Scand

Swed.

term F. pastel^ 'a Hamilton. Ital. pas;

paska, to dabble in water, Norwtg baska, to dabble in water, tumble, vxork hard;

ti/lus,

a pastel. L. pastitlum, ace. of pasa little loaf or i oil the

pastel being

same as Dan. baske, to slap, baxes, to Swed. dial. box, Norw. baksa, to box
;

named from being shaped lijcearoll. Dimin.

vipastus, food
to feed,

^f

Not

\>.pastus, pp. oipascere, allied to paste ; see pastille

from bas-a, to beat. below. Cp. prov. h bash, of which it is a mere pastern. (F.-L.) Formerly/^/; w/; variant. And see Plash, Baste (i). M. F. pasturon, the pastern Palsgrave. Pasha, Pacha. (Pers.) Mso bashaw. of a horse Cot. (F patttron!) So called Pers. basha, bddshdh, a governor of a pio- because a horse at pastiire was tethered by vmce, gieat lord; the same v& padshah, a the pastern the tether itself was called lord lit 'a protecting pastuie in O. French. - O. F. prince, great pasture, pasPers. pad, protecting See pasture. king.' shah, king. tuie. See Bezoar and Shah. pastille, a small cone of aromatic Pasquin, Pasquinade, a lampoon. substances, to be burnt in a room. (F. L.) F. F. pastille, a little lump or loaf; see Cot(I'. Ital.) (Formerly also pasquil\ F. pasqinn (whence pasquin- grave L. pastillum, ace. of pastillus, a pasquille?) Ital. Faslittle loaf; dimin. of ade], a pasquin, lampoon. pastus, food; see quino, a statue in Rome on whom all Pastel.
baska, basta, to beat
;
*

'

'

libels are fathered

name

of a cobbler at

was frequented

transferred to a statue found near his stall

at nis death, on which the wits of the time secretly affixed lampoons ; see

From the Pastime. (F.-L.; and E.) Fiom Rome, whose stall pass and time imitating F. passe-temps. by gossips his name was Pastor, a shepheid. (F. L.) For;

'

Florio.

tnerly

toiem,

pastour.<Q. F. pa\tour.\.. pasace. of pas for a shepherd, lit.

,
;

Haydn.

M. E
sare,

Pass,
to
P.

to

passen.
pass.

move onward. (F Y. pa sser. Late L.

L. passus,

L.")

pas;

a step

L. pastus, pp. of pascere, to an inceptive verb "eed, pp. pd-ui. ^PA.") Der pastor-al, F. pastoral, L.
feeder.'
fiasforalts, adj.

see

Diez takes 1 ,ate L. passare to be the frequent form vipandere, to stietch

Pace.

pasture. (F.-L.)

O.

pastute,*
L. pas(E.)

it

makes but

little difference.

passage. (F.-L.) F

L. pastura, a ceding. feeding. 'us, pp. of pascere, to feed.

passage. ~*Lz.iz

Pat

(i\ to

strike

lightly.

In

375

PAT

PATRIOT

Bacon, Nat. Hist. 63. Most likely from vulgar language, the head (Fliigel); M. a by-form of A. S. plattan, M. E. platten, H. G. plate^ a plate, shaven pate. All Cf. M. F. jletten (see Stratmann), -to strike; for from Gk. ir\arvs, flat, broad. Cot. loss of / cf. patch (i), Cf. Swed. dial. pate, a plate - L. - Gk.) M. F. patene Paten. (F. pjatta, to pat, platta, to tap (Rietz) ; Bavarian patzen, to pat ; E. Fries, patjen, (Cot.). - L. patina, patena, a flat dish. See Pan to splash ; G. patschen, to tap, splash ; Gk. iraTavr), a flat (open) dish. G. platzen, to crack; M. Du. pletten, and Patent. ' contundere/ Kilian. Of imitative origin ; Patent, open, public; as sb., an official document conferring a privilege. (F. L.) cf. Tap, Dab, Paddle. Pat (2), a small lump of butter. (E.) M. E. patent'e, a patent; so called because O. Y. patent Cf. Irish pait, a hump, lump, paiteog, a open to general inspection. L. small lump of butter; Gael./tf/^, paiteag (fern, patente], patent, wide open. where the form pait is bor- patent-, stem of pr. pt. of patere, to he (the same) 1 spread out. rowed from E. Prob. from the verb pat open. Cf. Gk. ireravvvfu,
; ;

(i)

as dab, a small lump,

dab.

above, as being patted into shape just is from the verb to

;

(V^ET.)

Brugm.
(F.

i.

Paternal.

- L.)

120 (note).
F. paternel.

Late l^.paternalis, fatherly. 'L.paternns, L. pate?-, father. Perhaps Pat (3*), quite to the purpose. (E.) Due fatherly. to a peculiar use of //, to strike, tap see formed with suffix -tcr of the agent from Pat (i). 'It will fall [happen] pat\* VTA, to feed, guard. See Father. Cf. dab, sb., an Mid. N. Dr. v. 188. Path, a way, track. (E.) A. S. /?<?, paft, a path. -f-Du. pad, G. pfad, adept, from the verb to dab. Patch, (i), a piece sewn on a garment, PatnOS. (Gk.) Gk. iraOos, suffering, M. E. pace he. emotion. Gk.irolcfV, used as 2 aor. mnn. a plot of ground. (E. ?)
;

to suffer. Apparently a by-form viplatch. Tlatc/i, of ira<jx* iv (f r *iraB-ffK6iv) a large spot, a patch, a piece of cloth Allied to 7TtV0-os, grief. Der. path-et-ic, Dial. from O. F. pathetique, L. pathcticus, Gk. sewn on to a garment to repair it of Banffshire, by W. Gregor. Cf. Low G. iraOrjTt/co* extended from iraOrjros, subject plakke, plakk, (i) a spot, (2) a patch, (3) to suffering. also M. E. a patch or plot of ground Patient. (F. - L.) O. F. patent. plekke, a plot (of land), Du. //<?, a patch L. patient-, stem of pres. pt. of patj, to suffer. Der. patience, F. patience, L. of ground.
t '

patch. Temp. iii.

jester,

(2"),

paltry
2'atch

fellow.

(E.

patientta.

2. 71.

meant a

fool or

Patois,
(F.

a vulgar dialect

of French.
;

from the parti-coloured or patchlike dress; Wolsey had two fools so named

which F. patois, country talk stands for an older form patrois, given by

L)

The same word as patch (i). Godefroy (Diez, Littre). Late L. patri(Nares). Der. patch-ock, a clown, a dimin. form, ensis, a native hence, belonging to the L. L. patria, native country. Spenser, View of Ireland, Globe ed., p. natives. 636, col. 2 ; spelt pajock, Hamlet, ni. 2. patri-, for pater, a father.
,

295.

patriarch.
,

(F.

L.

Gk.)

0. F.

Dravidian words meaning green leaf.' Formed, with suffix -an, from L patri~ Tamil pachchai, green, ilai, leaf ci-ns, noble ; a descendant of the J>atr^s t (Knight) ; Malayalim pachchila, green i. e. senators or fathers of the state. leaf (Gundert) ; Canarcse pachcha, green, patrimony. (F.-L.) M. monie. Y.patrimotne L. patri yele, leaf (Reeve). Pate, the head. (Unknown.) M. E. an inheritance. L. patri-, for pater, father;
*

L. patriarcka.<Gik. rrarpia scent. (F. Dravidian.) patriarche. (ik. F. patchouli of obscure origin. Appar- apXW, chief of a race or tube. See green narpi-a, a iace; apxtw, to rule. ently from E. patcha-leaf, \. e. Arch- (prefix). leaf,* imitating the vernacular pacha-pat * where pat is Hind, for leaf.' Or from patrician, a Roman nobleman. (L.)

Patchouli,

'

',

Cf.

fate.

Of unknown

origin

perhaps sug-

with

gested

by Late L. platta, the clerical tonlure. Cf. M. Du. platte, 'vertex rasus,' Julian; Q. platte a plate, a bald pate, in

suffix -monium (Idg. -m&n-yom). patriot. (F.~LateL.-Gk.) O. F.

patriote.
s,

- Late L. patrwta. Gk. irarpifoGk. properly, a fellow-countryman.

376

PATRISTIC
a race, from warp-, for irar^p, a mod. sense of patriot ^[ The arose in French.
irarpia,

PAWL
L. paudtatem, ace. ofpaudtas, fewness. L. paucus, few ; allied to Few. Paunch. (F. L.) O. F. panche L. pan(Picard) ; also pance F. panse. ticem, ace. tf pantex, belly, paunch.

father.

patristic, pertaining to the fathers F. patristique of the church. (F. L.) Coined from L. patri-, pater a Pauper. (L.) I*, pauper, poor. Pau(Littre). ls allied to pauctis, few father with the Gk. suffixes -ist- and -ic. -per, (perhaps) ' Patrol, a going of the rounds in a gar- to L. parare, to provide. Lit. provided \\ith little.' r '. patrouille 'a still nightrison. (F.) L. - Gk.) F. Cot. Lit. a tramping watch in warre Pause, a stop. (F. Gk. iravo-ts, a about from O. F. (Picard) patrouiller, to pause. Late L. pausa to make to paddle in water, the same word (but with pause, ceasing. Gk. iravtiv, inserted r) as patouiller, to paddle or cease ; Doublet, iravfaOat, to cease. dabble in with the feet also patrolli, in pose, q. v. = (paveri). Formed Pave. (F. IO M. E. pauen the paOis of Lyons (Puitspelu). V paver, to pave Late L pavare, corfrom O. It. pate (Y.fatte), the paw or foot of a beast. Of uncertain oiigin ; perhaps rupt form of L. pauTre, to beat, strike, Cf. Late L. pata, the foot of a imitative. ram, tread down. Cf. Skt. pavi-, thunderDer. pavement, F. pavement, L. patsche, an bolt. cup, base of a tower ; also instrument for striking the hand, patsch- paulmentum, a hard floor, from pauire, patschen, to to ram also pav-i-or (cf. Iaw-y-er}, from fuss, web foot of a bird F. paveur, a paver,' Cot. strike, dabble, walk awkwardly; Low G. Pavilion. (F. L.) M.E./az>*70. jen, to paddle in water with the feet patf see F. pavilion, a tent ; so called because Bavarian patzen, to pat (Richey) Pat (i). 5T Hence also Span. pata, paw, spread out like the wings of a butterfly. of papilio, (i), a butpatullar, to run through mud, patrullar, L. papili onem, ace. and Jtal. pattuglia, a patrol terfly, (2) a Unt to patrol Pavin, Pavan, a stately Spanish (without the inserted r). L. Pers. Tamil.) Patron. (F. L.) patron. L./>a- dance. (F. Span. tronuni, ace. of paironus* a protector ; V.pavane Span, pavana, a grave dance from pair-, stem of pater, (see Pavan in NaresX Prob. from a Late extended L. *pavanus, peacock-like, from the row father. patronymic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. of stately dancers (Scheler) ; cf. Span. Gk. pava, a peahen, a turkey, pavada, a flock L. patronymicus.
;
,

'

patronynnque.
TrarpajT/vpiffos,

belonging to the father's Gk. -rrarpcavv^ta, a name taken name. from the father. Gk. war/?-, for itarrjp,
a father
fc
;

turkeys, pavo, adj., like a peacock (whence pavonear, to walk with affected Late L.pavus, earlier L. pauot gravity).
of

See Peacock. a peacock. name see Name. a clog. (F.) Foimerly /#/;/ Pavise, a large shield. (F.) Also patin, a patten, also a foot-stall of spelt pavese, pavish^pamce, pauys, panes. ' a great shield Late L. F. pavois, a pillar;' Cot- M. F. pate (F. patte], a Ital. pavese t (Span, paves paw or foot of a beast, 'also a foot-stall pavensis. Of uncertain origin; of a pillar ;' Cot. See Patrol. pavcsce, Horio.) Patter, to strike frequently, as hail. perhaps from the city of Favia, in Italy. (E.) frequentative of pat\ see Pat Godefroy has the adj. pavinois, paviois as in the Cf. prov. K (i). (Lonsdale) pattk, to pavois, pavaiz, adj. de Pavie phr. escus pavaiz, shields of Pavia. pat gently. Pattern, an example, model to work- Paw. (FO M. E. pawe, powe, a paw. M. E. patron ^the old A. F. powc, 0. F./0<?, a paw the same as by. (F.-L.) Cf. F. patron, ' a patron also a Prov. pauta, Catalan pota, a paw. spelling). See Patron. Cot. Low G.pote, Du. poof (whence G. pfote), pattern, sample Patty, a little pie. (F.-L.-Gk.) a paw. Perhaps from an imitative root ; Mod. }?.pdt4\ O. Y. pastf, a pasty. -Late cf. F. patte. Franck takes Du. poot to be L. pastatum, neut. of pp. of pastare, to of Teut. origin. Cf. E. Fries, pote, pot, make paste. Late L. pasta, paste; see paw. Paste. Pawl, a short bar, as a catch to a windPaucity, fewness. (F. L.) Y.paudti. lass. (F.L.) O. F. paul, variant of pal,
ovopa, a
;

Fatten,

'

'

'

'

377

PAWN
pel, a stake

PEAL
King Horn,
803, to

(whence Du. pal, Swed. pall,

mean heathen
'

lands.'

pdgdnismus. Formed with suffix -ismus, See Pafrom L. pagan-US, a pagan. (i), a pledge. (F.-Teut.) F. gan. ' Pea, a vegetable. (L ) Formerly /w*, pan, a pane, piece, panel, also a pawn, or pcses. A. S. gage, skirt of a gown, pane of a hose/ pese M. E. pcse, pi. pesen 'L. plsum, a pea.-fGk. In the sense of pane,' F. pisa, pi. pisaH. c. Cot.

pall, a pawl ; cf. W. pawl, a pole, L. palum, ace. of palus, a stake, bar). See Pale (i). stake.

Norw.

O. F. paienisme,

lit.

paganism

Late L.

Pawn
;

'

pan

is

-L.) M. E./w. -O. F. Du. pand\ cf. G. pfand, O. H. G. phant^ a pats (F. paix}. L. pdcem, ace. of pax, cf. pac-, as in Der. im-pawn, to put in pledge, peace, ong. a compact pledge.
sense of

of Latin origin ' pawn,' F.

see

Pane.
is

pan

In the rather from

tVos,

a pea.

(-y'PIS.)

Peace.

(F.

pac-tum, a bargain see Pact. paivn, vb. 3?awn (2), a piece at chess. (F. L.) Peach (i), a fruit. (F.-L.-Pers.) M. E. paune, poune, poun. O. F. paon, a M. E. pec he. O. F. pcsche, a peach. L. pawn (Roquefort), also/00// (JLittre) ; but persicum, a pcacli ; so called from growthe older form is peon (F. pion), agreeing ing on the Persica arbor, Persian tree. with Span. /a?;/, a foot-soldier, pawn, Ital. Pers. Pars, Persia. Peach (2), to inform against. (F. L.) pedone, a foot-soldier, pedona, a pawn Late L. pedoncm, ace. &i pedo, Short for M. E. apeclien, to impeach, a (Florio). L jta/-, stern of /^, foot. variant of impechen, to impeach, by the a foot-soldier. 5f The O. F. /0<w is the same word ; cf. substitution of prefix a- (L. ad) for imY./aon (K.yfcttw), from Late L.fetonem, (L. tn). See Impeach. Peacock. (L. Pers. Tamil and shewing the same substitution of a for e where cok E. E. pecok, pocok there is no need to connect it with F.faon, E.) a peacock, as Littre does, ignoring the Ital. cock. We also find M. E. po A S. pea, and Span, words. pawa all from L pauo (whence Du.
to pledge
;
;

M
;

pant, water.

The same paauiv, G. pfau, F. paon). as Gk. raws, for rafus, a peacock ; the a beverage. change from r to / being due to the fact Paxwax, strong tendon the neck of that the word was foreign both to L. and M. E. paxwax, also ex- Gk. Pers tdwus, taus, a peacock. O. animals. (E.) wax, the latter being the right form (see Tamil toket, togei, a peacock; see Max

Pawnee,

drink. (Hind. Skt.) Skt. paniya, allied io Skt. pa, to drink.

Hind

pdna,

A. S feax, fex, hair; Prompt. Parv.). weaxan, to grow. Thus the lit. sense is perhaps hair-smew,' because it is where the hair ends cf. G. haarwachs, a tendon. Pay (i), to discharge a debt. (F L) M. E. paten. O. Y.paier,paer (Y. payer ,,
'
;

Muller, Lect. on Lang.

^[

i.

Also pocock, which

is still

190 (ed. 1891). a surname.

L. pdcdre, to pacify to pay, to content. L. pac-, stem in late Lat., to pay a debt. ofpax, peace ; see Peace. seams of a ship. (2), to pitch the A. F. peier (O. F. poter, Gode(F. L.)
;

Pay E.

froy), to pitch.

L. picdre,\.Q pitch.
;

L.

coarse thick jacket. prefix/^a- is borrowed from Du. pij, pijt, a coat of a coarse woollen stuff Hexham has M. Dn. pije, a pie-gowne, rough gowne, such as seamen weare.' The same as Low G pije, M. Du./z/>, or N. YTizs.ptc,pie-jackert ' ' pije-laken, a rough or a hairy cloath Ilexham. Prob. from Y.pie, a mag-pie; See Pie (i). Also cf. E. pied, spotted.

(Du.

Pea-jacket, a and F.) The

;

'

pic-,

stem oipix, pitch

see Pitch, ^f

The Low &.pije,piggc,pyke (Krem. W.),

haps from l^.pica. Peak. (F.-L.)

per-

pitch is pets, from A. F. from L. ace. pets (O. F. pots}, pitch ;

M.

word

for

'

'

M.E./W.

[Cf. Irish

picem.

E. paynim, a pagan but this sense is due to a singular mistake. paynim is properly not a man, but a country or
;

'The paynim

Paynim, Painim, a pagan.

bold;'
F.

(F.
i.

- L.)
41.

Q.

4.

district,

and

is

identical with

paganism,

formerly used to mean heathendom, or the country of pagans. Rightly used in

peac, a sharp-pointed thing; fiom \\.peak."] A variant of pike, q. v. Cf. dial, of the Normandy pec, a hob (or mark) game of quoits (Godefroy, s. v. pec) ; also Low G. peek, a pike, pointed weapon. Peal, a loud sound, chime of bells, noise of a trumpet. (F. shortened form L.) of appeal, M.F. ape I, appel', Cot. gives * Note also chimes.' appel, pi. appeaux,

378

PEAN
E. apel an old term in hunting-music (Halliwell) ; this we now call a peal. The prefix a- was prob. mistaken for the E. indef. article. The O. F. ape! is from O. F.
t

PEDANT
the

given to the peccary in Oronoko (Clavigero, Hist. Mexico); Span. pacquirc (Pineda). (i), to strike with the beak, to M. E. pekken^ used as pick up. (L.) apeler, vb. ; see Appeal. see Paean. equivalent to pikken, to pick or peck up. ; mere variant of pick see Pick. Pear, a fruit. (L.) A. S.peru,pere. L. pirum, a pear (whence also Ital. pcra}. (2), a dry measure, 2 gallons. Pearl. (F.-L.?) ' M.E.^r^.-F.^r/^, (F.-L. ?) M.E. fekke, a peck. A. F. a pearl, a berrie ; Of unknown and O. F. pck. From the verb pekken, to Cot. we find also Ttal., Span., Prov. peck or snap up cf. E. peck^ to pick up origin Cf. Low L. (as a bird) prov. \\.peck, meat, victuals. per/a, Port, perola, perla. perula, the end of the nose (7th cent.). [So also F. picotin, a peck (measure), Perhaps for L. *pirula, i. e. a little pear, picoter, to peck as a bird.] See Peck from L. pintnt, a peai of. Span, peril/a, (0, Pick. Pectinal, lit comb-like. (L.) FromL. (i) a little pear, (2) a pear-shaped ornament, M. Ital. peroh, a little button on pectin-^ stem uipecten, a comb. \^.pectere y a cap. Perhaps suggested by the various to comb, -f* Gk. irT(>, to comb, from senses of L. bacca, (i) a berry, (2) olive- rrftffii' 9 to comb. (y'PEK.) berrv, (3) round fruit., (4) p pearl (Horace). Pectoral, belonging to the chest. (F. F. pectoral. !^,, pcctoralis, adj., See Purl (j). L.) Pearl-barley. (F. - L. ; and E ) F. from pcctor- (for *pectos\ stem of pecfus, the bieast. Der. poitrel. but orge perlf, pearl-bailey (Hamilton) this seems to be a corruption of orge peU, Peculate, to pilfer. (L.) From pp. 1 of L. peculari, to appropriate to one's Sec Peel (^}. pilled barley/ Cot. Y pai wit, an- own use. t ormed as if from *peculum^ for Peasant. (F.-L.) other form of O. F. patsan, a peasant (cf. peculntm, private property see below.

M.

name

Peck

Fean

A Peck

a compatriot). peculiar, one's own, particular. (F. M. F. pccuher. ^. peculiar is, one's -an <L. -finu^), from L o\\n. L. petulium, private property; C). F. J>azs (F. y^ty'O, n. country (cf. Ital. se^ paese, Span, pai^ Port, pais, a country). closely allied to pccuma, money; Late L. fdgetise, neut of pagensts, be- below. longing to a village L,.jl>agits a village, pecuniary. (F.-L.) M.F. pecuniSee Pagan. au e. 1 ..pec ft mantis relating to money or district. Peat, a kind of tuif foi fuel. (C.) property. L. pcctinia, pioperty. O.L. Latinised as peta ^Ducringe) \\hence pecu, cattle cf pcni-a, neut pi cattle of petana, a place for getting peat Ap- all kinds, pioperty pecus. cattle. Cf. Skt. parently from O. Gael, pett, a piece, from aftt, cattle, cognate with G oth faihti, W. peth, a thing, a piece. See Piece. n^perty, A S.yiW/, G vieh cattle, Pebble. (K.) A. S. papol-stan, a peb- Pedagogue, a teacher. (F. - L. - Gk.)
1\.a\..paeMin0i

Span pana?w
suffix

Formed with

Gk. TTCU 5boy to school; as if from I,. *pecidbih^^ from pea are to Gk. ircuS-, stem of irou's, a Bruom i. 585. sin. boy (ryoryos, leading, from dy(iv to lead. peccadillo. i/Spau -L.) Span.yVa*?- The Gk. trcuV ira^'s, allied to L. puer, a See Puerile, Puberty. dillo, pecadtl/o, a slight fault; dimm. of boy
ble-stone.
I\l
.

.pedagogue.

L p&dagdgus.
led a

Peccable,

liable to sin.

(L.)

Coined
^

ayajyus, a shue hence, a tutor.

;

who

pecado a sin. L. pendtum, a J>eua(w, pp. Q\ peccare, to sin.

^

sin.

L.

pedal keys

peccant, si nnmg
in

(F.

-L.)

phr.

'peccant humouis.'
*

First used F. peccant ^

sinning;

rhumeur
I,.

humour

'
;

Cot.

peccante, conupt peccant-, stem of pres.

Peccary, a quadruped. (F. - CaribF. ptcan, a peccary (Buffon). bean.) Carib. pakira, the name used in Guiana see N. and Q., 9 S. iv. 496, Cf. pachira,
;

pt. of pet care, to sin.

belonging to the foot. (L.) The in nn organ are acted on by the leet 'L.pedahs. belonging to the foot. L ped-, stem of pes, foot -f A S.fit, foot. See Foot. Pedant. (F.- Ital.-Gk.fi M.F. edant. \ts\. pedante, 'a pedante, or a schoolmaster, the same as pedagogo ;'

Pedal,

Florio. The suffix -ante is a pres. participial form ; the stem ped- is prob. the same as in Ital. pedagogo , and therefore due to
p

379

PEDDLE
Gk vatMttv (whence a Lat. form *paeddre)
.
;

PEER
,

Parv.

peddir, a pedlar (Jamieson). The orig. Peddle, to deal in small wares. (E. ?) sense of pea was 'hamper,' and the word Coined from the sb. pedlar, later form of may be related to pad. See Padlock. Pedobaptism, infant baptism. (Gk.) peddar ; see Pedlar.
to instruct see

Norfolk fed (Forby)

Lowl. Sc.

Pedagogue.

Pedestal. (Span.- Ital. -L. and

*

G.)

From Gk.

trcuSo-,

for

rrafs,

a boy;

.nd

Span, pedestal^

the base

of

pillar,'

baptism.

Cf.
(i),

Pedagogue.
to
strip
off
'

Minsheu

borrowed from Ital. piedcstallo, 'a footstall or treshall [threshold] of a

;

Peel
From

skin.

(F.-L.)

Lit. foot-support.' Comas if from L. pedem, ace. of pes, a foot; and O. H. G. stal (G. stall], a stall ; sec Stall.

door;* Florio.

'

pounded

pedestrian. (L.) Properly an adj.; from L. pedestri-, decl. stem, of pedester, one who goes on foot. For *pedit-trfrom pedit-, stem of pedes, one who goes on foot with suffix -ter (Idg. -tor). Ped-itis from /#/-, stem oipes, foot; and it-um,
; ;

F. peter; to ' unskin ; Cot. (Cf. M. ' ' to unskin Ital. pellare, Florio).- O. F. ^L. pellem, ace. vt pellis, a skin. pel, skin. See Pell (2). ^[ Confused with filler \ see below. In Milton, Peel (2), to pillage. (F. L.) P.R. iv. 136. Distinct from /<?/, to strip ; another spelling of////; see Pill (2). ee l (3), a fire-shovel. (F.-L.) Once O. F. fele (Littrc), F. a common word. L. pala\ see Pafclle, a fire-shovel.
;
.

lette. ii. 123. the foot-stalk of Peel (4), a small castle. (F.-L.) M.E. Pedicel is from mod. F. pel, a small castle, orig. a stockade or fruit. (F. L.; but pedicle (older and bettei) wooden fortress. O. F. pel (also /a/), a ptdicelle from M. ^.pediculc, a leaf-stalk; Cot L. stake. L. palum, ace. of pahis, a stake.

supine of

fre, to

go.

Brugm.

pedicel, pedicle,
;

pediculus, little foot, foot-stalk, pedicle double dimin. of /</-, stem of pes, foot.

See Pale

(i).

pedigree.
pedegree (1627)

(F.
;

L.)

Old

spellings
;

- L.) (F.
(2).

Peep

(i), to chirp, cry like

a chicken.
also

M. E. ftfen. - O. F. fifer,

grewe (1530).
tions, explained

L. pipare, pedigrew (1570) pety- pepter, to chirp as a bird. See Pipe (i) and Peep Also, in Prompt. Parv. piplre, to chirp.
'

(1440) pedegrti, petygru, with slight variaby lync of kynrede and Also Stemma, in scalis! awncetrye, peedegrue, Lydgate (1426 in Poht. Poems, ii. A. F. pee de grue, foot of a 138).
;

crane; from a three-line mark (like the broad arrow) used in denoting succession L. pedem, ace. of pes, foot in pedigrees. pipe ! (Du. dial, piep!, Molema), made de, of; gruem, ace. of grus, a crane, cogby a hider in the game of peep-bo, bo-peep, or hide-and-seek cf. Du. dial, piepcn, (i) nate with E. Crane. pediment, an ornament finishing the to say piep ! (2) to peep out.] Cot. The N. E. D. gives F. piper, to whistle, chirp like a front of a
;
;

L.) Palsgrave has. *I (F. aperture. 9 peke or pne, le pipe hors-, i.e. I peep out. Thus peep is directly from F. piper lit. to pipe, but also used in the sense to the exclamation peep. [It arose from
',

Peep

(2), to

look through a narrow

building.

(L.)

The (F. - L.) (i), an equal. twelve peers of France were of equal rank. pediment E. pere, per. O. F. per, peer, later For the etymology of L. niches, &c. iL.farem, (Perhaps influenced pair, a peer ; or as adj., equal. operire, see Cover. See Par. Der. peerace. of par, equal. bycon fusion with impediment ) Pedlar, Pedler, Peddler, a dealer less. The old word was Peer (2), to look narrowly, pry. (E.?) in small wares. (E. ?) M. E. piren, E. Fries, plren, Westphal. usually peddare,peddert a man who hawked about fish in baskets called peds, or oc- piren. Low G. piren, to look closely. Cf. See Pedde in Prompt. also pliren, to peer, orig. to draw the eyecasionally pad*.
the
Bible).

shows that the older form v^zs penment, bird, cousen, deceive, cheat, beguile;* described as a workman's term, and pipee, the peeping or chirping of small I suggest that a peri- birds, counterfeited by a bird-catcher, also corrupt English. a bird-call.' inent was substituted for operiment, a a counterfeit shew pipe, The F. piper is from L. pipare, pipire, to covering from L. operlmentitm, covering (common in the Latin Vulgate version of chirp see Pipe.
*
'

'

operlre, to cover. forms a sort of cover over doors,

-L.

Peer

380

PEER
lids together, so as to

PENANCE
;

look closely

Swed.

blink. to appear. (F. Short L.) Pellitory (2), the plant pyrethrum. for appear) just as M. Y..peren is short for (Span.-L.-Gk.) Span, pelitre [Ital. Gk. irvp(0pov, a apperen ; see Appear. pilatro].-* L. pyrethrum. Peevish, fretful, whimpering. (E.) hot spicy plant. Gk. -nvp, fire. M.E. peuisch, peyuesshe; also pevych, Pell-mell, confusedly. (F.-L.) O.F. ' ' Cot. pevage, uncouth, perverse (G. Douglas). pesle-mesle, pell-mell, confusedly The leading idea seems to be * whining/ Spelt pellemelle in the XHIth cent. (mod. 1 making a plaintive cry/ Cf. Dan. dial. F. pele-m$le] . [Apparently understood to * piave, to whine Lowl. Sc. peu, to make mean stirred up with a fire-shovel.' F.

plira,

Dan. plire, to
(3),

belonging to walls. - L. pariet- t stem of parifs, a wall.

Peer

a plaintive noise, E. pew- in pewet, a bird Low G. pauen, to whimper. See Pewet.
imitative origin. thiev-iJi, mop-ish.

pelle,
;

Of

>or the

suffix,

cf.

Peewit
Peg,
a

a fire-shovel ; O. F. metier, to mix up see Peel (3) above, and Medley.] But orig. only a reduplicated form of mesle, as mesle-mesle and melle-melle also
occur.

Cf. Du. and Low G. pegel, a liquid capacity, such as was

see Pewet. ; wooden pin (E.)

See Korting,

M.

TL.pegge.
oi

Pellucid.
L.
pel/iit

measure

5336. F. pettudde.L. idus, perlucidus, transparent.

(F.-L.)

Pelt (i), to throw, cast. (L.) M.E. peg-tankard.' Apparently allied to Dan. pig, Swed. pigg, a pelten, also pilten, pulten, to thrust, cast. spike \V. pig, a peak, point ; Corn, peg, a The forms pilten, pzilten, answer to an A. S. form *pyltan. L. puttare, to beat, prick ; see Peak. Peise, Peize, to weigh. (F.-L.) strike, knock. Fultare (\ikepulsare) is a M. E. peisen A. Y.petser, to weigh O F. derivative of to drive. See Pulpegs
;

'

marked by per\ and

lucidus, lucid.

See Lucid.

pellere,

poiser

see Poise, which Peitrel ; see Poitrel.

;

is

a doublet.

sate.

Pelf,

lucre, booty.
* '

(F.)

M.E./<?^,
O. F.

pelfrey, spohum ; pelfre, booty, spoil

pilfer.

Prompt. Parv.
,

allied to pelfrer, to

Pelt (2), a skin, esp. of a sheep. (F.~ E. pelt, a shortened form of peltry ^ L.) O.F. skins, peltry-ware, dealing in skins. O.F. pelletene, the trade of a skinner.

See Korting,
(

Pelican.
TreAc/ra?.

F. - L. - Gk. )

3221.

Der. pilfer.
F. pelican

pelletie?
tier,

L. peliumus, pelecdnus.G\a. ir\f/cdv ) wood-pecker, also a water-bird. Named from its large bill, as the woodTrcAe/faw,

a skinner. Formed (like bijou with suffix -tier = L. -tdrius) from O. Y.pel, a skin. See I^.pellis, a skin. Pell, G. pelz, O. H. G pettiz, answers f^
,

to K. pelisse

see Pelisse.
in

pecker was
I
iif \(/cvs,

named from its pecking. hew with an ax, peck.

silk habit.

Gk. Gk.

Pelvis,
part of the

the

bony cavity abdomen. (L.)

h..$.pennian, only in the comp.on-pennian, to un-pen, unfasten. Pennian is properly to fasten with a pin or peg cf. Low G. Pellicle, a thm film. (F.-L.) F. pennen, to bolt a door, from penn, a pin L. pellicula, a small skin; or pelhcule. Note E. Fries. penne, peg; see Pin. dimin. of pellis, a skin. See pell. penn, pinne, pin, a peg, a pin. Pellitory (i), Paritory, a wild ' Penal. (F.-L.-Gk.) M,F, /<?*/, flower that grows on walls. (F. L.) penall ; Cot. -L. pcenalis, belonging to . E. Pellitory is for paritory. paritorie. punishment. - L. pana^ punishment. Gk. ' ' M. F. paritoire, pellitory Cot. L. See Pain. oivti, penalty. fem. of parietarius, parietdria, pellitory Penance. M.E. and O.F.
; '

a little ball. (F.-L.) M.E. O. F. pehte, a tennis-ball. Dimin. pelet. from L. pila, a ball.

basin, hence the pelvis. ForPemmican, a preparation of dried merly a furred robe. F. pelisse, pelice, a meat. Of N. American Indian origin. skin of fur;' Cot. L. pellicea, fern, of instrument for writing. (i), an O. Y.penne. L. penna, a feapelliceus, made of skins. -L. pellis, a (F. L.) skin. ther; Q.l^.pesna (for *petna or *pet$na). M.E. pell, Brugm. i. From -/PET, to pell, a skin. (F.-L:) 762 (2). pel.-Q. Y.pel (. peau}.-L. pellem, ace. fly. See Feather. See Pell (2). of*V//zr, a skin (2), to shut up. (L.) M.E. //*?.

an ax.+Skt./artfp*-, an ax.

the lower L.petuts, a

Pelisse, a

(F.-L.)

'

Pen

Pen

Pellet,

(F.-L.)

38

PENCIL

PENTECOST
M.E.

a strong inclination, bias plume, standard). See Pen (i). L ) F. penchant, sb. favour of). (F. Penny. (E.) M. E. pent ; pi. penies, to lean, lean contracted form pens (whence mod. E. orig. pres. pt. of pencher, A. S. pening, penning, a penny; towards. - Late L. type *pendicare from pence}. later pcnig, whence M. E. peni By-form L. pendere, to hang. Pencil. (F.-L.) The old sense was pending (Thorpe, Diplomatanum, p. 471); the a small hair-brush for painting. M. F. as if formed with E. suffix -ing from brush ;' base *pand. p. This base is usually pincel^ later pinceau, 'a pensill, a pawn, pledge, Cot. L. penccillus* a small tail, painter's identified with Du pand, brush ; dirnin. of peniculus, which is a G.pfand, O. II G. pfant see Pawn (i) double dimm. of penis, a tail. For *pes- above. In this case, the lit. sense may have Brugm. i. been little pledge/ i. e. a token, coin.-f nis\ cf. Skt. pasa(s], Gk. irtos Du. penning, Icel. penningr, L>an Swed. 877O. H. G. phantinc, hanging, a hang- penning \ G. pfennig, Pendant, anything - L.) F. pendant, a phcntinc, dimm. of pfant. ing ornament. (F. Penny-royal, a herb (F.-L.) A pendant ~Y. pendant, pres. pt. otpendrc, L. peudere, to hang; allied to popular form of the old name puhal royal. to hang a Cotgrave translates M. Tt.pukge by penny pendere. to weigh. Cf. Gk. ffQwdovrj, L. 0/SPHEND, SPHED/) Der. royall, puliall royall' fiom Latedue pulesling to L. The above old name is Latinised form of F. gium pend-ent, hanging, form of F. ^pnleium regium, a name given to the pendant pend-ing, Anglicised plant from its supposed efficacy against pendant, during. From L. pnlex, pendulous. (L.) For L pendttlus, fleas (cf. K. flea-bane). a flea, but this was only a 'popular' L pcndcre, to hang. hanging. pendulum. (L.) L. pendulum, neut etymology. of adj. pendttlus (above). Pensile, suspended. (F. L.) M. F. Penetrate. (L.) From pp. of L. pensil; Cot. L pensile, pendent from * Compounded of pens-its* unused pp. of fcndere, to hang. penetrare, to pierce into. base of penes, w\\h, peni-tus, within, pension. (F -L.) Y. pension I.. pene-, L. with which cf. penus, the inner part of a pensionem, ace. of pensio, a payment. and -trare (as in m-trare), to pemus, pp of pendere, to weigh, weigh ; sanctuary out money, pay. a crossing pass over, allied to Skt. tara-, L^ pensif* Penguin, Pinguin, a bird. (Un- F pensive. (F - F. pcnser, to think. penstf, thoughtful. known.) In a tract printed in 1588, we read that Sir F. Drake gave a certain \*.pensarc, to weigh, ponder ; frequent. island the name of Penguin Island in of pendere, to weigh. found there Pent, ter penned, pp. of Pen (2), q.v. 1587, from the penguins Selden (1613) derived it from pen Pentagon, a plane five-sided figure. ( b _ L. Gk ) F pentagom. L. pcntagwyn, i.e. white head. In that case, it must first have been given to another bird, gonu\, adj pentagonal. Ok. irfvraywvos, such as the auk (the puffin is common in pentagonal neut. irivTayon'ov, a pentagon. Gk. rrcvra-, ft>i irci/W, five, -ycuvia, an is Anglesey), since the penguin's head see Knee. black. angle, from yow, a knee Peninsula. (L.) L. peninsula, a And see Five. L.f>ene, pentameter, a verse ot five metres. piece of land nearly an island.

L. p&niPennon, Pennant. (F.-L.)' penance, older form peneance. a flag, L. panitent-, stem of penon, penoun. - M. F. pennon, tentia, penitence. ' to cause to repent. streamer also the feather of an arrow ; pres. pt. of pantfe're, Cot. Penitent. penna, wing, feather (hence a See
;

Penchant,

(in

'

'

ME

j
'

pane, almost

insula, an island
last, last

So also

(L.

Gk.)
i.

pentametcr.~Gbi.
7r<j/ra-, for

irtvra-

pen-ultimate, almost the

but one;

Gk

trfvrt, five; pi-

pen-umbra,

partial

shadow.

rpov t a metre

Gk.) L pentateuchus.v(jk irevra-, L. p&ntient-, stem of pres. pt. of (L five (above); reCxos, a tool, also a book. p&mtere, to cause to repent, better spell ong. a Cf. panitet, 'it repents me.' pentecost, Whitsuntide paniiere. Jewish festival on the fiftieth day after the Allied to Penury.
;

Penitent.

'F.-L.)

F. penitent.

pentateucb.,

the five

books of Moses.

38

PENTHOUSE
Passover.
;

PERFORM
, ;

- Gk.) L. pentecoste. L. ace. perceptionem. "L. perceptus pp. (L. of percipere see above. Gk. MVTIJKOOTTJ, Pentecost, Acts ii. i Gk. nwrrjPerch, (i), a rod for a bird to sit on fern, of irwrrjicoffTos, fiftieth.
;

KOVTO., fifty.

Penthouse,
a building.
it
'

a shed projecting from

a measure. (F. L.) tica, a rod, bar.

F. perche.

"L.

per-

(2), a fish. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. L. perca. Gk. irtptcrj, a perch; perche. L. ap- from the dark marks. Gk. trep/coy, irfpKv6$ t a penthouse ; appentis, pendicium, an appendage, allied to appen- spotted, blackish; cf. Skt./r^wi-, spotted, dix (the same). L. ap- (ad), to ; pendere, pied, sprf, to sprinkle. to hang. Percolate. (L.) From pp. of L./^-Pentroof, a roof with a slope on one colare, to filter through. L. per, through ;

(F.-L.)

Formerly pentice,

Perch

whence

is

corrupted.

M.

'

F. Cot.

apentis,

This has L. ; and E.) side only. (F. affected the sense of penthouse, though

colare, to filter.

See Colander.
(L.) From L percussio, percussus, pp. vipercutere^

Percussion.
a striking.
^L.

Here quite different things. pent is from F. pente, a slope, formed from F. pendre, to hang. L. pendere, to
they

mean

to strike. See

Quash. Der.
(F.

re-percussion.
.

hang.

Penultimate, Penumbra ;
L.) L. peniiria, want, need.
(F.
Cf.

see

L.) perdition. L. ace. perdttionem, utter loss. L. perL. per, dttus, pp. of petdere, to lose

Perdition.

Peninsula.

thoroughly

-dere,

to put, place, repre-

Penury, want.
hunger.

M. ^.penurie.
Gk.
irtiva,

senting Idg. *dto, to place cf. Do.

;

weak form of y'DHE,

M.F./<rn?,

peregrintis, foreign, adj. from peregri pergre, adv., abroad ; cf. pereger, a traveller. L. per, Gk. TTCUO;- Jhrom L. per-, which is either Pceon, its supposed discoverer. See through, or is related to A. S. feor, far ; from Haicuv, Paeon. i>x, pseony ;
",

a flower. Gk.) Altered to suit the Lat. spelling. M. E. pione. Q. F. pione (F. pivoine}. L. pceonia, medicinal, from its supposed virtues ; fem. of Pceomui, belonging to

Peony, Pseony,

- L. (F.

Peregrination. (F.-L)
grination.
\j t

peregrinationem ace. of L. peregrlperegrmatio, a wandering

natus, pp. of peregrinart, to travel.

L.

Paean.

and
;

ager,

land,

field.

See

Acre and

-A

People. (F.-L) M. E. people, poeple. Pilgrim.

F. people, peple\
l..

peuple. people.

populum,

emere, ; of the holy fig-tree, (2) long Perennial. (L.) Coined from L.perpepper; from pippala- the holy fig-tree. Pepsine, one of the constituents of enni-s, everlasting ; lit. lasting throughout gastnc juice. (F. Gk.) Mod. F. pepsine. the >ear. L./^r, through annus, a year.
piper.
pi.

-L.

Pepper.
fruit

~Gk.

O. F. pueple F. Peremptory, decisive. (F.-L.) M.F. ace. of popuhts, peremptoire. L.peremptonus, destructive, lecisive. L. peremptor, a destroyer. L. (L.-Gk.-Skt.) A. S.pipor. peremptus, pp. of per-imere to take away
,

ir tire

-Skt. pippali,

(i)

L. per, utterly entirely, destroy. to take. See Exempt.

Gk.
tis,

irtyts,

digestion

for *-niTTi.$<*peq-

See Annual.

related to vi-nrtiv, to cook.

F. parfit, parfeit (F. par/ait}. -L. Per-, prefix, through. (L. ; or F. L ) perfectus, pp. of pcrficere, to complete. L. per, through whence F. per-, par-, L. per, thoroughly facere, to make. See Allied to Gk. irtpi, around ; cf. Fact. prefix.

(yTEQ.)

Perfect. (F.-L)

UE. per/it, parfit.

See Cook.

-O.

also Tropd, beside

Skt./ra, away,

forth,

pat am, beyond

(L.)

HL.from.
;

Perambulate, to walk about through,

pp.

Perfidious. (L.) YrQml^.perfididsus, treacherous. L. perfidia, treachery. L. L. per, away (cf. perfidus, treacherous.
\

See Faith. Coined from L./<rr, Amble. through folium, a leaf. See Foil (2). Perceive. (F.-L.) O F. percever. Perforate. (L.) From pp. of L./^rL percipere, to apprehend. L. per, forare, to bore through ; where forare is thoroughly ; capere, to seize. cognate with E. Bore. perception. (F.-L.) F. perception. Perform, to achieve. (F.-O.H.G.;
;

L. per, through and ambuldtus^ of ambulare, to walk about. See

Skt para, from)

Jides, faith

Perfoliate.
;

(L.)

3*3

PERFUME

PERK

with prefix.) Corrupted from M. E. sentence. (F.-L.~Gk.) M. parfournen later parfourmen. O. Y.par- perfect sentence. L. periodus. Gk. irf/t' L. per, tho- o5oj, a going round, circuit, complete senCot. journir, to perform roughly ; and O. F. fournir, to furnish, tence. Gk. irtpi, round ; 68os, a way see
t
t

Exodus. ^[ The sense of circuit is diFurnish. Perfume, vb. (F.-L.) y.parfumer, rectly from Gk. to perfume, lit. to smoke thoroughly. Peripatetic, a walking about. (L. L. per, thoroughly fumare, to smoke, Gk.) "L.peripateficus. Gk. ircpiitarrjTtfcos, given to walking about, esp. while disfromfumus, smoke see Fume.
provide
;

see

'

Perfunctory. (L ) \*.perfunctorius, L. perfunctus, pp. oipercarelessly done. fungi, to perform fully, get through with. L. per, thoroughly ; fungi, to perform ;
see

puting

name given
Gk.
;

to

Aristotle.

irfptirartoj, I
TTOT^O;,

followers of walk about.

Gk.
irdros,

iTtpi, about a path.

I walk,

irom

Function.
(L.

Perhaps.

and Scand

clumsy

Periphrasis. (L. Gk.) L. periGk. rtfpifypaats, circumlocution. but phrasis. beautiful Zend pairika. Gk. Trept, around fypafctv, to declare, exSee Phrase. Horn, 310. press. E. penschen. Perish. (F. L. ) Peri-, prefix, round (Gk.) Gk. rrepi, around, about. -fSkt. pan, round about. O. F. periss-, stem of pres. pt. oi penr, to
winged
spirit;

hybrid compound. L. per, by (as in perchance, where per is, strictly, F. par) ; haps, pi. of hap, chance. Peri, a fairy. (Pers.) Pers. pan, a

Periphery, circumference. (L. Gk.) Gk. ntpttyepeia., L. periferia, penpherta Gk. trept, the circumference of a circle. around </>cpt^, to carry, cognate with E. Bear, vb.
;

ong. a female spirit

malevolent

Allied to per-, prefix. Pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. (L. Gk.) L pericardium

perish.

L. pertre,

to

L. per-, used perish. force (like b. for- in

come to naught, with a destructive for-do) ; and ire,

Gk. rrtpi, around; tcap- to go. wtpiKapSiov. heart see Heart. L.) Periwig, a peruke. (F. ItaL Pericarp, a seed-vessel. (Gk ) Gk. Formerly penvigge, pfnvicke (MinsheuX Gk. rrfpt, This is a corrupted form, used in place of fftpiKapmov, shell of fruit. around ; aprr<>s, fruit ; see Harvest. F. perruque ; see Perruque. peruke. (i), a plant. (L.) Formed, Pericranium, the membrane that Peri surrounds the skull. (L. Gk.) Late L. with suffixed -le and inserted i, from M. K. S. pcruince. Gk. irtpucp&viov , neut. of pervenke, a periwinkle pericranium. irtptitpdvios surrounding the skull. Gk L..peruinca t a periwinkle ; also called uinca wepi, round ; xpaviov, skull. peruinca, a name doubtless ong. given to L. per, through, Perigee, point of the moon's orbit some twining plant. nearest the earth. (Gk.) From Gk. itcpi, thoroughly ; tiincire, to bind, allied to
8ia, the

Gk.

Winkle

about, here

'

near

yiy, earth.

See Geo-

Withy.
mollusc.

graphy.
the point of a planet's orbit nearest the sun. (Gk.) Gk. ire pi, round, near ; $\ios, the sun. See Heliacal.

Perihelion,

Peril, danger.

(F.

L.)

M.

peril.

a small univalve corrupt form, (Gk. and E.) due to confusion with the word above. The better name is simply winkle see Winkle. Also found a& pennyivmkle \

Periwinkle (A

L. periclum, peruulunt, danger, lit. a llalhwell. trial ? ~\j. pertri, to try ; an obsolete verb, Perjure. (F. L ) F. parjurer. L. L. per, in the of which the pp. perltus is common. periurdre, to forswear. Allied to Gk. irttpa, an attempt ; and sense of * beyond, against*; iurart* to Cf. swear. See Jury. see Fare. ultimately to E. fare R E. fear ; G. gefahr, peril. ( Perk, to make smart or trim, (t. L.) Der. peril-ow. penu, to [Cf. W. pcrc, compact, trim Perimeter, lit. the measure all smarten, trim percus, smart all prob. round L. Gk ) L. perimetros. - G k from E.] M. E perken, used of birds, to ( Gk. ff*/w, round; p,erpov a trim their feathers. Cf. prov. E. perk up, irtpiufrpos. All prob. from to recover from illness. measure. See Metre Period, time of a circuit, epoch, perfect M. E. per-fa, a perch (on which a bird sits
' ;

yTE

'

'

34

PERMANENT
North F. perque^ perke, for F. Cf. Walloon perche\ see Perch (i). pierke, a perch and F. fare perche" sur, to
up).
;

PERSPIRATION
L. perquisition, an extra profit above the yearly rent, arising from fines, waifs, &c. ; neut. of perquisltus, pp. of perquirere, to seek after thoroughly. - L per, thoroughly ; queerere, to seek. See Query. Pemique. (F. Ital.-L) In use in the i6tli cent -F. perruque -Ital. per* rucca,TA.\\&\ perucca, n periwig,' Hono;
also spelt parttcca,
id.

be conceited of (like E. perky). Perhaps associated with Pert. Permanent. (F.-L.) F. permanent. L. permanent- stem of pres. pt. of permanere, to endure, lit. abide through. L. manere, to remain. See per, through
,

The same

as Port.

\peruca, Span, peluca, Sardinian pilucca t Permeate, to pervade, pass through orig. a mass of hair, and allied to M. Ital. small openings. (L.) trom pp of L. per- piluuare, 'to pick or pull out haires or ' leathers one by one; mcdre, to pass through -L. /<?;-, through Flono. l<rom Ital. me are, to pass, go. See fjLoiros in Prell- pelo, hair. L pilum, ace. of pilus, a hair. witz. Perry. (K-L.) M.E./^;^. 'PirePermit. (L.; L. permitlere ^pp. per- tum, pereye ' Vocab. 603. n. From an mt*rtis\ to let pass through, lit send A. F. foim (mod. Norman /m/). Cf. L. per, through; miltere, to F. point through. peiry, drink made of pears/ send. See Missile. Der. pertmss-ion. Cot which is formed with suffix -<! L.
;
j

Mansion.

fF.-L.) Y.permuta- atus, made of) fiorn It. poire, a pear. L. permutdtidncm a changing. pirum, a pear. See Pear I, permiitatus, pp. of permuldre, to Persecute. (F L.) TA.M.persccuter, vb. L. persecutus, pp. of persequl, to change thoroughly. L. per, thoroughly
tion.
lu.

Permutation.
ace.

wfdare, to change.

See Mutable.

Pernicious,
pernicieux.
I,

hurtful.

(F.-L.)

F.

permaes,
;

\^.pernicio$us, destructive. L. per, thodestruction.

for
neci-, decl.

L. per, thoroughly sequi, to See Sequence. Persevere. (F. L.) Formerly perstver. O. F. perseverer. L. perseuerdre, to

pursue. lollow.

roughly

nici-,
;

stem of

persist

in

a thing.

see Internecine. . F. Peroration. (F. - L. ) pfroration. L. perorattonem , ace. of peroratto, the close of a speech. \^. perdratus, pp.

nex, slaughter

senerus, earnest.
persistere, to
;

-L. per, thoroughly; See Severe.

L. per, otperordre, to complete a speech. thiough orare, to speak. See Oration.

,

diculairc. ^L. perpendiculans according to the plumb-line. L. pcrpendiculum, a

,

Perpendicular. (F.-L.)

Y.perpcn-

plummet, for careful measurement. L. perpcndere, to weigh or measure carefully. L Per, thoroughly pendere, to weigh. Perpetrate. (L.) From pp. of L. A L. See pcrpetrar&, to perform thoroughly
;

F. persister. -L. L. per, continue, pcisist through sis fere, to stand, orig. causal of si are, to stand. See State. Person. (F.-L.) M. E. person e,personne. Q.Y.persone, It.personne. L. persona, a mask used by an actor, a personage, character played by an actor, a person. L. persondre, to sound the through large-mouthed mask of the actor was named from the voice sounding through it. popular etymology; for the o is long.
;

Persist. (F.-L.)

per, thoroughly

Perpetual. (F.-L) M.E

M. F.
perpetuel.

patrdre, to accomplish
1

Sound (3). Perspective. (F.-L.)

Cot
;

.perspective,

perpetuel.

L. perpetuahs, uniL. perversal; in later use. permanent. petuus, continuous, constant, perpetual. L. pcrpet-, stem vtperpes, lasting throughout, continuous. L. per, through; pet-,

the optike art;' art of inspecting

*L.*per$pectiua,\h*

orig. fern, ot *perspecti-

L. perspeitus, pp. uus, looking through of perspicere, to look thiough. L. per, through specere, to look. See Species. perspicacity, keenness of sight. (F. as in pet-ere, to seek. See Petition. L. ) ^ perspicacity. L. zzt.perspicacitdtem, sharp-sightedness. L. persptcdci-, Perplex. (F.-L.> first in use. M. F. perplex, 'perplexed, decl. stem of L. perspicax, sharp-sighted. to see through (above). intangled ; Cot. - L. per-plexus, entangled, per-spuerej interwoven. L. per, thoroughly plexus, perspicuous, clenr. (L.) 'L. perentangled, pp. of plectere, to weave see spuu-us, clear; with suffix -ous. L. perPlait. spicere, to see through (above). Perquisite, a small gain. (L.) Late Perspiration, a sweating. (F.-L.)
; . ' ; ;

385

PERSUADE
Late L. ace. *perspir&F. perspiration. L. perlit. a breathing through. L per, spirare, to breathe through. through ; spirdre, to breathe. See Spirit.
tionem,

PETITION
Pest. (F.-L.)
F. peste.
l,.

pestem,

ace. otpestis, a plague.

Pester.
ber, clog;
*

(F.

L.)

Formerly to encum-

Persuade. (F. L.) persuader. L. persuadere, to advise thoroughly, succeed in advising. L. per, thoroughly; See Suasion. suadere, to persuade. M. E. pert, Pert, saucy. (F.-L.) shortened form of apert, formerly used See Malapert the same sense
.

M. F. for impester. ' empestrer, to pester, in tangle, incumber ; * Cot. Orig. to hobble a empStrer.)
and short
(F.

-Late L. im- {in}, on, for a horse at pastoriutti, a clog to pasture, from pastus, pp. of pascere, See Pastor. feed. Pestiferous. (L.) L. pestifer-us, or
horse at pasture.'

upon

M. TL.partenen. pertinere, to extend through to, belong. L. per, thoroughly; See Tentenet e, to hold, hold to.

Pertain.

(F.

L.)

pe^tifer, plague-bringing;

with

suffix -ous.

O.K.

pa?"tenir.

\j.

L. petfi-s, plague

ferre,

to

bring.

See Pest and

able.

pertinacity Coined, with sulhx -/V'<L pestilis,^ pestilential. - L. pesti-, decl. stem (i6th cent). -tdtem, from L. pertinaci-, decl. stem of of pestis, a plague (above). L per, thorough; Pestle. (F.-L) M.E. //<?/. -O.F. perti nax, very tenacious. L pi stilium, pestel, later pesteil (Cot). lenax, tenacious, from tenere, to hold. a small pestle. See Pistil. pertinent. (F.-L.) \< .pertinent. Pet (i), a tame animal, a child treated *L. pertinent-, stem of pres. pt. oi pertinere, to belong to, relate to ; see Pertain. fondly. (Unknown.) Formerly /#*/. [Cf. Perturb. (F. - L.) M. F. pertw-ber\ Irish peal, sb a pet adj petted ; Gael. borrowed Cot. \4.perttirbare, to disturb thoroughly. peata, a pet, a tame animal 1C ] The word is prob. of F. oiigin ; L./cV, thoroughly; turbdrc, to disturb. from but has not been traced. See Turbid. Perhaps from see 0. F. peti, short for petit, small Peruke; see Perruque. The 01 ig. sense was Petty. And *&s petiot, dear little child, Peruse. L.)
,
;
,

pertinacity. (F.-L.) F

F. pestilent.L. pestilent-, stem of pestilens, hurtful formed as if from a verb *pestilSre, from
;

Bear (i ). pestilent. (F -I.)

(F. to use up,' to go through thoiouglily ; h^nce to examine thoroughly or all over, to survey ; the only difficulty in the word
*

in

Godefroy.

is

change of sense. From per, Cf. O. F. th 01 oughly; and use, q. v.

in
its

paruser sa vie, to live out his life. Pervade. (L ) L. peruddere, to go L. per, through uddeie, to go, through.
;

.See

Evade, "Wade
(F

Pervert.

peruerfere, to L. per, wholly tiertere, to turn. pervert. S^e Verse. Der. perverse, from pp. per* Mcrsus.
;

F. pervertir. - L. overturn, mm, corrupt,

- L.)

also find pettish, capricious, i.e. like Hence a pet or spoilt child see above. the phr. to take pet} or to take the/*?/,' 1. e, to act like a spoilt child ; and finally pst, sb a fit of wilfulnesb. Petal. (Ok.) Gk iriraKov, a leaf (hence neut. of irraXos, spread petal of a flower) out, flat; from the base ir(r~, as in TTCTavwiM, I spread -f L. pattilus, spreading;
; '

We

pet (2), a fit of peevishness. (Unknown.)

'

from patfre, to spread. (yTET.) Petard, an explosive war-engine. (F.

L.) M. petard, petart, 'a petard or petarre Cot. Lit. ' explosive/ Formed
.

Pervicacious,

wilful.

(L.)

Coined

'

- 1< .pet, a breaking wind, slight explosion. haps from ptr through and uic-, weak L. psditum, neut. of peditm, pp. of .grade of /V-, as in uu-i, pt. t. of mncere, to conquer. See Victor. pedere (for *pezdere^, to break wind. See
t ;

iiuT&'L.periricad', decl. stem o>i penucax, wilful ; allied to peruicus, stubboin. Per-

with

suffix -art

as a suffix)

G. hart, hard, common ( from M. peter, to break wind.

.

Pervious, penetrable.
passable through
;

L. ) l,.pertti-tu

Brugm.

i.

857.

L. per, with suffix -ous. See Viaduct uia, a way.

footstalk of a leaf. fF.-L.) F. p4tiole.~ L. petiolum, ace. of petiolus,

Petiole,

Pessimist, one who

all is for
;

complains that

little stalk.

Coined from L. the worst. (L.) a superl. perhaps conpessini-tis, worst nected with/J/br, woise. Brugm. ii. 73

petition; Cot. L. ace. petttiffnem, from petitio, a suit. -L. petitui, pp. of petere, to attack, to

Petition. (F.-L.)

M..

386

PETREL
beseech, ask
;

PHARISEE
Allied to E.
i.

orig. to fall on.

in,

&c.

lit.

'

little

foot.

Gk.
^f Cf.

iro&'~,

Feather. (-/PET.) See Brugm,

560.

for irots, foot.

See Foot,

M. Du.

Petrel, a

bird.
.

(F.-G.~L.-Gk,)

puye, <a pue,'

Hexham; borrowed from

Pectoral.

Formerly/tf/m?/. petrel, petrel \ formed O. .puye,puie. as a dimin. of P$tre9 i.e. Peter, and the Pewet, Peewit, the lapwing. (E.) allusion is to the action of the bird, which Also puet (Phillips). Named from its seems, like St. Peter, to walk on the sea. plaintive cry; cf. mod. Norman F. pivit, The F. form of Peter is Pierre ; Pfrre is a pev\et Lowl. Sc. //, to make a plainfor G. Peter, Peter; cf. the G. name for tive noise; Westphal. piwtt, plwtk, a the bird, viz. Pctersvogel ( - Peter's-fowl, pewet. Cf. E. peevish. L. Petrus.**Gk. irirpos, a Pewter. (F. - Tent. ?) M. E. pewtir. Peter's-bird). O. F. peutre, peautre, piautre, a kind of stone, Peter (John i. 42). petrify, to turn into stone. (F. - Gk. metal (Roquefort). Older form pelt re, andL.} M. F. petrificr\ as if from a L akin to Span. ////-*?, Ital. pdtro, pewter. *petnjicdre, not used. L.fetri-, for petra, Diez remarks that the Ital. peltro is bea rock -Jicare, foifacere, to make. The lieved to be derived from English, which 1 petra is boi rowed from Gk. irirpa, a he rejects, but only on the ground that rock ; cf. ntrpos, a stone. pewter could not become peltro. However, petroleum, rock-oil. (L. - Gk.) peltro is probably (like O. f.peautre], an Coined from L. petr-a, rock ; oleum, oil. adaptation of the form found in O. F. Gk. rriipa, rock 4'Aatoc, oil see Oil. E. see *espeltre (espeautre}> spelter ; Spelter. Petronel, a hoi se-pistol. (F. Span. N ' L. M. Y.petrtnal, a petronell, or horseman's piece;' Cot. Said to have been invented in the Pyrenees and almost Ph.. Initial ph is distinct from p t and certainly derived from $\>Q\\. petnna, a belt, has the sound of/; it represents the Gk. a girdle (so that petrinal would oiig. mean <p, almost every word beginning with ph what was attached to the belt\ Allied to bem<^ of Gk. origin. The only exceptions Span, petral, a poitrel and named from oxepheon (also/fc0) ,phihbeg> better/?//*^ , going round the breast. L. pector- (for which is Gaelic, and Pharisee, really of See Hebrew origin, but coming to us through *pectos\ stem of pectus, the breast.
; ;
-.

PH.

Greek.
a kind of carriage. (F. L. Tf.phaJton', occurring A D. 1723. L. Phaethou. Gk. &at0a>v, son of Helios, and driver of the chariot of the

Petty, small. (F.-C.?) M.E./tfi/.F. petit, small.

Cf. O. Ital. pitetto, small Perhaps allied to piece, from a Gaulish

Phaeton,
Gk.)

See Phantom. See Prellwitz, s. v. <aos. equivalent to yi.D\\.focker, a monopole or an engrosser of wares Phalanx. (L.-Gk.) *L. phalanx.** and commodities,' Hexham other being Gk. ^ciAa^f, a battalion. See Plank. see below. prob. a corruption of the surname Fugger, ; Englished v&fogger (N. E. D.). (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E./awPetulant. (L.) L. petulant-, stem of tome. O. r< . fantosme L. phantasma petulans, foiward, pert, ready to attack. (whence E. phantasm^. Gk. <f>dvracr^a, a
,

base pett- (Celtic *qett-} cf. Bret, pez, a piece \N.peth, a part Irish cuid, O. Ir. See Kortmg, 6101 cuit, a pait, share. Stokes (s. v. qctti). Der. petti-fogger
; ;
;'

sun

'

lit.

shining/
to shine.

being pres.

<t>atB(iv,

Gk. ^de^,

part, of to shine.

\\lieiefogger
*

is

Phantasm

Phantom.

L.J>etere,

to attack.

See Petition.

F. pui, a platform (Liber Albus) ; (^<t>av-yw\ to shew, lit. to cause to /*, an elevated space ; puie, an shine; whence *<pdvTrj$ t one who shews open gallery with rails (hence applied to (as in /po-(/)dyrT?s). Gk. <pd-i/, to shine. an enclosed space or to a raised desk to f Skt. bha, to shine. (./BHA.) kneel at). l^. podium a balcony, esp. near Pharisee, one of a religious school the arena, where distinguished persons sat. among the Jews. (L. Gk. Heb.) L. (So E. pew meant a place for distinguished pharistus, pharisceus. Gk. QaptcraTos, Gk. TnS&oy, which Matt. ix. 11, lit. one who separates himpersons in church.)

-A

Pew. (F.-L.-Gk.)

M.E. pew,pue.

Gk. #arvision, spectre, lit. apparition. Gk. <pav-, as m<j>aivtiv rdfcti', to display.

O. F.

came

to

mean a

foot-stool, gallery to sit

self.'

Heb. ptirash, to separate.

387

PHAFVMACY

PHONETIC
L. Fhilippicum, pi. tive. Gk.) (L. Fhilippica, used to denote the celebrated orations of Demosthenes against Philip. Gk. 4>iA(TT7ror, Philip a lover of lit
*

Pharmacy. (F.-L.-Gk)
fermacy.

M. E. O.Y./arviacie, liter pharmacie.

L. pharmana Gk. (pap^a/ceia, knowGk <papna.Kov y a drug. ledge of drugs. Pharynx. (L -Gk.) L. pharynx. Gk. <(>dpvy, the joint opening of the gullet and wind-pipe, a cleft, a bore allied to From the root <pap m , to <pdpay, a chasm. bore see Bore (i). (-/J5HAR) Phase, Phasis, an appearance. (L.
;
;

horses.'

Gk.

</uA-os,

fond of;

i'-rriros,

horse.
(L. study of languages. Gk.) J philo!ogia. Gk. </>*AoAo7/a, love of discourse, love of literature and Gk. (f>i\6\oyo$, fond of dislanguage. course also, a student of literature and Gk. cf>i\o-s, fond of; Aoyoy, langunge. discourse, from \tycw, to speak.

philology,

Late L. phasis, pi. phases. Gk. an nppearancc from base_0a-, to shine; cf. </>a-oy, light. (,/BlIA.) p. The Gk. tpuffis also means a saying, declaration,' in which sense it is connected with (f>r}fAt, I speak, declare, from y'BIlA,

Gk.

<parr(s,

'

philosophy,
L.

Gk

lophie.

lj

philosophic. Gk. philosophia.

love of wisdom. (F. F. philocf>t\o<ro<pia,

loving a bird. (F.-L.-Gk.) knowledge. Gk. </>t'Ao-s, fond of; <ro</>o9, Formed with excrescent / 'alter ;/> from skilful, ffo<pia, skill see Sophist. Der. E. faatttt, a pheasant O .faisan. philosoph-er, for M. E. philosophre, which for Pha^iana lepresents F. philosophe, L. philosophus, -'L.phiisiana, a pheasant Phasian bird. Gk. (pamavos, a Gk. <f>i\6ffo<po?. airis^ pheasant, lit. Phasian, i.e. coming from philtre, a love potion. (F. - L. Gk ) L. the river Phasis Colchis. Gk. <fi\Tpov, philtre philtnim a love charm, love potion, drink to make Pheeze ; see Fooze Phenix, Phoenix. 'L. Gk") L one love Gk. </u'A-oy, dear -rpov (cf Idg. Gk. (poti'i, a phoenix 'Iltrod. -/Vr-), denoting the instrument. phcem.r li. 73) Pcrhnps named from its bright Philibeg*, a kilt see Pillibeg. colour, like that produced by the PhoeniPhlebotomy, blood-letting. (F.-T>. ~ Gk. M. P phlebotomie. L. phlcbotocian fhe see Pliny, bk. x. c. 2. Phenomenon, a remarkable nppe.u- wia. Gk. <p\e(3oTOfjiia blood-letting, lit. 'L. ance Gk.) L phenomenon Gk. cutting of a vein. Gk. <p\Bo-, for </)A^, &
f/xAci<ro0oy,

to speak.

Der. em-phasic.

love of wisdom.

Gk.
;

Pheasant,

slimy matter in the throat, L GkO The use of sluggishness. (F. Pheon, Feon, a barbed arrow-head. the term was due to the supposed influence (F.-L.) M. K feon, Bk. of St. AlbanX of the Monr humours'; phlegm causing a since O. F. sluggish or 'phlegmatic temperament. Perhaps an error for *Jlcon *Jlcon might come from Late L. flelo ,acc. M. l*.J>htcg?ne.'-L phlcgma Gk.</>Ac7^a (base 0A7//ar-}, (i a flame, (2) inflamjietoncni], an arrow-head. Phial, Vial. 'F -L.- Gk ^ Formerly mation, (3) viscous humour, phlegm fyo'c, vial, mol, alleied to ////Win modern Gk. (p\yfii>, to burn. -|- L. flag-rare, to editions oi Shakespeare M. F. phiolt, a Lurn see Plamo. I)er. phlegmat-tt %

tyouvonwov ('pi. <patv6fj.i'a}, an appearance, neut of pass. part, of <paivfii', to shew (pass. </>cuVo/xcu, I appear V See Phantom,

vein,

from

</>At'-en',

from

T({jivftr,

to gush TO/^O?, cutting, to cut ; see Tome.

;

Phlegm,

Hicrophant, Sycophant

(Mod. F. fiole^-\< pJuala. Gk. (f>id\ij, a broad, ilat, shallow cup or bowl 'applied m F. to a small boltlc;. Philanthropy, love of mankind Gk Is.plntfinthropia -(Jk. tfnXar(L.
violl,'
<

Cot

frcm base

c
(j>\

ynaT-.
flower.
its

phlox,
'

Gk

")

It

means

flame,'

from

colour.

Opconla^

G\:. </ iXavOpoj^ros, benevolence. Gk. '/nA-, for 0/Ao? loving mankind. avQpojnos, a man. irien^lly, kind philharmonic, lovmg music. ((*k ) I rom Gk. f/x'A-o?, friendly, fond of; and
?

burn belonging to the family of seals. (L. Gk.) trom I,. phoca, a seal. Gk. (fwKrj, a .^eal. See Piellwitz.
(jk. <}>\y-fiv, to

</>Ao, flame. f above").

Gk.

Phocine,

Phoenix see Phenix. Phonetic, representing

;

From Gk.
ing

L. harnwni-a
see

<Gk.

dp/jinvia,

harmony;

Gk.
(pojvrj,

(pQjvrjriKos, (pojvtw, I

sounds. (Gk.) belonging to speakproduce a sound.

cf.
f/'^A"?

Harmony.
a discour^ full of invec-

Gk.

a sound

speak.

philippic,

(-y'BHA.)

Der. phono-graph,

-logy,

&c.

PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus.
G. phorus. 3. e. producing

PICKADILL
L. phos-

(L.-Gk.)

light-bringing, Gk. <a>s, light light. (^</>dos, light), from base </>a-, to shine; -</>o/>os, bringing, fiom <f>peiv, to bring.
tywfftytpvs,

of nature. Cot. L. Gk. $vow\oyia, an enquiry physiologia into the nature of things. Gk. tyvaio-, for Aliens, nature -Xoyia, fiom \6yos, a dis(F.

physiology, the science L. - Gk F. physiokgie

.

(VBHA
</>WTO-, foi

and VBI1EK.)
(Gk.) ^ws, light (above)
;

couise, from

At'-yctf,

to sj^eak.

photography.
to \vnte.

From Gk.
and ypatyew,
F. phrase.

PI-PY.
Piacular, expiatoiy. (L.) L. piacularis, adj., fiom^'aculum, an expiation L. piare, to propitiate

Phrase. (F.- L.-Gk.')

.

] phrasem, ace. of phras is. Gk. <ppaai$, a speaking, a speech, phrase. Gk. <f>pd{eiv = *(j>pdd-yfif^, to speak of. fypadTjs, shrewd. (
;

L. pins, devout.

Sec Pious.

Der. anti-phrasis, meta-phrase, periPianoforte, Piano. (ital.-L) So vuth prefixes anti- } called from producing soft and loud effects. phrasis, para-phrase Ital. piano, soft Jot te, strong, loud. me/a-, peri-, paraPhrenology, science of the functions L. planus, level (htnce smooth, soft) of the mind. (^Gk.) Fiom GK. </>/>fro-, Jortis, strong see Plain and Force. F. L. - Gk ) for typr\v, mind ; -\oyia, fiom koyos, a disPiastre. F. - Ital. Ital. piastra, plate of metal, also course, from \tyeiv, to speak. piastre. Phthisis, consumption of the lungs a plastic or com allied to Ital piastre, a Gk ) \,. phthisis Gk. <t>0iois, con- plaster. L. emplastrum, a plastei (with (L. sumption, decay. Gk. </>0<Wiz/, to decay, loss of e?n-}. See Plaster Piazza. (Ital -L.~Gk.) \\.o\ piazza, wane. Cf. Skt. kshi, to destioy, kshttt-, l^olk-L. decay. Der. phthisic, properly an adj., a market-place, chief street from L. phthisicus ad)., consumptive but *plattia\ L. platea, platca see Place used as asb. ( L phth isica passio), vvith Pibroch, a maitial tune. (.Gael L.) often called Gael, piobaireathd, a pipe-tune, tune on the same sense as phthisis Gael, piobair, a piper. the bagpipe. and spelt tiwc. E. pipe. See Pipe. an amulet, amongst the Gael. piob, a pipe.
\ .
;

',

- L - Gk.) M. E. jiiatcne. Jews. (F. Wyclif. - O. V.filateric (Godefroy) Mod. Gk. L,. phylactenwn. F. phylacftre. Matt. xxin. <j>v\attTr]pt<>V) a preservative Gk. Gk. <l)v\aKTr)p, a guaidian. 5. <f>v\.aaaiv, to guard; </>vAa, a guard. Physic. (F. L -Gk.) Ong. the heal0. 1< phisiquc, ing art; hence, medicine. science of medicine also, natural philoL. sophy /^ic, natural science. Gk <pvoitc7], fern, of fyvcrtKos, natural, physical.
;
; ;

Phylactery,

Pica

see

Pie

(i).

a hoiseman with a lance, L] Span, picador^ bull-fighting (Span. lit. a Span, puar, to puck. pricker. Eate L. pleat c see Pick. Picaninny, a negio or mulatto infant. From pcekantenee t a dimm ^in Span.) Surinam) of Span. pequcho, small, allied to \\3\. piccolo, small. Of uncertain ongin.

Picador,

Gk.

<pv0i-s, nature, being.

-J-

Gk.
be
;

to j)roduce.

Skt. bhu, to

<pv-ti> t

fu~t,

fo-re\ E be phy \u-i-an

featuics.
(1^

(V 1UIEU -)
\

T**T.physu-s,

Hind, and Marathi paisd, a copper com ; sometimes rated at four to the anna, or sixtv-four to the rupee (H. H. \Vilson).
(E.)

Piccadill ; *>ee Pickadill. Pice, a small copper com.

(Marathi.)

&c
1^.

physiognomy,
visnomie.
,

visage, expression of M. E. fisnomie, (jk.)

Pick, to peck, pierce, also to pluck, &c. M. E. pikken, pekketi, used as equi-

C>.

siognomic a lactcr by his featuits;

expression.

phiwnomte, latci phyknowledge of a man's chahence

ieatures,

F.

siognomia,
art

as if from L. *phybut due to the longer form

(jk..

Formed

physi0gndmowa.
tftvaioyvoufjii'i.

tyvaioyvwiA.ovia, the
;

valent words, Ch. C. Group B. 4157. [Cf. Irish piofy Gael, pioc, to pick, nibble, pluck, peck ; W. ptgo, to pick, peck, Coin. piga. to prick.] prick, choose; Allied to A. S. puan (written pycan^^ to peck, and the s>u. f-h a sharp point, Voc. From a Tent, base *plc t allied to 3. 13.
, ,

of reading the

features

sometimes Spike.
;

And

see Pike.

Fiom an

Idg.

Gk.

tyvaioyvwijwv, adj. Judg;

loot *spi-g\

ing character.
,

Gk.(/>vcrio-, for <p vcris, nature

aii

interpreter

see

Gnomon.

in E. spua. pickadill, piccadill, a piece set iouiid the edge oi a garment, a collar. (F.
cf. **pi-Jt t as>

389

PICKAX
Span.
Teut.)

PIEPOWDER COURT
Swed.
at;
dial, pittla, to

Obsolete; but preserved

in Piccadilly, a street in London, from a certain house, which was * a

named
famous and

frequent,

of

keep on picking Swed. peta, to pick,

poke.

ordinary near St. James's Nares. M.F. piccadille

1

'
;

see Blount

pi. piccadilles,

the several pieces fastened together about the brimme of the collar of a doublet;' Cot. Formed, with Span. dimm. suffix -illo, from Span, picado, pp. of picar, to puncture ; cf. Span, picaditra, a puncture,

Pie (i), a magpie; tmsoited printer's L.) The unsorted type is called type. (F. pie, i. e. a jumble ; see pie (3) ; also pi, as if short for pica, from the common
is

use of pica-type ; see below. The magpie M. E. pie. F. pie L. pica, a magpie. Cf. ^L.puus, woodpecker, Skt. /*##-, Indian

an ornamental gusset in clothes. Span. picar, to prick, from pica, a pike (hence a a word of Teut. piicking instrument) origin ; see Pike.
;

cuckoo.

pie (2), a book which ordered the manner of performing divine service. ( F. L.) Here/z>is (as above) a F. form of L. pickax. iF. L.) Not an ax at all, pica, which wns an old name for the but a corruption of M. E. pikois, pikeu, a Ordmale so called from the confused apmattock. O K picois, later picquois, a pearance of the black-letter type on white
;

F, piquer, to pierce, thiust F. pic, a ' pick or kind of mattock. Late L. pica, a pickax. Cf. A. S. plc a pike ; Bret, pic, a pick W. pig, a point, see Pike pike, Irish ptocaid, a mattock picket, a peg for fastening horses, a
into
' ;
;

mattock.

small outpost (F. L.) It. piquet, pic quet, a little pickax, a peg thrust in the ground Pimm, of F pic (abovel. Pickle, a liquid in which substances are preserved. (Teut). M. E. pikil, pykyl\ Prompt. Parv. Probably from pickle, frequent, of pick, in the sense to pick out or cleanse w*th reference to the gutting or cleansing of the fish with which the find operation of pickling is begun. M. TL.pykelynge, 'purgulacio,' derived fiom l pykyn, 01 clens)n, or cullyn owte the onclene, pitrgo^purgulo, segrcgo Prompt. Parv. See Pick, p also find I)u.
' ' ;

paper, resembling a magpie. Ceitain sizes of type are still called pica. pie (3), a pasty. (F.-L.) M. E.//V; prob. the same word as pie (i) from the miscellaneous nature of its contents. E. pics seems to be Latinised as pice, Babees Book, pt li. 36 51. Cf. pie (2). ^f Gael. pighe, a pie, is from E. piebald, of various colours, in patches. L. and C.) Compounded of pic, a (F magpie, and bald*, see Bald. The old sense of bald, or ball\i, is streaked, from \V. bal, having a unite stieak on the foreCf. skew-bald. head, said of a horse.
;
.

We

'

We

pekeJ, pickle; which some have derived liom the name of the supposed inventor of pickling, \vhose name is vaiiously given as fieukeler, Poikelt and Pokel \ a story

Piece. (F.-C.) M. E pece, piece.O. F. piece F. pihe. Cf. Ital. pesza, Span, pieza, Prov. pessa^ pesa, Port. pe$a, a piece Late L. pttia, a piece; cf. Late L. petium, a piece of land (A D. 757) Celtic (Gaulish) *pcfti-, a piece, portion, answering to O. Celtic *qetti~, the same evidenced by O. Irish cuit (Ir. cuid], a piece, share, W. peth, a. piece, a thing,
;

unsupported by evidence.

Corn. ////, Bret pcz, a piece (Thurncysen, Stokes, Korting). Esp. used of a piece
;

Picnic. (F.j Found in F. as early as of land. 1692, and in Swedish before 1788; but piece-meal. (F. C. */*/.) M. E. borrowed in those languages fiom Low G \pc(e-mele, by pieces at a time. The M. E. Pu is prob. from pick suffix -mele, lit. by bits,' occurs in other Origin obscure. and is also spelt -melum Cp\\.ptc&eri), to nibble; cf. slang E. peik, compounds, a porNIC is for kuick, a from A. S mcelum, dat. pi. of food, peckish, hungry. t tion ; see Meal (2). trifle; another name for a picnic wastf^vtnack >'Foote, Nabob, act i). Piepowder court, a summary court Picture. (L.) l..pictura, properly the of justice formerly held at fairs. (F. L. N art of painting. L. pictus, pp. vfpingere, The E. piepowder represents O. F. pied to paint. Allied to Skt. piftj, to dye, pouldre, i. e. dusty foot. The court was colour; Gk. irotKi\o$. called, in Latin, Curia pedis pulvertsati^ 701. Brugm. i. Piddling, trifling. (Scand.?) From the court of the dusty foot, from the dusty the verb piddle, to trifle (Ascham) ; other feet of the suitors. F. pied, foot, from L. forms Mtpittle (Skinner) ,/<?//& (Halliwell). pedeni, ace. of pes ; O. F. pouldre (
'

ml

39

PIER
drd\ pp. of pouldrer, to cover with dust, irompoutdre, dust see Powder. Pier, a mass of stone-work. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. /*/*.- A. F. pere (V.pierre) a stone. L. petra. Gk. irtrpa, a rock,
;

PILL
a young pike (fish) ; pike-staff\ also found as piked-staff, i. e. staff armed with a pike or spike.

Pilaster, a
L.)

square pillar. (F.-Ital.*

stone.

Fierce. (F. L. ?) M. E. percen. F. percer; O. Y.percter (Roland). Generally thought to be contracted from O. F. pertuister, to pierce, lit. to make a hole. O. F. pertuis, a hole (Jtal. pertugid). The

Y.pilastre. ItsA.fi/astro, a pilaster, a piller;' Flono.-ltal. fda, 'a flat' sided piller; id.-L. pila, a pillar. See

Pile

(2).

Pilch. (L.) Orig. a v arm fur garment. M. E. pilche. A. S pilece, pylce. - L. pel;

licea see Pelisse. Q.Tf.pertins (like Ital. pertugio), answers Pilchard, a fish. (E. ?) Formerly to a Late L. *fertusium, extended from pile her \ cf. Irish pilseir, a pilchard. Of L. pertusus, pp. of pa tundere, to thrust unknown origin. Cf. Dan. dial, pilke, through, pierce. (Ennms has latrf pertudit to fish (in a particular manner), Swed. hasta tliz spear pierced his side Lewis.) dial.///a; fiom Norw. pilk, an artificial
;

L. per, through; tundere, to beat; see

bait

Contuse. *([ Commonly accepted; some suggest Late L. *per-itiare,to gothiough cf. See Initiate and Comin-ihare.
;

Pilcrow,
graph,
q. v.

a curious conuption of Para-

Pile
Only

mence.

Piety. (F.-L.) M..ptetf.-l,.pietatem, ace. of pietas, devoutness. L. pius, devout. See Pious. Doublet.///;'. Pig. (E.) M. E. pigge. Prov. K. peg of svunforda o$ (Berks.). Cf. A. S. pecg pecgcs ford;' Birch, Cait. Saxon, in. 223 But the connexion is doubtful. ^[ Certain masses of molten metal are called sows and pigs hence //-?;<?;/ pigeon, a Pigeon, a bird. (F.L.) L. ptpioneni, ace. of pigeon, a dove
'
;

(i), a tumour, lit. a ball. (L.) in the pi piles. pila, a ball. Pile (2), a pillui, heap. <L.) M. E.

pile\ F. pile. In stone.

L. pila, a pillai,a pier of the phrase cross and pile ' (of a coin), answering to the modern head and tail/ the pile took its name from the pile or short pillar on which the coin rested when struck ; see Cotgrave, s. v./*7*.

pipio,

lit.

'chirper.'

A. S. //"/, a (3), a stake. (L.) L./f/ww, a javelin ong. a pestle. tor *ptns'lum. L. pmsere, to pound, -f" Skt. pish, ptitish, to pound. <([ The hestake.
;

Pile

piplre, to chiip.
vessel.

raldic pile

See_Pipe.

(. pile) is a Pile (4\ a hair, fibre

sharp stake. of wool. (L.)

felt.

L.

Piggin,

a small

wooden

(E.)

pilus, a hair.

Cf. Gk.TrrXos,

Brugm.

Cf. Gael./(ift7, a pitcher, jar; dimin. of li. Der. three-piled, L. L. L. v. z 76. pige,pigeaclJi,^[i earthen jar; Irish pigin, 407. small pail, pighead, earthen jar ; W. Piles, small tumours. (L.) See Pile (i). Pilfer. (F.-L.?) O.F. pelfrer, to puyn, a piggin ; all borrowed from E. Prob. for *piggen, adj., from pig, in the rob, pilfer. O.F. pelfre, plunder; see
tr.

sense of 'earthen vessel,' as in G. Douglas, of Vergil, bk. vii. See Pig. Pight, old form of pitched', see
(2).

Pelf.

Pitch

Pilgrim. (Ital.-L.) It&l.pellegrino, a pilgrim. L. peregrinus, a foreigner, stranger; as adj. foreign. l^.peregrt, adv.,
away from home; see Peregrination. Cf. O. H. G. piligrtm, from Ital. Pill (i), a little ball of medicine. (F.
Short for pilule ; cf. O. Y.pile, a pill. L.) - F. pilule, ' a pill ; ' Cot.-L. pilula, a little ball, globule ; dimin. of pila, a ball.

(L.) ~L.pigmentum, colourL. pig-, base of pingcre, to ing matter. with suffix -menturn.* See Paint. paint
;

Pigment.
;

sharp-pointed weapon, a fish. M. E. pike, a peaked staff, pic, a (E.) spike ; also M. E. pike, a fish, named from its sharply pointed jaws. A. S. pic, a (Hence Irish pice, a pike, point, a pike. fork, Gael. //V, W. pig, Bret, plk, pike,
point, pickax.)
sb.,

Pigmy a
Pike,

see

Pygmy.

See Pile

(i).

Pill

(2),

to plunder.

(F.-L.)

Also

spelt peel\ and, conversely,/^/, to strip;

;

Spike.

s spelt//'//; the words have been confused, Closely allied to pick, but are really different see Peel (2). mattock ; ultimately allied to ML E. pillen, to plunder. F. piller. L. Der. pik-er-el, pilare, to pull out hair, also, to See Pick. plunder ;

391

PILLAGE
pildre.}

PINE
corn-

from pilus, hair. (Distinct from L. Der. pill-age, F. pillage.

Pillage
piler,

see above,

Pillar. (F.-L.)
later pitier.

L. pflare, a pillar See Pile (2).

O. F. M. E. Late (Span, pilar.} L. /f/0, pillar, pier.

///-

Pillau, Pilaf, a dish of meat or fowl, boiled with rice nnd spices. (Pers ) Pers. pilav, pilav, a dish made of nee and meat
Palmer.

Pimpernel, a flower. (F.-L.?) M.F. pimpernelle (F. pimpreneUe]. Cf. Span. pimpinela, Jtal. pimpinella. Origin unknown. ^fT Diez considers these words to be borrowed from L. *bipinella*bipennula, a dirnin. of bipennis, i. e. double- winged. The pimpernel was confused with btirriet (Prior) ; and the latter (J'oterium sanguisorbd] has a feathei-like arrangement of
its

leaves.

Cf.

Rosa pimpinelhfoha.

If

Pillion.

(C.

L.)

Mod Norman

and
;

this be right (which is we lefer the word to

highly doubtful), L. />*'-, double;

Guernsey pillon n re probably borrowed from peima, a wing. Lowl ^a.pilyane, in 1503 (N.E.D.) E. Pimple. (F. ?) [Cf. A. S piplian, to The alleged A. S. pinpel which was adapted from Gaelic. Pals- be pimply. Prob. not gtave has python for a woman to ndej is Lye's misprint for ivinpel on/ O. Irish pilhun, pilhn, a pack- an E. word, but borrowed from some O. F. or Late L. form. Cf. Y.pompette^ 'a pumple saddle; Gael, piltean, pillin, a packand saddle, cloth put under a rustic saddle; or pimple on the nose or chin,' Cot. Also Gk. ir(fA.<pi, Irish////, a covering, /<?#//, a skin; Gael. Span./0w/#, a bubble. all from E. or from faall, a skin, coverlet nro/^or, a bubble, blister, Lith. pampti,
'
'

3L.iV///v, a skin ]

See Pell. Pillory. (F ) F. priori, 'a pillory;' Cot. Ot unknown origin other remarkable variants occur, viz. O. F. pilotin, pel;

to swell

Pin,
peg.

papula, a pimple. (L ) M. E. pinne, a, A. S pinn, a pen, style for writing

;

a peg, &c.

(Tollen.

[We
,

find also Irish pwii, Gael.

pinne, a pin, peg, spigot; W. pin, pin, Du. pin, pin, peg, Swed. style, peri seems to have been a loss of initial jr. pinne, a peg, Dan. pind, a (pointed) stick, Pillow. (L.) M. E.///W; A.S pyle; I eel. pinni, a pin, Low G,/V#, a peg.] All both from L. ptdunt its, a cushion, pillow, from L. pinna, a wing, hn, pen cognate 66 (note). See Brugm. 11. bolster; whence also Pn. peuluiv, G. with E. Fin.
Port, pehnnnho, Prov. espttlori, There Late L. pitloriacuw spiliorium.
lorin,
,

pfuhl, Westphal.

M.F. Ital.- Gk.) out of harbour. (F. V.pedot; cf. M. F. pilot, Cot. (Y.ptlote) piloter, to take soundings (PalsgraveX Prob. borrowed from I Lai. pilota, also cf. Late L. pedota, a pilot (Florio) Late Gk. *mjftu/r^s a pedotta^ a pilot. formed from Gk. irrjfxjv, a steersman rudder, blade of an oar.
,

pulf Pilot, one who conducts

ships in and

Pinch. (,K Tent.) North F. pineher, F. pinccr nasalised form of JvT. Ital. cf. Ital. ptnzo, pizzare, picctare, to nip a sting, gond, pinzette, pincers. The ortg. sense seems to have been a slight

prick with a shnrp-pomted instrument, from a Tent, base //<-, whence E. pikt^ pick\
cf.

A.

S. pit,

;i

j)omt, pike.
;

Cf. also

Du.

Pimento,

The pimenta same as O F piment, a spiced drink. L. a pigment, (2) the juice of pigmenfum,
( i )

L.) allspice. (Port. Port, pimento,, pimento.

Also

plants

see

Pigment.

Pimp, a pandar. (F. L.") Prob. a M. F. pimper, to smartly dressed fellow. dress up smartly. nasalised form of F. cf piper, to pipe, also to beguile, cheat also Pror. pimpnr, to render elegant, fiom pimpa, sb. (equivalent to b pipeau\ meaning (i a pipe, (2) a bird-call, (3) a snare;

pinscn, pitscn, to pinch (llexham). Der. cf. M. F. pinces, 'a pinchers or ptm-er^ Cot. pmr of pincers Pinchbeck, anietal. (Personal name.") J<rom the inventor, Mr. Chr. Pinchbeck, the elder, a London watchmaker (c. 1670Jhrom I'inchbeck, Lincolnshiie. 1732). Pindar, Pinner, an impotinder. (E.) rormed with suffix ~er of the agent from A. S pynd<in, to pen up A. S. pund, an See Pound (2). <ft Not allied enclosure
' ;

to

pen

(2).

besides which, F. piper meant to excel in a thing. Note also F. pimpant, smart, L. pipare, to and see Littre spruce chirp 'hence to pipe". See Pipe.
;

tree ^--O A.S. pm-trto, L. pimis, a pine; i. e. pi~ wvx.+ Gk. TTI'-TVS, a pine $k.\. pitn-daru-, * lit. resin tree ;' L pituita, phlegm, also resin.' See Pip (i). Der, pine-apple,

Pine

(0> a

a pine-tree.

ong.

'a fir-cone.'

PINE

PIPE

L. long for; to suffer pain, So named because made of pine. waste away. (L. Gk.) M. E. pinen, to pinus, a pine. See Pine (i). a verb Pinnacle. (F. L.) Y. pinocle, Q{. suffer, more frequently, to torment formed from M.E. pine, toiment. A. S. L pinnaculum, a pinnacle (Matt. iv. 5). Double dimm. of Late L. pinna, a pinnapin, pain borrowed from L. p<zna, pain bee Pain. cle (Lu. iv. 9), L, pinna, a lin, &c. See Pinfold, a pound. (E.") For pind- Pin.
(2), to
;
; ;

Pine

111. 309). Pinnate, feather-hke. (L) L. pinA.S./j/Wa;/, to pen up (from/df, an natus, substituted for pennatus, feathered. ] ,. See Pindar. enclosure) and/0/,/. penna, a feather. See Pen. Pinion, joint of a wing. (F. L ) F. Pint, a measure for liquids. (F. L.) pignon, a gable-end Cot. O. F. pignon, F. pinte cf. Span, ptnta, a spot, mark, a feather, a pennon on a lance. Cf. Span. pint. Named from being a maiked part cf. O. F. pinon, a pinion. [Again, the mod. F. of a larger \essel pinter, to Late L. pincta, a pint jHgnoft. has the sense oi E,. pinion, a small measure v\ me. wheel working with teeth into another ; in forL./*V/<z, fern, tfpictus, painted, marked, which ca&e the derivation is from IL,. pinna, pp. of pmgere, to paint. So also Span. the float of a water- wheel.] L. pinna, a ptn(ura=-& picture. Pioneer, a soldier who clears the way wing see Pin. Pink (i), to pierce, prick. (L. ?) M. E. before an army. (F. L.) Formeil>/*0;/r. pinkcn, to prick. Used as a nasalised F. pionnier, O. F. pconier, a pioneer a form of pick. \\ e may note E. pink, to mere extension of F. pion, O, F. peon, cut round holes or eyes in silk cloth (Bailey), a foot-soldier, but esp. applied to sappers as equivalent to M. F, piquer, the same and miners. See further under Pawn (2).

fold; (also spelt pund-fold, Birch,

;

(Cotgrave).

Ci.

Pinch.

4 Or flom A

S.

pynca, pinca, a point, which seems to ha\e been borrowed from L. punctum \ see

Puncture,

Pink
(I)u.

(-0, half-shut,

applied to the eyes.

Obsolete; cf. "pink e>ne,' Antony, n. 7. 121. M. \}K. pintken (also pinck-oogen\ , to shut the eyes (Hexham).
L.)

notion 1=, that of narrowing, bringing to a point ; see Pink ^i). Cf. Prov. E. pink, a very small fish, minnow.

The

Pink

(3),

the

a colour.

(L.)

of the coloui is due to that of the The flower is named fioiu the delicately cut or pinked edges of the petals N see Pink (I ,. (3. Similarly, M. a
flower.
;

name

name of a flower, and of iiom a stem//7w-, for which see Pine (i). As in violet, mauve, the Pip (2), the seed of fruit. (F.-L.-Gk.)

F. pieux. - Late L. *pious, extended from L. pins, holy, devout. 643. Biugrn ii. Pip (i), a disease of fowls. (F.-L.) M.E. ////*. -M.F. pepie, * pip ' Cot. (Mod. Norman pipie ; Span, pepita, Port. L. pttuita, phlegm, pcvide, Ital. ptptta.} iheum, also the pip (whence *pitvita, *pjpita, Late L. pTpldo}. Hence also Du. Swed. pipp, &c. p. L. pituita is pip
(F.
L.)
;
;

Piony, PlOUS.

the

same

as

Peony.

Y.ptnce,
;

Short for pippin QT pcpin, the old name. M. K.pepin, a pip. Allied to Span./i/iVa, a pip [quite distinct from pepita, pip in fowls] ; and prob. to Span peptno, a cu-

fiom but pink, pincer, to pinch, nip F. pince and E. pink are not the same word though they aie i elated. Pink (4), a kind of boat. (DiO See
is
;

cumber.

This Gk. irtituv was ong. an adj ignifymg ripened or 'iipe'; (cf. -ntiTTitv, Span, pingue, a pink). The same word to cook, to ripen) allied to Skt. /#<://, L. as Icel. espingr, Swed. esping, a long boat See Cook. oyuere, to cook. named from Icel. espi, aspen- wood, M.Du. tip (3), a spot on caids. (F.-L.-Gk.) See Aspen. tepe, an as pen -tree. Apparently a peculiar use of Pippin. Pink-eyed, having small e)es; see The spots weie at lust called peeps (1604) > Pink (2]. fiom peeps, for pet'pi'us, i. e. apples (1600) ; Pinnace. (F.-Ital. L.) .pmace, M. E. pepin t a pip (Cuisor Mundi). pinasse, the pitch-tree also a pinnace Pipe, a musical instrument formed of a Cot. Ital. pinaaia, a pinnace ^lorio). long tube ; a tube, cask. (L.) M. ./;/<? ;
boat,'

Short for Du. espincke, also written ptncke, ' a pinke, or a small fisher's

Narcs.

to the remarkable seeds of the encumber and melon and is derived from O. F. pcpon, L. pepo, a melon, borrowed from Gk. ntnwv, a melon.
first

P.

Some

hurve

supposed that
;

was

applied

Hexham

y.

(whence also F. pinque,

;

'

'

'

393

PIPKIN
An imitative word but borrowed from Late L. pfpa, pipe; from L.ptpare, to chirp. [So also Irish and Gael.//W,
A.S.pipe.
;

PIT
E. Fries, mire, an ant. Teut. type *miron-. also find the similar (but unrelated ?) p.

We

DLL pijp, Icei. plpa, Swed.//>z, Dan. /);;, G. pfeife.] Cf L. From the pipire, Gk. irim&tv, to chirp. ci y //-/? of a young bird.
Irish pib,

W.

pib\

Swed. myra, Dan. myre, Icel. maurr, an ant. Also Irish moirbh, W. war, pi. myr, Russ. muravei, Gk. nvpprj, Pers. mur, mor, an ant Corn, murrian,
forms
:

ants.

Pipkin, a small earthen pot. with E. suffix^ A dimm. (with

imported
it

(L.,
suffix

Piss. (F.) Y. pisser supposed to be Romance word, and of imitative ori\

-kin) of Q.pipe, in the sense of cask. This particular sense of ///te may have been
;

gin.

occurs both in F. and Du.

see pipe in Cotgrave, pijpe in

Hexham.
L. (F. the old
(2).

Pippin, a ki.id of tart apple. Gk.) Named from seed-pips;

sense of pippin
* ' ;

the nut of a - L. - Gk. Pers.) (Span. L. pistacium. Gk. Span, pistacho. maTaKiov, a nut of the tree called maranrj.

Pistachio, Pistacho,

certain tree.

was a pip;

see

Pip

Pistil,

Pers. pista, the pistachio-nut. in a flower. (L.) Named

from

Perhaps an apple raised from the pip or seed Wedgwood. (So Arnold's Chron.) Cf. O. F. and Norm. dial, pepin, an apple raised from seed.

the resemblance in shape to the pestle of a mortar. L. pi*tilluw> a small pestle, dimm. of an obsolete form *pistrum y a L. piituin, supine of pinsere, to pestle.

Pique, wounded pride (F. L.) M. F. also a picque, pique, a pike, pike-man The Cot. pike [pique], debate, quarrel same word as pike lit. a piercer,' that
' ; '

pound. -f-Gk. imWtfj/, Skt./w^, to pound. (-PIS.) See Pestle.

Pistol,
F. pistole.

'

which

pierces.

See Pike.

Der. pique,

name
from

\b., piqu-ant, pres. part of F, piqner, vb. Piquet, a game at cards. (F. personal
?)

its

Littre says piquet was named but see Hatzfeld. inventor

;

Pirate. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.firate.-L. (F. dague, a dagger). A pistol is to a gun Gk. Tr^par^y, one who attempts, what a dagger is to a sword, p. The Ital. pjrata one who attacks, a pirate. Gk. ireipaw, I pistolese ( = Late \^.pistolensis] means be*

also find M. \\s\.pistoleseS*. and it is agreed great dagger,' in 1< lorio that the name was first applied to a dagger, and thence transferred to the pistol, which even in E. was at first called a dag

Flono.

We

a small hand -gun. (F.-Ital.) Ital. pistola, a dag or pistoll

4 '
; ;

so also Ital. pistola is from Pistola, now called Pistoja, a town Pirogue, a sort of canoe (F. W. in Tuscany, near * lorence. The Old Lat. Y. pirogue name of the town was Pistorium. See Indian.) Defoe \i&speriagua From the native W. Scheler. (Span, piragua) Indian name said to be Caribbean. pistole, a gold coin of Spain. (F Pirouette, a whirling round, quick Ital.) The name, however, is not Spanish, but French, and the coins were at first turn. (F.) F pirouette, a whirling about, also a whirligig Cot. Dimin. of the called pistolets. The name is of jocular Guernsey word piroue, a little wheel or origin. F. pistolet, a little pistol, also a (_ ot. The latter part of pistolet Diez explains that the whirligig (Metivier). the word simulates F. roue (L rota), a crowns of Spam, being reduced to a smaller wheel. Allied to M. Ital.//;W<?, a peg, a size than the French crowns, were called child's top. pistolets, and the smallest pistolets were Origin unknown. Pisces, the Fishes. (L.) L. pisces, pi. called bidets\ cf. F. bidet, *a small F. pistole, a pistol; see pistoll;' Cot. ofpiscis, a fish ; cognate with E. Pish. Pish! (E ) Of imitative origin; begin- above. c V. piston, *a ning with expulsion of breath, and ending PistpU. (F.-Ital.-L.) in a hiss. also a piston. Ital pistons, pestcll,' Cot. Pismire, an ant. (F. and E.) The a piston; pestone> a large pestle. Ital. old name of the ant from the strong pestare, Late L. pistare^ to pound. L. The first pis t us, pp. of pinsere, to pound. See tuinous smell of an anthill. syllable is from F. pisser (below), p. The Pistil. second is E. mire, an ant, prob. a Pit. (L.) /iV,//; A.S.^/.native word. Cf. Du. mier, M. Du. miere, lu.puteus, a well, pit (Luke xiv. 5). Per-

attempt. attempt.

Gk. 7ref/>a See Peril

(for

*rr *'/>-/ a

\ an longing

to Pistola

'

'

'

M.E

>

394

PITAPAT
haps a spring of pure water, from 'Lt.putus,

PLAINTIFF
Placable.
*

Place. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. place. headlong, fix a Folk-L. *plattia ; L. platea, also platea, Gk. irAarcfa, camp. (L.) palatalised form of pick, to a broad way, a courtyard. throw, Cor. i. i. 204, esp. to throw * pike a broad way fern, of ir\arvs, broad. ^[ or dart also to plunge a sharp peg into place was oiig. a courtyard or square, a the ground for fixing tents. M. E. picchcn, piazza. Cf. \\s\. piazza (^Y. place}. See See Pike. pt. t.pihte (later pigkf]. Plaice, Plate. Pitcher. (F.-o. H. -L.) M. F, Placenta, a substance in the womb. O. F. picker, also/^/r ; M. F. (L.) L. placenta, lit. a flat cake.-f Gk. picker. ' a Languedoc word pichier, a pitcher rr\a/covsj a flat cake ; cf. irAa, a flat surCot. - O. H. G. pechari (G. becher}. - Late face. L. *biccarium, for L. blcarium, a winePlacid. (F. - L.) F. placide, ' calm vessel L. placidus, pleasing, gentle. L. prob. from Gk. &IKOS, (the same), Cot. See Beaker. See Please. placere, to please. Pith. (E.) M. E. pithe. A. S. ptfa, Plack, a third of a (Scotch) penny. pith.+Du. pit, M. Du. pitte, Low G. (Du.) From M. Du. placke, 'a French M. sous;' Hexham. peddik. Also, 'a spot.' see Placard. Pittance, a dole. (F.) M.E.///<w/?. Du. plackett, to plaister F. pitance, meat, food, victuall of all Plagiary. (F. L.) F. plagiaire, one * Cot. who kidnaps also a book-theef Cot. sorts, bread and drinke excepted Cf. Span.pitansa Ital. pictanza (which is L plagiarius, a kidnapper. 'L.plagiitm, L. prob. corrupted by a supposed connexion kidnapping plaguire, to ensnare. also Span. //for, to dis- plaga, a net. vti\hpieta, pity) tribute or dole out allowances, p. Ducange Plague. (F.-L.) M.E./%5.-O.F. L. pldga, a explains Late L. pictantia as a pittance, plage, plague (F. plaic } ong. a dole of the value of a picta, which stroke, blow, injury, disaster. -f-Gk. TrA^-yiJ, was a very small coin issued by the counts a blow, plague, Rev. xvi. 21, from nXrjffof Poitiers (Fictava). y- But we a l so find fftiv ( =. cf. L. *Tr\r)K-j>(iv), to strike plangLate L. pittantia, which Thurneysen con- ere, to strike. Brugm. i. 569. nects with Ital. pit-elto, F. pet-it, small, Plaice, a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. plaise, allied to Piece. plats. L.platessa, a plaice; so called from Pity. (F.-L.) M. E. pitee.-Q. F. its flatness. From the base plat-, as seen L. pietatcm, ace. in Gk. TrXarus, flat, broad cf. Place. pite, pitet (i 2th cent.). of pietas, devoutness. L. pins, devout. Plaid. (C.-L) Gael, (and Irish) Der. pite-ous, for plaide, a blanket, plaid. Allied to pealDoublet, piety. M. E. pitous, from O. F. /*?<?/< Late L. laid, a sheep-skin. Gael, (and Irish) See pietosus, merciful. peall, a skm.-L. pelUs, a skin. Pivot, a pin on which a wheel, &c. Pell. turns. (F.- Ital.- L.?) F. pivot. Formed, Plain, flat, evident. (F.-L.) F. plain. with dimin. suffix >ot, from Ital. piva, a L.pldnus, flat. The Ital. piva meant (i) a pipe, (2) M.E. pipe. Plaint, a lament. (F.-L.) a tube with fine bore cf. pivolo, a peg. O. F. pleinte. Late L. plamta, pleinte. Late L. pipa, a pipe ; allied to L. pipare, for \^.planctus, lamentation. L planctus, to chirp see Pipe, See Plague. ^f So Diez ; much pp. of flange re, to bewail.
*mieya\ Pitch.
Cf. Pine (i). (2), to throw, fall

L. pldcabilis, easy to (L.) Der. be appeased. L. placare, to appease. pure, allied to purus; see Pure. F. placard, Placard. (F. pit, vb., to set in competition, from the Du.) setting of cocks to fight in a pit. plaquard, a placard, inscription set up ; ' F. Cot. reduplication oipat, also rough-cast on walls Pitapat. (E.) weakened to pit in the former instance. plaquer, to rough-cast; also to stick or Pitch, (i), a black sticky substance. (L.) paste on ; Cot. Du. plakken, to glue or M. E. pick ; older form pik ; A. S.pic. - L. fasten up, formerly 'to plaister/ Hexham. pic-, stem of pix, pitch. +Gk. iriaaa (for Prob. of imitative origin (Franck).

'

'

'

'

'

disputed.

Cornwall pisky. Of Scand. origin cf. Swed. dial, pyske, a dwarf, goblin (Rietz)
;
.

Pixy,

fairy.

(Scand.)

Also picksy

plaintiff. (F.-L.) M.E.//0m/#".' a plaintiff Cot. Formed with suffix -if (L. -f*),from planctus,
F. plaintif,
J ;
\

pp. oiplangere (above).

395

PLAINTIVE plaintive. (F. L ) F.

fern,

PLATTER
plaintive,
,

[Also spelt plainer Q F. and see Pleach. //tfzr/m] L. emplastritm, a plaster for see Ply. Cf. Implicit Plan. (F. I,.) F. plan, the ground- wounds, the first syllable being dropped. F. plan, flat; Gk. fjiir\affrpov, a plaster, a form used by plat of a building;' Cot L plamim, ace. Galen instead of /Air\a<TTov, a plaster, neut. learned form of F. plain " of 6/iTrAao-roy, daubed on or over Gk. of planus, flat. Properly, a drawin: Gk. !/*- (for li>), a building) on a flat surface. (jjurXaffafiv, to daub on. on ir\d(Tff(iv, to mould, form in clay or plane i)> a level surface (F. ~L.) Here trXdcrffc i r = *iT\a.T~ytiv allied L. wax F. plane, fern, of plan, flat (above). to E./0A/, vb. plana, fem. of planus, flat. plastic . ( L G k. L plasticu r. Gk plane (2\ a tool also to render a sm,

of F. plaintif (above \ Plait. (F. - L.) From M. K. plait, sb a fold.-O. F. pleit, ploit, pht, a fold Late I., type *plictttm, tor plic turn, short form of phcitum, by-form of L plicdtwn, neut. of plicatus, pp. of plicare, to fold
;

G. platschen, Dan. pladskc (for *plalske\ Swed. plaska (for *platskd\, to dabble; from the Tent. ba?e *plat, to strike, seen in A. S. plczttan, to strike. Plash (2\ the same as Pleach.
Cf. also

Plaster.

(L.

Gk.)

M.E.

piastre

A. S. platter.

'

"

'

face level. (F.

plane
2.

planing.
to plane.

We
flat.

E. plane, a tool. Late L. plana, a tool for find also M. K. plan en,
L.)

M.

TrAao-ntfoy,

fit

formoulding.

Gk.

TrAaatreti',

to

mould
(2).

(above").

Plat (i), Plot,

Plot

a patch of ground
;

see

.planer.
,

\,.plana>

e,

to plane

L. planu<>

Plane
<

3U

tree.

F. plane plane. platanus, a plane

Gk. TrAaravoy see Plane (3). platamini, ace. of platanus (ik. TrAararos, a plane Plate, a thin piece of metal, flat dish. O Y. plate pronamed from its spreading leaves. Gk. CF. L.) E. plate Late L. TrAarvy, wide. perly the fem. of plat, flat. Brugm. i. 444. Planet. (F. L. Gk.) \Lplanete. \platta, a lamina, plate of metal, fem. of -O. b.planete -L.pfantta -Gk -nXa^- Folk-L. plattus, flat CT. Span, plata, TIJS, a wanderer; also irlai'rjs, a wanderer; plate, silver; but the Span, word was
\

(F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
;
|

Plat (2), to plait sec Plait. Platane, a plane-tree (L. -Gk.)

;

L.

',

the pi ir\anjT($ means the wandering stars or planets. Gk. TrAaraojucu, I wander.

Gk.

TrAa/'T/,

wandering
sphere projected on a

boi rowed from French; whence also Du. Dan. plat, G. Swcd. platt, flat -f-Lithuan \platns, Gk. rrXarvs, broad; Skt. prthus,
, ! j

nnd K. sphere, of Gk. origin; see \plateau, for O F. plate! a small plate; dimm. of//<7/, a plate. Y.p/at, flat (above) Sphere. Plank, a board. (Y - L ) M. E plankc. platform, a flat surface, level scaffoldN. F. (J'icard)//^;;/Cr Norman p/antj/ue ing; formerly, a ground-plnn, plan CF. L planca, aflat board. Nasalised Irom L ) F. platcfonnc, a platform, modell Cot. ]", the base//^-, flat; see Placenta. plate, fem. of plat, flat; forme, Plant. 'L.) M.R plante. A X.plantc. form See above and see Form.
\

Planisphere, a L and Gk plane.

flat;

large.

From

L.

pianus.

(yTLET.) plateau, a flat

space
^

(F.-L^

F.

'

planta, a plant properly, a spreading sucker or shoot also, the sole of the foot. From the base plat- c ee Place.
;
;

platina,

a
;

metal.

(Span.

~F.

L.)

Span, platjna named from its silvery apO. F. plate, Span.//<7/Yz, silver. pen ranee.
\

hammered plate, also silver plate s^e L F. plantain. plant'lgmem, ace of plantago, a plnn- Plate. tain. Named from its spreading leaf,' platitude. (F.-L) Y. p!att/ifr, allied to Plant (above). Coined from F. plat, flatness, insipidity. plantigrade, walking on the sole of flat sec Plate. a the" loot. (L.) te From pla nti-. for planta, plant i-. Platoon, a company of men. fl^. 1>) Earlier form peloton (Stanford;. the sole or flat part of the foot grarf-1, I'. pe!o~ to walk See Plant, Place ton, a tennis-ball, also a group of men, a Plash. Ci), a puddle, shallow pool, platoon. Pimm, of M. Y.pelote, a tennis E plavhf. Cf. M. Dn. plasck, ball see Pellet (K. ? } a plash, pool plas^c'ten in V water, to Platter, a flat plate (F. -L.) M.E. A. F. +later (Bozon). Formed plash or plunge in the water; Ilexham. plater.

plantain.

(F.

'

39 6

PLAUDIT
(with suffix -er) from O. F. plat, a plate
see Plateau.

PLIGHT
Pleiocene, more cene, mo^t recent.
rrActw-j/,

recent;

(Gk.)

PleistoFrom Gk.
most
;

Plaudit,

applause.

(L

Formeily

plaudit^ or plaudity.~~L,. plaudite, clap your hands; 2 pers. pi. imp. of plaudere, to applaud. E. play. A. S. Play, a game. (E.) plega, a game, spoit; also (commonly), a

IIAttW, -nXtioros aie com p. and superl. of no\vs } much. Plenary, full. (Late L.-L.) Late L. plendrius entire. L plenus, full.-f-Gk.
Kaiv6s, recent,
,

more, or new.

TrXifdro-s,

and

plcgian, to play, clap plegian rmd handmn, to clap hands. If Not allied \Q plight (Franek). Plea, an excuse. (F.-L) M.E. //
fight,

battle.

Cf.

irhrjpr}*,

irAc-us,

full;

nip,-n AT/- /xt,

fill.

S.

Allied to Full.

plenipotentiary
(L.) decl.
foi potens,

play

Late L placitum, a decree, sentence, plenitude, fullness. (F.-L.) O.F. &c. (with numerous meanings), ong. a plenitude. L. plenitudo, fullness. L. with suffix decision, that which has seemed good. pleni-, for plenus full;
plea,.
^

F. plec (Bozou) O. Y.ple,plai, occasional forms of O. F. plait, plaid, a

;

-A.

full powers. , having Coined fiom L. pleni-, for plena-, stem of plmus, full and potenti-,
;

powerful; with

suffix

-arius;

see

Potent.

L.

placitum,

neut

of plaiitus,

pp

of

placere, to please.

See Plead, Please.

Pleach, Plash, to intertwine boughs in a hedge. (K M.E. plechen. L.)

O. F. plescier, plemer, later plesscr, to plash, plait young branches/ &c. Cot. Late L. type *plectiare, later plessdre, to Late L. type *plcctia, later pleach L. plessa, a thicket of woven boughs. plectere, to weave ; extended from base PLEK, to weave, whence also plicare, to
* ;

M.E. plenty, abundance. (F. L. pleniplcntee. - O. F. plente, plentet. tdteni, ace. Qlplemtai, fullness. \..pleni-, for plenus, full. Der. plenteous, M. E.
<

plcntem, often spelt plentivous, Irom O.F. from O.F. plentif, answeiing plcntivo* to Late L form plemtivus.
;

Pleonasm.
Gk.

(L.

- Gk.) L pleonasmus.

fold.

See Ply.

Plead. (F.-L.)
;

abundance. Gk. irAeora^W, to abound, lit. to be more. Gk. irAeov, neut of irXtuv, ?rAW, more,
TT\tova.afjLos,
TrA'o>?,

E//6Y&7/.-O

F.

plaider, to plead, argue. plea see Plea.

O. F. plaid, a

comparative of TroAus, much, allied to full. See Plenary.

Please. (F.-L) M.E.//*w.-o.F.

^L. plesir, piaisir, to please (F. plaire}. Allied to pldcdre, to plat ere, to please.

Plethora,
blood.
rjOuprj,

(L -Gk.)
fullness

excessive fullness, esp. of L. plethora. - Gk.

Gk.
to

Tr\fj&-os,

a throng,

Der. pleasant from O. F. appease. also plesant, pleasing, pies. pt. of plesir
',

crowd; allied Plenary.

rrATjpT;?,

full.

See

spelling of F. plai^ir, plcasuic (like E. leisure for A.F. leiur}. This F. sb. is meiely the infm.

pleasure. (F.-L.)

An E

mood

covei s the lungs. ( F. L. F. pkurgsie. L. pleunsis ; also Gk. TrAcvpms, pleurisy Gk. pleuritis. Der. pleuritir\vpd, a rib, side, pleura.

membrane which
Gk.)

Pleurisy, inflammation of the//^wr,or

used substantively. L. placere Please. Pleat, another form of Plait.

see

ic,

O. F. L.) vulgar. (F. plcbeien (V t pk'btien} ; formed, with suffix -en (L. -anus^, from \^. plebcius, adj from plcbes, more commonly plebs, the people. Cf. Gk. w\^^oy, a multitude. Pledge, a security, suiety. (F. ~O. Low G.) M. E. plegge, a hostage, security. O. F. plege, a surety (K. pleige]. [Allied to O. F. plevir, M. \?.pleuvir, to warrant] O. Sax. plegan, to promise, pledge one-

Plebeian,

iiom TrAcu/wV-ts pleuro-pneumonia, nflammation of pleura and lungs, from wtvuuv^ a lung see Pneumatic. Pliable, flexible. See Ply. pliant. (F.-L.) Y. pliant, pres. pt of pher, to bend see Ply. Plight (0, pledge; hence, as vb., to
; ;
;

pledge.

(E.)

M.

L. pliht, danger, also

A. S. pliht, risk, engagement, pledge. danger, formed, with suffix -/ (Idg. -/*-), 'rom the strong vb. pleon, (*pkh~an) y
pleah, to risk; cf. pleoh, danger.-^ plicht, duty, debt, use ; plegen, to 3e accustomed; G. pflicht, duty, from O. H. G. pflegan (G. pftegen}, to promise or engage to do. Teut. root, *plehJt.
t.

VI.

Du.

self;

cf. O. H. G. pflcgan^ to answer for (G. pflegen}, A.S. //<?<?, to risk, risk (Franck). See Plight (i).

397

PLIGHT
Der. plight, vb., A, vb from phht, sb.
,

PLUMP
weak borrowed from Late L. piluccare^ whence
;

S. plihtan,

Ital. piluccare> to pluck out hair from L. as sb., a fold, also pilus, a hair; see Pile (3). Der. pluck, In sb., a butcher's term for the heart, liver, state, condition. (F. L.) Misspelt. all these senses, the sb. was formerly M. E. and lights of an animal, whence mod. E. - O. F. plite, fern, (given as plyte pluck, courage, plucky, adj. plite.

Flight

(2), to fold

Plug. (Du.) M. Du. //$?, Du.//^, a peg, bung. Cf. Low G. plugge, Swed. pfa&i G. pflock, a peg, plug. of plait see Plait and Ply. Plum. (L. - Gk.) A. S. plume, a Plinth., the lowest part of the base of plum ; formed (by change of r to /) from L. Gk. or L.-Gk.) L. priinum, a plum. See Prune. a column. (F. Gk. tr\ivOo$, a F. plinthe. L. phnthus. Plumage. (F. - L ) F. plumage, ' feathers ; L. pliinia, Cot. F. plume, brick, plinth. Perhaps allied to Flint. Plod. (E.) Grig, to splash through a feather see Plume. water or mud hence, to trudge on Plumb, a lead on a string, as a plumFrom M. E. met. (F. L ) Formerly plomb E. laboriously, toil onward. Cf. lush //<*/, plodan, plom. F. plomb, Mead, a plummet;' plod, a puddle. a pool ; plodach, a puddle, whence plod- Cot. L. plumbum, lead. Cf. Gk. p6\vDer. plumb, vb., to Gael. plod @os, n6\v@8os, lead. anachd, paddling in water plodan, a pool. Also E. Fries, pludern, to sound a depth ; plumb-er, sb f.plombier. Dan. dial, pludi icr, splash about in watei plumbago, blacklead. (L.) L. plumDan. plodder, mud. Of imitative origin ; bago, a kind of leaden ore. L. plumbum,
in Godefroy, pliste, plyte in Roquefort), L. ///V/Az, fern, of plicistate, condition. It is the fern, tus, pp. of plicare, to fold.
;

'

cf.

(i). Short for (1), a conspiracy. (F.) complot^ ; for the loss of com-, cf fence

Plash

lead (above).

Plot

pluma,

for defence
'

',

sport for disport

'
;

F. complot,

L. F. plume. (F.-L.) a small feather, do\\n. Allied to E. fly, vb. 68 1. See Fly. Urugm. i.

Plume.

a complot, conspiracy C ot. Of unknown origin; Kortmg, Or, 2053. (3. more likely, short for plotform, variant of platform, a map or plan ; see platform. For plotform, see Gascoigne, Art of Veand cf. plat, a map Mirror for nerie, 40
;

Plummet. (F.-L.) O F. plommct\ M. F.

Q{plomb, lead; ^ee

M.JL.plommct.
phmbet', dimin.

Plumb

(above\
;

Plump
O.
also

(i), full,

Low G.)

round, fleshy. (E. o> M. E. plomp, lude, clownish

,

Magistrates). Plot (2), a small piece of ground. (E.) M. E. plotte. [Cf. plat, 2 Kings ix. 26.] S. plot, a plot of ground; Cockayne's Leechdoms, in. 286. Note Dan. plet, as in qrasplet, a grass-plat.

a cluster or clump. The to be E. especially if the prov. E plim, to swell out, i^ an allied verb. Cf. plump, to swell (Nares).-f M. Du. plomp, clownish, dull (a metaphorical use, from the notion of thickness) E. Fries,

plump^ word seems

sb.,

Plough.
also

E.

S. ploh, in the sense plot of land.' Fries, plog. -f-Du. ploeg; Icel. plogr,
;

(E.)

M.

E.

plouh, plow,
*

and Low G. plump, bulky, thick; Swed. Dan. G. plump, clumsy, blunt, coarse. See Plump 1^3). Der. plumper, a kind
of vote (to swell out a candidate's against all the rest;;.

chances

a plough Swed. plog, Dan. plov ; also O. Fries ploch, G. pflug. [Lithuan. plugas, Kuss. plug* are borrowed from Teutonic.] Plover, a bird. (F. - L.) M. E. plover.

O. F. plovier, later pluvier. > ormed L. *pluudrius> equivalent to L. L. pluuia, rain see pluuialis, rainy. Pluvial. These birds were said to be most seen and caught in a rainy season whence

from

\2\ straight downward. (F. Formerly plum, plu?nb\ Milton, F. a plomb, downright (cf. P. L. ii. 933. Ital. cadere a piombo, to fall plump, lit. V. plomb, lead. like lead) L. plumbum, lead. See below, and see Plunge. Plump (3), vb., to fall heavily down. Cf. E. Fries. (E. ?). Of imitative origin.

Plump

L)

also the G.

regenpfeifer (ram-piper). plumpen, to fall heavily, plcmpen, to E. plukkcn. plunge into water; so also Du. plompen, Pluck, to snatch. (E.) A.S. pluccian, Matt xii. i.+\)Vi. plukken, G. plumpen, Swed. ////;;//#, to fall heavily. Icel. plokka, plukka (perhaps borrowed), Under the influence of this word the form Dan. plnkke, Swed. //fovfo, G. pflucken. plumb, * straight downward,' has become See above. ^f Some think it not a Teut. word ; but plump.

name

398

PLUNDER
G. plunto pillage. (G.) trash, to pillage; from plunder sb., trumpery, trabh, baggage, lumber ; orig. of Low G. origin ; cf. M. DM. plunderen, plonderen, to pillage, connected with Low G. plunnen, plunden, E.

POET
Pneumonia.
(Gk.)

Plunder,
to
-,

Gk.

der^

steal

nes.plunde,plunne,i ags, worthless household stuff. Hence to plunder is to strip a house even ot its least valuable contents. Plunge. (F.-L.) F. plonger, 'to Cot. Formed from a Late plunge, dive L. *plumbicare, not found, but verified by
'
;

Gk. Trvevpov-, stem disease of the lungs. of itvttftQjv, for it\tvn<w, a lung, by a false connexion with wtciv, to breathe (above). The Gk. trXcv/ucy^ is allied to L. pulmo, a lung ; Lith. plauczei, pi. the lungs. O. I -ow to dress eggs. (F. ( i) ,

Poach
*

Heard plonquer, to pUmge see Diez, s. v. piombare. A frequentative form from L. cf. Ital. piombare, to plumbum, lead throw, hurl, fall heavily like lead, from piombo, lead. See Plump (2). Pluperfect. (L.) Englished fiom L.
; ; '

Formerly poch.-Y. pocher; Cot. ceufpocht, a potched (poached) egg/ The orig. sense was prob. *a pouched* egg, i. e. an egg so dressed as to preserve F. poche, a it in the form of a pocket. pocket; see Pouch. See Schelei's exG.?)
gives
planation.

Poach
(F.

plus quamperfec turn, by giving to*jp/&s the F. ] -renunciation, and dropping quam. The lit. sense is more than perfect/ L. plus, more quam, applied to a tense. Picard pocher, tater un than perfectum, perfect. trend into holes See Perfect. - L ) M. E. plural. - O. F. fruit avec le pouce/ pettcher, presser aveo Plural. (. Corblet. L. phlralis, plural, le ponce Perhaps from L. plurel (F. pluriel\ cf. L. plur~, polhcem, ace. of pollex, the thumb expressive of more than one. But Allied to Gk. irAcuw, O. F. pochier, poucier, the thumb. stem o>i plus, more. and to Plenary. partly from Poke (2). more, ir\f<us, full ; Pock ( i ) a pustule. (E. ) Small pox = 135. Brugm.^ii Plurisy, superabundance. (L. mis small pocks, where pocks is pi. of pock. formed?) Shak. uses plunsy to express M. E. pokke, a pock, pi. pokkes. A. S. por,
;

Cot. explain s pocher to poch into, or labeur d'autruy by incioach upon, another man's imploiment, The old sense was * to practise, or trade.' thrust 01 dig out with the fingers,' Cot. (if or rather, to put this be the same word) Cf. prov. E. poach, to the thumb into.
L.
) ; (

M F pocher

(2),

to intrude into preserves.

le

<

'

plethora

so also Massmger and Ford Formed from L. plun-, from plus, more,
;

by an extraoidinary (prob. a jocular) con-

L F. peluche* shag, Cot. (Cf. Span pelusa, nap, Ital. From the fern, of a peluzzo, soft down.) Late L. form *piluceus, hairy, not found. See Perruque, Pile (3). Ij.pilus, hair.
'
'

fusion with pleurisy. Plush. (F. )

a pustule, -f E. Fries, pok, pokke Du. pok, G. pocke, a pock. Cf. Gael, pucaid, a pimple, Irish pticoid, a pustule, pucadh, a swelling up, Gael, poc, to become like a bag
;

(from E.).

plush

Pocket,
M. E.
dial,

a small pouch.

(F.

Scand.)

poket.

dimm. of

Norman dial. *poquette, O. Noiman poque (see Norman

;

Pluvial,
L. //!/,
it

rainy.
rains.

(F.
Cl.

L. pluuialis, rainy.

L.) F. pluvial. L. pluuia, rain.

pouque, Metivierj, the same as F. Icel poki, a bag poche, a pocket, pouch. See cf. M. Du. poke^ a bag (Hexham).

Skt.//-, to swim.
to

Poke
Cf.

(i).

From
swim
;

Idg. *plu,
cf.

weak grade of ^PLEU,

Pod,
Low

a husk.

(E.)

Of doubtful
'huskes,'

origin.

Gk. irAtap, to swim. Ply. (F.-L.) M. E. plien, to bend, to mould as wax (hence, to toil at). Y.plier,
to fould, plait, ply, bend;' Cot.-L./#tare, to fold.+Gk. ir\{tciv, Russ. pleste,
1

M. Du. puden,

Hexham;

G. jlechten, to weave,

plait.

(VPLKK.)

Der. pli-ant, bending, from F. pliant, pres. pt. of plier\ pli-ersm ply-ers, pincers for bending wire pli-able (F. pliable}.
;

Westphal. puddek, a lump, a pudding; G. puddig, thick prov. E. poddy* fat and round puddle, short and fat. See Pudding and Pout. Poem. (F.-L.- Gk.) M.F./*r/**,Cot. L. poema. Gk. iroirjfjia, a work, com; ;

position,

poem.

Gk.

iroiciV,

to make.

Pneumatic.
relating to

Gk. wevfum^s, Gk. -nrevfta (stem Gk. irviav (for r-), wind, air. Allied to Neese. ), to blow.
(Gk.)

poesy. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M.
F. poesie.
poetry.

M.E./0ufV.

wind

or air.

Gk.
irotffi/,

iroii;<rts,

L. poesin, ace. of poesis, a com position, poem.

Gk.

poet,

(F.

- L. - Gk.)

to make.

O, F. poete. - L.

399

POIGNANT
Gk. irot(t-y Ck.tro<?;rys,amaker. foctet to make; with snffix -rrjs of the agent.
t

POLL
hen, because the pole-cat slays capons ; see Chaucer, C. T. 12789. Cf. the pronunciation of pottl-try, irom A. F. poletn'e; and
see Catchpoll.

F. poignant', L.) (F. stinging, pres. part, tfpoindre, to prick. L. pnngere, to piick. point. (F. L.) M. E. point. O. F.

Poignant.

Polemical,
Gk.
war.
rro^ffuKos,

warlike. warlike.
L.

(Gk.)

From
iroAf/ios,

Gk.

point, poinct, a point, prick

f.

L.

pun cturn.

Sometimes from F. poinle, L. puncfa. Both from the pp. of pungere (above).
to balance, weigh. (F. Q. V.poiscr, L.) M. K. poiwn, faiscn. A. F. peiser L. later peter, to weigh

Police.
civil

(F.

Gk. ) F. police,

orig.

Poise, Peise,
to weigh.

Allied to O. F. pois, A. r peis^ a weight (now misspelt porctt, politJa poht-ic, from Gk. itoktrtKos, adj. from a notion of its being derived from L. Der acro-pohs, metro-polis y (osmo-pohte pondus, which is not the caseX Late L. Policy, a wan ant for money in the penww, pensa, a portion, weight; L./^/2- funds, a contract of insurance. (F. Late Confused with polity, from Gk.) stun, a portion weighed out to spinners, a L. task I^.penstts, pp. oipendere, to weigh. police, with which it has nothing to do. $. police (Hamilton; cf. M. \\.n\. poliza, a See Pendant.
1

pen w re,
.

Gk. iroAtgovernment. L. politia Gk. iroA/rr/s, T(ia, polity, government. a citizen. Gk. TT^S, a state, city. Related to TToXv?, much cf. Skt. pur7, a L. town. Der. pohf-y, O.F. polifte
;

<

Late L. politicum, schedule, FlonoX L.) F. ^/Www, poison. (F. pottonem, ace. of polio, a draught, esp polecticunt, corruptions of polyptychum, a a poisonous draught see Potion. Gk. register (a common word Ducange) Poitrel, Peitrel, armour for a horse's iroXvTTTvxov a piece of writing in many bienst. (F.-L.) M.F pmtral, Cot A.F. folds, hence a long register; ong. nent. Gk. L. pcctorale, neut. of pectoralts, of -rroAvirrv^o?, having many folds. peitral. TroAu-, much; TTTVXQ-, crude form of TTTU belonging to the breast. See Pectoral. Poke vO> a bag, pouch Scand.) M. a fold, leaf, layer, connected with irrvafffiv, Better E poke Cf. A. S. *poca f pocca, pohha, to fold up. (3. (Stipp. to Diez.) M. JDu. thus: the Port, form ap6lice, M. Span. feel poki pohiha, poha, a bag.] pole, a bag. pMic_a, M. Ital. pttiza, p6/ifa, prob. reprePoke (2), to thitist, push. (E.) M. E. sent Late L. apA/tfsa, aptdixa, 'catitio de

Poison.

poken, pukkcn (whence Irish poc, a blow, kick, Corn poc, a shove, Gael, pnc, to Fries, pokern, E. push) -f-LHi. poken ; frequent., to keep on poking about
;

sumpta pecnma; Due. Cf. Port, apodixe, a plain proof. Late Gk. drr<j5e<*s, a shewGk. aTrofaifCWfjii, I point ing forth, a proof. out. Gk. ano, from, forth; 5ct'wt/fu } I
shew.

'

Pomernn pok en
base

pochen.

From
origin.

Tent.

(Kortmg,

6258.)

*puk

of

imitative

Der.

pok-er

Pole
pole,

(0, a large stake. (L.) formed (by usual change of a to

Polish, to make smooth. (F.-L.) pott**-, hi em of pres. pt. of pohr. E pottre, to mnke smooth.
f>]

F. L.
pp.

L. palus, pal, a pale, pole. a stake ; see Pale (i) Pole (2^, a pivot, end of earth's axis

irom

A S

polite. (L
of yW/>r, to

make smooth
^ee Police.

L. politus, jwlished (above).

(Polish.)

(F.-L
of point
irMc/T',
0,

-(He.)

Gk
to be

O F ;W.-L./W//w,pcc.
i.

Politic Polka,
have been

dance.

Said

to

first

Gk. TroAoy, a pivot, hinge. in motion; allied to Russ.

peasant-girl in

danced by a Bohemian 1831, and to have been

named polka
(

at

Prague

in

1835

Pol

awheel.

fVOEL.) Brugm.

6; 2
[

J*olka, a Polish
is

Pole-ax, a kind of ax. (L. and E.) From pole and ax Cf. West phal, //-<?.*?,
fr

Another dance called the Polonaise, with the same

sense
v.

woman.

literal
j

But formerly poll-ax,\ pal, a pole. from the Low G. pollexe, from polle, tlie! poll, the head. See, .accordingly, Pole (i) and Poll. Polecat, a kind of weasel. (Hybiid.) M. K, polcat, where cat is the oidmaiy word ; also pulkat. From F. poule, a

om

woman

another the Craccwienne, lit. of Cracow another the ll/azur;

;

ka, q.

Low

Poll, the head, Hence G.)

;

esp. the
it

back part

(O.

means

also a register

of heads or persons, a voting-place, &c. M. K. pol) a poll pol bi pol, head by head, Low G. polle; M. Du. pofle, separately.

400

POLLEN
pal, bol,

PONDER
;

head or pate,' Hexham Swed. Dan. puld (for ///). Cf. E. Der. poll, Fries, pol, round, full, fleshy. Also to cut off the hair of the head.
'

dial, putt,

figure. (Gk.) Gk. wo\v~, many ; -fSpov t for Ztya, a base, from the base 48-, to sit; see Sit.

polynomial.

(Gk. anctL.)

Coined

poll-ard, a tree that large knobby head clipped coin.

is
;

polled, leaving a also, formerly, a

fine

to go with bt-nomial. Gk. iroXv-, L. nonten, a name, term.

many

Polypus, Polyp,
the radiate type.
(L.
foot.

Pollen.
flour.

(LO
Gk.

L. pollen, pollis,
meal.
(

an aquatic animal of Gk.) L. polypus.

Cf.

TraA?;, fine

Gk. woXvirovs, many-footed.

E.)

Gk.

iroXv-s,

Pollock, Pollack, a fish.

from E.
poll',

Prob.

name
Poll.

of the

Hence

cf. E. pollard, which is a See pollard, under chub. Irish pullog, a pollock;

F. polype, Ital. and Span, polipo, L. potyp&s (gen. polypi] all false forms, due to tieating the Lnt. ending -pus as if it were -p-tts.

many

troDs,

^[

Cf.

(Doubtful.) L. pollutes, pp. of polluere, to defile. Orig. to wash over, as a flooded river L. pol-, allied to O. Lat. por-, towards; luere, to wash;

Gficl./^//^ a whiting.

polysyllable.
syllable.

(Gk.) From//?/)/- and

Pollute.

(L.)

Ci.

Gk.

TroAvrri/AAa^o?, adj.

polytheism. (Gk) From poly- and

f/ietsm

Pomade, Pommade.
L.)
h.

(F.-Ital.

see

Lave.
*

pom made, pomatum;

'

so called

Polo,
Balti
,

n.

game.

(Balti.)

It

comes from

because orig

being properly, in the language of that region, the ball used in the game;' Yulf* Balti is in the high valley of the Indus

poh

pomada, pomata,

made with apples. Ital. a pomado to supple

one's lips, lip-salve/ Florio. Ital. porno, an apple. L. pomum, an apple, fruit.

Polony,
Ital.

JJoiogtta,

Bologna sausage. where they were

(Ital.")

made

(Evelyn)

Pomander, a globe-shaped box for holding ointments or perfumes. (F. L. and Arab. ) Spelt pomander (1518); pomaunder Cf. M. F. pomendier, a pom(Skelton).
(

Poltroon, a dastard, Ia7y fellow. (F. Ital. L) F. poltron, a sluggard; Cot.

Ital. polft one,
cf.

a varlet, coward, sluggard

'

Ttal poltro, a poltrate, to lie in bed. bed, couch orig. 'a colt/ also a varlet/ Florio. Cf. F. poutre* a beam, M. F. Late L. pulltt rum, pontre, 'n filly,' Cot Due L pullus, ace. of ptilli trus, a colt a colt, foal. See Foal. For change of
;

aunder;' Palsgrave (prob. from E.) and note M. Span, poma, a pomander (Minsheu), which is a fern, form, from porno, an apple, p. The suffix -ander is ioi anibre, amber. We find 'pomum amlve
;

sense,

cf. Pulley, Chevron. Poly-, many. (L.-GkO ^.poly- -Gk.

Hail. 2378, of the I4th Cf. O. F. cent, ed. Henslow, p. 122. pomme d^ambre (Rom. Rose, 21008). L. pomum, an apple and see Amber.
for

p.

the pestelence'; 324, in Medical

MS. Works

Pomegranate.

(F.

I,.)

Q.Y.pome

TroAv-, decl.

stem of

troAt/?,

much.

-f-

Skt.

purii-,

much.

Allied to Full.
a flower. (L.

polyanthus,
polyanthus ered. Gk.

Gk.
TroAv-,

Gk.) L. iroXvavQos, many-flowai>0o9,

gienatc (also turned into pome de grenate the same as by confusion of the sense) Ital. porno granato. L pffmttm, an apple granafum, full of seeds, from granum, a
;
;

many;

flower

ginin, seed
,

see

Grain.

polygamy. (F-L-Gk.;

Y.poty-

gamie, L. polygarnia. Gk. iroAvya/im a Gk. 7roAv-,much: marrying of many wives -yapta, from ynfios, marriage.

a knob. L) M. E. (F. F. pom el (later pompomel, a boss. * lit. small apple.' meaif], a pommel;

pommel,

Dimin. from

L pomum,
tro/jurf},

an apple.

polyglot, speaking many

(Gk.) Attic Gk. iroXiryAon-TOs.
;
;

languages.

much, many yXwrra = language see Gloss. polygon, a many-sided plane figure. L polygon tint. Gk. rroAvGk.) (L. yowov, nent. of trokvywos, having many Gk.TroAv-, many; ywia, an angle, angles. from y6i>v, a knee. polyhedron, a many-sided solid

Gk. iroAv-, yKwaaa, tongue,

Pomp. (F.-L-GIO
pompa.Gk.

F./0w/<f.-L.

a sending, escorting, solemn procession Gk. irtpirftv, to send. K. pond, variant of Pond. (E.) it means a pool pound, an enclosure

tormed by
(2).

damming up
to

Cf.

Irish pont, (i)

water; see Pound a pound, (2^ a

pond.

Ponder,
sider.

(L.)

weigh in the mind, conL. pondercire, to weigh L.

401

PONENT
ponder-, for *pondes~, stem of pondus, a See L. pendere^ to weigh. weight.
is

PORCELAIN
binder part of a ship. from Ital. poppa^ poop

F. poupe Hatzfeld. Poor. (F.-L.) From M. E. poure Pendant. O. F. povre, poor. L. povre), poor. Ponent, western. (F. L. ) M.Y.ponent, L. ponent-, stem of pauperem, ace. of pauper see Pauper. 'the west;* Cot. To poppe, coniectare;' Pop. (E.) pres. pt, siponere, to lay, hence to set (as Of imitative origin ; allied to Levins. the sun). See Position. to blow a horn ; also to F. M. E. -with Poniard.
;
; '

^ Or

(F.-L.

G.sttffix.)

poupen,

Y. dagger. poign\ the fist; with suffix

poignard) a
(lit.

poing (O. F.

Puff.

-ard<G. hart Pope, the father of a church, bishop of M. E pope\ A. S. (L.-Gk.) [So also Ital. pugnate, a Rome. from a Span, punal, a papa, pope, with the usual change poniard, from pugno, fist to o L. papa, pope, father see Papal. from pit/to, fist, handful, hilt.] poniard, See Pugnacious. L. pugnus, fist. Popinjay, orig. a parrot. (F. BavaPontiff. (F.-L.) M.F. /*///; F. rian and L. with modified suffix.} M. E. L. pontifex, a Roman high- poptngay, also spelt papciay ( = pape/ay). pontife. or road- The n is inserted as in passe-n-ger, messe-na path-maker lit. priest ' Y. papegai, a parrot or popinjay maker,' but the reason for the name is %er. Cf. Span papagayo, Port, papagaio, not known. \^.ponti- t representing/^;^, a Cot. Cf. Gk. a parrot; (whence Arab, babaghd, a parrot). path, a bridge facere, to make. also O. F. papegati, a 3. But there is i. sea. 140.
hard).
;

'

'

'

<

7ro>Tos,

Pontoon. (F. - L. - C.) F. ponton, a lighter, bridge of boats, 'a wherry,' L. pontonem, ace. of ponto, a boat, Cot. The word is of Celt, bridge of boats. origin see Punt. Cf, Gael, ponaidh, a (F. L.)
;

Brugm.

a pai rot, parrot (l 3th cent.) , Ital. papagallo, ' ' jt. a talking cock ; and this is the older
:

orm.

[The change was due

to the sub-

stitution of jay (F. gat, geat] for 'cock/ because the jay seemed to come nearer

Pony.

pony; vulgar both borrowed from English.

little

horse, a

Irish poni, JLowl. Sc.

Cf. than a cock to the nature of a parrot Bavarian pappel, a parrot, from pappeln, to = E. babble}. similar name chatter (
~]

O. F. poitlenet, a little colt (Godepoivney. Late foal. froy) ; diinm. &i poulain, a colt, L. L. ace pullamim, a young horse. cognate with E. Foal. pull-us, a foal pudel, a Poodle, a dog. (G.) poodle Low G. pudel, pudel-hund, allied to Low G. pudeln, to waddle, used of fat
;

is

Lowl

Sc. bubblyjoik (i.e. babble-jack),

a turkey-cock.

Poplar,
a poplar. poplar.

a tree.

(F.-L.) O.

.poplier\
(

F. peupher. -drius] fiom

Formed with
O. F.

suffix -ler

= L.

*pople, later peuple, populum, ace. Q{ populus, a

^

Cf. Low persons and short-legged animals. (^.pudel-dikk, unsteady on the {tzi,puddig, Allied to Pudding. thick. Pooh. (F.) M. Y.pouac, faugh,' Cot.
'

first

F. pipeline, a fabric ; at (F. called papeline, A. D. 1667 (Littre). [Therefore not from Poppeling or Poppernear Ypres, in W. Flanders; as in

Poplin.

\ngen,

Cf. Icel. pa, pooh.

Of imitative

origin.

N. and Q. 6

S. vi. 305.]

small body of water. (E.) Poppy. (L.) A. S. popig, also popag\ M. E. pol, pool. A. S. pdl\ [Irish poll, pull, from Tu papauer, a poppy (with change of a hole, pit Gael, poll, a hole, pit, bog, suffix). Populace. (F. Ital. L.) F. popupool ; W. pwll, Corn, pot, Manx poyl, the Ital. popolazzo, popolaccio, a pool].+Du. poel, G. pfuhl, lace. Bret./0#//, Teut. type *p$Ioz ; cf. grosse, vile, common people;' Floiio. O. H. G. pfuol. Lith. bald, a swamp. (The Celtic forms Ital. popolo, people. L. ace. populum. ^1 The suffix -accio is depreciatory. are borrowed.) (F.-L.) Y.populairc.-l.. Pool (2), receptacle for the stakes at F. poule, (i) a hen, (2) populfrris, adj., from populu s, the people. cards. (F.-L.) Porcelain. (F. Ital. L.) Named a pool, at various games the stakes being Late L from the resemblance of its polished surface the eggs to be got from the hen fern, of L. pulhis, a young to that of the univalve shell with the same pulla, a hen name. F. porcelaine, pourcelame, 'the. animal see Foal. Ital. Cot. Poop. (F. - L. ; or F. Ital. L.) F, purple-fish, the Venus-shell;' kind of fine a poupe, pouppe. "L.puppim> ace. oipuppts porcellana, the purple-fish,

Pool

(i), a

'

402

PORCH
f

PORTCULLIS
O. F. porpeis, a porpoise

now ; porpeys. dishes;' Florio. p. The shell is named obsolete (except Guernsey pourpeis}^ and from the curved shape of its upper surface, replaced by marsouin, borrowed from G. meer-schivein (mere-swine). like a pig's back. For *por<:~ Itai, porcella, a pig, L. porcum, peis. 'L. porc-ttm, ace. of dimin. of porco, a hog, pig. porcus, a pig ; See Pork See Pork. ace. of pore us a pig. piicem, ace. of piscis, a fish. Porch. (F. L.} F. porche. l^. por- and Fish. Another form of tt'cum, ace. of porticus, a gallery, porch Porridge. (F.)
they
t ;

formed, with suffix -icus, from L. port -a, pottage, which first became poddzge (as a door see Port (3). preserved in Craven/tftffofo^) and afterwards Porcine, pig-like. (L.) L. porc-tmis, porridge, just as the Southern E. errish is see Pork adj., from porc-us, a pig corrupted ftom eddish (A S. edisc}, stubble. Porcupine. (F.-L.) TA.I&.porkepyn Similarly ^pottanger (Palsgrave) was an old form of porringer. Cotgrave has potage, O. \t.porc esptn, Godefroy (3 s}llables.
;
;

'

[So also Span. puerco espin, Ital porco spinoso ] O. F. espin, by-form of espine, a pore, a pig L. porc-um, ace. oiporc us spine, pi ickle. But mod. a thorn see Spine. f[

(now

called porc-tpic^.
;

pottage,
(

pomdge.'
(F.)

porringer.
;

Formed itomporrige

porridge) by inserted n, as in messenger (F. message?-} with E. suffix -er. It means a small dish for porridge (above). spjna, ~. port-epic was formerly pore espi, derived Port ( i ), demeanour. (F. L.) M. E. F porf, the cainage, or demeanor from y/Tvz, spike, not spina, a thoin. port sb. due to the verb of a man Cot also find E. porpin, short for porkepiii whence porpmt, altered to porpoint, pork- porter, to carry. L. portare to cany. point \v\i\.. porpent-ine all these forms Allied to Fare. (V PER ) Der. port, occur. \b, as 'to port arms;' and (probably) Pore (1)1 a minute hole in the skin. (F. \.Q port the helm poit~ed, P. L. iv. 980. L. Gk.) F. pore. L. poruw, ace. of Also port-er, a beaier of a burden, subporus. Gk. Tropo?, a passage, pore. Allied stituted for M. E. portour, fiom F .porteur. Hence porter, the name of a strong maltto Fare. (V PER.) Pore (2), to look steadily, gaze long. liquor, so called from being the favourite Cf. North Pries porre, drink of J vndon porters (1730) port-foho, (E.) M. E. porcn to stick, stir, provoke, E. Fries, pwen, a case large enough to carry folw paper in (cf. F. porte-feuille)) port-uianteau, F. purren, to stick, thrust, bore, stir, vex Low G. purren, to poke about, clean out portemanteaUi see Mantle, Mantua port;

We
;

'

'

>

',

',

'

a hole, 1 )u. porren, to poke Swed. dial. ly, port-lt-ness Port (2), a harbour. (L.) M. E. port pora, pura, para, to work slowly and L. portus, a harbour; cognate A. S. port gradually, to do anything slowly (Rietz) Norw. pora, to finger, poke, stir, thrust. with E Ford. Closely allied to Port (3;. The idea seems to be that of poking about Brugm i. 514. slowly, hence to pore over a thing, be slow port (3 ^, a gate, entrance. (F. L.) F. about it. We also find Gael, purr, to porte. ^. porta, a gate. Allied to Gk Der. see above. push, thrust, drive, urge, Irish purraim, 7ro/3os, a ford, way I tin ust, push from M. E. pourcn porcn port-er, F. portier, L. portanus ; port-al, cf. Lowl. O. F. portal, Late L port ale. Sc./^rr, to stab Pork. ( F. L. ) F. pore. L. porcum, port (4), a daik wine. (Poit. L/, Port, o porto, i. e. ace. of porcus, a pig -f-Lithuan. parszas, Short for Oporto wine. where o is the def. art. ( = Irish ore (with usual loss of/), A. S.fearh* the harbour = L. i/lum), and porto is from L. a pig (whence E. farrow). Brugm. i. Span. ?0 portum, ace. oiportns, a harbour. 486. M. E. portal ; see port (3) above. Porphyry. (F.-L.~Gk.) portcullis. (F. -L.) M.E. portcohse. porphurte, answering to an O. F. foi m O. F. porU coleice ( 1 3th cent.), later porte *porphyriej which Cotgrave gives only in Gk. coulisse, 01 coulisse, a portcullis, lit. sliding the form porphyre. L. porphyrttes. L porta, a door Late L. *colaticia, iroptpvpiTijs, porphyry, a haid rock named door. from its purple colour. Gk. rropfyvpa, the (sc. porta}, from colatits, pp. of cdlare, to see Colander and See Purple. flow, glide, slide; purple-fish. (F.-L.) M. E. Cullis. We find the Late L. forms cold; ;
;

Porpoise, Porpess.

403

PORTE
dissus, colacius,
;

POST
'

L. porta coldcia, port-cullis effectually as to restrict F. pondre ( irom the same source. to lay eggs/ ponere} to the sole sense porfce, the Turkish goveinment. (F. whilst in all compounds it thrust it aside, The Sublime Porte is a F. transla- so that compausdrc (. composer) usurped L.) tion of Bain AH, the chief office of the the place of L. coniponere, and so on Ottoman government, lit. high gate But note that, on the other throughout. F. porte, hand, the sb. position (with all derivatives) (Arab, bab gate, *aliy, higlr. a gate. L. porta, gate; see port (3) is ventably derived from the pp. of ponere ; above. see Position and see Repose
*

'

by questions. (F. L. and Gk.) M. E. apposen, to question L. por- (O. Lat. port-'], towards; not really = F. apposer, but substituted Der. portent, O. F. for M. E. opposen, to oppose, hence, to tendere, to stretch. see Oppose. portent, L. portcntum, neat, of pp. of por- cross-question ^[ Confu&ed tendere. with appo^e, because of apposite, which See Appo^e in N. E. 1). see. Porter (0, a earner, bee Port (i). Porter (-2), a gate-keeper see Port Pose (3;, a cold in the head. (C.) In Chaucer. S. gcpos, a cough (where 00Porter (3), a kind of beer see Port ge- is a mere piefix). Borrowed from W. (i ). pe^wch or pds, a cough; allied to Irish t CSS 6, PortoUS, a bieviary. (F. casachdas, Russ. kashele, prov. E. lioast, M. E. port'ott portkors. O. F. a cough, Skt. has, to cough. (-y^QAS.) L.) Position. (F. L. ) F. position. L. portehorf, a translation of the Latin name F. porter, to carry; L. hors, positionem, aec. of positio, a placing. portrfo) lum iorth (O. F. fort] L.portare, to cany; positus pp. oi ponere, to place. |3. Ponere is for po-sinen wheie po- stands for an for is, abroad. Portico. (Jt.il.-L) ital./tf/Y/^.-L. old prep., and stnerc is to allow; see Site. Quite distinct from/0j (i). porticum, ace of port it us see Porch. *[] Portion. ^K.-L.) F. portion -L. positive. (F.-L) F. positif.-\~ from portw; positHuus, settled. ace. portioneni, a share, L. posit- us, pp. of closely allied to part-, stem vipan, a pait. ponere, to set, settle. Posse. (L.) L. posse, infm. to be able ; Brugrn. i. 527. used assb., meaning power." See Potent. Portly | see Port (i). F. pourtraict, Portrait. (F.-L.J Possess. (L.) L. possesses, pp. of M. F. pourtiaut, possidere, to possess. The ong. sense was *a pourtrait;' Cot. to remain master.' L. pot-, as in pot-is, pourtrait, pp. of pourtraire, to porliay
dict; out.
lit.

Portend.

to

L. portendere, to pre(L.) stietch out towaids, point

Pose

(2), to puzzle

Por

'

(below).

able, having
(F.

power

sedere, to sit.

Cf.

portray, pourtray.

-L) M.E.
;

Potent.

O. F. portraire, pourtraire, pourtraien. to poi tray. Late L. protrahere, to depict L. protrahere, to draw iorwaid, to reveal. L. pro, forth; trahere, to draw. See

Posset,
M. E.
ale

warm
M.

curdled drink.
i

(F.)

possyt,

F. possette,

a posset of

known

W. poscl, curdled a position, attitude. (F. L. milk, posset, are borrowed from E."] F. pose, Possible. (F. - L ) F. possible. - L. Gk.) Modern but important. attitude. F. poser, to place, set. Late L. possibilis, that may be done. Cf. L. posse, also to cause to rest to be able see Potent. pausdre, to cease Post ( i ) a stake set in the ground. (L.) (substituted foi L. ponere, the sense of which it took up). L. pausa, a pause, M. A. postis, a post. Gk. iravais, a pause. Gk. iravuv. to make Perhaps something firmly fixed L postus, to cease; mxvealcu, to cease. of short for positus, pp. of ponere, to set. *[f One the most remarkable facts in F. etymology See Position. i the extraordinary substitution whereby post (2), a military station, a public Late L. pausdre, coming to mean to letter-carrier, stage on a road. (F. Ital. cause to rest,' usurped the place of L then a fixed L.) Orig. a military post then a ponere, to place, with which it has no place on a line of road, a station This it did so stage, also a traveller who used relays of etymological connexion.
Trace
(r,.

and my Ike,' Palsgrave. Origin uncf. L. posca, sour wine and water.
;

[Irish pusoid, a posset,

Pose

(i),

'

404

POSThorses,
Ital.

POTION
(10 L. postscHptum, which is written after. L. post, after scnptum, neut. of pp. of scrTbere, to write.

&c.
;

F. paste,
fern.,

messenger
posta.

masc., a carrier, posting, a riding post.

fern,

postscript.

that

Late L. post us,

a post, station.
to place.

posta, L. positus, pp. Qip&nerc,

L.post, after, behind.
(L.)
i.

Postulate,
(L.)
;

a self-evident proposition.

Post-,

prefix. (L.)
;

L. postulatum, a thing demanded neut. of pp. of postuldrc, (and granted)

post-date
posterior,
comp.
after.

from post and date.

hinder.

to

of posterns,

coming

after.
e.

^.posterior, L. pott,
posterior

demand. Brugm. i.

Derived from poscere, to ask.

483(7), 502.
F. posture. -"L L. posrtits, pp. of

Posture. (F.-L.)
posttura,

Der.

posterior-?,

anangement

parts.

posterity. (F.-L.) M.F postentt -

poiiere, to put.

See Position.

L. postentatem, ace. of poster?-fas, futurity, "L.posferi-, ior posterns, coming postenty. after (above).

Gk ) In all its senses, (F. it is short for poesy. It meant a short verse on knives poem, esp. a short motto

Posy.

postern.
also spelt
later poterne,
i

(F.

10

O. F.

postetle,
;
'

and rings, Hamlet, iii. 2. 162 hence it meant a nosegay, because the flowers
;

posteme (by change

of suffix")
,

a back-door to a fort Cot. L. posterula, a small back-door. L. post?) us, behind.

chosen for it enigmatically represented a posy or motto. It even meant a collection

of precious stones, forming a motto Chambeis, Book of Days, i. 221. See Poesy. Pot. (K.) M. E pot. A. S.pott 4- L Pries Du. pot Icel. pottr, Swccl. potta, Dan. pott'e Low G pott. Also Irish pot a, Gael poit, W. pot, all from E Also F from Low G. pot, Bret, pdd, Span, pote Teut. type *puttoz Hence Low L pottu, also spelt polus (as if from L. potare, to Der. to go to pot, i.e. into the drink).
;
\

posthumous, postumous.
;

(L)

"L,.postumits, the latest-born hence, assb , Written post humus a posthumous child.

popular etymology from post humum, forced into the impossible sense of after the father is in the ground or buried hence F. postliume, Tort posthumo; but Span, and Jtal, posfumo are

owing
'

to a

'

right,

p. port umus ~*post-tii-mus a cf. op-tn-mus, superl form of post, behind

i
,

cooking-pot.

best.

Potable,
L.)

drinkable.

(F.-L.)

F.

pOStil,rm explanatory note or commentary on the Bible. (F.

J,ate
I
.

Y.poiti/le.

marginal note in a Bible. "Denvecl by Ducange from L. post ilia uerba, e. after those words, because the glos-es were added afterwards. Postillion. (F. Ital. L) F. /tortil/on. Jtal postiglionc, a post-boy Jtal. I,. posfa, .v post, with suffix -ighone -tliCmcm. See post (2) above.
i

postilla, a

L. potalnln, drinkable. L. pvpotable. tdre, to drink potus^ drunken -f*Skt p^^ to drink. Allied to Gk. Troaty, drink, Trw^fr, drink.
;

Potash. (E.) Fi om pot and ash ash obtained by boiling down burnt vegetable substances in a pot. Latinised z.spofassa\ wh c n cc pota r r - iu m
;
.

Potaticn.

(L.I

From L

Post-meridian, Pomeridian,

be-

L. potdtus, drinking. drink. See Potable.

pp. of potare,

potatio, a to

longing to the afternoon. (L.) L. ponierldianus, otert poslmcrTdianus, the same. L./toi/, after mcrTdtanus, adj., from met 7;

Potato.
a potato

(Span
;

IIa}ti.)

Spa

L. potent-, stem of potcw\, powerful, pres. part, of posse, to be able, possum, I am able. Poswm is short mortem, ace. of mors, death post-Obit. (L.) L. post, after; obi- for ^pot-sum or' *potc-$u?n from pods, allied to Skt a lord tnrn, ace. of obitus, death. powerful, ong. postpone, to put off. (I..) L potf- pah-, a master, lord, Lithuan. -patis, Russ. L. post^ after 158. Brugrn. i. ponere, to put after, delay. -podc in go*-pode, lord. Per. omnipotent. And see Despct. ponerc, to put. Pother, a bustle, confusion. (E.) Also post-prandial, adj., after-dinner. From L. post prandium, i e. after pudder, the same from pttdder, vb., to (I/.) dinner. For L. prandium, see Brugm. n. stir, confuse, a variant of Potter. Potion. (K. - L.) F. potion - L. 165.
dies,
;

noon

see

Meridian.
(L.)

Potch, Potent.

Llayti batata, a yam. to thiust see Poach (2).

(L.)

post-mortem.

L. post, after

'

45

POTTAGE
pBtionem,
ace.
;

POWER
L.

of potio, a draught.
see

potus, drunken
;

Potable, Poison. Pottage. (F.- Low G.) U.E.fotage. formed with F. suffix -age F. potage (L. -&ticum\ from F./0/, a pot, of Teut. See Pot. origin. Potter. (E.) To potter is to poke
;

formed from L. punctus, pp. oipungere. See Pungent. Pounce (2), fine powder. (F.-L.) F. ponce; pierre ponce, a pumis stone;' (^Qt. 'L.pumicem, ace. oiptimex, pumice; see Pumice. Der. pouncet-box*
regularly
'

answers to found, but

Late

L.

*punctiare, not

about, hence to stir, confuse, disorder, also to do a thing inefficiently so also pother, to poke, disorder (Bailey, Halliwell). These are frequentative forms of put, to t Cf. M. Du. poteren, to thrust ; see Put. Du. search one thoroughly,' Hexham peuteren, to fumble, poke about; Norw. pota, M. Swed. potta, to poke.
;

Pound
pund.
'

Ong. a weight.
pi.
lu.

(i), a weight, a sovereign. M. E. ptind. A. S.

(L.)
t

pund
'

pondo, a weight, used as an

indeclinable sb., though orig. meaning by weight ; allied to pondus, a weight. See

Ponder.

Pound
(E.) enclosure.
cattle.

(2),

Pottle. (F.-LowG.)

M.E./0/*/.;

M.E./0W/. A. Hence pmdar.

an enclosure for strayed S. pund, an

Doublet,

O. F. potel, a small pot, small measure pond. Pound (3) to bruise in a mortar. (E.) dimin. of F. pot, a pot. Low G. pott ; see The d is excrescent. M. E. pounen also Pot. ' potwalloper. (Hybrid ) Lit. one poncn, as in comp. to-ponen, to pound who boils a pot ,* hence a voter who has a thoroughly. A. ^.punian, to pound. vote because he can boil a pot on his own POUT. (Late L.) M. E. pouren, poren, fire. Wallop, to boil fast, is from M. E. esp. used with out. [The orig. sense was * Gold ing has seeth- to purify, clarify, esp. by pressure or ivahpen, to gallop.
;

ing a-wallopj boiling rapidly f. 82. See Gallop.

tr.

of Ovid,

Pouch. (F.-M.
O. F. pouche,

Du.)

variant

pouche. of poche ; see

M.

squeezing out; cf. O.F. purer, to clarify, also to pour out or diip so also depiirer, to clarify, to be clarified, to drip or run
;

Pocket.

M. E. chicken. (F.-L.) F. pottlet, a chicken ; dimin. of cider pouring into the trough (Moisy). pitlte. Late L. pulla, a hen fern. Pourtray ; see Portray poule, a hen. oi pullus, a young animal. See Pool (2). Pout (i), to swell out, to sulk. (E.) Der, poiilt-er, afterwards extended to See below. [W. pwihi, to pout, to be poult- er-er poult~r-y (for poult' er-y}, A.F. sullen, is from E.] pole trie. pout (,2), a fibh. (E.) A. S. iele-putan, Poultice. (F L.) Gascoigne has pi., eel-pouts. The fish has the power of the pi pultesscs (Steel Glas, 997). -M. F. inflating a membrane above the eyes ; ' From a a hence A. S. -put-a pout-er. *pult-ice, formed from M. F. pulte, poultice;' Cot. [Cf. M. Ital. poltiglia, Teut. base *put-an-, to swell out. Cf. Du. a pultis/ Horio.] Late L.futia, a kind puit, a frog, from its lounded shape puttof pap ; from/////-, as in L. //*//-?.?, gen. of aal, an eel-pout ; puist, a pimple (from a Swed. //*/#, a cushion puls, a thick pap, or pap-like substance. -f- shorter base *///-)

Poult,

out] Late l^.purare, to purify. L.purus, see Pure. So in Guernsey, J'o pure 1'cidre qm pure dans 1'auge,' I hear the
'

'

dial, puta, to be Cf. Prov. pot, pout, a full lip ; (i), to seize with the claws. fa depots, to pout (Mistral). Cf. Pudding. (F. L.) Ong. a term in hawking; a Poverty. (F. L.) M. E. pouertee O. F. povcrte, later pwrett, hawk's claws were termed pounces \ cf {** pwertee)

Gk.

TroAroy, porridge.
;

(from

its

shape

Swed.

Poultry

see

Poult.

inflated).

Pounce

O. F. ponce, a
or

fist.
;

A pounce is also a punch

stamp (Nares)

a pounson was a dagger

Cf. Gascon pounchoun ; O.F. (Barbour). poinc-on, punch-on (Ital. punz-one, Span. punz-on\ a punch, sharp point. Cf. Ital. * punzone* a bodkin, a goldsmith's pouncer or pounce From the base seen Florio.
'

in Ital. punz-ellare, to prick, goad,

Span.

I^. poverty (F. pauvret<*). paupertatem, L pauper, of paupertas, poverty. See Pauper. poor. E. poudre. Powder. (F. - L.) Formed F. poudre, O. F. poldre, puldre. with excrescent d from L. puhtereni, ace, of puluis, dust. See Pulverise. Power. ( F. - L.) M. E. poer later

ace.

punz-ar, to

punch.

The Span, punzar

po-w-er, the

being inseited.

A. F. poer.

POX
O. Y.pooir (mod. Y.pouvoir),
;
;

PRECENTOR

to be able Dan. Swed. prunk, show, parade ; M. Du. From a Teut. hence, as sb., power. Late L. potere, to pryken, to make a show. be able for L. posse, to be able. See type *prenkan-, str. vb. (pt. t. *prank, pp. Possible, Potent, *prunkanoz). see Pock. prank (2), a trick. (E.) An act done a flat-bottomed boat. to shew off, a trick to make people stare , Pram,
;

(Du. Slav.) Du. praam\ M.Du.jprawt, Pol and Bohem. pram.

from

Prank (i). Prate. (E.)

M.E.
;

praten.

Cf.

M.
;

[Formerly Swed. prata, Dan. prate, to prate, talk O. F. Swed. Dan. prat, talk M. Du. and Low practise from the verb to practise. \j&i? L. practitdre.\ (^.praten, to prate practiser, pratiser. Du./nw:/, talk. Of The M. E. form of the sb. was prakttke. imitative origin ; from a base *prat. Der.
,
;

Practice. (F.-L.-Gk.)

M. f.practtque, practice.
of practicus.
;

L. ) M. E. prone, Prawn. (F. Hardly (through a lost Prompt. Parv. Gk. -rrpdafffiv ( = *7ryjd/f-jj/6i/), A. F. form) from L. pcma, a sea-mussel experience. Der. practition-er, cf. M. Ital. parnocdne, 'a fibh called to do, accomplish. formed by needlessly adding -er to the shrimps 01 pratines;' Mono.

Gk.

L. pr act ica, fern, wp<ucriic6s t fit for busi-

pratt-le, the frequentative form.

i

ness

whence 17

irpaKTiKTj, practical science,

older
1

\ttin. practicianfivtti

MJf.practicten,

a practicer
(L.)
;

in

law

'

Pray. (F.-L.)

M.E

/rrjv.-.A.F.

Cot. a goer befoie, L, prcc, before to go.

lit.

Praetor, Pretor, a Roman magistrate.

L. prator,
*pra~itor.

leader

foi

and O. F. preier (F. pner^. 'L. piecari, to piay. See Precarious. Der. pray-er, M. E. preiere, O. F. preiere^ from L. precdna, fem. of precanus, adj.

*itor, a goer,

from

/><?,

Pre-, beforehand. (L.;^rF.-L.) M.F.

prce-,

Pragmatic. (F.-L.-Gk)

f.prag- pre-, L.
Foi
V\\iz

from L.

pr<z, prep., before.

L. pragmatique, belonging to business. maticus. Gk. irpaypaTutds, skilled in business. Gk. Ttpayftar-, stem of irpajfj.a = *npaK-fjta), a deed, thing done. Gk. (
Trpaaoi.v (^*irpaK-ytiv), to do. tice.

*prai,

locative

form.

<ff

Hence
which,

numerous compounds, many

of

See Prac-

Prairie, an extensive meadow. (F. Late L, L.) F. prairie, a meadow. L. pratiun, a prataria, meadow-land.
meadow.
L.) O.F./rm, price, L. value, merit (hence, tribute to merit) Der. dis-praise. bretium, price, value.
(F.

precaution, are of obvious origin. (F -L.) M. E. prechen. O. Y.precher,preschcr (preche^. ^pn?See Predicate. dicare, to declare Prebend. (F. - L.) O. F. prebende L. prabenda, a payment, (F. prtbende}. stipend from a public source; orig. fem.

Preach.

Praise,

sb.

ot gerundive of prabere, to afford, give L. /rt?, before, habere, to have ; whence prcehibere, to hold forth, give, contracted to prabere. Der. prebend~ar-y
.

(E.) yLlL.prancen,prauncen, used of a horse it means to make a show, shew off apparently an A. F. adaptation of M. E. pranken, to trim, Cf. -Dan. dial.
;
;

Prance.

Precarious.
tained by

(L.) precart-us, obprayer or as a favour, doubtful,

prandse, ptanse, to go proudly, as a Swed. prancing horse ; pransk, proud

;

pranga, to shew off. So also M. Du. pronken, to make a show, to strut about Low G. prunken See below.
dial,

L. precari, precarious; with suffix -ozts. to pray. L. prec-, stem of//rjc, a prayer. 4-G. fragen, to ask ; Goth, frath-nan, A. S. frignan> to ask Lith. praszytt Russ. pro nte Pers. pursidan ; Skt. pracch ,
; ;
;

to ask.

(-v'PKEK.)
(F.

Brugm.

i.

607.

Precaution.

Prank

L)

From Pre-

(i), to

deck,

pranken, to trim;

adom. (E.) allied to obs

M.E. and Caution.

E./r/,

Precede.
(ti.prtfcdderj.

(F.-L.)
l-j.
;

O.F. preceder

to trim (Nares). Prink is a nasalised form of prick \ cf. Lowl. Sc. preck, to be spruce, prick -me -dainty, finical, prink, pnmp^ to deck, to prick. Prank is an allied form to these see further under
;

L.

Cede

prcecedere, to go before. See cedere, to go. pr<z, before Der. pret ed-ent ; pre-cess-ion, fi

om

the pp. pr^ecess-us.

Precentor.

(L.)

L. pr&centor, the
;

Prick. So also M. Du. proncken, to dis- leader of a choir. L. pr<z, before; and play one's dress, pronekepinken, proncke- cantor, a singer, from canere, to sing see prinken, to glitter in a fine dress ; Low G. Cant (i).

407

PRECEPT
Precept. tF.-L.)
hand, give
t->

PRELIMINARY
precept.

O.F.

general classes into which things can be

divided.

L. pracepium, a prescribed rule. "L.praceptuS) pp. of pr&cipere, to take beforerules.

Predict.
prte, befoie
;

^L.pnedicare, to declare (above). L. pradictus, pp. of (L.)

L.pra, before;

capere,

take.

Der.

Precinct.
a boundary.

precept-or. Late L. pr&cinctum, (L.)

L. pracinctus, pp. of pra;

L. pr<, in iront cingere, to gird about. See Cincture. cingere* to gird. Precious. (F. L. ) O. F. precieus L. L. pretidsu* , valuable. ( F. prtcieux )
.

L. pr&dicere, to say beforehand, foretell. dice re, to say. See Diction. Predilection, a choosing beforehand. Prom L. pra, before; dilectio, (L.) choice, from dlhgcre^ to choose; sec

Diligent.

Preface.
L.
pi'itfdtio,

F.

- L)
preface.

O. F. preface. L.
proefatns,

pretium,

spoken before, pp. of pr&fari, 10 speak - before. L. pr<, before, jar 7, to speak. Precipice. (F. L ) F. prtcipice. See Fate. L. prtecipitiurn, a falling headlong down L. pracipit-, decl. stem of a precipice. Prefect, a governor. (F. L) M. E. - O. F. prefect (V. prtfet}. - L. pmceps, headlong. L. pr** before; and prefect. Der. pnefectus, one set over others pp. offlrcetapit-, decl. stem of niput, head. L. prtr- before ; ere, to set befoie. precipitate, fiom L. prtfupitare, to cast See Fact. facerc, to make, set. headlong. Precise. (F. - L) O. F. precis, strict. Prefer. (F.-L.) O. * preferer. - L.
price, value.

See Price

L. pr<z, L. pnecisus, cut off, concise, strict; pp. prefer? e, to set in fiont, prefer. See Fertile. before ferte, to bear, set. L. pta, in front of pratcidere, to cut off. See Csesura. cffdere, to cut. Prefigure. (F.-L.) Fiom Pre- and Preclude. (L,) L. pnecludere, to Figure. L. pne, in shut off, hinder access to. Pregnant, fruitful, with child. (L i n. claudere (pp. c/usus), to shut. Der. In front 779. Directly Milton, P. L. Cf. from L pitjEgnanteni, ace. of ptcegnans^ preclui-ion, fiom the pp puechlsus. Conclude. pregnant. Prtfgnans has the form of a Precocious. (10 Coined (with suffix pres. pait. of an obb. verb *pr<rgnaie, to be before a birth, to be about to bear. -0#.r) from L pnecoci-, decl. stem ofprtccox, prematurely ripe. L prtz, before ; coquere, L. pr<s, before *gnare, to bear, of which the pp gnatus or natiis is used as the pp. to cook, to ripen. See Cook. Precursor. (L ) L. precursor, a of the inceptive mfm. nasci, to be born. L prce, before cursor, a See Natal. forerunner. runner, fiom curs-us, pp. of cur) ere, to Prehensile, adapted for grasping. Coined with suffix -ile (L. -ilis) See Current. run. (L.) Predatory, given to plundering. (L.) from L. prehcns-us, pp. of prekendere, L. pm, before L. pradator, prendete, to lay hold of L. prceddtonus, plundering. L. obsolete -hcndere> to grasp, cognate with L. praddri, to plunder. a plunderer. = *pr&hed-a, E. Get, q v. p. Ptccda p)(eda^ booty, that which is seized beforehand; from Prejudge. (F. - L.) O. F. prejuger. L. pKsitidicdre, to judge beforehand. pr<e, before, and hed-, base of -hendere, to see Get. L. pne, before; indicate, to judge, from seize, get, cognate with get See (So also prendere pre-hendere.} *y. Irish indie-, stem of index, a judge.
;
;

spieidh, cattle, W. praidd, flock, herd, booty, prey, are from L. prtzda. Predecessor. (L.) L. predecessor. //<^, before decessor, one who retires fiom an office, from decessus, pp. of deced-

Judge.

prejudice. (F
^.praiuduiuni) a

L.)

O.F

prejudice.

judicial examination, L. previous to a trial, also a prejudice. indicium, judgment, fiom fr<s, before;
iudic-,

ere, to depart.

L. de, from
(L.)

cedere, to go.

See Cede.
pp. of pr&L. dicdre, to publish, proclnim, declare. prce, before; dicare, to tell, publish, allied to duet e, to say. See Diction.

Predicate.

From

L.) (F. L. pr&latus, set above; used as pp. of prceferre, to prefer (but L pra, before; from a different root) lotus, borne, set, pp. oitollere, to lift, bear.

Prelate, a

stem of index, a judge. church dignitary.

O.F. prelat

tum

predicament.
}

(L.) I^.pradicamena term in logic, one of the most

See Tolerate

Preliminary, introductory.

(F.

L.)

408

PRELUDE
prefix, before ; and M.F. t liminaire, set before the entry of, dediFrom L./r<r, before; and catory,' Cot. timinaris, adj., coming at the beginning L. ttmin-, stem of limen, or threshold

PRESIDE
form of h^.purpettse', pp. of pttrpmsery to
meditate on, with prefix pttr- (F. pour-}

Coined hompre-,

from L. pro.

See Limit. Prelude, an introduction. (F. L.) M. F. prelude, 'a preludinrn, preface, pre- Preposition. (F.-L.) Q.Y.prep<h Cot. Late L. *prc?ludium. L. sition. ls. ace. pro-paw tiihient, a Betting amble L. a before; a preposition (in grammai). pr&liidere, to play befoiehnnd, give L. pra, before; ludcre, to play. prccpo^itns, pp. of prcrponcre, to set before. prelude See L. pro?, before; ponere, to place. See Ludicrous.
threshold.
;
'

preponderate. (T. ) From pp. of L. prtfpondcrare to outweigh. L. pra? before ; ponderare, to weigh see Ponder.
, t

Premature.
and Mature.

(F.-L.)
L.)
.

From Prepremier,
first.

Posiiioii.

Preposterous.
(F.
in verted,
after.

(L

)
;

Premier.

hind side before

"L-prapotfer-ns, with suffix -otis.

L. primariiim, ace. of prTmcirtiis, L. primus, first. See Prime (i).

chief.

L./n^r, befoie; postertis, latei, corning

See Post-.

Premiss,

Premise.

L)

Prerogative.

(F.-L)

A.F. pre-

Bettei premiss than premise.

the T4th misse (F. prtnnsse^, in use L. pramnssa (senlcntia century (Littre). being understood"), a premiss, lit. that Bogation. which is sent before or stated beforehand. presage. Presage. (F.-L.) O L. Fem. of pramissus, pp. of pramittere, to L. prasagiunij a divining l>eforehand miffere, to prd'tagiie, to perceive beforehand. L L. pr&, befoie send before. send. See Missile. Der. prenns-es, s. pro?, before sagire, to observe, perceive. See Sagacious. pi., the adjuncts of a building, first stated full, in a lease, and afterwards referred Presbyter. (L._Gk.) \ preslyter Gk. npcr/3tTfpos, an elder; ong. elder, or otherwise, due to to as the premises Cf. L. the custom of beginning leases with pre- comparative of TrpcV/Svy, old. mises setting forth the names of the pnscits, ancient.
.

O. F. pre-

L. f>r&)ogiitina 9 a rogative, a j)rivilege. pievious choice, preference, privilege. See L. pr$, before ; rogare, to ask.

t .

premise, vb.
lit.

grantor, grantee, and things granted. Also with accent on t.

,

Premium.
Exempt.

(L.) L./rrrw/V/w, profit; 'a taking before;' for *f>ra'-imium. L pr<p, before; erne re t to take. Cf.

(F.- L.) Qf. prescience. 3 ..pr&, pratcientia, foreknowledge. before scientia y knowledge. See Science.

Prescience.
I
;

Prescribe.
wnte

(!<)

I'

prasci iberc, to

Premonish, to
L,
)
t

warn beforehand. (F.

prescribe; pp. pr<pscriptus (whence prescription). v^lu. pr<p t See Scribe. before; scrthere, to write.

befoiehand,

Coined irom pre-, before (for L. pr s}\ and momsh, a conupted form of M.E. monesten, to wain, \Vychf, 2 Cor. vi. i. See Admonish. Der. premonilor-y, from L pramonttor, one who warns beforehand, irom p)tfmonere, to wain
beforehand.

Present (i), near nt hand. (F. !>") O. F. present. L present-, stem of/;wL. prt?, sens, i.e. being in front or near.
in front
;

-sens, for *es-ens, being,

Irom

-y^KS,tobe. Cf Absent. "Det.fresent-ly\ presence, sb., O. F. presence, L. f>rtfscntia.

Prentice,
q.v.

short

for

Apprentice,

present

f2\ to

give.

CF -L.) O.F.

F. prrparer; L.f>r<zf>aran\ to make ready beforehand. L. prce, before; parare, to preSee Pare. pare. L.) Prepense, premeditated. (F 1. As n from M. I .pre-, beforehand \penser, to think. L. pra, beforehand; pensdre, to weigh, ponder, frequent, form of pen2. But dere, to weigh ; see Pendant. the phr. malice prepense, it is an altered

Prepare. (F.-L.>

Cot.

presenter. ^.prcricntare, to place before, hold out, offer. L. present-, stem offr'tfDer. present, sb., a gilt sens (above). Presentiment. (F.-L.) M. *. preL. preCot. sentiment, a fore-feeling
* * ;

L. pra, beforehand. See Sense. before sentTre, to feel. Preserve. (F. L.) O. Y. preserver, L pree, beforehand scruai e, to preserve.
sent t~re,
;

to

feel

to keep.

See Serve.
(F.

Preside.

- L.)

O. F. presider, to

409

PRESS
fore, preside sedere, to sit.

PRIDE
sit

L. prcesidere, to preside, govern. L. pra, in over.

be;

front

beyond; and natural, See Nature.

adj.,

from nature.

See Sedentary.
t

Pretext. (F.-L.)
weave
in front

M. F. pretext, a
ong.
lit.

to squeeze. (F.-L.) M. E. Y.presser. \^.pressare frequent, pressen. of premere (pp. pressus', to press. Der.

Press
sb.

(p,

L. pratextum, a pretext ; pretext. neut. sipratextus, pp. of pratexere,

L. pra, in front
;

to

texere,

/r^j,

press -ure.

to weave.

See Text.

Press
men
is

(2), to hire

men

for service,

make
Press
prest,

serve as sailors, &c. (F. a corruption of the old

L)
word

t*g->

(E.) M.E. /#*'; A.S.^wpr&ttig, patig) ong. deceitful, tricky; hence clever, cunning, the usual M. E.

Pretty;.

leady; whence pretf-money, ready money sense. Formed with suffix -ig from A. S. advanced to a man hired for service, prcet, deceit, trickery. Cf. Lowl. Sc. pratty, also imprest a veib (now pretty, tricky, from/njtf, a tuck (G. Dougearnest money impress), to give a man earnest money. 1 as \-f-I eel. prettr^ a trick pretta, to cheat; When it became common to use compul- E. Fries, pret, a trick, prettig, jocose, droll, sion to force men into service, it was con- pleasant M. Du. pratte, perte, Du. part^ Prest money a trick, deceit. Of uncertain origin. fused with the verb to press. was money lent. O.K. prester (Y. prefer], Prevail. (F. - L.) O. F. prevail, \ p. L. pneualere^ to lend, advance money, ^.prcrstare, to pr. of prevaloir, to prevail stand foith, come forward, furnish, offer, to have gieat power. L. prce, before, exL. prcCj in front; stare, to stand. cessively ualere, to be strong. See Valid give. See State. Der. press-gang, im-press, Der. prevalent^ fiom L. praualent-, stem
;

of pres. pt. QipraualerCj to pievail. F. prestige, an Prevaricate. (L.) >rom pp. of L. illusion, fascination, influence due to fame. prtudncari, to straddle, hence to sweive, L. pro;, before, exL. prastigium, a deception, illusion, shuffle, bhift, quibble. l^or ^prcestrtgiuni, the 2nd r cessively uaric-ns y straddling, from narus, juggleiy. See Varicose. L. p)astring- crooked. 483). being lost (Brug. i L. Prevent. (L ) The old meaning was ere, to bind fast, to dull, dim, blind. to go before to precf. M. F. prevenir, See stnngere, to bind. pra, before S tringent. vent, anticipate, forestall;' Cot. L. prccPresume. (F. L) M. E. presumen. uent-us, pp of prauenlre, to go before. See O. F. presuwer. L. pr&sumere, to take L. prte, before ; uenire, to come. beforehand, presume, imagine. L. pros, Venture. Previous. (L.) L. pnzui-us, on the before; sftmere, to take; see Assume. Der. presunipt-ion, &c (from the pp. way befoie, going before ; with suffix -ous. L. pra, befoi e ma, a way. prasumpt-ns}. Pretend. (F. - L.) O. F. pretendre. Prey, sb. (F.-L.) A.F. prcie (F. L. prada, prey. See Predatory. L. prcetendere, to spread before, hold proie] L. //-<?, Der. prey, vb. out as an excuse, allege, pretend. before; tendere, to stretch. See Tend (i). Prial, three of a sort, at cards. (F. L.) contraction of patr-royal'; (see Nares). Der. pretence, misspelt for pretense (O. F. Price. (F.-L.) M.E. /m.-O.F. pretensse, f., Godefroy), from the fern, of Late L. pratensus, used for L. prcetentus, pris, also spelt preis, price, value, merit. L pretium, price. See Precious. of pratendere. pp. Prick. (E.) M. E. pnkke, prike, &b. jPreter-, prefix. (L.) L. prater, beyond ; comparative form of prce, before ; A. S. pricu, prica, a point, prick, dot;

im-press-ment.

Prestige.

(F.-L.)

'

'

'

M. Du. prick, Du. prician, to prick. Dan. prik, Swed. prick, prik, a prickle O. F. preterit, m., preterite, fern. L. a dot, mark; E. Fries., Low G. prik. Also Du., E. Fries., Low G. prikken, to prateritus, pp. of pratenre, to pass by. L. prater, beyond ; ire, to go. prick Dan. pnkke, Swed. prtcka, to dot. Pretermit, to omit. (L.) L.prater- From a Tent, base *pnk, to prick, dot. L. prater; Der. prick, vb. prick- le, sb., from A. S. mitterc,\.o allow to go past. beyond mittere, to send. See Missile. pricel. Der. pretermiss-ion, from the pp. Pride. (F. - L.) M. E. pride, prude.
see Pre-.

Preterite.

(F.-L.)

M.E./r^/.

Preternatural.

(L.)

From 1L. prater, A.

410

S. pryte,

pride

regularly formed (by

PRIEST
;

PRISON

the usual change from u to y} from A. S. primus, first genitus,yp. of gignere (base Proud. gen-\ to beget, produce ; see Genus. prut, proud, of F. origin. See F. Priest. (L. - Gk.) M. E. preest A. S. primordial, original. (F.-L.) Contracted (like O. F. prestre, O. primordial. L. pnmofdialis, original. preost. L. presbyter. L. primordium, origin. L. prim-us, first ; Szx.prestar, G.priester) from See Presbyter, ordirl, to begin, allied to ordo, order. 'Prester John' Cf. primrose. (F.L.) As if from F. perhaps presbyter was apfl" Abnormal prime rose, first rose ; L. prima rosa. prehended as *prebyster. to steal. (E.) Cant prygge, to Such is the popular etymology but, hisPrig" (i), a man has torically, primrose is a substitution for ride, nde off with a horse which Dimin. of to take care of; prigger of prauncers, a M. E. primerole, a primrose. see Harman's Caveat, pp. Late 'L. primula, a primrose (still preserved horse-stealer Modification of in Span, primula^ the same). Again, 42, 43, and p. 84, col. 3. ride ; Spenser, F. Q. i. primula is a derivative of primus, first, />r*V, to spur, to associated i.i. See Prick. ^f Thus the word ray<?was only blunder. Prig (2), a pert, pragmatical fellow. with primrose by a popular From the verb to prick, in the sense prince. (F. L.) F. prince L./r/w(E.) f Lowl Sc. prig- cipem, ace. viprinceps, a chief, lit. taking to trim, adorn, diess up. L. prin-, for prim-us, a prig. See the first place.' me-dainty, prick-mc~dainty, first above. capere, to take ; see Capital.
; ;
;

principal.principal. (F.-L.) L.) O.F./;/w ; masc., stem of prime, fern., prime, forward, also prime, 'L.pnnapahs, chiti.lj.princip*, masc. and fern., thin, slender, small, as che- princeps, a chief (above). veux primes, 'smooth or delicate hair,' principle. ( F . L.) The / is an E. F. pnncipe, a Cot. The sense is first-grown, small, deli- addition, as in syllable. The piinciple, maxim; ong. beginning L. L. primus, first (below) cate L. pnncip-, to principium, a beginning. confused with word was

Prim,neat.

(F.

stem of pnnceps, taking the first place ; F. see prince (above). chief (F. L.) i Print, sb. (F.-L.) M. E. prwte, prime, properly prime,' the first canonical L. prima, fern, of primus, first. prcnte, preinte short for empreinte, borhour, Primus is for *pnsmns, and is related to rowed ' from M. F. empreinte, a stamp, Cot. See Imprint. Der. print, pris-cus, ancient, pris-tmus, primitive, print and to pnns, adv former. Brugm, ii. vb. re-print. Prior (i), former. (L.) L. pnot Cf. A. S. for-ma, fust, fiom fore 165. from former. Us-ed as comparative of the suGk.
deck
see

perhaps

prink,

Prank.
(0?
f*

prime

lst >

(see
irpo

Former)

irpaj-Tos,

first,

Der. primSki. pra-ta-ma-, fi^t. ary ^pi im-ate, O Y.firtwat, L. ace. ptimatcm* iiomprTmcjs, a chief man.
;

perl.

primus

see

Prime.
.

prime 2), to make a gun quite ready. - L ) Cf. prime, to trim ti ees prime, (T(

M. E. pj'ioiir L. pnorcm,
a superior
'
;

prior

(2),

head of a priory. (F. L.) F. pneui A. F. pnoitr

;

ace. of prior, former, hence,

'Prise,

see above.

first
'

the phr. position in fencing; and esp. to put into prime order.' peculiai use ^i prime (i). old game at cards. (Span.

Prise, Prize, a lever. (F.-L.)

'

primerO,an
L.)

'

'

Span, primero,

lit.

first.

L. pri-

viarius, chief; see

Premier.
;

' Halliwell. Hence to prise open a lever F. to pry open.' a box,' or corruptly, hold (hence, leverage). prise, a grasp, tight to Grig. fern, of pris, pp. of prendre, L. prehendere, to grasp. See grasp.

primeval. (L.) Coined from Ij.prTmwith suffix -a/; cf. wr, first; ccu-um, age
L. pnmtzuus, primeval.
primitif.< L. L. primitmus, earliest of it;* kind. L. for the first time. adv.,
(F.

Prehensile.

Prism.
irpifffjia

(L.

Gk.)

(stem

iryw 07x01--),

L. prisma.-Gk. lit. a a prism

;

Gk. Trpiiv, for *rr/)t(rety, piece sawn off. to saw. (Gk. ^irpis.) Der. prismat-ic. Prison. (F.-L.) O.F. prisun, F. pnmil-us, L. cf. Ital. prigione, a prison. prison primus, first. ace. olprensio, a seizing, primogeniture. (F. L.) ' M. F./r/- wc.piensionem, * L. prensus, for prehensus, pp. of L. seizure. Cot. mogeniture, the being eldest See Prehensile. to seize. prlmogenituS) first-born. L. primo-, for prehendere,

primitive.

L.)

411

PRISTINE
M. F. L.) Pristine, ancient. (F. pristinus, ancient ; allied to pristine. L. pris-cus, former, and to prime (i). Private. (L.) prmatus, apart; pp. of priuare, to bereave. L. priuus, single ;

PRODIGY
Problem. (F.-L.-Gk.)
bleme
;

O.F./-

L. probtema. Y. probttme. Gk. irp6@\r)fjLa, a thing thrown forward, or put forward as a question for discussion. Gk.
7T/?o,

forward
to cast

a casting, from

lit.

a shrub. Privet Proboscis. (L.-Gk.) L. proboscis. (F. ?-L. ?) of unknown origin. Privet also occurs Gk. irpoj3o0Ki$, an elephant's tiunk or feeder.' Gk. irpo, in front; @6(TKiv } to as a spelling of private, and one of the names oi privet is pi ivy, spelt p)iuie by feed see Botany. Tusser but there ib no sure connexion. Proceed. (F.-L.) O. Tt.proceder.We also find, for pnvet, the names prim, L. procedere, to go forward L. pro, before See Cede. Der. process pnmprint, p) line print perhaps print cedere, to go.

put forward, sundeied fiom the

rest.

Acti/,

Privet,

is

may have
01

arisen fioni

Piob named fiom being Proclaim. (F.-L.) F prodamcr, L. proclamare, to loimally cut and trimmed; cf. prime, to 'to pioclame;' Cot. cut trees (llalhwdl). See Prim and call out. L pro, foith; dama,}?, to cry out. Prime (i) See Claim. privilege. Privilege. (F.-L.) O. Proclivity. (L.) From L. procliL pnuilegium, (i) a bill against a uitas, a downwaid slope, tendency. L.
trimmed.
.

prim

t, \. e.

pi lined

(mod.

\*

procts}', process-ion.

perton, (2) an ordinance in favour of one, a privilege. L. prim-, for priuus, single leg-, stem of lex, law. privy, private. (F. - L.) O. F. pnve pnvd), private. L. priudtus, private
; ;

prod
vvaid

L. pro, formis, sloping forwaid. Cf. cliuus, a slope. (y'KLEI.)

Acclivity.

see Private.

a thing captured from the or won in a lotteiy. (F. F. from tra* monow. L.) see Prise. Procreate. (L.) L. ptocreatus, pp. prise, a seizuie, aLo, a pnze Prize (2), to value highly (F. L.) of procrearc, to generate. L. pto, before, M. Y,.pri*eti. F. primer, to esteem. O. F. foith; creare, to produce. See Create. L. pretntm, Proctor. (L.) M. Vprokctour\ short pris (Y pnx a price, value. value. See Price. form ^{procuratour. O. F. procurator. L. ace. prociiratoreni see Procurator. Prize (3) the same as Prise. L.) L. Pro-, prefix. (L. orGk. or Procumbent, prostrate. (L ) L. procf. also pro pro-, pie fix, before prod], cumbent-, stem of p)0cumbens, pres. pt. of ( an abl. form, used as a piep. Also Gk procumbere, to sink forwards L. pro, cf. Skt. forwards; inmbere, to recline, allied to irpo-, prefix -npu, prep., before

Prize 0\

Procrastinate, to postpone (L.) Fiorn pp. of L. prdcra^tinare, to delay, L. pro, foiward, put off till the morrow. off; cr art inns, belonging to the morrow,
t

enemy

>,

>

See Covey. pra, befoie, away. See pre~, prefix, pri- cubare, to lie down. ,} L. procurator, a or, pri-mc, pri-vate, prow, pro-vost, &c. Procurator. L. procunue; see Proa, Proe, Prow, Prau, a small manager, deputy. ship. (Malay.) Malay praku, ptau, a below. general term lor small ships. procure. (F. L.) F. procurer, \ J Probable. (F. L.) F. probable. L \procurare, to take care of, manage. L. L. pro- pro, before; eft rare, to take care, from probainhs, that may be proved. See Cure. bare, to test, prove, ong. to tiy the cur a, caie. L. probus, good, excellent. goodness Prodigal. (F.-L) O. F prodigal. See Prove. Late Lat. prodigals due to L. prodtgus, probation. (F. L.) F. probation. lavish for ^prod-agus. V^ p)od-, forth ; L. ace. probationem, a tiial, proof. L. and agere, to do, act. See Agent. probatus, pp of probare, to test. Englished from F. Prodigy. CF. coined w ord cf. Late prodige, a prodigy, wonder. \ .prodigium, probe. (L.) L probdre, to test see a token, portent, prophetic sign. #. PerL. proba, a proof. above haps for *prodagmm, i e. a saying before.
\

L.") (F. probitd, honesty. \j.probilatem, ace. viprobitds, honesty. L. probu$) honest, excellent.

probity.

hand, from prod (pro\ before, and *agium,

a saying,
as in

ad-agium

see

Adage.

Brugm.

i.

759.

412

PRODUCE
Produce, vb. (L.) L. producere, to L. pro, forward dftcere, bring forward. See Duke. Der. product-ivc, to lead. -ion (from the pp. below). product, sb. (L.) L.prdductns, produced pp. of prodilcere (above).
;

PROLOCUTOR
offspring.

L.pro-, foith

genus, kin,

See

Genus.

M. \\prognostique

Prognostic, a presage.
;

- L. - Gk.) (F.
\^.prognosticon.

Cot.

Gk.) Now spelt as if from P programme; formerly programma (1706), trom L. proto go. gram?na. Gk. irpuypa^iJ.a,a. public notice Profane, impious. (F. L.) F. profane. in writing. Gk. TT/>O, beforehand ypa/jtiw, write. I,, prof amis, unholy; lit. before (i.e. a writing, from ypdtytiv, to L. pro, before L.) outside of) the temple. Progress, advancement. (F. I F. progrcz \V.progrcs). progressum, faming a temple. Profess. (F.-L/; We find M. E. />rr>- ace. of progress m, an advance. L. proto go forward. Iinghshcd from O. ^ profe^ {rresstts, pp ot progrcdi, fe^t'd, pp L pro- L./nJ, f01 ward and gradi, to walk. See mnsc., fern.,
;

- L - Gk. ) F proeme ( proem, preface ;' Cot. L.procemium. Gk. Trpootfuov, an introduction. Gk. irpo, from -^EI, before of/ios, a way, path,

Proem.

Gk. TrpoyvwariKov, a token of the future. Gk. irpo, before; yvojantcos, good at See Gnostic. knowing.

'a

Programme, Program. (F.-L.-

,.

prcfcssc,

professed.

pro, fessus, pp. of pi ofiteri, to avow. forth fatlii, to speak ; see Confess. From C). Y.profrir, Proffer. (F. porojnr (Godefioy), to proffer. (). F
I
/ ;

Grade.

Prohibit,

to check.

(L.)

From

L.

L)

and ofrir, offrir, por- t prefix (L. pro-} Habit from L. offerre, to offei. See Offer. Proficient. (IO L- proficient-, stem Project, sb a plan. (F. L.) M. F. L. of pres. pt. of projiccre, to make progiess, pjoject (i projef], a project, purpose. L /; <?, forward ',faccre, to make. proiectum, neut. of pr<iicctus, pp. of proadvance. hence (in iiere (protrcere), to ding forth See Fact L. pro, forth; Ital. profilo, a Late L.) to purpose, plan. Profile. (Ttal. -L.) See Jet (i). L. iacere, to cast. sketch of a pictme, outline (Mono). Prolate, extended in the direction of pro, before, in front ; fllum, a thread (Ital. extended. f" The mod. F. profit the polar axis. (L.) \,.prdlatus, filo, thread, line), L pro, forward; latus, cained, pp. of is also from Ital.
;

proh jbitus, pp. rf prolnbere, to hold before L. pro, one, put in one's way, prohibit. See befoie habere, to have, keep.
;
,

profilo.

Profit.
Jit

^.-lO

M.E./;#fr -It. pro-

toiler e,

to

lift,

bear

See Tolerate.
(L.
lit.

L. pr&fcctum* neut. ot prdfectus, pp. of proficeic, to make progress, be profitable.

Prolepsis,
prolepsis.

anticipation
irpoXr)\[/i<s,

See Proficient.
}

torehand.

profligatus, cast flown, abandoned, dissolute pp. ofproflTL. pro, forward; gai e, to dash down, See Afflict. fligere* to strike, dash.

Profligate. (L

ing,

a seizTT/X$, before; A^ty, from \T)if/-ofjiai, fut. of \ai*@dvciv to seize. See Catalepsy.
y

Gk. Gk.

Gk.) L. a taking be-

Proletarian,
class, useful

a citizen of the lowest

Profound, deep.

(F.

L.)

Tt.profond.

\*ptofundiim, ace. of profu ndus, deep. L.ptv, forward, hence downwaid; fundDer. ptoUS, bottom, allied to Bottom.
fitnd-ity,

only by producing children. (L.) Prom L. prolctanus, one who served the state by help of his childien only. *L. proles, offspung (below).

prolific. ^F. -L.)

ful.

prolifique fruit,

profondite, Profuse, lavibh. (L. l^ profusus, pp. L pro f forth to pour forth. of// efmtdere, See Fuse (i). funderc, to pour
. 1 )

M.

stem vi proles, offmake. spring; -fit-ns, from fatete, to = pro-oles, from pro, Perhaps L proles to giow, whence before, and *olfte,
proli-, decl.

-L.

Progenitor. (F.-L.
gsmtonr.

Formerly/;^- ad-oh^cere,

to

grow

up,

cf.

sub-oles,

M. Y.progcmtenr
;

L progem-

md-o/es.

See Adult

torem, ace. of progenitor, an ancestor. L /?r7, Ijefore genitor, a parent, from the base of gtgnere* to beget (^GFN.) See

Prolix. (F.-L.)
IIKUS, 'extended. flowed forth or
'

V.prohxe. ^pro' 'that which has from beyond bounds

Lit.
;

G-enus!

progeny. (F. L ) O. F prog-ewe. L. progeniem, ace. of progenies lineage,

pro,

Hqn^re, liqw, to flow. Cf. See Liquid. c-ltxus, soaked. Prolocutor, the chairman of n conforth,

4T 3

PROLOGUE
ference.

PROPER

L. prdlociitor, an advocate. prongue in Levins (1570). The M. E. L. prolocutus, pp. Qi proloqui, to speak pronge, a pang, sharp pain, is the same in public. L. pr$, publicly ; loqm, to word. Cf. M. E. prangelen^ to constrain See Loquacious. speak. (Havelok). Also Du. prangen, to pinch,
(L.)

Prologue,
F. prologue.

a preface.

(F.-L.-Gk.)
ace. tfprologus.
iroo,

\^prologum,

Gk.
before
;

7T/>o\o7os,

a fore-speech. Gk. See Logic. \6yos, a speech.

to continue. F. prolonger.

Prolong,

(F.-L.) M.E.
;

L. prolongare, prolongen. to prolong. L. /r<?-, foi ward longus, See Long. Doublet, purloin. Pronoun. (F. - L ) Coined from L. long. Promenade, a walk. (F.-L } Formed rff} for and E noun suggested by F. with O. F. suffix -ade L. -atd) from O. F. pronom, L. prdnomen^ a pronoun. See promener, to walk. Late L. promtnare, Noun. to drive forwards. Late Pronounce. (F. - L.) Y.prononcer. L./r<?, forwards L. mindre, to drive, lead from L. minari, L. pronuntiare, to pronounce, lit. tell to threaten. See Menace. forth. L. pro, forth ; nuntifire, to tell. Prominent, projecting, forward. (L ) See Nuncio. Der. pronunciat-ion, from L. prominent-, stem of pres. pt. of pto- L. pp. pronuntiat-us, with suffix -ion: mtnere, to project forward. L. pro, forProof, a test, evidence. (F.-L.) Forward ; -minere, to project. See Me- merly profe (1551); altered from M.E.
;
; ;
;

M. Du. prangen, to oppress, oppress shackle, constrain prange, a muzzle, shackle, collar Low (j.prangen, to press, push haid prange, a stake G. pranger, a pilloi y Goth, ana-praggan ( -prangan\ to press. All from a Tent, base *prang, to press, nip, push.
; ; ; ;
;

nace.

preef, preove.

Promiscuous, mixed, confused. (L.) For L promhi itus, mixed. L pro, forward
(here of slight force)
;

F. preuve, a trial Cot. Late \^.proba, a proof. L. probare, to test. See Prove, Probable.
;

Prop. (E.) M. E proppe. [Also Irish propa, Gael, prop, a prop, suppoit; borrowed from E.] Cf. Du. prop, a stopple ; M. Du. prop, proppe, <a prop, a stopple/ ' Hexham proppen, to prop, stay, or bear Low G. propp, a plug, G. up,' Hexham All from a pfropf, a cork, also a graft. Tent, base *pntp, to stop up, to support. ' promiss-o-ry. ^[ In the sense of graft,' the G. pfropf Promontory, a headland. (L.) L. is due to L. propago see Propagate. promonturium, a ridge, headland. Prob. Propagate. (L.) From the pp. of from prominere, to jut out ; see Promi- L. propagare (or pro-}, to peg down promiscere, to mix.

See Miscellaneous. Promise, an agreement to do a thing. F. promesse, (F. L.) Formerly promcs. a promibe Cot. L. pronnssa, fern, of promissus, pp. of promittere, to send or L. pro, forward put forth, to promise. mittere, to send. See Missile. Der.
1 ; ;

nent, and

cf.

Mount.
to

Promote,

advance,

further.

(L.)

From L. promot-us, pp. of promouere, to move forward. L pro, forward mouei e, to move. See Move.
;

pagate by la> ers allied iopropdges, propago (or pro-)* a layer, and from the same source as compares, a fastening together. L. pro, forth pag-, base of pangere, to fasten, set
;

Prompt.
promptum,

ace.

(F.-L.) F. prompt. - L. of prompt us, promtus,

;

brought to light, at hand, ready, pp. of promere, to bring forward for *prod-imere see Prune (i). L. prod, forward ; emcn\ to take, bring. Propel, to urge forward. (L.)
Cf.

(hence, to peg down). Der. propagandist, a coined word from the name of the society entitled Congregatio de propaganda fide, constituted at Rome, A. D. 1622. And
;

Exempt.

Promulgate.
promulgare
to

(I,.)

From

pellerc, to drive foiward.

L./r<?,

L. proforward;

pp. of L.

pellet e> to

drive;

see

Pulse

(Of unknown proptds-ion, from pp. propulsus* origin.) (L.) Propensity, an inclination. Prone. (F. - L.) M. F, prone. - L. pro- Coined from L. propensus, hanging down, num ace. of pronus, inclined towards. inclining towards; pp. of propendcre, to Pronus is prob. allied to Gk. irprjvrjs, hang down or forward. L. pro, forward, headlong cf. Skt. pravana, inclined to, pendere, to hang. See Pendant. prone. Proper, one's own, peculiar, suitable,
publish.
t
;

(i).

Der.

Prong,

spike of a fork.

(E.)

Spelt

(F.-L.) 414

M. E.

propre.

-F.

propre.

-L.

PROPERTY
proprium, ace. of proprius, one's own. Prob. from pro prtuo.
(L.

PROSTHETIC
Proscenium, the front part of a
Gk.)
L.
fftfi^viov,

stage.

property. (F.-L.) M. ft. proper!ee. -O. F. property property (Littre), also

;

Gk. irpoproscenium. the place before the stage (or

scene).

Gk.

irpo,

before;

CTKTJI^,

a scene.

Proscribe. (L.) L. proscribe, lit. to write publicly "pip. prffscn'ptus (whence L. pro, publicly; scribere, proscription?} Prophecy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. .prophecie, variant otpro- to write. See Scribe. phccie, sb. Gk. L. prophetia Prose. (F. - L.) F. prose. - L. prdsa, phetie, a prophecy. Gk. irpoty-firris, a for prorsa ordtio, direct speech ; hence, irpo<prjria, a prediction. unimbelhshed speech ; fern, of prorsus, prophet (below). Der. prophesy, vb.
;

L.proprietatem, ace. of propriety, fitness. also proproprietas, property, ownership 'L.proprtus, one's own. priety of terms.

See Scene.

M.E/w-

prophet. (F.-L.~Gk.)

Y.pro-

JL. propheta. Gk. irpo<f>rjTrj$ , one phetc. who declares, an expounder, a prophet. Gk. 717)0, publicly, lit. before ; <f>r)-jjii, I speak ; with suffix -7-77? of the agent, (y

forward, forward.

short for prffuersus, lit. turned L. pro, forward ttersus, pp. of

;

uertere, to turn.

See Verse.
(L.)

Prosecute.
;

From

pp. of proseqtit, to pursue.

L.prosecutus, L. pro, for-

BHA.)
ace.

Allied to

Fame.
nearness.
(F.

L. p) opinqmtatem, Proselyte, a convert. (F.-L. Gk.^ L. // oselytum, ace. of of propinquitas, nearness. L. pro- O. F. prosclite. Gk. Trpoo~rj\vTos, one who has L. ptope, adv., neai. proselytes. pinquus, near come to a place, a stranger, a convert Propitious, favourable. (L.) For L. Gk. irpoffcpActs ii. 10. Prob. a term in to Judaism propitius, favourable. ' Xopah I approach, 2 aor. vpoa^KOov augury, with the sense flying foi wards.' Gk. rrpos, to; Hpxopat,! I., irpoo-T)\v0oi'). pro-, forward; petere, to seek, ong. to ( See Petition. Der. propfaate, from come. [Gk. tpxopat and ij\vBov are from fly. different loots; the latter goes with c\vpp. of L pj-opitiare, to render propitious. F. proportion aofjiai, I will come; fiom -y^LEUDH.] .) Proportion. ( F
;
.

Propinquity, O. F propinquiU.

L.)

ward sequl, to follow. Doublet, pursue.

See

Sequence

ace. ptdportionetii) from proportio, L. pto, before, in comparative relation see Porrelation to ; portio, a portion

L.

tion.

Propose.

(F.-L. and

Gk

F. pro;

L. Gk.) ^.prosodie. (F. L. prosodia. Gk. irpoacpbia, a song sung to an instrument, a tone, accent, piosody, Gk. irpus, to, accom(or laws of verse). panying (8r], an ode. See Ode.

Prosody.

L. pro, before poser, Tit to place before. F. poser, to place, from Gk. See Pose. Proposition. (F. L. ) F. proposition L. L. ace propositionem, a statement. piopOMtus, pp of ptdponerc, to put forth. L. p>o, forth ponere, to put.
;

Prosopopoeia,
Gk.)

personification.

(L

L. prosopopoeia.* Gk.

-npoffearrorroua

propound.

(!<)

The d is

formerly propoune, propone. ^ above).

excrescent L. proponere
;

Gk. TrpoGomoTroitlv, to perpersonification. Gk tTpbffoJiTQ-v, a face, a person ; sonify irouiv, to make, npuacuiro^ is from npos, towards, and &n-, stem of anf>s, face, appearSee Pros-, Optic, and Poem. ance.
(L.) L. prospectus, a view. L. prospectus, pp. of prospicere, to look L. pro, forward ; specere, to look. forward. See Species. Der. prospectus L. pro* spectus a view. Prosperous. (L.) L. prosper, adj., prosperous with suffix -ous. Cf. L. pro-

Prospect.

Propriety. (F -L.) M.F./r0/rz>#,a

f property, also a comely assortment," Cot. L ace. proprietdtem, from proprietds, L. propnus, pioperty; also, propriety. one's own. Doublet, property.

Prorogue

(F.-L.)
;

F. proroguer.

L. prorogare, to propose an extension of hence, to defer. sper-, weak giade of sper- for spes, hope. office, lit. to ask publicly L. pro, publicly See Der. prosper, vb. ; O. prosperer, L prorogart, to ask. Hogation. sperare^ to prosper ; from prosper^ adj. Pros-, towards. (Gk.) Gk. TT/OOS, to- Prosthetic, prefixed. (Gk.) Modem ; wards fuller form irpori, extended fiom as if for Gk. t irpoo'0TiK6y, lit. disposed to add due to Gk. irp6o*0tr-os, added, put ifp6, before, -f- Skt. prati, towards, from
. ; ; ;

sperus, by-form of prosper. Lit. according ' L. pro, for, according to ; to one's hope

'

pra, before.

See Pro-.

to.

Gk.

irpos,

to;

0-r<>s, placed,

put,

415

PROSTITUTE
verbal adj. from the base 0c- , to place.

PROW
See
thrust forth. -L. prd, forth; trudere (pp. triisus], to thrust. Der. protrus-ion (from the pp.). Cf. Intrude. Protuberant. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of protuberdre, to bulge out. See L. pro, forward ; tuber, a swelling.

Thesis.

Prostitute. (L.) L. prdstituta, f. pp. of prostituere to expose openly, prostitute. L. pro, forth ; statuere, to place, causal of See State. stare, to stand. Prostrate. (L) L. prostrdtus, pp. of prosternere, to throw forward on the ground. L. prd, forward ; sternere, to
',

Tuber.
proud\
E. prud, later A. S. prut, proud; whence the Icel. prftSr, proud, is supposed to have been borrowed ; cf. Dan.
older

Proud. (F.-L.')

M.

form prut.

spread.

Der. prostrat-ion. (L. Gk.) From L. Proteus late word in A. S. ; p. (misdivided as Prote-us}, a sea-god who prud, stately, Gk. npcurein, arid prob. merely bonovved from O. French. often changed his form.
See Stratum.

Protean.

a sea-god

cf.

irpwros, first, chief.

O. F. prod, prud,

fern,

prode, prude,

Protect.
Tegument. Protest.

(L.)

From
;

L. protectus, pp.

Prove, to test, demonstrate. (L.) The A. S. usual old sense is to test or try - L.) F. protester. - L. pro/ian. [Cf. O. prover, later prouver, (F. L. 'to prove, try, essay, verifie Cot.] proiestdri, to protest, bear public witness. L. L. pro, forth, in public; iestart, to probdre, to test, try the goodness of.
. '
;

of protegere, to protect lit. cover in front. L pro, in front ; tegere, to cover. See

valiant, notable (taken in a See further under Prowess.

bad sense). Der. pride.

The final r is L.) O. F. provendrt Late L. an O. F. Gk.* irpo0a\aju.io> a song (Godefroy), usually provemfe, 'provender, *prothala,minni. Late L. pr&written before a marriage a coined word. also, a prebendary;' Cot. Gk. irpo, before; 0aAa/*os, a bedroom, benda, an allowance of provisions, also bride-chamber. Coined to accompany a prebend see Prebend. Proverb. (F. - L.) F. proverbe. - L. epithalamium, q.v. Protocol, the first draught of a docu- prouerbium, a common saying. L. pro, ment. (F.-L -Gk.) ^.protocole, the publicly; uerb-ttni, a word, cognate with Late L. E Word first di aught or copy of a deed.' Late Gk. TrpojToKoAAov, exProvide. (L.) L. prouidere (pp. prdprotoiollum. L. plained by Schelcr to mean orig. a first utsus), to foresee, act with foresight. See Vision. nidere, to see. leaf, glued on to MSS in order to register pro, before by whom the MS. was written, &c. By a Der. provident, provis-ton. decree of Justinian, certain MSS. were to Province. (F.-L.) IF. province L. under It prouincia, a territory brought be thus accompanied by a fly-leaf. means first glued on,' i. e fastened on at Roman government. (Of doubtful origin.) Gk. ir/?o)ro-s, first Ko\\qv, the beginning. Provision. ( F L ) F provision foreace. prduisionem, to glue, from /coAXa, glue. foresight, ITpcDros is a L. L. prouis-ns, pp. thought, purveyance. superl. form from npo, before; see Pro-. r protomartyr. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. oi prouidere, to provide for. See Provide. Gk. Late L protomartyr. IPrOVOke. (F. L.) Y.provoquer Cot. protomartyre
ment.

witness,

from

testis,

a witness.
(L.
<

See Testa- probus, excellent.

See Probable.

Provender.

Protnalamium.

Gk.)

(F. addition.

'

L. pro, L. prouocdre, to call forth. See Vocal forth uocare, to call. TO-S, first (above) Martyr. Provost, a prefect. (L.) A. F\provost * prototype. (F -L.-G1O F.//<> [cf. M. F. pievost, the provost or president Gk. rrpcuro- of a college;' Cot.] A. S. prafost. ls. L. ace. prdtotypum. type. L. rvrrov, a prototype, neut. of npojroTvnos, pr&positus, a prefect, one set over. Gk. -npwro'S, praponere, to set over. L. pr<z t before ; according to the first form. See Position. first (above) ponere, to put. TVTTOS, a type; see Type. Protract. (L.) From L. protractus, PrOW, front part of a ship. (F. L. F. proue (F. proue}, prow. [Cf. pp. of protrahere, to draw forward, also Gk.) O. to extend, prolong. L pro, forth ; trahcre, Ital. proda.~\ L. prom, a prow; the 2nd r disappearing to avoid the double trill (as to draw. See Trace (i), Portray. Protrude. (L.) L. protrudere, to also in Prov. Span. Port, proa, Genoese
'

TTpouTonapTvp,

lit.

first

Gk. TT/Wmartyr.' paprvp, a martyr see

;

PROWESS
prua\
Gk. irpypa, the prow. See Pro-. before, in front.

PSYCHICAL
Gk.
ir/>d-,
) foreseeing, pres. pt. of prouidere, to foresee. L./rJ, before ; uidere, to

Prowess,

bravery.

(F.-L.)

M.

E.
;

see.

See Vision.
(i), to trim trees.

prowes, pruesse.Q. F. prouesse, prowess formed with suffix -esse (<L. -ttta\ from O. F. prou (F preux], valiant, p. Etym
;

Prune
Very

(F.

?~L.

?)

whence M HL.prow advantage). Although O F prod was used to translate \j. probut fiom L pro, prefix, and tingcre, to anoint. the spelling with d shows there is no con- 2. Ptoine, to prune trees, is from O. F. nexion between these foims. y. Schekr */>or roignier, fiom L. pro* prefix, and * rotund? are to explains it fiom L. prod as occurring in rotgnier, to prune < L. so that prod was make round. See Round. prdd-ei.se, to benefit taken to mean 'for the benefit of; and Prune (2), a plum (F.~ L. Gk ) we even find F. prou used as an adveib, a-, L. priinuni* - Gk. Ttpoiivov prune, in prou, 'much, greatly, enough;' Cot shorter lonn ofirpov/jivov, a plum. Prodi* the old form of/r, before. prunella, prunello, a strong
(

we also find O F. prod, prud, disputed proz, pious, pru\ Prov. proz, Ital. prode, valiant, notable (whence Ital. ptodezza, prowessX Also O. F. prou, sb advantage
,

E. proinen, prunen, to dress oneself up smartly, trim Gascoigne has proyne, to piune off shoots. But these ate two distinct woids. i. The M. E proinen, to trim, esp. used of a bird dressing its featheis, is fiom O. F. poi otgn-, a s'.em oiporoindre, used in the same sense
difficult.
;

M.

E prollen, Prowl. (O. Low T. ) to search after continually. I prollc, I go here and there to seke a thyng Pals' grave. Prollyn, scrutor. Piollynge, or
*
' ;

woollen

stuff,

Gk ) F prunelle^ a sloe (with (F. lef to the colour); whence prunella is a

Latinised
form.

ong.

of a

dark

colour.

Dimin.

of

F.

prune

'

sekynge, perscrutado

meant to word plunder,

also
trifles/ or

rob,
it

Piompt. Parv. It Like the plunder.

(above)

prob

meant 'to

filch

Low

'to sneak after trifles'; from G. prull, prulle, a tiifle, thing of small value (Bremen) a C'f Dn pruL
*

bawble'

'lumber, luggage, pelf, trampcry, toys' (id.) prullena ragman (Calisch) E. Fries kooper,
i^Sewel), prullcn,
;
;

Prurient. (LO \^. prurient-, stem of pres pt. ot prfii fre, to itch, orig. to burn. Allied to E. Freeze. 562. Brugm. i Pry, to peer into, search inquisitively. - JL ) E prtcn. - F. pner, preer, (F to pillage [to search for plunder] Late L. predare, to plunder, also to investigate ; Due. L. prffda, prey see Prey.

prulle,

pnd,

a trifle
.

Root unknown

Psalm.
merly sa/m

(L.

- Gk.

M. E. psalm,

for-

Proximity

fF.

L. proximitatem, L proxtmus, nearness

F pro* innte. L.) ace. of proximitas,

very

A. S scalm.
a

Gk.

i/'aA /*os,

touching,

L. psalmus. twitching the

Der psalmod-y, F. psalmodie, L. harp Palsgiavc has psalmodia, Gk. ^a\/xo)8a, a singing to the Late L. harp, from <ji;5j), a song see Ode. short for procttracy. prockesy prdcicratta, used for \^.procuratio, managepsaltery, a stringed instrument. O. F. psalterie (i2th ment. L. procurare, to manage, to pro- (F. - L. - Gk.) 1 Gk. ^a\rrjpiov, a cure. See Procure cent.). pialterium. Prude, a woman of affected modesty. kind of harp. Gk. if>a\rr]p, a harper. L ) F. prude, M. F. preude, orig. in Gk. ^-aX-Afty, to twang a haip ; with (F a good sense, chaste used Der. psalter, but not suffix -rrjp of the agent. originally) as the fern, of F. preux, O. F. O. F. psaltier, a book of psalms, L. preu, excellent, which at first had but one psaltenum, (i) a psaltery, (2) a psalter. form for the masc. and fern. (Godefroy). Pseudonym. (F. Gk.) V.pseudoPerhaps the forms preudomme, preude- nyme (1690). Gk. ifjfvb'wvvfJLOs, adj , called femme arose from misundei standing the by a false name. Gk. i//{)5-o?, falsehood C). F. phiases prcu d'otnme and preu de (^euSqsr, false), from i^fvbtii^ to he 6Vv/xa, femmc (Tobler). O F. preu is a variant a name.

superl form from prope, near. pinquity.

near a See Pro;

strings of a harp; also a song, psalm. Gk \f/a\\iv, to touch, twitch, twang a

Proxy.
;

(Late

L.)

,.

of

()

F. prod)

prou

I F. prudent. -L, .) (F. prudenteni) ace. of prudens, contr. foim of

Prudent.

see

Prowess

Pshaw,
tive

interjection.
cf.

(E.)

An

imita-

word

pish, pooh.

Psychical,

pertaining to the soul.

(L.

417

PSYCHOLOGY
L. psychictis. Gk. \lsv\i.itu$t Gk.) belonging to the soul or life. Gk. tyvxh,
soul,
life,

PUKE
puddig, a lump, a
;

From

orig.

breath.

Gk.

if/vxew,

to

blow.

stumpy ; Westphal. puddek, pudding. Apparently from a Teut. base *pud, to swell out, similar to *put cf. A. S. pud-uc, a wen (Toller)
thick,

psychology.
Tj,

soul, life

Gk. ^t/x<>-, for (Gk.) -\oyia, from \6yos, a disFor;

and see Poodle and Pout.

Irish putog, a pudding, Gael.

P. Cf. also

putag\

W.
t

course, from \fyfiv, to speak. Ptarmigan, a bird. (Gael.)

merly termigant.

Gael, tartnachan

Irish

tarmochan

was piobably due to a notion of a Greek origin but Gk. irrapmilfoil fjiiKT) means
^f

The/
'

'

F. pubei t, youth. L. piibcrtateni, ace. of pubertas, age of L. pubes, the signs of manhood, maturity. Allied to pu-pu s,pu-er, a boy. Der. hair. pubescence, sb. due to pubescent-, stem of pres. pt of pfiba>cere, to arrive at puberty. Public. (F.-L.) F. public, masc., L publicus, belongpublique, fern. Cot. ing to the people also poubhcos, pophcos L. populus, the people. (in inscriptions). publican. (L ) M. E. publican. L. publicanus, a tax-gatherer, Luke lii. is ong. an adj., belonging to the public L. pnblwis (above). revenue.

Puberty.

(F.

- L.)

paunch, a pudding ; Corn. pof a bag, pudding also W. pwtyn, a short round body, Gael, put, a buoy, inflated See Pout. skin; all borrowed words. Puddle (i), a small dirty j>ool. (E.) M. E. podel. Dim in. with E. suffix -e!, of A. S. picdd, a ditch, a furrow (Toller).
; i

puddle
(E
)

1'rom the

(2), to sb.

make thick or muddy. above.

Puerile. (F.L.)
cent.).

M.F./wm/

(15111

L. piterilis, boyish.

L. puer, a
child-birth.

boy.
(L.)
\

puerperal, relating to From L. piterpera, fem.

a child.

, bearing L. puer, a boy; and parere, to

adj

bear; see Parent. Puff, to blow. (E.) M. E. puffen ; of imitative origin -|-G. puffen^ to puff, pop, Dan. puffe, to pop, Swed. puffa, to crack, push W./w^f, a puff (from E.).
;

publication. (F.-L.) F'.publication. L. ace pubhcatwnem \^*publicatus, pp. L. piibhcus, of public tire, to make public.
public.

out appearance, or fi om its swelling beak. Pug, a monkey, a kind of dog. (E.) Ong an imp, or little demon (Ben Jonson)

puffin, a

bird.

(E.)

From

its

puffed

An

publish. (F.-L.)
analogical formation
the

M.
;

E. publishen. founded on F.

pubher, to publish.

(above). L.) (F. a flea couleur Y.puce, O. F. pulce. L. pulicem, ace. puce, puce of piilcx, a flea. fl[ Said to be the same as puke, which was also the name of a darkbrown colour, but the iotmpuke is difficult to explain. The Picard and Walloon form

\ J .publicd) e

see Nares, s. v. puck. later form of ' puck. Cf. Dan. dial. puge, a puck/ sprite ; and (perhaps) Dan. dial, pugge, a toad.
*

PUC6,
'

name

of a colour.

A pug-dog is
(Hind.)

a dog with a short

scarf

monkey -

Lit.

flea-colour.'
;

like face;' hat.

Wedgwood.
Hind. pagri t

Puggry, Pliggery, a
Yule.

iound the a turban

;

Pugilism.

(L.)
I/,

of puce was puche.

boxer. Allied to the fist.

From L. pugil, a pugiius, Gk. ^1/7-^77,

fuck.
(Napier)
\V.

M. E pouke. KS.piica (E.) pugnacious. (L.) Coined from L. whence Irish///oz, an elf, sprite pugn&ci-, decl stem uipugnax^ combative. L. pugiius, the L. pugnare, to fight. pwca, pwci -f-Icel. puki, an imp.
;
,

Pucker, to gather into folds. (Scand.) fist. (F.-L.) Puny is for Particularly used of the folds in the top of Puisne, a poke or bag, when gathered together by puisne, a law-term, implying inferior in So also M. Ital rank. A. F. and M. F. puisne^ l puny, drawing the string tight * Cot. L. post natus, satcolare, to pucker, from sacco, a sack younger, bom after and E. purse, as to purse up the brows.' born after. See Natal. Cf Norman F. pouque, for F. poche, a Puissant, mighty. (F.-L.) F. puis-

Puny.
;

See Poke (i). sant, powerful. Cf. \\$\.posscnte, powerful. an intestine filled with meat, From *possient- for *possent~, stem of a a sau^nge hence, a sort of light food, barbarous L. *possens, substituted for L. made of flour, eggs, &c. (E.) M. E. potens, powerful. Cf Low G. pudding, a Puke, to vomit. (E. ?) Prob of imitapudding, poding
pouch, bag.
;

Pudding,

pudding; pudde-wurst, a black-pudding; tive origin, partly suggested by spew. 418

Cf.

PULE
G
.

PUN

spucken, to spit ; O. F. escoupir, to is for *pel-no\ cf. Gk. iriX-vapai, *I draw near quickly;' Brugm. ii, 612. spit, sput, esput, a spitting. Pule, lto chirp, to whimper. (F. L.) F. pulse (1), a throb. (F.-L.) F. pouts, ' the pulse ; Cot. L. pulsum, ace. of piauler, to cheep as a young bird, to pule or howle Cot. In Gascon, pioula. Cf. pulsus, the beating of the pulse. L./wAwj, Ital. pigolare, to chirp, moan. Imitative pp. of pellere (above). vvoids; allied to L pipilare, plpare, to Pulse (2), grain or seed of beans, peas, &c. (L.) M.E. /w/j.-L. puls, a thick chirp see Pipe. Full. (E.) M. .///<?; S.pullian, j)ap or pottage made of meal, pulse, &c. to pull, pluck. -4-Low G. pulen, to pick, (hence applied to the pulse itself). -f-Gk.
'

'

pinch, pull, pluck, tear; Dan. dial, pulk, Cf. also Low G. pulleti, to drink in gulps (cf. E. to take a pull} Pullet. (F.-L.) M.E./0to.-O. F. polete, later pouhtte^ fun. of F. poalct, a chicken, dimin. of F. poiile, a hen. Late L pulla, fern, of pulhi*, a chicken. See

TroAros, porridge.

.pulverizer \ Cot. Late L. pttlverizdre, to reduce to dust L. puluerare, the same. L puluer(for *pulues-}, stem of puluis, dust. Allied
(
;

Pulverise.

F.

- L.) M.

Der. poultice, q

v.

to polhs, pollen, fine meal, pafca. Gk. TrdATy, meal, dust.

chaff;

aquadui])ed. (Penman. Peruv. L. - Gk.v) From F. puma. Pumice. (F.-L.") [A.S. pumic-stdn, pouhf a pully ;' Cot. Cf. l\&\.puleggta; Late L. poledia, a crane ; Due. Perhaps pumice-stone.] E fomu,e. M. F. from Late L. *polidia, ong. pi. of *poh- pumice.* Is. pumtc- y stem of pu?nex, d?um<Gk. *7ro;Ai5io' a little colt, dimin. pumice. \ rom an Idg. base *poim-, whence of mDAos, a colt. Cf. O. F. pouhcr, a also A. S./<7w, foam from its foam-like See Foam. pulley, answering to Late Gk. trtuXdpiov, appearance. a little colt foims aie the same as Pommel. p. The M. E poliue (=^pollve, riming with drive), Ch ; (i), a machine for raising water. also poleyne, Prompt. Parv. The latter ( F. - Teut.) M.E. pumpe. - F. pompe. form is from F. poulain, a fole, a colt, G pumpe^ aKo plumpe^ whiJi is> likealso the rope wherewith wine is let down wise an imitative form Cf. piov. G. into a seller [cellar], a pulley-rope Cot. plumpen to pump. p. The G. plumpen Late L. pulldnus, a colt. L. pullus, also means to plump, fall plump, move a young animal see Pullet. So also K. suddenly and violently, from the plunging The action of the piston. It is theiefore allied /////<y/anbvveis to mod. Y.potthe. -y* transference of sense causes no difficulty; to E. Plump (2), of imitative origin. 7. even find prov. E. plump, to pump, thusM.F.^<7w/y^,a filly, also means a beam, and F. chevre, a goat, also means a kind Corn, phtmpy, to pump, also DU./W//J, oi crane the names of animals are applied Swed. pump, Dan. pompe, Kuss pompa, to contrivances for exerting force. Cf. also a pump, all borrowed words and (the Late L. poldnus, a pulley or pulley-rope, imitative forms) Span and Port, bomba, also a kind of sledge, a pump, a bomb. fl" Diez deiives E. L. pulley from F. poulie, and then, con(2), a thin-soled shoe. (F. This is Gk ) So called because used for pomp or versely, F. pouhe from E. pull. G. Paris (Romania, July, ornament cf F. & pied de plomb et de very unlikely. '98, p. 486) suggests Gk. *TroA/5io/, dimin. pompe, with a slow and stately gate,' i. e. of woAos, a pivot, axis; see Pole (2). See Pomp gait; Cot. Pulmonary, affecting the lungs. (L.) PumpioxL, Pumpkin, a kind of L. gourd (F. L. pulmonarius, affecting the lungs. Gk.) The old foims are F. pompon, 'a pulmon-, stem of pulmo, a lurig.-f Gk. pumpion and pompon. See Pneumatic. Cot. cf. \ia\.popone IT\CVUGW, a lung. pumpion or melon Pulp. (F. - L.) F. pulpe. - L pulpa, (Florio) l^.peponetn, ace. vipepo> a large melon. Gk. irttruv, a kind of melon, eaten pulp of fruit, pith. Pulpit. (F. - L.) O. F. pulpite. - L. quite ripe. Gk. irtnojv, mellow, from Treir(2).
'
;

Pool

PuUey.
y

(F.

Puma,

Pump

Pummel,

'

We

Pump
l

M
;

'

pulpilum, a

scaffold, stage for actors.

rfiv, to ripen

see

Cook.

L. ?) Of uncertain origin. to throb. (L.) From pp. of (Ital. ? L pulsare, to throb, beat ; frequent, form Also used at first, in the forms ptinnet and of pellere L. pel-lo pitndigrion* (pp. pulsus), to drive. Perhaps the latter repiesents

Pulsate,

Pun.

419

PUNCH
f//0,a cavil, orig. a small point. L. punctum^ a point. Ital. punto, a point.

PUPA
was made print, or seale' upon it, which See Punwith a puncheon or stamp. cheon (\\ ^f So also M, Ital. putt zone means both puncheon or bodkm, and puncheon or wine-vessel. Punchinello ; see Punch (4) . Punctate, dotted. (L ) Coined from L. pnnct-um, a point; with suffix -ate L. punctus,^. Q^pungere^ to (L. -atus}.
;

Punch 1), to perforate. (F.-L.) M.E. punchen, to prick which seems to have been coined from the ^.punclnon^punchon, punsoun, a dagger, awl. See Puncheon (I Punch (2), to beat, bruise. (F.-L.) M. E. punchen and Shoit for punish punischen are equivalent (Prompt. Paiv.).
1

).

prick see Pungent. Span, punSkt.) beverage. (Hind. punctilio. (Span. dimin. of So called from consisting of/?z/<? ingredients, titlo, a nice point of honom "L. pitnctu?Ji, a in- punto, a point. point see spirit, water, lemon-juice, sugar, spice troduced fiom India, byway of Goa men- Punctate, Point. Hind, panch, five tioned A.D. 1669. punctual. (F. L.) M. F. ponctuel, Late L. punctualis. See Five. ^[ The 'punctuall;' Cot Skt. pancha, five. Hind, short a is pronounced like E // in \puncfu-m, a point sec Point. mud\ it occurs again \\\ pundit, punkah. punctuate. (L.) From pp. of Late L punctuare, to determine, define. L. (4), a short, hump- backed fellow a point s^above). contracin a puppet-show. (Ttal. L.) \pitnctn-ni, tion for Punch me ilo,vf\\\c\\ occurs A.D. 1666 puncture. (!>) I- pundura, a prick. This is a conuption of Ital. ////L. punctus, pp. 0$ pungerc, to prick. (Nares) cinello (by the change of / to ;z, the Ital. ci Pundit, a learned man. (Skt.) Skt. being sounded as E c/u). Pulcinello is the pandita- (with cerebral ntt), adj., learned, Skt. pan^ we sb., a wise man, scholar. droll clown in Neapolitan comedy See note to also find \\s\* pum meHa, 'punch, buffoon/ to heap up or together. dimin. form of Ital pulcino, Punch (3). Meadows. cf. pulcella, a young a young chicken Pungent. (X) "L. pungent-, stern of; from L. pullns, the young of any pres. pt. of pungere, to puck, pt. t. pugirl animal, allied to pner, a boy. See Pullet pug-i, pp. fomctni. (Base PUG.) The lit. sense of pulcinello is little chicken Punish. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. F. puniss-, stem of pres. pt. of thence, a little boy, a puppet, fl" Confused inschen. with prov. E. punch, short, fat, which is pumr, to punish. L. punire, to punish.

See Punish.

Punch

(3),

Punch

/-

Judy is for (perhaps) allied to Bunch. Judith, once a common name. (i) a punch or awl. (F. M. E. punchon, pun sou n. Gascon L.)

pa'na,

penalty.

Gk.

Trotny,

penalty.

See Pain

Puncheon

(F. poin^on\ a bodkin, also a puncheon, a stamp,' &rc Cf. Span punzon, a punch, Ital. Cot. punzone, a punch, bodkin, also a wine-

pounchoun,
'

F.

pomson

L. punctionem, ace. of pitnctio, The gender of this a pricking, puncture word was changed from fern, to masc., whilst at the same time the sense was
barrel.

Punkah, a large fan. (Hind. -Skt.) Hind, pankha^ a fan allied to pankha, a wing, feather, paksha, a wing Allied to Skt paksha-, a wing. Cf Pers pankan, a sieve, a fan. See note to Punch (3). C.) (i), a flat-bottomed boat. (L. A S punt. L ponto, a punt (also a a word of Gaulish origin pontoon) From Celtic type *qonto- cf. L. (ontus
:

Punt

changed from
pundits,

'

'

pricking

to
t

pricker.'
;

L.

pp of pungere to prick Pungent. See also Puncheon (2^

see

Puncheon (2}, a cask. F

<

L.?)

From
awl
f

Gascon pounchoun,

punch

or

M.

F. poinson (F. poin$on^, 'a bodkin, also a puncheon [steel tool], also a stamp,

aj>nnting-pole, whence prov. E. quont, quant, a pun ting-pole (21, to play at a game at cards called basset. (F. L.) Tf.ponte, Span a punt, a punter, a red ace, pouter^ to a point, also a pip at punt. Span punto, cards L. pnnctum, a point. See Point.
/roi/roy,

<Gk

Punt

Or immediately from Spanish.

mark, print, or seale

Cot. This clude that the O. F. poinson (F. poin^on^ remains the same word in all its senses, and ' that the cask was named from the mark,

also, a wme-vessell ;' is a difficult word ; but I con;

Puny
Pupa,
girl,

see

Puisne.

doll,

insect).

(L) L. pupa, a puppet (hence, undeveloped Fern, oi pupus, a boy; allied to

a
chrysalis.

putus, puer, a boy.

(y'

PEU.)

PUPIL
pupil
O, F.
(i)

PURPLE
(F.
L.)

a scholar, ward.

L. ace. puntatem, purett, 'punty:' Cot. L. piirtis, pure. pupil (2), the cenlial spot of the eyea puieness. - L. pupilla, Purl (i\ to flow \\ith a murmuring (F. L.) F. pupille (fern.) the sound. (E.) Cf. M. E. pnlle* pirle, a little girl, also pupil (name due to So also Swed porla, to small images seen in the pupil). Fern, of whirly-gig (toy). a fiequent. form as a stream inirl, bubble pupillus (above). from a base pur-, imitative of the sound.

puptipile, F. pupille (inasc.). an orphan-boy, pillum, ace. of pupillus, ward

;

L.

designate one who of life; see below.

aimed

at great

purity

purity. (F -L.)

ILpurctee

-F.

limm. of pupus, a boy (above).

.

puppet. (F.-L/) M.E./0/6'/.-M.F.

' '

a poupctte, Jhimn. of L

little

baby, puppet
see

Cot.

Sec Purr,

Purl
ed.

(4).

pupa;

Pupa
N

.above).

Purl
Phillips,

(2\ spiced
1706.

beer.

(F.

-L.)

In

puppy,

-L)
Cot
but
it

1.

a dandy. (F. Y.poupa, 'a baby, a puppet ;'

(i) a

whelp;

(2

C f. G per leu, to pearl, clear that, in K., the term was pet Id, jelly-bi oth. See of rise in small bubbles like pearls. applied to the young of an animal, ebp The F. poupte (as if<L. *pupdta Pearl a dog. see Pupa 00,t form an edging on lace, inis a derivative of L. pupa fre(F L.) 2. In the sense cf dandy,' puppy vert stitches in knitting.
is
.
>

Here 'baby'

really

means

'doll,'

It pearl. suet e perk

But it should be was a term in cookery; thus

is

bouillon sugai boiled twite,

Furl

>

'

(ab^ F. poupin,popm, spruce trim represents as \{<\j.*pitpinus} fiom the same source. Der./w/, short far puppy.

quently misspelt pcail.

purjlc.

Contraction

of

Pur-,

prefix.

(F.-L.)

O.

put-, F.

cmfourfiler, to puirle, 1" bi cider on an edge. po-ur (!,./>/<?), confused i as often) with F. par (.L per],

M.

I"

a curious pour-, pour, (Span por], for, Thus pur- and variation of L /; o, lor and pur-vey, pro-Tide pro- arc equivalent
,

thioughout
a thread.

L. fllum, fil a thread, Irom See Pile (i), Profile.

;

Purl
fiom M.

are doublets.

(4\ to upset. (E.) Better pirl\ E pith, a whirligig, formed by

.

See Purl (i). the border of a forest, &c. L.) (V.-L..) Formerly pout allee, altered to (F. rormeriy ... confusion with t lieu, a place; (Similarly parboil, to boil \purheu by pore-blind The O. F. pouralee, also spelt pttrley. thoroughly, came to mean to boil partially.) v. 86. Tw. Puie poralee is a soit of translation of Late L.

L and\^ ) Grig pure(F. wholly blind, M. F. pur blind, Rob of Glouc. p 376 See Pure and It afterwards came to mean Blind. confusion with partly blind, piob. through the verb to pore, as Sir T. Elyot writes pore, *
Purblind.
i.e

Mind,

the frequent, suffix -/ from the imitative word ptrr, to whirl See Purr, Pirouette. So also Itul. pirlarc, 'to twnle round;'

Flono.

Purlieu,

ihawn, punhaccn.
s

Q. F. purchaser, pmsue eageily, acquire, get O. F pur chacer and C) F. pour} from L. pro
,

deL. purgare = *pur-i%are loignicr,porloignier,\.Q prolong, retard, L. pur-us, lay (hence to keep back, detain, filch). vPlautus has exp&ngdtio). L. pro, forL. prolongare^ to prolong. pure agere, to make. - L ) F. purifier. - L. ward longus, long. See Long. Doublet, purify. (F. L. pun-, for prolong. p&rtficaie, to make pure. Purple. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E.purprt purus, p\\.i\ facere, to make. Ber. pun- O F. porpre, later pourpre, (with r) fic-at-ion. Purim, an annual Jewish festival the puiple. L. purpura, the pxirple-nsh. Gk. rrofxpvpa, the purple-fish; cf. Gk. Ileb. purim, lots feast of lots. (Heb.) an epithet of the of a lot. See Esther ix. 26. 7rop<pupos, purple, orig.
e,

perambulatio,w\M&. meant 'all that ground near any forest, which, being made forest by Henry II., Rich 1., or king John, were (sic} by perambulations granted by Henry ManIII., severed again from the same see Chase (i). Pure. tF.-I- F. pur, masc., pure, wood's Forest Laws. The etymology is O F. pur (F. /wr)<L. pro, and 1>. Cf.bkt.///, from fern., pure. purus, pure O F. alee, a going, for which see Alley. to purify. L. purPurloin, to steal. (F.-L.) O. F. purL.) F. purger. purge. ( b

-wholly,

*"*"--"*
Nt., vb.

Purchase,

(K-L)
;

M.E./s

'

'

to purify.

pi.

pur,

Puritan.

(L.)

coined word,

to

surging sea.

-Gk.

rrop<f>vpt>,

reduplicated

421

PURPORT
form of tfrvpciVj to mix tip, stir violently, allied to Skt. loot bkur, to be active. Purport, to imply. (F.-L) O. F.
purporter^ pourparler, to declare, inform we also fai& purport, sb., (hence, imply) tenor (Roquefort). O F. pur, F, pour, from L. pro, according to porter, to carry, For the sense, cf bring, from L portfire.
; ;

PUTRID
poritcieH) (purveicn, porveien'}, to provide.

L prouidere, to F. pourvoir] , to provide. See Provide. provide. purview, a proviso. (F. L.) applied to the enacting part of a statute so called because it ong. began with purvcu
;

A. F. purveier, purveer (O. Y.poruoir,

Now

est,\\.

is

provided.

F. porveu, pp. of

import.

See Port
(i), to

(i).

0. F. porvoir (F. pourooir}, to provide.

L. prouidere, to provide (ahove). Pus, white matter from a sore. (L.) L. pus (gen. piiris}, pus.-l-Cik. nvov, matter vSkt. pity a-, pus, from piiy y to stink. Allied to Foul. (yTEU.) Brugm.i. 113. Push. (F. L.) M. E. possen, pussen. O. F. pousser,poulscr, to push, thrust. L. ptihare, to beat, thrust, frequent, of
;

Purpose
Gk.)

O.

Y .purpose?,

L. and intend. (F. a variant of proposer,

L. pro, befoie; to propose, intend. F. poser, to place; see Pose (i).

and

Purpose (2), intention.

(F.-L.) M.E.

See Pulsate. (L.) L. pnsillamPurr, Pur. (E ) An imitative word for m-is, mean-spirited with suffix -ous. \,. various sounds, chiefly of the murmuring of pitsill-us, mean, small; ammus, courage. Pusillus is related to pfisus, small; cf. a cat. Cf. Scotch //;r, a gentle wind; K. buzz Irish, bururus, a gurgling sound. putus, a boy. (-/FED.) See Purl ,1), Purl (4), and Pirouette. PUSS, a cat, hare, (E.) Prob. an imitaM.E pur$\ also tive word, from the spitting of the cat. Purse. (L. Gk A S. purs, ling Stiuhen, xi. 65 We find also V)\\.pocs, Low G pirn s, pinis pors [Also bin v. O. F. borse, later bourse, a katte, Svved. dial. pus y Norw. J>jd, pmts\ And even Late L. bursa, a purse. Gk. Irish and Gar I pus (from K) pin se.] of which purses were S. Tamil pusei, a cat, putfia in the Cash* ftvpffij, a hide, skin made. Der. purse, vb., to wrinkle up, like gar dialect of Afghan. Lith. J^MZ, a word
pellere, to drive.

purpos. O. Y.pourpos, a variant Apropos, a purpose. L. proposition, a thing proposed, neut. of pp. O'L propone re, to propose. See L. pfffj before; poncre, to place.

Position.

Pusillanimous.
;

a parse

drawn

together.

to call a cat.

L)

Purslain, Purslane, a herb. (F.M. E purslaitc, por\ehyne M. F

pourcelainc,

porctlainC)

purslane;

Cot.
;

Formed from L. pordluca, purslam

(Pliny)
,

usually spelt portulaca Pursue. ( F. L. ^ O. F. pormit pursutr. pourtuir mod. Norman F. porsuir, mod F. poitrsuivre, to pursue. O. F./0; pur< L pro, and j#z/'<Late L. sequere, for L. scji/fj to follow. Der pursu-ant, F. purmir\ pur' from the pics pt. of suiv-ant, from the pres. pt of poitrswurc pursuit, from F. poursuite, fcm. sb. answermg to L. prosecfita, fern, of the pp. of
; ,

Pustule. (F.-L.) F. pustuk.-l,. pustula, another form of pusula, a blister, j)imple. Perhaps allied to Gk. ^veaA/s, a bladder, fyvffau, I blow. Put. (E ) M.E. putt en ; A. S potian, to pii^h, thiust; [whence also Gael, put,

(F.-L.) M.E (Palsgiave).-M. F, putus, clean. (yPEU.) pourcif (Palsgrave), variant of pouhif, Putrefy. (F.-L.) M. F. putrefier-, 'pursie, short-winded,' Cot. TA.Y.poulser, as if from L. *putrifiid,re\ but the true F./^^^r,topush also to pant,-see Push, L forms aie piUrefaccre, to make putrid,

proieqw, to pursue.

Pursy,

short-winded.

W. pwtio, Corn, poot, to push, kick].-|-Du./^;/, to j3lant, set,/^/, a twig, M. L)n. pote, a ;cion, plant (see Flies. putje y Dan. putte, to Franck) ; ]>ut place; Swed. dial. putta, to push. Putative, reputed. (F.-L.) Y.putal^.putatif. 'L.putatiuus, presumptive The tu\, pp. of putare, to think, suppose. ong. sense was to make clean, then to make clear, to come to a clear result L.
to push, thrust
;

purcy,

also ptircyf

Purtenance.
apurtenance
;

(F.-L.) Short for M.E.

see

Appurtenance.
.

L. put) putrefieri, to become putrid. putrid (below) \fatere, to make.

i-s,

Purulent, (F.-L.)
purulentus, full of matter. of pits, matter see Pus.
;

purulmt.-l,,
L.
/>/?;-,

putrid. (F.-L.)

M.

*'<.- L.

stem

Purvey.

(F.-L.)

M. E. purueien,

putruhis, stinking. *-L. putn-, decl. stem of puter, putris, rotten; cf. putrSre, to be See Pus. rotten, putere, to stink.

422

PUTTOCK
a kite, hawk.
(F.

QUADROON
and
E.)

G. guaken, Icel. kvaka, Dan. gvakke, to Puttock, M, E. puttok. The surname Puttock was croak, quack. Cf. L. coaxare, to croak, ViQv.l&. Gk. /foo, a croaking. also sometimes spelt Putthawk. and E. hawk. quack (2), to cry up a nostrum. (Du.) putt, for pou!t a chicken ; Due to the older word quacksalver hence, See Poult. (F.-LowG.) M.F./<7//f, cal- to act as a quack- salver or a quack.
t
;

Putty.

cined tin, also putty; orig. a potful (of cf. M. F. pottein, bits of broken metal) All bits of broken metal, pottin, solder. from Y.pot, a pot, of Germanic origin. See
;

Du.

kwakzal-ver,
,

quacksalver.

Du.

to apply salves in a kwakzalven, vb Cf. Du. kwakken, to croak, trifling way.

Pot.

which came to mean 'to trifle, linger' see and Du. za/f, a salve (Franck)
;
;

Puzzle, and Gk.)

difficult
,

Grig, a sb

L. question. (F. and short for op-

Salve.

L. quadrag~esima,\\<i. fortieth fern, powl, spelt both opposayle and apposayle in (L older form qitadraLydgat", with the sense of question. These of quadragesimus are from the verb oppose, like dem-al from gensumus, fortieth. l^quadragiuta, forty.
)

Quadragesima,
;

forty days of Lent.

;

deny, &c.
,

L. quadra-, i elated to qnattnort four; M.F./j^/;//, -gtn/a, allied to Gk. -KOVJO. (foi *5o^ra), Cot. See quadrate. 'L.fyg'MtfUs, adj., and to L. decein, ten. adj. dwarf-like dwarf-like; fiom pi. Pygm<?2 the lace of quadrangle. (F.-L^ F. quadPygmies. Gk. Tlvynaiui, pygmies, fabulous rangle. \ Jt quadrangulntn sb., neut. of dwarfs of the length of a mry/ny, i e. about quadrat*'gufas, four-comered. L. qttadr-, 13 \ in. (from the elbow to the knuckles). related to quattuor, four anguhts, angle. Gk. irvynj), a fist see Pugilist. See Angle (i).
(2)

See

Pose

Pygmy. (F.-L-Gk.)
;

TruAcwpos,

the lower orifice of the stomach, entrance to the intestines orig. a gate;

Pylorus. (L.-Gk.) L/j/^c-Gk.

Gk.
:

(Prellwitz); *irv\a-/ op6s from ttvKa = irv\-r], a gate f6po$ (cf. o/>os) a keeper, watcher, allied to Wary.

keeper.

quadrant. (L.^ M.E. quadrant. L. quadrant-, stem of qttadrans, sb., a fourth Extended from L. quadr- (above). part. quadrate. (L.) I quadratus, pp. of L. quadr-, qttadrare, to make square.
allied to quattuor, four;

seeFour. Brugm.

Pyramid.

ratms Gk. irvpafjiis (stem rrt;/>a/u5-) a pyramid. Prob. of Egyptian origin. Pyre. (L Gk.) L. pyra Gk. irvpd, a funeral pile. Gk. irvp, fire; allied to E.
,

Formerly pyL. pyramis (stem pyramid-}

(L.

Gk.)

h.

168.

quadrennial.
vial, adj.

L.

For quadriett(I-.) quadnenni-um, a space of

;

four years;

with suffix -al. L. quadri-, see belonging to four; annus, a yeai

Annals.
^.quadrilaterL. qitadm(above); later-, for *lates-> stem of /atus, a side. See Lateral.
(L.)
us> four-sided
;

Fire.

quadrilateral.
with

pyrites. (L -Gk.)
TTvpiTTj?,

L./;>;^.-Gk.
ong. an adj
,

suffix -a/.

flint,

pyrites;

belonging to

fire

Gk.

irvp, fire.

pyrotechnic, belonging
(Gk.)

to firewoiks.
irvp,

Coined from Gk. irvpo-, for fire; Txi'if(6$, artistic, from Tt'x^j an see Technical.

quadrille. (F. Span. -L.) Formerly game at cards for four. F. quadrille,
;

ait

Gk.) Python, a large snake. (L L. python, a seipent slain by Apollo near Gk. Gk. UvOcw (the same). Delphi. TlvOfa, a former name of Delphi.

Pyx. (L.-Gk.) Shortened from L. Gk. Gk. irv(i$, a box. pyxis > a box. Allied to Box (i), os, box-wood.
Box
(2).

Q
noise as a duck. M. E. queke, as a duck's cry ; an (k.) imitative kwaken, kivakken,

Quack

(i), to

make a

(2) masc., (i) fern., a troop of horses but orig. fern., a game at cards. The former answers to Ital. quadriglia, M. but the latter Ital. squadriglia, a troop to Span, cuadrilla^ a meeting of four Span, cuadra^ a square. Late persons. L. quadra, fern, of quadrus, square. quadrillion, a million raised to the Coined by prefixing fourth power. (L.) L. quadr- i.e. four, to -illion, which is m-illion without the m. quadroon. (Span. L.) For quartroon. Span cuarteron the child of a Creole and a Spaniard one who is, in a fourth also a fourth part. part, a black Span.
; .
,

423

QUADRUPED
cuat
to,

QUARRY
,

L. quirtum, ace. of qualitt. L. qudlitdtem, ace. of L. quali-s, of what sort. quart us, fouith see quartern. sort, kind. quadruped. (I*.) L. quadrupedus, Allied to E. "Which. four-footed quadruped-, stem of quadruqualify. (F. - L.) F. qnalifiet - Late L. quadru-, L. quali/icare^ to endue with a quality, /<?<, quadripes, four-footed. four umes pes, a foot see quadrant. L. quali-s, of what sort facere, to make.
;

a fourth part.

quadruple. (K.-L.)
L.

quadruplum^
L.
'
' ;

ace.

Y.quadniple. of quadruplus,

four-fold

qitad'u- (above); -////>, see Double. signifying fold to drink in huge draughts. (E.)

quatt (Sir T. Moie). A Southern ionn of Lowl. Sc. wancht, to quaff; from wane/it, sb. a O. Noi thumb. *waht = A. S. draught. iveciht, 'moistened*; from wetcan, vb. to moisten. Allied to Dti. wak, moist. See
Spelt quaitght (Palsgiave)
;

Quaff,

E. qualm, usually 'a A. S. civealm, pestilence. 4" pestilence.' O. Sax. quahu, destruction, death; O.H.G. qualm, destruction. [Perhaps not the same word as Du kwalm, thick vapour.] Tout, type *kwalmoz, masc. from *kwal, 2nd grade of *kwel-an-, to die. See

Qualm.

(E.)

M.

Quell.

Wake

a quadruped. (Kaffir.) A Xosa- Kaffir word. Kaffir iqivara (\\ f. wheie the r is guttural. See N. Davi->) and (J. 9 S. v. 3.

(2).

Quagga,
;

a perplexity (L. Gk.) bid state of mind Kut. of Burning Pestle, i J. It probably arose from 'condarye, tor hypo-condarye, a morbid ' slate of mind. I, seeing him so troubled,

Ong. a moi

Quandary,

asked him what newes

in so great a

Quagmire.
Stamhurst
;

i.

Quaigh,
Gael. cuaih.

Spelt quake-mi re in quaking bog. Quaich, a cup (C.-L.)

(E.)
e.
L,.

. had put him hypo-condarye\" Blackball, Brief Narration, ab. 1640 (SpaldmgClub), See Hypochondria. (H.B p. 175.
.
. )

caucus, a cup.

Quail (i), to cower. (K-L.) Not from A. S. cwelan, to die, though perhaps sometimes confused with it. Hut the same Quarantine. (F.-L.) OY. quaranword as prov. E quail, to curdle, used of tine (^Roquefort), usually quarantatne, a milk. See Piompt. Paiv., and Way's space of F. quarante, forty. forty days.
t

M..\L.qnantttee. .b L. quantitatem, ace. of quantity. quanta'as quantity. L. quanti-, for quanfu\ how much. Related to quani and to i/uh, who. Brugrn. i. 41^.
. ,

Quantity. (F.-L.)

quailen, to curdle, coagucoailler, quailier, F. cailler, to coagulate, to curdle (see Supp. to Godefroy). L. coaguldre see Coagulate. Cf. Ital. iaglia>e, to curdle; also,
late, is

note.

The M. E

L.

qtiadragintciy

forty

see

Quadra-

from O. F.

gesima.

Quarrel (0, a dispute.

cjticrele.(_) F.

(F.

M.E.

to lack courage, to quail M. Ital. quagHare, the same (Tornano). Quail (2), a bird. (F.-Low L. Low M.E. quaille. O. F. quaillc, F. G.;
;

L. quaqmla,& quad. M Du. Du. kwdkkel, a quail. M. Du. quarrel. L. quadnu> square; see QuadFrom rate quacken, Du. kwakcn, to quack. the noise which the bird makes. See quarry 'i\ a place where stones arc
caille.

Low

a complaint. L. quert, to See Querulous. Quarrel (2 ), a square-headed cross-bow bolt. (1 - L ) M.K. gw0;'<?/. - O F. qua? re I, M. F. quarreau, a diamond, square tile, cross-bow bolt. Late L quadrellus, a

querele,

later querelle.

qucrela

complain.
H .

quackel,

Quack.

dug. (F.
, ,

L.

Quaint, neat, odd, whimsical (F. LO M. E. qiteint, also quoint comt commonly
with the sense of famous.' and O. M. F. coin?, 'quaint, cornpt, neat, line;' Cot. L. cognitus, well-known, pp. of
'

qitarrere, a place

Formerly quarrer M.E. where stones are squared.

;
;

cognoscere,

to

know

sec

Cognisance.

Der

( ). F. quamere, a quarry F. carrier. Late L. quadrana, a quarry for squared stones. L. quadrare, to square. L. quadnts, square, ^f The sense was suggested by L. quadratanus, a stone-squarer, also

M. K quake n, cwakien. (E. ) A. S. civacJan, to quake; cf. cwectan, to wag; J . Fries, kivakkelen, to be unsteady.

ac-quaint,

a stone-cutter (merely).
(2], a heap of slaughtered M. E. querrt. O. F. (k L.) curee, cuiree (F. curte), intestines of a slam animal, the part given to hounds so called because wrapped in the skin. F.

Quake.
(

Quarry
.

game,

Der. Quak-er (A.D. 1650)

(
.

see

Quality. F - L. ) M.E.

Haydn,

qualitee.

-F

424

QUART
tuir, a skin, hide.

QUERN
hide.

L.

conum,

See

Cuirass.
the fourth of a gallon. (F.-L.) - F. quarte. - L. quarta (i. e. . E. quarte. /a^),afourth/part; fem. Aquarius, fourth. Related to L. qtiattuor, four. Brugm i.

Quart,

Quay, a wharf. (F.-C.) Formerly M.E. key, keye. M. F. quay kay, key Cot. Bret. (F. quai)f the key of a haven W. cae, an kae, an enclosure, a quay enclosure, hedge. Celt, type *kagi- allied
\
'

to

used slightingly. A. $. civene, -4 O. II. G. quena, a wife; Goth.favitw Tcut. type *kivenon~. L. quart ana {febris}, a quartan fever; Also Irish ben, W. bun, a woman Russ. fem Qiquartanns, belonging to the fourth jena, wife Idg. type *g(w}ena. Cf. Gk. See Queen. Brugm. i. L. qnarlus, fourth (above). yvvrj, Pers. zan
279;

quartan. cumng on the

L ) F. quartatne, re(F. fourth day (said of a fever).

Haw, Hedge. Quean, a woman

(E.)

Q/uairter. F. L. ) M. E. quarter. L. quartanus, O. F quarter, quarticr

(

670.
(Scand.) TA&.quaysy,queysy, causing or feeling nausea. Non\ eg. kveis, Icel tdra-kvcisa, sickness after a debauch colic Cf. Icel. kvcisa, a whitlow, boil Low G. quese, a blister; quesen-kopp, a
; ;

iouith part

L quarti^, quartern, fourth of

foi

Queasy.

fourth.
a pint

Short

a quart crone 11 1, ace. of quartera, a fourth Late L. quarterns, from L. quartii^^ part

O F

qmu tcron.

M.L

quart cron,

L.) (F quarteronn. Late J quartern,

J brain-disease in sheep Juries, kwase, a blister, boil, worm causing giddiness

1

iouith.

quartet, quartette
Ital.

(Ital .

-L

sheep.
)
;

quartet to {quartette is a F. spelling) 1, flimm ot quarto, fourth. quartus,

fourth.

from quean, which spelling

civcn, a

Queen.

(E.)

"Differing

m
is

gradation

restricted to

the use of the woicl in a lowei sense.

A.
-4- 1

S.

woman
;

four leaves. ^L.) in a fourth part

quarto, having the From

,

sheet folded into L. phr. in quarto, where quarto is abl of

Teut. kvan, wife type tfavtems, fem.; Idg. type *g(iv)?m-, cf. bkt. 677. -jam-, wife. Brugm. i.

Merc kwocn Goth kwens, woman.

;

eel.

quartus, fouith. Quartz, & mineral. (G.) G. quarz, M. II rock-cr\stal quarz Quash. F. L.) M. E. quaschen O. F. quaver* later casser, to break, quash. L. qua\*at c, to shatter; frequent, of quatc) e ^supine qnassum\ to shake. Quassia, a South-American tree. (Per&onnl name.) Named by Linn?cus (like dahl-ia from Dahl} from Quassi, a ncgio of Surinam, who pointed out the use of the bark as a tonic in 1730. Quassi is a
;

'

G. queer, across cf. qnere, obliquity. In Awdclay's Fraternity of Vagabonds, p. 4, a quire fellow is one who has just come out of piison cf. Low G. in der quere So also Itggen, to lie across, he queerly. G. quer, transverse; querkopf, a queer G quer answers to O. H. G. fellow.
; 1

(VGwEN.^ Queer. (,LowG.)

'

A cant word

Low

twer, transverse,

Icel.

}verr (whence E.

thwart].

common
JL.
J

negro name.

See Thwart. Quell, to subdue. (E.) to kill. A. S. civellan, to

M.
kill

E.
;

qitellen,

causal of

Quaternary,
)
.

( F. consisting of fours F. quatemaire. L. quaterndnus. L. quaterni, pi , four at a time.

quaftiior, four.

quaternion. (L) L. quaternion-, si em of qualernio, a band of four men;

Ac's
xii.

quatrain. (F.-L.)
s'aiua of four lines.

see above. quaterni,\>\. F. quatrain, a

;

F. quatre, lour.

- L.

cwetan, to dic.+Pu. kwellen, Icel. kvelja, Swed. qvalja, Dan. qvcele, to torment, all choke causal forms. Teut. type from *kwal 2nd stem of *kwaljan*kwel-an-, to die. See Quail (i). Quench. (E ) M. E. quenchen. A. S. cwencan, to extinguish ; causal of A. S. cwmcan (pt. t. civanc\ to go out, be ex; ;
t

quattuor, four.

Cf. O. Fries, kwtnka, to be tinguished extinguished

Quaver, vb (K.} Frequent, of quave, Allied \\. K. quauen (u v), to quake. to M. E. quappen, to throb, palpitate.
Compare Quake.
note
in

L. quert, to L. qitertmonia, a complaint. complain with Idg. suffixes -nwn-ja-.

;

Querimonious,

fretful.

(L.)

From

Der. quaver,
trill,

sb.,

music, orig. a

shake.

And

Quern, Kern,
grain. (E.)

a handmill foi

grirdmg

M. E.
*

see quiver (i).

cwyrn

orig.

A. S cweom, that which grinds.' -f ^ u querne.

QUERULOUS
kweern, Tetit. type qvarn, Goth, kwaii-nus. *kwernuz. Cf. also Russ. /WTWW, a millstone
;

QUINSY
and of Teut.
quill

Icel.

kvern, Dan. qu<zm, Swed.

origin. -f
;

Low G.

kiil,

a goose-

(Berghaus)
;

(Woeste)

G.

kiel,

Westphalian kwisle M. H. G. kit or kil.

Lith. girna, stone in a hand-mill.

i.

Brugm.

670.
(L.) L. querulus, L. queri, to complain. to sigh. 355. Biugm. i.
fretful.

Quill Fiom O.
pluck
;

OuerulOTLS,

pleat a ruff. (F.-L.) F. cuilhr (F. cueillir\ to gather, also used in the sense of to pleat ;
(2),

to

fuu of complaints.

For qucere, an enquiry. (L.) L. quare, imp. sing. i.e. enquire thou. for *qu<zs-ere, 2 pers. of qucerere, to seek

Skt.

ft>0.f,

Query,

see Rom. Rose, 1219, and Chaucer's Folk-L. *colhgire, for L. coltranslation See Cull. Allied ligere, to cull, collect. to the Guernsey word enquiller, to pleat

(Metivier).

as in L.
1

qtiteso,

I beg.

'

queste; F.

sought

L. quanta (res\ a thing of pp. of qitttrere, to seek. L. question. (F. I,.) F. question. I,, ace. quicstionem, an enquiry. quces-, base Q[ qucerere, to seek with suffix -/zJ;/-. F. queue, a a tail. (F. L.)

quest,
;

Brugm. ii. search. (F -L.)

662. O. F.

yAV

fern,

Quillet, a sly trick in argument. (L.) Short for L. quidhbet, anything you choose. L. quid, anything hbet,\t pleases (you). Quilt, a bed-cover, &c. (F. L.) M.E. K.Y. and O. F. cuilte, a quilt qutlte. L. culcita, a cushion, mat(i 2th cent ).
;

tress, pillow, quilt.

Quinary, consisting of fives. (L ) L. quindmts, arranged by fives. L quint, For *qttinc-m, from qmnof quib, a sar- five at a time. Quibble. (L.) Dimin. casm ;Ash) which is a weakened form of que, five. Cf. bint, two at a time. See Five. ^mp See Quip. L. E. quik. Gk.) Formerly Quince. (F. Quick, living, lively. (E.) M. ( A. S civic, civicu 4-Du. zw/&, Icel. Xrz/7/C-r, quence, quyns. (Cf. M. F. coignasse, the Dan. qvik, Sv\ed. ^z<r/&, O. H. G. quec greatest kind of quince/ Cot.) Merely the *kwikuz or *kwikwoz, allied to pi. foim of M. E. quync, come, or coin, Teut.

Queue,

tail.-L. cauda, a
;

tall

see

Caudal.

type

the shoiter Teut. type *kwiwoz, as in Goth. byw, L. bwius, living, cf. Irish beo, uiuus, L\\h.gywas, Russ /2zw, alive; Gk. Bi ugm. i. life 85 Skt.//"z>, to live.

a quince.

O. F. coin, F. coing, a quince.

[The same
cotogna,

0/os,

318, 677.
scolfor.

Der. quick- silver

A.

S.

cwic-

quicken.
to

become

M. E. quiknen, orig. (E.) A. S. civic, alive. alive.

;

as Prov. codotng\ cf. Ital. L. ^cotonium, for a quince.] *cydonium (the Ital. cotogna being from Gk. Kvfiuviov pri\ov, L. cydonia, a quince). Gk. a quince, lit. a Cydonian apple. Kvtiuiia, Kvfiawis, Cydonia, one of the chief cities of Crete.
;

Quid, a mouthful of tobacco (E.) Merely another form of cud M. E. qutde,

cud.

Quincunx,

an arrangement by

fives.

See Cud.

Late a nicety, cavil. (L ) L. L. qmdditds, the nature of a thing. ? Neut. viquis, quid, what i e. what is it

Quiddity,
;

(L.) Applied to trees arranged like the spots on the side of a die marked L qumque,hvt\ unaa, 5; L. quincunx. an ounce, small mark, such as a spot on

a die

see Uncial.

who see "Who. Quiet, adj. (L.)

;

L. quietus, quiet ong. the inceptive pp of *(juiere, only used form qmescere,to be still. Cf. quits, lest. Allied to O. Pers. shiyati-, a place of
;

extract of Peruvian bark. (F. F. quinine, formed with suffix -me (L. -ina), from F. quina, Peruvian Peruvian kina, or kina-kma, said bark.

Quinine,
Peiuv.)

delight, to E. While.

home
767.

Fers. shad, pleased 130, Brugm. i.

and 675;
;

to mean bark/ esp. that which Peruvian bark.

'

we

call

Horn,

quietus, sb. ; pt. of quiesccre.

Der. quiet, sb. and vb. quiescent, from stem of pres.

ge^ima

M. E. Calamus Quadragesima. <ff So also quinquanQuylle, a stalk, qmlle. five angles quinqui-ennial\ Prompt. Parv. Quill also meant the faucet gular, having of a barrel, or a reed to wind yarn on. lasting five years.

Quill

(i ),
'

a feather, pen.

(E

?)

(day) fern, of quinL. quinqud-,toiquinqudgesinius,1n.i\.\e\.}i. -gesunus, for que, five, allied to E. Five see *-gensimus, allied to decem, ttn
(dies}, fiftieth
; ; ;

Quinquagesima.

(L.)

l^.quinqud-

'

This is a difficult and doubtful word, not found at an eaily elate. Apparently E.,

Quinsy.
squinancy.

(F.

Gk ) Formerly also O. F. quinancie (Supp. to

426

QUINTAIN
Godefroy, s. v. esquinance) ; also squinancie (i6th cent.) squinance, 'the squin' ancy or squinzie ; Cot. Formed (sometimes with prefixed s - O. F. es-, L. *r, very) from Gk. KvvayKij, lit. a dog- throttling, Gk. kind of sore throat. apj)lied to a bad a dog; ayX'* LV , to KVV-, stem of uvw, choke. Quintain. (F. L.) M. Y. quintaine, a post with arms, for beginners to tilt at. The form of the woid is such that it must be allied to L. qutntdna, a street in the camp, which separated the fifth maniple from the sixth ; where was the market and Doubtless business-place of the camp. this public place \vas also the scene of martial exercises and trials of skill the Late L. qitintana means (i) a quintain, also (2) a part of a stiect (space) where carm^r es could pass. -L. quintdnus, fiom
;
;

QUOTE
see Cure. L. cura kurke a whim.
; y

Cf. E. Fries,

kure,

adj., as in

Orig. an K. quyt, quitt O. F. quite, disalso quyte, free ; adj. charged, released, free. Late L. quitus, quittuS) altered forms of Late L quietus^ Cf. Late L. quieta at rest, hence, free. clamantia, A. F. quite claime, E. quit

Quit,

freed,
*

free.

(F.-L.)

quit claim.

claim

quietum cldmdre^ quitum lamare>

i

to quit a claim ; quietdre, quit at e,quittdre> to free from debt. See Quiet. Per. quit t
vb.,

F.
;

adj

quitter, O. F. q utter, from the hence quitt-ance, O. F. quitance^

;

Late L. quitantia, quietantia Cf. Coy.

acquit.
\

qumtus,
quc, five.

fifth.

1'

01

*qmnc-tus from qumt

See IPive. Quintal, a hundred-weight. (F. Span, Arab. L.) F. quintal (Cot.). Span, quintal. Arab. qintdr, a weight of kwifei n, to be lively. Not a true Arab, word; but Quiver (2), a case for arrows. (F. 100 Ibs. O. H. G.) O. F. cuivre, citevie, coivre, formed from L. centum a bundled. G. cokar\ cf. O. Quintessence, pure essence. (F. L.) a quiver. O. Sax. a I fifth essence.' Lit. quiver; A. S. cocer, quinta essentia, kohhar (G. kocher}^ Teut. type *kukuro-j whence essence (in addition lo the foui a quiver. fifth Med L. cucurum, a quiver. See below and Essence. elements). Named from Den Quintuple, * five-fold. (F. L.) F. Quixotic. (Span.) novel L. quintuples, a coined word. Quixote 01 Qutjote, a by Cervantes.
;

quite. (F. L.) M. E. quite an adverbial use of the M. E. adj. quite, free, now spelt quit see above. Quiver (i), to shiver. (E.) Allied to obsolete adj. quiver } full of motion, biisk ; A. S cwifer, in the comp. adv. iwifcr-lice, Cf. M. Du. kuyven, kityveren, to eagerly. E. Fries, kwtfer, lively, quiver (Kihan)
;

'

Drant's Horace, bk. q nippy L. quippe, forsooth (ironical).

,

quintuple. from L. quint u-s, fifth, for *quinttm gutnyuCffiw, -plu, i.e. -fold; see Double. Quip, a taunt, cavil. (L.) Formerly
',

Ouoif

the same as Coif.

Quoin,
as F, coin
;

a wedge.
see

(.

L.)

The same

Coin.
a ring of iron for throwing
L.
?)

ii.

sat. i.

For *quid- at a mark. (F.

cf.

Quoit, Coit,
Lovvl. Sc.

M.E

coite,

coyte\
justle.

pe\ Biugm.

i.

585.

Der. quibble,

coit,

to

push about,

Quire (i), a collection of sheets of L) Spelt fwaerw the Ancren paper. (F Riwle. O. F. quaicr (i3tli cent.\ later Late L. quaycr, cayer\ mod. F. cahier quaternum, a collection of four leaves ^we find Late L. quaternus, glossed by A. F.
quaer in Wright's Voc.
iilso Ital.

Trob. from O. F.

cottier, quoiticr, to pi ess,

'

quaderno, a quire.

qiiattuor^ four. as in F. etiferfrom L. infernutnJ}

116); whence Allied to L. [The suffix -nuin is lost

i.

Not

fiom L. quatermO) which could not thus suffer loss of the ace. teimmation -monem. Quire (2), a band of singers; see how many; allied to qui, who; see Who. Choir. - F. - L.) quote. (F. L.) Formerly also cote. Quirk, a cavil. (M. Du. M. Du. kuerkcn, a cunning trick/ Hex- O. F. quoter, coter, to quote. Late L. quoham. Dim in. of M. Du. kure, Du. kuur, tare, to mark off into chapters and verses, for references a whim, also a cure. F. cure, a cuie. hence, to give a reference.
;
'

push, hasten, incite, urge on (which prob. also had the sense to hurl '). Of unknown oiigm. Cf. Prov. cottar, to hasten, urge. Quorum. (L.") It was usual to nominate members of a committee, of whom (qtwrtmi) a certain number must be present L quorum, of whom ; to form a meeting. Allied to "Who. gen. pi. of qui, who. Quota, a share. (Ital,-L.) Ital. quotay a share. L. quota (par*}, how great a L. quot t part fern, of quotus, how great.

427

QUOTH
"L. quolui)

RACK
see above.
course. (Scand.) (i)> a swift ras (North) ; [rees (South), from I eel. ras, a running, race. A. S. rofs]. Hence it is not for Tent, base *r<?s-. *ratiSj i. e. a running (as in Noreen). - Ital.) F. race. ( 2 \ a family. (F Ital. razza, rasa, also M. Ital. raggia, Of doubtful a race, broode,' Florio. but answering to L. type *radia, origin

how many, how much, with

;

Race

allusion to chapters, &c.

M. E

M, E. quoth,

Quoth,

he said. (E

Properly a pt.
cwteft, pt.
t

quod.K..

of

cweban, to bay. Icel. kva$, pt. t. of bvetia, to say; Goth, kwath, pt t. of kwithan, to Per. quotha, for quoth he. say. F. quotidaily. (K--L )

Race
;

"

Quotidian,
'L.

dien.

how many */>r, a clay. Thus = a clay, on quottdianus on however many

for quotus,
;

quotidianns, daily.

L. quott-,

allied

to

radiarC) to ladiate.
.

(Kortmg,
'

6612)

any day,

daily.

F. quotient, the part which falls to each man's share L. ^quotient-, the imaginary stem Cot.

quotient.

(F.

<?r~L)

of L quotiens, how really indeclinable.

many

times which is L. quot, how many.

;

See Quote.

R.
to cut the edges of boards so F. that they overlap and can be joined. -L.) M. E. rabct, sb., Prompt. Parv.

Rabbet,

race of (3\ a root. (F O. F. rats, ginger;' \\int Tn. iv. 3. 50. L. radfcem, ace. of radix, ?a;z, a root. See Radix, Radish. a root. Raceme, a clustei (F. I,.) F. raceme. L. racenmm, ace. of racennts, a cluster. 1 a g ia m above a manger, an )^ instalment of torture. (E J In some senses the word is doubtless English cf. M. E. In the particular rekke, a rack for hay. sense to torture/ it may have been bor.

Race

- L.)

Rack

t-

'v

'

<

rowed fiom M. Du.

torture.

Rabetynge togedyt of two boulys to abate, Apparently from O. F. yabafre, F ie- ^L. diminish; hence, to thin down. r^-), ngam ; and abatre, to ribnte see Abate. Confused with F. raboter, to plane from F. rabot, a plnne cf Rebate. Rabbi,Rabbin,Mi (^ -Gk.-IIeb) Gk. /5a#/. - 1 leb L. rabbi, John i. 38,
*

'

id

rat ken, to rack, to radical sense of rack is to hence, as sb., rack is extend, stretch out a straight bar (cf. G. rack, a lail, bar) ; hence, a frame-work, such as the bars in a grating above a manger, a frame-work

The

rabbi, literally my master.' Fleb. rab, Heb master and z~, my. great as sb root rabab, to be gicat. (The form rabbin
; , ;

used for torture, a bar with teeth in which a cog-wheel can work. On the rack in. great anxiety wack-renti* a rent stretched to its full value, or nearly so. Allied words are Icel rakkr, straight, rckhja, to strain, M. Du. } acken, to stretch, icach out, to lack; Swed. ;-<?/', straight, (i rat k, a rack,
;

is

French

Babbit.
rabet.

Du ) (Walloon alloon rabett (Remade).

j|

-M

rail,

M.'E

Dimm
tony

reiken, to stretch; esp. Low G. rakk, a shelf, as in E. plate-rack. Cf. Goth. ^[ Rack is used iij-rakjan^ to stretch out

of

M. Du.

robbe, dimin. >obbcken, a labbit

in

(KilianX

The

true E.

Babble.
made by
chatter;
,

(M. Du.)

name From

is

Rack
uScand.)
iv.

many

senses

(2^, light

see rack (2], rack (3), &c. vapoury clouds, mist.

2.

the noise

See Hamlet, n.
Tl E. rak.
,

a crowd

M. Du.

506

Antony,
y

rabbelen, to

rabbeht, to chatter, babble. The suffix -le gives a frequentative force rabble that which keeps on making a noise. Cf. Rap and see Rapparee.
;

Low

14.

JO

Icel

G.

motion, a thing drifted cf. or drifting clouds Icel. reka* to drive, thrust, toss cognate with A. S. ivrecan, to drive. See Wreak. Cf. Swed. ^keppet
;

rek drift, skyrek, the rack

Rabid, mad. (L ) L. rabidit*, mad. L. rabere, to rage, rave. C f Rage Raca. (Chaldee.) Matt. v. 22. Chaldee reka, worthless hence, foolish. RaCCOOn, RaCOOn. (N. American Indian.) Spelt rackoon in l>ailey (1735). The native W. Indian nnme. Arathkone^ a beast like a fox ; glossary of Indian Words subjoined to A Historic of Travaile
;

7>niker--ihc ship

drifts.

Rack
\

(3\ to pour
'

off liquor, to clear

it

fiom dregs or lees. (K. L. V) Minsheu M. F. (1627) speaks of rackt wines.' l taqnt whence mn raque, small, or corse wine, squeezed from the diegs of the
(

'

'

into Virginia,

by

W. Strachoy

grapes, already drained of all their best Cf. Languedoc raqua, moisture;' Cot. to glean grapes raquo, skin of grapes
;

(pub. by the
j

Hakluyt Soc.

in 1849").

Span, rascon, soui rascar, to scrape. Prob. of L origin see Rascal,

(D'Hombies)

428

RACK

RAIN
;

same as wrack in the raf, rafr, a roof, cognate with O.H.G. rafo, see a spar, rafter. Allied to Gk. fyotftos, a roof, rack and ruin* "Wrack. !pe>>, to cover. O/REBH ) Jf Not allied to A. S. hrof^ a roof. Rack (5) sec Arrack. Rack 6) a neck of m ulton ( E.) A S rafter, a beam to suppoit a roof. (E.) A S. rtefter. An extension of the word hracca, the back of the head (occiput} above. see Somner, and Vocab. 463. 21. ^[
(4), the

Hack

phr.

'to

go
;

to

also find rack (7), for reck, to care rack (8), to i elate, from A. S. racu, an account
;

rack ($), a pace of a horse, i. e. a rockin pace; see Rock (2\ Also rack (id], a track, cart-rut, from A S. racu, atiack. Racket (i), Raquet, a bat with a net-work blade. (F. Span Arab.) M.K, raket cf. M. F. borrowed from O F.
;

(Scand) M. E ragqe \Ve only A. S. raggie* for *raggige, rough, shaggy as if formed from a sb. *ragg->

Rag.

find

Norw. tagg, rough

shaggy (E. ragged}
;

hair,

whence ragged,
,

Swed. ragg^ rough Icel. rogg> hair, whence raggig, shaggy shaggmess, ragged r, shaggy. Ong. sense
ness.

raquette Span, laqucta, a racket, battledoie. Aiab. raJiat, the palm of the hand (hence the game oi fives., which preceded To this day, tennis is called in rackets). V. j>autne i. c. palm of the hand, though
,

whence the notion oi untidito Gk. /3d/cos, a shred of cloth, is accidental. Der. ragshagginess,'
<fl

The resemblance
;

stone,

i. e. rugged stone ragged plant.

rag-wort,
.

i,

e.

now

Rage. F - L }
(
.

played with bats. Racket (-2), a noise. (E.)

,

ace

of
see

rabii-s, lage.

rage. - L rabiem, L. rabere, to rage.

Ofimitative

And

Rave.

also Gael, racaid, a noise; Irish tacan, noise ; Gael, rac, to make a noise like geese or ducks.
origin
cf. rattle,

rap.

So

F. rago fit, a seaL.) (F. soned dish F. rago&tet'jto coax a sick man's appetite. F. re-, again; a, to;

Ragout.

see Raccoon. ; of strong flavour, spirited. (F. Jtal. with E. suffix} A'ac-y = indicative of its race, due to its breed. See

Racoon
Racy,
;

L. regoiitcr, to taste. See Gust (2). taste.

ad; gu^tare, to
Northern form

Raid.

(North

EJ

R-ace (2\

Radiant, il^
ray.

Fiom stem

pt. of L. radiarc, to shine.

of pres L. radius, a

of E. road. Cf. Icel. tcid, a udmg, a road. See Road. Rail 1,1), a bar. (F.-L.) M. E. rail. F. reille, a rail, Not found in A. S.

bar;
;

sec Radix. F. radis Piov. L.) ^F. (not a true F. word, but boi rowed from

Radical
Radish..

bar.
ci

Norman dial rai/e. l.. regula, a See Rule Cf. Low G. tcgel, a rail,
;

oss-bar

Provencal).

Prov

raditz,
^|

radlcem\ see Radix. is from Ital. rathce.

Or

L a root. the F. rndis

hom L. Rail
raillcr,

riegcl,

Swed. regel, a bai, bolt H. G. rigil, a bar, bolt;

to brawl, scold. (F ) deride; O. F. raille,

G.
all

(2),

F.
sb., raill-

to

Radius,

a ray. (L
(i)

L. radius, a lay.

mockery.
er-y, ?

Ongin unknown.

Der

Doublet, ray

Radix,
pddafjLvos,

a root

(L.">

L. radix (stem
;

Rail
raalle
rale.
;

radic-}, a loot.

a twig See Root and Wort. Der. radic-al, L. radicahs. Raffle, a kind of lottery. (F. - G.) E raj?e, a game at dice M. F. rajle, O. F raflc, raffle, a game at three dice F. rafter, to snatch up. a gust of wind G. raffeln, to snatch up frequent of raffen, to snatch away, carry off hastily. See Rap (2) Raft. (Scand.) M. E. raft, a spar, ' beam; ong. sense rafter.' Icel. raptr (raftr\ a rafter, beam (where the final r is merely the sign of the nom. case) Dan. Allied to Icel. raft) a rafter, a beam.

+ Gk. />abi, a branch, rod

raillene, banter. (3), a bird. (F.-TeuO O. F. M. F. rasle, * a rayle/ Cot. F.

;

(From

its cry.)

(4), part of a woman's night-dress. See Halliwell and Palsgrave. M.E. A. S hrcegl, hregl, a dress, robe, re^el. .waddling-clothes -f- O Fries, hreil, reil\ O. G. hregtl, a garment. Teut. type

Rail

E.)

*hragilom, neut.

Raiment.
F
suffix.}

(F.

L.
foi

and Scand.; with

arrai-ment\
y

Short

see

Array.

Rain. (E.) M.E.rm/. A.S. regn also ren (by contraction). -fEHi- regen, Icel, Dan. Swed, regn, G. regen, Goth, ram.

429

RAINDEER
Raindeer;
Raise.
see

RANCH
rnmm.
vb
,

Beindeer.

E. reisen -Icel. reisa, to make to rise, causal of rTsa (pt. t. reis^ 9 to rise ; so also Dan. reise, Swed.
(Scand.)
resa, to raise.

M.

Cf. Icel. ramr, strong. Der. to butt, push, thrust ; ram-rod.

ram,

See Bise, Bear (i). Raisin. (F.-L.) M.E.raj/.-O.F.

raisin,

a grape; also a bunch. FolkL. racimitm, for L. racemum, ace. of tacemus, a cluster. Rajah, prince. (Skt.) Skt. raja, the nom. case from the stem rajan, a king. Cognate with L. rex see Begal.
;

a great Mohammedan fast. (Arab.) So called because kept in the ninth month, nsimedJ?ama</an. Arab, ramaddn, pronounced ramazan in Turkish and Persian. As it is in the ninth month of the lunar but year, it may take place in any season it is supposed to have been originally held * in the hot season. The word implies con' from Arab, root rained, it suming fire

Ramadan,

rajpoot, a prince. (Hind. Skt.) Hind. rajpnt, a prince; lit. 'son of a rajah.' Skt raj-a, a king ptitra, son.
;

Rake

(i),

an implement.

rakel, rage, a poker, Swed. raka, an oven-rake (with base rak-} ; also Icel. reka, a shovel, G. recken, a rake (with base ;#&-). Allied to Goth,

raca, a rake.-f*Du.

(E.) a rake,

A.S. Dan.

(Devic, Richardson.) Ramble. (E.) Frequentative of M. E. ramien (?), prov. E. rame, to rove, to gad about (Yks.) cf. E. Fries, ramen, ramen, to rove, ramble The b is excrescent, and ramble is for prov. E. rammle, to ramble
;

was

hot.

nkan (Tent, type *rek-an-, pt. t. rami-^ for ramns, a branch, bough -ficare, to collect, heap up. Cf. Icel. raka, for facere, to make. With L. rdmus, cf. Der. rake, vb. Gk. /SciSa/u'os , a twig. Bragm. i. vb., to rake. 529. Not to bound, leap (E.) (2), a dissolute man. proM. E. rakel^ rash, oddly corrupted to rake- perly to climb, scramble, rear; also to hell (Trench, Nares), and finally shortened sport boisterously. M. E. Tent.) (F. But really (see N. E. from rampen, to rage ; cf. ramp-ant (F. rampto rake. ) ' Suche a feloe as a manne anf), rearing, said of a lion. F. ramper, rake and hell. ' should rake helle for ; Udall. to creep, run, crawle, climb ; Cot. Grig. sense to clamber ; cf M. Ital. rampare, f;0, the projection of the extremities of a ship beyond the keel, the inclinato clutch, rampo, a hook.
;

F. ramifier, to put forth branches (hence, to branch off) L.

(Whitby Glossary \ Ramify. (F.-L.)

rak\

Rake

Ramp, Romp,

';

'

'

Rake

'

'

of a mist fiom the perpendiculir. ' In sea-language, the rake of a (Scand.) ship is so much of her hull or main body, as hanns over both the ends of her keel
tion
'
;

to Dicz, the Ital.

is

According rampare (Prov. rapar)

a nasalised form from

Low

G. rappen,
;

Phillips (1706). Evidently from rake, vb., to reach, extend (ITaihwellV Swed. dial. raka, to reach, raka fram, to reach over,
project; Dan. tagefretn, to project, jut out. Cf. Icel rakr, Swed. rak, straight. Allied to Back (i).

to snatch hastily, Dan. rappe, to hasten cf. G. iaffen, to snatch; see Bape (i\ But Kortmg derives Ital rampa, a grip,

Rakehell, a vagabond see Bake (2). Raki, arrack. (Tuik.-Arab) Turk.

;

pne, rampier, rampar. M.Y. rempart, rempar. a rampart of a foi t. M. F reinparer, to put again into a state of defence. I/, re-, again; im- (?), in; parare to See Pare. get ready. sons, broad-leaved garlic. (E.) A double plural for rams-en- s. Here ramwn A.S. hramsan, ramsons a pi. form, from a sing. /fcmwjrt.+Swed. ramslok (/t>^ * leek); Dan. rams; Lithuan. Irish creamh, W. kermtisze, wild garlic era/, garlic; Gk. Kp6fAvov } a.n onion (^Stokes>

Low G. ramp (Lubben), Bavar. rampf, a cramp, semue; which is allied to rampf, 2nd grade of O. II. G. runpfan, to cramp. Cf. Bipple (2). Rampart. (F.-L.) Also spelt ramfrom

raqi,

arrack.

Arab.

'araq,

arrack;

see

Arrack.
(F. L.) F. rather. F. re-, again see allier, to ally Ally. Cf. prov. F. raller, to rally, glow
;
,

Rally (O, to re-assemble.

;

Ram

convalescent
asse).

dial,

de

la

Meuse (Labour-

Rally
find the

(2), to banter. (F.) ' sb. rallery, pleasant

We

also

drolling,'

Phillips,

This is, of course, 1706. another spelling of raillery and rally is merely another form of rail (2), from F.
ed.
railler, to deride.

Fick,

98).

See Bail

Ranch, Rancho,
Tent.)

Ram.

(2).

(E.)

A. S.

ram.+Dn. ram, G.

Mexico. rancho, a mess, set of persons

in

Common

a rude hut. (Span.

Span.

who

eat

43>

RANCID
l ;

RAPE
t ;

and drink together formerly, a ranke,' Dan. ransage. Icel. rann a house, abode Prob. borrowed from Prov. sak-, related to s&kja, to seek. The Icel. Minsheu. renc, a rank; O. F. reng\ see Rank, rann stands for *razn, and is the same as

Range.

Rancid.

(L.)

L. rancidus, rancid.
if

Cf.
infin.

L. rancens, stinking, as * ranee ) e, to stink.

from an

A. S. cern, a cot, Goth, razn, a house ; see barn. Cf. A. S. rasn, a plank, beam and see Seek. *([ Cf. Norman dial, ransaquer, Gael, rannsaich, from Scand.
;

L.) M. E. rancour. Ransom, icdempti on. (F. L.) M.E. O F. raensan, rancorem, ace. of rancor, ransoun (with final ) L redemptionem, later ranfon, a ransom. See above. spite, orig. rancidness. L. ace. of rcdemptio, a buying back. Random, said 01 done at hazard. (F. M. K. randon esp in phr. in redemptus, pp. of redimere, to redeem see Tent.) ran dan in great haste. O. F. randan, the Redeem. Doublet, redemption. force and swiftness of a great stream Rant. (Du.) M. Du. randlen, to dote, whence phr. a randan in great haste, with be enraged also spelt randen see Kilian. from O. F. randtr, to run Cf Westphal. rantern, to prate. impetuosity swiftly. So also Span, de rendon, de randan, Rantipole, a romping child. (Low G.) G. rand, a brim, Cf. M. Du. ivrantigh, E Fries, wranterig, jashly, impetuously. edge, verge, margin whence Ital. a randa, Low G. ivrantig, peevish, qnanelsome; with difficulty, exactly (lit near the verge). and Poll. See Frampold. Cf. G. bis am rande vail, full to the brim Ranunculus. (L ) L. ranunculus, a The sense of O F. randir has refeience to little frog also, a plant. Double dimin. the course of a full or brimming river -f- of ; ana, a frog. a smart A. S. rand) Jcel. rand, Dan. rand, rim, (O, to stiike smartly Dan. rap, a rap, tap; Sec Rind. stroke. (Scand.) verge Swed. rand, a stripe. Range. (F. O. II. G ) The sense to Swed. rapp, a blow Swed. rappa, to beat rove' aiose from the tioopmg about of cf. G rappeln, to rattle. Of imitative ranks of armed men. F. ranger (O. F. origin allied to Battle, Backet (2).

rancour.

(K.

A.F. rancour.

Rap

'

renger), to range, rank, order, array, lit. ' ' to put into a rank F. rang (O. F. reng],

a rank (belowX rank (i\ a row, line of soldiers, class. (F.-0. 11. G.) M. K. reng, renk.-O F. rang}, a rank, row, list, range. reng ( O. II. G. hnnc, a ring, ling of men, hence a row or rank of men. See Ring. (2), coarse in growth, very fertile a"Uo rancid. (E ) The sense 'rancid' is due to confusion with O. F. ranee, musty/ Cot., which is from L. rancidus. But M.E.
.

Cf. rapen, to hasten, act hastily. M.Du. rapen, Mo rap up, gather/ Hexham Du. rap, quick Icel. hrapa, 10 Swed. rappa, fall, tumble, hasten, hurry
;

M.

Rap
E

(2), to snatch, seize hastily.

(E.)

Rank

sei?e, snatch, Dan. rappe, to make Swed rapp, Dan. rap, quick, haste brisk G. raffen, to snatch. From Tent.

to

base *hrap-. rap and rend.

<([

Chiefly in the phrase to

see

And

Bapt, Bape

(i).

'

rank means strong, forward

from A.

S.

ranc, strong, proud, forwaid.-f-Du. rank, lank, slender (like things of quick growth) Icel. rakkr (for *rankr), straight, slender, Swed. rank, long and thin, Dan rank, erect.
;

Coined from L. (L.) L. rapere, rapaci-, for rapax, grasping. to grasp. Brugm. ii 477. L.) (i)i a seizing by force. (F. F. and Norm. dial, raff, rap cf. Late

Rapacious.

A L

Rape

rappus, rafus (for L. raptus" *

lL,

O. F.

to fester. L. GIO (F. F. ranklcr, to fester O. F. draonder, "aoncler, ranchr (so that it once began with d\ see Godefroy). O. F. draoncle,

Rankle,

rapt.

raptum,

raoncle, ranch, an eruption of the skin. Late L. dracunculust dranculus, (i) a little dragon ; (2) a kind of ulcer (as dragons were supposed to be venomous). Late L. draco, a dragon. See Dragon.
(Phil. Soc. Trans. 1891.)

raptus, pp JP. raper^ Gascon rapa, to seize. E. p. But, apparently, confused with rapt, haste, hurry, a Common \\ord; see Chaucer's lines to Adam Scrivener. Icel. hrap, ruin, falling down, hrapatir, a hurry, hrapa, to hasten Swed. rapp, Dan. rap, Der. rape, vb. see Bap (2). quick
Cf.

L.

ace. viraptits,^. rape. of rapere, to ?eize.

O.

(Scand.) Icel. rannsaka, to search a house, ransack; Swed. ransaka,

Ransack.

M. E. rape.~ (2), a plant. (L.) L. rapa, rapum, a turnip, a rape.-f-Gk. Knss. /&ITW, a turnip, la^avfc, a radish riepa, a turnip ; G. rube.

Rape

431

RAPE
(3), a division of a county, in Sussex. Of uncertain origin. It (E.) occurs in Domesday Book as rap, and was Prob. from A. S. rap, spelt rope in 1380.

RAT
scrape

Rape

form from rasum, supine of rddere, to see Rase (below) and Rash (2).
;

a rope

used for measurement.

See Bope.

du,

rapiL. quick, lit. snatching away. See Rapacious. rapcre, to snatch. Rapier, a light narrow sword. (F.
(_).

Rapid. (F.-L.)

Y.rapide-L

to scrape, efface. (F.~ M. E. rasen, to scrape. F. raser. L.) Late L. rasare, to graze, to demolish. L. rasum, supine of rddere, to scrape.

Rase, Raze,

Allied to

Rodent.
(i),

Rash
rask,

Span.

H.G.)
'

M. F

also raipiere (Littre) ; as Spanish. Rapiere, Spanische sworde Palsgrave, p. 908. Perhaps raspiere was a name given in contempt, meaning 'a rasper' or poker; hence it was called ' a proking-spit of Spainc ' Nares. Cf. Span, raspadera, a raker. Span, raspar, to rasp, scratch O. H. G. raspon, to rasp.
' ; ;

rapt ere, rappj ere, it was considered

rasch, ft. Fries rascan, to flash. -f-Pu.

headstrong. (E ; ask
;

M.
cf.

E.
S.
;

Dan.
roskr,
<f[

Swed.
i.

rask,
;

rasch, quick, lash

G
;

rasch

Icel.

See Rasp. ^[ So Diez probable solution.

'

Littre rejects this

<

N. Fries rad^k, quick. 795, connects this word with O. II. rod, a wheel see Rotary. (2), a slight eruption on the body. O. F. rasche, rasque, rache. L.) The same as Prov rasca, the itch. So called from the wish to sciatch it ci. Prov. rascar, to scratch, equivalent to a Late L. *rasicare. L rasum, supine of rddere,
vigorous

Brugm.

Rash

ravine

Rapine. (F.-L) F rapine, rapine, to scrape. See Rascal. Cot. L rapnia, robbei y, plunder. Rash (3), to pull, tear violently. (F. L rapere, to seize. See Rapacious. L F. Q. v 3. 8 Rashing off helmes Rapparee, an Irish robber. (Irish/) M.Q.aracen, afterwards shortened to tacen.
,

'

'

rapaire, a noisy fellow, sloven, robber, thief; cf. rapal, noise, rapach, O. Gael, rapair, a noisy fcllo\v. noisy. All perhaps from E. rabble (Macbam). Rappee, a kind of snuff. (F.-O.H.G.) F. rdpg, lit. rasped, reduced to powder
Iiibh
;

O. F. esrachier (F. arracher], to loot up,

pull

away violently

out
radii-)

exradicare, to root ex, out; rddicdre, to loot, from stem of radix, a root. See
(4),

Radix.

Rash

a kind of serge.
*

(F.

Ital.)

see Rasp. pp. of rfiper, to rasp Rapt, carried away. (L.) From L. raptus, pp. of rapere, to seize see Milton, P L in. 522. ^f But in What thus raps you,' Cymb. i. 6. 51, the word may be E.
;

M. F. ras, serge. Ital. rasa a, silk rash ;' Flono From Rascia, a district in the S.
of Bosnia.

'

Rasher,
'

a thin slice of broiled bacon.

coales, quasi rashly This is roasted/ Minsheu. Rashed, burnt in cooking, by hastily dressed;' Halhwell.

(E.J

Rasher on the
'

See

Rap

(2).

raptorial. (L
L. raplor-t-, with suffix -al

Used of birds of prey. ) from raptor, one who seizes

or hastily cf. right being too

;

L
)

rapture. (L
*raptftra,

rapere, to seize. Coined, as if from L.

See

from
CF.

Rare.

raptus, pp. of lapere. F. rare. L. rarum, L.)

Rash (i) Rasorial. (L.) one who scrapes

L. ra\dr-i-, from rdsor, with suffix ~al, L.

ace of rarus, raie. Rascal, a knave, villain (F.-L) ME. raskaille, the common herd. [It was a term of the chase certain animals, not
;

ras-um, supine of rddere, to scrape M. E. Rasp, vb. (F. - O. II. G ) raspen - O. F. raiptr (F raper). - O.H.G. Cf. raipon, whence G. raspeln, to rasp. O. II. G. hrespan, to pluck, to rake
together.
Ct.

worth hunting, were so called. The hart, till he was six years old, was accounted A. F. raskayle, a rabble also rascayle.~\ *rastaille, whence mod. F racaille, 'the
;

Rap
)

(2).

rascality

or

base

or

rascal I

soit,

scumme, dregs,

offals,

outcasts

the of any

a kind of fruit. (F. and\L. Formerly called raspis, rasper, but this is merely a pi. form used as a singular. Named from its uneven sur-

O.H

rasp-berry,
G.
;

Due to an O. F. word company,' Cot. cognate with Prov. Span. Port, rascar,
to scrape

face. So also a raspberry.

M.

Ital. raspo, a rasp, also

the orig sense being l scrapings '; cf. M.F. rasque, 'scurfe'; Cot. All from a Late L. *rdsicdre, a frequent
;

(E.) M.E. rat. A.S r^/.+M Du. rat, Dan. rotte, Swed. ratta, G. Low L. ratus, rato (whence F. ratte, ratz Irish and Gael, radan, Bret. raz. rat}

Rat.

ratte,

Du.

432

RATAFIA
Der.
rats

RAVEL
Also spelt ratan (Johnson).
the rattan-cane. Batten, to take tools for offending

And Ratafia, a
Malay.)

rat, vb., to desert one's party, as are said to leave a falling house. see Batten.

Malay rdtan,
a

away
the

workman's
is

Arab, and (F liquor. F. ratafia ; cf. tafia, rum-arrack

l

- Low L. (F.

trades'

Teut.)

Ratten

union. the Hal-

Malay araq tafia, fat spirit called tafia-, where araq is borrowed from Arab. araq,
arrack.

lamshire (Sheffield) word for a rat ; hence applied to working secret mischief, which I have been ratis attributed to rats.
'

a rack 01 bai with teeth. (G.) in clockwork. Also, a wheel with teeth G. It answers to G. ratsche (N. E. D.). ratsche, a watchman's rattle (Weigand).i Der. ratch-et, in watch- work, the small teeth at the bottom of the fusee or banel

Hatch,

had just put a new cat-gut band upon my lathe, and last night the rats have carried it off;' N. and Q. 3 S. xii. 192.
tened',
I

F. rat

K. raton, a rat see Rat.

;

F. raton, dimin. of

that stop

it

in

'

winding up

Phillips.

Rate
(1*

(i),

L)
fem

A. F.

rata,

settled,

pp
i.

a proportion, standard, tax. L. rate, puce, value. of rat us, determined, fixed, of reor, I think, judge, deem.

to clatter. (E.) M. E. ratehn. *hr<ptelan, only preserved in A. S. href tele, hratelwytt, rattle-wort, a plant

Battle,

A. S

which derives its name from the rattling of the seeds in the capsules. -f-Du. ratelent
G. rasseln, to
rattle
;

allied to

Rrugm.

scold, chide (F.-L.) rat en, Ch. C. T. 3463 araten, to F. reprove. Also spelt retfen, arettert. teter, rateir, areter, aratter, to accuse, to impute; Norman dial, refer, retter, to blame. L ad, to and reputare, to count. See Repute. <[[ Not from rate (i).

Bate

200. (2), to

aivtiv, to shake. a rattle

Cf
t.
,

also

Gk. Kpa8Gk. Kp6ra\ovr

q. v.

M. E

Bath,

early

Bather,
,
,

sooner.

(E.)
,

hraft, adj quick, swift, hence hraftot sooner +lcel G. rad, hrad, quick /ira&rt swiit ; M. Du. rad, swift. Cf. O. Ii crothim, I shake. Ratify. (F.-L.) F. rattfier. - Late L. L. rati-, for ratus, ratified^ c, to confirm.

Rather v& the compar. of rath, A. S. hrade, adv quickly,

early, soon.

settled

-ficare, for face re, to

make.

See

Rate

(i)

ratio. (L.) L. ratio, calculation. L. ratw, pp. of reor, I think, deem. ration, rate ot allowance of provisions.
L. rationem, ace. of L.) F. ration. ratio (above). Doublet, reason.
(

F. plunder. (F.-L.) F. iavir, to bear Cot. ravage, ravage away suddenly. Folk-L rapire, L. rapeie, to seize. See Rapid. Der. ravage, vb., F. rava^er M. E. raven -O. F. Rave. (F raver, cited by Diez, s. v. rcver, as a Lorraine word hence the derivative ravasser, 'to rave, talk idly;* Cot. Godefroy has O. F. resver, raver, rever, to stroll about, also to rave cf. F. rdver, dial, de la Meuse Allied to Span, rabiar, to (Labourasse). rave, a verb formed from the sb. rabia, L. rabere, rage, allied to L. rabies, inge. to rage; see Rabid. ^f This is the solution given by Diez but see Korting, s. v. rabia.
* '
;

Raught, Ravage,

pt sb

of

Reach,

-L)

Ravel,
(M. Du.J

to untwist,

unweave, entangle.

Ratlines, Ratlins,

Rat t lings,

orig. sense has reference to the untwisting of a string or woven texture, the ends of threads of which become after-

The

the small transverse ropes crossing the shrouds of a ship. (K. ; and F. L.) Now turned into rat-hnes, as if affording ladders for rats to get up by. But the old teim was raddehnes, or raddelyng of the

wards entangled.
;

shrowdes, Naval Accounts (1485-97), ed. Prob. the Oppenheim, pp. 185, 207. same as prov. E. raddhngs, long pieces of undeiwood twisted between upright stakes cf. Du. (hence, cross- lines of the shrouds) iveeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. prov. K. raddle, a hurdle perhaps allied to rod. ' Palsgrave has radyll of a carte/
; ;

out. Cf. Du. reffeln, to finy rafel, E. l<ncs. lafcl, tafel, a frayed edge. Also Norman dial, raviler, to ravel ; Pomeran. rabbeln, uprabbeln, to ravel out.

Low G

To unravel is to disenM. tangle to ravel out is to unweave. Du. ravelen, to ravel mod. Du. rafelen, E, Fries, lafeln, to fray out, unweave;
;

Of unknown origin but cf A.S. drafian (or 1 arafian *}, to unravel, Gregory's Pastoral ^f The Care, ed Sweet, p. 245, 1. 22. M. Du. ravelen, to dote (from O. F. rdver, Der. unsee Rave), is a different word.
;

Rattan,

a Malacca cane.

(Malay.)

ravel.

433

RAVELIN
a detached work in fortificawith two embankments raised before F. ravelin. the counterscarp. (F. Ital.)

REAM
L.)

Ravelin,
M.

tion,

Re-, Red-, />'<?/* again. (F.-L.; or L re-, red-; commonly re-, except

Ital. ravellino, revellino (Ital. rtvel-

lino\ a ravelin. to be from L.

part
;

which

is

Raven

(i),

Origin unknown thought back, uallum, a ramunlikely a bird. (E.) M. E. raven

;

re-,

in red-eem, red-olent, red-dition, red-ound, red-nndant. ^f Hence a large number of compounds, such as re-address > re-arrange, which cause no difficulty. M. E. (E.) (i), to attain.

Reach
A.
S.

A. S. hr&fn, hrefn -fDu. roof, Icel. krafn, Dan. ravn, G rabe. Teut. type *hrabnoz, m. Perhaps allied to Gk. Kop-a, a raven, L. cor-uus.
E. ravine, Better spelt ravin From O. F. ravine, rapidity, impetuosity (oldest sense plunder/ as in L ).
.

t. raghte, raughte, pp. raught. r&can, rZcean, pt. t. ra&te.+Dn. The reiken, O. Friesic reka ; G. reichen. A. S. r&can is closely allied to the sb.

rechen, pt.

ge-rcec,

L)

Raven (2), to plunder, to devour.

(F.

bb., plunder.

giving as the orig. Teut. opportunity.' type *raikjan-. (Distinct from A.S. reccan, to stretch ) Der. reach, sb., which also
sense
'

to

opportunity seize an

'

means 'a

L. rapina, plunder

see

Rapine.
F. L.) floods, also a

Reach
Read.

ravine, a hollow
;

gorge. (F.

stretch in a liver.' ^2), to try to vomit (E.) M. E. reden.

;

see Retch..

A.S

rfcdan

ravine, a hollow worn by great flood O. F ravine (above). ravish, to seize with violence (F. L) M. E. rauischen F. raviss-, stem Folk-L of pres. pt. of ravir, to ravish rapire, for L. rapere, to seize.

Raw.

(E
;

E
;

raw.
Icel.

A.

S.

hreaw,

hrtew -|-Du raaitw S wed ra O. H. G

types *hrawoz, crudus, raw, Skt. krtira-, soic, cruel, hard also to Gk. Kptas (for */r/>f/~as), raw flesh, Skt kravya-, raw flesh Lat. cruor, blood Russ. krove, Lith kraujas, Irish cru, W. crau, blood. Brngm. i 492. (y'KREU^
; ; ;

hrar, Dan. ma, Teut. rao, G. roh Allied to L. *hrttwoz.

(strong verb), to counsel, consult, interwith the remarkable pt. t. pret, read reord. [Also as a weak vb., pt t. r&dde\ prob. by confusion with r&dan, to dispose Allied to Goth, garedan, of, to govern.] to provide, Icel rdSa (pt. t. retf), to advise, G. rat hen (pt. t. rieth), to advise. Teut. Perhaps allied to L. re-n, type *radan-. to think. Der. riddle (i), q. v. Ready. (E.) M. E. redi with change of suffix from A. S. r<de ready orig. * equipped for riding,' or prepared for a
;

'

raid
in

'

Ray(O. (F.-L)
Radius.
F. rate

O. F. ray\ F. tat. L. radium, ace. of radius, a ray. See

O. F. raye*

AS. usual form ge-rcede So also rdd, 2nd stem of rldan, to ride. G. be-reit, ready, from leit-en, to ride;
Tudor
E. J
;

[ready

fully dressed,' is

common

Ray (2), a fish a (F.-L.) L. raia, ray. Ray (3), a dance. (Du.)
;

Goth, garaids, Icel g-rei$r, ready cf. And Goth, raidjan, to order, appoint cf. G. fertig, ready, fiomfa/iren, to go. See Ride.
;

M.

Dti. rey,

Real (i)

actual. (F.

- L.

or

L)

Either

a chorus. Rayah,, a person, not a Mohammedan, who pays the capitation-tax, a word in use
rei,

a dance

Du.

from O. F. reel (F. r&l], or directly from Late L. ; ealis belonging to the thing itself. L res, a thing. Der. real-ist.
t

in

Turkey
'

(Arab.)

It

may be

explained
*

as

a orig. sense is Arab, raiyah, flock/ or pastured cattle.

subject,'

though the

Real (2), a L ) Span,

regalis, royal

small Spanish coin. (Span. ' L. real, lit. a royal coin

'

rdiya(f], a flock, subject, peasant

from

Realgar,
Arab.)

see Regal. red arsenic.

(F.

Span.

ray, pasturing, tending

flocks.

Cf.

Ryot.

Raze,
lit.

the

same
F.

as

razor.
a

(F. shaver.

L.)

(above). F. rasoir, a razor, raser, to shave; see

Rase

F. rtalgar, Span, rejalgar, red sulphuret of arsenic. Arab, rahj al-ghar, powder of the mine, mineral powder. Arab, rahj, powder ; al, the ; ghdr, a
cavern, mine.

Rase.
a sudden raid. (F. Algiers.) F. razzia, razia borrowed from the Algerine razia, which is a peculiar pronunciation of Arab, ghazia, a raid, expedition against infidels (Devic). Arab, ghazt, a hero, a leader of an expedition.

Razzia,

E. roialme, royaume}, a kingdom answering to a Late L. *regalimen. L. regalis, royal see Regal. Ream. (F. - Span. - Arab.) M. E. Q. F. raime (F. rame), a ream or
reatme.

Realm.
;

A..

(F.

M.

realme

(F.

434

REAP
bundle of paper. Span, resma, a ream. Arab. risma(t), pi. rizam, a bundle.
sb
,

RECEPTACLE
Rebel. (F.-L.)
and the
sb.

The verb
orig.

is

from the

was

an

Reap.
ropen}.
pt.
t.

E. repen (pt. t. rep, pp. O. Merc, reopan, A. S. repan,

(E.)

M.

rebel, adj., rebellious.

- IP.rebelle, rebellious.
;

adj.

M.

E.

r/^/, pt. t. pi. rcepon.

[But a comt.

L. rebcllem, ace. of rebellis, renewing war. - L. re-, again bellum, war = O. L.

moner form is A. S. ?/Jto;/ (pt. ripen}} whence A. S. rip, E. The co-existence of Kipe.
strong verbs
is

rap,

pp
see

rz/V; these

duelhim, war see Duel. and vb. rebell-ion, -ions.

;
;

Der.
(i).

rebel, sb.

two

Rebound;
Rebuff,

see

Bound

remarkable.] The A. S. repan is from a Tent base *rep-, whence Du. repel, a ilax-comb (see Hippie (i)), and Swed. repa, to rip up (see Bip). The A. S. rTpan is from a Tent, base *reip~,

whence Kipe and Rope.

a repulse. (Ital.) In Milton, P. L. ii. 936. - Ital. rcbuffo, ribuffo, a ' check. Ital. ribuffare, to check, chide ; Florio. Ital. ri- (L re-), back ; buffare, a word of imitative oiigin, like ^&.puff\ see Puff.
'

Rear (n, to raise. A S. rierttn, to rear

M. E. reren. (E.) the exact equivalent of Icel. reisa, to raise Teut. type *raizjan (cf. Goth, ur-ratyan, to raise up) ; whence A. S. rieran, by Vcrner'slaw. See Raise. Causal form of risan, to use (pt. t. ras
;

Rebuke,
rebuken\

to reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. A.F. rebufar.Q.. (Picard)

Goth,

rats'] .

Rear (2 \ the back part.

Doublet,

raise.

(F.-L.) M. E.

rere, chiefly in adv. arere, arrere, in the O. F. Here, backward; whence rear.

ariere (Y.arriere^, behind, backward. L. retro , backward; whence ad retro>Y. arricre. See Retro-.

Rear
M.

(3),

E. rere.

A.

insufficiently cooked. (E.) S. hrer, half- cooked.

;

rebuker, to defeat (a plan) ; O. F. rebukier, rebuchier (Godefroy). O F. re- (L. re-)y and O. North. F. bucquer, again, back bushier, O. F. buschier, to beat, orig to This verb is from (3. F. cut trees, to lop busche, F. buihe, a log ; Late L. busca, a Cf. Picard busker, buker, to strike, log. beat (Corblet) Walloon busquer, bttquer, Norm. to strike, buque, a log (Sigart) ' dial, buquette, a billet. Orig. to lop, to cut back/ For O. F. rebuker, see Chard ry, Vie des Set Dormans, 1 1589.
; ; ;

Rearmouse
Rearward,

see

the
i.

and G ) The old spelling is rereward* M. E rcrcwarde, e. guard in the rear See Rear (2) and Ward. M. E. resoitn, Reason. (F.-L.)
F. and O. F. rtison (F. raison}. L. rationcm* ace. of ratio, calculation, reason. See Ratio. Reave, to rob. (E ) M. E. reuen
ret sun.
(

Reremouse. (F.-L. rear-guard.

- reven)
A. S

A.

A.

pt t. rafte, refit, pp. raft, reft S. reafian, to despoil, lit. to strip cf. S. }'2af clothing, a robe, spoil, plunder. t
; ;

a representation of a word by Thus Bolton was represented by pictures of a bolt and a tun. L. rebus, by things, i. e. by means of things ; abl. pi of re's, a thing. See Real (i). Rebut. (F. - L. and M. H. G.) O. F. L. re-, again M.H.G. rebouter, to repulse. see Beat. bozen, to beat Recall. (L. and Scand.) From L. and call, of Scand. origin. "e-, back Recant. (L.) L. recantdre, to sing L. re-, back, echo; also, to recant, recall. back cantare, to sing. See Cant (i). Recede. (L ) L. recedere, to go back.

Rebus,

pictuies.

(L.)

reaf,

2nd grade of strong verb

L. re-, back

Receive. (F.-L.) A.F. receiv-, a ran/a, to reave, rauf, spoil, fiom rauf, 2nd grade of rjufa, stem of receivre, O.F. re$oivre.~'L recito break up, violate ; G. rauben, to L. re-, back; capere, rob, pere, to take back. jauby plunder. The strong verb is of the to take. See Capacious. Teut. type *reul>an- (pt. t. *raub\ Cf L. Recent. (F.-L.) M.F. recent (F. L. recent-, stem of recens, fresh, rumperCy to bieak. Brugm. i. 701. w//). L. re-, again; new, orig. beginning anew. Rebate, to blunt a sword's edge. (F. O. F. rebatre, to beat back again. L.) -cent-, a stem allied to Russ po-chin-ate, to F. re- (L. re-\ back; O.F. batre, F. battre, begin, O. Irish <://-, first and to Gk. Kaivos, to beat ; see Batter (i). lew (Prellwitz). Rebeck, a three-stiinged fiddle. (F ~ Receptacle. (F.-L.) F. receptacle. L. receptaculum, a place to store away. O F. rebec, also spelt rebebe; Arab.) M. Ital. ribccca, also nbebba, a rebeck. L. recept-us, pp. of recipere ; see ReArab, rabab, rababa(t], a rebeck (Devic). ceive.
reofan, to break.
' '
;

+ Icel.

cedere, to

go

see

Cede.

435

RECEPTION
reception. (F.-L.)
;

RECOUP
Recluse.
ong. fcm.

F. reception.-

(F.-L.)

M.E.
fern,

recluse,

L. ace. receptionem, a taking back. L. as above. rtieptus Recess. (L.) L recessits, a ictreat. L. rccessus, pp. of re-cedere, to recede.

of reclus, L. redudere, pp. of redorre, to shut up. to unclose but in late Lat. to shut up. L. re-, back ; claudere, to shut. See
;

O. F. recluse,

See Recede.

Clause.
)

Recheat, a signal of lecall, in hunting. - L ) From A F. rechet, variant of ( F. ( F.

a place of refuge, a retreat (GodeL. receptum, ace. of receptus, a L. receptus, pp. of retreating, retreat.
recet,

Recognise. (F. L.) Formed from the sb. recognisance (Chaucer, C. T. 13260). O. F. recognisance, an acknowledgment.
O. F. retognis-ant, pres. part, of recog(.reconnattre}. L. re-cognoscere, to know again. See Cognisance. Der. recognit-ion (from L. pp. recogmt-us}. ReCpil, vb. (F.-L/ 1VLE. recoilen. A. F. recuilkr\ F. reculer, to recoyle, F. retire;' Cot. Lit to go backwards. L. re-, re-, back cul, the hinder part. back culum, ace. of cillus, the hinder
1101 stre
'

froy)

yecipere, to receive

see

Receive.

L. re^pe, take thou ; imp. of recipere, to receive (above). recipient. (L.) L. 7 ccipient-, stem of pres. pt. of recipere, to receive Reciprocal. (L,) Froni L. renpro-

recipe. (L

ius, returning, alternating.

Lit.

directed

backwards and forwards ;' from L *?r-r<?-, backwards (fiom re-, back) and *p)o-co-, forwards, whence procul, afar off Brugm
;

pnrt.

Recollect,
Lit.
;

to

remember.

(F.-L.)
re-,

ii

86
(

Recite.
quote
;

F.

- L)
L.

'to gather again;' fiom and collect see Collect.

again,

M.
re-,

F. reciter.
;

- L.

Recommend, to commend
(F
;

to another.
'

recitare, to recite

again

cttare, to

L)
'

From Re- and Commend;

to recom-

Reck,

see Cite. to regard

(K.)
S.
ret <

often recchen.
*rak-jari)
;

A.

M. E rekken an, racean (for

but the pt. t. in use is roh-te, from an mfin. rccan (for *rok-jan\ from the strong grade *rok-. 4- Icel rakja O. Sax. rokjan, to reck, heed. Formed from a sb with base rac-, strong grade
;

imitated from F. recomm&nder, mend Cot. Recompense, to rewaid.

l

L
sate
,

(F. - L.) Cot. recompcnser, to recom pence re-, again; compensare, to compen' ;

sec Compensate Reconcile. (F.-L)

;

cilier.

cognate M. H. G. ruoch, O. H. G. ruoh, care/heed (whence the M. H. G. ruochen, O. H. G.

p.
is

roc-,

care,

which

exists

in

the

ciliate

O. F. reconL. re-, again conciharc, to consee Conciliate.

rccondttus,
:

Recondite, secret. (L) L

;
|

TheTeut. stem*ra-

the stiong grade of *rak-, as seen in Icel. rok, a reason, A. S. racu, account. Sax. raka, a business, reckoning, Der. reck-less, affair, O. H. G. rahha.

put away, hidden, secret pp. uirecondere, to put back again. L re-, back tondere, to put togethei. P. TbcL.iondere (pt t. -ondtdi] is from COH- (cttm), with, and the weak grade of -y^DHE, to place, put.

Brugm.
\

i.

573.

rece-leas; ruchlos.

A.S.

cf.

Du.

roekeloos,

G.

reckon. (E

M.
;

rekenen

A. S

ge-recenian, to explain allied togc-reccan, reccan, to uile, order, dnect, explain, oidam, telI.-4-Du. rekenen (whence Jcel reikna, to reckon, Dan. rcgne, Swed. rakna, are
,

to survey. (F.-L.) F. reconoistre, M. F recognoistre, 'to lecogmse, to take a precise view of;' Cot. L. re-cognoscere, to know again See

Reconnoitre,

Recognise.

Record.

(F.

L)

E. recorder.

borrowed) G. rechnen,Q. H. G. rehhanon,

;

to compute, reckon, p. All secondary verbs ; allied to the sb seen in A. S. racu, an account, Tcel. rok, nent. pi., a reason, ground, origin, O. II. G. rahha, a thing,
subject.

O. F. recorder. L. rccorddre, recorddrT, to recall to mind. L re-, again cord-, stem of cor, heart. See Heart,
;
|

Recount.
j

teil,

iclate
;

Y. raconter, to L.) (F. re- (L. re-}, again aconter,

;

Reclaim
Recline.
to lean.

^See
;

Reck.
from Re- and Claim.
(L.)
j

to account to count.

from a (L. ad], to, and conter, See Count (2). Recount
to diminish a loss. (F.

re-ac-count.
|

back, he down.

L. redlnare, to lean L. re-, back *clmdre,

;

and Gk.)

Recoup,

L.

See

Lean

(i)

and Incline.

K recoupc, a

Lit. to secure a piece or shred,

shred.

F. recouper, to cut

436

RECOURSE
L. re-, again; and F. couper, to again. see Coppice. cut
;

REDOUND
.

recours.\,. HeCOUrse. (F. L.) recurs nm, ace of recur sus, a running back from pp. of recurrere, to run back. L. see Current. currere, to run re-, back RecOV6r. (F. L ) O. F. recourer, reL. recuperclre, to cuvier (F. mv?z/w<?r). difficult recover, also to recruit oneself. word perhaps ong. to make good again,' from Sabine cuprus, good, of which the orig. sense may have been desirable/ from L. cupere, to desire. Brugm. n. 74. Recreant. ( F. - L ) O. F. ret reant, faint-hearted pres. pt. of recroire, to believe again, also to give up, give back Late L. recredcre, to (hence, to give in). L re, believe again, recant, give in. again ; credere, to believe see Creed. Recreation. (F L, ) M. V. recrea; ; ;

tending to recover. L. recuperatniu^ (properly) recoverable. L. recuperare, to recover. See

Recuperative,

(L.)

Recover.

Recur.
recur.

(L.)
re-,

L.

m-wrra^toninback,
;

L.

back

citrrcrc^ to

run

see

Current.
opposing an opinion. (F. F, recusant, rejecting,' Cot. ; pres. pt. of rJcuser.'-'L. rccftsare, to reject, oppose a cause or opinion. L. re-, back ; See Cause. cattssa, a cause Red. (E.) M. E. reed (with long vowel).

Recusant,

'

L.)

'

A. S. reaf/.-^-Du. rood, Icel. rauftr, Dan. Swed. rod, G roth, Goth, rauds. Teut.
type
*raudoz.
P\irther
allied

to

Gk.

epvOpos, Irish and Gael ruath, \V. rhudd, L. ruber(i<yt *rudJiro-}, red; cf. Russ. ruda, Note also the Icel. Skt. r iidhira-, blood.

L. recreationem, ace. of reocatto, ong. recovery fiom illness (hence, amusement).!^, recreatus, pp. of recredre, to L. re-, again; creare,to revive, refresh.

//#.

make.
;

See Create.

strong verb r/oda (pt. t. raitfi), to redden Teut type * reuS. rcoSan, to redden dan-, pt t *raud. (-/REUDII.) Reddition, a restoring. (I -L.) F. L. reddiiioncm, ace. of redditio, reddition L ? eddere, to give back. L. a lestonng.
;

L) V K< tangle, adj., right (F. I leitangulus* having a angled (Cot.) L. ?e<t-i/s t right; angulus, right angle an angle Rcctus was ong. the pp. of regere, to rule See Kegent and Angle ( i")
figure.

rede me. Coined from L red-, f to emere, to buy. [Cf. M. F. redimer, Recruit. F. L ) 1< rco utci to levy redeem;' Cot L. redimere, to buy back.] An ill-foimcd word, Der ledempt'Wn (from the pp. rcdemptus\. (Littre) troop-. a disease of infants. (E ) from recnttc, mistaken foim of recrnc, M. E. teed gounde, lit red matter (of a fern, oi iccru, pp. of recroitre, to grow means a levy of soie) Prompt Parv. From A. S. read, F. tecrue, sb again. new-grown.' L. icoescere, led gund, matter of a sore. troops,' lit. to grow again. L. re-, again; ciesiere, Redintegration, renovation. (L.) L. Prom L. rcdintegratw, restoration. to grow see Crescent. Rectangle, a foui -sided right-angled red-, again integer, whole, entire. See
(
.

From L. ?^-, (L.) again and criminal us, pp of crJmindri, to accuse of crime, from cntmn-, for See Crime. crimcn, a crime

Recriminate.

red-,

back

dare, to give.
.

See Date
(L.)

(i).

Redeem, to atone loi

Formeily back, and

Redgum,
;
;

'

'

'

'

Integer.

M. F. fragrant. (F.-L.) redolent-, stem of pres. pt of L. red-, ngain ; redolere, to emit odour. bee for * ode re, to be odorous; o/e) e,

Redolent,

redolent

rectify.
L.
to
;

(F.

L.)

V.

rectifier.

Late

Odour.

cctifitarc, to
,

make
;

right.

L. recti-,

Redoubt, an intrenched place of retreat.

(F.
Ital.

for rectum

right (above")
(L.)

-ficarc, forfacere,

L)

111 spelt;

through conItal.
Ital. ridotto,

make rectilinear.

fu c ionwith redoubtable.

F. redoute.

FiomL

retttlnte-

ndotto, a place of retreat

ndittto,

L. retfi-, us, formed by straight lines foirectus, right, stiaight; llnea, a line. rectitude. (F. L.) Jh rectitude. 1^ rectiL rectitude, uprightness.

pp

of ndurre, to

bung home.

L. redutere, to bring back Sec Duke. dnceie, to lead.

re-,

back

(above)
of pres.

with

suffix -tudo.

Recumbent.
pt.

(L.) L r*Yw/v;;/-,stem virecnmbere, to iccline where

;

Redoubtable. (F.-L) M.F. reO. F. redottter, M.F. doubtable, teinble. See Re- and Doubt. redonbfer, to fear.

cumbere is a nasalised foim allied to cubare, to lie down. See Incumbent and Covey.

Redound. (F. - L.) F. ? edonder. - L, redundare, to overflow. L. red-, again, back unda, a wave. See "Undulate.
;

437

REDRESS
Redress.
to erect, dress
(F.
;

REFRESH
A. S. gerefa, an
'

L.)

put straight again.

see

F.

re-,

F. redresser, to again dresser,

;

officer

numberer/

registrar
;

Dress.

*ge-rofja.
*rof,

From

orig. sense perhaps (of soldiers) ; for t -rof a host (as in secg;

bird with a red tail. (E.) start, a tail (A. S. steort). Reduce. (L.) Orig. to bring back. L. re-* back L. redflcere, to bring back. duct re, to lead. See Duke. Der. reduction
;

Redstart, a From Had; and

a host of men) cf. O. H. G. rttova, a number, fl" Kot allied to G graf. Der.
port-reeve ; sheriff, q. v. refreshment. (F. L.) M. F. refection, a repast. L. ace. refectionem, lit. a remaking. L. ref edits, pp. of

borough-reeve

Refection,

(from the pp. reduct-ns}.

JL. re- again; reficere, to remake, restore. See fat ere, to make. See Pact. Refel. (L.) L. refellere, to refute, Redound. Reechv, dirty. (E.) Lit. 'smoky;' shew to be false. L. re-, back fallere, see Fallible. to deceive cf. Low. Sc. palatalised form of reeky See Reek. Refer, toassign. (F. L ) O. F. referer reekie, smoky. Reed. (E.) M. E. reed. A. S. hreod, (F. rfffrer).-*]^, referre, to bear back, reL. re-, back ferre, to bear; a reed -f-Du. riet\ G. riet, ried. Teut. late, refer.

Redundant.
of L.

(L.)

From stem of pres.

redound.

pt.

redundare, to

type *hreudom, neut. Reef (t), a ridge of rocks. (DiO merly rzjf Du. rif, a reef, -f- Icel.

see Fertile.

Forrif,

Refine.

(F.

L.)

Coined from

re-

and

a fine (i), but imitated from F. rajfiner, to = ad, refine, comp. of L. re-, again, L. aficef, allied to rtfa, a fissure, rift ; Dan rev, a sand-bank (revle, a shoal, revue, to split); to, and F.jfw, fine. Der. rcfim-ment cf. Swed. refva, ref, a sand-bank, a cleft, gap. F. raffinement.

The Du. and

allied to

Icel.

riv,

Dan. rev, may

;

Reflect.
;

(L.)

L.

reflectert,

lit.

to

bend

represent a Teut. type *rebjom, n.

perhaps

back, hence to return rays,

flectere, to

Rib.
(2),

Cf.

Norw.

ribbe, a

moun- back

bend
L.)

tain-ridge.

Reform.
;

(F.

L. re- t see Flexible. F. reformer, to

;

&c

a portion of a sail. (Du.) shape anew. L. re-, again formare, to Du. reef, 'a riff in a sail,' form see Form. Sewel M. Du. rif, rift, a reef.+Icel. ;-*/, Refract, to bend back rays of light. Dan. reb, Swed. ref, reef; (L.) L. refractus, pp. of refringere, to a reef in a sail Low G. reff, riff, a small sail; Pomeran. bend back. L. re-, back, frangere, to Der. refract-or-y, see Fragile. break bonnet. raff, a little extra sail, Reek, vapour. (E.) M.E. reke. O.Merc. a mistaken foim for refractary, from L. re)h, vapour; O. Fries. ?r.+Icel. reykr, fractarius. stubborn, obstinate. Also reSwed. rok, Dan rog Du. took, G. ranch frangible, a mistaken form for refringtble*

Reef
E.
;

M.

riff.

(i ), to restrain, forbear. (F. O. F. refrener, to refreinen L. rcfrcnare, to bridle, repiess; Cot. hold in with a bit L. re-, back frenum, nechen. Brugm. i. 217. Reel (i), a small spindle for winding a bit, curb. The orig. sen^e uifrenum is yam. (E.) M. E. rele A. S. hreol, a reel. prob. due to a derivation fi om L. frendN. Fries, reel. Kluge ere, to champ as if foi *frend-nurn. If f-E. Flies, rcl Grind. derives A. S. hreol from a form *hroehil, so, it is allied to ^f Prob. F. refreindre, see Eng. sometimes confused with but this would give A. S. hrel to bridle,' Cot. this is from L. refringere, Der. reel, vb., to wind, Stud. xi. 512.
;

Teut. base *rauk-. I< rom *rauk, 2nd grade as in A. S. of Teut, *reukan-, to smoke rcocan, Icel. rjiika, O. H. G. nohhan, G.

Refrain
M. E.

L.)

turn round, stagger. (2), a Highland dance. (Gael.) Gael, righil, ruidhtl, ruithil, a reel. Reest, the wood on which a plough-

to break

back (below).
(2), the

Reel

coulteris fixed. (E.)

rest

Al so wrccst( wrongly),

A. S.

rcost.

ring.

(i), to pass a rope through a Du. reven, to leeve. Du. (Du.) because a reeved rope reef, a reef in a sail is used for reefing see Reef (2).
;
;

Reeve

Reeve

(2),

aii

officer,

steward.

(E,)

burden of a song." reftain\ so also Prov. ranks, a lefram, refranker, refrcnher, to ref repeat. So called from frequent repetition ; the O. F. refreindre, to pull back, is the same word as Prov. lefrenher, to repeat ; both are from L. tefringere, to break back L. re-, back; (refract, hence, to repeat) frangere, to break see Fragile. Refresh. (F. -L. and G.) M. E. re(F.

Refrain
L.)

F.

438

REFRIGERATE
O. F. refreschir ; Cot. L. re-, again O. H, G. frisc (G. friscK], fresh. See Fresh. Refrigerate. (L.) From pp. of L. reL. refrigerdre, to make cool again.
freschen.
;

REGRET
L. F. regarder, to look, look at, view. back F. garder, to guard, observe ; of O. G. origin ; see Guard. Regatta. (Ital.) Orig. a strife, conre- t

tention,
Ital.

again
cold.

frigerdre,

to

cool,

from frigus,

Reft,

See Prigid. pp. of reave

hence a race, rowing-match. regatta, rigatta, *a strife for the maistnej* Florio. M. Ital. rigattare, to
contend for the mastery, to wrangle, to So also Span. as a huckster does.
regatear, to

see

Reave.

Refuge. (F.-L.)
;

M.E. refuge.-?, haggle

;

L. L. refugium, an escape. refuge. L. r^-, back refugere, to flee back. Jugere, to flee see Fugitive.

haggle, retail provisions, to

rival in sailing.

refugee. (F.-L) M.F.

of
j

Regenerate.

Of unknown origin. From pp. of (L.)

re-

refugie, pp.

refugier, to take refuge.

(above \

L. re-, again ; generdre, to produce anew. F. refuge generdre, to produce, from gener- t for See *genes-, stem of genus, kindred.

Refulgent. (L
stem of
L,

From L. refulgent-, ) pies. pt. of refulgere, to flash back. re- , back ; fu/gere, to shine. See
(L.;

Genus.

Regent. (F.-L.)
regent, \ice-gerent

M.F.

regent,

L.

regent-,

stem of

Fulgent.
L. refundere, to pour back, also to restore, give back (see below). refuse, to deny a request. (F. L.) M. E. refusen. O. F. refziser (the same as

pies. pt. of regere, to rule.

Allied to
stretch,

Gk.

Refund, to repay.

opeyiv,
stretch

to
out,

stretch,

Goth, uf-rakjan, to
to
rdj, to

Skt.

rj,

govern. (y'REG.) i 474. m

See Right.
;

Brugm.

regicide,
a king.
sheu).
regere*

It Port, refusar, Ital. refusare,io reject). answers to a Late L. type *tefu*dre t formed as a frequentative of refundere, to pour back, also to lestore, give back (whence to reject). L. re-, back fundere^ to poor see Fuse (i). may also note E. P. refuse y sb., O. F. tefus, refuse; cf. O. F. mettre en iefus,faire re/us a, to abandon,
; ;

slaying of slayer of a king M. F. regicide (MinL.) L. regi- t for rex t king, allied to to rule ; -cida, a slayer, from

(.

We

Also: fiom L. regi- (as aedere, to slay. before \ -cidium, a slaying, from cadere.
(L.) L. regimen, guidance. L. regere, to lule, direct. regiment. (F.-L.) M.F. regiment, ' a regiment of souldiets,' Cot. also, a govei nment. L. regzmenlu*n,iM\z } government. L. regere, to rule. region. (F. L.) M.F. region. L. L. regionem, ace. of iegio, teintory.

regimen.

reject (Codefroy). refute, to oppose, disprove. (F. L.) M.F. refilter. L. refutdre, to repel, rebut.

The ong.
see

sense

was prob.

to beat back

'

Confute.
(F

Regain.

-L. and O H.
(i).

G.)

F.

regere, to rule,
'

go vein.

reffagner.~L. See to (ram.

re-,

back; and F. gagner,

Gain

Register. (F.-L)
a record
'

M.F.
registi

registie,

Cot

Late L.

um, more

Regal. (F.-L.) M.F./,royal;Cot.

L. regalis, adj., from reg- y stem of rex, a king. Allied to L. regere, to rule. Cf Skt. rdjan-, a king O. Irish ri. Brugm * Der regal-iat insignia '35> 549 c of a king ; neut. pi. of regahs. Regale, to entertain. (F. Ital?) M.F. Not allied to regal, regaler, to entertain. as Cotgrave suggests ; but the same as Span, regalar, to make much of, pamper ;
;
-

correctly regestum, a book in which things }.,. are recorded (L. regeruntur). regestum, neut. of pp. of regerere, to bring back, L. re-, back record. gerere, to carry. See Gerund. Cf. L. regesta, pi , a registei.
;

Regnant, reigning. (L.) L. regnant-, L. stem, of pres. pt. of legndre, to reign. iegmim t kingdom. L. regere to rule.
,

See Regent.
sb.

Diez derives it from L. regddre, to melt, thaw from L. re- t back, geldre, to freeze (see Gelid).
oiig. to

melt (Diez).

1.

Regress, return. (L.) L regressus, pp. of

sorrow
;

L. rcgressus,
regi'edf,

to

go
See

back.

L. re-t back; gradi, to go.

(F.

Grade.

2.

Hatz reld deiives F. regaler (ultimately)

Ital.

Regret,

L.

and Scand.")
.

from fiom

regalare, to give presents to ; See Gala. Ital. gala, mirth. Regard, vb. (F.-L. and O.H.G.)

F. regret, grief regretter, to lament (Cot.). The oldest form of the verb is regralet Of disputed origin ; see Scheler. The

439

REGULAR
most likely solution
is that

RELIC
which derives
ex,

much,

very, (F.

and gaudere, to
L.)
Lit. to join

rejoice.

O. F. regrater from L. re-, again, and the verb which appears in Icel. grata, Swed. gr&ta, Dan. grade, A. S. gr&tan, Lowl. Sc. See Greet (aX greit, to weep, bewail. I raone as a chylde dothe for the Cf. wantyng of his nourse or mother, je
'

See

Gaud. Rejoin.

again;

in legal language, to

answer to a reply.

regrete

'
;

Palsgrave.
;

Regular. (L.) L. regularis, according L regula, a rule regere, to rule. to rule.

See Regent.

Rehearse.
; ;

F.

L.)

E. rehersen.

F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre, to rejoin. L. retungere, to join again. L. re-, again; iungere, to join. See Join. Der. rejoinder, which is the F. infin. mood used as a sb., as in the case of attainder. Relapse, to slide back into a fornaei From L. relapsus, pp. of restate. (L.) L. re-, back ; labi, to lain, to slide back.
slide;

O. F. reherser, rehercer, to hariow ovei again hence, to go over the same ground. O. F. hercer, to harrow, L. re-, again from fierce, sb., a harrow See Hearse.

see
'

Lapse.
to describe, tell. (F.
'

Relate,

L.)

F.

M.

Reign,
F.

sb.

(F.

L.)

regne. regere lo rule.

K. regne.~

Late L. relatare, Cot. relater, to relate to relate. L. relatus, used as pp. of referre, to relate (but from a different root). L.
;

kingdom See Regent.

rtgntwi,
to refund.

re-,

again

latus, for tlatus, borne, pp. of

tollere, to

bear
(L.")
;

See Tolerate.
,

Reimburse,
Gk.)

substituting L re-im- for F. rem- ;with L. re-, again; imthe same force). See (for in), in ; F. bourse, a puise.

Adapted from F

L. and (F rembourser by

Relax.
re-,

again

L. relaxare, to iela\ L. see Lax. laxare, to blacken

Doublet,

release.

Purse

Rein. (F.-IO
re?ne, rein of a btidle
77-afrVm.)

M. E. rcint.-Q. F (The same as Ital.

redina, Span, nenda, transposed form of Late L. * retina, not found, but a short form allied to L. rettnaculum, a rein. L rctinere, to hold back. L. r<?-, back ; tenere, to hold. See Retain Reindeer, Raindeer, a kind of deer. E. raynedete. Formed by (Scand.) adding deer isee Deer) to led. hreinn, a reindeer cf. also O. Swed. ren, a reindeer, A. S. hran [We also find Dan. rensdyr, I)u. rendier, G. rennthier.~\ Tent, type *hrainoz a true 1 cut. word, as the forms shew, p Diez refers us to Lapp ramgo, but this is merely a bad spelling of Swed. renko, i. e. rein-cow. The true Lapp word is patso, a reindeer nor can the Icel. word have been suggested by Lapp reino, a pasturage for rein-deer

M
;

relay (i). a set of fresh dogs or horses, a fresh supply. (K. L.) Ong. used of F relats, a relay ; doq;s and horses chiens de relats, chevaux de relais, dogs or horses kept in rescive; Cot. The orig. sense is * a iest,' and chiens de relais are * dogs kept at rest cf. a relais at rest, that 7 is not used, Cot and see telais in O. F. relais\ter, to relinquish. Godefroy. L. relaxare, to loosen, let looi,e, allow to rest Cf. Italian cam dt see Lax. rilasso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition of Flono by Torriano, 1688). (L. and E.) (2), to lay again
;
;

F-om
lesen.

Relay

re- ind lay. See Lay (i) Release. (F.-L.) M. E. re lessen,

re-

F. relaisser)^ to relax relaxare, to lelax; see Relax. Releg*ate, to consign to exile. (L.) From pp. of L. rclegare, to send away,
relessier

O.

(M

remove. L re-, again, back; legdre, to send appoint see Legate. Relent. (F. - L ) Altered from F. ra;

Jhre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 374. Reins, the lower part of the back. (F. L. rettes, pi., kidneys, O. F. reins. ) re ns

lentir,

tescere, to slacken).

re-ad)

to slacken, to iclent (cf. L. relenF. ra-, for re-a- (L. L. lentns, slack, -low, allied to
lithe.

Reject.
cent.
;

(F.

-L) M
;

/ems, gentle, and to E.

See Lenient

F. rejeter
re-,

F. rejecter (ifa\\ oldest spelling regeter}

and Lithe
orig. sense ' hence, of use for the matter helpful in hand. F. relevant, pres. pait nirelever, to raise up, assist, help L. releuare, to raise again. L. re- t again leitdre, to raise,
is
'
, ;

Relevant. (F.-L.) The

O. F. from L

back
;

tact are

Rejoice. (F. L.) M. E. reiotscn O. 1". resjon stem of pres. pt. of resjoir fmod, F. rfy'ouir},tr> gladden, rejoice L.
,

geter, getter, to throw, sej Jet (i)

;

fiom

re-,

again

O F

leuis, light.
i

eyotr, to rejoice, from L.

Relic

See Levity. a memorial. (F. L)

Chiefly

440

RELICT
in the pi.
'

REMUNERATE
F. reliques y
s.

M. E.
'

relikes.

word. - L.
see

re-,

back

mandare, to send

pi.,

reliques

reliquice, pi.,

L. reliquias, ace. of Cot. remains. L. relinqitere, to

L. re-, back
;

Mandate.
to take notice of.

leave behind.
leave.

hnquere, to
fern,

and

Remark,

(F.-L.

See Relinquish, Licence. relict, a widow. (L.) L. rehcta,

of rehnquere, to
N
,

Teut.) note, heed.

F. remarquer, to mark, L. re-, again; marquer, to

mark, from

of relictus, pp. behind (above).

rele7jen).
I,,

leave

Mark

marque,

sb,,

a mark

see

).

Relieve. (F.-L.
re/entire
,

M.

E. rehuen

F. relever, to raise up, relieve. to raise again ; see Relevant

A. F. veinedie^ O. F. remede, mod. F. remcde. 'L,. remedium, a remedy; that

to heal.

Remedy. (F.-LO

M.E. remedies

Der.

O. F. r<?/*$f (F. relief], a sb. due to the verb re lever. Religion. (F. -L.) F. religion Cot. L. ace. rehgionem, from rehgio, piety;
relief,

M.

E.

relef,

which heals again. L. re-, again See Medicine.

,

mederi,

jRe-ligens

allied to rehgens, fearing the gods, pious. is the opposite of neg-hgens,

;

Remember. (F.-L.) O F. remembrer.I^. rememordri to lemember. L. ie- again memordre, to make mention of, fiom mem or, mindful. See Memory.
t
;

negligent

Weglect. Allied also to di-ligent, and to Gk. d\ryj>, to reverence. Relinquish. (F.-L.) O. F. relenquis-, pr. pt. stem of relenquir, to leave
see

and L.)

L. rehnquere to leave be(Godefroy). hind see Relic. reliquary, a casket for relics. (F. - IO F. reliquaire, a casket wherein reliques be Cot Late 1 ,. ; ehqmdrium ^same kept L. reliqma-, ong stem of relisense).
^

to bring to mind again. (L. lorn Re- and Mind. Reminiscence. (F.-L.) M. F. reL. remiiiiscentia, rememnnirtsceme. J .. reminiscent-, stem of biance. pies. pt. of reminnci, to remember L. re-, again

Remind,
Jh

and base vime-mm-i, 1 remember. Allied to Gk. nt-por-a, 1 yearn, Skt. man, to think. (VIVIEN.)
to abatr. (L.^ L. lemittere (pp. r^wiJ9//j^ % tosend back, slacken, abate. L. re-, back; miitere, to send; see Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp. reinisvus remiss-ion.
*

Remit,

quia, relics

see

Relic (above).

relique the same as Relic. Relish, ong an after-taste. (F.

;

L)

rcle, an after-taste, Sir Cleges, 208. O. F. re/es, relais, that which is left behind; also a relay; see Relay (i). Reluctant. (L.) From stem of pres. struggle pt. of rfluctare, reluctari, to L. re-, back fad art. to struggle, against from lucta, a wrestling. Allied to Gk
;

M. E.

Remnant. (F.-L.) aunt. O F. remanant.

stem of
see
pres. pt. of

M. E. remanL.
;

remanent-, remanere, to remain

(L.)

Remain.

Remonstrate.

From

pp.

of

Airy-efu', to bend, wiithc Lith. lugnas, flexible, Skt.

in wrestling;

Late L. remonttrarc, to expose, to produce arguments against. L ie-, again; monstrure, to show, from m on it rum, a portent;
see

ruj, to

bend,

Monster.
(F.-L.)

break.

to repose on trustfully. (F. L} \\e find 'to relye their faithe upon'; where relye F- relicr, to bind fasten.

(VLEUG.)

Remorse.
Cot
Late

M.F. remors;

Rely,

L. remorsus, remorse. L. retnonns. pp. of remoniere, to bite again, to vex L. re-, again mordere, to bite
:

up, or together.

ichgare> to fasten. L see Ligament. re-, back ; ligare, to bind fl" But much influenced by E. lie, vb., to

see

Mordacity.
distant.

Remote,
pp. of
?

(IO
;

L
see

rcmoluS)

emouere, to remove

Remove.
re-

repose, though this would have required a pp. re Jain. Der. reti-ance. F. pres. s. (/<?) L. (F. remain ; cf. M. F. impers. vb. il remain-t,

Or from

M.F
;

remote,

'remove,
f remola.

Remain.

moved,' Cot.

from L. pp.

remains, [The infin. remaindre is preseived in E. remainder, used as a L. retnan-eo, I remain; reman-et, sb.] it remains L. re-, remanere, to remain.
it
;

to mount again. (K L.) F. re-, again ; monter, to F. remonter mount; see Mount (2). M. F. rcniouvoir, L. ) (F.

Remount,
Remove.

Cot.

See Re- and

Move.

behind

manere, to stay. See Mansion Remand, to send back. (F. -L.) M.F. r. lt. remanddre, to send back
;

to recompense. (L.) I'rom pp. of remunerare, remiinerart, L. re-, again to rewaid. munerare, to bestow a gift, from miiner- (for *munes-},
;

Remunerate,

441

RENAISSANCE
stem of munusj a Municipal.
gift, also,

REPEAT
office.

an

See

Renaissance, revival (F.L.) M.F. renaissance,

Cot
;

of learning.
'a

new

birth,'

L. re-, again nascentia, birth, from nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasd, to be born. See Natal. F. renal. - L. Renal. (F. L.) rendlis, adj. from renes, s. pi , reins. See

Der. renunciat-ion, F. renonciation, from L. pp. renuntiatus. Renovate. (L.) From L. renoudttts y L. re-, again ; pp. of renoudre, to renew. nouare, to make new, from nouus, new.
See Novel.

Kerns.

Renard
L.1
trer,

see

Beynard.

Rencounter, Rencontre. (F.P\ renconF. rencontre, a meeting. F. re-, again ; encontrer, to meet. to meet, encounter see Encounter.
;

L ) M. E. fame. (F. F. renoun, renun; O. F. renon (i 2th cent ). [Cf. Port, renome, Span, renombre, renown.] O. F. renomer, L. re-, again; nomito make famous. nare, to name, from nomen, a name ; see
renoun.K.

Renown,

Noun.

Rent Rent
M. E.

(O, a tear; see Bend. (2), annual payment.

(F.L.)

M. E. renden. A. S. (E.) Fnes. renda, rendan, to cut or tear. -4to tear; North Fr. renne, rannc, to tear Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent. apait. F. rendren (F. L.)

Rend.

Y. lente. [Cf. Ital. rendita, Late L. rendita, nasalised form of icnt.] L. rcddita, fem. of pp. oircddere, to lender;
rente.

see

Bender.

Render.
L.
;

M.E
;

Renunciation. (F.-L.)
nonciation,
*
'

M.F.

re-

lendre
red-,

Date (i). renuntiatwnem, prop, an announcement. L. renuntiat-tis, pp. of renuntidre, orig. rendezvous, for the to announce; see Ben ounce. 'a icndevous, place appointed F. rendez Cot. assembhe of souldiers Repair (0, to restore, amend. (F. L.) vous<"L. reddite nos, render yourselves, M. t reparer. L. reparare, to recover, L. re-, again; repair, make ready anew. imperative pi. of reddere (above) Renegade, Renegado. (Span L. ) parare, to get ready ; seeL.Pare. Der. F. reparable, repardbihs\ Span, renegado, an apostate, one who has repar-able, F. reparation denied the faith orig. pp of renegar, to repar-at-ion, L. re-, again; negare, forsake the faith Repair (2), to resort to. (F.-L.) M.F. Older form reto deny. See Negation. repairer, to haunt ; Cot. From L. ?<?-, painer (Burgtiy) L. repatndre, to repair L. and E.) L. re-, back ; patna^ to one's own country. again and E new. for pater, a (0, the prepaied inner mem- native country, from patri-, brane of a calf's stomach, used to make father. milk coagulate. (E ) M.E. renet\ from Repartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F. Cot. M.E. rennen, to lun; prov. E. ;//, to repartie, a reply Orig. fem. of Hence reparti, pp of M. F. repartir, to re-divide, See Bun. congeal, coagulate.
back

teddere, to give see dare, to give

back.

L.

renunciation

Cot.

L. ace.

rendezvous.

(F.L F
)
;

Renew.
;

Rennet

'

'

ticisms)

also called runnet (Pegge's Kenalso erning (Derbyshire), from So also M. I)u. rinse I, A. S irnan, to runsel, renninge, curds, or milk -runnel/

rennet

is

to

answer thrust with

again
off,
;

thiust, to reply.

-F.

re-,

nm

dart

partir, to part, also to rush, L re-, burst out laughing.

'

from rinnen, to presse, curdle; Hexham. Cf. G. rinnen, to run, curdle, coagulate. Rennet (2) a sweet kind of apple (F. L ) Formerly spelt renate, from an odd notion that it was derived from L. rendtus, F. reinette, ratnette, a rennet born again the same as rainette, a little frog ^from Dimin. of F. raine, a the speckled skin.
* , 1 ; ;

'

again; parttre, to share, from patti-, for See Part. pars, a part.

Repast, a meal (F.-L.)

latei

O.F. repast,
paslurn, ace.

repas.

L.

re-,

again

See of pas t'us, food, from pascere, to feed. Pastor. - L.) O. F. repaier. - O. F. Repay. (F.
re-

(L.

re-} 9

back; paier, to pay;

(F -L.)

see

Pay.
O. F. rerapeler, F. rappeler, to repeal. (L. re-} ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.

frog.

L. rdna, a fiog. Cf. Banunculus. F. renoncer. ) (F. L. remmtiare, to bring back a report, also to disclaim, renounce. re-, back, again ; nuntiare, to tell, bring news, from

Renounce.

Repeal.

Altered from O. F.

See Appeal.
F. repeter,

Repeal- re-appeal.
Formerly
repete.

Repeat. (F.L.)
Cot.-L,

nuntins,

messenger.

See

Nuncio. M.
44*

repctere, to attack

REPEL
L. re-, again petere, again, reseek, repeat. Der. repet-itto attack; see Petition.
; ;

REPTILE
;

lay up, store. - L. re-, again pffnere, to place see Position. ion. Reprehend, to reprove. (L.) L. reRepel. (L-) L. repellere, to drive back. prehendere, to hold back, check, blame. L. re-, back; pel/ere, to drive; see L. re-, back prehendere, to seize, to hold. Pulse. Der. repulse, from pp. repulsus. See Prehensile. Repent, to me. (F. L.) F. repentir, Represent. (F.-L.) O.F. repreL. re-, again; pcenitere, to senter.->1u. representare, to bring before to repent. cause to repent see Penitent. L. re-, again ; prcssentare, again, exhibit. Repercussion. (L.) From Re- and to present; see Present (2). Percussion. Repress. (F.-L.) From F. re-, Repertory, a treasury. (F.-L.) M.F. again, andpresser, to press ; but used with L. repertoriitm, an inventory. sense of L. reprimeie (pp. repressus) to repertoire. L. repertor, a finder, discoverer. L. re-, back ; premere, L. press back, check. L re- t again parire to press see Press. reperire, to find out. (Ennius), usually parere, to produce see Reprieve, vb. (F.-L.) [A doublet Parent. of reprove.^ M. E. repreven, to leprove, Repine. (L.) Compounded of L. re-, icject, disallow to reprieve a sentence is to disallow it. O. F. repreui'e, 3rd pres. again; and //;/<?, to fret; see Pine (2). Replace. (F. - L. and Gk.) From re- sing, indie, of reprover (F. rfyrouver), to and Place. (F. ;-, L. re-), again lepiove; see Reprove. Cf. Schwan, Replenish. (F.-L.) O. F. repleniss-, 34(4)stem of pres. pt. of replenir, to fill up (F -L.) Y.rfprimande, again now obsolete. L. re-, again Late foimeily reprwiende, a reproof ;' Cot. L. *plen7rc, to fill, from L. plenus, full L. repnmenda, a thing that ought to be replete, full. (F.-L. M. F. repkt, repressed; hence, a check. Fern, of the masc L. repletus, geiundive of reprimere, to repress; see replete, fern., full. filled up pp. of re-plere, to fill again. L. Repress. see Plenary. re-, again piers, to fill Reprisal. F.-Ital.-L.) M. F. reReplevy, to get back detained goods pre^aille, a taking or seizing on, a reprisal. on a pledge to try the ngbt in a suit. (F. [The change of vowel is due to obs. verb F ie- (L. re-), again; O. F. reprise, to seize in return; from F. repris, Tent.) See Pledge. L repiehendere, (nere) plevir, to be Mirety. pp. of reprendre to seize again ] M.K. replien. Ital npresagha, booty. L.) Reply. (F. O. F. rephct the old form afterwards re- M. Ital rtpresa, a taking again ; fern, of riplaced by the learned foirn repliquer, to preso, pp of riprwdere, to reprehend, also L rcplnarc,\it to fold back as a to retake. L reprehendere, to seize again, reply
; ;
;

Reprimand.

'

<

'

law
Ital.

teiitt,

to reply

to fold

Der

back; phcare, rephca, a lepetition from

re-,
;

L.

aUo, to reprehend

see

Reproach.

-L)

Reprehend.
F.
;

eprocher, to

Cf. Span, repiochar, Prov. rereproach. repeat, icply. propchar, to reproach; answenng to Late E. report en -F. L. *iepropiaie, to bung near to, impute Report. (F.-L") L. re-, again; propt-ttSj L. reportage, to, reproach. teportej, to carry back. to carry back. L. ;t'-, back; portage, to nearer, comp. of prope, near. See Protranslation of L. obicere The E. sense 'to pinquity. ^[ carry; --ee Port (i) relate is due to F. rapporter, O. F. (olyicere^, to bring near or cast before one,

replica, a sb. clue to L. replnare, to

'

rapotter

with prefix ra(F.

<L

re-cut.

to rest, pause ; Late L repausare, to pause, rest. L. re-, again; pausdie, to pause, from pausa, sb., due to Gk. navais, a pause. Important this is the verb which seems to have given rise to poser and its com-

Repose.

L. <z</Gk.)

to reproach.

refoser,

Reprobate.
proved, rejected
;

L reprobatus, re(L.) pp. of reprobare, to reject

back; probare,to
test.

upon

trial.

L.

re-,

See Probable

pounds.

L. reposiF. repositoire, a storehouse. torium L. repositus, pp. of repdnere, to

M.

See Pose. Repository, a storehouse.

(F.

L)

reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven, also repreven. F. reprover (F. re"prouver\ to reprove, condemn. L. reprobare, to reject, reprove (above).

Reptile,
(F.-L.) F.

reptile,

crawling; usually, as a sb. crawling ;' Cot.-L.

'

443

REPUBLIC
L. reptilem, ace. of reptilis, creeping. Li thuan. reptus, pp. of repere, to creep. reploti, to creep. Republic. (F. L.) M. F. repubhque, ' the commonwealth Cot. L. respubhc a, a republic. L. res, a matter, state pub-

RESIST

L. rescindcre, to scinder, to cancel ; Cot. L. re-, back ; sctndere, to cut off, annul. cut. Allied to Schism. (VSKHEID.) (F.-L.) M. F. rescript, a

Rescript.

See Heal. hca, fern, of pubhcus, public. Repudiate. (L.) Fiom pp. of L. tepudtare, to reject. L repudmm, a casting off, divorce. Perhaps from L. ; e-, away cf. pud-, base of piidere, to feel shame pudor, shame, pro-pudiuni, a shameful
; ;

L. reset iptum, neut. of reply in writing. pp. of rescnbere, to write back. L. re-> back scribere, to write see Scribe. Rescue, vb. (F. L.) M. E. re^couen. O. F. rescourre, to rescue, save. [The same woid as Ital. riscuotcreJ\ Late L.
;

action.

Repugnant.

(F.-L.)

M
'

L re-, back against see Pugilism.

Repulse.
;

ant, pres. pt. of repugner, L. re-pugnare. thwart;' Cot

;

repugnto repugne,
.

rescutcre (\.D. 1308); for re-exculere,i& ex y !L drive away again. re-, again; see Quash. away quatere, to shake fiom O. F. fl" The M. E. sb. was rescous, rescowse Late L. pp. fem rescussa.
; ;

<

to

fi^ht
;

pugtiarc, to fight

Re-,

L.) Compounded of (F. Cf. Norman again, and Search. dial recerche, reseaich.

Research.

(L.)

FiomL.

repuha,
Cf.

sb.,

a refusal or repulsare, vb. pp. of repellere see Repel.

;

L. repuh-us,

Resemble. (F.-L) O.Y.rcsembler. O F. re-, again semblcr to seem, be

;

Norman

like.

Repute. (F. L.) M. F. rcpuler. - L. L. repufare, to repute (lit reconsulei). see Pur*?-, again putare, to think tative. Request. (F. L.) O. F. requcste. L. requislta, a thing asked, fem of pp.
;
,

dial, repulser, to repulse

like

L. re-, again; see Simulate.

(F.

simularc, to

make

Resent.
res sent tr), to

L.)

M. F.

se resentir (or

have a deep sense of. L. re-, again; sent* re, to feel. See Sense. Der.
resentment.

Reserve.
rcwuare*
to

(F.

L.) O. F. rcserver.
re-,

L.

of requirerc, to ask back. L re back; and quierere, to seek See Quest. require. (F.-L.) M. E. requeren,
,

keep back. L see Serve. seruare, to keep

;

back;

reservoir.

(F.

L.)

F. rei>e>voir.>

but also requircn requerre, with i requirere (above). pp requisitus.

M.

pr.

F. reqttenr\ s. requier.
requis-tte,

F. JL

Late L rescrualorium, a store-house, foimed from reseruare, to reserve. Cf. Late L. seruatonum, a store-house
(Lewis).

Der.

fiom
the

Reside.
The Mass
for
side, stay

(F.

L.)

It.r-esider,

Dead was called requiem, because it began Requiem actemam dona eis.' L. requiem,
'

Requiem.

(L.")

L.

residere,

to sit or

toreremain
see

behind

L. re-, back;

sedere, to sit;

Sedentary.

ace.
re^t.

of requies, repose. See Quiet.

L.

re-;

qtties,

Der. re\td-cnce residue. (F.-L.) O F. rcsidu -L.

Requite. (b.-L) Also spelt reqmt, Temp 111. 3. 71. From re- and quit bee
,

tesiduum, a rernaindei, neut. viresiduus, L ; ewdere (above). remaining.

Quit.

Reredos, a screen at the back of a From (F. thing, esp. of an altar. L.) M. E. rere, rear and F. dos, back, from L.
,

M. F. ) Resign, to yield up. (F. resigner.i-L,. resignare, to unseal, annul, L. re-, back; signare, to sign, resign.
fiom signum. a
sign,
(L.")

mark.

See Sign.

Resilient.
pres.
;

resilient-,

stem of

dorsum, back.
(E.)

See

Rear

(2)

and Dorsal.
a
bat.

Reremouse, Rearmouse,

L. part, of rcsilire, to leap back. See Salient. re-, back sallre, to leap.

A. S hreremus, a bat; from the A. S. hreran, to flapping of its wings.

agitate, allied to hror, adj., stirring, quick; mus, a mouse. Cf. prov. V^.Jlitter-mouse,

Resin, Rosin. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.

Norman
trees.

M. F. resine, rosin ; Cot. recyn, rectne L. resFna, Jer. h. 8 dial rosine

'

'

(Vulgate).

Gk.

prjrivrj, resin,

gum from

a flutter-mouse or bat.
f[

And
;

cf.
;

Uproar.

See Piellwitz.

A.

Rereward
Rescind,

Perhaps a popular etymology cf. early S. hreatha-mus, a bat Epinal Gl. 978.
see Rearward. ; to repeal. (F.-L.)

Resist. (F.-L.)
;

O. F. resister-l,.

L. re-, re sist ere, to stand back, withstand back sistere, to stand, from stare, to

F. re-

stand

see State.

444

RESOLUTE
Resolute. (L.) L. rcsolutus, pp. of resoluere (below). resolve. (L.) L. resoluere > to loosen, melt hence to separate into parts (also, L. re-, back ; soluere, to decide, resolve). Der. resolut-ion to loosen see Solve.
; ;

RESUSCITATE
which (like O. H. G. rasta} from Teut. root *ras, to dwell, as seen in Goth, raz-n, a house. See Kansack. 903 c. Brugm. i. Rest (2\ to remain, be left over (F.
halting-place,'
is

(from pp. reso hit us}.

Resonant. (L.) From resonant-, stem of pros. pt. of L. reson are, to sound back, L. re-, back; son-are, to echo, resound sound, from son us, sound. See Sound (3). Resort, to betake oneself to. (F. L.)
F. rewrtir, teswrtir, to issue, goe forth agame, iesort;' Cot. Ong. a law Late L. rewrtTre, to term; to appeal resort to a tribunal cf. resorlirT, to return to any one. L. ; e-, again sortirl, to obtain so that re-sortiri is to re-obtain,
; , ;

F. rester, to icmain. L. restart, to L.) L. re-, back; stare, stop behind, remain to stand; see State. from <[f Distinct rest (i), repose. Restaurant. (F.-L.) Mod. F. re' ' staurant, lit. pres. pt. of restoring ;
restaurer,
to
restore,

lefresh;

see

HeE.)

M.

'

store.

Restharrow,
stop the harrow. lit I'OJlif) btOp-OX/
'

a plant.

(F.
its

and

For arrest-harrow, because

tough roots Cf. the F. name arrte-

gam by
(rath

appeal.
;

sort, a iot

L. re-, again see Sort.

(K.
L.")

sorti-, for

L) F. restitution. (F. restttutionein, ace. of testttutio, a L. restitutes, pp. of restituere, restoring.

L.

Restitution.
restoie.

Resound.
cent.).

O. F.
;

?vw/^
see

to

L.

resonare

Re-

set up, place,

L. re-, again; stahiere, to causal of stare, to stand see

;

sonant.

State.

F. resource, (F. L.) ' F. Cot. later resource, 'a new sou ice; see Source. source, source re-, again
; ;

Resource.

Restive.

(F.

L.) Confused
'

withw/-

F. respect, L.) I respectum^ ace. respect, regard ;' Cot L. respccttts, of respectui, a looking at pp. ot respite* e, to look at, look back L. ;r-, back spccere, to see; see upon.

Respect,

sb.

(F.

hss, but it really means stubborn, refusing M.F. restif, restie, stubborn, to move F. rester, to di awing backward;' Cot.

^[ Hence F rusty (2). to be stubborn. in the phr. to ttirn msty L.) O. F. restorer, also (F.

remain; see Best

Restore.
again
;

rcstaurer.
re-,

restaurare, to restore
set

L.
see

Species.
respect-ive
;

Der.

respect, vb.

respect-able,

*staumre, to
i.

up

also dis-respect L) (F. delay, reprieve. O. F. respit, a respite. Grig, sense rcgaid, respect had to a suit on the part of a L. ace. respectum, respect (above) judge Respire, to breathe, take rest. ( F. L.)

respite,

Store

Brugm.

198.

L. re\pirare, to breathe tespirer L. ie-, back; spn\lre y iv again or back. breathe see Spirit Resplendent. (L) Prom L. re}-*.
;

O. F. restraign-, as in restraign ant, pies, pt of restraindre L. restnng(F. restrcindre}, to lestram. L. ere, to draw back tightly, bind back. see Strinre-, back stringer e, to bind F. reDer. restraint, from gent.
L.)
;

Restrain. (F

st rainte,

fem. of

pp of

restraindre.

restrict.
t

(L.)

FiomL

res/n^us,pp.

splendent-, stem of pros. pt. L. ;r-, again dere, to glitter to shine, see Splendour.

of
;

rcsplcn-

sptendcre,

(pp. responstts), to answer see L. re-, back spondere, to promise Sponsor. Der. response, fiom O. Jh ;vspons, an answer, from L. responsuin, neut. of pp. responsus. ;&'?/, nrst, (i\ repose. (K.) rest Cf. Du. >//.$/, Dan. Swed. rast, Icel. 7<n/ (the distance between two restingplaces'), Goth, rasta (a stage), C). H. G.
; ;
.

Respond. L icspondi're

(F.-L.)

O.F

respond**

of re*/nH?ere to bind back (above). Result, vb. (F. - L.) M. F. resulter, ' also to rise of, to rebound or leap back come out of;' Cot. L. resultdre,io rebound frequent of resili) e, to leap back
; ;

Der. resnlt-ant. see Resilient. to take up again. (F. L.) L. re-, L. tesiltnere. M. F. resumer. sumere, to take ; see Assume. again

Resume,
;

Rest

AS

The S. rest, fern., rasta, G. rast, rest. answers to Teut. type *rast-jd, orig. ' a

resitmpt-ton (fiom pp. rcsumpt us). O. F. resur} Resurrection. (F. L. reifwn. L. ace. resurrectioncm. resurrect us, pp. of resurgcre, to rise again. L re-, again; surgere, to rise; see

Der

-L

Surge.

Resuscitate, to revive.

(L.^ L. resus-

445

RET
L. citatus, pp. of resuscitdre,i& revive. re-, again, sus-, up, and citdre, to rouse ;
see Cite. Bet, to steep flax. (M. Du.) M. Du. reten, reeten, to steep flax ; Du. rcten. Cf. Pomeran. roten, Swed. rota, Norw. royta, to let; also Du. rete, reute, Low G. rate, E. Fries. rotte,& retting- pit. Lit. ' to make rotten ; formed by mutation from Teut. *raut; for which see Rotten. Cf. Du. rooten, to ret.
'

RETROSPECT
retenu, pp. of retenir, to retain tain.
;

see

Re-

Retire. (F.-Teut.) M.F.

retire,

withdraw
;

' ;

Cot.

F.

retirer, to re- t back ;

tirer, to pull

Retort,
distilling.
'

see Tier, Tirade. a censure returned tube for

;

(F.-L.)
violently
;

M.F.

retort,

twisted,

leturned,' retorte,

pp. * a

lymbeck/ Cot.

lit.

a thing twisted back.

sb. (F. To sell by retail L.) to sell by small pieces. O. F. retail, a O. F. retailler, shred, paring, small piece. to shred, cut small. O. F. re- ( =L. re-},

Retail,

F. retort, pp. of retordre, to twist L. retorquere, to twist back. back. L. re-, back ; torquere, to twist ; see

M.

is

Torture.

Retract. (F.-L.)
'

M.F.

retracter,

a^ain

tailler, to cut

Retain.
tinere,
re-,
;

(F.

L.)

see Tailor. F. retemr.-l.. re-

L. rctractdre, frequent, L. re-, back ; of rctrahere, to draw back. traherc, to draw: see Tract (i).
;'

to revoke

Cot.

to hold back; pp. rclcntus. ]^. back tencre, to hold ; see Tenable. Der. retent-wn (from the pp.).

retreat, sb. (F.-L.) M.E.retrete. O. F. retrete, later retraite, a retreat, fern, L. of retrct, pp. of retratre, to withdraw.
retrahere, to
*

to repay. (L.) From pp. allied to tdho, ; retaliation in kind, as in lex tdlioms, the

Retaliate,

draw back (above).

of L. retaliare, to requite

Retrench.
chcr,

L. ?) (F. to curtail, diminish ;

M.
'

F. retren-

Cot.

L.
;

re-,

law of

L. tali-, decl. stem of Cf. Gk. TT)tdlts, such, of such n kind. \IKOS, of such an age. From the Idg. base See That. /<?-, allied to Gk. TO, E. tha-t.
retaliation.

back

and O. F. trencher, to cut Trench. Retribution. (F.-L.) M.F.

;

see

retri-

bution.

>

ace.

Retard, to delay.
to hinder.

again
slow.

L.) Y.retarder, (F. L. retarddre, to delay. L. re-, tarddre, to make slow, from tardus,

L. retribictus, L. re-, back.

retnbutioncm, requital. pp. of retnlmere to pay back tnbuere, to pay see

, ;

Tribute.

See Tardy.

Retch, Reach,
A.
spit.

to try to vomit. (E.) S. hrrfcan, to clear the throat, hawk,

,

A. S. hrdca, spittle; cf. hrUcgebrccc from hoarseness. -|- Icel. hrakja, to sj)it Prob. of imitative origin hrdki, spittle.
;

Retention.
*
'

letention;

Cot
,

holding back.
pp. of retinere

retention, L.) L. ace. retentionem, a L. retent-tis, held back,

(F.
see

M..

Retrieve, to recover. (F. L. and Gk.) Formeily retreve. O.Y. rctreuve, ^rd pers. sing, mdic of retrover, later L. re-, again; retrouver, to find again. O. F. trovet to find see Trover. Retro-, backwards. (L.) L. retrff,
, ;

backwards a cai>e of a comparative form from re- or ?ed-, back. The suffix -tro (trd} in ci-tro, ci-trd, answers to Goth.
;

Retain.

-firo in fa-firo,

thence; see Brugm.

ii.

75.

Reticent,

silent.

(L)

From stem

of

See

Rear

(2).

pres. pt. of L. reticere, to be very silent. re-, back, very ; and taccre, to be silent

Retrocession.
cesston.

(F.-L.)

F. rttro-

See Tacit.

F. rtticule, a net a reticule. L. reticulum, retro, backwaids cede re, to go ; see Cede. a little net double dimm. of rcte, a net. Retrograde, going backward. (F. L. rctrogradus^ Formerly aUo ridicule (both in F. and L ) retrograde. L. retroE.), by confusion with Ridicule (Littre) retrogiade (used of a planet). L. retro, backCf. prov. F. ridicule, a reticule, dial, of gradi, to go backwards Verdun (Fertiault). wards gradi, to go see Grade retina, the innermost coating of the retrogression. (L.) Coined from so called pp. of L. retro-gradi (above). Neo-Lat. retina eye. (L.) because resembling network. Coined from Retrospect. (L.) From L retroreti~ for rete, a net. spectus, (unused) pp. of retrospicere, to look back. L. re-trff, back; specere, to ._ .. . Retinue. (F. L.) M.}L.retenue. O. F. retenuc, a body of retaineis ; fern, of! look.
for

Reticule. (F.-L.)
the
hair,
;

Late L. rctrdcessionem, ace. of L. retrocess-us, retroce^no, a going back L. pp. of retrocedere, to go further back.
;

OF.
;

RETURN
,

RHAPSODY
F. rctourner

vb.
(

(Cot.).

F. re;

= L.

(F.-L.)
re-) t

revert. (F.-L.) M,
reveit,

back; toumer,
<

returne;'

Cot,

F. revertir, to L. reuertere

'

to turn

see
'

Turn.
(F.

Reveal.
reveale
;

Cot.

F. reveler, to L. reueldre, to draw back

;

- L.)

(above).

M.

Review.
View.

(F.-L.)

From Be- and

Revile. (F.-L.) M.E. reuilen (~ F. re-, revilcn}; A. F. reviler (Gower\ again; and F. vil (L tiilis}, cheap; ee ' Lit. 'to cheapen.' resveil, a hunt 's-up, or morning-song for Vile. a new married wife, the day after the marRevise. (F.-L.) O.F. reviser. -I*, Cot ] The E. reveilft was a tri- reuisere, to look back upon, revisit. L. riage rtveillez, wake re-, again syllable, and represented uisere, to survey, from ulsus, see Vision. ye, imper plural of reveiller, to awaken; pp. of utdere, to see O. F. resvdller. O. F. re- (L re-, again) Revisit. (F. L.) From Be- and and esveiller, to awaken, from L. ex t out, Visit.
veil.

L. re- t back

Reveille, an alarum - L.) [Cf. F. rtveil, (F.

'

uelum, veil see Veil. at break of day a reveille, M. F.

;

and uigildre, to watch (from mgil, awake). See Vigil, ^f The E. word is also spelt reveillez Brand, Pop. Antiq ed. Ellis, ii. 1 The F. reveillez is used as a sb. (in 76. the E. sense) in the dialect of Forez, near
;

Revive. (F.-L)
uluere,
to
live

F. revivre.
revive.

l^

rere-,

again,
;

L.

again

ttiuere, to live

see

Vivid.
L. re-,

Revoke. (F.-L.) O
;

?.rcvocquer(.

"tvoquer)

Revel, a noisy feast. (F. L.) M. E reuel (ievef), sb. O. F. revel, pride, rebellion, sport, jest, disturbance, disorder O. F. reveler ^Q rebel, hence, (Roquefort). to riot L tebellare, to rebel see Bebel.
;

Lyons (Graz).

back

L. retiocdre, to recall. uociire, to call ; see Vocal.

'
;

Der.

revell-er

whence

revel-r-y.
.

Revenge. (F. L.) Q.F.revengier, also revencher, to avenge oneself (Y re}?. re- (-=L. ie-\ again; O. F. vancher}. vengier, venger, from L mndicdre, to see Vindicate. vindicate income. (F. L.) M. F. revenu, in., and revenue f. revenue, lent Cot. From revenn, pp. of levemr, to come back. F. re-, back ; vemr, to come.
;

a rebellion. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. revoke, a revolt Cot. M. Ital. revolta (Ital. nvolta}, a revolt; fern of 'cvolto, turned, overthrown, pp. of rcvo!L. revere, to turn, roll back, overturn. uohiere, to loll back (below). revolve. (L.) L. reuoluere, to tuin

Revolt,

L. re-, again again, revolve. uohtere, to urn ; see Voluble. Der. revolut-ion, from reuolHtus. j>p.
;

Revulsion. (F.-L.) M.F.

;

revulsion,

Revenue,

'

',

te-,

back;

uenire,
(L.)

to

come;

see

a plucking away also the drawing of itimours from one part of the body into another;' Cot. L. reuulsionem, ace. of L. reuulsus, reuulsio, a plucking back. of reucllere, to pull back. L. re- 9 _>p.
jack
;

Venture

uellere, to pull, pluck.

Cf.

ConC.)

Reverberate.

From

reucrberdre, to beat back I ,. 1 e-j back; tterberdre, to beat, echo). from uerber, a scourge. Revere. (F. L.) M.F. reverer(. L. renererT, to rfvtrer], to reverence.
levere,
iiereri,

pp. of L. (hence, to re-

vulse.

Reward,

vb.

A. F. reivarder;

stand in awe
to
fear,

Wary.

L. re-, again; awe, allied to E. Der. reverence, O. F. reverence,

of.

feel

L. reuerentia\ also reiser-end.

Reverie, Revery.
See Have.

(F.

L.)

F.

r$verte, a raving, a vain fancy, a revery. F. r^ver, formerly resver, r fiver, to rave.

F. regarder, to look jack upon, regaid (with favour) ; see Begard. Doublet, regard. Reynard, Renard, a fox. (F. Teut.) O. F. renard, regtiai d ( F. renard) Low G. (M. Flemish) Reinaert, the name given to the fox in the celebrated VI. Flemish epic so called. Cognate with ' O. H. G. Reginhart, lit. strong in counfrom O. II. G. regin-, ragin-, ansel
.

(F.-L. amto.

II.

'

Reverse.

(F.

swering to Goth, ragin, judgment, counsel, and hart (E. hard\ strong
sodic, Cot. ,he reciting

L.)

M. E.

raters

(revers).~Q.Y. revers. L. reuersus, lit. turned backwards pp. vireuertere, to turn backward. L, re-, back uertere, to turn see Verse.
;

rhapsodia. /$a^y5m, of epic poetry, part of an epic 3oem, a rhapsody, tirade. Gk. /ftai^&fc,

Rhapsody. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.^L. Gk.

who
strings

one

(lit.

stitches)

songs to-

447

RHETORIC
Gk. faaf/-, gather, a reciter of epic poetry. stem of fut. of fidrrrciv, to stitch together, fasten together <j)54 an ode see Ode.
;

RICKETS
Perhaps allied to G.
rebe,

a tendril

from

Rhetoric.
;

F.

- L. - Gk
;

O. F. rhe-

L. rhetorica, \. e. rhetorica tortque Cot. fern, of rhetoricus, ars, the art of rhetoric
rhetorical; adj. from For ppy-Tup. firjrup, an orator, speaker. related by gradation to ttptiv, to speak
adj.
fiijTopitc6s,

the idea of clasping (Kluge). Ribald. (F. Teut.) M. E. ribald, ribaud. O. F. ribald (F. ribaud}. LowL. cf. Low L. rtbalda, a ribaldus^ a ruffian

prostitute.

Qf Teut.
rite,

origin.

-O. H.
;

Gk.

hripa,
riber,
is

M. H. G.
to

a prostitute

cf.

G. O. F.
-aid
Cf.

be wanton.
4019.

The

suffix

due to O. H. G. wait,
(F.)

(for

Rheum. ( F. - L. - Gk. )
"L.

*f tp-ytiv}.

Allied to Verb.

power.

Korting,
rcban.

M.F. rheum e

rheuina.<(j\a.

fevfj.a

(stem ficvpaT-},

a flow, flux, iheum. Gk. pctt-nopai, fut of : /5f iv t to flow (for *<jpf -tv) -f-^kt. sni, to flow. Allied to Stream. (y'SREU.)
;

Der. rheumat-tc.

M. E. nban, a ribbon Gael. O. F. ribean, a ribbon, fillet; from E.J nban (F. ruban}^ a ribbon (Littre) Gascon and Languedoc nban\ Norman dial.
[Also
Irish ribtn,
; ;

Riband, Ribbon.

nban.
(L.

Low

L.
;

Rhinoceros.
Gk.
to
fnvo-, for
/5/s,

-Gk.) L
'

rhinoceros.

fitvotcfpcas, lit.

nose-horned.*

Gk
allied

Origin

unknown

rub anus (A. D 1367). cf. Dan. vride-baand, a

nose;

tctpas,

a horn,
(F.

Horn.
a loothke stem.

twisted band. Rice. ( F. - Ital. - L. F. ns, rice; F. nz

- Gk. - O.
Ital.

O
Gk.)

mso

Pers.) L.

Rhizome,
F.
root.

rhizome

pi(ovt>, to

root. Gk. fiifana, cause to take root. Gk. fiifa,

I,, rhodothe lose-bay, po5o-, for pubov, rose, Gk. frodov is of Armenian

Gk.

otyza Gk.opva,opvov, rice, gram. From an O. Pers form, preserved in the Pushto

(Afghan) wrijzey,
a

ivrijey, rice

wnjzah,

See Boot.

Rhododendron.
dendron
oleander.
oiigi'i

(L -Gk.^

Gk. Gk.

/5o5cJ<5f vfyov,

Hence also grain of rice (Raverty). Arab, uruzz, ruzz, whence Span, arroz, nee. Allied forms are Peis. birinj, Armen.
"ce; Skt. vrihi-,
1

brtnji

rice.

(Horn,

208,

$ti>8poi' } tree.
;

Yule

see

Rose
;

Rhodomontade
tade.

see

RodomonL.

Rhomb, Rhombus.

(L.-Gk.)

rhombus (F. rhombe\<-> Gk. /5cJ/^os, a thing twirled round, whirling spindle, a thing in the shape of a whirling spindle, a foursided figure with equal sides but unequal Gk pkpfitiv, to revolve. Allied angles
to

Rich. (E.) M. E. rtc/ie,-A. S. rue, powerful, rich. [We also find O.F. riche^ from O. Sax. rtkl, allied to O. rthhi, M. H. G riche (G. retch], powerful. ]-f

H G

Wrinkle

Bumb.

(Frellwitz).

See
)

also

Rhubarb.
teubarbe,

(F.-Late

L.~Gk
Late L.
*

O. F.
rheu-

F. rhnbarbe

barbarum ( = rheum barbarum^. Gk. lit. Rheum from ftrjov papftapoi', rhubarb
;

the barbarian country/ Gk. faov is an adj. from pi, the rha-plant, rhubarb, which was also called Rhd Ponticum. Rhd took its name from the river Rha, i. e. the And see Barbarous. Volga.

Du. rtjki Tccl. rikr, Swed rik, Dan. rig, Goth, reiks. Tent, type *rlkiz, powerful, from the base rik- as seen in Goth, reik-s, a ruler cognate with the Celtic base rig-, as in Gaulish rfx, a king (cf. O. Irish W, unless gen. rig, a king, W. rhi, a chief) the Teut. base rik- is merely boriowed from the Celtic rig-. Cf. L. rex. gen. reg-is, a king. All from ^REG,to rule (L. regSee Regent. I3rugm. i. ere~] 135, 549 c. K. richesse, G ) riches . (F O.
;

the pi. being nchesses F O. H. G. rihhi, M. H. G. rtchesse^ wealth. he (G. reicJi}, rich (above). The suffix is F -e\se, L. -ttta.
a sing.
sb.
;

Rhumb

see

Rhyme;
Rhythm.
Cot.

see
(F.

Bumb. Rime (T)

-L.-Gk.) M.F
rithme,

Rick. (E ) JRick is from A. S. hrycce, as in corn hrycce, corn- rick. also find M. E reek, A.S. hreac^ a heap a rick.-f Icel. hraukr, a ntk; Du. rook. Cf O.

We

Gk. /$v0/4os, measured Gk. fttiv, to flow. motion, time, measure.

L.rhythmus.
See

Irish cruach, a rick

and see

Buck

(2).

Du

Rheum. Rib. (E) M.

rib, Tccl. rif,
;

K. ribbe.

A.

S.

nbb.+

Dan. rib-been

Swed. ref-been f rib-bone), G. nppe\ Russ. rebro.

a disease of children, accompanied by softness of the bones and A prov. E. word great weakness. (E.) first noticed about A D 1620; whence the medical term rachitis was coined about

Rickets,

448

RICOCHET
,

RIG

Icel. 1650, with allusion to Gk. /$ax<s, the spine. {North-riding = North-thriding}. Cf. prov. E. rickety i. e. tottery, weak, )>H8jztngr, the third part of a thing, third unstable. Formed from M. E. wrikken, part of a bhire. Icel.frtdt, third cognate to twist, wrest, still in use in the phrase with A. 8. }ndda, third. See Third, 'to wnck one's ankle.' Allied to A. S. Three. So also Norw. tridjung, a third see Wring and part wnngan, to twist "Wry. Cf. Du. wrikken, Swed. ricka, Rife. (Scand.) M. E. rtf, late A. S. to be rickety Swed. rickug, rickety. lcel. rifr, munificent, abundant; M. rif. Iti.COCh.et, the rebound of a cannon-ball. Swed. nf, rife; Norw. riv -|-M. Du. rtjf Low G. rive, abundant, munifi(F.) F. ricochet, the sport of skimming a abundant thinne stone on the water, called a Duck cent, extravagant. Cf. Icel. reifr, glad; and a Drake Cot. re if to bestow a, Origin unknown M. E ridden, (E.) (1), to free Riff-raff, refuse. (F.-Tcnt.) M.E. rif redden. A. 8 hreddan, to snatch away, and raf) things of small value, hence
; "
;

'

Bid

Fries, hredua, Du. redden, Swed. radda; G. retten. Tent, Cf. 8kt. ^rath, to untie. type *hradjanRid (2), to clear, esp land. (Scand) M. E. ruden (pp rid). Prov. E. rid. Icel. ryfya (oiig. hryb?a\ to clear, clear out; Dan. rydde. to clear, grub up land. Teut. type *hrud/an-, from *hrud-, weak grade of *hrcuthan- (Icel hrjo$a\ to ^[ Confused with rid (i). strip. Riddle (i\ an enigma. (E } Properly riddles and the pi should be nddles-es. M. E. redds A. 8. rtidcls, rcedehc, a

deliver.

+O.

Dan.

redde,

every also rif et raf, every bit l II ne luy lairra ny raf, rtf he will strip him of all ,' Cot Here rif or rifle is a thing of small value, from nfer, to rifle, ransack; and rajle is fiom M. F. raffler, to rifle, ravage. Both are
bit.

M.

F.

'

nfle

et rajle.

words

origin, drawn together by though oi difieient origin. F. njler is fiom Icel. hrifa (see Kifle (i)) ; F. raffler is from G. raffen, to seize.
of

Teut

their sound,

Rifle ( ), to spoil, M. F. njler, 'to rifle,

i

dial,

riflcr

spoile (Dume'ril).

- Teut.) plunder. (F. Norm, ;' Cot.

Formed,
with

uddle,
,

A 8. explanation. plain see Read.+Du raadsel, for *raadG. h-lo-, the A S. -eh being for -isl; still say to read ratksel, a iiddle ^[

ambiguity,

something requning r&dan, to discern, ex-

We

riddle,

\.

e.

to explain
,

it.

a large sieve. (E.) M. E. ridil. A.S hridder, a vessel for winnowing corn oldct form hrJder (Sweet) the
(2
; ;

Riddle

frequentative /-, from Icel. hrifa, rifa, to catch, grapple, giasp; allied to Icel. hnfoa, plunder. Rifle (2), a kind of musket (F. Teut.) Short for rtfed gun, from the verb O. F. ; ifler, to scratch, rifle, to groove.

suffixed ~er

+O.

II.

G.

// (-/*) being equivalent. ritera , Irish creathatr, Gael.

and

Lit. sense * sepacriathar\ L. cribrum. rator.' All fiom Idg. root *krei to See Critic sepaiate; cf. Gk. Kpi-vtiv. Ride. (E.) M. E. nden, pt. t. rood, pp
t

Low G. rifeln, to graze (Godefroy). furrow, chamfer; E. Fries, riffeln (the same), riffel, a groove; Dan. rifle, to rifle, groove, rifle, a groove ; Swed. rejffla, to rifle. So also nefe, a furrow ncfen, All allied riefeln, to rifle (fiom Low G.).

to

Rivel, and to Rive. Dan. and Norw. rift. (Scand.)

rift,

nden. A. S. ridan, pt. t. r<f, pp. nden. -f Du. rtjdcn, Icel. mT0, Dan. 77<afc, Swed. rwfo G. reiten Also O Irish riad-aun,
;

Norw. riva, Dan. rive, to tear. rift, rent. Cf. Icel. ript, a breach of contiact. See
Rive.
(0> to fit up a ship. (Scand ) Spelt Norw. ngga, to bind rygge in Palsgrave. up, wrap round, also to rig a ship; iigg, Cf. Swed. dial, rigga pa, to sb., nggmg. harness a horse. Also Westphal. nggen,

Der. road) rcad-y. Ridge. (E.) M.K.rigge,rugge. AS. kry c& the back OI a mari " r beabt.4-I)u. r^, back, ridge, Dan. ryg, Swed rygg, Icel. hryggr\ G. rucken, O. H. G. hrttcki.
"

drive, 210.

nde.

Rig

(VKEIDH.)

Brugm.

i.

Du.
orig

Cf O.Irish
able
;

rijgen, G. reihen, to stitch together, to put in a row ; cf. E. Fries, rigt,

Ridiculous. (L
laugh.
.

croccetm, (i) hide, (2) the back. ) l^ridtcul-us, laughwith suffix -^e/j. L. ridcre, to

itge, a

row.
(2),

See

Row

(i).

Riding, one of the three divisions of the county oi York. (Scand.)

a frolic, prank. (E.?) also find rig, to be wanton; nggish, \tanton. l oi wrig, and allied to wriggle ; see Wriggle. Cf. Norw. rigga, to rock E.

Rig

We

Fries, uuriggen^ to wriggle;

Du.

449

RIG
to stir to

RIP
;

and

see

and fro, wriggelen, to wriggle Rickets.

a
ridge.

Northern form of North See Ridge.

Biff

(3),

(E.)

rigge,

M. E. rig, rugge, a ridge.

A.
S.

is a different word from M. H. G. im, O. H. G. rim (A. S. rim}, in the sense of 'number/ From F. rime came

which

also

Rime (2), hoarfrost. (F.) For hrime. Du. rijm, Icel. A.S. hrim, hoarfrost. Icel. rettr (for *rehtr}, Dan. ret, Swcd. hrim, Dan. riim, Swed. rim. Allied to rat, G. ra-Af, O. H. G. reht, Goth. ? aihts. Du. njp, fel. reif, hoar-frost.
Bight.
(E.)

Ital. Span. Port, fima; rijm, Icel. rima, G. reim

also

Du.

ryht\

O. Merc.

M. E. right. rM/.+Du.

regt,

nht, raht,

Teut. type *rehtoz

in

/VY///J-

Cf.

W.

Idg. type *rektos, as ihaith, sb., right,

rast.

Rimer,
metal.
large.

a tool for enlarging holes in

(E.)

O.

Ir.

rdY/*/;

Peis.

See Regent.

A. S. riim, wide.
(E.)

From A.S. ryman, to See Room.

en-

Corruption of M. E. A. S. rihtwls i. e. wise as to rightwis what is right. A S. nht, light; ivls,

righteous. (E
;

wise.

O H. G. hnmfan, M. H. G. rimpfen (cf. L) G. rumpfeii]Jiv crook, bend, wrinkle. (See (Scand.; and F. Well known lo be a corruption of ragman- Fianck.) ^ee Rumple. Bind. (E.) M. E. rind, nnde. A.S. roll, orig. a deed with many signatures, a hence, a long stupid mnde, bark of a tree, crust (of bread). long Lst of names Allied to Icel ragtnenm, M. Du. and G. nnde, bark. story. Lit. 'coward's roll/ a coward, from ragr, a coward, and maGr Rim. with the addition of M. E. ring. (E.) (= mannr,, a man (i), a circle. The Icel. ragr A. S. ^;v;/^*.-f-Du. ring, Low G. fing, nnk, roll, for which sec Roll. seems to be allied to Icel. argr, a coward, Icel. kring9\ Swed. Dan. G. ring, O. H. G. knnc. Teut. type *hrengoz A. S. earg. Idg. type _ Bigol, a circlet. (Ital.-O. H. G.) In *kt enghos a.Iso *kronghos as in O. Bulg. Ital Shak See Rank rigolo, a little wheel (Tor- kragu, Russ. krug(e) a circle.
to

Rigid.
be

(L.) L. rigidus, stiff.

- L. rigere,

the surface of is to shew wnnkles hrympel, a wrinkle. A. S. hrump-, rump-, weak grade of hrimpan or rimpan, to wrinkle, -f- Du. ? impel, a wrinkle, nmpelen, to wrinkle;

Rimple,

to ripple, as

water.

To

AS.

nmple

stiff.

Biugm.

i.

875.

Rigmarole.

Ring

riano)

cf.

riga, a line, a stripe.

11.

and Harangue.

riga, riga, a line, the See circle (G. rcihe]. see Roil. ;

cucumference of a

Row

Bing
nngen.
pt.
t.

(2), to

(i).

sound a bell. (E.) M.E. A.S. hringan, to clash, ring; a

;

Rile

Bill, a streamlet (Low G.)

Cf.

Low

G.
!

E. Friesic and Dan. dial, nlle, a streamlet Appaiently for *rithele\ cf. Low G. ride, A. S ride, a stream stieam; G. -reide (in place-names). See Noim. Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888, p. 166. dial, rislc, rillc, the name of a river, old written Ridula, Risila, Risla
;

but English has rang, by analogy with sang from ung. -f- Icel hringya, Dan. nnge, Swed. nnga. Cf. Icel. hrang, a din L. clangere,
;

iveak verb, as in Scand.

to clang.

Rink,
&c.
(E.)

a course for the

game of curling, peculiar form of ring, in the

'

charters (Robin, p. 432). <tim. A. S. ; ima, a (E.) verge, edge ; cf W. rhim, ihimp, thimyn, a rim, edge. -f- Icel. runi, a strip of land. Perhaps allied to G. rand, a rim, and to

Rim.

M.E

sense of pme-rmg, &c. Cf Low G. Hnk, a ring. Binse. (F.) M. F. rinser, to reinse linnen clothes;' Cot J. nncei", from O. F raincer (Littre). Cf. O. F. remcier,

Rind

(0> verse, poetry, &c. (F. L. Gk.) Usually spelt rhyme, by confusion see Kortmg. with rhythm, but not before A. D. 1550. Bip. (Scand.; or F.- Scand.) M.E. M. E. rime. F. rune, rime, or meeter ripen, to grope, search into rypen vp, to seek out (cf. E. rip up\ Cot. Cf. M. F. ; ithme, rime, or meeter Cf. O. F. riper, id to sciatch (Godefroy). Prob. from L rhythmus, rhythm Norweg. ripa, to of Gk. origin see Rhythm, ^f Hence scratch, Swed. dial, ripa, to sciatch, pluck aUo Al. H.G. rim, in the sense of verse/ asunder (like E. rip open} \ Dan. opnppe.
'
'

Rime

(Kluge).

Brugm.

i.

421.

Of unknown origin. (F.-O. H. G ^) O. F. note, a The same as Prov. nota, Ital. brawling. Of unknown origin riotta, dispute, strife.
to rinse (Godefroy).

Biot.

'

'

450

RIPE
to rip up ; Swed. repa upp, to rip up, repa, to scratch. Allied to Du. repel, G. riffel, The Tent, a flax-comb; see Bipple (i). base takes a double form ; see Heap ; cf.

ROAD
Rite.
riti-,

L. ritus, a custom. -fSkt. (L.) a going, way, usage; fiom ri, to go,
Cf. Ijrugm. 11. Der. ritu-al, 498. ritu-, decl. stem oiritits.

flow.

from L.
sb.,

Bipe (below) and Hope. Ripe. (E.) M. K ripe.

;

A. S. ripe, fit A. S. ripan, cf. rip, harvest. for reaping See to reap. Du. ri/p, G. reif, ripe.

Rival. (F.-L) F. rival. -L.riualt's, one who uses the same brook as another,

near neighbour, a rival. L. riuus, a stream. Cf. Skt. ri, to go, flow. Bip, Beap. Rive, to tear. (Scand.) M. E. riuen Ripple (i\ to pluck the seeds fiom (tt-zO. Icel. rifa, pt. t. reif, pp. nfnn M. E. ripplen, ripelen, (>E. riven',, to rive; Dan. rive, Swed. flax-stalks. (E ) Cf. Gk. ipcimtv, to dash down; to ripple; from the sb. ripple, a flax-comb rtfva. (Jamieson). Formed, with suffix -!e, of L. ripa, a bank (shore). See Beef. the agent, from the weak grade, */*/-, of Rivel, to vumkle. (E.) M. E. riuelen A. S. ripan, to reap, cut; see Beap. Cf. (u = v). A. S. rifeled, wrinkled (Eng. Swed. repa, to ripple flax, orig. to scratch, Stud. xi. 66) cf. ge-njlian, to wrinkle a see Bip (above), -f- Du. repelen, to frequent, form from the weak grade of rip from repel a ripple, from M. Du. Teut. *rcifan-, as seen in Icel. rifa, to

ripple,

G. riffeln, to ripple, repen, to beat flax from riffcly a ripple. Ripple (2), to cause or shew wrinkles on the surface, said of water. (Scand.) late word ; the same as Bipple (3) below.
;

rive; see

wrinkled;

Bive (above). Cf. A ^.gerifod^ ^lf Horn, i 614. River. (F. L ) M. E. ritter (u - v}.
A. F. riverc, O. P

The same

The
*

older

word was Bimple,

(3), to

q. v.

graze slightly. (Scand.) Ripple, rescindere ;' Levins (1570). Frequentative of Bip (above). Rise. (E.) M. E. risen. A. S. risan,
rds, pp. move, also in
pt.
t.

Ripple

. ; iviere. (F. riviere^ as Span, nbera, a shore, strand, sea- coast, Ital. rivtcra, shore, bank, also a river; 1 ate L. 9 if ana, (i) shore, bank,

(2)

river. -*

to a shoie. to
j

Late L ripai nis, belonging L. rTpa, shore, bank. Allied

'

Bive.

rtsen.+Du. rtjzcn, ong. to M. Du. to fall (contrary to O. II. G. rhan, Icel. risa the E. sense) Goth. to move up or down, to rise, to fall
;
;
;

- Scand.) F. rivet, the (F. welt of a shoe,' Cot. ; also a rivet (Little) F. river, to nvtt, clench, fasten back.
Rivet.
Icel. rifa, to tack,

sew loosely together

Teut. type *reis-au-, ur-reisan, to arise. Der. raise, rear, vb. to slip away. - L.) F. risible. - L. risiRisible. (F bihs, laughable. - L. risiu, pp. of rldere,
to laugh.

nfu sawan, to stitch togethei. Cf. Shetland nv, to sew coaisely, Aberdeen riv,
to rivet.

Rivulet.
lit.

(L.)
;

See Bidiculous.
;

a small stream

Dimin fiomL riiiulus dimm. ofrittus, a stream;

>

Risk.
Cot.
peril
;

Ital. L.) F risque, peril (F. Ital. nsco, Orig. a maritime word Florio the same word (probably)
;
;

'flowing.' Cf. Ital. nvoletto (Torriano).

See Bival.

as Span, nsco, a steep abrupt rock whence the sense of peril,' as shewn by Span, arinto riesgar, O. Span, arriscar, to venture
*

Rix- dollar, a co.n. (Du. - G.) Du. G. rcichsri/ks-daalder, a nx-dollar. G. reichs, thaler, a dollar of the empire. gen. case of rcich, empire, allied to G.
reich, rich;

danger

(lit.

to

go against a rock).

The

and thaler, a dollar; see Bich

fish.

like a orig. sense of risio is cut off, sheer, sharp rock. L. resecare, to cut back, cut verified by the use oi off short

and Dollar.

Roach, a

(curiously
cf.

(F.

Teut.)

M.E.

roche.

North. F. nnd \Valloon roc he, O. F.

;
;

the

Diez); and

resega, a saw, also risk Port, risco, (i) rock, (2) see L. re-, back secdre, to cut danger. See further in Diez and KortSection.
; ; ;
'

Como word

cf.

M. Du. roth, a skate roce (rosse in Cot.\ Dan. rokkc, Swed tofka, a ray

Low

a mmced-meat fritter. (F. F. roissole, roussole F. rissole Late L. type *russeola from L. russeits, the reddish, or rather brownish; from See Busset. L. russus, red. colour.

Rissole,

G. ruche, whence G. roche, a loach, ray. There is a remaikable Origin unknown. confusion between roach, skate, lay, and thornback. Cf. A. S. reohhe, a fish.

L.)

Road. (E.) M. E. rood, rode (both for A S. rdd, a road, also ships and horses). a raid rdd, 2nd stem of ridan, to ride. See Bide. Doublet, raid.

AS.

451

ROAM
M. E. romen. L.) (F. Coined from O. F. romier, a pilgrim to Rome cf. O. F. romel, a pilgrim, romeree,
;

RODOMONTADE
O. H. G. Rttodperht (G. Ruprecht,
Rupert). in fame.
hrolSr,
i.

e.

Lit.

'

fame- bright,'

illustrious

Span, romero, a pilgrim M. K. Rome-rennere, a runner to Rome, pilgrim also Late L. romeus, Ital. Romeo, one who goes to Rome, a pilgrim. All fiom L. Roma, Rome. Roan. (F.) M.F.n?/^;/; 'cheval rouen, Mod. F. rouan, Cot. a roane horse Span, roano, Ital. rovano, roano (Flono). ^[ Sometimes derived Origin unknown. from the town of Rouen, with which Ital. rovano can have nothing to do.
a pilgrimage
;

O.H.G. mod-, allied to Icel. fame; O. H. G. perht = E. bright.

See Hobgoblin.

'

Robust. (F.-L.) F. robuste. - I,. O. L. robus (L. robur\ robust us, strong. oak. strength; ong a tough tiee, ROC, a huge bird. (F\ Pers.) F. rock Pers rukh, the name of a huge (Littre). also a hero. bird Rochet, a fme white linen robe, like a
;

Roan -tree, Rowan- tree, the mountain ash.

tree,

(Scand.)

Spelt roun-tree, loan-

M. H. G.) surplice, worn by bishops. (F. F. rochet, 'a fiock ; a prelate's rochet;' M. H. G. roc (G. rock'], a frock, coat. Cot. 4-I)u. rok, O. Fries, rokk, A. S. rocc t Icel.
rokkr, the

Swed. tonn, rowan- free in Jamieson M. Swed. runn, ronn, roan-tiee; Dan. The I eel. reynir is for roil, Icel. reymr.
*reyftmr<.*rau$nir, a derivative of raudr, from the colour of the berries (Nored See Hed. reen). A S rarian E. rore n ar . ( K .)
;

Tent, type *rukkoz. (F.) large mass of stone. F. roke (ijth cent.), also roque, rocque\ The same as commonly roche, a rock. Walloon roc, Languedoc roquo, f., Prov.
;

same
n.

Rock

(i),

Ro

roca,
rocca,

Span, roca,

l^ort.

roca,

to

bellow. -|- M. H. G.

reren

cf.

Lith.

scold, Biugm. n. 465, 741. Perhaps of imitative origin. E. rot/en. -O. F. Roast. (F -G.?)
reju, 1

Ir. and Gael. (Ducange). We from I ..), and Btet. roch (prob. from F.). Also A. S. stdn-roa (nth c.).

roam, a

Cf. rock. also find

4

Low

rocha, Ital. L. rocia

roc (prob

to rost;' Cot. (F. ;-#/>.)- O.H.G. O. II G. rost, a grate, rosten, to roast rooster, gridiron -f"I3u- roostcn, to roast Cf. also Irish rost, roast meat, a gridiron.
(

rostir,

Origin unknown. (2), to shake, totter. (E.) M. E. rokken. A. S. rocaan (C. Hall) N. Fries.

Rock

rocke.

-f"

Dan.

Gael, rost, roist, W. rhostio, from E. Bret rosta, from F M. E. robben. b - O. H. G ) (i ).

Swed. dial, Dan. rykke,

rock, shake, rokke, to rukka, to wag. Allied to

;

Rob

OF.

robber,

more commonly

rober, to

disrobe, spoil, strip off clothing, plunder. F. robe, a robe ; see Robe.

to pull,' tyk, a pull; Icel. G. ruck, a pull, jolt ; rykkr, a hasty pull Du. ruk, a jerk. Teut. types *rukkojan~, The *riikkjan-i to jolt, jerk (Franck). base *rukk>- may be related to *renkan-,
;

conserve of fruit. (F. Span. F. rob, 'the juice of black Arab) Cot. whortleberries preserved Span. rob, thickened juice of fruit with honey. Arab, rubb, a decoction of the juice of citrons and other fruits, inspissated juice, rob Richardson.
(2), a
' ;

Rob

to shake, as seen in Swed. dial, nnka, to Swed. shake 'pi. t. rank, supine runkif) runka, to shake. See Rietz. Rock 3" a distaff. (Scand ) Icel 1 okkr, Swed. rock, Dan. rok, a distaff. -f-G rockcn
1

'

Du.

rok, rokken.
'

'

Robbing, Robins, ropes for fastening

sails.

Lowl. Sc ra-band, rat-band tE.) Fries ra-band\ where ;v*=yard of a

}

ship. Cf. Icel. ra, Dan raa Swed. rd, G. rake, yard; and Band. F.-O. II G.) F. robe, for-

(Ital. (i ), a kind of fire-work. G.) M.Ital. rocchetto, a bvobbin towinde Flono. silke upon a squib of wikle fier So named from its shape, resembling that M. II. G. rocke, of a bobbin or a distaff G. rocken, a distaff (above).
'

rocket

Rocket (2), a plant.

rotjtfette.

(F.-Ital.-L.) F.

Robe.

meily also robbe. M. H. G. roub, O. H. G. hence, a raup (G. raub}, booty, spoil garment taken from the slain, clothing A. S rcaf, Icel. rauf sb. see under Beave. Der. (Hs-robe. Robin. (F. - O. H. G.) F. Robin, proper name pet name for Robert.
;

ruchetta, dimin. of ruca, L. eruca, a sort of colegarden-rocket wort whence also G. rauke^ i ocket.
ltal.
;

Rod, a wand. (E.) Rodent, gnawing.

dW-,stem
Allied to Base.

See

Bood.

From rd(L.) of pres. part, oirodeie, to gnaw.

vain boasting. (F.

Rodomontade,

452

ROE
Ital.)

ROOT

Ital. rodomontata, F. rodomontade. Rondeau. (F. L.) F. iondeau, a a boast. Due to the boastful character of kind of poem, O. F. rondel'; see Roundel. Rood, the cross; a measure of land. (E.) Rodomonte, in the Oilando Furioso of The same word as rod, which is shoitened Ariosto, b. xiv. M. K. ro from M. E. rood (also rod}, a rood, a rod. (i), a female deer. (E.) A. S. rd, early foim nz/fo.+Icel. rd, Dan. Both rood and rod are used as measures, Der. ;w- though the former is restiicted to square raa, Swed. ra, Du. ree, G. reh. both measure, and the latter to linear senses are due to the use of a lod for For roan (Scand.) (2), spawn. was dropped, being mistaken measurement. A. S. rod, a gallows, cross, the final for the pi. suffix, as in shoon for shoes, properly a lod or pole.+O. Fries, rode,

Roe

Roe

eyne for eyes.

M. E. rowne Tcel. hrogn, G. i ogen, loe Dan. rogn, Swed ;w//, roe (whence F. rogue, loe).

gallons
of land
.

O. Sax roda,
peich,

cross,
;

roede, rod,
;

wand
.

gallons Du. G. rnthc, a rod

, .

F. rogation. - 1 ,. L. regaace. rogationcm, a supplication ins, pp. of rogare, to ask. Rogue. (F. C.) F. n>ttt% 'arrogant, Cot. proud, ])rcsumptuous, rude, siuly Cf E. rogu-ish) saucy. The ong. sense

Rogation.

F.

L.)

'

O. H. G. rnota, a rod, pole. Teut type *roda, fern a rod pole. ^[ The shoit o in rod is due to the final d\ ct red, The A. S. rodd is not older head, dead Cf. Ratlines. than the nth cent. Roof. (E.) M.E rof. A. S. Ji?fi/.+ Du. roef, a cabin, Icel. hrof, a shed. Cf.
,

was a

Low

surly fellow ; hence a vagabond. Or from Bret, rok, rog, airogant, proud. G. rook t a rook, a thief. (Doubtful ;

also Ir cro, a hovel, \V. craw, a pig-^ty; Teut. type *hrofo-\ Bret, crou, a stable.

see Scheler.)

Roil, Rile,
word
roil

to vex.

(F.')

The

old

meant

(i) to dibtuib, (2) to vex.

See Davies, Supp. Gloss. Of doubtful origin prob. French. Cf. O. F. roeillicr, roilhcr, to roll to give one a beating
;

Idg type *krapoRook (i), a kind of crow. (E.) M. E. rook. A. S. hide +lcel hrokr* Dan. raage, H. (i. ruoih, O H.G. Sued, roka, hruoh, a jackdaw. Teut. t)pe *hrokoz, masc. cf Gk. Kpwfaiv (for *fcp<by-y(n>}, to Of imitative origin; cf. Goth. caw.

M. F

- L.) (F. Roistering, tmbulent From the bb. roister, a bully, turbulent F nut re, a ruffin, royster, sawcie fellow.
'

romller, to

pummel.

hrukjan, to crow. Rook (2\ a cnstle, at chess.

Pers.)

M. E

took.

(F. F. ioc.

Span. Span.

fellow;' Cot. By-lorm of O. F. taste, a rustic, the r being epenthetic; cf. O. F. ruistre, na^te, ruste, adj., strong, vigorous, L. rusticum, rude, violent ^GodefroyX ace of nuticits, instic. See Rustic vb (F - L.) M. E. rollen.-

a look. rocjue (cf. Ital. rocco}.~ Pers. rokh, Said to have meant 'warrior' (Devic).

Room, space,
meaning
is
'

a chamber. (E.)

space, place.

\ he old E. toum.

K.&.rum;
room, Luke

nsefdon
Lhi.
;

n. 7.

rw'they had no We also find adj. rum,

rnim,
Jcel.
adj., spacious, riimr, spacious.
;

RoU,

Late L. rotnlare, L. rotula, a little wheel to revolve, roll. dimm. of rota, a wheel. See Rotary Der. roll, sb a scioll, O. F. role, L.

O.

roler, F. roidcr.

nnm,
sb.
,

spacious. sb

-f~
,

room
;

rum, bpace

Dan. and

S\\ ed.

///,

adj.

and

rotulu r

Goth, rums, adj. and sb., G. ?aum, sb Teut. type *; timoz, adj. whence the Allied to L rus, sb. forms aie deiived.
,

Romance.
late

iF.

L.)

rowans, a lomance.

The form

O. F. romanz, is due to

open country
ad].,
foi

see

Rural.

Der. roomy,
a perch

used for
sb.

adv. romantic, as in the phr. ro-

Roost,
fowls.
roest,

M.E. roum, adj. M. E. roost, (E.")

maniic loquT-Q. F. parlcr romanz, to speak Romance, i.e. the vulgar Latin
dialect of every-day
life,

A.S.

hrost, the same.-|-M.

Du.

as distinguished

from book-Latin. J\onianue,\ e. RomanL. like, is from L. J\dniiinus, Roman.

Roma, Rome.

romaunt. (F. L) O. F. romant, oblique case of O. F romanz, a romance see above. Der. romant-ic.

hen-roost; O. Sax. hrost, the woodwork of a roof. Cf. Lowl. Sc. roost, the inside of a roof; the ong. roost \\as on the rafteis inside a roof. Der. roost, vb. Root (i ), lowest part of a plant. (Scand.) M. E. rote. Icel. rot, Swed. rot, Dan. rod, a root For *ivrot, cognate with L. radix, a

and

Romp

see

Ramp.

allied to Goth, waurts, a root, A.S. wyrt, a wort, a rootj the initial w being

453

ROOT
dropped, as combination
is

ROULETTE
See below.

usual in Icelandic in the

(later

wr

vr}.

And

see

Badix and Wort.

(2),

Rout, vb., to grub up, as a hog. (E.) A. S. wrotan, to grub up whence prov. E. wrout, the (strong vb ) same. Cf. A. S. wrot, sb., a swine's snout G. russel, a snout. M. Du. ivroeten, the
;

BOOt

G. Irish roth, W. rhod, Lithuan. ratas rod, a wheel. Also Skt. ratha-, a chariot, All from Idg. root RET, as in car. O. Irish reth-im, I run ; Lith. ; itt-u, I roll, turn round. Brugm. i. 159. Der. rotate, from pp. of L. rot are, to turn round.

and

same

Icel. rota, to

Low G. wroten, O. Rope. (E.) M.

;

grub up, Dan. H. G. ruozzan.

rode,

L.) (i), routine, repetition. (F. bi rote, with repetition, by heart; O.F. rote (F. route}, lit. in a beaten track. a way, a beaten track. See Bout0.

Rote

M.E.

K. roop. A. S. rap, a cord, rope.-f-Du. rcep, Icel. ;<?;/, Swed. rep, Dan rcb Goth, skauda-raip, shoe-latchet
;

Rote (2), an old musical instrument.

-G.-C.)
O. F.
rote, a

(F.
;

kind of fiddle

answering to O. H.
;

G.

reif,

circle,

hoop, ring, sometimes a

All from Teut. base *raip-, with rope. ' the sense of strip/ hence * string.' Perhaps from the 2nd grade of Teut *reipto cut ; see Heap (Franck). And an-,
cf.

Low L. chrotta. Of Gael, emit, a harp O. crwth, a violin Irish crot, a harp. (Stokes-Fick, p. 99.) See Crowd (2).
;

hrota, rota, a rote ; W. Celtic origin

Kipe, Kip.
;

Der. rop-y,
a

stiingy, glutin-

ous

s tif -nip.

short cloak. Roquelaure, Named after the duke of Roquelaure

(F.) (ab.

1715)

Todd.
Gk. Armenian.) A.S rose. lowed from Gk. f>j$uv, a * rosa .whence a foim /5o5ia
(L. boi

Rose.

Rother, an ox. (E.) M.E. nitier. Late A. S. /iritdem, pi. orig. hryfter, kriGer; and (in comp.) JirtS-. Hr7d-< hnnft-, cognate with G. rind. Cf. alsoDu. rund. See Kluge and Franck. Rotten, putrid. (Scand.) M. E. roten. Icel. rotinn, Swed. rutten, Dan. raaden,
;

L. rosa;

rotten.

The

Icel.

rotinn

is

>

the pp. of a

>

ftptoov

(foi

Arm en.
\

lost strong verb *rjota, to decay, orig. to soak, wet, allied to A. S. reotan, O. H. G.
cf.

ward, a rose; whence also Pers. See Julep. Der. rhododendron (Gk.
pov, a tree).

gill \riuzan, to weep, shed tears; biv- raudoti* Skt. ntd, to weep.

Lith.

See Bot.

Brugm
,

i.

594.

Rosemary. (F. L.) M.E. rosmarin. OF. osmarin i'Cot v\ L. rosmarinus,

i

rosmat inuni, rosemary lit. sea-dew called ros mans in Ovid. L. ros, dew marlnus, marine. Named from some fancied connexion with sea-spray; altered \& rosemary
,
;

If.rotondite' L.) (F. L. rotunditatem ace. &{rotiinditas, roundness L. rotundus, round see Bound.

Rotundity.

Rouble, Ruble,

Russian

coin.

(as if for rose of Mary}. see Basin. ;

Rosin
list in

Roster, a military From Du. rooster, a grate,

a

register.

(Du.)
;

gridiron
'

hence,

Russ. ruble, a rouble, TOO co(Russ.i Pei haps from Pers. rupiya, a rupecks. pee (Miklosich). See Bupee. F. rout, lit. broken (F.-L/) on the wheel ; hence a piofligate, supposed to merit that punishment. Pp. o{rotier to

Rou.

parallel lines; lit. roaster.' roosten, to roast ; see Boast.

Du.
;

L. rostrum, a beak (L.) a pulpit for speakers in the forum, adorned with beaks of ships taken L. from the Antiates. For *rdd-trum See Bodent. rddere, to gnaw, to peck. * (Cf. claus-trum cloud-truing
pi.

Rostrum.
rostra,

F roue, a wheel. turn round (L. rotare^). L. rota, a wheel. See Botary. Rouge, red paint. (F.-L.) F. rouge, 1^ ace. rttbeiim, red; (whence H* rouge, red Allied to like F. rage from L. rabiem}. L. ruber, red. See Bed.

<

Rough.
ruh, &c.
.

(E.)

M.E. rough,
M.

rugh, row,

Rot,

vb.

(E)

weak

verb;

the

proper pp. B rotted, but rotten is commoner, which is a Scand. form (see below), M. E. roten, pp. roted. A. S. rotian, |>p. rototi. Du. rotten, to rot; O. H. G. rozen (also rozen}, to rot. See further under

Botten.

Formed

Rotary,

turning like a wheel. (L.) from L. rota, a wheel, -f Gael.

ruh, G. rank. Cf. Lithuan. raukas, a fold, ritkti, to wrinkle. Distinct from raw. Rouleau. (F. L.) F. rouleau, a roll of paper; hence, c' ins in a roll of paper. Dimin. of O. F. role, M. F. route, a roll see Boll. roulette, a game of chance. (F. L.)
;

G. ruug, O. H. G.

A.S. ruh, rough, hairy,

ruig,

aUo

u.

Du

;//,

Dan

ru,

Low

454

ROUN
F. roulette, a game in which a ball rolls on a turning table dimin. of rotielle, a little
;

RUBBLE
hedge-row.
Tent, type *rai(g}wa,
fern.,
\

wheel

see

Bowel.
to

Shak. has round, with excrescent d. M.E. rounen. A. S. runian, to whisper. A. S run, a whisper. -f-G raunen, to whisper, from O H. G. run, a secret see Kune. Round. (F. L) O. F. toond, F. L. rota, a rond. \^,. rotundus, round. wheel. See Rotary. roundel, a kind of ballad. (F.L.) O. F. rondel, later rondeau, a poem
;

Roun, Round,

whisper.

(E.)

from a root-verb *reihiuan- (pt. t. *raihw] whence also G. reih-e, a row, Du. rij, M. Du. rij-e, a row, O H. G. riga, a line. Idg. root *reifiA, whence Skt. lekha, a
line.

ROW
roeijen, M. II.

(2),

M. E. rowen.

Allied to O. Ir. ram, ruejen. L. retnus, an oar, Skt. antra-, a paddle, udder, Lithuan irtit to low ; Gk. Ipcr^y, a paddle, oar. Der. rudder. For (3), an uproar. (Scand.) rouse for loss of final s, cf. pea, cherry, See Bouse (2). sherry, shay (chaise}.
i

to propel with oars. (E.) \. S. icwan, to row -f-Du. Icel. roa, Sv\ed. ro, Dan. roe t

containing a line which recurs or comes round again. F. rond, round (above). T.rondelet, roundelay. (F.-L) dimin of O. F rondel above, ^ff P f ob. confused, in spelling, with E. lay, a song.

ROW
;

Rowail-tree

Rowel.
rotella,

(F.

-L
of

sec
)

Roan-tree.
F. rouelle, a little
spur).

M.
a
iota,

Rouse
'

(i)

(Scand.) Cot. Swed. rusa, to iush, rusa upp, to

,

excite, to wake up. * Exciter, to stir up, rowse

to

wheel (on a

bit

01

dimin.

wheel.

Late L. See

Rotary.

Cf. A. S. ruse, to rush. hrtosan, to uisb, to fall down quickly; from Teut. base *hreus~.
start

up

Dan

(Scand) (2), a drinking-bout In Shak. Dan. nuts, intoxication, Dan. save rusen ud~io sleep out a rouse, to sleep oneself sobei ; Swed. rus, drunkenness -f-Du. roes, drunkenness. Pi ob allied ' ow ' to East Friesic ru v, noise, uproar, r risen, to make a noise. [G. rausch, a diunken fit, is borrowed from some other Teut. dialect ] fl Otherwise, rouse is shoit
i
;

Rouse

Rowlock, Bollock, Rullock, the Spelt place of support for an oar. (^K.) orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 237. A. S. arloc, a corruption of oar-lock

A
G

rowlock.
actual
holes.

S. dr,

oar;

loc,

cognate vith

loch, a hole.

The ong. rowlocks were

E. real, roial. L. regalis

holes,

and were called also oar~

Royal. (F.-LO M.
O. F.
royal
;

real,

roial (F. royal].

see

Regal.

Doublet,

Rub.
f Dan.
;

(K.)

M. E. rubben

Not

regal. in

A. S.

for carouse

to

clnnk carouse>to drink a

rouse
(F.

N. E. D.
F.

a defeat, (2) a troop or crowd. route, 'a rowt, defeature; also a also a rowt, heard, flock, troope L. rupta, pp of rutt, way, path;' Cot. i from rumpere. This L. uptus, broken rupta came to mean (i) a defeat, flying mass of broken troops; (2) a fragment of an army, a troop (3) a way broken 01 cut through a forest, a way, route. route, a way, couise. (F. L.) F. see the word above. route, a way, route routine, a beaten track. (F. L) F. routine, usual course; lit. small path. Dimin. of F. route (above). E rover. ~ Rover, a pirate. (Du.) Du. roover, a robber, pirate, thief. Du.

Rout (0
L)

n/bba, E. Fries. rubben, to rub, scrub; Norw. rubben, rough, E. Fries, rubbeng, rough ; Du. uneven
rtibbe,
' also ^from E.) robbehg, nigged,' Sewel Gael, rub, to rub, Irish rubadh, a rubbing, Furthei allied to \V. rhwlrio, to rub. Icel. rfifinn, rough, Lith. rupas, lough, rather to L. allied to G. retben fl" Not rumpere and K. Reave.
;
;

Norw

icfube.

Rubbish, broken stones, waste matter, - O. H. G.) M. E. robows, (F.

;

robeux, Prompt. Parv. pi. of an old form *robel, clearly repiesented by mod. E. rubble see below. ^[ Rubbish is, in fact, a corrupt form of the old plural of rubble. nibble, broken stones, rubbish. (F. H. G.) Rubble, or rubbish of old M. E. robell, Palhouses; Baict (1580).
;

'

Du. roof, spoil. 4* A. S rauf, G. raub, spoil ; see Der. rove, vb., to wander; Reave. evolved from the sb. E. roive. (i), a line, rank. (E.) -A.S. raw, riew, a row; hegerdw, a
rooven, to rob.
reaf,
Icel.

Row

This answers exactly ladius, p. 1 3, 1. 340. to an old form *robel, O. F. *robel, only ' found in the pi. robetix. grete loode 1 in Prompt. cited by of robeux-,

Way

A. F. robous (for *robeus], rubbish, Liber Albus, p. 5 79. Obviously the dimin.
Paiv.

455

RUBICUND
of F. robe in the sense of 'trash,' so well a preserved in the cognate Ital. roba, gowne, a robe, wealth, goods, geare, trash, Florio. Cf. Ital. robaccia, old pelfe,' goods, rubbish robiccia, trifles, rubbish from roba. See Robe.
'
;

RUGGED
from ruffle, verbal sb. from ruffle, vb., which was in early use. See Ruffle (i).
of a bird. (E. ?) the male having a ruff round its neck in the breeding season. But the female is called a reeve, which points to formation by vowel-change from some different source. Ruff (3), a fish. (E.?) M. E. ruffe.
(2), the

Ruff

Said to be

name named from

Y.rtilnruddy. (F. L. rubicundui, very led. L. See Red. rubere, to be red. rubric, a direction printed in red. (F. F. rubrique. L. rubrica, red L.) L. earth; also a title written in red. r uber, red (above). ruby, a red gem. (F. L ) O. F. rubi, rubis ; F. rubis (where s is the old sign of the nom. case) Cf. Span, rtibi, rubin,
cond.

Rubicund,

-L)

Origin unknown. Ruff (4), a game at cards. (F.) A modification of O. F. roffle, roujle, ronfle, M. F. ronjle, 'hand-iuffe, at cards/ Cotgiave;/0//<?r & la ronjle, to play at hand*

ruffe, also to snore,' id.

Cf. Ital. ronfa, ruff; ronfare, to snort, to trump at cards. From

Port nibim, Ital. rtibino. Late L nib inns, a ruby; from its colour. L. rubeus, red; Allied to Red. rubere, to be red. (1), a fold, crease. (Scand.) Icel hrukka, a wrinkle; cf. hrokktn, curled, pp. of hrokkva, to recoil, give way, curl Noiw ritkka, a wrinkle. Cf. Swed rynka, Dan rynke, a wrinkle. From Tent, base *krenk- (Noreen). (2), a heap, small pile. (Scand ) Norw. and M. Swed. ritka, a heap cf. Icel. hraukr, a rick, heip; see Rick. Rudder. (E.) M. i: roder, rother A. S. robei a paddle. Here rJ-der rowing implement; from row- an, to row. (Paddles

Ruck

Tuscan ronfiare (F. ronfler), to snore, snort; supposed to be from L. re-in-Jlare, to re-inflate (Kortmg). See Inflate. But
it

(F.-Ital.-Tcut.) Walloon rouffian^ M F. rufien, rtiffien, 'a bawd, pandar;' Cot. Ital. ntffiano,
'a pander, ruffian, swaggrer Horio. I or *rufflanus, formed with L. suffix -anus from Low G. ruffeln, to act as pandar. See Ruffle (2). Ruffle (i\ to disorder a dress. (E.) M. E ruffclcn, to entangle, run into knots also (apparently) to rumple, Cursoi Mundi, Allied to Ruff (i) above.-f M. Du. 26391 ruffle, wrinkle, ruyffel, a rttyffelen, to E. Fries, ruffeleii, wrinkle, a crumple
roffiano,
;
4

may be of Ruffian,

imitative origin.

a bully.

'

Ruck

preceded rudders. )-f-Du. roer for roeder*}, an oar, rudder Swed. roder, ror Dan. ror G. rttder. See (2). Ruddock, a red-breast. (L ) A. S rudduc. Hence W. rhuddog, Corn, ruddoc, a rcd-breabt. See below.
.

RDW

ruffeln, to pleat.

of Teut.

Reave.
on old

*rttf, weak grade *reufan- to break, tear; see Cf. Lithuan ruple, rough bark
t

From

trees.
s

Der.
),

From A. S. *rudruddy. reodan, to redden, a strong veib, whence aKo A. S read, red see Red. Rude. (F -L. F. rude. L. riidem,
t
; N
i

ruddy.

(E.)

M.

E. rody,

S. rudig, ueak giade of

ruffle, sb.

Ruffle
(M.Du.)

(2

to

bluster,

be

turbulent.

ace. ot nidi'!, rough, raw, rude.

rudiment. ^F. L) F. rudiment L. ru'ilmcntum, a thing in the first rough L. rudi-s, rude state, a first attempt. to be sorry for. (E.) E. v i), reive n. A. S. hreoivan (pt. t. hreaw} -f* O. Sax. hrewan, O. II. G. hriuwan, G. rtuen. Cf. Icei. hryggr^ grieved, hrygd, ruth Teut. type *hrewwan-, to pity. (F.-L -Gk.) F. (2), a plant.

Rufflers were cheating bullies, highwaymen, lawless or violent men (Nares) M. Du. roffelen, roffen, to Low G. ruffeln, to pandar (Oudcmans) pandar, ruffeler, a pimp, intriguant; Dan. ruffer, a pandar. ruffle r and a ruffian are much the same. See Ruffian.

Obsolete.

Rue

<

Rue

r^.

r/7/a.

Gk.

/5t/TT7,

rue;

whence
*

. (Scand.) Swed. rugg, rough entangled hair, cf. M. Swed. ruggig, rough, Icel. rogg^ shaggmess. Also Low hairy G. ruug, rough, rugen, to be rough (like flocks of hair) E. I-ries. rugt lough, ruge, a roughness, a rough side of a skin ruger, a rough-hided or furry animal (e. g. a cat). See Rough.
1

Rug
;

also G. njwte.

Cf. A. S. rude, rue.

Buff
of
its

(i), a shirt ;
'

a kind of frill. (E.) Ruffe Levins (1570). So called from uneven surface; apparently shortened

rugged. (Scand.) M. E. rugged also The latter i* ggy, Ch. C. T., A 2883. from M. Swed. ruggig rough, hairy. Swed. rugg) rough entangled hair (above).
\

456

RUGOSE
of wrinkles. (L.) L. rugosus, adj., from ruga, a wringle. Cf. Lith. raukas, a wrinkle, runku, I grow wiinkled, Brugm. ii. 628. Ruin. (F. -L.) F. nnne -L. rutna, an overthrow. L. ruerc, to rush, fall

RUNAGATE
Ruminate.
Allied L.
(L.)

Rugose,

full

From

pp. of L. ru-

minare, to chew the cud, ruminate. L. rumin-, for rumen, the throat, gullet.
to ru-gire, to loar, bray, Gk. u-pv-yfj, a roaring, aj-pv-opai, I roar ; Skt. ru, to hum, biay, roar. (y'REU.) See

down.

Rule,

Brugm. ii. 529. sb. (F.-L.) M. E. rente

Bumour.
;

riwle.

rummage, i. e. stowage. Prov. (S. F.) ar* rumage (mod. Prov. arnmage), stowage. RUXU (i), a spirituous liquor. (Prov. E.) Prov. nrrumer (mod. Prov. arrimer), to Called rumbo in Smollett, Per. Pickle, c. ii stow. L. adand Prov. rum, from Du.
;

A. F. reule, O. F. rttt/e, reule (F. rty/e). L. regula, a rule. L. regere, to rule. See Begent.

Rummage,
(Du.

to

search

thoroughly.
to the sb.

with F.

suffix.)

Due

and

c.

word Rumbullion

short for the sailor's rumbowltng, grog. Orig. called

;

ix

this

is

ruim, a ship's hold.

See

Boom.

in Barbadoes, A.D. 1651; from Devonsh. rumbullion, uproar, rumpus, which is prob. allied to Bumble.

of drinking-glass. * Rhenish (Du.) Used for Rhenish wine. rummers Dry din. Du. roetner, romer,
sort
'

Rummer,
;

Rum(2),stiange, queer. (Hindi ) 'Rum, gallant, a cant word ;' Bailey (1737). Kum ically means Gypsy' hence good from a Gypsy point of view, but 'suspicious' from an outsider's point of view. Hence rome bouze, rum booze, good wine. Rom means *a husband, a Gypsy'; 1 dm mam, adj. Gypsy. This Gypsy woid rom answers
'
*

'

Low G. rower, a large wine-glass hence G. romer, a rummer. wine-glass Du. roemer is prob. from Du. roem, as if a glass to drink boasting, praise in praise of a toast'; Fianck. Cf. G. ruhm, praise O. Sax. hrom also I eel.
a
; ;
* , ; ;

hroftr,
'

praise
;

^f Also

M. Du roomer
as

(llexham)

which
(F.

some explain

Romish

glass.'

to Hindi i/0m (with initial cerebral d, icSkt. sembling ?'), a man of low caste
;

Rumour.
,

IO

E. rumour.

domba-,
his

a man of low caste, who gams Inehhood by singing and dancing;'

f

Henfey.

Rumb, Rhumb,

a line for directing

F. rwnetir. i,. ace. rumorem, from rumot a noise, miumur. Cf. L. rumitdre, to spread reports -y'REU, to make a humming noise. See Bumble, Buminate. M. E. rumpe. -f Icel. (E.)
rumfir, Swed. rumpa, Dan. rumpe \ M. Du. rompe, the bulke of a body 01 corps, or a bodie without ahead,' Hexham Du. romp Low G. rump, tiunk (of the body) ;
' ; ;

a ship's couise on a chait; a point of the L. Gk.) See compass (F. Span. Rumb in Phillips F. rumb, ' a roomb, or point of the compasse, a line drawn directly fiom wind to wind in a compasse, traversor sea-card;' Cot. Span, (and Port.) rumbo a ship's course (represented L. rhombum, by spiral lines on a globe) ace. of rhombus, a magician's circle, a rhombus. Gk. fiunftos, a top, a magic wheel, whirling motion also a rhombus. Rhomb meant revolution of See Rhomb. the sphere, Milton, P. L. viii. 134; hence whirling or spiral lines, &c. ^[ No con-

Rump.

G. rumpf.

boord,

Rumple.

(E.)

The M. E

form

is

rtmplen, to nmple. Rimple and rumple are from the same veib, viz. A.S. hrimpan (pp. gehrumperi), to wrinkle see Bimple.
;

-j-M. Du. rompelen, rompen, to wrinkle; rompel, rimfel, a wrinkle cf. G. rumpfen, to vmnkle O. H. hnmfan, str. \b. M. E. rtnnen^ pt. t. ran, (E.)
; ;

Run.

nexion with Du. ruim, which meicly means room or space, or sometimes the hold of a
ship, i.e

Rumble,
(E.)

room or capacity. to make a low, heavy sound. Prov. E. rommle, rummle\ M. E.

its
'

pp. runnen, ronnen\ A.S. nnnan, pt. t. also found in the rann, pp. gertmnen tiansposed form iman, pt. t. am. 4- Du. c rennen, Icel. renna, Dan. nmie, 'ed.
;
.

nun a,
Brugm.

Goth,
i.

rinnan,
;

G. rinncr

See

romblen (with excrescent b] Frequent form, meaning to icpcat the sound rum Skt. nt, to hum. cf. L. rumor, a rumour Du. rommden, Low G. See Bumour.
'
;

Runagate, a vagabond. (F. - L.) A com.piion of M.E. rcncgat, an apostate,

villain

67

ii.

654

was due

and Pomeran. iwnmein, Dan. rumle, to rumble, buz?.

Ch. C. T. 5353. [The coriuption to a popular etymology from rttnne a gate, run on the road, hence, to be a \agabond.] O.F. renegat, a rene;
'

457

RUNDLET

RUTH

Cf. M. Swed. ruska, to gadoe;' Cot. -Late L. renegatus, pp, of water), to rustle. rush. Perhaps the same as A. S. hryscan, renegdre, to deny again, forsake the faith. see to be strident, to rustle. L. re, again negare, to deny (2\ a plant. (E. 0rL.) M. E. Negation. Rundlet, Runlet, a small barrel. rusche, rische, resche. A. S. risce, resce, Du. rusch, oldest foi m rise. L.) Formerly raundlet\ dimirrr of a rush (F. Low G. E. Fries, ruske 6. F. rondelle, a little barrel, named from rush, reed PerL. rotun- rusk N. Fries, rusken* pi., rushes. F. rond, icund. its roundness. see haps borrowed from L. ruscum, butcher'b L. ro/a, a wheel dus, round. for A. S. broom but this does not account Round.
; ;

Rush
;

if likely allied to E. rcuh, as Cf. Lowl. Sc. rash, a of quick growth. teim. A. S. run, mystery, rush; also E. Fries, risk, quick, slender; secret confeience, whisper. Orig. sense Low G. ruch, quick. Der. bul-rush (prob. * round-stemmed rush); cf. whisper' or murmur, hence a mystery, for bole-rush, lastly an incised character, because writing bull-weed, knapweed. Rusk. (Span.) Span, rosca de mar, was a secret known to few.+Goth. runa, O. H. G. runa t a secret, counsel O. Irish sea-riibks, a kind of biscuit rosca, a roll Cf. Port. run, W. rhin, a secret. Idg. type *runa, (twist) of bread, also a screw. I search out, rosca, the \vindmg of a snake. fern. Cf. Gk. (ptvvaaj, Origin

Rune,

one of the old characters used

(E.) a rune,

rise.

More

for incised inscriptions.

learned

tpcvva, fern., an enquiry. a round of a ladder.

unknown.
(E
t

Rung,

M. E.

Russet. (F.-L.)
rousset, 'russet,

E.rw.w/.-M.F.
Dimin. of
L. russus, led;

hrung, a stake of a cart, beam or spat.+M. Du range a beam of a plough G. rnnge, a pin, a bolt Goth, hrugga ( =- hrunga), a staff. Cf.
range, a stake.
;

A.

S.

ruddy;' Cot.

F. roux

(fern, rousse], reddish.

Allied to Gk. reddish. Cf. Brugm. i. see Red.

i-pvO-pos,

759.
roivst.

also Icel. rang, rib in a ship. Perhaps The sense seems to be allied to Bing.
'

rust.
rust, rust
;

(E.)

Prov. E.

A.

S.

orig. redness.

Allied to A.S.

rounded

stick.'

(E.) A. S. rynel\ cf. ryne, a course, allied to runn-, weak grade of rinnen, to run see Run.

Runnel,

a stream.

rudu, ruddiness, and read, red.+Du. roest, Dan rnst, Swed. G. tost. Teut. type *rus/o-j from Idg. *teudh -to-; see Ruddy.
Cf. Lith.

Runt,

a bullock, heifer.

(Du.)
see

From
Skt.)

Polish rdza, uist.

Du. rund (Hexham).

And

Rother.
rupya-,

Rupee,

an Indian coin.

(Hind.

Hindustani rupiyah,*. rupee.

- Skt.

L. robtgo, riibigo', i. 759. Rustic. (F. L.) F. ritstique L. msticus, belonging to the country. L. Cf. Russ. raviina, a rus, the country.
rudis,rv&\.\

Brugm.

(as sb.) wrought silver. plain, Zend ravan, O. Irish roe, a plain ; tee Room. Skt. rupa-, beauty. Rupture. (F. L.) F. rtipture. L. Rustle. (E.) Cf. A. S. ge-hruxl, a ruptura, a breakage. L. rupt-us, pp. of noise, tumult. Frequent, of Rush (i), < to rustle,' rumpere, to break (pt. t. rupi). Allied to q. v. Cf. M. Du. ruyselen, Hexham Low G. and Pomer. russeln M. Reave. (-/REUP.) Bragm. i. 466. Swed. ruska, to shake, rush G. rouse hen, Rural, belonging to the country. F. F. rt/;a/.~L. rurdlis, adj. L. rur-, ruschen, to lustle, to rush. L.)

handsome, also

stem of rus, country. See Rustic. Rusa, a kind of deer. (Malay.) Malay rusa a deer. See Babirusa.
t

F. ruse, a a trick. (F. L.) contr. from F. ruser, to beguile O. F. reuser, to refuse, recoil, escape, dodge. L. recusare,\.v refuse, to oppose a cause. L. re-, back ; caussa } a cause.

Ruse,

trick.

See Recusant.
(i), to move swiftly forward. E. ruschen -f M. H. G. ruichen (G. rauscheti), to rush, rustle, roar (as water) ; Du. ruischen^ to murmur (as

Rush,

(E.)

M.

(O, a track left by a wheel. (F. -, See F. route, 'a rutt, way;' Cot. Rout. Doublets, rout, route. L) (2\ to copulate, as deer. (F. M. E. rutien, to rut from rut, sb M. F. L. rut, ruit, 'the rut of deer or boars/ rugitum, ace. of rftgittts, the roaring of lions hence, the noise made by deer in L. rugire* to roar (whence rut-time. M. F. ruir). See Rumour. pity. (E.) M..}L.reutfo. Formed
L.)

Rut

Rut

Ruth,

from A.S. hreow, s. f, pity by adding -th suggested by

;

(cf.

G. reue\

Icel. hryggft,

458

RYE

SAD
wine* (F L. ) Formerly also seek, mean' * F. sec, dry vin sec, ing a dry wine. sack. Cf. Span, seco, dry. L. siaum, ace. of stccus, dry. Sherris sack = Span, seco de Xeres see Sherry. Sackbut, a kind of wind-instrument. - L. - Gk. - Chaldee ) F. saquebute, a (F. sackbut. Substituted, by some perversion, for L. sambiica, Dan. iii. 5 (Vulg.), which was a kind of harp. Gk. cra/x/3v^.iChald. sabb(e)kha? a kind of harp, fl" Cf. Span, sacabuche, a tube used as a pump; also, a sackbut, trombone. Explained,
.

_
+

ft,

nith, sorrow.

From A. S. kreowan,

to rue;

see

Rue

(i).

(E.) M. E. reye. A. S. ryge, rye. Du. rogge, Icel. rugr^ Dan. rug, Swed. Cf. Russ. riig, G. roggen; O. H.G. rocco.

Rye.

roj(e},

Ryot

rye; Lithuan. rw^^/ypl. sb., rye. the same as Rayah, q. v. ;

S.

Sabaoth, hosts. (Heb.) Heb. tsevctdth, Heb. armies pi. of tsava', an army. tsdva to go forth as a soldier. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E. Sabbath. (L.
; ,

by popular etymology, as
;

'

that

which

tabat.

Gk. adfiparov. L. sabbattim. Heb. shabbaih, rest, sabbath, sabbath-day. Heb. shdbath, to rest.

exhausts the chest/ from the exertion used as if from Span, sacar, to draw out,
exhaust, the same as M. F. sacquer^ to draw out hastily, lit. to draw out of a sack, from

Sable, an animal.
sable.

(F.

Slavonic.)
;

O.F.

Heb.
chest.

saq, a sack

luche,
">

maw, stomach,

Russ. sobole, the sable also a furAs black sable tippet ; Polish sobol. \vas best liked, the word sable (in E. and

F.) also
sabre.

means

'

black.'

Sabre, Saber. (F.-G.-Gk.?)

F.

L. sacramentum, Sacrament. (L in an engagement, military oath, vow L. sacrare, to late L., a sacrament. render sacred. L. sacr-, for sacer, sacred
;

G. sabel (older form also sabel), a falchion. Said to be from Mid. Gk. a<fc, crooked (T)iez). \Ve also find Russ. sablia, Pol. szabla, Hangar, ssabtya* Serv. all supposed to be sab/ja, Wallach. sabie boriowed words. - L. - Gk. - Skt.) Saccharine. (F. from L. saciharon, F. saccharin, adj.
;
_

(below).

Sacred is the pp. E. sacrcn, to consecrate, render holy; F sacrer, to consea verb now obsolete. L. sacr-, L. sacrare, to consecrate. ciate From base sac- of L. for sacer, holy.

Sacred. (F.-L.)
M.

of

sane i) e, to

make

holy.

Brugm.
F.

ii.

744

Gk aaitxctpov. sugar. gravel, candied sugar ; see Sacerdotal. (F. L.)

Skt.

farkara,

Sugar.

sacrifice. (F.-L.) sacnficmm, lit. a lenderrig sacred;

;

- L. sacrifice.
cf.

F. sacerdotal. L. sacerddtatis, belonging to a priest. L. sacerdot-, stem of sacerdos, a priest, lit. 'presenter of offerings or sacied gifts' L. sacer, sacred ; dare, to give. X'orssen). Cf. dos (stem dot-), a dowry, from dare.

L. sacri-^ for sacrtfadre, to sacrifice. sacer, sacred -fuaie, foifacere, to make. sacrilege. (F. L.) M. F. sacrilege. L. sacrilegium, the stealing of sacred L. sacri-, for sacer, sacred; legere, things. see Legend. to gather, steal
;

bag. (L-Gk.-Heb.L, A. S. sacc. Egyptian ?) M. E. sak. Heb. saq, sackGk. cravros. satcus. Prob. of Egyptian cloth, a sack of coin. cf. Coptic *ok, sack-cloth (Peyron). origin From L. sauus are boi rowed Du. zak, G. Der. sack cloth. sack, &c.
(i),

Sack

sacristan, sexton. (F.-L.) Sait is commonly sexton, cristan is rare M. E sextfin, orig. a keeper of the sacred
;

afterwards a grave- digger. M. F. saci istain, a sexton ' Late L. sacrist-a, or vestry- keeper ; Cot. a sacristan with suffix -anus. L. sacr-,
vestments,

A. F.

secrestein,

sack
From

(2),

to plundei.

(F.-L., &c.)

for sacer (above)

with

suffix -ista.

F. sac, ruin, the sb. sack, pillage. in removing spoil. From the use of a sack plunder ; Cot. has & sac, d sac, the \void whereby a commander authorizeth his souldiers to sack a place.' Cf. Late L. sacLate L sa:cus, a cftre, to put into a bag gai ment, a purse, L. saccvs, a sack ; see
'
;

Sad.
hence

(E.)
tired,

The ong.

sense

was sated

A. S. seed, sated, grieved. satiated. -fO. Sax. sad, Icel. sadr, Goth. Teut type saths, G. salt, sated, full. Allied to O. *sa-doz, sated ; a pp. form.
Ir sd-ith, satiety, sa-thech, sated;
full
;

L.ja-/r,
;

above.

Lith. so-tus, full, so-tas, satiety a-ocu, a-fAtvat, to satiate. (^SA,

Gk.
SA.)

Sack

(3), the

name

of an old Spanish

Brugm.

i.

196.

Allied to Sate, Satiate.

459

SADDLE
Saddle.
fDu.
sadel,

SALIC
A.S. Swed. Dan.
$X (iV v % a *> r o urge on ships, Od. See Scheme.
ix.

(E.>

M.E..WM&?/.
j<?0//,

279.

zadzl,

Icel.

G. */#*/, O. H. G. fttfw/. Teut. type *saduloz possibly borrowed from a derivative of Idg. *sed, to sit, in some Cf O. Slav, sedh, other Idg. language. Russ. stedlo, L. sella (for *sedla, fi om sederc, but none of these exhibits the to sit)
; ;

Saint.
y

(F.

L.)

M.E.

seiut, saint.

A. F. seint; F. saitt(.~I*. sanctum, ace. L. sanctus, pp. ofsancire, isanctus holy. see Sacred. to render sacred sainfoin. (F. L. ) F. sainfoin, M.P".
;

grade *sad.

Sadducee.
Sadducai.

(L.
pi.

- Gk - Heb.)
2a58ov/rafe.

L. P l.

Gk.

Heb.

pi.

pi. of tsddoy, just, righteous. Some derive it tsadaq, to be just. from Tsadoq (Zadok}, the founder of the the just.' sect, whose name meant

tseduqlm

Heb.

'

Safe. (K.-L.)
safe.

M.K.
U.

j/-F.
,

sauf,

L. saluuni, ace. of salmis safe.

Cf.

See
saf,

L. saimt-foin (Cot.); as if 'holy hay.' sanctum famim, holy hay. fl" ^ ut thought wholesome to represent sain foin, i. e. hay' L. sanumftenutn see Sane. Sake. (E.) M. E. sake, purpose, cause. A. S. satu, strife, dispute, crime, law-suit; Du. zaak, matter, contention.' orig. affair, business; Icel. wk a charge, crime; Dan. sag, Swed. sak, G. sache. Teut. From Teut. stiife. type *sakdj fem
f ;
*

Salvation.
safe.

Norman

dial,

*sakan~, to contend, as in Goth, sakan, A. S saran, O. II. G. sahhan, str. vb. See

Saffron,
sajfran,
saffron.
I1
,

a plant. (F. Arab) A.F. Arab, zdfarcin, safran.

Soke.

Sag,
Not
in

to

droop.

(E

">

M. E
t

saggen.

G. sakkcn, to settle (as dregs); E. Fries. wkkcn \)\\. zakken,tv sink; Swed. sacka, to settle, sink down cf. Dan sakke, to have stern- way. Hardly

A.S.

Low

allied to sink

Saga,
tale;

tale

(Scanu.)

Icel.

saga,

Saker, a kind of falcon a small piece of aitillery. (F. ;The Span. Arab.") gun was called after the falcon cf. musket.'} M. Y. sacre, a saker the hawk, and the Cot. Span, sat re a artillery so called Arab, sciqr, a saker (in both senses). hawk; Rich. Dict. t p. 938. Engelmann has shewn that the word is not of Lat. and origin, as said by Die?. (Devic
; ;
f
;

'

cf. Icel.

*eg/a, to say.

See

Say

(rj,

Korting,

1642.)

Saw

(2}.
)

L. sagaci-, decl. stem, of sagax, of quick perception L sagtre, to perceive by with suffix -0//.T. the senses -f-Goth. sok-jan, A. S. see an, to See Seek. seek. 187. Brugm. i

Sagacious. (L

From

Late

whence newpius, unwise (Petromus) see Schwan. See Sapid. L. sapere, to be wise.
,

Sage (0 wise. (F. L) F. L *sabius, for L. -sapius,

(2),

wge.

Sage
sauge.

plant.

(F.

Q.Y. sauge
;

L.

L.) saluia,

Arab. a salutation. Arab aim, saluting. 4- Heb. sha lorn, peace, from shalant, to be safe. Salad. (K.-Ital.-L.) F. salade.M. Jtal. salata, a salad of herbs; lit. 'salted;' iem. of salato, salted, pickled, pp of salare, to salt. Ital. sate, salt. See Salt. L. sal, salt. Salamander, a reptile. (F. - L.

Salaam, Salam.
s

(Arab

salam, saluting, wishing peace

M.E.
sage;

'

(*k.

F.

salamandrc.
;

\*

salamandra.

from

its

supposed healing

saludre, to heal

virtues. L. saluus, sate, hale, sound.

Of cra\afidvbpu, a kind ot lizard. cf. Pers. samandar, a Eastern origin

Gk.
salamander.

See Salvation.
L. Sagittarius, an L. sagitta, an arrow. archer. SagO, a btarch (Malay.) Malay sagu, sagu, sago, ]jith of a tiee named rumbiya SaMb, sir, master; a title. (Hind. Hind, sahib. Arab, sahib, lord, Arab.) Rich. Diet., master; orig. 'companion.

Salary,
(L.)

stipend. (F.

Sagittarius.

salartum, orig. salt-money, given to L. sal, salt. Sec soldiers to buy salt.
Salt.

L)

F. salaire.

Sale.

(E.)

M.E.
,

sale.
,

A.S. sala.+
;

p. 924.

Sail,
segl,

sb.

(E.)

M.E.

seil.

a sail.-f Du.
segel.
;

zeil, Icel. segl,

'

A.S. segel, Dan. seil,

* ;

Swed. G.

Teut. type *seglom, neut.

Sense unknown

perhaps driver

cf.

Gk.

a sale, bargain O H. G. sata. Orig. sense Swed. satu delivery,' or 'a handing over'; as in O. H. G. fa ta. Der. sell, handsel. Salic, Salique. (K.-O.H.G.) F. Salique, belonging to the Salic tribe. This was a Frankish tribe, prob. named from the river Sata (now Yssel \
Icel. sala,
sal^
;
4

fem

neut

460

SALIENT
Salient.
/u,
I leap.
.

SALVE
*saltoz\ cf, W. hallt, adj. salt, and L. The sb. forms appear in salsus, salted. L. saly Gk. aXs, Russ. sole ; also in Goth.
satt,

(L.)

satire, to leap,

From pres. pt. of L. spring forward. -4- Gk. oAXoBrugm.

.

(y'SAL.)
( F.

i.

514

(A
Saline
adj.

G.

salz,

Du. s0w^
i.

also in O. Irish

.)

salin , fern saline,

.

salann, \V.
Prellwitz.)

/frt/<?w,

halan.

(See

Kluge and

L. salinus, as in salince, salt-pits,

Brugm.

L.

sal, salt.

See Salt.
L. sallua, spittle; whence

Saliva.
also O.
sativ-ate.

(L.)

Ir. saile,

W.

haliw, saliva.

Der.

Saltation, dancing. (L.) Hare; from L saltatus, pp. of L. saltatio, a dancing. saltdre, to dance, frequent, of satire, to See Salient. leap.
Salt-cellar. (E.; and F.-L.)
' ;

Sallet, a kind of helmet. (F.-Ital. M. F. salade, a sallet, L.) Also satarfe. Ital. celata (or Span, celada), head-piece. a helmet. L. cceldta (cassis}, an oinamented helmet. L. calatus, pp. of cceldre, to engrave, ornament (steelX L. calum, a chisel, graver. Allied to cadere, to cut Brugm. i. 944. See Caesura. Sallow (i), Sally, a kind of willow.
(E.)

For

salt-sellar or salt-selar, where jf/flr is an so that the old word for ' salt- holder

prefix

salt

is

superfluous.

A. F. saler;

L. salt-seller;' Cot. from L. saldriutti, salt-cellar (in late salanuS) adj., belonging Lo salt. L. salt
F.
salierc,

M.

*a

")

salt.

See Salary.
,

Salt ire, in hei aldry

(F.

a St. Andrew's cross.

M.E. salwe.-O. Merc,

selja,

sealh}, a
-4- 1 eel.

willow; Swed. salg, sal/, Dan. sclje, G. sahl-iveide, O. II. G. salaha (whence also L. sahx, Gael, seileach, F. sanle]
;

talk (A. S. pi. sala\, later safras,

Irish j#z/, saileach,

\iicrj,

W.

7*<"/%

(pl.)j

Gk.

a willow.

Sallow
saloiv.

Jcel.

M.E. (2), pale, wan. (K.) A. S ja/, sallow, -f- Du. zalnw, Jtf/r, O. II. G. J/0, tawny 'whence
dirtyX
i.

F.

j<z/c,

Teut.

type

*salwoz.

Brugm.

37^ (9)

Sally.
^

iF.-L)
;

M.

E. salien.

also to leap. sailhr, to isMie forth See Salient. Der. sally, allre, to leap sb from F. uulhe, a sally, from the fern,
,

F. L.

of

pp

willi.
Ital

Salmagundi, a seasoned hodge-podge.

F. salmigondis, spelt salwho describes the ' Hal. salt -meats salami, pi. of salame^ salt-meat, fiom L. conditi, pi. of condito, seasoned, sal, salt savoury, fiom L. conditus^ })p. of condHre^
i^F

L.)

niagondin in Cotgrave, dish. Grig, 'seasoned

;

cross in this position (x '). L.) O. F. salteur, a saltire (Godefroy) M, F. Also saultoir, St. Andrew's cross (Cot \ M. F. sauloir^ orig. a stirrup of a triangular shape A, also, a saltire (the cioss being named from the position of the stirrup's, Late L. saltatdrium, a stirrup. sides). L. saltaldnus, belonging to leaping or springing suitable for mounting a horse. L. saltator, a leaper. L. saltare, freSee Salient. quent, of salire, to leap. Salt-petre, nitre. (E. 0WF. L. and Gk ) * or M. F. salpesh e, salt-petre (Cot/, Late L. salpctra', L. sal petrit, salt of L. sal, salt Gk. itirpa, r rock ; the rock. see Salt and Petrify. Salubrious. (L) From L. salilbri-, healthful. For *salut-bris, i. e. healthful. L. saliit-, stem of sains, health; >bns, The L. saliis 77). adj. suffix (Brngm. ii. is allied to saluus, safe, whole ; see Salva;

tion.

to pickle, season. Salmon. (F. L.) inon. O. F. sanmon

*

M. E. salmon, sau;

L. F. salutaire. salutary. (F. L. saliit-, stem of salutaris, healthful. sains, health ; allied to saluns, hale. salute. (L.) L. salfit a re, to wish
^)

-L

A. F. salmon

L.

health to, to greet.

^almonem, ace. of salmo, a salmon. Perhaps a leaper.' I,, saltrc, to leap. Saloon. (F. - O. H. G.) F. Wcw, large room. F. .SY?//<?, loom. O II. G. ja/ (G. saal}, an abode, hall, room. -f"I^ u 2dr/,
-

Salvage.
'a
(below).

saving.' L. satuilre, save.

L. salfit- (above\ F. salvage, lit. O. F. salver, F. sanver, to

(F.

L.)

to

save.

L.

saluus

Icel. ^a/r,
'

A.
'
;

S.

s<i'I,

an abode

cf.

Salt.

(E.)

M.E

Oiig. Goth, sa/jan, to dwell.

salt.

sele, salor, hall.

O.Merc,

salt,

A. S. sea/t, both adj. and sb. So also O. Fries, salt, Icel. saltr, Dan. Swed. salt, Du. s0*/, all adjectives, from a Teut. type

O. F. salvation. ) (F. L. ace. salndttonem, ace. of saluatio, a L. salnatns, pp. of saludre, to saving. 860 c. L. saluus, safe. Brugm. i. save. Salve, ointment. (E.) M. E. salm

salvation.

-L

(=

salve).

A.

S.

^a//";
;

u. zatf,

G. salbe

cf.

O. Merc, salb, Goth, salbon.

461

SALVER
Teut. type *salba, fern. vb., to anoint. Allied to Gk, \iro$, oil, fat (Hesychius) Skt. sarpiS) claiified butter. Brugm. i.
;

SANHEDRIM
From L, sanator, a (L.) L. sanus, L. sanare, to heal. whole, sane ; see Sane. Sanctify. (F.-L.) ?.sanctifier.-lr L. sancti-, santificai e, to make holy.

Sanatory.

healer.

562.
a plate on which anything is In place of Span. L.) presented. (Span. salva, a salver, a plate on which anything is presented it also means the previous tasting of viands before they are served up. Span, salvar, to save, free from risk, to taste the food or chink of nobles to save them from poison. L. saluare, to save salver (salvo) is properly (below). ^[ a plate or tray on which drink was presented to the taster, and then to the drinker of a health cf. Span, hacer la salva, to drink one's health, also, to make the

Salver,

for

make.

sanefits, holy See Saint.

;

-ficare,

for facere,

to

sanctimony.
mome.
L.

(F.

L.)

M.F.

sancti-

L. sanctimonia, holiness. sanctus, holy ; see Saint. Sanction. (F. L.) F. sanction. I ,. sanctionem, ace. of sanctio, a icndenng sacred.- L. sancttts t pp.ot' sane ire, to render See Sacred. sacred sanctity. (L ) From L. sanctitas,
.

holiness

cf.

F.

saintetd.

L.

sanctus,

holy

see Saint.

essay.

sanctuary. (F.-L.)
tuarte,

the offspring of a negro and L. Gk.) Span. iz///^d, mulatto. (Span.

Sambo,
,

a shune.
.

sanctuaire}.'^\J

formerly fambo (Pmeda\ bandy-legged Late also as sb a sambo (in contempt). L. scambus.**Gk. cr*a/xj3oy, crooked, said
;

of the legs. Same. (E.) M. E. same. only as adv., as in sw F same

A.

S.

same,

Du. zand\ sandr\ Swed. Dan. G. sand; Bavarian sam(b]d. Teut. types *sam(a)doz, m., *sam{a\fom, n. Idg. type *sani9dhos.
Icel.
;

L sanctits, holy (above). Sand. (E.) A. S. sand.

M. E. seinO. F. saintuane (F. sanctuanum, a shune.

as men, just like men from Icel. samr, Dan. Swed. Scand. G. saw, adj., samme, the same.-f-O jama, adv. ; Goth, sania, the same (cf. samana, together), Gk. &n6s Skt. sama-, same cf Russ samuii, same. Allied to

same

swj men, the The adj use

is

sand. Sandal, shoe. (F. - L. - Gk. -Pers.) F. samiale, f. L. sandalia, pi. of sandaInim. Gk. aavfidXiov, dimm. of crdvSa\ov, a wooden sole bound on to the feet with
Cik
a.fj.aOo$ }

Cf

straps.

Of

Pers. origin

cf.

Pers. sandal,

a sandal.

Skt. jaw, with, Gk. aua t together, L sinnd, together, similis, like. Samite, a rich silk stuff. (F. L. -Gk.) Late L. O. F. samit

Sandal-wood.
|

(F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.

Gk.

djjuTov,

a stuff

woven with
;

six

kinds

of thread. the woof.

Gk l,

six

/*rro?,

a thread of

Samovar,
samovar\

See Dimity. a tea-urn.

Late L. sansandal, santal. Pers sandal, talum. Gk. advra\ov. Skt. chandan. chandal, chandana-, sandal, the tree. Sandblind, half-blind. (E.) In Shakea conuption of sam-bhnd, half speare
Skt.)
;

(Russ

Russ.

blind.

The

prefix

A. S. sam-,
THJH;

half,

cog-

nate with L. semi-, Gk.

see

Semi-,

Sandwich. (E.^ Named from John Montague, 4th Earl of Sandwich, died F. saint 1 792, who used to have sandwiches brought A. S. SandPierre, St. Peter; whence hcrbe de saint to him at the gammg-table. L. sanctum, ace. of wJc, Sandwich, a town in Kent. Pierre, samphire. sanctus, holy Petrum, ace. of l*etrns, Sane. (L.) L. sanus, of sound mind,
Malay mmpxn.
L. a herb. (F. Spelt sampler in Baret (1580).

Sampan, a small boat.

(Malay Chin.) Chin, sanpan (Yule).

Hemi-.

Samphire,

and Gk.]

Peter

see Petrel.
\

whole,

safe.

Prob. allied to Icel. sdn, G.

suhne, atonement (Kluge). Sample. (F.-L) M. E. sample. O. F. essample exemple. L. exemplum, L) Sanguine. (F.
t

F. sanguin, L. bloody, of a sanguine complexion. Sampler. (F.-L ) O. F examplaire satiifuineus, adj. from sanguin- (for *san~ (XIV cent.), the same as exemplaire, a guen-}, stem of sanguis, blood. L. exempldrium, late form of Sanhedrim. (Heb.-Gk.) Late Heb. pattern exemplar, a copy. L. exemplaris, serving sanhedrm, borrowed from Gk. avvtSptw, as a copy, a council; lit. a sitting together. L. exemplum (above). Gk.

an example, sample

see

Example.

462

SANS
ow,
I sit
sens.
;

SASSAFRAS
made by the Saracens. Low L. saracenicum sarcenet. L. Saracen n s, Saracen see
,

together;
see Sit.

28/>a,

a seat, from cfo/xat,

;

* L. - Gk. - Arab.)

Sarcenet, Sarsnet,

a thin silk. (F. O. F. sarcenet, a stuff

j

Sans.
except.

-L.) F. sans, without (F. L. si ne, L. sine, without.

O.F.

if not,

Saracen.
sarco;

Sanskrit. (Skt) Skt. samskrta, lit. Sarcophagus. (L.-Gk.) L. made of a limeSkt. saw, to- phagus, a stone tomb 'symmetrically foimed.' to consume the krta, made, from kr, lo make ; stone which was supposed gether Gk. ffapKoQAyos, fleshSee Create. cf L. creare, to make. corpse (Pliny). Sap (i), juice of plants. (E.) A. S. consuming hence lime-stone. to Gk. crapfco-, eat. See Low G. sapp O. H. G. for oap l) u sap flesh; Qayetv, sa?p. Not allied Sarcasm. Icel. safi. saf, cf. G. soft L. Sardine (i), a small fish. (F. but perhaps borrowed from to Gk. 6n<5s L. sardma, sarda. L. .$/#. Gk.) F. sardine. Sap (2), to undermine. (F. Late L.) Gk. (TapSt'i/?/, cra/>5a, a kind of fish. L. sarSardine (2) a gem. (L. Gk.) O.F. sapper, F. safer. O.F. sappe (F. Gk. <ja/>5tVos; Rev. iv. 3. Named (Cf. Span. so/to, dinus. j<z/*0, a kind of hoc. from Sardis, in Asia Minor (Pliny). Late L. sappa,sapa, Ital. zappa, mattock.) a hoe. sardius, a gem. (L. Gk ) Rev. xxi. Origin unknown Diez suggested Gk. GKa-navrj, a hoe from aK&iTTdi'j to 20. L. sardius (Vulgate). Gk. aaptiios,
;

dig.

aapbtov, a

Sapid, savoury.
savoury. wise. Cf. O.

(L.) Rare. L. sapcre, to taste

H.G.
li.

"L.sapidus, also to be mt-seffen, to taste,

;

mark.

sapientia, wisdom.

718. L. F. sapience. L.) L sapient-, stem of pres. pt. of sapete, to be \\ise.

Brugm.

Der. tn-stpui.

(F. L. Gk.) F. sardomque, formeily sardonicn, in phrase ris sardomen, a forced L. Sardomctts, or carelesse mirth ;' Cot.
*

gem of Sardis (above). Sardonic, used of grim laughter.

sapience.

(F.

Tent.) Saponaceous, soapy. (I,. Coined, as if from L. *saponaccus* from L. sapdnem, ace. of sapo, soap (Pliny). See Soap. Sapphic, a kind of metre. (L. Gk.) L. wpphicus, belonging to Sappho. Gk. 2a7r</>d>, Sappho of Lesbos, died about

Gk. <7a/>8di>ios, also usually Sardomus. crapSovtos, said to be derived from vapS6vioi>, a plant of Sardinia (2dp5a>), said to screw up the face of the eater ; see Vergil,
Eel.
vii.

41.

Sardonyx,
donyx.

L. snra gem. (L. - Gk.) Gk. aap^vvf, i.e. Sardian onyx.

in

Gk. vapS-, for SapScis, Sardis, 6Vv, onyx. See Onyx.

Lydia;

592 B.C.

Sapphire.

L. sapphlrus. *aphir Heb. sappTr (with initial n sapphire. Cf. Peis. saffir, tatriech), a sapphire. sapphire. Saraband. (F.-Span.-Pers) F. sarabande, a Spanish dance. Span, zarabanda, a dance of Moorish origin. Pers. sarband, lit. a fillet for fastening a lady's Pers. jtfr, head head-dress.' band, band. Saracen. (L. - Gk. - Arab.) L. saracrntts, lit. one of the Eastern people.
'

Sarsaparilla. (Span.) Span, zarzapanlla, a plant. (Span.) Zarza means (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F. bramble/ perhaps from Basque saitzia, Gk. adirtpctpos, a bramble parilla is generally refen ed to
*

Partllo, the name of a physician who prescribed the use of sai sapanlla. Sarsnet ; see Sarcenet. of (i), a case or frame for panes - L.) Adapted from F. c/tdsst's, glass. (F. a frame of wood for a window/ Cot. ; or

Sash

from O. F. chasse (F. chAsse\ a case, shrine. See Chase (3) and L. capsa, a case.

Case

(2).

(2\ a scarf, girdle. (Arab.) ForArab. sJiart/Tn pi. merly sha*h. Arab, shash, muslin hence^ Cf. Arab. Arab, sharq, east, a muslin turban of sharqty, eastern. (Dozy), Aiab. root sharaqa> it rose. shashiya(t}, a little turban (Richardson). rising sun. of laurel. (F. Sarcasm, a sneer. (F. L. Gk.) F. Sassafras, a kind Gk. ffapKaapos, Span. L.) F. sassafras. Span, sasafras^ L. sarcasmits. sareasme. Gk. aapKa&tv, to tear flesh, to from O. Span, sassafragia, the heib saxia sneer. Gk. <ra^-, frage sassafras was so named from being bite the lips in rage, to sneer. stem of <rdp, flesh. Der. sarcastic, Gk. supposed to possess the like virtue. *L. saxifraga\ see Saxifrage. cAs, sneering.
Late Gk. ^apaKrjvus.
t ;

Sash

463

SATAN
Satan.
O.
see

SAVORY
satyrus.

(Heb.)

Heb. satan, an enemy.

to persecute.

Heb. root satan,

Gk. odrvpos, a
(F. salted

satyr,

a sylvan

god.
)

Satchel,

a small bag.
little

(F.-L., &c

Sauce.

- L.)
;

sachel, a

bag.-L. saccellum, a thing

;

fern,

F. sauce. - L. salsa, of sals us, salted.

ace. of saccelliis, dimin. of saccus^ a sack

Sack.

Safe is from (L.) used as a short form of satiate in sense of satisfied.' (Suggested by L sat tor mtis L. satidtits, pp. of satur, full.) satidre, to sate, fill full.-L. JYZ/, ja^j,
sated,
'
;

Sate, Satiate.

See Salt. Der. sauc-er, orig. a vessel for sauce; sauc-y, full of sauce, pungent SaunderS, a corrupt form of Sandal-

wood.

sufficient;

////;,
196.

full.

Allied

to

Sad.

Hragm
satiet^,

i.

Der.

satiety,

M.

- L.) From A. F. (F. adventure oneself. I find mention of a man qe sauntre en ewe/ who ventures on the water, who goes to
Saunter.
satintrer,

to

'

F.

sea;

Year-book of
s-,

Edw.
out

from L. ace. satieitltem,

III. p.
;

619.

fnllnebs.

A. F. <a
,

for

es-,

(L. ex}

and

Satellite.

(F.-L.)
'

F.

satellite,

Cot. L. satellite sergeant, catchpole ; ace. of safeties, an attendant

auntrer, for aventurer, to adventure or venture, from aventure, an adventure. See

Adventure. [A mere

guess.]
lizard tribe.

Satin. (F.-L.)
Port.
satin.

F. satin.

j^//.) Late L. Late L .svto, silk; L. seta, saeta, a bristle, a hair. Brugm. i. 209. Satire. (F - L ) F. satire. - L. satii a, a species of poetry a sa/ura, orig. medley.' Derived from satura lanx, a full
'
;

(\\&\.setitio, sat inns, setnuts,

Prom Gk.

Saurian,

one of the

(Gk.)

cravpa, aavpos, a li/ard.

cf.

Sausage. (F.-L.)
(for *sau\tie}\

sauciwe.
adj.

Late L safstciajem. uisalsicius, (Georges), made of salted or seasoned - L. salsus, salted. - L. sal, salt. See meat.
Salt.

Formerly wusige Guernsey \auciche. F.

dish, dish full of

mixed ingredients; where

full.

satura

is fern,

of satur,

Cf. Sate.

Sauterne, a wine.
in

satisfy.
L.

(F.-L.)
Formed
suhstitnted

O.
as

F.

wtiifier

(F ) Fi om Saiiterne France, department of Gironde.

(later satisfairi).

if

from Late
L. satisL. satis,
satisfact-

Savage.
A. F.

(F.-L.)

M.

E.

sauage.-

*satisficare,
lit.
;

for

savage,',

facere,

'to

make enough.'
Der.

enough facere, to make. ion, from pp satisfactus.

wood, wild. Silvan.

O. F. \avaige, salvage (F. sihtaticus, belonging to a L. silna, a wood. See

Satrap, a Persian viceroy. (F.-L. Ok. Pers.) F. ^. satrapani, ace. of sat'rapes. Gk aarpanrjs. O. Pcis.
khsatra-pava, guardian

Savanna,
p.

Carib.) Spelt zauatta

148.

a meadow-plain. (Span. R. Eden, ed. Arber, Span sabana\ said to be of

;

of a province; Caribbean This sabana origin (Oiedo). from khsatra, province, and pa, to protect is diffeient from sabana, a sheet for a bed Cf. Zend shoithra-pau, pro- from L. (Spiegel). sabana, pi. of sabanuin, a linen tector of a region (Fick, i. 305), from Zend cloth used as a fern. sing. Gk. ffd^avov> shoithra, a region, pan, protector; Skt. a linen cloth, towel. a field, region, from kshi, to kshetra-, Save. (F. - L ) E. sauuen ( -= dwell, and/, to protect. sauwnj. A. F. saver, wurer\ V. sauver.
; ;

are, to

Saturate. (L ) From pp. of L. saturtill full -L. satur, full. Cf. Sate Saturnine. (F.-L.) (J.Y.iaturnm
,

L.

saluare, to save.

L. sahuu>, safe. a

See Salvation.

(usually ^aturmeri], under the influence of the malign planet Saturn hence, melanL. Saturnits, Saturn said to choly. mean 'the sower'; as if from sa/um,
;

Saveloy,
1 1

Cervelas,
ltal.

kind

of
cer-

sausage. (K velas (Phi 1 ps ).

Ital.

L)
cc>

Formerly
i ,

i<

vela

F. cervelat.

ccrvcllato

from
brain.

(Tornano), a saveloy;

its

supine of serere, to is improbable.

sow

(Festtis)

which
Sateri.

Ital. cervcllo, containing brains L. cerebellum, dimin. of cercbrtirn,

brain.

See Cerebral.

Saturday. (L and E.)

Saturn's
;

A.

S.

dag, also Scetern-dag, Sceternes

dies Saturn
;

dceq,

c.

cf.
;

day a translation of L. Saturni Du. Zaterdag. L. Saturnus,

A. S. dag, a day. .--,,

Satyr. (F.-L.-Gk.)

F. satyre.

- L.

a shrub. A. S. safine. L. sabina orig. babina The Sabines were herba, a Sabine herb. a people of central Italy. Savory, a plant. (F.-L.) M.F. savorfe, a popular perversion of O. F.

Savin, Savine, Sabine,

)
;

(L

464

SAVOUR
sarrie (whence F. sarriette}.

SCALE
L.
saturtia*,

savory.

Savour. (F. L.) O. F. savour, later saveur. L. saporem, ace. of sapor, taste. L. sapere, to taste. See Sapid.

scauberk, scaberk, a scabbard; answering to O. F. escatibert, only found in the The F. word is pi. escanbers (Godefroy). made up of O. F\escale, a scale, husk, case;

and

Savoy,

kind

of

cabbage.

(F.)

-berc, a protection (as in O. berCy kal-berc , a hauberk).

=

O. F. hauH. G. scala,

a scale, husk, case; bergan, to hide, proBrought from Savoy. scaitberk scate(i\ a cutting instrument. (E.) tect. Thus scabbard M. E. sawe A. S. Jd^w, lit a cutter from berk, with the reduplicated sense of 'cover2nd giade of Teut. root SEG< v^SEK, to cover,' or protecting case. See Scale (i) cut.-f-L)u. %ang, Icel. sog, Dan. sav, Swed. and Hauberk. See Secant Der. see- raw, ScabiOUB. (F.-L.) M.Y.srafa'euse,f. sag, G. sage. a reduplicated form cf. scythe, sedge L. scabidsa (kerl>a\ a plant supposed to M. E. #wi#. be good for skin-eruptions. L. scal>ies t an (2), a saying. E.) A.S. sagitjQ. baying; cf. A.S. secgan, to itch. See Scab. Allied to Lith. pa-taka, a saying Scaffold. (F -L. and Gk.?) M. E. say. O. F. "euafalt) only found as Doublet, jogw, See Say, stafohi. Saxhorn, a kind of horn. Named euafaut^eschafa^^t (also chafan}> mod. F. Short for esiadafalt after the inventor, Adolphe Sajc, a Fiench- cchafatid) a scaffold. inar* ab. 1840 (Burguy), where es* represents L. ex, prep. F. cf. Span, and Ital catafalco, a funeral Saxifrage, a plant. (F -L.; L. $axif?aga, spleen-wort; so canopy, also a stage, scaffold (whence F. saxifrage named because it was supposed to break and E. catafalque). (3 The former part stones in the bladder. L. saxi-, for saxum, of cafafalto may be allied to Span, catar, a stone, /; ag~, base of franger e> to bicak. in the sense to view.* The latter part is Cf. Sassafras perhaps due to L fala, a kind of Saxon, a Teut. race (L -TeuO Late scaffold. (Doubtful.) L. Saxon es, pi., Saxons A.S. Sea* an, Scald (i), to burn. (F.-L.) M. F. O. F. *escalder, later eschauder, Saxons because armed with a short scalden.

Saw

Saw

sword.

A. S. seax, a knife,

'

'

lit

cutter

to scald (F.

tJiander^l*
hot.

excatdtire, to

O.

tries,

sax

cf

L
i.

implement

Brugm.

saxum, a 549 c.
]

stone

wash

in

hot water.

caldus

~ fatuin^
i.

(i), to speak. pr. s sty-ct/i, sei-th.

pr.
s.

Say

(E

M.

E. seggen,

Scald
stalled,

S. secgan,

Noith.

auu ; See Caldron. For (Scand.) scabby (*}, e. afflicted with the scall\ see
L. ex, out, very
>

s&gde, pj) gesiegd -f-Du. zeggen, Icel sesya, Dan <7^, Swed. saqa^ Cf. Lithuan. C;\w^;/ O. sagcn Gk. tvviir* (for ^-o-fTr-f)^ >>akyti, to say
seg-eb) pt
t.
3

Scall.

H.G

O.

See imp. s., tell, say. Sweet, N. E. Gr. 1293 L Gk.) (F. (2), a kind of serge O. F. sate, say. (Cf. Span, say a, sayo, a
in-iec-e,

Scald (3), a poet. (Scand.) Icel skald a poet, older form skald (Noreen). Scale (O, a shell, a flake (F.O. H. G.) M. E. *fe.-O F. cscab (F.
/^'/cf).

-O.

II,

Say
;

scealn, sialu,^ shell, husk, scale

G. sca/a (G.scfafe), A.S. Dan. and

;

Swed.
*skal>

skal, a shell, pod.

From
vb.

Teut. base

tunic

saye/e,

thin

stuff

So

called

because used for making a kind of coat in Latin saga, sagmu, or sagm Late L. sagtim, (\ a mantle, (2) a kind of See Shale, Shell, and Skill. Gk. aayos, a soldiei's mantle; cloth. Scale (2), a bowl or dish of a balance. allied to (Tayrj, harness, adypa, a pack- (F. Teut) [Formerly also scole\ cf. Icel. M. E. scale. saddle see Sumpter. sAdf, a scale of a balance.] Say (,3), to essay; short for assay or 0. F. escale, a cup ^Godefroy). Icel. skat, Dan skaalt Swed. r/k!/, bo\\ 1 Du. sckaal* essay, see Essay. Scab. (Scand ) Dan. Swed. &ab. -f- scale, bowl. Allied to Scale (i) being G. $(habt\ A.S s<.eab, stab, scab, itch. from Teut. base sktil-, 3rd gi ade of*skefan*. cf L Lit. 'something that is scratched; Scale (3), a ladder, gradation. (L.) L. L. sea-la See scala, a ladder to scratch, scabies, itch. scabere, *scan(t}-sla, fiom scandere, to climb. 1. e. *scan(d}-sla Shave and Shabby. Scabbard. (F. Teut.) M.IL.scaubert, See Scan. Brugm. i. 414.
;

called

*skel-an-, to cleave, divide cf Lith. skel-ti, to cleave ; Gk. (r/cd\\(iv, to stir up, to hoe. (-^SQEL
str.
)

2nd grade of

'

<

SCALENE
Scalene. (L.-Gk.)
L. scattnus, adj.

SCARF
closely.

sample;' Cot. O F. es-, prefix, from L. ex cantel, a cantle see Cantle. Scapegoat. Here scape is short for a scallion see further under Shallot. escape see Escape. Scapular, belonging to the shoulderScallop, Scollop, a kind of shell-fish. - Tent.) M. E. skalop - O. F. escalope, blades. (L.) Late L. scapulans, adj., from (F. n shell. -M. Dti. schelpe (Du schelp), a scapula, pi. shoulder-blades. Der. scapushell, especially a scallop-shell. Allied to lar-y, a kind of scarf (worn over the Scale (i) and Shell. Der. scallop, vb., shoulders),F..Ktt/u/aiV, Late L. seapillare. to cut an edge into scallop-like curves. Scar (i), mark of a wound. (F. L.-SCalp. (Scand.) M.E.s<;a/p( Northern). Gk.) M. F. es(are. L. eschara, a scar, Gk. (?x a P a a hearth, fireIcel. skalpr, M. Swed. skalp, a sheath; esp. of a burn. Dan. dial, skalp, husk, shell of a pea also place, scar of a burn. M. Ital. scalpo, the scalp, a word boi rowed Scar (2), Scaur, a rock. (Scand.) M.E. from Teutonic. Cf. M. Dn schelpe, a scarre. Icel. sker, a skerry, isolated rock Dan. ski<zr, S\\ ed. skar. So called because See Scallop. shell (hence, skull). Scalpel, a small sharp knife. (L.) L. cut off from the mam land see Shear.
afflicted

Gk. ffKa\rjt'6s, scalene, uneven. Scall, scab on the skin. (Scand.) From I eel. skalli, a bald head orig. a peeled head. Cf. Swed. skallig, bald, from skala, to peel. Allied to Swed. skal, a husk see Scale (i). Der. scald (2) -stalled,
;

as in skant, a dole, skanta, to measure Cf. O. H. G. skam, short. Der.

scant-y.

pattern.

Scantling- a cut Teut. (F.

1

piece of timber, a with L. prefix.)

From O. North
'

eschantillon,

F. escanttllon, for O. F. a small cantle, scantling,

;

with

scall.

Scallion, a
;

L. - Gk. - Phoenician.)

(F. plant allied to garlic O. F. escalogne,

>

scalpellitm, dimin. of scalpnim, a knife. scalpeie, to cut. a cathartic gum -resin.

Scammony,
L.

(F.

Gk.)

M. F. sianimome.
crKa^ucuvia,

L.

bmd-weed. Scamp. (F. L) Formeily a vagabond, or fugitive. O. North F. escamper, O. F. esc hamper, to s escamper, to flee decamp L ex, out and campus, battlefield. Der. scamp- er, to run or ilee
of
1 ;

G. scammonia scammony, a kind

^Kafjuuvia^

O. H. G.) From Scaramoche, a famous Italian zany who acted in England in 1673 Also called Scat amouche,vfa\<& ^ Hlount). was the F. spelling but his real name was Scaramuccia, of which the lit. sense is a
;

Scaramouch, a buffoon.

(F.

Ital.

sknmish,' being the same word as the O. F escarmouchc, a skirmish. Sec Skir-

mish.

Scarce. (F.-L.) M.E j^rr.-O.F.

estars, eschars, scarce, scanty,

away.

Scan. (L ) Short for stand; the </was L. prob. mistaken for the pp. suffix -ed. scandere,\.o climb; also, to scan a vcise.
-fSkt. skand, 635to

niggard (F. Late L scarpstis, short form of cxcarpsus, used as a substitute for L. excerptus, pp. of excerpcre, to select; see
echars}.

Excerpt. Thus the sense was picked

select, scarce.

out,'

spring up.

Brugm.

Scandal.

(F.

- L. - Gk.)

Scare.
;

(Scand.) W..'\L.skerren, to scare;

L. scandalutn also a scandal, offence, stumbling-block. Ong. the spring of a trap, the stick which sprang up when the trap was shut, and on which the bait was placed usually called AND, to spring up. <7Kav8a\r}Opov. See Scan. Doublet, slander. Scansion. (L.) From L. scansio, a L. scansus, pp. of scandere, to scanning.
;

F. scandale. Gk. aKavfiaXov, a snare

^SK

scan

see

Scan.
adj

sufficient.

M. E. skant, inskamt, neut. of skammr, short, brief; whence skamta, to dole out Icel. skamtr, a Thence to scant or stint) In Norwegian, nt appears for mt, dole.

Scant,

(Scand.)

Icel.

Icel. skjarr, adj., timid, shy. timid, shy; allied to skirrask, to shun, lit. to sheer off; see Sheer (2). Scarf (i), a light sash or band. (F. O. Low G.) Confused, as to sound, with Scarf (2). The particular sense is due to O. North escarpe, O. F. and M. F. esM. Du. scharpe, charpe, a scarf; Cot. a scrip (Oudemans) Low schrap. Cf. K. Fues. scherpe, a scarf, which, like G. See below. scharpe, is prob. from F. Scarf (2), to join timber together. (Scand.) From Swed. skarf, a scarf, seam, joint. -f- Bavarian scharben, to cut a notch
.

from skerre,

in timber,

G. scharben, O.

II.

to cut small.

From

Teut.

*skarb,

G. scarbdn, 2nd

466

SCARIFY
grade of *skerb-an-, to
sceorfan, pt.
t.

SCIATIC
as in A. S.

cut,

scearf, to scrape.

inquiring; pi. wem-iKo'i, the Sceptics, followers of Pyrrho (3rd century, B. c.). Gk.
0KirTOfjtcu, I consider
;

F. scarifier. L. scarificdrej to scarify, scratch open; from scar if ,to scarify. Gk.ffKapi^ao^ai are I scratch. Gk. ffKapt<f>os, a sharp pointed instrument. Allied to L. scrlbere, to write, find to E. Scribe.

Scarify. (F.-L.-Gk.)

see Species.
.

Sceptre. (F.-L.-Gk.)
L. sceptrum. on, a sceptre.
to hurl.
cedulc.

sceptre.

Gk. anfiirrpov, a staft to lean Gk. atcrj-nrfiv, to prop also

;

Cf. L. scapus, a shaft, stem.

Schedule. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M.
F.

Formerly
l

Scarlet. (F.-Pers.)
scai let.

O. F.

escarlate,

(Span, escartata, Ital. scarlatto.) Pers. saqalat, siqaldt, suqldt, scailet cloth. Orig. the name of a stuff, which was often of a scarlet colour cf. ' scarlet reed,' Ch. Prol. 456. ^f Hence Pers.
;

schedule, cedule, a sched. ctdule. L. schedula^ ule, scrowle,' C ot. ; a small leaf of paper; dimin. vischeda (01 Late Gk. scidd], a strip of papyrus- bark.
<7x'877,

a tablet,

is

borrowed from

hence
>

saqlatun, scarlet cloth, whence M. E. ciclatotm (Chaucer). The Turkish iskerlat,

scarlet,
is

word must be from tbe kindred Gk. O-X^TJ, a cleft piece of word, from ffx'tettf to cleave. See Schism.
the L.
(I/. Gk.) Formerly jf^rwa. L. schema, Gk. crx^A'o, form, appearGk. ance, also used as a term in rhetoric. (TX^-, as in crxrj-^o}, fut. of t\-tv, to hold, have (base o-fX")- Cf- Skt. sah, to bear.

siarlatto (Zenker).

merely borrowed from Ital. See Suclat in Yule.

scarlet
fever.
(Ital.

Scheme.

Scarlatina,
Pers."i

Ital. scarlattina.

Ital. scarlatto,

scarlet cloth (above).

Scarp.
Ital.

(F.-Ital -Tetit.)
*

scarfia,
II.

V.escarpe. a curtein of a wall so

'
;

called because cut sharp,

i.

e.

steep.

Du.

schetp, M. see Sharp.

skatoa,

G.

sciiarfj

scharpf, sharp;

- L. Gk.) F. schisme. (F. L. schisma Gk. ax i(T V a a rcnt, split, schism. Gk. trx*( iv (.base axS-), to L. scindere Skt. chhid, to cut. cleave.

Schism.

>

Scathe, to
tceatian

harm. (Scand).

From

Icel.

Brugm.

i.

586, 599
slate-rock.

Sued, skada, Dan. shade, -f A. S. G. Du. schaden\ (pt. t. scod}; Goth. ga-skathjan (pt. t ga-skotli} Cf. Gk. a~ffK7]0'f)s ) unharmed. Der. scathe t sb., Icel.
E.scaterett. North(E.) form of Shatter, q. v. -f- Gk. a/ttSavvvm, I sprinkle, aKeb-aats, a scattering

SChlSt,

TOS, easily cleft.

Gk
e\iole,

N Gk. ff\ia(Gk. o\i^iv (above).

School

(i).

(F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
school

scole.

Scatter.

ern

L. schoti. Gk. ^X ^ 7?) rest, leisure, employrrent of leisuie time, also a school Orig 'a from ox~> a grade of the base of pause
* ;

A. F. and O. F.

tX<"', to

hold

s-ee

Scheme.

(VSEGH.)

Skt. skhad, to cut.

Cf.

Scavenger.

(F.

- Tcut.)

Squander.
^

Formerly

Der. fiom

The sense scavager\ the ;/ is intrusive. a scavager wns an has much changed officer who acted as inspector of goods for sale, and subsequently had to attend to cleansing of streets. Scavage, i. e. inspection, is an A. F. word, with F. suffix
;

A. F. escohr\ scholi-ast Gk axo^iaarrjs, a commentator. School (2), a shoal offish. (Du.) Du.
schol-ar,

school visst /ten, 4 a shole of fishes/ Sewel. Doublet of shoal. See Shoal (i).

from O. F escauw-er, -age (<L. -aticuni) to examine, inspect. O. Sax. skawoj?, to

;

Schooner. (Scand ) Properly scooner, but spelt as if derived from Dutch, which is not the case, the Du. schooner being of K. origin. First called a stooner in 1713, when the first schooner wr.s sx> named in
Gloucester, Massachusetts, from the remark ' that she scoons^i. e. glides swiftly. This veib is the Clydesdale scon or scoon^ to glide swiftly, applied to stones with which one makes 'ducks and drakes in the water. Icel. sktmda, to speed. See Shun. Schorl, black tourmaline. (S\\ed.) Swed. skorl (with sk as E. s/i). Perhaps suggested by Svied. skor, brittle. Sciatic, pertaining to the hip-joint. (F. L. Gk.) F. sciatiqut, adj. L. sciaticus, corruption of L. tschiadicus, subject to gout
'

behold look at.

cognate with A. S. sceawtan, to See Show.

(I-.

Scene.

Gk.)
scZne^.

L. sclna,

sc(?na

(whence also F.
pro-sceninm.

Gk.

aKrjv-q,

sheltered place, tent, stage, scene.

Der.

false spelling Scent, vb. (F.-L.) for sent, as in Hamlet, i. 5. 58 (ed. 1623) F. sentir, 'to feel, sent;* Cot. L. sentire, to feel, perceive.

See Sense.
sceptique.

Sceptic. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^F.

L. scepticus.

Gk.

<7/fimffo$, thoughtful,

467

SCIENCE
in the hips. Gk. subject lo Gk. 2erxx8-, stem of pains in the loins. in the loins. the Gk. 19, pain socket in which the thigh-bone turns. Der. scialic-a, fern, of L adj. sciaticus. F. science. - L. Science. (F. L.) L. scunl-, stem of scientia, knowledge. pres. pt. of sclre, to know, orig. to discern. Allied to Skill. Der. con-, pre-science. Scimetar, Cimetar. F. ^/'ital.' i Pers ?) Cot. F. cimeterre, a scymitar ' a simitar,' Florio. Cf. Ital. scunitarra, Piob. from Peis. shinishir, shamshir, 'a Lit. lion's cimeter,' Rich. Diet., p 909. Pers. claw. sham, nail, claw ; shcr,
;

SCORE
of Teut. *skeldan-, to scold, blame, as seen O. Fries, skelda, Du. schelden (pt. t. schold}, G. schelten (pt. t. schalf], to scold If the cf. Dan. skielde, wk vb., to scold
in
;

orig. sense was to push,' it is allied to O. Sax. skaldan, to push off (a boat).
'

see Scallop. (0, a small fort, bulwark. (F. Also applied lo a helmet, and even L.) O. F. esconse, a hiding-place, to the head. L absconce orig. fern, of pp. escons sconsa, fern, of absconsus, used (as well as

Scollop

Sconce
;

absconditus} as pp. of abscondere, to hide;

see

Abscond sconce (2),

lion

M. E.
scintillatern.
fort).

a candle-stick. (F. sconce, scons, a covered light, lan-

L)

Scintillation. (F.-L) F
tion.

L. ace. scintilldtionem, a sparkling. S( intillare, to L. scintilla, sparkle.

)

O. F. cstonse, a dark lantern ( RoqueLate L. absconsa,& dark lantern;

from L. absconsus, hidden.

a spark.

Scoop.
Formed,
sa-re,
\\ith suffix -ist,

Sciolist. (L
from L. knowing. Science.
L.

M. E. s<.ope, sb. Scand.) (F. O. F. escope (F. tcope], a scoop (IlatzM. Du. Swed. skopa, a scoop. II. G. schuofe, a scoop; cf. G.

sciol-us,

a smatterer.
to

L.

scius,

feld).

know.

See

schoepe,

tchopfcn, to

draw water, to scoop.

From

Scion. (F.-L) M.E. VKWW.-O.K. cion, M. F. swn, F. <nwn, 'a scion, shoot;'
Cot.
'

Ong.
is

icier, to cut

a cutting.' O. F. sicr, F. L. secdre, to cut. (But the

chwn.'}

2nd giade of Teut. *skap-, as in O Sax. skcppian ''for *skapjan\ Du. scheppen, O. 11. G. s^htpfan (pt. t. stuof],
Teut.
*$&(>/>,

to

draw up water.

Picard foim

Sci.rrh.OUS, pertaining to a hard swellGk.) From Late L. scirrhiis, (L. ing. sb., a form used for L. scirros, a hard swellGk. atcippos, cfKipos, a/tippcD^a, a haid ing. Gk. <mpJs, hard. swelling. Scissors. F.-L) [111 spelt, and not from scinderc, to cut.] M. E. sis on res,
O. F. cisoires, shears, used nsoures. instead of ciseaux, ' sizars,' Cot. The latter is the pi. of O. F. ciscl, chisel see Both woids are due to L. cccdere, Chisel. to cut see Caesura. ^[ No doubt the word wa> confused with L. scissor, which propeily means 'a cutter,' hence, a tailor;
; ;

Gk.) Ital.jr0/0, a mark (Ital. (ik. CTKOTTOS, a to shoot at, scope; Mono. mark, a watcher; allied to CJk. a/fcrrrojua/,

Scope.

I see, spy, which is speicre\ see Species.

cognate with L.

with scurvy. (Low L. scorbutus, scurvy said to be Latinised from M. Du. scheur-en, to break, tear, and boc, a bone (Weigand) which is doubtful. From L. scorbfttus weie foimed Low G. scharbock, schar-

Scorbutic,
I'lom

afflicted

L.)

Low

from L. scindere, to
skoff-, as

cut.
*kof.
,

Scoff. (Scand.^ M. K.
in

abuse,
schof,

skoffs-ord, n. pi skoff-sera, to abuse

;

Swed. dial. words of Scorch. (F. O. Fries. de la Tour, p.

M. Du. scheurbuyck (Du. buuk, scurvy scheurbuiK}) scurvy. These forms are due to popular etymology, as the lit. sense of Du. scheurbuyck is rupture of the belly,' from siheuren, to tear, and buytk (mod. Du. bulk], the belly. See Scurvy.
;

'

a scoff;

Icel.

skaup, shop, mockery.

schobben, to scoff, also Dan skitffe, to The orig. sense deceive; see Scuffle. was prob. a rub or a shove cf. Swed. see skuff, a push, G. schupfcn, to push
Icel. skopa, to scoff;
'
'

Cf.

M. Du. schoppen,
*

'

Shove. Scold.
scolden
,

(Perhaps

Frisian.)

M.

E.

The

also skalde, scolde, sb., a scold. sb. is formed from * skald, 2nd grade

(Scand.) M. E score, properly a cut hence twenty, denoted by a long Icel. skor, a score, cut cut on a cut stick. also twenty; cf. Swed. skara, Dan. skaar, From Teut. *skor-, Icel. skor~ y score, cut.

Oiig. toflay; Knt. F escorcher, lit. to L. ex, off; cootie-, flay (Ital scorticare). stem of cortex, bark, rind, husk. Confused with M. E. scorklen, to burn, scorkncn, to parch; cf. Norw. sktokkna, to shrivel, skrokken, shrunken allied to Shrink.
6.

L)

O.

Score.
;

468

SCORIA
weak grade
Shear.
of sker-a, to cut, shear; see
slag.

SCRAPE
scoriata answers to L. excondta, lit. flayed off, hence a strip of leather for a whip, a thong pp of exconare, to flay oft, in Late L., to whip; see Excoriate.
;

Scoria,
Gk.

(L.

Gk)
M.

L. scoria
ovfo;p,

cr/Kupia, dross,

ordure. -f A. S.

scum. Gk. scearn, dung.

dung,

F. O. F. e^corner, to escorne, scorn; Cot. humiliate, mock at ong. to deprive of horns from L. ex, out, cornu t a horn, ^f But much influenced by M. E. star/ten to scorn, from O. F. escarnir, escharnir, to deride from O. H. G. scernon, to deride, a vb. due to the sb. seem, derision.
E. scorn.
'
;

Scorn. (F.-L.)
'

"O

Scout
scoute.

(i),

spy.

(F.

L.)
py.

M. E.
O. F.

O. F.

escotite,

tolk-L. *ascolt<~re, escouter, to listen. for L. auscultare, to listen ; see Auscultation.

Scout (2), to ridicule nn idea. (Scand ) Allied to Lowl. Scotch scottt, to pour out a liquid forcibly, to shoot it out. Icel.
skuta, skuti, a taunt; cf skot-yrfti, scoffs. Icel. shut- a weak grade of the base of Cf. Swed. skjuta, (i) to skjota, to shoot. shoot, (2) to shove skjuta skulden pel, to cast the blame on Dan skyde, to shoot,
,
; ,

Scorpion.
n.?.scorpiiis

(F.

L -Gk.)

Y.scorpwn.

L. scorpivnem, ace. of

*<o>/>io f the

same

Gk.

aKop-nios, a scorpion, also

a prickly
(Scand.)
'

sea-fish

(-/SKERP.)
with narrow incisions.
is.

to cut slightly ; short forscor-c/iysm extension of score; see Score. With knyfe scortche not the Boorde '
;

Scotch, to cut To scotch

cast
in

(blame on\ repel.

(Scand/;
S.
;

See Shoot.

Scowl.

M. E

Dan.

skttle,

scoulen. to scowl, cast

Not down

Babees

Book,

p.

80.

Confused

with

M.
its

E. scot chetiy to flay,

which suggested

form.
free from payment. (F. A. F. and O. F e^ot (V. *'?/),

the eyes allied to E. Fries, and Low G. schulcn, lL)\\.schui!en, to hide oneself, prov. G. schulen, to hide the eyes, look silly, From the sb. seen in E. Fries. peep.
schiil,

Scot-free,
Tent.)

Du. schml, Dan skml,

shelter, Icel.

skjol, shelter, cover.

See Sheal.

payment, esp a contribution to a common Icel. !>kot, a fund, into which it is shot shot, a contnbution.+Du. scliot, G. schoss, a shot, a scot. From *skut-, weak grade of Teut. *sken(-an-,to shoot. See Shoot. Scoundrel. (Scand.) Lit. ' a loathsome fellow.' Aberdeensh. scoonrel 1oT*sct/n\

' Scrabble, to sci awl. (Scand.) Lit. to scratch or scrape,' for prov. E. scrapple, frequent, of suape. Cf. Du. schrabben, to

whcie -el is an agential suffix. From Lowl. Scotch stunner, scanner to loathe, also (formerly^ to shrink through fear, act as a coward, so that a icoonrel is one who shiinks, a coward. See Harbour, Bruce, xvii. 65 r. The verb si unit* r is the frequentative of the North, form
ner-cl,
',

scratch E. Fries, schrabben, schrapfen, See Scrape. sthrapcn, to scratch. Scraggy, lean, rough. (Scand.) Allied to E. scjoggy, covered with thin stragFrom prov. E. scrag, gling bushes. a forked branch, lean peison cf. scrog, a stunted bush. Swed. dial, skragga, a weak old man; cf. Icel. skioggshgr, scraggy; North Fries skrog, a lean man Dan. skrog, a carcase. See Shrug, Shrink.
;

of A. S.

scun-ian,

to

bhun

see

Shun.
skunda,

piov.

Scramble. (Scand.) Nasalised form E sc nibble, to scramble, allied

of
to

Cf. Swed. dial, to hasten.

skunna

sig, Icel.

sc raffle,

SCOUT
escttrer,

(i), to cleanse.

(F.-L

"

to scramble, scrapple, to grub about; fiequentatives of scrape, prov. E.

F.

crap, to scrape.

Span, escurar, M. Itnl. scut-are, to scour, rub up. L. L. ex, e*cun~ire, to take great care of. very cfirare, to take care, from cnra, care.
;

to

scour.

Cf.

Scrannel,
(Scand
)

thin,

weakly,
;

wretched.

In Milton, Lycidas, i 24. Prov. E. scran ny, thin, lean scrannel, a lean

Or from M, Du. schueren. (2\ to run along (F. -L ) 'Camilla scours the plain O. F. Pope.
(Korting.)

Scour

'

Sued. dial, s&rati, person (Lincolnshire). weak; Norweg. skran, thin, lean, dry; Dan. skrantcn, sickly, weakly. Cf. Svied.
dial,

and Norw. sknnn,

(Scand.)
*

thin, lean,

weak,
scraps,

escorre, esiourre, to run out (as a spy). L. excurrere. L. ex, out currere, to run.
;

dry.

escorge\ O. F. escorgiee (F. tcourgte], a scorn ge. Cf. Ital. scuriada, M. Ital. scoriata, a The M. Ital. scourge, scoriare, to whip.

Scourge. (F.-L.)

A. F.

&

Scrap.
trifles,
lit.

Icel.

skrap,

scrapings.'

Icel.

skrapa, to

scrape.

Scrape. (Scand. } Orig. to scratch with something sharp. - Icel. skrapa, Swed.

469

SCRATCH
Du. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, to scrape. From Teut. *skrap-, 2nd giade schrapen. of Teut. *skrepan-, to scrape; as in A.S. Cf. Russ. skreboti , screp-an, pt. t. scrap. a scraper. Scratch. (Scand ) Due to the confusion of M. E. skratten, to scratch, with M. E. cracchen, to scratch, p. M. E. skratten stands for s-kratten, where the s- (due to F. es-, L. ex-~) is intensive, and kratten is from Swed. kratta (below), y. M. E. cracchcn stands for *kratsen. Swed.

SCRUB

a small bag. (Scand.) A. F. Icel. skreppa, Swed. escrepe, a scarf. scrap/ skrappa, a scrip. Orig. sense because made of a scrap of stuff; cf. N. Fries, skrap, a scrip. Scrip (2), a piece of writing ; the same

Scrimmage
Scrip
( i ),

see

Skirmish.

'

word as script (below). Script. (F.-L.) M. F.

writing.

cscript,

<a
of

L. scriptum,
(F. L.)

neut.

of pp.

scribere, to write.

scripture.
a writing. a writing
write.

Swed. kratsa, to scrape, krats, a scraper. kratta, to rake, scrape ; cf. Icel. krota, to From Teut. *kret-an-, to cut engrave.
fpt.
t.

M.F. escripture.

E. scripture, L. scnptura, L. scriptus, pp. of scribere, to

M.

*krat, pp. *krot-anoz).

So also Du.

krassen (for *kratsen\ G. kratzen, O.H.G. chrazzon, to sciatch. And see Grate (2). contraction of Scrawl. (Scand.) Confused *[[ scrabble, to write carelessly. with M.E. scraulen, to crawl, a form of = O. F. -< L. ex) irazvt with prefix s ( used with an intensive force. Scream. (Scand.) M. E. screnien.

- L.) Formerly a (F. the suffix -er, of the agent, is an M. E. scrtneiu { = scriveni). E. addition. Late L. sc rib a num, O. F. escrivain. L. scribere, ace. of scribanus, a notary.
scrivener.
striven',

to write.

Scrofula.
pig
;

(L.)

L. scrofula, a

little

whence the

pi. scrofula,

used in the

sknema, Swed. skrama,'DM\. shramme, Cf. Swed. to scare; oiig. to cry aloud. skran, a scream Dan. skraale, to roar.
Icel.
;

of scrofulous swellings; perhaps from the swollen appearance of the glands. Dimin. of scrofa, a breeding sow. So also Gk. x oi P^^t sciofulous glands; from
bense

Screech..

(Scand.)

Cf.

M.

E. scriken

of/w, a pig.

Lowl. Sc. scraik. Icel. skrakja, to shriek cf. Swed. sknka, to shriek, Dan. skrige.^ Cf. Shriek. Gael, sgreuch, to shriek.

M. E. scren. Teut.) (F. O. F. ift/v/* (Littre); escran, 'a skieen,' Cot. (Mod. F. tcran.) Also found as G. st hranne, as O.Y.escranne ^Godefroy). a railing, grate. (3. In the sense of coarse

Screen.

of paper. (F. Teut.) of M. E. scrowe, a M. F. esc roue, a scrowle Cot. scroll. M. Du. schroodf, a shred, strip, slip of paper; O. H. G. scrot (the same). Allied
roll

Scroll, a

Dimin. (with

suffix -/)

'

'

to

Shred.
rascals.

Scroyles,
John,
11.

(F.

IO

In

K.

i.

373.
'

O.F.

escroelles,

later

sieve/

it
it

cause

so called beis the same word screens (or wards off) the coarser
;

particles,

and prevents them from coming

(i).

through

the king's evil/ i. e. acrouellcs, lit. Late L. *scrobelhc (only scrofula; Cot. found as scroellt'i}, scrofula, dimin. of see Scrofula. *scrobula, for set ofula
;

Teut ) (F. Formerly scrue. M. F escroue, 'a scrue;' Cot.; F. escroe (Goddroy). PerF. tcrou.

Screw

Transferred, as a term of abuse, from the disease to the person said to be afflicted

with

it.

haps from Low G. schruve\ cf. M. Du schroeve, Du. schroef, G. schrauhe, a screw. <([ The Icel. sknlfa, Swed. skruf, Dan and it is doubtful skrue, arc from Low G. whether the Du. and G. words are really
;

(Sec Kortmg.)
(Scand.*)

(i), brush-wood. dial, shrub, biush-wood ;

Scrub

Dan.

the

Teutonic.

dwaif cornel-tree. mean, orig. shrubby, stunted. Scrub (2), to uib hard. (Scand M. E. Swed. skrubba, Dan. scrobben, to scrub.
scrtibb-y,
/

Norw. skrubba, See Shrub Der.

Screw
North

(2),

a viciotib horse.

(E.)

The

skrubbe, to

sciub.

form of shrew, q. v. Scribble. (L. with Y.. suffix.} Foimed from scribe with frequent, suffix -le\ the suffix giving it a verbal force. scribe. (L.) L. scriba, a writer. L.
;

+ Low

(i.

schrnbben\
.

scnbere, to write,
slightly.

Du. sihrobben\ N. tries skrobbe, E. Frie c schrubben. According to Fianck, it is allied by gradation to Du. and E. Fries. see Scrabble, schrabben, to scratch; Scrape, p. It is also, perhaps, related to ong. to scratch or cut shrub. Cf. E. broom, from the shrub so called Lowl. Scotch scnibber, a handful
*

470

SCRUFF
of heath tied tightly together for clean' Jamieson. ing culinary utensils Scruff; see Scuft.
;

SOU Tl FORM
&c.

in a mans shooe,' Cot. ; sharp stone hence a hindrance, perplexity, doubt, also L. scrupulunt, ace. of a small weight. scriipulus, a sharp stone, dimin. of scrupus
little
.

Scruple.

(F.
.

L.)

F. scrupule,

'a

The suffix -y ( F. -w) is the same as in butter-y,pantr-y. The orig. sense was that of 'keeping the dishes.' O. F. escuelerie, esculerie, the office of keeping the dishes (Godefroy). O. F. esL. sculella, a cuelle (F. tcuelle), a dish. dish; dimin. of scutra. a flat tray. Scullion, a kitchen menial. (F. L.)
Minsheu explains scullion as being named eo quod scutelias curat/ thus associating But there is no trace in it with scullery.
1 '

-L ) (F.

(the same).

Scrutiny.
ful

enquiry. carefully, as
s.

(L.) \*.scrutinium, a careL. scriitdrT, to search into

if

scruta,

pi.,

among broken pieces. broken pieces.

L.

Cf (Scand.) quickly. to shoot ; skydc over stevn, lit. to shoot over the stem,' to scud along skudsteen, a stone quoit, called in Scotch a sctidding-stane. Cf. Swed. dial, skudda, to

Scud,

to run

O. F. of any such form. Palsgrave has and Scoulyon of the kechyn, souillon Cotgiave explains F. souillon by *a
:

'

Dan. skyde,

'

Perhaps this is the real source, the c being inseited by association with F. sottiller, to soil, to be dirty. scullery
scullion.'

See Soil (2) and Sully.

shoot the bolt of a door.

See Scuttle

(3),

Sculpture. (F.-L.) F.jr#/r<?.-L.

;

L. sculptuta, sculpture, lit. a cutting. to cut, carve frequentative sculpttK, pp. ot sculpere, of Swed. skuffa, to push, shove, jog* allied to scalperC) to cut. ScUXlI. (Scand.) Dan. skutn, froth Cf. M. Dn. schuffelen, to drive on, also E. Fries. schum.+D\\. to run or shuffle off, from Du. schuiven, Swed. skum, froth

Scout (2), and Shoot. The Scuffle. (Scand.)

to shove.

See Shuffle, Shove.

the

schmm
nape of

G. schaum
cover.)

(as in meer-schauin).

Scuft, Scuff, Scruff,

O. Icel. skopi (pron. the neck. (^Scand.) mod. Icel. skott, skofi}, hair of the head, a fox's tail N. Fries, skufi, the nape of a horsed ncck.+G. schopf, a tuft of hair O. H. G. scuff, hair Goth, shift, hair of
; ; ;

(F.) 'Scuppers, the holes * through which the water runs off the deck ; Coles (1684). Phillips has scoper-holes . Qiscoop-er, i. e. lader out of water ; from (The Du. scoop, vb., to lade out water.

(VSKEU, to Scupper.

Der. skim.

Allied to the head. skanf, a fox's brush.

Sheaf;

cf.

Icel.

name

is

spiegat,

lit.

'spit-hole.')

See
skorf,
pi.

Scoop.

Sculk,
skttlkcn.

M. E. Skulk. (Scand) Dan. skulke, to sculk, slink

to

Scurf.
-f-

(Scand.)
scuri
;

From Swed.
Icel.

Dan. skurv,
A. S.
schorf.

shutfur,

Swed. skolka,

play the

truant.

scurf,

scorf\
*skorf-,

derivative of Dan. skule, to scowl; see Scowl. Allied to Icel. skolla, to sculk,

From

Du. schurft, G. weak grade of

keep

aloof.

Scull ( 0, Skull, the cranium. M. E. skulle, scolle. Named from

like shape. skdllt, scull;

(Scand.)
its

shell -

*skerfan-, as in A. S. sceorfan, to scarify, gnaw. Der. scurv-y. Scurrile, buffoon-like. (L.) L. scurrllis, adj., from scur?a, a buffoon.

Swed.

dial, skulle, variant Norw. skolt, scull.

of

Teut. *skol,
*skal

weak grade of *skelan-

From An adj. formed from scurf (above). Hence scurvy disease, the scurvy, much confused (pt. t.
with F.
icorbiit,

Scurvy,

scabby,

shabby.

(Scand.)

*-$&?/), to cleave, divide.

From

the form

the scurvy

(Littre").

hufvud-skalle, the scull (also hufvud-sk&t), and D^n. hjerneskal, scull ; see scale (2).

we have Swed.

Scutage, a tax on a knight's fee. Fi om Med. L. st utogium. L, Lat.)

tum, a knight's shield, Esquire.
orig. a shield.

(M.
scu-

See

a small light oar. (Scand.?) Perhaps named from the slightly hollowed Cf. M. Swed. See Scull (0. blades. Swed. hufvudstolid, sk&lla, a thin plate
(,2),
;

Scull

sk&l, scull (of the

head)

v&g-skal, scale

to beat flax. (F. -Scand.) F. escouche, escuche, a scutch or swingle. Norw. skoka, skuku, a scutch for beating flax.

Scutch,

From O.

Scutcheon ; see Escutcheon. balance) ; skalig, concave. Der. Scutiform. (F.-L.) M.F. scull, vb., to use sculls. Scull (3), a shoal of ru,h see School (2). forme, shaped like a shield. L. Scullery, a place for swilling dishes, scutum, shield forma, form.
(of a
;
;

scuti-

471

SCUTTLE
Scuttle
(L.)

SECULAR
Allied to Russ. su\oi, dry Lith. sausas, Gk. auos (for *ffavaos}> dry cf. Skt. ; Idg. type {ush, for *sushy to dry up. *saus0s. See Austere. Brtigm. i. 214. Search, to explore. (F. L.) M. E. O. F. cercher (F cherserchen, cerchen. cher) piov. F. sercher, dial, of Verdun L. circdre, to go round ; (Fertiault). L. circus, a ring ; see hence, to explore.
;

(i), a shallow basket or vessel. Northern form. Icel. skutill\

r

dry

a vessel. L. scutella, allied to scutula, a small tra) ; cf. scutra, a tray.

A. S.

scutel,

See Scullery.

Scuttle
of a shp.
in the

(2),

(F. escoutille, scuttle

cut,

an opening in a hatchway - Span. Tent.) O. F. Span, escotilla, the hole

Span, cscotar, to

hatch of a ship.

hollow out, or slope out a garment to fit the neck or bosom Span, escote, the Du schoot, lap, sloping of a jacket, &c. bosom; Low G. schoot; Icel skaitt see Sheet, ^f So Diez but Span, escotilla is rather a dimm. from Low G. schott, a trap-door. Cf. E. shutter. Der. scuttle,
,

Circus.
scson,

Der. re-search

cf.

shark
seson.

Season.

it. vb., to sink a ship by making hole^> Scuttle (3), to hurry along. (Scand.)

Cf.

Swed.

dial,

skutta, to take a

jump;

quent of

also prov. E see scttii

;

long

Span, sazotiy O. Prov. sadons, sasos, Bartsch ] Late L. sationem, ace of satio, sowing-time, i. e. spring, regarded as the chief season for preparing crops. L. satus, pp. of sercre, to sow. tf[ The Span, word is estacion, Ital. from ace of L static, a station, stagione hence a stage (period).
[Cf.
;

L.) (F. seison, saison.

M. E.

O. F.

scuddle (Bailey), fre-

Seat,
Swed.

sb.
;

(Scand.)

Icel. satiy

a seat;
31 d seat, vb.

Scud and Shoot.

,

sate

Dan. s&de
sit
;

Icel

sat-,

M. E. sit he. A. S side, (E.) ' * from y'SEK old form sigSe. Lit. cutter

Scythe.
Icel.

grade otsitja, to

see Sit.

Der.

Secant, a
cuts a circle.
prt'S.

line that cuts another, or that

-4-

stgdr,

Low

O. H. G. segansa, G. Se-, away, apait. (L ; full form scdy without. Sea*. (E.) M. L. sec.
lake -f-Du. zec
\

seged, segd\ cf. See Secant. sense.

G.

(L)

From

secant-,

stem of

L.

sc-,

prefix;
stf,
;

pt of sccdre, to cut. -4- Russ. siech\ to See hew. 635. (VSEK.; Brugm. i.

Saw, Scythe, Sickle.

S.

Icel.

s&r

Dan.

70;

G. see:
(i), a
seely

Goth
stamp
a

saiius.

Secede. (L ) L. secedere, to go apart, Swed. withdraw. L se-, sed, apart; ccdere, to Der. sec ess-ion (from the Teut. type go. See Cede.
sea,

so

*saiwiz.

pp
(F.-L.) M. E.
(F.
sceatt}.
;

secess-us}.

Seal
O. F.

seel.

Seclude.
off.

signet

L.

(L.)

sc

(for sed), apait;

sechldere, to shut dandere, to

sigillum, a seal, mark to signuniy a mark. seal, vb.

dimm. form
See
(E.)

allied

shut.
ion,

Sign.

Der
sele.

See Se- and Clause. from the pp. seclus-us.

second, next

Der.

seclus-

Second. (F.-L.)
M.
E.
y

O.F. second -I,,

Seal
;

(2), a sea-calf.

S. j^/^.-f-lcel. selr\

Dan. sal
seam.
;

Swed.

sjal

O. H. G. sdah.
(i).

Seam

(E.)
;

AS.
Du.
<w///

+ Icel.

saumr\ G. saum
sow.
*seit-y

Dan. Swed. from root Tent, type *saumoz, m.

;

L. following. See Sequence. sequiy to follow. Secret. (F. L.) 'M.E. secie, secree. O.F. secret, L secret ; Cot. L. sect etns, secret, set apart ; pp. of seterneic, to sepasecundus,
late. L. se, apart, cerneie, to separate. See Se- and Concern. Der. secrete, vb.,

*vw.

(VSIW.)

Cf. Skt. sn-tra-y

a thread.

See

Sew

Seam (2), a horse-load.

M.

(i).

from L.
(Late L.

se<.retus

secret-ion.

Gk.)

secretary.
a confidential
(above).

E. seem, A. S seam. Borrowed (like G. saum) from Late L. sauma, late form of sagma,^. hoise-load, pack. Gk adyna, See Sumpter. a pack-saddle.

L.) O. Y. secretaire. Late L. secretdnum, ace. of sccretarius,

(F.
officer.

L. secret-us, seciet

Seamstress, Sempstress.
stress
;

(E.

with F. suffix ) A. S. seamestre, a scamF. -este <. Gk. with suffix -ess A. S. scam, a seam (see Seam) -ivffa) with suffix -estre see Spinster. Sear, Sere, withered. (E.) M. E.
; ;

F. secte, 'a sect Sect. (F.-L. Late L. secta, a set faction;' Cot people, a suit of clothes, a suit at law. sec- (as in sec-ttndus}, base of scqui,
"I

or of L.
to

follow, sue.

*[f

Not from

sete,

A S. sear, dry; sSanan, to dry up. f-M. Du. sorey Du. 200r, Low G. soor.

L.) (F. L. ace. of sectiot a cutting. sect-us, pp. of secdre, to cut. See Secant. M. E. setulere. Secular. (F. )
sectiotiem,

Section.

secdre, to cut. L. F. section.

-L

472

SECURE
Cot. F. seculier, secular, temporal! L. seenL. secularis, secular, worldly. hun, speculum, a generation, an age, the world. Secure. (L.) L. s^urus, free fiom L. se- y apart from ; cura, anxiety. anxiety.
;

SEIZE
'

M.

'

Seek.
zoeken;
Teut.

(E.)

M.
to

E. seken.
strive

A.

S. secan,

pt. t. sdh-te,

seek,

Icel.
;

scefy'a,

scekja;
;

Goth sokjan *sdk-jan-\ from *ttJ/- = Idg. *Mg"-, as in L. sdgire, to perceive, Gk. cf. O. Ir. sagim, tfyeofAai, I consider; Doublets, sicker, sure. Named from I seek foi Der. be-seeck. Sedan-chair. (F.) Cf. F. sedan, Seel y to close up the e)es. (F. L.) Set/an, a town in Trance. M. F. siller, 'to seal up the eie-lids;' Cot. cloth made at Sedan (Littre). Sedate, quiet. (L.) L. sedatus, pp of Also spelt ntter. O. F. r/7, eye-lid. L. which is probably allied set/are, to settle or make calm, causal of ciliuin, eye-hd to Gk. rci /cv\a, the parts undei the ejes. See below. sedere, to sit.
Swed. soka
type
.
;

f Du. Dan. soge\ G. suchen.

after.

L. scdcntarnu, ever sitting L. scJent-, to sit. See Sit. (yhKD.) pres.pt of

sedentary. (F.-I.)

Y.st'dentaire.

See Supercilious.
(E.) M. E. semen. A. S. seman, to satisfy, conciliate (hence, to suit, a sense due to the adj. seemly; see below). For *sdtn-ian, where *sffm- is the strong grade of SY7W-, as in E. same.+Icd. scema, to

Seem.

Wm?,
574.
ace.

Brugm
g.,
d.,

i.

Sedge. (E) M.E

and
i.

segge.-k.S.setge,
;

honour, bear with, conform to, allied to m. a sword The A. S. sectf, i. = j<zwr, fit, soma to befit, and to sawr, same. Tent, type *wg-ja\ from *sax~, 2nd grade See Same. of Teut root *sex-,to cut -f-Low G.teqge, seemly, fit. (Scand.) M.E. sewhch. Icel. samr, fit; Cf. Irish sctsg, sedge. Icei. S(f?nligr, seemly. coarse grass. with suffix -hgr, like (-ly) where stem(y'SEK, to cut.) See Secant. Sediment. (F. L.) M. F sediment. is the mutated form ot *som- (as in Icel. L. sedimentum^ a settling (of dregs\ ^om-a, to befit\ strong grade of *sam~, as in Icel. sama, to beseem, cognate with L. sedere, to sit, settle. See Sit. * Sedition. (F.-L.) O. F. sedition. -L. Goth, samjan, to please, lit. to be the Icel. samr, same ace. seditionem, a going apart, dissension, same,' agree with.
'cutter,'
e.
;

lit of secg, f., sedge sword-grass; from the shape

cf. secg,

mutiny.
ire, to go.

L. r#/-, apart; it-tim, supine of

(

see

Same.
see See.

VEI.)
(L ) L. seducere, L. se (for m/), apart; dnSee Se- and Duke. Der.

Seer;

Seduce, to lead astray.

to lead aside cere, to lead.

Seesaw.
fiom the verb
of a sawyer.

(E.)
to

A reduplicated form; saw. F^iom the motion See Saw (i).

seduct-wn (from the pp. *5duct-us). Sedulous, diligent. (L.) L. scditlus,

si-,

Cf. sedttlo, adv. busily, from apart from, dole, abl. of dolus, guile. Bmgm. i. 244. See (i), to perceive by the eye. (E.) M. E. seen, sen. A. S seon\ pt. t. seah,
diligent.
2?
;

pp. ^u'w^w.-f-Du.
.$<?<?;

Icel. .y/w;

Dan.

Goth, saihwan, Brugm. pt. t. sahw. Tent, type *sehwan-. i. Der. j^r, i. e. see-er. 665. See '(2), seat of a bishop. (F. L) M. E. se. O. F. sed, se, seat. L sedem,
je?;
\

Swed

G. \ehen

to boil. (E.) Pt. t sod\ pp. sodE. sethen, pt t. seeth (pi. soden\ A. S. seoftan, pt. t. stad, pp. pp. sodcn. soden.+lce\. sjoda, pt. t, sattS ; Dan. syde; Swed. sjuda G. sieden. Teut. type *senth* Allied an-, pt. t. south, pp. *sud-anoz. to Goth, sauths, a burnt- offering. (L.) L. segment?* m, a. piece cut off; for *sec-mentum.<\^. secare, to

Seethe,
M.

den.

Segment.

cut.

See Secant.
to separate

ace. of rede's, a seat pt. t. of sedere, to sit.

L. seJ-, as in sSd-T

See Sit.

(E ) A. S. *d, seed. From A. S. sawan, tosow.-f-l^U' stftf</, Icel ^^/, Cf. sa&, Dan. J^, Swed. sad, G. ^a^/

Seed.

of ssgregare, to set apart from a flock L. se-, apait; greg -, stem of grex, a flock. See Se- and G-regarious. O. F. seignor, Seignior. (F.-L.) L. seniorem, ace. of senior, seigneur, lord.
1

Segregate, (L ) From pp.

from others.

see Senior, older, hence, greater manmana-seths, the world, lit. Seine, a large fishing-net. (F. L. The A. S. s&d G k. ) F . seine. L. sagena. Gk. <ra.yfjvrj t seed ;' Lat. st-men, seed. answers to Teut. type *sfe-dom, neut. See a large fishing-net. Sow. Brugm. i. 132. Seize, to grasp. (F.-LateL.) M.E.
.

Goth

473

SELAH
seysen, satsen, a law term, to put one in seisin or possession of a thing, also, to take O. F. possession ; hence, to seize, take. satsir, seisir, to put in possession of, to

SENESCHAL
Seminary. (L.) L. seminarium, a seed-garden, seed-plot (hence a place of L. semin- (above). education). Semolina. (Ital. - L.) Ital. semolino, m., small seed, paste for soups dimiri. of semola, bran. L. simila, fine
;

take possession.
place,

-Late

L. satire, to put,

Der. select, vb. Self. (E ) A.

semper was perhaps formerly *sem-perti, where *sem- probably a pause. (Heb.) Selah, Supposed to meant 'one/ as in L. sem-cl, once, simmean a pause.' plex, one-fold. Brugm. i. 1023 (12); li. Seldom. (E.) A. S. seldan, seldum, 160(1). cf. seld-llc, seldon, seldom, lit. rarely Sempster. (E.) Later forms Seamstrange, seld-siene, raiely seen, strange. -f stress, Sempstress ; with F. sttffix. Du. zelden, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, A. S. seamestre, a sempster; with suffix Swed. sallan, G. selten, adv., seldom. -ess ( - F. -esse Gk. -iaaa). A. S. seam, Allied to Goth, sildaleiks, wonderful. a seam (see Seam); with suffix -estre\ Select, choice. (L.) L. selectus, pp. see Spinster. to choose. L. si-, apart legere, visehgere, Senary, belonging to six. (L.) L. to pick, choose. See Se- and Legend. stnarius, adj., from sent, six apiece; for
suffix -ter-nus.

^f Jt is usual to refer this verb to O. H. G. *sazjan, to set, put, place, but this is an impossible form (it was really sezzeri); or else to Goth, satjan, to set, which would have given *sadir *sat'r. See Set. Der. seis-in, O. F. seisine, saisine, from the verb saistr.
t

wheaten

flower.

See Simnel.

Sempiternal,
sempttemel.
L. sempi-,

F. everlasting. (L.) L. sempttem-w, everlasting. for semper always ; with

-,

p. L.

'

<

*sex-m.

L. se r, six

see Six.

self.+Du. zelf, Swed. sjelf; Goth,

S. self, also seolf, silf, Icel. sjalfr; Dan. selv\

;

Senate, a council of elders. (F.-L.) O.F. senat.L sen a turn, ace. of scnatus,
council of elders. L. sen-, as in sen-ex, Cf. old, sen-turn, old age. Gk. tvos, old, Goth, stneigs, O. Ir. sen, W. hen, O. Skt. sana-, old. Brugm. i. 117.

Sell
A. S
deliver;

(1),

silba G. selb, selb-st. to deliver for money. (E.)

sellan, siHan, syllan, to

hand over,

a secondary verb, from the sb.

Sale. -f- Icel. selja, Dan. salge, Swed. salja, O. H. G. and Goth, saljan, to hand over,
offer.

Send.
Icel.

(E.) A. S.
;

senda

*endan.+ Du.zenden; Dan. sende Swed. sanda

;
;

Sell

Teut. type *saljan-. (2), a saddle (F.-L.)

O. F.
475.

selle,

seat, saddle,

-L.

sella, seat; for *sed-la.

L. sedere, to

sit.

Brugm.

i.

See

Saddle.
'

M. Du.
edge]
;

Selvage. (DiO h\^Q selvedge. Lit. self-edge. '-M. Du. selfegge, selvage. self, self;
;

egge, edge;

[mod. Du.
self,

zelfkant, selvage

from

Teut. type 'sandjan-, ifor *santhjan-, by Verner's law, from *santh, 2nd grade o{*senthan~, to go. Hence send is a causal verb, meaning * to make to go/ The Teut. *senthan- (pt t. *sant1i} is a lost strong verb, of which the prime grade appears in Goth, sinth-s, A. S. std (for *stnft), a journey, way, Teut.

'joth.

sandjan

G. senden.

Low

zelf,

kant,

G.

sulf-egge,

self-edge,

selvage.

Semblance, appearance. (F. L.) F. sembler, to semblance, appearance. seem. L. simildre, simuldre, to make like. L. similis, like. See Simulate.
L. semi- h alf. Gk i}/-, half; A. S. jam, half ; Skt. sami, half, prob. related to Skt. sdmya-, equality, from sama, even, same (Benfey). Allied

type *senthoz, m., Idg. type *sento$, as seen in O. Irish j# (for *sen], W. /ryw/, Bret. //i/ (for *sent}, a way. Cf. G. %esindet followers; Goth, gasinthja, a
travelling companion.

Sendal, Cendal,
stuff.

Semi-,

half.

( L. )

(F.
\

- Late

L.

- Skt.)

a rich thin silken

O.F.

sendal,

cendal

to

Same.

Der. semi-breve, &c.

datus, from India. - Skt. sindhu-, the Indus, also Scinde. Skt. syand, to flow see Indigo. Cf. Gk. aivfiwv, fine Indian linen.
:

Late L. cendalum, cindadus, cin&c. So called because brought

relating to seed. (F. L.) seminal. L. semindlis, relating to seed. L. semin-, for semen, seed. L. seas in se-ui, pt. t. of serere, to sow ; with suffix -men. See Sow (i).

M.F.

Seminal,

Seneschal, a steward. (F.-Teut.) O. F. seneschal. Orig. sense old servant.' Goth, sin-, old (only preserved in super].
'

sin-ista, eldest, and in sin-eigs, old) ; skalks, a servant. Cf. Senate and Marshal.

474

SENILE
Senile,
sen-ex, old.
old. (L.)

SERAGIJ'O
cf.

L. semlis, old;

Gk.)
sepia.

L. sepia.

Gk.

See Senate.
L. senior, older; comp.

mjiria,

cuttle-fish,

(L.) of scnex, old.

Senior.

Ital. sena Arab.) Arab, sand, senna. (Florio). Sennet, a signal-call on a trumpet. ( F. See Nares; and Wright's note to L.) K. Lear, i. i. 33. Also spelt smet. O. F.
(Ital.

Senna.

nounced
soldier.

Sepoy.

(Pere.) nearly as

Pers.
tepoy},

sipahi (proa horseman,

Pers,

sipah,

supah,

an

army
in

(Horn,

699).

Sept,
1

a clan.

6th

cent,

(F.-L.) Used as synonymous with

sect,

the of

presumably a signal dimin. of F. signe, a sign, mark, note. L. signum, a signal ; see Sign, Tocsin. Sennight; short for seven night, a week.
sinet, senet, segnet,
;

'

'

F. sens, 'sence;' Sense. (F. L.) L. sensum, ace. of sensus, Cot. feeling. L. sensits, pp. of sentlre, to feel, perceive.

which it is an arbitrary variant. Ducange has Late L. septa for Ital. setta (< L. secta) ; and Wedgwood cites Prov. cepte, a sect. See Sect. September. (L.) L. September, the seventh month of the Roman year. L. See Seven. septem, seven.

Septenary. (I*) L. septenarius, L. septem, pi , seven consisting of seven L. septem, seven. apiece
(L) From L. icptena period of seven years L. septenms, adj., of seven years. L. sept-em, seven annus, year.

Sensual.
dowed with
L.

(L.)

Late L. sensuahs, en-

L. sensu-s, feeling. feeling. sensus, pp. of sentn-e, to feel.

(F.

Septennial.

mum,

sentence.

L)

F. sentence.

I.,

sentenha, a way of thinking ; for *senticntta.'lu sentient-, stem of pres. pt. of

sent ire, to feel, think.

sentiment.
Ment.

(F.-L.) M. E. senteas if from a Q.F. sentement

;

septnagesima. (L.) Lit. 'seventieth' L septuagesima (dies] seventieth (day). (day), fern, ot scptuagesimus, seventieth.
L. septitaginta, seventy. L. septem, seven ; -t>inta, related to Gk. -KOVTCL, for *8itcovTa t
fioni Sc/m, ten.

Late L. *sentimentuw.

Sentinel.
tinelle.

Ital

Ital. (K. sentinella,

Horio. Cf, tomb. I, septil-tus, pp. ot sepelire, tr> watch-tower (Godefroy). Etym. uncertain; bury. Der. sepult-ure, fiom the pp. se~ apparently ultimately from L. sent ire, to pultus. See Kortmg, F. scquclc, 'a perceive. 7365, 7377. Sequel. (F.-L) Sentry. (F. L.) Spelt scntrie in scquell;' Cot.-L. sequela, a result. -L. Minsheu. (1627), sentery in Milton, P. L sequi, to follow. See below. li. Minsheu also has centric as a 412. Sequence. (F. - L.) O. F. sequence, a short form of sanctuary. L sequentia, sb a following Cotgrave has sequence. a sentry, or from scqtient-, stem of Gante, a place of refuge, sequens, pies. pt. of little lodge for a scntinell'; also Bar- scqui, to follow. -f Lith. sekti, to follow;
tinell;'
*

L. sent ire (above). ?) M. F. sen( a watch, a senM. F. sentmelle, a

- L.

Sepulchre. (F.-L.)
L.

sepulcrum,

ill-spelt

O. F. sepukre. sepitlchrum, a

'

'

a sentne, scout-house.' It meant Gk. iro//at, Irish bjcane, seich-im, I follow; Skt. a place of safety. See Sanctuary. sack, to follow. (-/SEQ ) Brugm. i. 118. Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx of a flower. (F. 1O F. stpale, a sepal. Sequester. (F. - L.) M.F. sequcstrer, Coined to pair off with Y.pctale, a petal, to sequester or lay aside. L. scqucstrare, by taking part of the Lat. adj. sep-ar, to surrender, lay aside. L. sequester, a Prob. orig. ' a separate, and adding the same suffix -ale mediator, trustee, agent. Thus sep-al is, as it were, short follower.' L. sequt, to follow. (Littre). for separ-al, where separ- was regarded as Sequin, a gold coin. (F.- Ital. -Arab.) being allied to L. separare, to separate. F. sequm\ Cot. Ital. zecchino, a Venetian See Separate. coin. Ital. zecca, a mint; Florio. Arab. Separate, to keep apait. (L.) L. sikka(f], pron. sikkah, a die for coins. - L.) Misused in E. L separ at us, pp. of separare, to sever. (Ital.
.
.

Seraglio.

se,

apart

separate, adj

parare, to get ready, set. Der. , kept apart (not so old as

the true sense

it

the verb in E.). Doublet, sever. Sepia, ink from the cuttlefish.

(L.-

merely 'enclosure'; but Pers. saray or serdl, a palace, king's court, seraglio. Really from Ital. serraglio, an enclosure formed
is

was confused with

475

SERAI
with suffix -aglio

SETTLE
Serous
j

(<L. -aculum) from Late

see

Serum.

L. sera, L. serare, to bar, to bolt, shut in. L. serere, to join together; a bar, bolt. And see below. see Series. Serai, a palace. (Pers.) Fers. serai,

L. ^rL.) F. serpent. pentem, ace. of serpens, a serpent; ong.

Serpent.

(F,

pres. pt, of serpere, to creep. +Gk. p7mi>, to cieep; Skt. srp, to creep, sarpa-, a

a palace (Horn, 727). Seraph. (Heb.) Coined from the pi. Heb. seraphim, s. pi., form seraphim. seraphs, lit. exalted ones (Gesenius). SerasMer, a Turkish general. (F. F straskter, Turk. Pcrs. and Arab.') Tmk. serasker, chief of the strasquter. after the k. army, with a light sound of
/'

snake.

Brugm.

i.

477.

(VSERP.)

notched like a saw. (L.) L. L, serta, a serratus, notched like a saw.

Serrated,

saw.

Serried, crowded together. (F. L.) F. serrer, to compact, press close, lock. Folk-L serrare, for L. serdrt, to bolt L sera, a bolt. L. sererc, to join. Cf.
Seraglio.

head (with initial stn) and Arab. *askar, an army (Devic). The Pers. cf. sar is cognate with Skt. fit-as, head Gk. fcdpa, head. And see Sirdar. Sere ; see Sear. Serecloth ; see Cerecloth.
Pers. sar,
;

Serum,
flowing,

whey.
o/>ciy,

(L.)

L. serum, whey,
;

serum. -f- Gk.

sb.,

whey

whey.

Skt. sara(s\ adj., (-y'SER, to flow.)

But

Brugm. i. 466. Der. ser-ous, adj. Serve. (F.-L.) F. sennr - L. scruire,

cf.
;

Serene.
Brugm.
i.

(L.)

L. serenus, bright, clear.

(41.

920

serenade.
serenade.

(F

Ital

L.)

M.

F.

music beneath a lady's window; orig fern, of pp. of serenare, to make clear or to cheer, to be meiry.
Ital. serenata,

cf. sernare, L. seruus, a slave Der strv-ant, from protect. F. service, pies. pt. of F. scrvir\ serv-ue, L. seruitium ; servile, L, serulhs jwz>-

to serve.

to

keep,

L. seremts, bright.

Serf. (F. L ) F. serf, a servant. L. See seruum, ace. of setuus, a slave. Serve.

Serge. (F.-L.-Gk.- Chinese?.)

serge,

F. servitude, L. ace. seruitudinem\ aKo jtvj/J sergeant Service-tree, a kind of wild pear-tree. Servuc is a corruption of ;A/ K.) (L. j<v^-*'.s ^dissyllabic), the M. E. plural of strfor save, the name of the fruit. A. S.
*/</<?,

a silken

stuff.

L. writ

a,

fern,

of

senctis, silken, the ing to the Seres.

cf.

same as Sericus, belongGk. 2%>e?, pi Chinese

,

oT7p,

a silkworm.

The name

Seres

is

from the Chinese

sergeant, sergant

se, set, silk.

the fruit of the sei vice-tree syrfin'ow, a service-tree (correctly, snf-tree). L. sorbit\, the tree; sorbum, its fruit. Session. (F. L) F. session. L. L. jisesswnetn, ace of sessto, a sitting. See Sit. ^//r, pp. of sedere, to sit.
syif-,
;

Sergeant, Serjeant. (F.IO M.E.

O. F. sergant, serjaut,

Late L. seruientem, ace. of an officer; orig. pres. pt. of See Serve serulre, to serve. Series, a row. (L ^ L. series, a row. L. serere, to join or bind together (pp.
an
officer.

sermens,

S. settan, to set, make Set (i) (E ) to sit; causal of sittan, to sit (derived from the 2nd grade *sv7/). -f- Tcel. .s^tf ; Du. Dan. w/fr Swed. satta ; G. sctzen
, ;

sertus}.

f-

Gk.

tlpttv
;

Lith
lace.

sens, a thread

(foi *aipytiv} ; cf. Icel. sorvi, a neck-

all causal forms. Goth, satjan Teut. type *'satjan-. See Sit. Set (2). \Vhen we speak of a set of The Late things, this is a vaiiant of sect
itY/t';/
;

Latin word
for

is,

which we also
an

sctta, common in old wills; find setta.

Serif, the
a stroke of a
ser- for

short cross-line at the end of

letter.

Seton,
skin.

artificial irritation

(Du.)

Adapted (with
to

(F.-L.)
;

Du.

schr-'}

from Du. schreef, M.Dn.

i6th century

under the F. seton, in use in the the ong. sense is a thread.'

'

Allied schrme, a dash, short line. O. H. G. screvon, to scratch, incise.

Serious.
Late

(F.-L.)

L. Mnosus,

serious

Cf. grave, earnest. Lith. swarus, heavy.

O. F. serieux.** L. serms, G. schiver, heavy;

L.
dis-

Sermon. (F. L) F. sermon sermonem, ace. of sermo, a speech,

course.

from Late L. *se{0) from See Satin. L. seta, a bristle, stiff hair. Settee, a seat with a long back appaof settle^ sb., rently an arbitiary variation which see below. Settle (i), a long bench with a high back. (E.) A.S. j*//,aseat.+Goth.JiV/r; See G. sessel\ L. sella (for *sed-la).

Formed

(as if

Sell

(2),

Sit.

476

SETTLE
settle
setlen.
(2), to fix, adjust.

SHADE
M. E. (E.) also, to take
from A.
S.

of sexus, sex
1

A.
;

a seat, settle
setl,

S. setlan, to fix ; down as in a seat,

division

' ;

also secus, n. Was it orig. from sec-dre, to cut * See Seg;

ment, Secant. Der

sex-u-at, L. sexualis.

a seat see above, fl" Perhaps it may have been affected by M. E. whtlen, to reconcile, A. S. sahtlian, sxhtlian, to reconcile. A. S. sehtj see/if, reconciliation borrowed from Icel satt, scett, reconcili;

ation, peace; which Noreen nects with L. sanctus, holy.

73) con-

belonging to sixty. - L. sexagem, sixty each distribute form of sexdginla, sixty. L. sex, six and -ginta, related to Gk. -tcovra, for *5t/fovTa, from Sa, ten. See Six and. Ten.
;
;

Sexagenary.

(L.)

L. sexagenarius,

Seven.
zeven
sju
;
,

Sexagesima.
(dies},
i.

(E.) A.S.se0/0n,sidnH.+Du. Icel. sjau, sjo ; Dan. syv\ Swed.

;
;

e.

L. sexagesima (L.) sixtieth (day) ; fem. of sexdgesi-

mtis, sixtieth, ordinal

sixty.

form of sexaginta,

Russ. \ Id Skt. sapta. septyni Der. seven-teen, A. S. type *septdm. seofontyne seven-ty, A. S hund-seofonti^ seven-th (Jiund being dropped) Sever, to separate. (F. - L.) O. F. jrw t / L. separat e, to separate. See
;
;

Gk.

G. sieben Goth, sibun L. 7mi W. saith lush seacht

Lith.
\

sept em

seme

sexennial. (X.) From L. sexenL. sex, six ; niunij a pei lod of six years. anmts, a year. sextant, the sixth part of a circle
(L.)
part.

L. sextant-, stem of sextans, a sixth

;

Separate.

Der. dissever.

LO O. P\ several. adj. (F. Late L. separate, a thing set apart. L. separate, to separate (aboveX Severe. ( K. - 1, ) o. F. wvv?. - L.
Several,
seuerm,
sever -ity,

L. sext-us, sixth, from sex, six with suffix -ans, like that of a pres. pt. of a verb in -are. Sexton ; see Sacristan. Sextuple, sixfold. (L ) Coined from with suffix -pie (as in quad" sextu-s, sixth rn-ple], answering to L. -plic-, stem of
;

Sew U\
,

M.

Der. serious, grave. F. seventh. to fasten with thread. (E ) E. soweu, \ewen. A.S. nwian, to sew.
severe,

-plcXj as seen in du-plex, com-plex

M.

-f-Icel. <jy<7

Pan. .yv, Swed. jy; O.II.G.

;
1

SH.
Also shabbed\ the native E. equivalents of the Scand. scabby and scabbed. See Scab. For the sense, cf. E. Fries, schabbig, scurvy {-^ scurfy} scabby, also miserable, mean.
mean. (E." shabby and shabbed are

Goth, siujan siuivan Skt. I///?; Russ, shite

,

Lith. L. jw^;v Cf. .r/z>, to sew.

;

Shabby,

Gk. Kaa-uvtiv, to sew together

Hymen

Sew

(V SI w

and see
as

)
;

see

2\ to follow Sequence.
(

the

same

Sue

Sewer (O, a large diain (F. L.") Frequently spelt shore. From O. F. sewiere, temvtere, a sluice, channel for diainmg a Late L. type ^exaquaria, short pond. for Late L. e \aqiiatorium, a channel for L. ex, out (The at/tea water. draining.
;

Shackle.
ing
nage, from

(E.)

A.

S.

sceacul,
its

bond,
shak-

fetter; orig. a loose

bond; from

abotit.-f-Icel

skokull, pole of a carskaka, to shake ; Swed. skakel,

;

loose shaft of a carnage Dan. skagle, the same. Cf. Swed. dial, skak, a chain. See

derivation of K.
parallel.)

ewer from L. aquana

officer

is

Shake.

Shad,
(2\ the

fish.

(E.)
;

A.S. ^^/^.+Prov.

Sewer
and tasted
at mete,

who

formeily set
'

G. schade, a shad

cf.
;

dishes, &c.

(F.

L.)

Seware,
^

Deposifoi, dapifer, sepulator;' Prompt Parv. [Hence M. E. \etvcn to set meat, biing in dishes, Sec.] The M. E. seware, sewere is short for as sewer cuseour O. F. as^eour, one who sets (N. E. D.). the table. O. F. asseoir, to set, place; L. assidcre, to sit by. orig. to sit beside. L. as-, for a^/, near sedere^ to sit. See Sit and Assess, ^f Perhaps confused with
,
,

scatdn, a herring rings

(E.J
first

Irish sgadan, O. Irish W. ysgadan, pi., her-

Shaddock, a large species of orange. Named Irom Captain Shaddock, who

Shade, Shadow.
(E.)

introduced it into the West Indies from China, late in the seventeenth century.

M.

E. shade,

M. E seiv, pottage, from A. S. sfaw, juice. Sex. (F.-L.) F. sexe.~L

A. S. steadu, shadow, fem. sb. E. shade is from the A. S. nom. The sceadu the M. E. shadwe (mod. E. shadow) is from the dat. case sceadwe. -f Du. schadwv, Goth. skadus y shadow;
shadwe.

M
;

477

SHAFT
G. schatien, O. Irish scdth, Corn, scod, shade; Gk. a KOTOS (rttoria, gloom. Shaft. (E.) A. S sceaft, shaft of a
,

SHANK
shallot
;

fern,

of Ascalonius, belonging to
;

Ascalon.
city

Gk. 'AaKaXuv, Ascalon a chief of the Philistines. Heb. Ashqelon.

spear

-f-Icel. skapt,

skaft,

Dan. Sw. shaft

schaft, Du. schacht (for schaft}. Further allied to L. scapus, a shaft, stem, stalk ;

Doric aicairrov, a staff, All apparently from Idg. root 2. Or else shaf-t = *skap, to support. that which is shaven or cut smooth from
a/eqitTpov,

Gk.

Shallow. (E.) M. E. schalowe\ cf. also schold, schald, Barbour, Bruce, ix. 354; An E. word ; but for which see Shoal. of doubtful oiigin. However, M.E. ichalowe
is allied to M. E. schal-d, shallow, as they have a common base schal-. And perhaps allied to Low G. schaal, schalig^

sceptre.

Shave,

q.

v.

A. S. sccacga, (E.) hair, -f- Jcei. skcgg, Svved. skagg, a beard, Dan. skiag, beard, awn, wattle; cf. Icel. * skaga, to jut out. The ong. sense is rough-

Shag,

iough hair

schal, insipid, stale (as liquids when left in the vessel) ; cf. Du. verschalcn, to grow stale or flat.

G.

little is

Shalm Sham.
whose

see

Shawm.

(E.)

A London
it

See Shaw. Der. shagg-y, adj Shag tobacco is rough tobacco. Shagreen, a rough-grained leather.
ness/
It was ong. Turkish.) F. chagrin the skm of the back of the hoise Turk, saghri, saghri, back of a or mule.

to Northern E.

(hence, trick) fault is

slang term, due sham, a shame, disgrace * Wheea's sham is it =? Whit by Glossary. See
'

(F.

Shame.

made of

horse, shagreen.

Shah,
;

shah, a king.

king from kshit to rule;

possess.
Lit. sense
*

Peis. king of Persia. (Pers.) O. Pers. khshayathiya, a allied to Skt. kshalra(m}, dominion,
cf.
'

Gk
;

KTCLOI.ICU,

I
;

ruler

Horn,

772

Shamble, to walk awkwardly. (E ) Lowl. Sc. shammed shamble, to rack the limbs with long strides; also, to distort; shammel shanks, crooked legs Cf. E. Fries, schamcl, shamefaced, modest, also O. Iries. skamel, poor; poor, miseiable Du. schamcl. If this connexion be right, the adj. is formed from the sb. shame see
; ;

920. See Check. "DeY.pa-sha Shake. (E.) A. S. sceacan, siacan, pt. t scoc, pp. sccuen.+\c\. skaka< Sw. skaka, Dan. skage. Tent type *skakan-.

Brugm.i.

Shame.

Shambles.

(*L^

n g-

stalls

on which

a military cap (F. Hung.) Hungarian csako, a cap, shako spelt tsdko in Dankovsky's Magyai Lexicon,

Shako,

butchers expose meat for sale ; pi. of shamble, a bench, butcher's bench or stall. A. S. scamel, a stool. L. siamelluui, a
stool, little
step,

F. shako.
p. 900.

bench;

allied

to

stamnum^

Shale,

a slaty rock

(G.)

G. schale, a

whence schal-gdnrge, a mountain formed of thin strata. Hence also O. F. esc ale and L. stale (i). See Scale (i). Shall, f E.) A. S. sccal, I shall, I must
shell, peel, scale;
;

bench, scabcllum, foot-stool. L. scamnuni is lor ^scab-nuni^ *$cap-nuin, allied to siapus, a stem. 241. Piugm. i. Shame. (E.) A. S sceamu, scamn.<\* Dan. Sw. skam G. scham. Icel. skomm Allied to Goth, skanda, shame, G. schande. Shamefaced, modest. (E.) CorrupA. S. tion of M.E. shawtfasti modest.
;
;

The ong. pt t. sieolde, I should, ought. cf sense was * to owe/ to be liable for Lith. skilti, to owe, be liable. -4-Icel. shal,
;

scamftfstt

lit

liim in shame,

e. in
,

modesty.

A. S
firm
F.
,

s<

aniu, shame, modesty

fast, fast,

see Fast.

pt.

t.

soll\ zal\ G. schuld, debt, guilt

skyldt",

Sw. skail\ Goth. skal

;

Dan. skal\
infin.

Du.
Cf.
(

Shammy, Shamoy,n. kind of leather.

arid Phillips.

skulan.

Lith

skeleti, to

be

liable.

Brugm

i.

795.
(F.)

Ong.^aw^jrkathei see Llount See Chamois. Shampoo. (Hmd.) Hindustani champG.)

;

Shalloon, a light woollen stuff. From Chalons, in France, E of Paris. Shallop, a light boat. (F.-Du)
'

F.

[whence Span, chahtfia, a flatPort. bottomed boat,' Minsheu (1623) Du. sloep, a loop. See Sloop. chalupa~\
chalotipe
,

nd, to join, to stuff, press, thrust in, shamfrom the kneading or pressure used ; in the operation. Perhaps dircctl> from the imperative champo of the same verb; Yule.

poo

Shamrock.

(C.)

Irish seamrog, trefoil,

;

Shallot, Shalot, a kind of onion. (F. L Gk. - Heb.) O. F, eschafote, variant

of eualogne, a shallot.
L. ascalonia, a

Gael, scamrag. dimin. of sea/nar, trefoil Shank, lower part of the leg. (E.) A. S. sceanca, scant a, bone of the leg.

SHANTY
4-Du. schonk, Dan. shank, Swed. skank. Fuither related to G. schenkel, shank; G. Der. skink. s'chin ken ham. Shanty, a hut. (Irish.) Said to be from Irish sean, old tigh, a house. Shape, vb. (E.) M. E. schapen a new formation from the sb. schap, A. S. geor from the pp., on the analogy of sccap The A. S. vb. is sceacan, pp. sceacen. pt. sceppan, scieppan, with a weak infin.
,

SHEAR
skaban, G. schaben ; Lith. skapoti, to shave, cut, Russ. skopite, to castrate, Gk. (ricairrciv, to dig. Cf. also L. scaberc, to scrape.

(-/SQAB, SQAP.)
701.

Brugm.

i.

569,

thicket. (E.) A. S. scaga 1 eel. skogr, a shaw, wood; Swed. skog, Dan. Allied to Icel. skov, North Fries, skog. skagi, a ness (Noreen) ; N. Fries, skage, a nook of land cf. Icel. skaga, to jut out.

Shaw,

skapa, Swed. skapa, Dan. skabe, Goth, ga-skapjan, G All from chaffen\ Du. scheppen (^weak). Teut. type *$kapctn-, ^skapjan-, pt. t.
t.

scop, pp. scapen.

-f-

Icel.

Allied to Shag.

Shawl.

(Pers.) rers.j&?/(pron.J&JW/;,

a shawl, mantle.

Shawm, Shalm, a musical instrument.

(F.-L.-Gk.)
pipe;
allied

*skop.

Cf.
i.

Lith.

skabeti,

to

cut,

hew.

O. F.
to

c/ialemte,

reed

Urugm.

701.
'

Shard, Sherd, fragment. (E.) A.S. sceard, a fragment ; lit. cut thing.' From *skar, 2nd grade of *sker-an-, to shear. See Shear. Cf. led. skard, a notch.
Der. pot-sherd.
A. S. sccaru, *skar (above). share (2), a plough-share. (E ) A. S. Fiom the same. scear, plough-share.
(i), a portion. (E.)

M.

II.

G.

chautiie, a straw; cf. schalinTe.*-\<. calamus, a reed.

Gk.

KaKafjioSj a retd.

See

Haulm.
;

She.

(E.)
1

M. E.

sche, scho

also sc<zt

Share

In the Northumbrian 140. dialect, \ve find scho used as a dem. pronoun, though the A. S. sto is the fern, of the

A. S. Chi on.

a share, pait.

From

def. article.

Shark,
name

a voracious

fish.

(F.

L.)

The

and this came North umb. scho or sho seems to have suggested the Midland sche, the true South, foim being heo, she, s$c (Pieard) cherquier, equivalent to O F. he (which caused confusion with the masc. cenher (E. search], later altered to mod. he}. [We also find such forms as hyo, to hio, ho, %ho, jo, mod. Lane, hoo, all from Cf. ceicher le brotist, F. cherchei. Cot. Godefroy hastwo heo^\ The A. S. seo is the fern, of se, orig. hunt after feasts that cognate with Goth, sa, that.-f-Du. examples of the spelling cherquier. Cf. to shift for how to JET/, G. sie Icel. su, fern, of set, that Ital. cercare del pane L. cznare, to go round. Goth, so, fern, of sa, that ; Gk. #, fern, of live; Torriano. See Search. If this 6 Skt. sa, she, fern, of sa, sas, he. For L. circus, a ring. be right, to shark is a variant of to search, Icel. sjj see Noreen, See Sweet, 399. 1068. but M a*> much used (formerly) in the sense E. Gr, Hence of to prowl about for a living. Sheaf. (E.) M. E. sc/ieef. A.S.sceaf, \hark sb. (i), a greedy fellow (Johnson) ; a sheaf, pile of coin shoved together. A.S. sceafy 2nd grade of salfan, to sho\e. 1^2) a greedy fish. Sharp. (E.) A S stcar/>.+T)u scherp, f Du. schoof, Icel. skauf, feavai. schaub, Icel. skarpr, Swed. Dan. skarp, G scharf. sheaf; from Teut. *skaub, 2nd grade of Teut. type *skarpoz. Prob. allied to *skiiban-, to shove see Shove. Scrape. Der. scarp, escarpment. Sheal, a temporary summer hut. (Scand.) Shatter. (E.) M. E. schateren, to Also spelt shiel, shielin, sheclin. Icel. hence skjol, a shelter, covei, Dan. Swed. skjul^ scatter, to dash as a falling stream A. S. scaterian, to a shed Icel. skyli, a shed. Cf. Skt. sku, to break in pieces. Cf. E. Fries. to cover. scatter, A.S. Chron. 1137. Shear. (E.) A. S. sceran, pt, t. u&r, SLhattem, Du, schateren, to lesound; M. See Scatter, pp scoren.+T)u. scheren, \cz\.sketa, Swed. Du. schetteren, to lattle. which is a doublet cf. Milton, Lye. 5. skara, Dan. sk&re, G. scheren, to shear. Shave. (E.) A. S. sceafan, scafan, pt. Teut. type *skeran~, pt. t. *skar, pp. *skort. Icei. anoz. Allied to O. Ir. scar-aim, I separate, scOf, pp. scafen.+Du. schaven W. ysgar, to part skafa\ Swed. skafva, Dan. skave, Goth. Gael, $gar, to sever
;
;

from the Tudor verb to shark for a dinner, to shark, to prowl to try to get one; to shaik for a living; Piob. from North F. see Cent. Diet.
ot the fish is

The A. S. seo would have but this foim never occurs rather, it became seo (Lind. sw, John iv. whence (perhaps influenced by the 23) Icel. m. and f. demonstr. pron sja, that),
become
;

see,

'

'

'

-,

'

479

SHEATH
Gk.
fctipfiv (for

SHELTER
draw, go away
off!

*(ff)*f>yeiv\ to cut; Lith.

kirwis, an axe.

(^SQER.)

Brugm.
9

i.

(Sewel).
1

; scheerje van hier, sheer G. schere hen, get Cf.

Low

A.S. scea8 sctfG, a Sheet. (E.) M. E. schete. Anglian which separates, hence scete, A. S. sciete, scyte, a sheet also (witha husk, shell, pod. Du. scheede, Dan. out mutation) sceat, sceata, a corner, nook, hence a skede, Swed. sktda, G. scheide, a sheath; fold of a garment, corner of a sail,

515,631.

out

See Shear.
;

Sheath. (E.) sheath, ong. that

that

separate.' scead, seed, pp. sceaden, to shed;

a sheath (lit things sheet or lope fastened to a coiner of a sail, All fiom the called in A. S. sceat-line (sheet -line). separate or open). for which see Shed Cf. A. S. sceat, 2nd grade of sceolan, to Teut. base *skatth The ong. sense Der. sheathe, vb. shoot, hence to jut out. (i). 1 ' Shebeen, a liquor-shop. (Irish E.) of sheet was projection, hence 'corner,' of a sail; Apparently a dimm. (with suffix -/) of &c.+Icel. skaut, corner, sheet Swed. skote, the lap; Du. school, shoot, see Shop. E. shop Iiish seapa, a shop. of a gar(i\ to part, pour, spill. (E.) Ong. sprig, sheet Goth, skauts, hem * to A. S. sceadan, scadan, pt. t. ment; sthooss, flap of a coat, lap,
Icel. skeidir, fern, pi.,
; ;

Shed

M. E

scheden,

whence bosom. All from Teut weak veib (with long e, but oi*skeutan-> to shoot;

*skaut, 2nd grade

see

Shoot.
' '

the e has been shortened, the pt. t being shadde or shedde}. -f- Goth skatdan, G. Fries. scheiden, to part O. Sax skeftan, From Teut. base *skeith, skeba, skeda. varying to *skeid, to split (see Shide) or from the 2nd grade *skailh, *skant. The Idg root would, regularly, be *skheit, but
;

Sheet-anchor, an anchor to be shot From prov. E. out m emergency. (E.)

M.E. scheten,h S. sccotan, to shoot. See Shoot. Sheik, a chief. (Arab.) Arab, sheikh, an elder, chief; ong. sense old.' Shekel, a Jewish weight and com.
sheet,
'

we

cf. Gk.tTX'C"", only find for *a\ibytw< to cleave ; L. scindcre, to All from cut; Lith. skedzui, I separate.

VSKHEID;

(Ileb

Heb

sheqel, a shekel (weight).

Heb. shdqal, to weigh.

201, 599. (2\a slight shelter, hut (E.) O. Kentish shed (written sscd], shade; a See dialectal form; Ayenbite of Inwyt.

an older

Shed

VSKH El.

Brugm.

i.

Shekinah. (Heb.) It signifies the Msible ]>resence of God lit. dwelling.* Ilcb. shakan^ Heb. shekanah) duelling
'
;

to dwell.

Shade.

E Sheen, fail ness, splendour. (E.) schene, adj., fair. A.S. scene, sciene, scyne, ' ' fair, showy; allied to sceawian, to show,
see.
-f"
;

O.

Sax.

sconi,
;

adj.

G
i

schon, adj
'

cf.

Du. schoon, adj. Goth ibna-skauns,

;

of like
niz,

appearance.
;

Teut. type *skau^f

showy

see

Show,

Not

allied

Sheldrake. (E ) For sheld-dtahe, i.e. Cf Orkney variegated or spotted drake. sheld-fowl, a sheldrake (Cent. Diet.). Coles Shcld) flecked, party-coloured M.E. shcldi* a shield; and the (1684). allusion is to the patch round the bieast. Cf. A. S sci Id, a shield, used also of part of a bird's plumage (Grem). So also Icel. ikjoldungr. a sheldrake, shjoldoltr, dappled,
' ' ;

to shine.

from
(E.)

ihjoldr^ a shield.

See Shield.

Sheep.
changed.

A.S

scenp,sccp\ pi. un; ;

schaf.

Du. schaap O. Sax. skap Teut. type *sktepom, neut.

Sheer
(Scand.)

(I), bright, pure, perpendicular.

sheer descent is a clear (unE. shere, bright. Icel Teut. type skcerr^ Dan. sheer sheer, bright *skairiz. Cf Icel sklrr, A. S. scir bright ; schier,Go\\i skeirs Teut. type *skeiroz}\ from the base ^*skei-) of the verb to shine see Shine fNoreen). The sh (for s} <ff is due to A. S. scir. Der. Sheer-Thitrs* cf. Icel. day, the day before (rood Friday sktra to cleanse, baptize. Sheer (2), to deviate from one's course. (Du.) Du. scheren, to shear, cut, with-

broken) one.

M
^

e. A.S. schelfa shelf shelf Ong. scilfe, story (of a building), allied to shell and a thin piece, flake r/b'//+Low G. schelf, a board, shelf; cf. schelfern, to flake off; also E. Fries. Du. srhalfer, scJulfer, a chip, splinter Extended forms, from scJnlfer, a scale. the root of Skill and Scale. A.S. Shell. (E.) M. K sheUe, sb

Shelf.

(E.)

M.E.
;

scell, scyll

+ Du
tile.
'

S(.hel\

Icel. skcl\
*r/'rt //^,
f

Goth.
fem.

skalja,

Teut. type
;

The
verb.

sense

to peel.

thin flake' cf. Swed. \kala, See Scale, Skill. Der hell,
is

Shelter.
of

M.

curious development (E.) h. shelttrume, a body of guards or

480

SHELVE
troops, a squadron ; frequently spelt sheliron, sheltrun ; it came to mean a guard or protection of any kind (P. Plowm.,

SHINGLES
wheel of a pulley, Du. schijf, G. scheibe, a slice, disc. See Shiver (2). an oaken stick used as a Shillelagh, Named from Shillelagh, cudgel. (Irish.) a barony in Wicklow famous for oaks. It means 'descendants of Elach' ; from Irish
siol,

Halliwell).- A. S. scildtKuma, lit. 'shielda guard. - A. S. scild, shield ; truma, a band of men, allied to trunt, film. See Shield and Trim.
troop,'

to slope down. (E.) derivative of shelf, but the connexion is not clear. shelf came to mean a slab of stratified rocks, also a sand -bank ; and the sense of ' slope prob. refers to the Torriano sloping edges of the latter. translates M. Ital. stralare by 'to shelve

Shelve,

seed, descendants.

'

A. S. settling. Du. (E.) Icel. schelling\ shillingT ; Dan. Swed. skitting\ Goth, skilliggs (for *sktlZings) ; KltllggS G. schilling, ' 0. The suffix -ing is a . diminutive which occurs also in farth-

Shilling.

&

ing,

and
is

base
the

or go aside, aslope, awry ' a sense perhaps suggested by M. Du. sched, awry,
;

S. pen-ing, a penny. The either *skel-, to resound, ring; or

in

A.

*skil-, to divide;

see Skill.
;

name

uncertain

but

cf.

Reason for Swed. skil-

G.

schel, scheel*

Shepherd.
keeper
shepherd-ess.

A.S. sceaphyrde, a (E.) of sheep; see Herd (2). Der.

a
drink.

jemynt, Dan. skillemynt, small change, small money.

7,

Shillyshally. (E ) Formerly skill shall I a reduplicated form of shall L

\

Sherbet,
shrub

(Arab

Arab.

sharbat, a drink, draught, sherbet, syrup. Arab, root shariba, he drank. Der.
(2), syrup.
;

Shimmer,

to

glimmer.

(E.)

A.S.
;

scimrian, frequent, form Qisoiman,sdmian,

to shine, allied to

scman,
;

to shine

see

Sherd see Shard. Shere-Thur sday

Sheriff.
(E.)

Shine.+Du. schemeren
G. schimmern.
;

For

see Sheer (i). shire- reeve. A.S.

Swed. skimra ; Cf. O. H. G. scimo, a

sctr-gerefa, a shire-reeve;

see

Shire and

Keeve.

Der.

shcriff-al-ty , usually spelt

shrievalty.

I.) Formerly sher(Span. sh being an old pron. of Span. x. Span. Xercs, a town in Spain, near Cadiz. L. C<saris, gen. case of Casar,

ns

Sherry.
;

bright light, Icel. skimi, a gleam, Irish sgctmh, sgiamh, beauty. Shin. (E.) A. S. scinu\ also scinG. schient, ban, shin-bone. f Du. scheen also a splint Swed sken-bcn, Dan. skinneshin-bone. been, Ong. sense perhaps ' thinly covered bone,' and allied to Skin
;
;

proper

Shew

name (Dozy). see Show. ;

a test-word

Shibboleth,
ciation.

(Heb.) of corn, also a river see Judges xii. 6. Shide, a thin piece of board. (E.) A.S. scidj a billet of wood ; from the base ^*skctd] of the verb to j/W-flcel. skid, G. scheit, a billet O. Irish sclath, a shield.
; ;

of pronunHeb. shibboleth, an car

Cf. A. S. scia, shin. A. S. scinan, pt. t. scan, pp. semen, -f Du. schijnen, Icel. sklna Dan. skinne\ Swed. sktna Goth, skeinan G scheinen. (BaseSKEI.) Cf. Sheer (i),

(Franck

doubtful).
(E.)

Shine.

Shimmer.

Shingle (0, a wooden tile. (L.) M.E. shingle, corruption of skindle (Minsheu),
as shewn by the corresponding G.schindel, a shingle, splint, thin piece of wood. L. sdndula, a shingle, as if from L. scindere, to cleave; but leally for scandnla,

See Shed, Sheath. Shield. (E.) A. S.

schild,
Icel.

scild, Jttr/r/.+Du.

a shingle.

skjoldr, Dan. skiold, Swed. Tent, skold, Goth, skildus, G. schild. ' * type *skelduz, m. Perhaps thin board ; cf. Lith. skel-ti, to split.

Shingle

(2), coarse
)

sea-shore. (Scand

round gravel on the Corruption of Norweg.

to Icel. sklfa, to cut into slices, skifa, a slice, prov. E. shive, a slice, sheave, a

it. Norweg. singla, Swed. dial, singla (the to divide.' same) foim of Swed. dial, singa, change, shift, remove ong. frequent, A. S. sciftan, to divide. Icel Cf. skipta the same word as E. sing see Sing. (for skiftd], to divide, part, shift, change Lowl. Sc. chingle, shingle, allied to chink. Swed. skifta, Dan. skifte, the same. Allied (F. L) A variant of
;

Shieling

see Sheal.

singl or singling, coarse gravel, shingle, named from the crunching or ringing noise

Shift. (E

M.

made by walking on
ring,
;

E. schiften, to divide,
'

to

tinkle,

Shingles.

sengles, pi. of the old

woid sengle, a girth ; the disease encircling the body like a belt.

481

SHIP - O
sangle,
see

SHORE
'
;

North. F. chengle, O. F. cengle, L. Cot. a girth, a sengle

"

Orig. an adj., meaning 'shallow,* formerly shole E. shold or shald see Shallow.
;

cingula, a belt.

L. cingere, to

sunound

Cincture.
(E.)

Ship.
Icel. skip,

A.

S.

sap. -h Du. schip,

skepp, Goth. *skipom, neut.

Dan.

skib, Svved.

A.S. sccald, shallow; found in place shallow names. Cf. Pomeian. sckoll, water and note*E. old, prov. E. o ?e, fiom O. Merc, aid, A. S. eald.
;

skip, G. schiff.

Hence
*

Tent type

scif

employment, government.' Cf. A S. ian, to appoint, allot; O. H. G. scira, Not allied to Shear. business.
orig.

SMre.

skiff, skipper, equip. (E.) A.S sctr, a shire,

Shock
province
;

Shoar,

a prop; see Shore (2). (0, a violent jolt. (E.)

,

M.

E.

shirk seems to be a variant of sherk or shark, to a paltiy prowl about; hence, to act in way, to keep out of danger. See Shark Shirt. (E) TA.K.shirte^hurte A.S. A. S. siort, short, see Short.-h scyrte. Swcd. Icel. skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle So called because skjorta, Dan. skiorte

Shirk. (F.-L

?)

The verb

to

E. Fries, schokschokken, to shock, jolt. kcn.+Y>\\. schok, sb schokken, vb. ; Low G, schokken, schukken, vb. ; O. II. G. stoc, sb. (whence F. choc sb., choqiicr, vb ). Cf. G. schaukcl, a swing. See Shog. (2), a pile of sheaves of corn.
,

Shock

M. E. schokke.+~N[. Du. schocke, a ) shock, cock, heap so called from being tossed together; from M. Du. schocken, to jolt, shock, cock, heap up; ?ee Shock (i) Cf. Swcd. skock, a heap, flock; above. Dan. dial, skok, N. tries, skock, a heap of
(E
;

short.

Doublet,
Shittun

skirt
is

six sheaves.

Shittah - tree,
(Heb.)

Shittim - wood. a pi. form. - Ileb.

/

shittah, pi. shittTm, a kind of acacia (the is tctJi). Of Egypt, origin (Gesenms). see Shiver (2). Shive,

Sheave;

Shock (-0, a rough-coated dog. (E.) Shock-headed is ough-headed, with shaggy hair. Perhaps from Shock (2), a heap. Shoddy, a material obtained from tearing into fibres old woollen goods. (E.)
i

For(i), to tremble (E.) shever, in Baret (1580); M.E. ckiueren, cheiteren (chiveren, cheveren^,, whcie ch stands for earlier c(k], as if from an S. *cifir, which I suppose to be a

Shiver

Etym. uncertain
spilt,

merly

M.E.

but cf. Devon shod, shed, schodcn, scheden, to separate;

; ;

see

Shed.
steos,

variant vtcwifer.
spelling with s/i the word below

See

Quiver

was due

(i). ^f The to confusion with

Shiver
wood.
hence

(2),
)

(E

a splinter, small piece of shiver is a small piece;

U.E.si7io. A. S. seed, scoh SMS. -f-I)u. sihoen', Icel. skor; Swed. and Dan. sko\ Goth skohs; G. schuh. Teut. type *skohoz, masc. Shog, to jog on. (E) M.E schoggen, See to jog; variant of schokken, to jolt.
pi.

Shoe. (EO

to shiver, to

break

in pieces.

Again,!
\

Shock (i); and Shoot. (E)

of sceotan,
str.

cf.

Jog.
S. SiCotan, later

form

skiver \$ the dimin. vishive, a thin slice, the same as prov E. sheave a thin disc of wood, wheel of a pulley. E. Fries, schife,
-,

schive, schif, N. Pries, skiv, skeev. -f Icel. skTfa^ Dan. skive, Swed schijf\ Teut. base (T. scheihe, a Uice. skifva
*skeib,
ffKoiiros,

Du

vb. [with eo for eo as in choose] ; pt t. sceat, pp. scot en, of which o.ily the j)p. shotten is pieserved (in the

phrase shotten herring = & herring that has

lost its roe) -J-Du. schieten; I) a n skyde ; Sw. skjuta ;
'1'eut.

Icel.

skjota;

G.

Idg.

root

*i>ketp

whence
See

a pottei's disc (llesychms).

Shift.

Shoal Ci ), a multitude of fishes, a troop, I*,. crowd. (K.) Spelt shole in Spenser A.S scolu, scole, a troop, throng, crowd. a troop. 4-O. Sax. skola, a troop, band Du. school, a shoal. Teut. type *skula,
;

"

t>pc *sh'ntan~, pt. t. *skaut, pp. *skutanoz. Buigm. i. 623. Shop. (E ) A. S. sccoppa, a stall, booth. Low Allied to scypcn, a pen for cattle. G. s(hupp, a shed; (i schoppen, a shed, covert (whence O. V. cschoppe, a shop), Shore ( }> strand of a lake or sea. (E.)

fern

fiom *j&//-, weak grade of *skcl-, to

'

sailor's

See Skill, ^f The separate, set apait. ' phrase a school of fish exhibits the I)n. form of the same word it also appears as sculf, Tioil. v. 5. 22. Shoal (/), a shallow, a sandbank. (E.")
;

A.S score (Somner) cf. sckorc A. S. scoren clif, a shorn cliff, precipice, Cf. S. scor-, weak giade of sccran, to
M. E.
;

shear.
schore.

See Shear.
(2\

Shore

Shoar, a
in

Not

prop. ^(E.)

M.

E.
Cf.

A.

S.

Fries,

schfir,

schore (also schdr, schare], a prop.

482

SHORE
A.
project, jut oat. -|- Dit. M. Du, schooren, to underschoor, a prop Cf. also prop; Norweg. skora, prop.
;

SHRINK
skur\ Goth, skura, a storm; G. schauer, O. H. G. scur. Brugm. i. 627. Shred. (E.) M. E. skifde, sb. A. S. j<rmwfc.+M.Du. schroode, a shred (Kihan) Pomeran. schrood. Erom Teut. *skraud, 2nd grade of *j/ra///for which see
;
;

S. sceorian, to

Icel. kor8a, a prop, stay, esp. under a boat; skor&a, vb., to under-prop, shore up. Shore (3), a sewer; see Sewer.

Short. (E
skortr,

A.

S.

sccort,
(fall

short.

Cf.

Shroud.

Du. schorten, to lack

shortness,

short), Icel.

Shrew,
adj., A. S.

a scold.

(E.)

M. E. shiewe

O. H. G. scurz, short. The Tent, base would appear to be *skcrt-, to cut as if extended from *sker-, to cut gee Shear. Cf. also Icel. skartir, diminished, cut down, ^f But as the G. kurz is from L. curlus, short, it is usual to
; ;

applied to both sexes, wicked, bad. scrcawa, a shiew-mouse, fabled to have a very venomous bite. Der. shrew, to curse, talk like a shrew be-shrew.
;

shrewd, malicious, cunning.

old sense
is
*

malicious.*

(E.) The M. E. schrewed,

explain all these words as borrowed from a L. type * ex-curt'us; which ii> improbable Shot. (E.) M. E. schot. A. S. scot, n
shot, ge-sceot,

accursed, depraved, hence malicious; pp. vischrewen, to curse, from the adj schrcive,
malicious, bad (above).

implements

A.

S. scot-,

weak
Du.

for shooting cf grade of sceotan, to shoot

;

Shrew-mouse,
mouse.
(above).
screech; (E.)

A.

S.

an animal like a scrcawa see Shrew

;

4-Iu.l. shot,

sihot)

a shot, shooting;

O. schuss, a shot.

Shoulder.

(E.)

See Shoot. A. S. sadder, sculdor.

-f-Du schoudcr, Swed. skuldra, Dan. skulder, G. schulter. Perhaps allied to O. II. G. skcrti, the shouldci cf. also O. II. G.
;

A native form of (E ) from M. E. schrtken, to shriek. See Screech. Imitative see Shrike.
Shriek.
;

Shrievalty

hart i, the shoulder-blade. Shout. (EO M. E. shouten

Troil.
li.

614.

Cf.

Icel.

skftta,

Chaucer, skiiti, a

A. S serifI, Shrift, Cf. A. S. confession, preset ibed penance. serif-, weak grade of serif-an, to shrive, to see impose a penance ; ult. of L. origin
;

see Sheriff. confession. (L.)

;

taunt; see

Scout (2\ Shove. (E.) M. E. shouven.

t.
;

A.

S.

sal fan, pt
Icel.
(pt.
t.

y s<.eaf pp. scofen, to shove. 4"

Shrive. -f- Icel. skript, Swed. shrift, Dan. See skrifte\ Du. and G. schnft, writing. Shrive.

skiifa

Du

schmven, G. schieben

Goth, skutban. Teut. type schob} *skettban- or *skuban- t pt. t. *skaub t pp.
;

skttbus, quick, hasty, industrious; Skt. ksitbh t to become agitated,

**kubanoz.

CFLith

kshobha-i agitation.

Brugm.
icofl,
;

i.

992.

shovel. (E

A. S

a shovel, for

cf. A.S. lifting and shoving scof-, weaker grade of scilfan (above) +Du. schoffcl; G. a form which wJiaufel, O. H. G. skuvala makes a connexion with shove doubtful. Der. shovel-er, a kind of duck.
;

Shrike, the butcher-bird. (E ) Cf. \Vestphahan schrik, a shrike; Icel. krlkja, a shrike, lit. shrieker,' from Icel. skrikja, to titter, ong. to shriek, and allied to Icel. See Shriek and skrakja, to screech. Screech. Shrill. (E.) M.E shril; cf. Lowl. Scotch skirl, a shull cry, skirl, to cry aloud. Cf. E. Eries. sthrel, Low G. schrell, G. schrill, shrill A.S. scralletan, to cry aloud Norweg skryla, skra/a, to cry
*
;
;

shrilly.

Show, Shew.
A.
S.

(E.)

M.

E. scheiven, vb.
;

From Teut. root *sk>el (2nd grade *sral), to cry aloud.

sefaunan, to sec, behold later, to to see, point out, show.-f-Du. uhouwen, Dan. iktte, G. schaucn, to behold. Cf. Goth, tts-skawsj cautious, wakeful. Teut. base *s&aw Idg. loot *skau cf. Gk. QVO-OKOOS, an inspector of an offering also L. cau-ere, to heed, can-lit s> watchful

make

Shrimp.

(E.)

M.E.

shritnp;
;

cf.

Lowl.
dwarf-

Scotch scrimp, to

ish. cf. S. parallel foim to shrink icriminan, to shrink; Dan. dial, skrimpe, a lean cow. See the traces of O. Swed.

straiten, scrimpit,

skrimpa, strong verb, to contract, in mod.

Swed. dialects (Rietz)

ichrimpfen,
to

and

cf.

M. H. G.

Gk.

Kotto,

I observe;

Skt.

From

the
i.

same root we
163,

kav-i-> wise. have cautious,

Brugm.

639.

Der.

sheen ,

shrink, G. schrumpfen, Dan. skrumpen, shrivelled ; Du. schrompe, a wrinkle. See Shrink.

scavenger.

Shower.
sttir. -f
1

Du.

M. E. schour. (E.) schoer\ Icel. skur\

Shrine. (L ) A.S. serin, a box. L. A. S. scrinium, chest, box. Swed. Shrink. (E.) A.S. scrincan, pt, t.
483

SHRIVE
pp. scruncen, to contract, shrivel up.-f-M. Du. schrinken, to shrink, grow smaller ; Swed. skrynka, a wrinkle. Allied to Shrimp, Shrug. Shrive; see Shrove -tide. Shrivel. (E.) In Shak. An E. word.
j

SICCA
schiitteln, to shake, frequent,

of O. H. G.

skuttan.

4-Swed.
wrinkle
schroff,
;

dial,

skryvla, to shrivel up, to skryvla, a wrinkle. Perhaps

skroflig,

allied to

Swed.

rough, and to G.

Shuffle. (E.) Frequentative of shove. E. Fries, schuffeln, to shuffle along, from Cf. scuffle, which schufen, to shove, push. is the frequentative of Swed. skuffa, to push, shove. See Scuffle. M. E. shunien t shonien. Shun. (E.) A. S. scunian, to shun, avoid ; orig. sense
(perhaps) to hurry away, hasten. Cf. Icel. skunda, skynda, Swed. skynda sig, Dan. skynde, to hasten, hurry, speed. Der.
scoundrel, schooner. Shunt. (E.) Prov. E. shunt, to turn aside ; M. E. shunten. to stait aside, avoid.

rugged.
(E.)

garment, clothing. 4-Icel. skriid, ornament, shrouds of a ship ; Dan. and Swed. skrud, dress, attire. Orig. a shred of stuff, a piece cut or torn off cf. A. S. screade ( = mod E. The Teut. base is *skreud, to cut shred). the 2nd grade *skraud appears in Shred, Cf. L. scruta, broken bits? Der. q.v.
' ' ;
;

Shroud.

A.

S. scrud,

Perhaps allied to Scuttle

(3).

Shut.

(E.)

M.

E.

shtitten,

shitten.

scroll.

(L.

fession.

Shrove-tide, Shrove-Tuesday. and E ) The tune for shrift or conThe sb. shrove is formed from
t.

shrove, 2nd grade of shrive (M. E. schriuen,

pt

schroof}.~K..

an, to shrive, serif

A. S. scyttan, to shut ; to fasten a door with a bolt (called a shuttle}. We still i say to shoot a bolt/ The A. S. scyttan is a weak verb cf. scut-, weak grade of sceotan, to shoot.j-Du schutten, G. schiitzen (from the same grade). See Shoot. Shuttle. (E.) So called from being
;

impose a penance, pt. t. scraf, pp serif-en (whence serif-t, shrift). -f-O Fries, skriva
(pt.
t.

skref)

O. Sax. skrfban, to write

(pt. t.sehrecf)
;

Du. sehrijven
(pt.
t.

Dan. skrive

skrev] \ Swed. skrifva (pt. t. skref} ; G. schreiben (pt. t sc/ineb). Teut. type

from Teut. *skut = K. S. scut-, weak grade of sceotan, to shoot. -f- Dan. skyfie, skytie I, a shuttle cf. Du. schiet-spoel, a shuttle,
;

shot across the threads in weaving. M. E. also a bolt of a door; A. S. scyttel, a bolt. Formed, with suffix -el of the agent,
s chitel,

*skreiban-, pt. t. *skraib t pp. *skribanoz. Conjugated as a genuine Teut. verb, but probably an early borrowing from Lat. See Scribe. scribere, to write. i), a low dwarf tree. (E ) M. E. schrob. A. S. *scrob, a shrub whence

Shmb

shoot-spool.' Der. shuttle-cock ; from being shot backwards and forwards like a shuttle, and because furnished with feathers, ^f Not for shuttle-coi k. Shuttle-COCk ; see above. Shy. (E.) M. E. shey, scheouh, said of
lit.

its

underwood. Cf. piov. E. shiuff, light rubbish \vood,srr0ff', refuse of wood; Norw. skrubba, the dwaif cornel; E.
scrybb,
dial, scrub,

underwood

Dan.

dial,

skrub,

A. S. sceoh, timid ; cf. E. Fries. 5T//<?.-f-Dan. sky, shy Swed. skygg, G. skittish, shy, coy ; Du. schuiv, shy ; schiech. Teut. scheu, timid, shy, M. H.
a shy horse
;

brushwood.

type *skeuhoz.

See

Eschew.

Shrub
Sherbet.

(2), a drink, chiefly

made with

rum. (Arab ) Arab. shirb, shurb, a drink. Arab, loot shariba, he drank. See

Si-Sy.

M. E. shruggen, to shiver. Siamang, a large ape. (Malay.) The old sense was to shrink, shrink up. Malay siamang. Cf. Dan. skrugge, skrukke, to stoop Swed. Sib, related. (E.) A. S. sibb, akin to dial, skrukka, skriigga, to huddle oneself see Gossip. Cf M. JSwed. stf, akin to. together, allied to skrinka, to shrink, Sibilant, hissing. (L.) L. sibilant-, Norw. skrukken, shrunken. See Shrink. stem of pres. L. part of stbilare, to hiss. M. E. schoderen, sibilus, hissing. Imitative. Shudder. (E.)

Shrug.

(E.)

schuderen.
skuddre^
to

Low (jt.$chuddern\
shudder.

Dan.

dial.

frequentative verb. Cf. E. Fries, schudden, to shake; O. Sax. skuddian, to shake; M. Du.

schudden, to

shake,

tremble.

Also

G.

- Gk.) L. Sibylla. - Gk. (L. /^u\Aa, a Sibyl or prophetess. Sicca, in phr. sicca rupee, newly coined Pers. Hind. (Hind. rupee. Arab.) Pers. sik&aty) , the sikka, a die for coining.
Sibyl.

484

SICK
same. Arab. sikka(h), sakk, the same. Rich. Diet., pp. 839, 837. Cf. Sequin. Sick. (E ) M. E. sik, sik. A. S. seoc.
-|-Du. ziek; Icel. sjukr; Dan. syg\ Swed. sjuk; G. siech; Goth, sinks, which is related to Goth. siukan, to be ill (pt. t. sauK}. Teut. type *seukoz.

SILLABUB
A.
S.

suan, to sigh,

pt.

t.

sac (in en-sac),

Cf. Swed. sucka, Dan. sukke, pp. sicen. to sigh, groan. Of imitative origin. Sight. (E.) M. E. sight. A. S. -siht,
gestht, commonly gesihQ. to A. S. seon, to see
sigte
;

Verbal

sb. allied

+ Du. gezigt;
sicht.
;

Dan.

Swed.

sigt

G.

See See.

Sicker, Siker, certain, secure. (L.) M. E. siker. Borrowed fiom Late L.

securus, for L. securus, secure whence also O. Fries, siker, sikur, Du. zeker, G. sicker, O. H. G. sichur, Swed. saker, Dan. sikker,
;

Sign. (F. L.) O.Y.signe. L signum, a mark. Der. sign, vb. sign-at-ure, from the pp. of the L. verb sign are, to sign.
Biugm.
i.

Der. sennet. (3). L.) F. signa 1. - Late L. (F. W. sicr. See Secure. signale, sb., neut. of L. sign fills, belonging Sickle. (L.) A. S. J/V0/.-L. secula, to a sign. L. signum, a sign. a sickle, cutter. L sec-are, to cut. bee signet. (K L.) F. signet; dimin. of F. signe; see Sign (above). Secant. Cf. Scythe, Saw (i). Side. (E.) M.E. side. A. S. side, side signify. (F. L.) F. ngmjier, to beallied to A. S. sid, long, wide.+Du. zijde token. L. sigmfaare, to shew by signs. L. signi-, for signum, a sign -fudre, for Icel. JJdfl (allied to Icel. siQr, long, hanging down); Dan. side; Swed. sida ; G. faccie, to make.
762

signal.

seite.

SigUOr.
starry.

sideral, L. from L. stderahs, relating to the stars sider-, for *s7des-, stem of si dm, a star.

Sidereal,

(L)

For

Cf. cou-sider.

Sidesmen.
assist

(E.)

Officers
;

a churchwarden

also

men, i.e. one who

men at
sits
'

one's side.

chosen to called sideCf. L. assessor,

L ) F. silence. L. Silence. (F. L silent-, stem of pies, silentium, siknce. Cf. Goth, anapt. of si/ere, to be silent. Der. silent* from L. silan, to be silent. silent-, stem of si lens, pres. pt. of silere. Silez, flint. (L.) L. silex (stem silic-},
flint.

Ital. signore, (Ital L.) L. ace. seniortm; see Seignior.

sir.

beside another.
L.)

Der.

silic-a.

Brugm.

i.

980.

Siege.

(F.

The

'seat, or a sitting down,' O. F. siege, a seat, throne ; besiege a town. F. siege. Not immediately from L. sedes, but from a verb answering to a Lat. type *sedicare; cf. Late L. assednim, a siege,

orig. sense was esp. in order to

Silhouette.

(F.)

This meagre form

of portrait, made by tracing the outline c f a shadow, vas named (in derision) after fitienne de Silhoitette, French minister of
finance in
1

759.
?)
;

Silk. (Chinese

A.S.

stole, seoluc (cf.

for

obsidinm, a siege; being due to L. sedere, to

L.

dentary.

Sienna,

both words sit; see SeDer. be~siege, with E. prefix. a pigment. (Ital.) Made from

earth of Sienna, a place in Tuscany. Sierra, a chain of hills. (Span. L.) Span, sierra, a saw, an outline of hills. L. serra, a saw. Siesta, orig. a noon-day nap. (Span. L.) Span, siesta, the hottest part of the clay, the time for a nap, gen. from one to three o'clock. But orig. the sixth hour, or noon. L. sexta (hora), sixth hour, noon fern, of sextus, sixth. L. sex, six.
;

Icel. silki\ Ch. Slav. milk, A. S. meo/c} shelkti (Russ. sheik') Perhaps from Chinese cf. L. Sericum, silk, neut. se, set, silk ; of Seruns, adj., belonging to the Seres; fiom Gk. 2rjp(s, pi., Chinese. See Serge. Sill, base of a door. (E.) A. S. syll, a base, support. 1 eel. syll, svill, a sill ;
.

Sieve.

(E.)

M.E.

sive.

A.S.

sife

oldest spelling sibi (8th cent.).+Du. zeef; G. sieb. Teut. types *sibiz, *siboz, neut. ; cf. Lith. sijote, to sift. Sift. (E.) A. S. siftan, to sift ; allied to A.S. sift, a sieve. +Du. ziften, to sift,
zift,

Swed. syll, Swed. dial, svill; Dan. syld; G. sihwelle, sill, threshold. Cf. Goth. ga~ The Tent. suljan, to lay a foundation. base appears to be *swel, to found, to form as a base 2nd grade *swal, whence G. schwelle ; the weak giade *swul, *sul gives Goth, ga-suljan and A. S. syll, f (Teut. type *snl-ja). Der. giottnd-sill, spelt grunsel in Milton, P. L. i. 460. Sillabub, a mixture of wine with milk, &c. (E.) Formerly siHibouk, or merri;

bouk.

'

Laict aigre, a sillibub or merri-

a sieve

zeef,

sieve.

Sigh, vb.

(E.)

M. E.

sighen, also syken.

bowke;' Cot. Apparently from E. silly (merry) and M.E. bouk, A.S. bite, the A jocose name. belly.

485

SILLY
(E.) Orig. 'timely;' then happy, blessed, innocent ; lastly, simple, M. E. sell, silt ; thus syly man in foolish.

SIN
Heb. Shim* on, Simeon lit. hearkening.' Heb. root shdmct, to hear.
;

'

Silly.

lucky,

Simoom.
(Devic).

(Arab.)

Arab, samum, a

Seven Sages, ed. Wright, \"*fi\seli man in Seven Sages, ed. Weber, 1473. A.S.
sielig,

sultry pestilential wind ; from its poisonous nature. Arab, root samma, he poisoned

from sibl, time, ges&lig, timely season, happiness. tDu. zalig, G. sehg^ cf. also Icel. sail, Swed. sail, blest, happy
; ;

Simper,
Scand.
;

to

smirk.

(Scand

From
smart
;

cf.

Norw. semper,

fine,

Goth,

sels,

good.
or foddei L. strum,
.

Silo, a pit for storing gram Gk ) Span. silo. L. (Span. ace. of sirus Gk. oTpus. Der.
age.

en-sil-

semper, simper, affected, coy, M. Swed. semper, one who prudish affectedly icfiains from eating; cf. Bavar. zimpern, to be affectedly coy (from Low Formed from M. Swed. sipp, simp, G.).
;

Dan.

dial,

Silt.

(Scand.)

All from the notion of sipprim to diain, strain, ping, or taking only a little at a time ; si I, filter filter. 2. Or from M. Swed. hence, prudish, affected, coy, &c. Cf. Low G. sipp, prim, den Mitnd sipp trekken, to sylta, mud ; Dan sylt, a salt-marsh. From weak grade of salt- ; see Salt. make a small mouth and M. Du. sippen, *w//-, Silvan, Sylvan. (L.) The spelling to sip. See note to Sip. L. siluanus, belonging to \\iihy is bad. Simple. (F. - L ) F. simple. - L sima wood. L. silua, a \\ood. Cf. Gk. v^rj, plicem, ace. of simplex, lit. one- fold' a wood (^connexion with silua doubtful L. sim- (appearing also in sin-guli, one by
paiticipial suffix -/, to cliain. Swed. sila,
;

Eithei formed, with from sile (M. E. silen],

1.

an

affected

woman,

Swed.

sipp,

adj.,

finical,

and one, sem-el, once, si m-uf, togethei) 102). Brugm. i. Silver. (E ) O. Merc sylfur (Matt pin-, from phcare, to fold see Simulate x 9); AS. seolfo) and Ply. Der simplicity, F. simplicity, eailier siolofr -f-Du. silver Icel. siip-\ Dan. solv Swed. silfver fiom L. ace. simphc itatem simph-fy, to
; ;
; \
,

silber;

Goth.

silitbr\

Russ. serebro\

make
A\ith

simple.
(F.

Lith. siddbras.

simpleton.

L") I.e simple-i-on,

Similar.
from
like.

L.) .similaire\ as if (V. *simi/dris. extended fiom simihs, Cf. O. Ir. samail, Ir. samhail, \V.

double suffix; formed with F. suffix -on from Picard and M. F. simplct, a simple
person, fern, simplette, 'a simple wench Cot. F. simple, simple; with suffixed -t Cf. Span. (So also musk-et-oon^} simplon, a simpleton.
; '

Allied to simul, together, and hafal, like to E. Same. 438, 442. Brugm. i. simile. (L.) L. simile, a. comparison,

a like thing; neut. of similis,

like.

similitude.
L.
ace.
like
sirttilis,

L.) I*, similitude. L similitildincm, likeness.

(

'F.

Simious,
slrnia,

monkey-like. (L.) From L an ape. L. simus (Gk. vipus), flat(E.)

(L.) From pp. ofL. simualso simi/are, to make like L. ' sinnhs, like simul, together, lit. at once/ Fiom Idg. *sew-< one; cf. Goth, sim-le,

Simulate.
;

lare,

once;
*a/-ia)
I

Gk.
;

ev,

ncut,
165.

one,

/xia,
;

f.

(for

Skt

sa-krt,

once

Gk. a-7ra,

nosed.
frequentative form, from the base swi, to express the sound of Cf. Dan. summe,(jt.sutn gentle boiling. men, Swed. dial, summa, to hum, buz/. Simnel, a kind of rich cake. (F L )

Simmer.

once; Brugm. n.

O.

K simcnel;

Late L. simenellus, simiu-

(L.; Late L. simultaneus\ coined from L. sim ult-im, at the same time. L. simul, together. Sin. (E.) A.S. y/m(stn se/in).^'Du. zonde Icel. synd, synd Dan Swed ynd\ G. sunde, O. II. G. suntca. Thus the A. S.
J
;

simultaneous.

elhis, bread of fine flour ; also called simella in Late L. L. simila y wheat-flour of

the finest quality; whence siminellus,h\ * simile llus. Allied to Gk. crc^u'SaAts, fine
flour

yrin represents a Tent type "-wndja, fern., or rather an Idg. type *synijd wheie *s?nt is the weak svnf. Allied grade of sent to L. sons (stem sonf-}, guilty, sinful, orig.
;

Cf.

Semolina.
traffic in ecclesiastical prefer-

real.'

['

Language regards
if

Simony, ment. F. - L. - Gk.

(

as the

man who

Heb.)

Late L. simonia.

Named

Magus

^Acts

viii.

18).

F. simonie from Simon Gk. Si/uav, Simon.

;

Ion. Gk. being, pres. pt. of dpi, Der. sin, vb.

\\\tgu?lty man Cf. was-,' Curtius] f-ovr-, stem of iwv (for *e0-ow},
I

am.

See Sooth.

486

SINCE
Since.
shoit for
(E.)

SIRRAH
is is

M.E.

Written for sins, which This sithens, since.

formed, with adverbial suffix -$, from M. E. sithen, since, a modification of A. S. stddan,
for si& tian, after that.

was
cf.

orig.

an

adj.,

p. The A. S. sid meaning Mate/ but here

later, after;

icprcserits the

compar. adv.,

Dn* sane, pp. smtcen. pt. t IceL sokkva (for sinkva) Dan. synke\ Swed. sjunka\ G. smkm; Goth. sigkivan (iQi^singkwan). p. For the trans, form, cf. A. S. sencan, to cause to sink, G. sen ken. Der. sink, orig. a place into which filth sank or was collected; Cor. i. i. 126.
intrans.
,

zinken

seitkiis, late, seithu, adv., late, The A. S. &a/i is the -set/Sis, adv., later.

Goth,

Brugm.
'

i.

421(3), 677.
F. sino' ;

Sinople, green (F.-L. -Ok.)

;

instiumental of the definite article or de- plc, Cot. Late L. sinofis, green monst. pronoun. The G. seitdem, since, greenish, also reddish L. sinopis, red is similarly formed. See Sieveis, Gk. fftvams. OIVOJTTIKTJ, a red earth 323, ochre. found in Cappadocia, and imported from 337Sincere. (F.-L.) O. F. sincere -L. Sin ope, on the Black Sea. nncenti) pure, sincere. Der. sincerity, Sinus, a bend, fold, &c. (L.) L. sinus, fiom M. F. sincerity, from L. ace. siticen- a bosom, bend, bay, fold. "Now only used talent. in anatomy, and, in the form sine, in Sinciput. (L.) The fore part of the mathematics. Der. sinuous, L. sznndws, head; lit. half head.' L. sinciput, half full of curves. the Lead L. semi-, half; and caput see Sip, vb. (E ) M. E. sipfen. It answers Semi- and Capital. Brugm. i. to A. S. 9J///0H, to absorb moisture, a causal 121. Sinder, the tiue spelling of Cinder, foim allied to A S. sufan, to sup. See Sup. <([ In the E. Fries, sippen, to sip, q. v. Sine. (L.) From L. sinus, a bosom, M. Du. upfcn, to sip, Norw. sipla, to sip, a fold, a cuive; peculiarly used. See the i suggests a connexion with Low G. Sinus. sipen, to drip ; but cf. E. Fries, siipken, Sinecure. (L.) For sineiurd, without to sip, Swed. dial, syppa, to drink. Der. cure of souls ; hence, an oflice without sip, sb.
' \

woik.

Sinew.
ytv^
;

(K.)
.u;/a

M.
,

Siphon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F
F,.

siphon.

I.,

wicwe.
;

A.

S.
;

sinu

(dat. simvc}, .ww///. -f-Du.

zemiw

Dan.

siphonem, ace. of sipho, a siphon, bent pipe for drawing off liquids. Gk. ahpav, a smal'
little sop. (E.) Dimin. of sop^ with vowel-change (fiom Tent, n to _;'>?). See Sop. Sir, Sire. (F.-L.) Stris short for

also Icel. jv;/. Perhaps allied to Skt. w<77w(0 a tendon. Sing*. (K.) A.S. singauy ong. to sing,

Swed.

G. schne

pipe or reed. Sippet, a

See pp. sungen. singe, -f- Du- zmgen\ \v&. $yng}a\ Dan. synge Swed. sjunga\ Goth, siggwcw (for ^sing^vati) ; G. singen.
;

resound

pt.

t.

*",

Song; and

see

singe, to scorch. (E.) M. E. sengen. A. S. sengan^ to make to sing,' from the

*

For

j<?;j2;

to singe ; lit. hissing of a

y

F. sire, sir. L. senior, older, elder ; seignior being fiom the ace. senwreni). Sire is a variant of O. F. scnre <L. senior (see Schwan).
sire.

(the

word

burning log, &c. Causal of nngan, to sing (above\ -f- Dn. zengen, G. sengen causal verbs, similarly formed.

Single. (L ) L. singuhis, single, separate, in Plautus and in late Latin ; classical Latin, we have only singuli, pi.,

Sirdar, a commander. (Pers.) Pers. Pers. sar, head (cf. Gk. saniar, a chief Kapa) ; -dar, possessing, holding. Siren. (L.-Gk.) L.j/nv/.-Gk.cret/^i', a nymph who enticed seamen to destruction by her magic song. Sirloin, Surloin. (F. L.) M.E sursurlonge (i4th F. sur, upon, above see Loin. (from L. super] longe, loin ^[ The story about turning the loin into
.

one

by one. Allied to Simple, q v. Brugm. i. 441. Ijf M.E. and O. F. sengle. Singular. (F.-L.) "M.E.singuhr.
F. singulier. l,. smgularis, single. linguli) pi., one by one (above). Sinister. (L.) L. stmster, on the
L,
left

loyn\

XV

cent.

O.

cent.), the surloin.

;

sir-loin

by knighting

it is

mere

trash.

hand, inauspicious. Sink. (E.) Properly intransitive [the transitive foim should rather end in ~di cf. A. S. sincan, drench from drink].
;

Sirnaxne, for Surname, q. v. SirOCCO, a hot wind. (Ital.

Ital. siroico,

east (Devic).

Sirrah.

Arab.) Arab, sharq, See Saracen. (Prov.-L.) Sirra (Minsbeu) /

south-east wind.

487

terrha pronunciation of the F. sire by the men of Q. F. sire, Provence, who called it sira. Prov. sira, sir. L. senior ; see Sir. Sir-reverence. (L.) Short forsavereverence, a translation of L. salud reuerftitia, i. e. reverence to you being preserved, L. salud, abl. fem. or, by your leave. of satuus, safe; and reuerentia, abl. of
reuerentia.

SIR-REVERENCE A contemptuous (Levins).

SKERRY
Size (0>
magnitude.
see

on allowance of food; also Short for assize-, L.) (F.

(i).

Assize
(2),
*

Ital. (Ital.-L.) glue. Short for syse or glew;' Flono. assisa, size. So called from making colours

Size

weak

sisa,

lie flat.

M.

well

' ;

Florio.

Ital. assisare, 'to stite [suit] Ital. assiso t pp. viassidere,

(Low G. Sla- Skain, Skene, Skean, Skein, a Irish and Gael. G. zteske, ziseke, a siskin dagger, knife. (Irish.) Du. sijsje, where the dimin. suffix -je sgian, a knife; O. Irish scT-m \f.y*gien answers to an older suffix -ken, so that a cutting instrument. Cf. W. ysgi, a Cf. cutting off; Gk. ffx&*w> to slit. sijsje implies an older form sijsken. Siskin, a
)

Sirup

see

Syrup.
song-bird.
;

L. assidere, lit. also, to situate. ; L. as- (for ad^, near; sedere, to sit near. See Sit. to sit.
to sit

vonic

Low

l)an. sisgen,

a siskin

Swed.

siska.

Of

Skate
M. E.
sgat,

Polish czyzik, dimin. Slavonic origin. form of czyz, a siskin; Sloven. chizhek\ See Miklosich, p 36. Russ. chif. Sister. (E.) A. S. siveostor, swuster
;

(i), a large flat fish. (Scand.) scafe. Icel. skata-, Norw. skata.
;

Cf. L. squatus, a skate (Pliny)

also Irish

a skate (from E.)

M.

E. susttr; affected by Icel systtr.+li)\\. zuster; Icel. systir, Swed. syster, Dan. soster,(j&C&..swistar\ G.schwester. Further allied to L. soror (for *swesor} ; O. Ir siur, W. chwaer, Lith. scsu Skt. svasar-, 122. Der. cousin, q. v. Brugm. ii.
;

Sit.

(E.)

A.

S. sittan,
;

pt.
;

t.

sat,

(Du. F. the s being Properly skates dropped because skates looked like a pi. form. [Cf. scatches (another form of * skateses, pi., but usually meaning stilts').] Du. schaatsen, skates, a pi. form, from a pp. sing, schaats, whence schaatsryder, a skateon
ice.
;

Low G

(2), steel blade, for sliding

)

Skate

Scate,

frame with a

seten.+T)u. zitten Icel. sitja Dan. snide-, Swed. sitta G. sitzen. Teut. type *setjan~,
;

ruler, skater (Sewel)

M. Du.

pt.

t. ""sat,

pp. *setanoz.
;

Goth,

si (an;

Zfojjuu, I sit

seddti\ Skt. sad.

W.

Further allied to L. sedere Gk.

;

See Sedentary.
;

F. V. - L. -L.) F. fc situm, ace. of situs, a site, place. L. situs, pp. of si Here, to let, suffer, permit; the ong. sense seems to have been to place. Hence Position, q. v. But see Brugm. i. 920. Sith, since. (E.) Short for M. E. sithen\ see Since. Situate. (L ) Late L. situatus, pp. of L. situ-, for situs, a situdre, to place. See Site. place. Six. (E.) A.S. >.+ Icel., Dan., and Swtd sex; G. seeks Goth, saihs; Russ

(VSED.)
Site.

Dor.;*/.

(F.

F. escache, Picard form of O.F. eschace, a stilt (i2th cent.); whence F. c tJiasse. [So also M. Du. kaetsen, lit. to catch;' from Picard cacher, for O.F. Low G. schake, a shank, leg. chacer.~\ Thus scalches or states are ' shanks/ contrivances for lengthening the stride; cf. F. tchasse, a stilt, as above.

- O. North.

skaetsen, pi.

Skein, Skain,
thread or
silk.

a knot (or quantity) of

M.F. escaigne, 'a a quantity skain;' Cot.; Tt.tcagne. Perhaps of Celtic origin ; cf. Gael, sgemnidh, flax, thread Der. (probably) (unless this is from E.).
skainsmates, companions (Shak.), as if asbut cf. Skain. sociated in winding yarn Skeleton. (Gk.) Gk. aKt\(r6v, a
;

(F. of yarn.

- C. ?)

M.

E. skcyne,

sheste\

W.
;

chwech\
?
;

Gael, and Irish

:

jv?;
;

L.

J<?jr

Gk.

Lith. szeszi
ii.

Pers. shash

Skt. shash.
six-th,

See Bragm.

170.

Der.
six-ty,

Gk. dried body neut. of a/ffteros, dried, (TK(K\(iv, to dry, paich. a cheat. (Du.) See Nares.
;

Skellnm,
;

M.

E. f&rfi, A.S. six-ta;

A.

See Sexagenarian. Sizar, a student admitted at lower fees, at Cambridge, than a pensioner. (F. L.) Named from size, formerly a faith ing worth of bread or drink (Blount). Size is *hort for assize, an allowance of provisions; see Assize (i). See below.
S. sixtig.

villain the Du. sch = being rendered (as in landscape] by sk sc. -f G. schelm O. H. G, scelmo, a pestilence, carrion, worthless rogue.

Du. schelm, a rogue,

Skeptic ; see Sceptic. Skerry, a rock surrounded by From Icel. sker, a skerry; (Scand.)
Soar
(2).

sea.

see

488

SKETCH
Sketch. (Dn.-Ital.-L.-Gk.)
schets,
first

SKITTISH
Du. a
thin film on milk
;

E. Fries, schumen, to

a draught, sketch. Ital. schizzo, a rough draught L. schedium, a thing

skim.

made

hastily; from schedius, adj., hastily made. Gk. (7x8ioy, sudden ; allied to vxetiov, near ; from the base ^x e- ? to hold.

Skin. ( Scan d ) Dan skind, skin.

.

I eel

Cf.

skinn Swed skinn , G. schinden, to skin,

.
.

flay; also

W.
to

cen,

^in^ysgen,
out

dandriff.

Allied to

Scheme.
(O. Low G.) turn aside. M.

Skew.
vcib,

M.

E. skewcn,

(Scand.) E. skcnken ; [also schenken, from A. S. scencan, to pour out; orig. to draw off

Skink,

serve

wine.

M.

Du. sckuwcn, schouwen, to avoid, shun; Low G. schuwen, schouen, to avoid, -f- O. H. G sduhen, G. sc/ifueu to avoid; from scheu, Thus to skew is to turn aside, adj shy. like a rhying horse, and is derived from the adj. appearing in E shy. See Shy. Der. askew, i. e. on the *kew.
to
t

through a pipe from A.S. scanc,*, shank, shank-bone, hollow bone (hence, a pipe)].
;

Dpn. skiettke. -f- Du. G. schmken, to skink. Teut. Upe *skankjan- from *skank~,& shank, See Nunchion. pipe of bone.
Icel.

skenkja,
\

schenkcn t

Skewbald, piebald. (O. Low G. an*1 Marked in a skew or irregular manC.) ner; see Bald. Cf. pie-bald, ^f find, however, M. E. skewtd, pie- bald perhaps fioin skewcs (blotches?), used as the If so, there is no conpi. of sky, a cloud.

We

M.E

M.E. skippen, also Skip. (Scand.) Cf. S\\ed. dial. skeppen (Cursor Mnndi) skopa, to skip, leap (as animals), to dance ; M. Swed. skitppa, skoppa, Rietz Icel. And cf. G skoppa,) to spin like a top (The E. i ib for y, scnften, to gallop. mutation of u.} Cf. Mid. Dan skobe, to

M H
.

dance, to skip.

nexion with

Skew

Skewer.
(A.I). 1411).

(above). Formerly skucr (Doubtful )

Skipper.
nner.
ship
;

(Du.)

Du.

schip, a ship

Du. Clipper, a macognate with E.

;

Etym. unknown,

M. E. scanm&he, sb., from scrimmage. fuel. scarmishen, vb. O. F. eskermtss-, astern of eskemnr, to fence, fight. See Shiver (2). [Cf. M. F. esCot ] Skid. (Scand.) Orig. a thin slip of carmouche, a skirmish, bickering O. II. G. skerman, to defend, fight, also wood, to put under a wheel. Norw. skida, scirman O. H. G. scirm (G. schirm\ cf. Icel. a thin plank skiti, a billet of a shield, screen, shelter, guard, defence. wood see Shide. Skiff. (F.-Ital.-G/) Y.esquif, <a To skirmish is, properly, to fight behind skiffe Cot. - Ital. schifo. - M. H. G. skif, cover, hence to advance, under shelter, to G schiff^ a ship see Ship. fight, p. Note also O. F. eskcrmisor, esSkill 9 discernment, tact. (Scand.) M.E. cremisseor, a fencer; escremissement^
;

E. skiver, a skewer, is answering to E. shiver, a small piece Dan. dial, skivrt, small sticks for

Piov the Scand. foim

^f
cf.

see Ship.

Skirmish. (F.-O.H.G.)

Also spelt

"

M
*

skil, often in

ski!,

the sense of reason.' Icel. a distinction ; cf skilja, to part, sepadistinguish

;

fencing.

late,

icason rate. Allied to Lith. skelti> to cleave; Swed. From Teut. root *skel\ see skala, to peel.

Dan. skiel, Swe-1. skal, Dan. skille, Swcd. skilja, to sepa;

Skirr, Scnr, to scour a country. (F. -L.) Variants of Scour (2). Cf. M. E.
scurrour, a scout. Skirret, the water-paisnip. (Scand.) M. E. skirwtt older form skirwhit. As if sheer white,' from the colour of the root from Icel. skirr, sheer, bright; hvltr, white. Prob. a popular form, and perveited from O. F. eschervis ^M. F. cherui), a skirret.
;

Scale

(i).
i.

Der.
e.

skill, vb., as in

skilh not,'

makes no

phr. it difference ; from

'

Icel. skilja, often

used impersonally, with

pot.

the sense

'it differs.'

(Scand.) ForF. suffix -*/, M. E. skele (prov. E. skeet], a milkpail; Cath. Angl.-Icel. skjdla> a pail, bucket. Skim, to take off scum. (Scand.) Dan.

Skillet, a small
skillet.

merly
of

A dimin., with

Span, chirivia,

Arab. AarawTd, kanvio,

whence

also

Carraway.

Skirt. (Scand.) M.E. shyrt. IceL skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle; see Shirt. doublet of shirt^ but restricted to the

skumme, Swed. skumma

lower part of a garment.

to skim from skum, scum. The E. verb preserves an old vowel-change from u to y, later cf. from/*///, And cf. Dan. dial, skimmel,
t ;

Skittish.
skit,

(Scand.)

From Lowl. Scotch

z"

to flounce, caper about This is a secondary verb, of Scand. origin, from the

verb to shoot.

- Swed.

dial,

skutta, skotta.

489

SKITTLES
to leap about; cf. *skut, weak grade of Swed. skjuta, to shoot. 2. Note Swed. whence skytt, Icel. skytt, a marksman the verb to skit in the sense to aim at or reflect upon a person, and the sb. skit, an oblique taunt. See Shoot. skittles, a game. (Scand.) Formerly so called because shot at by skittle-pins Dan. skyttel, a a skittle or projectile.
; ;

SLAP
lap up.
slubber.

Of

imitative origin;

cf.

slobber,

See Slaver.
(E.)

Slack.
slak
',

M. E.

slak.

sleac, slack, slow.-f-Icel slakr\

A. S. sfac, Swed. Dan.

Teut.
' ;

prov. G. schlak, slack, loose.

' fluid Orig. sense type *slakoz. below. Allied to Lax; Brugm. i.

see

193.

Icel. skutill, a projectile, harpoon, bolt of a door. Cf. Icel. shut-, weak grade

shuttle

Slag, dross, scoria. (Swed.) Swed. so called from flowslagg, dross of metal to ing over when fused ; Norw. slagga, flow over. Cf. Icel. siagna, to flow over,
;

by G. schlacke, dross, slacks, sediment/ schlackern, to trickle, schlack, Flugel Low G. slakkz, Swed. and Norweg. skum, dusky, dull (of slack, drossy, sloppy the weather), dusky (in colour) ; cf. Sky. slag. slake, to slacken, quench, wet. (E.) Skulk; see Sculk. A. S. slacian, to grow slack cf. prov. E Skull; see Scull. Skunk, a quadruped. (N. American sleek, to quench, A. S. slcccan, to grow Indian ) Said to be from the Abenaki slack (hence, to make slack, slacken). see Slack. -4-1 eel. slokva this is a dialect of A. sleac, slack segongw, a skunk to (pp. sloktnn), to slake; Swed. slacka Algonquin (Lower Canada). K. skye, a cloud. quench, allay, slake, from slak, adj. Sky. (Scand.) Icel. sky, a cloud Dan. Swed. sky, a cloud. Slade, a valley. (E.) M. E. slad(c\ A.S. sltrd. -f- Westphal. slade, a ravine; Allied to A. S. sceo, O Sax. sew, a cloud A. S. scua, shade; Skt. sku to cover. Dan. dial, slade, a flat piece of land. Slag, Slake; see Slack. (VSKEU ) Slab (i), a thin slip of timber or stone. Slam. (Scand.) Noru eg. slemba, slem- Teut.) M. E. slab, slabbe. Ap- ma, to smack, bang, slam a door; Swed. (F. parently a weakened form of prov. E slap, dial, slamma, to push hastily; Icel slarma, to slam. Cf Swed. slammer, a noise. a slab (Halhwell). -O. F. esclape, eclat Of imitative origin. de menues esc/apes de bois/ i. e. thin Allied to Slap. slabs of wood Slander, scandal (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. Godefroy. Prob. of Teut. Languedoc sclandre, sclaundre. O. F. esclandre, scanorigin. (Wedgwood cites The oldest O. F. form was escandle, esclapa, to split wood, bos esclapa, split dal. with logs, esclapo, a slab of wood or stone.') whence esrandre, and finally esclandre, It is merely another form of Cf. Ital schiappare, to split. Perhaps from inserted /. the prefix es- (L. ex) and Low G. klappen, Scandal, q. v. to clap, make an explosive sound. (KorSlang, vulgar language. (Scand.) Norweg. sleng, a slinging, a device, a burthen ting. 5453.) Slab (2), slimy. (Scand.) The same as of a song, slengja, to sling, slengj a kjcften, M. Dan. slab, slippeiy also, mire. Prov. to slang, abuse (lit. 'to sling the jaw'), cf. Norw. slabb, filth E. slab, a puddle slengjenamn, a slang-name, slengjeord, a All ftom Irish slab, slaib, Gael, slaib, mire, mud slang word, insulting word. E. Fries. slengja, to sling, causal form from the 2nd Also M. E. slabben, to wallow Swed. grade of the Icel. slyngva, to sling. Sec slabben, Du. slabben, to lap up;
;

of skjota, to shoot see Shoot. Skua, a gull, bird. (Scand ) Icel. skufr, skumr, the skua, or brown gull. Prob. from the colour. Cf. Icel. skumi, dusk
;

slag, slagi, wet, damp, It is a variant walls.

'

water penetiating
of slack, as seen

dial, slabba,

to splash, to soil. to slaver. (E.)

And

see

Sling.

Slabber below.
E. slaberen, frequent, of M. E. slabben, to wallow (above). -f- E. Fries, slabbern, to lap, sup, or lick up ; Low G. slabbern, slubbern, to slabber, lap, sip, frequent, of slabben,

Slabber,

M.

Slant, to slope. (Scand ) M. E. slenten, to slope, glide. Swed. dial. slenta,slanta, causal of shnta Cpt. t. slant), to slide, slip with the foot Swed shnta, to slip, glance aside. The E. adj. slant, sloping, an;

swers to Swed. dial slant, slippery.

a-slant, i.e.

Der.
;

to lap G. schlabbem, schlabben, to lap, to slabber. Cf. prov. E. slap, to lick up food, eat quickly Dan. dial, slabbe, slappe, to
; ;

on the
;

slant.

Slap.

(E.)

M. E.

an imitative word

slappe, a smart blow allied to Slam.-f-Low

490

SLASH
G. slapp, sound of a blow, a slap; G.
schlappe, sb., a schlapp, interj., slap Der. slap-bang; slap, schlappen, to slap. violently ; slap-dash, off hand. Slash. (F.-Teut.) [Lowl. Sc. j/^/4, to
!

SLEEP
slabbern, to slabber.
slaver, sb.,

See Slabber.

Der.

from

Icel. slafr, slefa, slaver.

work
cut
'

in wet, is

from Swed. slaska, Dan.

in water.]

Slay (0, to kill. (E.) The form slay\& due to the pp. slai-n else, the infin. would have been slee. Orig. to smite. M. E. A. S. slfan (contracted form of sleen.
;

slaske, to

dabble
*

The sense

'

to

appears in slish and slash? i. e. much Tarn. Shrew, iv. 3. 90. O. F. cutting O. F. esesclachier, to break in pieces.
;

A.S. slaha; see sleahe in A.S. Diet.; ong. form *slage, gen. *slagan\ Camb. (Korting, 4541.) (F. Teut.) Phil. Trans. 1899, p. 139 (231). So called Slat, a thin bar of wood. M. E. slat, a slate see below. <([ Hardly from striking the web together. A. S. stean (<.*slakan), to strike; see Slay from Gael, and Irish slat, a lod, twig (i\ though these are related to lath. Slate (i), a flake of stone. Sleave, Sleave-silk, soft floss silk. (F.-Teut.) M. E. slat, sctat.O F. esdat, a splinter, (Low G.) * Ravelled sleavef i. e. tangled Cf. Dan dial, slave, a knot, loose silk. $>lice of wood, &c. (hence, a thin slice of E. Fries, slave, O. F. esclater, to split, burst, twist, tangle (in thread). blare). This answers to a Late L. type slofe, a bow-knot, a noose; G. dial. shiver.
;

(L. ex), very; and Tent, type *kfakjan* M. H. G. klecken, to break with a clack ; F. claque, a clack, M. H. G. Mac. cf.

*slaAati), to smite, pt. t. sldk, pp. sle&en (v hence M. E. slein, E. j/azn).+I)ii. slaan ; Icel. sla\ Dan. slaae ; Swed. sla\ Goth. slahan ; G. scklagen. Teut. type *slah~ an- cf. O. Irish shg-im, I strike. a weaver's reed. (E.) (2), Sley,
;

Slay

*exflapitdre, to bieak with a clap, L. ex, and Low G. klapp, a clap, noise. (Korting, 1T The 4543.)
slate

fiom schlaufe (G.

loud

in

Sled, M. Du.
Dan.

was ong.
(2),

short.

(Du.) M. E. slede sledde (Du. slede). -f Icel. sleti, G. slade, Swed. slede, a sledge
a sledge.
;

schleife).

From

Slip.

Slate

to

bait,

ridicule,

criticise

sharply, abuse.

(E.)

sliftan, to bait, set

M. K. sleten\ A.S. dogs on (an animal)

slit,

From the weak grade sfhhtten, a sledge. of the verb to shde\ see Slide.
sledge. (Du.) This
apparently
is

a corrupt form

causal vb. from slitan, to see Slit.

tear,

rend

due to
;

sleds, pi of sled.

Sledge-hammer.
a sledge
dat.

(E.)
*

redupli-

Slattern, an untidy woman. (Scand ) cated form From prov. E. slatter, to waste, to be un- A. S. slefg,
tidy, to
;

means a hammer.' slecge, a heavy hammer,

;

throw about frequent, of slat, to smiter. For Teut. type *slag-ja, fern. dash or throw about. Icel. sletta, to slap, from *slag, for *slah, base of A. S. slean, dab, dash liquids about ; Norweg. sletta, to to smite.-^-Du. slegge, slei, Swed, slagga, Icel. sletta, sb., a dab, Icel. sleggja, a sledge or heavy hammer. fling about, jeik Allied to which are Dan. See Slay (i). spot of ink. Sleek, Slick, smooth, glossy. (E.) slat, slatten, slattet, loose, s/at, a slop Icel. slfkr, sleek, smooth. flabby; slattes, to become slack; slatte, M. E. slike. a slattern Low G. slatje, a slattern. Allied to Du. shjk, North Fries, shek, E. G. schlick, grease cf. Fries, silk, slime Slut is quite distinct. *([ Slaughter , sb. (Scand.) M.E.slaghter. the Low G. strong verb s liken (pt. t. sleek, Icel. slatr slaughter, whence slatra, to pp. sleken} = G. s<hleichen (pt t. schlicK) to The slink, crawl, move as if through mire see slaughter cattle; cf. Noreen, 224. A. S. word is -sleaht, whence M. E. slaught. Slink. The Teut. type of the verb is +Du. Swed. slatf, G. schlacht (Teut. type *sleikan~, pt. t. *s!aik, pp. *slikanos. Orig. All from *slah, the base of sense greasy,' like soft mud. *slah-ta). Slay, q. v. Sleep, vb. (E.) A. S. sl&pan, slepan, Slave. (F.-L -Gk.-- Slavonic.) F. pt. t. j^.-fDu. slapen Goth, slepan G. The sb. is A. S. s/p t esclave. Late L. sclavns, a Slavonian sfhlafen, to sleep. Late Gk. 'E07cAa0i}i/oy, Du. slaap, Goth. sl?ps, G. schlaf, O. H. G. captive, a slave. allied to Low G. the same. The origin of Slavon-ian is s/df, orig. drowsiness ; unknown Miklosich, p. 308. slapp, G. schlaff, lax, loose, flabby, unbent,
;

'

'

'

Slaver,

to

slabber.
;

(Scand.)

Icel.

slafra, to slaver

cognate with

Low

G.

relaxed (as in sleep). Teut. type *sl&pan-, Allied to L. labi, to glide; redupl. vb.

491

SLEEPER
Russ. slabuii, weak, slack.
i.

SLIT
Cf. E. sleepy,

O. H. G. slltan, to
sledge.

e.

inactive.
;

slide, G. schlitten, a Also Lith. slidus, slippery.

Sleeper, a block of wood under rails from the vb. above. (E.) Cf. F. dormant, a sleeper from dorrnir, to sleep. From O. Sleet. (E.) M. E. sleet. Merc. *slete A. S. *slyte, not found. Cf. E. Low G. sloten, pi. hailFries, slaite, hail
;

adj. (O.LowG.) M. E. slight, even or flat then plain, smooth, M. Du. slicht, even, simple, trivial, &c.

Slight,

orig. sense

plain, slecht, slight, simple, vile; cf. ' slichten, to slight, to make even or plaine,'

Hexham
Dan.

O.

Low G.
bad
;

stones (Lubben)

From

G. schlosse, hailstone. Teut. type *slautt- orig. sense un;

;

bad. 4- Icel.

slettr,

flat,

slight, even, simple, smooth, tiivial ;

known.

Cf. also

sletta, sleet,

Dan. slud, sleet, f Norw. seems to be unrelated.

sltf, a sleeve a sleeve; N. Du. sloove, a veil, cover
; ;

A.

Sleeve. (E.) O. Merc, S. j//:+M. Du. sieve,

cf.

Swed. slat, smooth, Goth, slaihts, smooth G. schlecht, bad, schlicht, smooth, plain, Teut. homely; O. H. G. sleht, smooth. type *slehtoz, smooth. Root unknown.
slet, level,

worthless, slight

Fries. slief;

M.

G. sluwe, a husk, shell. From Teut. root *sleub variant form Q{*sleup, whence M. H. G. sloufe,*. cover, allied to M. H. G. sloufen, to let slip, cover. Cf. Goth, sliupan (pt. t. slaw]), pp. s!u-

Du. sloof, an apron

Low

Slim. (Du.) Orig. sense ' oblique ; thence weak, poor, thin, bad, slight; prov. M. Du. slim, awry, crafty. E. slim, crafty.
M. H. G. -J- G. schlimm, bad, cunning slimp, oblique, slanting, awry Dan. Swed. slem, worthless; Icel. sfamr, vile. Slime. (E.) A. S. J/////.+DU. slijm ; Swed. slem ; Dan. shim ; G. Icel. slim Cf. L. llmus, mud. schleim. Sling, vb. (Scand.) From Icel. slyngva,
; ; ;

pans\
to slip,

to slip, creep into.

It is

thus allied

from the slipping of the sleeve on and off, in dressing and undressing. See Slip, and Slop (2).
there

Sleigh.. is no

(Du.)

An
cf.

ill

-spelt

woid

slongva, to sling,

throw, pp." slunginn

;

final guttural.
k

Du

lec,

short
for

for skdc, a sledge;

sledekoets,
lit.

Du.

sleekoets,

O. H. G. schlingan, to wind, twist, sling, Du. slingeren,

Swed. slinga, to twist

to toss,
pt.
t.

cf.

site, for slede,

a sledge -coach.* Cf. Norw. a sledge see Sled.

:

sling.

Teut. type *slengivan-

Icel. slagd, slyE. sleigh the. So also Icel. slagr, sly. ness, cunning. Swed. slojd, dexterity, from slog, dexterous.

sleightn;

Sleight, M.

dexterity.

(Scand

For

See Sly, Sloid. Slender, thm, feeble. (F. O. Low G.) M. E. sdendre, slendre. O. F. csclendrc, M. Du. 'sklendre;' Palsgrave, p. 323. as sb., a waterslinder, slender, thin snake, named from its gliding or trailing.
; ;

A. S. shngan (rare), to be a variant of slincan. creep, seems See below. Der. sling, sb. slang, q. v. Slink. (E.) A. S. slincan, to creep; nasalised form of A. S. *$lican (not found), which is cognate with Low G. silken, to creep (pt. t. deck, pp. slekeri), and G.
*slang.
^[ to
;

schleichen, to creep (pt. t. jr///ftrA).+Swed. dial. slinka($\..\.. slanJS}; cf. Lith. slinkti,to

also to Sling. Allied to Sleek Slip. (E ) A .weak verb due to the M. Du slinderen, also slidderen, to drag, weak grade of A. S. *slipan cf. A. S. slipLow G. shndcm, to or, slipig, slippery, -f Du. slippen, Swed. train along, trail slide on the ice (whence Low G. slender, slippa, O. H. G. slip/an, to slip, weak a trailing gown). Nasalised forms from \erbs allied to Du. dijpen, G. schleifen, We also Cf. O. H. G. slintan in to grind smooth, whet, polish. the verb to slide, find A. S. slupan, pt. t. slcap, pp. shpen Schade. see cf. Goth, sliupan, pt. t. slaup, pp. slupans, Sleuth. - hotUld, a slot-hound
creep.
;
; ; ;
\

SlOt

- O. H. G.) M. K. slice, (F. O. F. esdice, a splinter, shiver, sclice. O. F. escluir, to slit piece of split wood (whence E. slice, vb.).-O. H. G. *shtjan, to slit, shzzen, related to sclizan, slizan, shiver (whence O. F. csclier, to shiver),
Slice,
sb.

(2).

to slip or creep into.

Teut. types *sleipanlatter is allied to L.

and *sleupan~.
lubricus,

The

cognate with E. sht \ see Slit. Slick; see Sleek.

Slide, vb. (E.) A. S. slidan, pt. t. slad, pp. sliden. Cf. also A. S. slidor, slippery ;

slippery; see Lubricate. Cf. Der. slipp-er, a 553, 563. loose shoe easily slipped on; slipper-y, from A. S. slipor, slippery, with added -y And see sleeve, sloop. Slit. (E.) M. E. slittcn, weak verb; from the weak grade of sliten, strong verb. A. S. siitan, to slit, rend ; pt. t. slat, pp. slitcn.+\v&. slita, Swed. slita, Dan. shoe,

Brugm.

i.

49*

SLIVER
to rend

SLOW
;

Du. slijten, to wear out O. H. G. dizan, G. schleissen, to slit, whence schlitTeut. type *sleitan-, pt. t. zen, to slice.
;

O. Fries, and Du.

slot,

a lock, fastening.

*statt.

Der.

slice.

Sliver, a
sliver,

chip ; A. S. -slifan, to cleave,

to-slifan.

M. E. splinter, twig. (E.) dimin. of prov. E. stive, a slice, from M. E. sliuen (sliveri) to cleave.
,

Clause. (/SKLEUD.) Slot, a narrow depression or aperture, may be pt. t. slat-, Slobber, Slubber, to do carelessly, fiom Du. shot, a trench, a furrow. to sully. Dan. stubbie, to Slot (2), track of a deer. (O. F.(Scand.) O.F. esclot, track, trace. -Icel. slabber; Swed. dial, slubbra, to slubber, Scind.) slobber, be disorderly, frequent, of Swed. sloB, a track, trail (whence, immediately, dial, slubba, to mix liquids carelessly, to M. E. sloth, sleuth, a tiack, E. sleuthbe careless. Cf. also Du slobberen, to hound} Swed. dial, slo, a track.
parallel see Slit.
to
<ee
;

pt.

t.

form

A.

-slaf\ in S. slttan,

(Teut. *s/ut-\ weak grade of so also Low G. slot, a sluiten, to shut bar, from sluten, to shut; G. schloss, a lock, a castle. find also Swed. sluta, sc kites sen, O. H. G. sliozan, to shut ; allied to O. Fries, sluta, also skluta, to shut and hence to L. daudere, to shut ;
slot;

Du.

We

aip up; Low G slubbern, to lap, Allied to Slabber.

sip.
I

Sloth.
Slow,
from
^f

(E.)

Lit.

*sloiv-th, directly

from the

Sloe.
pi

(E.)

M.E.
sice,

slo.

slan.

4"Du.

A.S.s!a,sIaJi,

The

'slowness.' adj. slow.

For
See

E.

word was slcwth,

Du.

?/<?<?;

Daa.

slaaen\ Swed. slan\ G. schlche,

pi. sihle-

hen\ O. H.G. s/eha.

Teut. type an animal (translating Span, perczoso, slothful, a sloth) ;

S.

A.

slawti,

sloth,

*slaiwi))a.

Der

sloth,

Slogan, war-cry. (Gael)

ghairm* the signal
;

G&zl.stuaghlit.
'

slothful

cry of the host' Gael, (and Inshl tluagh, host, army (W. llu] gatrm, outcry, gairm, to cry out; cf. Irish gairm, W. garni, outciy, O. Irish gair, \V\gaivr, outcry, 'L.garrire, to prate. Cf. Slughorn.
for battle,

Slouch.,
gait.

to
Cf.

(F.)

have a clownish look or slouch, sb., a great lub-

eslochier, to

berly fellow (Phillips). -O.F. esloucher, be loose in the joint, to waver. O.F. es- (L. ex), out, away; lochier

Sloid, manual
lished from

dexterity. (Swed.) EngSwed. slojd\ see Sleight.

sleep,

Sloop, a ship. (Du. M. Du. sloepe, a

Low
sloop.
;

(F. lochcr),io shake, to be loose, prob. from luike, G. locker, loose. Perhaps affected by Norw. sloka, to go slowly and

M. H. G.

G.)

Du.
G.

Low

sluup, slupe, a sloop; whence (apparently) the O. F. chaloupe, a shallop see Shallop Perhaps from Low G. slupen, to glide, See Slip. ong. to slip. Slop (i), a puddle. (E.) M. E. sloppe, a pool. A. S. -sloppe, -slyppe, the sloppy dioppmgs of a cow, as in cii-sloppe (cowslip) ; also A. S. slyppe, a viscid substance. ' Ong sense something slippery ; cf. Icel. slop, slimy offal of fish. See further below. Slop (2), a loose garment. (E.) M.E.
'

heavily, Swed. sloka, to dioop. (i), a muddy pool, mire. (E.) M. E. slogh, slough A S. tloh (stem slog-), a slough. ardly allied to Irish slugpholl,

Slough

awhiilpool; slugaim, I swallow up; Gael. slugan, a gulf, from sluig, to swallow up. Rather, to Bavar. schlung, a chasm. Slough (2), the cast skin of a snake, &c the dead part which separates from a sore. Pronounced slnf. M. E. (E.) slouh, slughe, slou^e, skin ot a snake.
;

The corresponding word appears

dialects

in

Swed.

A. S. -slop, -slype, in comp. ofererof slype, an upper garment. From A.S. slop- (Teut. *ship-}, weaker grade of because the outer garment ililpan, to slip
sloppe.
slop,
;

as slug (Rietz), which is prob. allied to G. schlauch, M. H. G. sluch, a

skin, bag.
TA. Du. (Du.) M.E. stoveyn. a sloven with M. E. sufhx -ein (~F. -ain, L. -amts). Cf. Du. slof, careless; slof, sb., neglect, an old slipper; sloffen, to neglect, to go slipshod. So also

Sloven.

slof, sloef,

So also Du. slop, a easily slipped on. gap in a hedge to slip through ; prov. E. sloppy, loose. -I- Icel. sloppr, a slop, long
is

loose gown.

Slope, an
a
slope,

incline.

Compare Sleeve. M. E. (E.)

slope

less;

the

weak grade

on the slope, ready to slip. From (slop-) of A.S. slupan,

(Du.)

G. sluf, slovenly sluffen, to be careE. Fries, sluf, sluffe, a sloven; sluffen, to be careless.
;

Low

to slip.

Slot

See above. (i), a bolt of a door, bar,

Slow. (E.) A.S. sl&w, slow.f Du. sleeuw, Icel. star, sljor ; Dan. slov, Swed. slo, blunt, dull ; O.Sax. sleu ; O.H.G. silo.

493

SLOW-WORM
Teut. type *slaiwoz ; allied to L. laeuus, Russ. lievuii, Gk. \at6s, left (of the hand). Slow-worm. (E) In popular ety' mology, it is a slow worm/ but the true sense is ' slay-worm/ the snake that strikes.

SMALL
schlump. Of imitative origin cf. Norw. and Lowl. Sc. slump, the noise made by an object falling into water. Cf. plump
;
^

dump.

seems to be This Icel. sld, to stiike. is clearer from Swed. sla or ormsla, a slow-worm, where onn TfL. worm, and so also sla is striker/ from sla, to strike Norw. ormslo, a slow-worm, also called s/o, from slaa, to strike.

A. S. sla-wyrm borrowed from

where

sld

Slur, to contaminate, pass over lightly with slight notice. (M. Du.) The orig. sense is to trail in mud, draggle hence, to pass over slightingly. M. Du. sleurcn,
;

slooren, to drag, trail

cf.

sloorigh,
;

filthie,'

'

M.E. (E.) North Fries slick, E. Fries. slucke, shche. s/ik, slime. -f-Du. slijk, prov. G. schlick, ^|~ The u is due to grease ; see Sleek.
confusion with E dial. slud wet Du. slodder, a sloven.
t

Slubber; see Slobber Sludge, soft, greasy mud.

sleuren, to trail. Also Low G. sluren, storen, to draggle, Swed. dial, slora, to be negligent ; Norw. slora, to be negligent, sully, sloda, sloa, to draggle, sloda, sloe, a trail ; E. Fries, slttren, sluren, to go about carelessly

Hexham, and M. E. slor, mud Du

and

noisily.

mud

cf.

Slug,
slug,

to be inactive.

siuggen, vb.,

shigge,

(Scand.) sluggard.

M.

E.

Cf.Icel. (Scand.) M. E. slutte. a heavy, loglike fellow; Swed. dial. Dan. dial. slata, a slut, slater, an idler Norw. slott> an slotcr, a slovenly person

Slut.

slottr,

Dan.

idler.

Also

Icel.

slola, to

droop, Norw.

sink, appearing in slug yet, slukorct, having drooping ears ; Swed. dial, slogga, to be sluggish ; cf.

weakened form of

sluta, to droop ; allied to Dan. slat, slatten, Cf. slot-, weak grade of loose, flabby. Norw. stetta (strong verb), to dangle,
drift,

Norw.
droop.
kern,

sloka,

Note
to
;

to slouch, Swed. sloka, to also Low G. slukkern, slakloose,

idle about
slat^t}

(Aasen).
;

p.

From

the

2nd giade
slut,

we have Dan.

slatte, a

be

shtkk,

melancholy,

downcast

Du.

slugg-ard, with

Der \luik, slender, thin. O. II G. F. suffix -ard (

schlotzcn, schlutzen, a slut; ^chlotzen, to be caieless.

also

and slat, Bavanan

loose

see Slattern.

Note

Sly, cunning. (Scand ) M. E. sligh, a battle-cry. (C.) Icel. sltgr sly, cunning Igno- sleih, sleh. rantly used by Chatterton and Browning Swed, ilog handy, dexterous prob. allied to mean a sort of horn; but really Mid. to Slay, ^f Distinct from Swed. shig Sc. slogorne, a corruption of slogan, a Dan. slug, r/#; Du. sluw, G. schlau. Der. sleight. See Slogan. war-ciy. M.E. smak, (E) Sluice, a flood-gate (F.-L) O. F. (i), taste. a "since, floudgate Late sinach. Cot A. S. smc?c, taste, flavour; cf. escluse, L. exclftsa, a flood-gate shut off Miuzccan, to taste, -f* M. Du. smaeck, lit. Du smaak', Dan. ^mag, Swed. smak; (water; pp. of ex-chldcre, to shut out. L ex, out claudcre, to shut. G. geschmack, taste. Der. smack, vb., to Slum; pi. shuns, dirty back streets taste. Cf. prov. E slump, wet mire; Low (E.) (2), a sounding blow. (Scand.) G. slam, mire (Lubberi) Dan. and Sued. Confused with the word above, but perslam, G. schlamm, mire. haps distinct; prob. of imitative origin.
-hart, cognate with K. hard}.

Slug-horn,

Smack

'

Smack

Slumber,
crescent.

verb. (E ) E. slumeren, E. sliimen ; to slumber

The
;

b is ex-

Swed. smacka,

to

smack, Swed.

dial.

M.

frequent,

of

from slume

smakka,\. throw down noisily; srnakka, to hit smartly; Dan. sm&kke, to rap; E.
Fries,

(also sloumbe), sb., slumber, A.S. sluwa, slumber, -f" I^u* shiimeren\ Dan. sb.,

smakken, to smack the lips. Cf. Dan. smatk, a smack, lap Du. smak, a
;

stumre, frequent, of slumme, to slumber

loud noise.

Swed slumra, The sb. sluma

to

be silent

G. schlummern, vb. from Tctit. root *sleu2nd grade *slau, whence

vb.
is
;

Smack (3),

a fishing-boat.

(Du.)

M.
;

Goth slawan,

to be silent (Kluge).
fall

Du. smacke, Du. smak, a smack, hoy whence also Dan. smakke. Generally thought to stand for snack cf. A. S. snacc,
;

Slump,
Prov. E. accident
;

or failure. (E.) Cf. Swed. Dan. slump, a chance,

a sudden

a small vessel

Icel. snekkja, a swift vessel,

Low

G. slump (Danneil)

G.

Dan. snekke, Swed. snacka. Small. (E.) A. S. jwtf/.+Du. Dan.

494

SMALLAQE
Goth. smals, G. schmal* narrow. Allied to Icel. smali, small cattle, sheep ; Gk. f*7J\ov, a sheep ; Russ. maluii, small. ^J Icel. smdr, Dan. smaa, Swed. sma, small, are allied to O. H. G. smahi, small.
;

SMITH
are causal forms;
cf.

Swed. smal, narrow, thin

;

Westphal. smelten,

small

O. H. G. smelzan, str. vb., to melt. From the Teut. verb * smeltan-, to melt, pt. t. * smalt (whence E. smalt}, pp. *smultanoz. And cf. Gk. pfaSfiv, to melt, render fluid.

Brugm.

i.

475.

For small ache from L. apium, parsley.

;

Smallage,

celery.

(E. ; and F. -L.) F. ache, parsley

<

blue enamel. (Ital. O. H. G.) smalto, enamel. From the 2nd grade of O. II. G. smelzan, str. vb.. to become liquid, whence also O. II. G. smelzen, *chmelzen t VKak vb., to smelt; from the method of preparation; see Smelt (i).

Smalt,

(E.) A.S. smelt, smylt. The prov. -f-Dan. smelt, Norw. smelta. E. smolt means a young salmon, when it
first

Smelt (2), a fish.

assumes
a.

its
*

silvery scales;

and piov.

Ital.

E. smolt
called

means smooth and

Smew,

shining.' small diving- bird. (E.) Also

See also Enamel.

Smaragdus.
Gk.
marakata(ni) See Emerald.
,

(L.-Gk.)

I,

smaragdus

(Tpapaydos,

an emerald. Cf. Skt marakta(m}, an emerald.

Cognate with E. smec, smeeth. Fries, sment, Du. smtent, smew. The Du. smicnt is explained as small duck '; from O. Du. *smehi anud, small duck; where *sme/n is cognate with O. H. G. smahi, and *anud Icel. sma-r, Swed sma, small (*amd) is Du. eend, A. S. ened, G. ente, duck. Cf. G. schmal-ente, small wild duck.
*

Smart,
smerten.

to

A.

feel M. E. (E.) pain. S. smeortan."\-T)Vi. smarten,

Dan. smerte, Swed. smarta, G. schmerzen. Also allied to L. mordere, to bite Skt. mrd, to rub, grind, crush Gk. cr/icp8aA.os, terrible. (VSMERD.) Der. smart, sb.
;

Smile, vb. (Scand.) Swed. smila, to Allied to L. smile, smirk ; Dan. with. mirari, to \\onder at; Russ. smiekK , a laugh ; Gk. /m5do>, 1 smile ; Skt. snii, to
smile.

O/SMEI.)
to besmear.

Smirch,
from

smart, adj
lively,

Apparently formed from E. mash, to mix up, by prefixing s- (from O. F. cs~, L. ex), an intensive prefix.
(E.) M.E. smateren, hence, to prate, talk Cf. Swed. smattra, to clatter; ignorantly. G. schmettern, to smash, to resound Fiona a repetition of smat, an imitative sound see Smack (2). Cf. M. H. G. smctzen, to prattle. [Parallel to prat-tie,

A S. smeart. Smash. (E) A late word.

painful, also pungent, brisk,

M.

E.

smcr-en,

Extended (E.) smear to see

;

Smear.

Smirk.
to
(

smile.

S. smerdan, smearcian, (E.) Cf. O. Noithumb. smcrdon,

ix. 24.

deridebant,' Mat.

Smattering, sb.
make
a noise
;

to

(hai-tcr

cf.

Swed. snattra, to chatter.]

A. S. sminan, to smear.
fat,

Smear.
also
Icel.

(E.)

h.S.smitan, pt. t. snuu, pp. ,w/z/ft.-f>Du. smijten; Dan. smide, to fiing; G. schmeissen, to smite, fling, cast; O. II. G. smizan, to throw, stroke, smear. Cf. Goth, bismeitan, to besmear, p. The smear or rub over, as orig. sense was to in Gothic; cf. M. Swed. smita, to smite, To rub over seems to smeta, to smear. have been a sarcastic expression for to we find well anoynted well beaten, beat
(E.)
' '
'

Smite.

'

A.S. smeru, smeorti,

grease.
;

So Romance of Partenay,

1.

smyrja, Dan. smore, Swed. smorja, G. schmieren, to smear and Du. smeer, Dan Swed. smor, G. schmeer, fat, Goth, smairthr, grease, O. H. G. smero fatness. Cf. O. Irish smir, marrow; W. mer, marrow; Lith. smanas, fat; Gk. Der. smir-ch, pvpov, unguent. Smell, odour. (E.) M. E. smel, smut.
;

Smith.
-smitha.

(E.)

A.

S.

5653. smid, a

worker

with the hammer. -f-Du. srnid', Icel. smidr', Dan. Swed. smed; G. schmied\ (loth.
Cf.
Icel.

smld, smith's work

*

Du. smijdig, G. geschmeidig, malleable

Allied to Du. smeuhn, E. Fries, smalen, to

Low

G. smelen, smoulder. Cf.

Smoulder.

Der. smell, vb.

;

The forms smith, *smith, (with f). point to a lost strong verb *smeith-an-, to forge, pt t. *smaith, pp. *smithanoz, to forge, actually preserved in Swed. dial. smida, to forge, pt. t. smed, pp. smiden Hence, as weak verbs, Dan. (JRietz).

(Scand.) Dan. stnede, Swed. smida, to forge. Cf. O.H.G. Swed. smalta, to smelt. smida, metal, Gk. a/^-Ar;, a graver's tool. Der. smith-y, A. S. (Properly a Swed. word.)f-M. T)\\. smitten, Biugm. i. 849. These smelten, G. schmelzen, to smelt. (Icel. smibja\
(i ), to fuse ore.

Smelt

smelte, to smelt

495

SMOCK
Smock,
A.
a

SNARE
(E.)

G. schmuck, trim, spruce cf. schmucken, to adorn, M. H. G. smucken, to clothe, adorn, derived from the weak grade of type *smugnoz, The Teut. *smug- is re- the M. H. G. strong verb smiegen, to creep Brugm. i. 89). presented by A. S. smog-, weaker grade of into, cognate with. A. S. smugan, to creep. smugan, to creep into. So called because P. Thus smug meant dressed or trim
shirt.

woman's
smoc.

M.

E.

swok.

S.

For smocc Teut. Idg. type *smuqnos

;
;

'

'

Cf. crept into/ or put over the head. Shetland smook, to draw on a glove or

See Smock. allied to smock, attire. to import or export

smokkr, a smock from smog-, weak grade of smjuga, to creep through a hole, to put on a garment ovei
stocking,
-f"

Icel.

the head. Cf. M. Swcd. smog, a round hole for the head. A. S. smoca. sb. Cf. (E.) A. S. smoc-, weak grade of the stiong verb smeocan (pt. t. smeac), to .smoke, reek. -fDu. smookj sb ; G. schmauch, sb. Per-

Dan. smugle, to smug, secretly, smugSwed. smuga, handel, contraband trade a lin king-hole, Icel. smuga, a hole to
secretly.

smuggle,
cf.

(Scand.)
i

smuggle;

Smoke,

Tcel. stnug-, weak grade creep through. of smjiiga, to creep, creep through a hole,

cognate with A. S. smugan, to creep

see

Smock.

haps Irish much, smoke, W. mwg, smoke, are fiom K. Cf. Lith. smaug-iu, I choke; Gk. fffjLvxftv (2 aor. tfffjLvyTjv], to smoulder. Der smoke, vb., from A. S. smocian, weak
verb
also

Smut, a spot of dirt or soot. (E.) For the base smut-, cf. M. E. smotten, bi-smoG. schmutz, dirt. tereu, to smut p. from Swed. also find smutch, for * smuts
;

We

smuts

smut, diit; whence Swed. smutsa,

;

Brugm
smethe.
;

i.

Smooth,

adj.

849. (E.]

to soil

see
;

Smudge.
see

M.

E.

smoothe

Snack

A. S. smede, Northumb. smoe^c sometimes smo$, smooth. The form smede represents *smoth-joz (with mutation of o to <?) and further, the base
;

Snaffle.

nose-piece. M. Du. snavel, snabel, O. Fries, snavel, mouth

Snatch. For snaffle-piece, i.e. ) Du. snavel, a horse's muzzle;

(Du

bill, snout G. schnabel,

cf.

bill.

*smoth- represents a Teut. biie *smanth-, so ' that *smothjoz is for *smanth-joz, creamy.' The base appears in Bohem. smant, cream whence the G. schmant* (RusS. smetana] cream, is borrowed. Cf. Bavar. schmand, cream. Der. smoothe, vb.
;

Dimin.

of

M. Du.
lit

sneb, bill,

'snapper;'

snabbe, snebbe, Du. from *snabben,

paiallel form to M. Du. snappen, to snap up; see Snap. Cf. Du snebbig, snapLith. snapas, bill. pish
;

Formerly smorther M. E. s wort her, a suffocating smoke, lit. 4 that which stifles; formed (with sufnx -ther of the agent) from A. S. smor-ian, to stifla, smother. -f Du. and E. Fries, smoren,
(E.)
1

Sm other, sb.

a short branch, knot on a stick, Prob. of (Scand.) abiupt projection. Scand. origin cf. Norw. snage, a projecting tongue of land Icel. snagi, a clothes-

Snag,

to

stifle,

smother.

Hence, perhaps, prov. E. snag, to peg. Gael. trim, cut small branches from a tree Miaigh, to hew, cut do\vn, trim trees ; Irish
;

vb. (E ) M.E. smolderen, E smolder, sb a stifling from *smol-ther. Cf. Low smoke. Smol-der G. smelen, smolen, to smoulder smoln, to give out fumes (Danneil) ; Du. smculeu Allied to Small.

Smoulder,
;

vb.

snaigh, a hewing, cutting

Snail.
snegel,

(E.)

M.E

snayle.

<

snail. -f" Icel. smgill,

A.S. snagl, Dan. snegl;

Swed.

Smudge.
(Hall.)
;

smogen weakened form of smutch. Dan.

(Scand.)
;

*snegiloz, masc. a snake (Nojeen,

cf.

snigel, a slug. Teut. types *snagiloz, Allied to A. S. snaca,

E.

Low

G. snigge,

252). See below ; and schnecke, a snail.

smuds, smut, dirt smudse, to soil. Cf. M. E smod, dirt E. Fries, and Low G. smudden, to soil Du. srnoddig, dirty. See
; ;

Snake. (E.) A. S. snaca, a snake -f Icel. snakr, sntkr-, Dan snog\ Swed. snok. From Teut. verb *snak-an-, to creep, pt. t. *sftdk, as seen in O. H. G. snahhan,
pt.
t.

Smut.
merly smoog, smug\ weakened form of *smuk. Dan. smuk, pietty, fine, fair; (South Dan. snwgg, N. Fries, smock, Swed. smuck, schmnck, Outzen) ; Low G. smuk, neat, trim; elegant, fair.

snuoh.
vb.

Smug",

neat, spruce. (Scand. -G.') For-

(Du.) Du snappen, to snap, snappe, Swed. snappa, G. schnappen ; M. H. G. snaben. Base See Snaffle, *snap, similar to *snak.

Snap,

snatch

Dan.

Suatch.

Snare, a noose.

(E.)

A.S. sneare, cord,

SNARL
string, noose. +Du. snaar, a string; Icel. snara\ Dan. snare ; Swed.snara; O.H.G. snarahha, a noose, 0. The O. H. G. snarahha shews an orig. final guttural; the sb. is from a strong verb, seen in O. H. G. snerhan, to twist tightly from a base SNERH = Idg. -/SNERK, whence Gk. vapicr), cramp; see Narcissus. Cf. -^SNER, to twist, wind; see Nerve, whence y. All from ^SNE, to wind, spin L. nere, to spin, G. schnur, a string. Snarl, vb. (E.) Frequentative form of
;
;

SNORT
clip see
;

Snap.+E.

allied to snappen, to snap, intercept ; Fries, snippen; G.

Low

G. schnippen^ to snippeln, to cut small snap, allied to schnappen. Cf. E. Fries.

:

snip, sharp ; snip, snippe, a small piece of land, Prob. confused with Nip. Der. fl" snip, sb.
snipp-et, a small piece. a bird. (Scand.) M. E. snype. Icel. snipay a snipe ; Dan. sneppe, a snipe ; vSwed. snappa,y a sand-piper. -f-Du. snip, snepy M. Du. snippe, sneppe ; G. schnepfe.
;

Snipe,

mar,

to

shew one's teeth

'
.

snarre in Palsgrave. but cf. M Du. snarren, to brawl, to scould, or to snarle,' Hexham. G. schftarren, to

like a dog, spelt Not found in A. S ;

It refers to the long See Snip, Snap.

bill

lit.

snipper.*

growl, snarl;

M. H. G.

snacchen, as if Sc. snak, a snap of the jaws.4*Du. suakken, to gasp. See Base *sitak, parallel to *snap. " Snap. Der. snack, sb., a portion, lit. a bit snatched up,' a hasty meal, a share ; to go snacks to go shares. Also prov. E. sneck, snap or latch of a door. Sneak. (E.) Variant of M. E. smken, A.S. snican, to creep, Teut. type *sneikan-\ The A. S. pt. t. *snaik, pp. *snikanoz. pt. t. sndc would give a deriv. *sit8>can f Cf. Guernsey sn$representing E. sneak. quer, to rob slily.+Icel..zz-*)i**, hankering after, from a lost strong verb ; Swed. dial, snika (pt. t. siiefy, to hanker after; Gael, Dan. sniga si?, to sneak, slink

And see Sneer, Snort. Snatch. (E.) M. E.

from *snak;

snar, a growling.

cf.

Lowland

Suite (i), to wipe the nose. (E.) A. S. *snyian, whence snytingy sb., a sneezing ; E. Fries, snutetty to smte.+Du. smitten, from smtity snout, nose; Icel.snjpta, Swed. snytay Dan. snyde, to snite ; from Swed. snnt, Dan. snttde, snout ; see Snout. Snite (2), a snipe. (E.) M. E. snite. A. S. snite, a snite or snipe. Cf. Snipe.
Snivel, to snuffle, to whimper. (E) M. E. snuveleUy sneuelen (sne,veleri}\ as if
from A. S *snyflian. From A. S. snofl, mucus. Cf. Swed. sno/fa, Dan. snovle, to
snuffle
;

Low G. snuff,

snuffy a nose, snout.

See Snuff.

M. E. sneren. to scoff. (E.) Cf. E. Fries, sntren, to frizzle, to cause a hissing noise, to sneer at ; Dan. snarre, to grin like a dog, shew one's teeth at a

and Irish snaig, snaigh, to creep (from E Sneap, to pinch, check see Snub.
;

).

Snob. (Scand.) Prov. E. snob, a vulgar person, also, a journeyman shoemaker, snap, a lad, servant, usually in a ludicrous sense ; Lowl. Sc. snab, a cobbler's boy. Dan. dial, snopp, snupp, bashful, silly; Icel. snapr, a dolt, with the notion of impostor, a boaster, used as a by- word; Swed. dial, snopp, a boy, anything stumpy ; cf. Swed. dial, snoppa, to cut off, make
stumpy and
;

see

Snub.

Cf.

Swed. snopen,

Sneer,

ashamed.

Snood,
a
fillet;

a fillet, ribbon. (E.) A. S. snod, Cf.Jcel, orig. 'a twist/ wreath.

person

allied to

Sneeze,
hsisf/ieseti

Snarl. vb. (E.) M.E.snesen, Chaucer

snftdr, a twist ; also ysnoden,

W.

Swed. snoddy a string ; a fillet ; Irish snathe, a

thread.

All from Idg. root *sne, *snd, to

(Cant. Tales, H. 62), of which is snesen, occurring in the Camb. a modification. A. S. fneosan t to sneeze.

MS

spin, to twist ; whence G. sc/mti-r, a string; cf. Icel. snua, Dan. snoe, Swed. to t

mo

twist, twine.

Cf.

+T)\\.fniezen\ Swed. fnysa Gk. TTVoj, I breathe ; see

t

Dan. fnyse.
;

Snore,
;

Pneumatic. *fnorcn
see
snore.

Base *fntus- parallel form to *hneusNeeae.

M.E. $noren\ for (E.) A. S. fnora y sb., a snoring, From A. S.fnor- (</w WJT-), weak
vb.
cf.

Sniff,

to scent. (Scand.)

M.

E. snettien

lce\. *snefja, to sniff, a lost (snevten). verb, whence snafdr, sharp-scented, snefill, a slight scent ; Dan. snive, to sniff. Similar to Icel. snippa, to sniff; and cf.

ppa, a snout. lip, vb. (Du.)

}

Du. snippen, to

snip,

Low G. snurten, snarten, to make an From *snur- ; as in Low explosive noise. G. snurreny to hum, M. Du. snorrcn, to murmur. Variant forms are Dan. snorke, to snort ; Swed. snorka, to threaten (orig. lu

grade offneosan, to sneeze ; see Sneeze. Influenced by Snort. Snort, vb. (E.) M. E. snorteHy to snore.

497

SNOT
fume, be angry)
chen.
;

SOBRIQUET
G. schnarcandle
;

Du. snorken

Dan. snubbe, to nip

1

off.

See Snub.

And see Snarl. Snot, mucus from the

A.

Der.
nose. (E.)

smiff, sb.
.

M.

E.

snotte.

Du. Dan. snout.

S. ge-snot ; O. Fries, snotte ; Allied to Snite (i) and snot.

snout.
smite.

Swed. smit, snout, muzzle; Dan. snude\ G. schnauze. Cf. Dan. snue, to sniff, Low G. snau, prov.
snuit\

+ Du.^

(E.)

M. E.

snout'e, E. Fries.

(Scand.) Cf. prov. E. snug, tidy, Icel. snoggr, snog, the same. smooth, said of wool or hair; M. Swed. snygg, short-haired, trimmed, Swed. snygg, Dan. dial, snog, cleanly, neat, genteel Cf. E. Fries, snugge, snigge, neat, smart.

Snug

ti

immed up

smooth, neat.

'

Grig. E.
so.
;

trimmed

'

hence

neat, smart, tidy, comfortable.

Cf.

Snag.

G schnau, snout, beak. From a base *sneu\ whence Tent. vb. *snutan-, pt. t. *s/iaut, pp. *snutanoz. From the ist grade we have Swed. snut, Du. snmt, E snout from the 2nd, G. schnauze ; and from the
;

So.
so,

(E.)

M.
;

zoo, Icel. svdj svo, so

A.S. Jww.+Du. Dan. saa, Swed. sa,

9

Goth, swa
Cf.

*swa.

Gk.

us.

^rd, E. snot.

*sw0s, one's own ; one's own. Lit. in one's

*s Tent, types *su' of Idg. p. From a case cf. L. stttts, Skt. sva,

own

way.'

See

i. 362. (E.) A.S. sndw -J-Dti. sneeitw, Piellwitz; Brugm. Soak. (E.) It also means to suck up, Icel. snar, Dan. j^, Swed. sno, Goth. M. E. soken, (i) to suck. (2) to imbibe. snaiws, G. schnee also Lith. snegas, Kuss. L. ^r (gen. nims], Gk, ace. i>i</>a, soak. A.S. socian, to soak; from A.S. snieg', to Irish j/iw^rf, W. j/. (VSNEIGH ) Cf. soc- (Teut. suk-}, weak grade of sftcan, Cf. W. swga, soaked, uck. See Suck. to snow, L. ningit, Gk. yctyci, Lith

SnOW.

snigfi,

n snows.

Soap. (E.I TM.E.sofe. A.S. sape.+ Du. zecp [cf. Icel. sdpa, Swed. s&pa, from Teut. type *saipon, 'eife. A.S.]; from *saip, 2nd grade of *seipanfem. to trickle (M. H. G. sJfeti}\ hence also A. S. sap, resin, pomade, allied to sape. F. wvon* &c.) was cut off; Swed. dial, snubba, to snip 01 ^f L. wpo (whence tip the true L. to snap or bonowcd from Teutonic; off; E. Paries, smtbbeln, clip Allied to obs. E. uieap, (cognate) word seems to be sebum, tallow, snatch
to check, reprimand. (Scand.) Dan. Also sneb, smb. M. E. snibben. Swed. snubba, Icel. snibbe, to reprimand snubba, N. Fries, snubbe, to snub, chide. ' of a thing ; cf. Grig, to snip off' the end Icel. snubbolr, snubbed, nipped, with the
;

Biugm.

394.

sugno, to suck.
;

Snub,

away.

(3.

to pinch, nip, answering to Icel sneypa, to castrate, also to disgrace, snub ; Swed. Cf also Dan. dial. snopa, to castrate. Der. sneve, to dock, to snub, to nip. snub-nosed, i e. with a short 01 stumpy

gi ease.

Soar. (F. - L.") M. E. soren. F. eswer, * to expose to air in M. F., to soie up,' Cot. Late L. *exauraie, to expose to air.
;

nose, as

with the end cut off. Snub-nosed ; see above.

if

(Du.) From M. Du. smtffen cf. snuyven (Du. snuiven}, to snuffe out the filth out of ones nose,'

Snuff (i ),

to sniff, smell.
;

L. ex, out ; aura, breeze, air. Perhaps L. aura was borrowed from Gk. avpa, a suffix -ra breeze formed, apparently, with variant of WE, to blow. See from ',
;

Air.

Hexham

Du. snu/, smelling, scent

K.

Files snufen, snuven, to snuff up.+Swed. scent snufua, a catarrh, snufven, a sniff, cf. G. schnauben, schnaufen, schnieben, to snuff, snort (from a Teut base *sneub] G. schmipfen, a catarrh, sihnupfen, to take
;

E sobben, related to lament, -f G. setifzen, to sigh, O. II. G. suflon, to sob, O. H. _,-. '!_ __ 1_. _1lr___ /"\ T T /"> r.^.f*~* all from O. H. G. sufan, a sigh, sob uft, Allied to Sup. Der. to sup, sup up
Sob, vb
S.

A.

seojian,

(E.) to

M.

sob, sb.

snuff.

Der.

snuff,

powdered

tobacco

also snuff-le, prov. G. schnuffeln, schnuffeln. Snuff (2), to snip off the top of a candleM. E. snnffen, to snuff out wick. (E.) a candle; cf. snojfe, sb., the snuff of a candle. Parallel to *snuppen ; cf. prov. E. snop to eat off, as cattle do young shoots Swed. dial, sndppa, to snip off, snuff a
t
;

Sober. (F. L.) M. E. sob re. - F. sobre. L. soL. sobrium, ace. of sobrius, sober = se-, -brius, drunk, as apart, hence, not See Ebriety. in e> brius. (Doubtful.) Der. sobriety, M. F. sobriett, L. ace.
;

sobrietdtem.

Sobriquet, Soubriquet,
'

a
'

nick-

name. (F.) F. sobriquet, surname, nickCot. name, a jeast broken on a man

;

He

also spells

it

sotbriqitet,

sotibriquet.

498

soc
soubzbriquet, a chuck under the chin (i/jlh cent.) hence, a quip, an Here O. F. soubz, F. affront, a nickname. sous, is from L. subtus, below ; briquet has been conjectured to stand for bequet, dimin. of bee, beak, mouth ; cf. Ital. sotto-becco, a Percnssit super chuck under the chin. mentonem faciendo dictum le soubriquet A !> J 335- See Korting, and Little.
;
'

SOIREE
ibid.

From O. F.

(Similaily O. F. soulde, glasswort, answers to L. solida prob. from the hardness of the products obtained from glassL. solidus, solid, hard. See Solid. wort.) Der. sod-ium, a coined word.
;

Sodden

see

Seethe.

'

Soder, Solder, a firm cement from fusible metals. (F. L) Formeily soder, sometimes soulder now pi osoiuder,
;

Soc. Socage; see Soke. Sociable. (F.-L.) F.

soddbilis, companionable.

nounced
sociable.

-L.
fol-

L. socia-re, to

accompany.
lower
;

L.

socms,

companion,

See allied to L. sequl, to follow. Sequence. Der. as-sonate, dis-sodate.

F. soudure, M. F. (sod -or). souldure, 'a souldering, and particularly the knot of soulder which fastens the led ' Cot. O. F. [lead] of a glasse window ; souder, soulder, to consolidate, make firm. L. sotidare, to make firm. L. so/idus,
fiim.

Social.
soaus
f

(L.) above).

L. sodahs,

adj.,

from

See Solid.

F. sodett.-'L. ace. sodetdtem, from nom. sodetas, fellowL. sodus^ a companion; see Soship. ciable.

Society. (F.-L.) M.

(F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F. sodomie, a sin imputed to the inhabitants F. Sodome, Sodom. L. of Sodom.

Sodomy.

Sodoma.

Gk. 2o8o/x

Heb. bedom.

Sock.
light

(L.)

A.

S.

.swr.

L.

shoe,

slipper,

sock,

buskin

socais, ot

a a

comedian.

Socket. (F.-L. ?)
;

Cf. F. dial, soquctte,

l (Arab.) Arab, suffat, suffah, a Arab, root Rich. Diet. p. 936. sopha saffa, to draw up in line, to put a seat to a saddle ibid. Soft. (E.) A. S. softe, adv. soft, also

Sofa.
;

'

a stump of dead wood, patois de laMeuse scfte adj. (with /-mutation). 4* ^- ^ axWalloon sokett, a stump. safto, adv., softly G. sanft, soft O H.G. (Labourasse) Godefroy has socquet, (apparently) a cup- samfio, adv., gently Du. zacht, for zaft board. Prob. an A. F. dimin. of O. F. soc, (whence G. sacht}. Der. soft-en. a wooden clog (A.I). 1473). Cotg. has Soil (i), ground, country. (F. L.) ' A. F. soil; (cf. F. semi, socque, a sock or sole of durt, cleaving to M. E. soile Cf. Port socco, the foot in a cloggy way.' threshold of a door L. soli uni). Late wooden shoe or clog, mod. F. socque, a L. s-)lea soil, ground. Allied to L. solum, whence F. sol, soil, ground (from p. All from L. soccus, sock, shoe, ground clog. hence, a wooden shoe or clog. I conclude which, however, the E. word cannot be that sotlct is a dimin. of sock, notwith- directly derived). Cf. Gk. 65-a^>os, foundastanding the change in sense; cf. E. shoe, tion, ground. See Sole (i). a kind of socket, as a term in machinery Soil (2), to defile. (F.-L.) M. E. (Webster). <([ O. F. soket, a small plough- soilcn. [Not allied to M.E. sulen, E. O.F. soillier, F. somller, to soil ; share, is from a Celtic source, being allied sully I\ se souiller, to wallow as a sow. to O. Irish socc, a ploughshare. O. F. Sod. (E.) So called from the use of soil, sonil, the soile of a wild boar, the turf as fuel (?) Cot. or from its frequent mire wherein he hath wallowed Late L. suilltis, a pig L. suillus, wetness (?). The connexion with the verb to seethe appears clearly in Du. zode, adj., belonging to swine. L. sfis, a sow. sod, green turf, M. Du. sode, seething, also See Sow. Der. soil, sb., a stain quite sod; G. sode, sod, sod, bubbling up of boiling distinct from soil, ground. watei Low G. sood, a well, sode,& turf, sod Soil (3), to feed cattle with green grass, E. Fries, sod, a well sode, a cut turf, also, to fatten with feeding. (F.-L.) O.F.
;

<

'

boiling, cooking ; Dan. dial sodd, saadd, a sod Cf. also A.S.seajf, (See Franck.) a well, pit, sea8, pt. t. of seoftan, to seethe ; O. Fries, satha, sod, sdth, a well; A. S. See Seethe. ge-sod, a cooking.

saouler, to glut, *soeler, saoler, M. F. satiate (F. sotiler} ; cf. O. F. soeletntnt,

O.F. AW/, fall, cloyed. satiety (Godefroy). L. ace. sattillum, filled with food. L.
satur, full.
soire'e,

See Satiate.

(Ital.-L.) Ital. soda, 'a kind of fearne ashes whereof they make glasses l Florio. Fern, of Ital. sodo, solide, tough

Soda.

'

'

party. (F.-L.) F. evening; hence, an evening party. Cf. Ital. strata, evening. L. ser-w, late in

Soiree, an evening

499

SOJOURN
the day (whence Ital. sera, F. soir, evenwith suffix -ata (>F. -&). ; Sojourn, to dwell. (F.-L.) O.F. sojomer, sojoumer.'lL. sub, under; diuring)

SOLITARY

Soe
seul).

(3), rfone.

(F.-L.)

O.

L. solum, ace. of solus, alone.

Solecism,
writing.

nare, to stay, from diumus, daily ; which Cot. is from dies, a day. Gk. ffo\oi/ci(fiv, to speak incorsolecism. See Diary. Soke, SOC, a franchise, land held by rectly. Gk. <r6\oiKos, speaking incorrectly, ' The A. S. sacu meant a like an inhabitant of 26\oi (Soloi] in socage. (E.) ' contention,' a law-suit ; whence the Law Cilicia, where the Gk. dialect was corterm sac, the power of hearing suits and ruptly spoken. Der. solccist, sb. Solemn. (F. L) M. PI solempne. administering justice within a certain preF. solempne. cinct. The A.S. socn meant 'investigation,' L. solemnem, ace. of ' or a seeking into ; whence the Law solemms, older forms sotennis, sollennis, term soke, the right of hearing disputes annual, occurring yearly like a religious and enquiring into complaints, also, the rite, religious, solemn. L. sollus, entire, annus, a year. Hence solemn precinct within which such right was complete = returning at the end of a complete year. exercised ; see Blount, Spelman, Ellis, Thorpe, Schmid. p. Etymologically, sac The O.Lat. sollus is cognate with W. holl, Der. (A.S. sac't) is the same word as Sake, whole, entire. Brugm. i. 417. q v. Soke (A. S. soc-} is the exercise of solemn ity, -ise. judicial power; and soken (A.S. socn, Sol-fa, to sing the notes of the gamut. sdcen^ is an enquiry both allied to E. seek, (L. ) It means to sing the notes by the and derived from A. S. soc, strong grade names si, la, sol, fa, mi, re, ut (where, for of sacan, to contend see Seek. Der. ut, do is now used). These names are of Der. solfeggio, soc-age, a baibarous law term made by L. origin ; see Gamut. adding F. -age (L. -aticnm] to A.S. soc-. from Ital solfeggio, the singing of the (The o is long ) gamut cf. sol-mi- sation, coined from sol Solace, a relief. (F.-L.) M. E. solas. and mi. O. F. solaz (where s --/.r). L. solatium, Solicit. (F.-L.) M.Y.sotift'ter.-L. a comfort. L. solatus, pp. of soldri, to solhcitare, to agitate, arouse, urge, solicit. console. Allied to L sollus, Gk. oAos, L sollicitus, lit. wholly agitated. L. whole (Prcllwitz). Der. solace vb. solli-, for sollus, whole citus, aroused, pp. Solan-gOOSe y a bird. iScand. and E ) of ciere, to shake, excite. See Solemn The E. goose is an addition. Icel. sulan, and Cite. Der. solicitous, for L. solhcitus\ * lit. the gannet/ where -n stands for the solicit-ude, M.F. solicitude, from L. sollicidefinite article def. form of Icel. -siila, ttido, anxiety. in kaf-sula, i. e. sea-gannet, solan goose Solid. (F. L.) Y.solide solidum, ace. of solidtts, firm. Der. solidar-i-ty Norweg. sula, the same. ' a word which we owe to the F. comSolar, belonging to the sun. (L.) L. L. sol, sun. Icel. sol, munists, and which signifies a fellowSolaris, solar. Goth, sauil, Lith. saule, W. haul, Irish ship in gain and loss, a being, so to speak, ' all in the same bottom Trench. Also siil, Gk. 1j\tos (see Prellwitz); Skt. sura-, sun, splendour. Brngm. i. 481. solid-i-fy, from F. solidifier,\& render solid. Solder ; see Soder. Soliloquy. (L) Late L. soliloquium, M.E. sodiour, a speaking to oneself (Augustine). L. soli-, Soldier. (F.
'

impropriety in speaking or L. Gk.) M.F. soloecisme L. soloecismus. Gk. 00X01*101*65, a

(F

'

-,

-L

',

-L)

soudioitr, souldier.

soldier, soudoier, souldoyer, one who fights for pay; Late L solddrius. Late L. soldum, pay. Late L. solidus, a piece of money whence O. F.
(

OF.

for

solus,

alone;

loqui,

to

speak.

See

Loquacious.
animal with uncloven Short for solidiped. L. solidiped-, stem of solidipSs, solid-hoofed
hoof.

Soliped, an
(L
)

a solid piece.' L. E. * hard cash.' See Solid Sole (i), under side of foot or shoe. Late L. sola, for L. solea, (L.) A. S. sole. sole of the foot, or of a shoe. L. solum,
sol.
;

F. sou]

'

orig.

solidus, solid

cf.

(Pliny).

solidi-, for solidus, solid

/r,

Foot. Solitary. (F.-L.) A. F. solitaries cf. F.

a foot
;

see

M. solitaries solitaire. ^, soli-

M.

the ground.

See Soil.
a
fish.

tarius, solitary.

Sole
F. sole\

(2),

(F.-L.)

M.E.J0/*.-.

from

solitat-,

Short for *sdlitatdrius, stem of solitds, loneliness.

Cot.-L.

solea, the sole-fish.

L. sdlus, alone.

500

SOLITUDE
Solitude.
solitudo.

SOOTH
solitude. - L.
;

(F.
soli-,

L.

L. ) F. for sv/us, alone

Somnambulist,
his sleep. L. -ista

one

who walks
suffix

in

and
solo,

(L.)

Coined (with

&/

suffix -ttido.

SOlo.
alone.

(Ital.

L)

From

Ital.

somniferous, causing sleep. (L.) L. somnifer, sleep-bringing ; with suffix -ous. L. somni-, for somnus, sleep; -fer, solstitium, the solstice; lit. a point (in the to bring, p. The ecliptic) at which the sun seems to stand bringing, from ferre, L. sol, the sun -stit-um, for statum, L. somnus is for *swepnos, allied to still. W. hun, sleep. supine of sisteie, to make to stand still, Skt. svapna-, Irish siian, s ee Soporiferous. from stare, to stand. See State. (-/SWEP.) somnolence. (F. -L.) F. somnolence. Soluble. (F. - L.) F. soluble. - L. L. somnolentia, sleepiness. L. somnoL so tit-, base of soliibilis, dissolvable. L. somtto- (for somnus), solu-tus, pp. of solusre, to loosen ; with lentus, sleepy.

L. solus, alone. : see Sol-fa. Solstice. (F.-L.) F. solstice.

Gk. -KTT^S, as in bapt-ist) from L. somn-us, sleep, and ambul-dre, to walk. See below, and see Amble.

Solmisation

-L.

suffix -bilis.

See solve.
(F.

F. solution. L. solutionem, ace. of solutio, a loosing. L. solilf-tis, pp. of soluere, to loosen,

solution.

")

sleep (above) ; with suffix -lentus. Son. (E.) M. E. sone. A. S. sunu.+ I)u. zoon Icel. sunr, Dan. son, Swed. son,
',

G.

so/in,

Goth sunus.

Teut. tyj>e *sunuz.

1
',

solve.

soluere, (L.) Late L. .$Y7/z/m? L. to loosen, relax, explain ; pp. solutus. to loosen, allied j0- (for se-), apart;

solve.

Skt. sunu-^ Cf. Lith. sunus, Russ. stun Gk. mvs, vvs from Skt. su, su, to beget S 0-) (for *avyfa) ; O. Iiish suth, birth.
;

(V

//,
;

Brugm.

Gk. \v-tv, to set free, and to E. Lose. Der. solvent, from the 121. Brugm. i. stem of the pres. pt. and see above. Sombre, gloomy. (F. L.) F. sombre Cf. Port, and Span, sombrio gloomy. gloomy, from Port, and Span, sombra
to

104, 292. Sonata. (Ttal. L.) Ital. sonata, a sounding, a sonata. >rom the fern, of pp. L. sondre, to of Ital. sonare, to sound.

i.

sound, from sonus, sound. See Sound (3). Song*. (E ) M. E. song. A. S. sang. A. S. sang; 2nd grade of singan, to sing

Diez refeis these to L. umbra shade, with prefix sub ; cf. vu\.sotz-ombra
shade.
to

Littre refers shade. (See Korting.) them to L. umbra, shade, with prefix ex Either solution seems pos(intensive). See sible; the latter is the simpler.

Du. zang', Icel. songr; S\ved. sang', Dan. and G. sang Goth, saggivs (for sangws) See Sing. cf. Gk. o//0?J, voice.
;

estre,

Umbrage.

Sombrero,
L.) (Span. bra (above).
(E.) certain one, one

a.

broad-brimmed

hat.

S. sangystre, sangA. S. sang, 2nd grade of singan, to sing with double suffix -es-fre Der. songstr-ess, with F. of the agent. suffix, from Gk. -laaa.

Songster.
a singer.

(E.)

Span, sombrero.

Span, som-

Sonnet.
Ital. sonetto,

(F.

- Ital. L )

F. sonnet.
;

Some.

A
;

S.

sum, some one, a

sume, some. + Icel. sumr, Goth, sums, O H. G. sum, some one; Dan. somme, pi. cf. Swed. somlige, pi., some. Allied to Same. Der. some-body, -thing, -time, -times (where -s is an adpi.
;

verbial suffix).

a sonnet, canzonet dirain. of L. sonum, ace. of sono, a sound, tune. sonus, a sound. Der sonnet-eer, Ital. sonetSee Sound (3). tiere, a sonnet-writer. Sonorous. (I) For L. sonorus, loudL. sonor-, stem of sonor, sound, sounding. noise. L. sonare, to sound. L. sonus, sound.
;

-Some, suffix. (E.) A. S. -sum, as in Soon. (E.) M.E. sone. A.$.sona.+ Sax wyn-sum - E. win-some. Cf. G. lang-sam, O. Sax. sana, sano O. Fries., O. From the weak grade of Teut. M. H. G. san cf. Goth, suns aiw, suns, slow. see Same. *samo- same immediately. Somersault, Somerset. (F. - Ital. Soot. (E.) A.S. j#+Icel sot, Swed.
, ;
t
;

M.F. soubresault, 'a sobresault or L.) summersault, an active trick in tumbling Cot. -Ital. soprasalto.-lt*\. sopra, abo\e, L. supra, above, over; salto, a leap. over saltum, ace. of saltus, a leap, from pp. of L. satire, to leap see Salient.
' ;
;

Dan. sod haps from the

sot,
;

PerLith. s6dis, soot. grade of Idg. root SED See Sit. (Teut. SET), to sit, rest upon. Cf. 95.) 146; Streitberg, (Noreen,
cf.

5-

also Gael, suith, soot.

Sooth,

tme,

(E.)

A.S.

$09,

true;

501

SOOTHE
-whence
sod, neut. sb., the truth. [The A.S. sod stands for *sontk- t Teut. *santh- ; the loss of following the lengthening of o.]
;

SORTIE
supreme highest voice in music. Late L. superanus, chief; see Sovereign. - L.) O. F. sorcerie, Sorcery. (F. O. F. sorcicr, a casting of lots, magic. sorcerer. Late L. sortiarius, a teller of
fortunes by lots, sorcerer.
sort-,

+Icel. sannr (for *santhr}, Swed. satin, Dan. sand\ from Teut. base *santhoz,
Idg. *sontos, short for *es-ont~, lit. being, that which is, from ^ES, to be. Allied to L. -sens, being, as ab-sens (stem ab-

L. sorti-, from

stem of sors, a
\j.

lot.

Sordid,
dide.

sent-} , pra-sens sat-ya-, true.

(stem prce-sent-}
;

Skt.

dirty, vile. (F.-L.) F. sorL. sordi-, for sordidtis, dirty.

for-sooth to say ti uth.

.

Ber

See Suttee and Essence. i. e. for a truth sooth-say,

)

sordes, dirt.
p.

Cf. Kuss. sor

filth.

Biugm. i.

1092.
adj.

soothe.
humour,
to soothe
Errors,

(E

The

orig. sense
of.

was

to

assent to as being true, hence to say yes to,

flattei,

approve

'Is't

him
4.

in these contraries ?'

good Com.

A. S. sar, Swed. stir, O. H. G. ser, wounded, painful cf. G. sehr, sorely, very, versehren, to wound. Teut. type *sairoz, adj. Cf. O. Irish sdeth,

Sore,

painful.

+ Du.

(E.)

M.

E. sor.

zeer,

Icel. sarr,

iv.

firm, verify.

82. M. E. soQien, to conA. S. ge-sodtan, to confirm,

true.

sdeth, tribulation ; but hardly L. sauus, dire. Der. sore, sb., A.S sar (Goth, satr)

prove to be

A.

S.

sod,

true

see
i.e.

and

sore, adv., very

see

Sorry.

Sooth.

Sorrel
(E.)

(0, a plant.

SOOthsay.
Sop,
sb.

To

say sooth,
It

tell truth, predict.

(E.)
*

M.

E. soppe.

answers

to an A. S.

a sop (whence soppian, to sop up) ; regularly formed from sop(Teut. *sup-} weaker grade of supan, to Cf. I eel. soppa, a sop, from the sup. weaker grade of stlpa, to sup also l)u.
'soppe,
;

sur (G. sauer^, sour; from its taste. So also A. S. See Sour. sure, sorrel, from sur, sour. Sorrel (2), of a reddish-brown colour. O. F sorel; dimm, from Teut.) (F.
O. F. sorel (F. surelli).
, ;

-M. II. G.

(F.-M. H.

G.)

O F. sor, F. saur, sorrel of coloui. Low G soo> sear, dried up, withered cognate
See Sear.
grief.

with E. sear.

sop,

M. Du.

zoppe,

M. Swed.
See Sup.

soppa,
(F.

Low
L.

Sorrow,
sorje.

(E.)

M.

E.

sonve,

soppe,

G. suppe.

Sophist,

a captious reasoner.

Gk.) Usually sophister in old authors, but the final r is unoriginal. O. F. Late L. sophista. Gk. tro^um}?, sophiste.
a skilful man, also a Sophist, teacher of
arts for money (see Liddell) . to instruct. Gk. (ro<os, wise.
r-y, sophist-ic

and ace. of Du. zorg, sorh, sorg, sorrow, anxiety. Dan. Swed. sorg, G. sorge, Goth, saurga,
S.

A.

sorge, gen. dat.

Teut. type *so>ga, f. Cf. care, grief. O. Irish serg, sickness, Lith. sirgti, to be
ill,

suffer.

i[f

Not

allied to sore or sorry,

Gk. aoQifctv
;

Ber. sophist-

(Gk. ootyiaTtKos) sophis-m (Gk. aotyHjfJLa, a device). Sophy, a shah of Persia, A D 1505In Shak. Mcrch. 173 (Pers.-Arab.) Yen. ii. i. 26. Pers Soft, a title -Arab. from Sufi, a ^f Distinct safty, pure, Moslem mystic; from Arab, sitfiy, intelligent.

though the present sense of sorry shews See below. confusion with it. Sorry, sore in mind, aggrieved. (E.) M. E sory. A.S. sang, adj., sorry, sad, from sar, soie -fT)u, zeerig, sore in mind Swed. sarig, sore, full of sores, words which preserve the orig. sense. ^[ Spelt with two r's owing to the shortening of M. E. o in sory, due to the addition of the
;

(L.) inducing sleep. From L. soporifer, sleep - bringing by adding -otis. L,. sopori- ,{iQm 50/Jr-,stem of sopor, sleep -fer, bringing, from ferre, to bring. The L. sopor is allied to Skt. svapna-t sleep (from svap, to sleep), Gk. v'm/os, sleep, A.S. swefen,* dream. (y'SWEP.) Brugm. i. 551. See Somniferous.
;

Soporiferons,
;

suffix -y (A. S. -ig> sort ow.

but not orig. allied to

F. sojtc,
fern.,
;

Sort,
sort,

a kind.
;

(F.-L.)

kind
to

O.

sorte, fern.,

a company

F. sort, masc., luck, fate. L. sortem, ace. of sors, lot. Perhaps allied to
allied

Series.

Brugm.
(F.

i.

516

(i).

soporific, causing
sopon- (above)
;

and

-fie-,

sleep. for

(L.)

L.

facer e, to

make, cause.

Soprano.

(Ital.-L.)

Hal. soprano,

F. sortie, a going of sorti, pp. of sortir, to sally forth. Cf. Span, sttrtida, a sortie, from O. Span, sitrtir, to rise. p. F. sortir, Span, surtir, answer to a Folk-L. form *sortiri to rise up, from *sortum, for L.
L.)
forth
;

Sortie.

fern,

502

SOT
supine of surgere, to rise tip ; see Surge. The contraction of surrectnm to sortum is proved to be correct by Ital. sorto, occurring as pp. of sorgere, to rise

SOW

Diez derives F. sonder sounding-lead. from a supposed L. *sub-undare, to go under the water from L. sub, under, and unda, a wave; cf. ab-ound, red-ound, and and by Span, stirto, pp. of surgir. sombre. Yet we find A S. sund-gyid, Sot, a stupid fellow, drunkard. (Late a sounding-rod sund-lme, sund-rap, a IO M. E. sot (Ancren Riwle). A. S. sot. sounding-line or rope which point to a sott. Late L. soft us (Ducange) ab. A.D. derivation from Sound (2). 800. Piob. of Tent, origin; cf. M. Du. F. soupe. - F. Soup. (F.-Teut.) zot M. H. G. sote, a sot. fl" Distinct from sonper, to sup. Low G. supen, to drink, Span, zote, a blockhead Ital. zotico (Flono quaff. See Sup, and Sop. has zottico}. Du. zuiir, The Ital. zotico has been re- SOUT. (E ) A. S. sur. ferred to L. idiotiius, idiotic, in which case Icel. sitrr, D&n.suur, Swed. sur, G. sauer; Rnss. Span, zote may represent L. idiotes, of Gk. W. sur, sour, Lith. sums, salt

stmwtum,

origin; see Idiot. a foolish game ; cf.

people.

SOU.
coin.

'(.

L.}

Ducange \\wijottuus, stirovuii, raw, coarse, harsh, rough. M. \L.jottcs, unlearned Brugm. i. 114. Source. (F.-L.) M.E.ww^.-O.F. F. sou, O. F. sol, a sorse, surse (F. source] a souice. Here
, ;

Late L. solidus, solid, also a coin sone is fern, of sors, old pp. of O. F. sordre cf. / s.d., i.e. hbri, iolidi, denarii. See (F. sourdre], to rise L. surgere, to rise Solid see Surge.
(Chinese ) Cantonese siu-chung, for siao-chtmg, 'little sort Yule, p. 691. Sough, a sighing sound. (E.) M.E.
'
;

Soubriquet Souchong, a
;

see

Sobriquet.

kind of tea

From (i), pickle. (F.-G.)^ G. sulze, soucid, pickle (Godefroy). Hence souse, vb., pickle allied to Salt.

Souse
;

O.F.

to soak in brine.

Souse
upon.
;

(2),

Sowse,

to

swoop down
sours, the a bird of

swogh, swoitgh,
resound.

from

A.

S.

\wogan, to
;

(F.

L.)

From M.E.

Cf

Icel.

arn-sugr, the rush-

upwaid spring or the swoop of

ing sound of an eagle's wings

and see

Surf.

Soul.
ziel,

(E.)

A.S

sdwel, saw/.
sitel,

Icel. sala, sal,

Dan.

G.

seele,

Goth, sanvala.
(i

Dn. Swed. sjal, Brugm. i. 200.

(E.)

O. F. sorse, a rise, also a Ch. prey souice; see Source. Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888, p. 18.

South.
Icel
lit.

stidr,

Du. zurd-, A. S. stld. (E.) also sunnr, south (cf. sutireyjar,

f

Sound
sound.

adj., healthy.
/;/</.

M.E.

A.
;

S.

+Du.

Dan. sund

Sun, q.v. Connexion with Gk. VOTOS, (2), strait of the sea. (E.) M. E A. S. sund, (i) a swimming, (2) south \\ind (Brugmann), is doubtful see power to swim, (3) a strait of the sea, that Prellwitz. Der. south-em ; cf. O. H. G. could be swum across. -|- Icel. Dan. S\\ed. sundroni, southern, Icel. subrann. G. sund. Probably derived from *sivnm Souvenir. (F L.) F souvenir, sb (A.S. swum-}, weak grade of swimman, a remembrance merely the verb souvenir, to swim with suffix -doz for Idg. pp. to remember, used as a sb. L. sulniemre, suffix -t6s. Brugm. i. 377 (2). See to occur to one's mind. L. sub, under, Swim. Der. sound, swimming-bladder near uenire, to come. See Venture. of a fish, another use of the same word; Sovereign. (F. L.) M.E souerain Shetland soond, Icel. sund-magi. (weram). A..F. swerein; O.F. souveSound (3), a noise. (F.-L.) The rain Late L. superanus, chief. L. super, final d is added. M.E. souu. F. son above. See Super-. A.S. L sonum, ace. of somis (for *swcnos], a (E.) (i), to scatter seed. Du. Skt. svana-, sound; A. S. swin, sawan, pt. t sound. stow, pp. sawen. 519. zaaijen, Icel. sa, Dan. saae, Swed. ftl, melody. (-/SWEN.) Brugm. li Sound (4)1 to measure depth of water. O. H. G. sawen, G. saen, Goth, safan. L) In Palsgrave. Y. sonder, to Also W. hau, Lith. sett, Russ. sieiate, L. (F. sound the depth of. Cf. Span. Port, sondar, serere (pt.t. se-ui, pp. sa-tuni], to sow; Gk. to sound ; Span. Port, sonda, F. sonde, a I'TIHI (for *<r(-(7i7-/*i), I send, throw.

G. gesimd. Goth, iwinths, strong.

gezond] Swed. Perhaps allied to

Dan. Swed.

southern islands, Sodor, he Hebrides) ; syd, Swed. sunnan, the south; O.H. G. sund, G. sud. P. The Tcut. * stint h- south base is ; t perhaps allied to
;

Sound

sound.

SOW

503

SOW
to cast.)

SPARABLE
132, 310.

Brngm.
season.

i.

Der. tween the outer mouldings of an arch and

a horizontal line above it. As if from O. F. *espanderel, from O. F. espandenr, O. F. espandre, to that which spreads. spread, expand. See Expand, Spawn. Spangle. (E.) M. E. spangd, dimin. of spang, a metal fastening (hence, small A. S. spangt, a metal shining ornament). Du. spange, a thin clasp. -f E. Fries, and plate of metal; Icel. spong\ G. spange,

seed]

cf.

Also a female pig. (E.) applied to oblong pieces of melted metal, whence smaller pieces branch out, called M. E. sowe. A. S. sugu> also J/7.-f pigs.
(2),
l)u. zog,
Icel.

Sow

syr,

Dan.

so,

Swed.

so,

//^, L. sugga, G. sau\ W. hwch, Irish WJ, Gk. fa, a sow; Zend hu, a boar. * Perhaps producer,* from the prolific nature of the sow. (y'SU, to produce.) Der. brooch, clasp, buckle. - L.) M. E. swine. Spaniel. (F. - Span. O. F. espagnezd, a Soy, a sauce. (Japanese.) Also' sooja, spaniel, spane)eole. ' which has been conupted into soy Span. Espattol, Eng. spaniel, Spanish dog. L. HisCycl. Japanese shoyu, soy, sauce ; though Spanish. Span. Espafta, Spam. the name is now given to the bean (Do- pania, Spain. But the lichos sojd] whence soy is made. Spank, to slap, move quickly. (E.) also have spanker, a large active man or Jap. name for the bean is daithu. Spa, a place where is a spring of mineral animal spanking, large, lusty. An E. water. (Belgium.) Named alter J>)te, S.W. word. -f- Low G. spakkern, spenkern, to run and spring about quickly E. Fries. of Liege, in Belgium.

We

L.) F. espace.*L. spatium, a space. Allied to Span. Brugm. i. 193. Der. spac-i ous.

Space.

(F.

a spade.

Spade

(0.

|Du.

A. S. sp&du, spada. (E.) spade, Icel. spadi, Dan.

;

spcnkelen, spenkern, to burst, fly about; Dan. spanke, to strut about. From a base cf. E. *spak, significant of quick action Fries, shaken, to split, burst with heat.
;

Swed. spade, G. spaten Gk. atraOr], broad blade, sword- blade, spathe of a flower (whence L. spatha, F. Ipte}. From Us flat surface. (VSPA, to draw out.) Der. spaddle, a paddle. Spade (2), at cards. (Span.-L. Gk.) A substitution for the Span, espada, meana sword, (2) a spade at cards. ace of spades, F. spadille, Span, espadilla, small sword, ace of spades, dimin. of Span, spada, a spade (< L.
ing
(i)

The quite new. (Scand.) a has been shortened by the stress upon it.

Der. spank-er, an

after-sail in

a barque.

Span-new,

Der.

spoil-ille,

spatha

< Gk.

M. E span-ncwc. Icel. spdnnyr, spdnyr, Icel. span-new, lit. 'new as a chip.' spdnn, a chip, shaving, spoon ; nyr, new. See Spoon. Spar (i), a beam, bar. (E) M. E. The A. S. sb. is vouched for by sparre. the derived verb sparrian, to fasten a door with a bar.+Du. spa*-, Icel. sparri, Dan. Swed. sparre O. H. G. sparro, G. sparren,
;

ana&rj}.

See Spade
fellow. (Irish

(i).
)

spailpin, a common labourer, a mean From Ir. spailp, fellow, Gael, spatlpean.

Spalpeen,
;

mean

Irish

[Irish and Gael, sparr, beam, spar, bar. are from E.] Der. spar, vb., to fasten a

door.

Spar
stdn,
spar.

(2),

a beau

ong. pnde.

Span, to measure, grasp. (E.) M. E. spannen. A. S spannan, to bind, pt. t. spenn gespannan, to bind, connect, -fO. H. G. spannan, to extend, connect Da. spannen, to span, stretch, put horses to, Dan. sp&nde, Swecl. spanna, to stretch, spenna, to clasp. span, buckle; Icel
; ;

plaster.

a mineral. (E.) A. S. sparCf. G. sparkalk, spar-stone. from G. spai, spath, *|f Distinct
box, wrangle. (F.

Allied to

Space and Spin.

sb., stretch

Der. span,
in space.

of the hand, 9 inches

'

Teut.) F. espater^ * to fling or yerk out with the heels ;' Cot. Low G. sparre, sb., a struggling, striving; G. sich sperren, to struggle against, resist, oppose. Allied to Skt. sphur, to throb, struggle ; Gk. cnra/pcti', aawaipttv, to strug-

Spar

(3), to

Used of fighting-cocks.

M.

Spancel. (North
a cows hinder legs
to tie,
;

E.)
'

Ray.

and

Icel.
;

seil

(A

S.

rope to tye From span, sal}, a rope.

be-

gle convulsively ; Kuss. sporite, to quarrel, And see Spur, wrangle. (y^PER.)

Spurn.
(E.j

Brugm.

i.

509

(3).

Sparable,
shape.

a small nail used for boots.

f-Du. spanzeel

G. spannseil.

Formerly sparrow-bill ;

from the

Spandrel. (F.-L.)

The space

54

SPARE
Spare, frugal, lean. (E.) A. S. spar, spaie; whence spartan, vb., to spaie.-f Icel. 9/#rr,Dan. spar-som, Swed. spar-sam, G. spar-sam, spar-lich, thrifty. Der. sparing,

SPECIE
quentative of spat-, with the sense to throw, to splash. E. Fries, spatten, to burst, fly out, spirt. +Du. spatten, to

Der. spatterthrow, spatter, splash. from A. S. dashes, gaiters, to protect against spatterDu. and G. ings and dashes. See Spats. spartan sparen, Icel. and Swed. spara, Dan. spare. Spatula, a broad-bladed knife for Spark (i), a small particle of fiie. (E.) spreading plaisters. (L. Gk.) L. spatula, Gk. ffiraOr), a broad O. Merc, sptrrca (Sweet) A.S. spearca dimin. of spatha. M. Du. sparcke\ Low G. sparke. Perhaps blade. See Spade (i). so called from the crackling of a fire-brand, Spavin, a swelling near the joints of which throws out sparks cf. Icel. spraka, horses, producing lameness. (F. Teut.) O. F. esparvin (i3th c., to crackle, Lith. \prageti, to crackle like M. E. spaveyne. M. F. espaivain, *a spavin burning fire-wood, Gk. crffrapayos, a crack- in llatzfeld)
spare-rib
spare, vb., (above) ; so also
;
;

ling.

Brag.

i.

531.

The

Spark (2),

a gay >oung fellow. (Scand.) same as Wiltsh. sprack, lively. Icel.

;

sparkr, sprightly, also jr/nz/v Swed. dial. spraker, sprak, sprag, talkative. Cf. Spark l>er. sprag, i. e. sprack, used by Sir (i).

The same as Cot. ; Span, esparavan, (i) a sparrow-hawk, (2) spavin answering to a Low L. adj. *sparvanus, belonging to a sparrow, parallel to Late L. sparvdrius, a sparrow-hawk, lit. belonging to sparrows cf. G. sperber, a
in the leg of a horse
; ;

'

Hugh, Merry Wives,

iv. i.

84.

Sparkle,
glitter. (E.)

vb., to throw out sparks, to Cf. Du. sparkelen, to sparkle.

is

The foirn spark-le Spark (i).

frequentative.

See

Perhaps the lit. sense is sparrow-like,' from the hopping or" sparrow-like motion of a horse afflicted with Derived from O. ll.G. sparwe,*. spavin. sparrow, cognate with E. Sparrow, q. v.
sparrow-hawk.
*

(E.) A.S. spcarwa.+lce\. Dan. spiirv, Swed. sparf, Goth. sparwa; O. H. G. sparo, G. spcr-hng. Lit. 'fltitterer; from ^SPER, to quher. Der. sparrow-haivk and See Spar (3).

Sparrow.

*([

Generally explained as

sparrow-hawk-

Sporr,

'

(L.) L. sparsus, pp. of spargerc, to scatter, sprinkle. Allied to Gk. arndpfiv see Sperm.
;

see sparable, spavin. Sparse, thinly scattered.

contrary to grammar and sense. However, the result is, in any case, doubtfttl. Spaw, the same as Spa, q. v. the eggs of fish or frog*. (F. From M. E. spaivnen, spanen, to L.) spawn, as fishes; Prompt. Parv. For spatind, with loss of d. See Wright's Voc. i. 164 N. Q. 6 S. v. 465. -M. F. espanlike/

Spawn,

&

to spiead out, shed abroad see Expand. draw, pluck. (y'SPA.) Der. spasm-od-ic, Speak. (E.) M. E. spcken, also (before the word has lost an from Gk. ffirafffjiwSTjs, convulsive. A. D. 1 200) spreken Spat (i), a blow, a slap. (E.) Of r. Late A. S. specan, A. S. sprecan, pt. t.
; ;

L. Gk.) F. spasme, the (F. cramp. L. spasm-urn, ace. of spasmus. Gk. crrra<r/ios,a spasm. Gk. <nray ,avativ , to

Spasm.

drc, to shed, spill, in great abundance

pour '
;

out, scatter

abroad

Cot.

L. expandere,

imitative origin

cf.

slap, sfa?n, pat.

shell-fish.

From
Cf.

Spat
Dn.

(2),

young of

(E.)

*pat-, to eject, the

spat,

base of spatter. a speckle, spot ; and see

spr&c, pp. sprecen. 4" Du. spreken ; G. All perhaps from sprechen, pt. t. sprach. Teut. base SPREK, to make a noise ; cf. Icel. spraka, to crackle; see Spark (i),

Spatter.
a river-flood. (F. Cf. Tent.) Irish spcid, a great river-flood borrowed from It. spate. The same as North E. also spelt speat. spait, a torrent of rain G. Douglas has spatt, a torrent cf. Verg. Aen. li. 496. - A. F. *espeit = O. F. espoit, a spouting out (Godefroy). E. Frie.

and Piellwitz,

s. v.

a^apayos.
E. and A.

Spate,

Spear.
Du.
cf.

(E.)

M.

speer, Icel. spjor,

S spcre.+ Dan. spar, G. speer\

L. sparus, a small missile-weapon, dart.

speiten, speuten, spoiten,

W.

Du. spuiten, to spout

see

Flem. speeten, Spout.

Perhaps allied to spar, a beam, bar (hence, a pole). Special. (F. L.) Short for especial; see Especial. Specie, money in gold or silver. (L.) Evolved as a sb. from the old word species,

Spats,
dashes.

gaiters.

(E.)

Short for spatter(E.)

Spatter,

to besprinkle.

money paid by tale,* Phillips ; prob. by confusion with L. abl. speciS^ as if paid in
specie

'

fre-

paid in visible coin.

505

SPECIES
Species, a kind. (L.) L. species > look, L, specere, to appearance, kind, sort. look, see.+O. H. G. spehon, G. spahen, Skt. /0f, spa$, to spy. (-y'bPEK, to spy to see.) Brugm. i. 551.
;

SPENCER
Speir,toask. (E.) Northern E. A.S. A. S. spor, a spyrtan, to ask, track out. see allied to spora, a spur foot-track Spur. -|- Du. speuren, Icel. spyrja, G. from Low G. spaoren, to track, spttren spaor, a spoor, trail (Danneil). Spelicans, thin slips of wood. (Du.) M. Du. spclleken, a small pin climm. of M. Du. spelle (Du. speld}, a splinter. See Spell (4). ^f Distinct from Du. spalk, A. S. spele, a splint.
; ; ;
;

Specify,
particularise.
ficus,

vF.

L.)

O.F.

specifier, to
l..

L.

specificare.

specispeci-cs,

specific,
;

"kind

-fie-,

L. particular. forfacere, to make.

(L.)

Specimen.
;

L. specimen, an exL. sped-, for

-;;/*/*.

ample, something shown. with suffix specere, to see

L.) M. F. speL. L. specwsus, fair to see. cieux, fail. sped es, appearance ; with suffix -VSHS

SpeciOUS, showy.

(F.

S. specca, a small spot. (E.) a spot, mark. Allied to Low G. spakig, spotted with wet, spaken, to spot with \\et M. Du. spickelen, to speckle, frequentatne of M. Du. spicken, to spit Du. spikkel, a

Speck,

an incantation. (E ) M.E. A. S. spel, spell, a saying, story, nairative hence a form of words, spell. -f-Icel. narrative spjall, a saying; O. H. G. spel, Goth, spill, fable. Der go-spel.

Spell (0,
;

spel.

Spell
in a

(2), to tell the

i^F.

word.
also,

spell;

to

names of letters M. E. spellen, of Teut.) O.F. espeler, 'to tell.

spellen,

spell;*

Cot.
II.

Du

to

speckle, spot. speck- /<?, \b.

Der.

speck-le, a little

speck

from
A.
S.
spell,
'

F. spedade, a L. specL. spectaculum, a show. sight. tare, to behold, frequentative of spccerc, to

Spectacle.

(F.-L.)

G. spelIon, to tell, relate spelhan, to tell, recount, from A. S. a story (above) Goth. spiUon, to
;

spell;

or

narrate.

see.

Spectator. (L
holder.
-tor

) spectator, a beL. spectd-re, to see; with suffix L. spect~um srpine of specere, to

^f M. E. spellen, in the sense also to relate/ ib from A. S. spelhan. find speldren, to spell, in the Ormulum, from spelder, a splinter ; see Spell (4) ;

We

see

Spectre.
image, ghost
;

'

Cot.
)

F. spcctt e, 'an L. spectrum, a vision.

L. spec-ere, to see.

a different word. (3\ a turn of work. (E.) Cf. A. S. \pelian, to supply another's room, to allied to Du. spelen, act or be pioxy foi Icel. spila, G.spietcn, to act a pait, play a game fi om the sb. appealing as Du. Swed,

but this

is

Spell

Specular. (L
ing to a mirror.

L. specularis, belongL. speculum, a mirror.

spel, Icel
i

^f But Milton uses it with leference to L. specula, a \\atuhtower also from \pec-ere see below.
spec-ere, to see.
;
;

Spell * r

slip

Dan. r///, G. spiel, a game. slip of Spill, a thin 1__ _-t-7.J wood, ,l.< \f 1? of paper, Formerly speld. M.E.
(4
-,
.

T,"

speld, a splinter. to light a candle.

*

A.

S. speld, a torch, spill

;

speculate.
tower.
ion, -ive.

(L

From

speculari^ to behold.

pp. of L specula, a watch-

L. spec-ere, to see.

Der. speculat-

Speech. (E) M.E.

space,
dat.

of

jr/<&,

S. speche. Late earlier form sprat,

from Orig. a splintei Teut. spa/dan- (G. spalteit}, to cleave; a reduplicating verb, like O. II. G. spaltan. f-Du. speld, a pin, splinter; Icel. speld, a square tablet, orig. thin piece of board, a tablet; spilda, a slice; Goth, sptlda,

M.II. G.

spelte,

a splinter.

Cf. Shetland

A.S sprCec-, 3rd grade visprccan, speech. to speak -f-Du spraak, G. sprache, speech.
See Speak.

speld, to split

Spelt,
corn.
Cf.

a kind of corn.

(L.)

A.
;

S. spelt ,

Du

spelt,

G. spelz.

Apparently

Speed, success, velocity. ^E.) A, S. 1' or *spodiz, with the sped, haste, success. A.S. spow-an, usual change from o to e. to succeed ; with suffix -diz Cldg. -tis)
spot,

borrowed from Late L. spclta, spelt whence

also Ital. spelta t spclda, F. tpeautre, spelt.

Spelter,
Blount
spialter,

pewter, zinc. (1674). 1'trhaps

(Low G.)
from

Low

In G.

O. II. spitot, spoed, speed ; success, from spuon, to succeed. Allied to Skt. sphiti-, inciease, prospeiity, from sphdy , to enlarge. Brugm. i. 156.
-f

Du

G.

pewter

cf

Du. \ptauter\ M. Du.

Der
sb.

speed, vb.,

A.

S.

sfedan

from

sped,

This seems <fi speauter, O. F. cspeautre. The to be the original of Pewter, q. v. history of these words is very obscure. a Spencer, i.' shoit over-jacket. o (F. L.) .T i fi i rx i _J The Named after Earl Spencer, died 1845. l^Ua
_
: ,

506

SPEND
name
is from M.E. spenser, also despenser. O. F. despencier, a spender, a caterer, Cot. O. F. despenser, clerk of a kitchen
;

SPINE
42. Formed from the verb prov. E. spinner, a spider. 4l)u. spin, Dan. sptnder, Swed. spindel, G. spinne, spider or spinner. And cf. Spindle. Spigot. (Prov.) M. E. spigot, spikkct, a peg for a cask. Cf. Irish and Gael. Prov. *espigott spiocaid, spigot (fiom E.). but cf. Prov. espigoun, a (not found) spigot, a dimin. from L. spica, an ear of corn. Cf. also Walloon spigot, the peak

Leechdoms,
spin
;

iii.

to

cf.

to spend ; frequent, of despendre L. disL. dis- y apart ; pendere, to weigh out, pay. pendere, to weigh. See Pendant.

Spend. (L.) A.S. spendan, to spend. Shortened fiom L. dispendere, to spend, waste, consume. We find Late L spcndntm
for
;

spendilnhs
(A. D.

dispendium, spensa for dispensa also mon'fa, money for expenses of a shoe.
922).

Also Port, espicho, a spigot,

L. spica, a point
;

spendere, to L. dispendiuni], exspend, spendio ( L. dis-, away, part; pendere, to pense. weigh out, pay. ^[ Or ^as usually said) from L. expendere, whicli does not <-uit forms the 1 see above. It makes no
Ital.

So

al>o

fi

om

<

L. spuulum.

see

below.

Spike
(Scand.)
cf.

(i\

shaip
Icel.

point,

nail.
;

From

spik,

Swed. spik

great difference.

Sperm,
Gk.)
seed;'

M.

spawn, spermaceti. (F. - L. E. sperme F. sp:rmc, sperm, L. sperma. Cot. Gk. (r-ntpua
'
i

spiger, Du. spijkcr, a nail. Apparently distinct from L. spTca ; and allied by gradation to Spoke.

Dan.

Spike
bkt.)

(2),

an ear of corn.
(F.
,

(L.)

L.

spTca, an ear of corn, a point.

spikenard.

L.

and Gk. - Pers.

Gk.

ong
;

airdpeiv (for *0Trfp-j>fiv}, to sow; to scatter with a jerk of the hand,

(-V/SPLR KOS) spo maccti, I,, sperma-ccti, i. e. sperm to the mode of giovvth. And sec Nard. of the whale see Cetaceous. Spill (i), a slip of paper for lighting Spew, Spue. (E.) A. S sptwan, candles see Spell (4). pt. t. spdw, pp. spiwen, to \omit.-f-Du. Spill (2), to destioy, shed. (Scand.) M. E. spillen, to spuuiven, Icel. spyja, Dan. spye, Swed. spy, (Not allied to spoil.) G. spcien, Goth, speiivan L. spuere, Luh. destroy, mar also, to perish. Icel. spilla, Gk. irrveiv (for *ainvtiv^, to spit. to destroy; Swed. spilla, Dan. spilde, to spjatlti O. Sax. (-/SPI\V.) Allied to puke (i), spit (2). spill. -f- A. S. spildan, to destroy
;

O. F. spiqucnatd L. spica also nardns spJcdtus, nardi, spike of nard i.e. nard furnished with spikes, in allusion

Biugm.

567. Sphere, a globe, ball. (F. - L - Gk.) M. E. .syV;r.~ O. F. eipae, M. F. sphere. L. sphirra Gk. a<palpa, a ball

i.

spildian.

Tent, type *spelth-janto

allied

to (T. spalten, to split.

Spin,

diaw out threads.

(E.)

A.

S.

Sphinx. (L.-Gk.)
igen. because the
lit.

Goth, spinnctn. Allied to Sphinx stt angled travellers Lith. ptn-ti, to weave. See Span. who could not solve her riddles. Gk. Spinach, Spinage, a vegetable. Span. Arab. Pers.^ Spinage is a fTfiyyew, to throttle. *[f The story suggests (F. voiced form of spinach. O. F. espinachc, that this is a popular etymology and e spinage, that the word is foreign to Greek. espinace. Span, esptnaca. of Pers. origin Spice. (F. L.I M.E. spice, formerly Arab, aspandkh, The Ital. spinace and Span. used also in the sense of species or kind. O. F espice, spice. L. spcciem, ace. of espmaca are re erred, by popular etymothorn some say the species, a kind, which in Late L. meant logy, to L. spJna, a fiuit is piickly, some say the leaves are so. See Species. also a spice, drug. Spick and Span-new, wholly new. See Spine. Lit. (Scand.) spike and spoon-new,' Spindle. (E.) The d is excrescent where spike is a nail, and spoon is a after ;/. M. E. spinel, also spindele. A. S. See Spike and Spoon. Cf. spiul, i.e. spinner,' from spinnan, to spin. splinter. Swed. dial, spik spangande ny in Rietz f M. Du. spille (for *spmle) G. spindel, Der. spindl~y, thin (with many variants), and Icel. span-nyr, O. H. G. spin nila.
'

j///i//o:.-Gk. the strangler,'

'

spinnen, G. spinnen,

pt. t. spann, pp. Icel. Swed. spinna,

Dan. spinde,

'

'

'

'

lit.

spoon-new, splinter-new.

M.E. spithe (E.) A. S. spider or * spider (for *

Spider.

like a spindle ; spindle-tree (Euonymus) formerly used for spindles and skewers.

Spine, a prickle. (F.-L.) O.F.w/

507

SPINET
a thorn. L. spina, a thorn, prickle; also Observe that in the the back-bone ^j" ' sense of back-bone the word is Latin not F. only, Spinet, a kind of musical instrument. - Ital. - L.) So called because sti uck (F. by a spine or pointed quill. O.F. espinette. Ital. spinetta, a spinet, also a prickle; dimin. of spina, a thorn. L. spina. Spink, a finch. (Scand.) M.E. spink. - Swed. dial, spink, a sparrow gull-spink,
*
;

SPLINT
from the mouth. (E.) A. S. spittan; cf. spatan, But we also find Dan. pt. t. spHtte, to spit. G. spytte, Swed. $potta> prov. G. sputzen (cf.

M.E

Spit

(2), to eject

spitten,

spucken)

fi

om

Teut. *sput-

see

Spout.

both from *spew~, Cf. Brugm. i. the root of Spew. 279 (i), 567. Der. spittle, formerly also spettle,

Perhaps

*spit~, *sput- are

spatil, spotil,

A.

* a gold-finch; Norw. spikke (for spinke}, Dan. dial, spinke, small bird, -f- Gk. ' ' from aniffviyyos, a finch, i. e. chirper Cf. crrnfa, a finch, airivos, fav, to chirp. a small bird. Doublet, finch. - L.) O. F. a thicket. (F.
;

M. E. spyt, spite. L.) (F. Merely short for despite, by loss of the See first syllable (as in fence for de-fence).

Spite.

S. sp(ctl, spatI.

Despite.

Der.
(2),

Spittle Spittle
spiteL pital.

spite-ful. (i), saliva; see

Spit

(2).

a hospital. (F.-L.)
see

O. F.

ospital, hospital',

M.E. Hos-

M. F. espinoye, 'a thicket, grove, Splash, to dash water about. (E.) F. epinaie. - L. Coined, by prefixing s- ( = O. F es-, L. ex} a thorny plot,* Cot. used for emphasis, to plash, used in the spinetum, a thicket of thorns. L. spina, same sense (White Kennett). See Plash a thorn. See Spine. cf. Du. plassen, to plash; E. ong. a woman who spins. (i); and Spinster, From A. S Fries, plassen, plasken, platsken, Dan. M. E. spinnestere. (E.) to splash, dabble. spinnan, to spin with A. S. suffix -estre pladske, This suffix is a compound Splay, to slope, in architecture; to dis|3. (E. -ster}. one (-es-tri). It was used in A. S. (as in locate a bone. (F. L.) In both senses, to be a contraction for Du.) solely with reference to the feminine it can be proved but this restricted usage was soon Display. Der. splay-footed. gender, - Gk.) M. E. splen. set aside in a great many M. E. words. Spleen. (L. - Gk. atr\i\v, the spleen. Cf. Skt. Cf. Du. spinster, a spinster, zangster, a L. splen. 549 (c). also E. seamstress (i. e. plihan-; L. hen. Brugm. i. female singer
espinei;
; ; ;

Spinny,

seam-ster-ess^, songstress (i.e. so>i$-ster-ess}, where the F. fern, suffix -ess is superadded.

Der.

splen-etic.

air-hole.

Cot. breathing-hole ; L. spirate, to breathe. Spire (i), a tapering stem, sprout, A. S. splrt spike, stalk. -f (E.) steeple.
'

Spiracle.

(F.-L.)

F. spiracle, <a L. spiraculum,

L.) F. sphndeur. (F. L. splendorem, ace. of splendor, brightness. L splendere, to shine. Der. re-splendent. a tobacco-pouch. (Gael.)

Splendour.

Icel. spira, spar, stilt, Dan. spire, germ, a sprout, Swed. spira, a pistil, G. spiere, ^f Distinct from Spire (2). spar, L. Gk.) (2), a coil, wreath. (F.

Spire

Gael, splmchan, Irish spliuchan, a pouch. Splice. (Du.) M. Du. sphssen, to interweave rope-ends so named from splitting^the rope-ends beforehand; fiom Du. sphtsen, to splice (really an older form), formed from split-, weak grade of Du.
;

SpletLChan,

F. spire.

L. splra, a coil, twist, wreath.

,
;

allied a coil to airaprov, a rope, <nrt/pe'y, a basket. <VSPER.) Dsr. spir-al, F. spiral^ L.
airtipa (for *air*p-ya)

Gk

Dan. sphdse, to splice splijten, to split. (for *sphtse\ allied to splitte, to split;
Swed.
Split.
splissa
;

Der.

G. ^plissen, to splice. splice, sb.

;

See

E. spirit. - A. F. L. ace. spirifuw, from espirit \ F. esprit. L. spirare, to breathe. spiritus, breath

spiralis.

Spirit.

(F.

- L.)

M.

Doublet,

sprite.

ing meat. (E.) M. E. spite. A. S. spitu, a spit.4-Du. spit, Dan. spid, Swed. spett; M. II. G. spiz, G. spiess, a spit cf. spitze, a point, top.
;

Spirt ; see Spurt. Spit (i), a skewer, iron prong

for roast-

wood. (Scand.) Formerly splent from Swed. O. F. esplente, a thin steel plate. forelock (flat splint, a kind of spike, a iron peg) Dan. splint, a splinter cf. Low G. splinte, an iron pin E. Fries, splinte, Cf. Swed. splitita, to splint, the same. to Dan. splitte> splinter, ultimately allied Swed. dial, splitta, to split; see Split. Der. splinter; cf. Du. and E, Fries.
; ;
;

Splint, splent, a

thin piece of split

splinter.

SPLIT
Split. (Du.?) Apparently borrowed from M. Du. splitten, to split; cf. Dan. to dissplitte, to split, Swed. dial, splitta,

SPRAIN
Spook, a ghost. (Du.) Low G. spook, Swed. spoke, Du. spoken, Low G. spoken,
to haunt.

Du. spook; a ghost ; cf. Swed. spoka,

entangle or separate yarn. From the weak split- of the Teut. strong verb *spleitan-, as seen in O. Fries, spttta, Du. splijten, E. Fries, spliten, Low G. spliten, G.

grade

Du.)

Spool, a reel for winding yarn on. (M. M.E. spole. - M. Du. spoele, Du.

spleissen,

to

split,

cleave.

Hence
split,

also

Dan.

split,

Du.
to

spleet,

rent,

G.

G. .?/<?/<?. Swed. a spool, quill ; spole, Dan. spole, G. spule, spool, bobbin. Cf. Icel. spolr (base spat-), a bar.
spoel,

Low

spleisse,

a splinter.

Spoom,
speak hastily and con;

to run before the wind.

a Of imitative origin fusedly. (E ) variant of sputter which is a frequentative of spout', see Spout, Spurt. It means ' ' to keep on spouting out spout being formerly used (as now) in the sense to ' * Pi ay, spout some French ; Beaum. talk.'
, ; *

Splutter,

Lit.

to

throw up spume or foam/

(L.) L.

spilma, foam.

Spoon, an instrument for supping liquids.

A. S. spon, a chip, E. spon. of wood (which was the orig. spoon). -f Du. spaan, Icel. spdnn, sponn, Dan. spaan , Swed. span, G. spahn, a chip. Spoor, a trail. (Du.) Du. spoor ; see Spur. Cf. A. S. spor, a foot-track ; see
(E.)
splinter

M.

and Fletcher, Coxcomb, iv. G. iprutten, to spout, spurt.

4.

Cf.

Low
E.
i

Spoil,
spoilen. '

to

plunder.

(F.
;

-L.)

M.

Speir.

O. F.
Cot.

espoillier

F. spolier,
;

to

Sporadic,
(Gk.)
ffTTopab-,

scattered

here and there.

scattered.

L. spoliare, to strip off L.spolium, spoil, booty orig. skin spoil. stripped off, dress of a slain warrior. Der. spoliation, from L. pp. spohdttis. spoil, sb Spoke, a bar of a wheel. (E.) A. S. spaca, a spoke. -f-Du. speek, a spoke, G. Teut. speiche, prov. G. spachc, a spoke. Allied by types *spaikon-, *spaikon-.
spoile
; ;

Gk.

ffiropabiris,

stem of airopas, scattered.

(Gk.)

Gk. Gk.

ffirtipiv (for *airtp-yfiv}, to scatter.

Gk. airopos, seed-time; Gk. ovtipi)f to sow. - Gk.) Gael. Sporran. (Gael.- L. sporan, a purse, pouch worn with the For kilt Irish sparan, sburan, the same.

spore.

also a seed.

gradation to

Spike
151.

(i).

*s-lfurran<*s~f>urs-an.

1L.

bttrsa, a purse.

Spokesman.
Gent.
pt.
t. li.

(E.)

In Shak.

Two
spoke,

Gk.

flvpffa,

i.

Foimed from

Sport,
Disport.

a hide. mirth. ( F.
;

See Purse. L. ) Shot t for dis-

of speak, instead of from the infin. port, desport (so also splay for display}. speak ; for the s, cf. hunt-s-man, sport-s- The verb is M. E. disporten, to amuse ; see

man.

Spoliation;

see Spoil.

Spondee.
marked
Scfos,

(L.

Gk.) The metrical foot

L. sponc&tis. Gk. GTTOV( ). a spondee, used for solemn melodies at tieaties or truces. Gk. airoi'b'cu, a solemn treaty, truce ; pi. of (rwov&fj, a drink-offerGk. awivtttv, ing, libation to the gods. Prob. allied to Sponsor. to pour out. Brugm. i. 143, ii. 802. Der. sponda-ic.

Spot, a blot, mark made by wet, piece M. E. spot. Cf. Norw. of ground. (E.) spott, m., a spot, a small piece of ground
(distinct

from

spott,

f.,

mockery)
;

Icel.

spottij spottr,

a small piece

E. Fries, spot,

a spot

From
tan;

cf. M. Du. spotten, to spot, stain. Teut. *sput-, weaker grade of *spil;

see

Spout.
;

L.) From O. F. espouse, (F. O.Y.esponge a spouse. L. sponsa, a betrothed woman see L. spongia. Gk. ff-rroyyia, fern. pp. of spondere, to promise (F. fyongc}. a sponge also ffiroyyos (Attic 0<p6yyos^. Sponsor. f-L. fungus, a fungus (from its spongy Spout, to squirt out, rush out as a liquid

Spouse.

Sponge. (F.-L.-Gk.)
;

nature).

out of a pipe.
(L.)

(E.)

M.

E. spouten.

Cf.

L. sponsor, a surety. L. sponstis, pp. of spondere, to promise. Prob. allied to Gk. airovbai, a truce, and to

Sponsor.

Swed. sputa, occasionally used for spruta,

to squirt, spout, spurt, spatter; spuiten, to spout, spuit, a squirt; Dan. spyte, to spit, sputter. From Teut. *sputan~, to spit out, with weaker grade *sput- (Franck). see Spark (2). Sprack,

Du

L . spontane- us, L. spont-, as willing; with suffix -ous. seen in abl. sponte, of one's own accord,
Spontaneous
lost
.

Spondee.

Brugm.

i.

143.

(L. )

Sprag;
vb.

Sprain,

(F.

L.)

Formed from

from a

nom.

*spon$.

0. F. espreign-, a stem of O. F. espreindrt %

509

SPRAT
strain from F. tpreindre. L. exprimere, to press out (whence espreindre, by analogy with F. forms fiom verbs in
to press, wring,' Cot.
;

SPRUCE-BEER
that a cricket-bat is sprung or to spring e burst) a mine. Teut. type *sprengan(i. Perhaps allied to Gk. crnipxeiv, to drive on (Prellwitz) but this is doubtful. Der. spring^ sb a leap, also a bursting out of water, also the budding time of year, also a crack in a mast springe, a snare made with a flexible (springing) rod, hkeO.H.G.
; f
;

(cf.

O. F. tstrcindre).

Mod.

ex, out; premere^ to press. See Press. Der. sprain, sb. Sprat, a. small fish. (E.) M. E. sprot. Cf. A. S. sprot, a sprout. -fA. 8. sprot'/. also (in M. Du.) a Du. sprot) a sprat
-ingere).
!^.
;

springa.

A. S. spieawlian, to spraulen. convulsively, to sprawl. -|- Norvv. sprala, Dan. spralla, spraldc, Swed. dial. sprala, spralla, N. Fries, sprawle. Spray (i), foam tossed with the wind.

M. E. move

Sprat, a small fish, sprout of a tree. considered as the fry of the herring Wedgwood. From A. S. sprot- (Tent. *sprut-}, weaker grade of sprutan-, to with the sense of * fry,' or young sprout See Sprout. one. Sprawl, to toss about the limbs. (E.
' ;

'

Sprinkle. (Du. ') Formerly sprenkle ; perhaps boi rowed from Du. sprenkclen, to Cf. G. sprenkcln, to sprinkle, sprinkle. from M. II. G. sprenkel, a spot, allied to Icel. sprekla, Swed. sprakla, a little spot. See Kluge (s. v. sprenkcl}.

")

Sprint;
Sprit,

see

Spurt

(2).

M. Swed. sprotc. Sprite, a spirit. (F.-L.) The false in Coburg, spra cf. spelling spright is common, and ib retained drizzle (Schambach" Bavar. spr&en, to dmzle ^Schmellci) G. in the adj uprightly. M. E sprit, sprite. F. esprit, the spirit spruhen M. H. G. spra-jcn, sprccwcn Du. hence, a spirit.

(Low

G.)

a spar extending a fore-and-aft sail. (E.) M.E. j/r<?/, a pole. K.S.spreot, a pole ; orig a sprout, shoot, branch of a tree. Allied to A.S. sprntan, to sprout; see Sprout +E. Fries, spret ; Du. spriet\

late

Diet.

(1

735).

From Low
;

word, given in Bailey's G. sprei, a slight

; ;

O. Files, spritta, strong verb, a-sproten^ sprag, a spray (Molbech), Swed. dial. pp. spmten, to sprout. -f- Low G. spruten, spragge, a green branch, Icel. sprek, a to sprout Du. spruitcn, G. spriesscn (pt.t. Cf. also Lith. sproga, a spray of spross); Swed. spruta, Dan. sprude, to stick. a tree, also a rift, from sprog-ti, to crackle, squirt, spurt, spout. Teut. type **pnltan->
; ;

sproeien (see Franck). (2), sprig of a tree. (E.) S. *sprt?g allied spray answering to to A. S. sprccc, a shoot, spray; cf. Dan.

Spray
;

ME

sprit ten.

L spintum, ace. of spirit us Sprout, to *germinate.

A.
S.

see Spirit.
(E.)

M. E.

sprutan (found

in the pp.

sprout, bud. (Difficult and doubtful.) (E.) A. S. 5/n?^7, to extend. -f-Du. sprciden, Low G. spredcn, G. sprciten Dan. sprede, to cf. Swed. spnda,
split,

pt.

t.

*spraut, pp. *sprutanoz.

fine,

Compare

Spread.
]

Spout.
smart. (F.~ G. Hall's us that a particular kind of fashionable dress was that in which men were appareyled after the manner of Prussia or Spruce see Richardson's Diet. M. E. spruce, Prussia, P. Plowman, C. vii. also written (more 279, li. xiu. 393 (). F. Pnue (F. Pru^^e], usually) />;#<".

Spruce,

Chronicle
'

tells

Teut. type *spraidjanfrom a spread Teut. root *spreid. Spree, a frolic. (Soand.?) Cf. Irish spre, a spark, flash, animation, spirit; Lowl So. spree, a frolic, also spelt spray cf. Swed. dial, sprag, lively con(Scott)
;
;

'

versation.

Perhaps allied to Spry.

(E.)

Prussia.

Allied to A. S. spnzc, a twig.-f-Icel sprek, a stick; Low G. sprikk, E. Fries, sprikke, sprik, Allied to Spray (2). stick, twig.

Sprig.

M.

E. spriggc.

G. Spruce-beer.

Preusscn,

Prussia.

See
(G.

Spruce-beer,
confused ivith F.
foi

a kind of beer.

and E

The
i.e.

1C.

name

German

sprossnt-bier,

'sprouts-

Sprightly, Spritely. (F.-L;

E. suffix.}

with
;

Sprightly is a false spelLng spritely is from Sprite, q. v. A. S. springan, Spring, vb. (E.) pt. t. sprang, pp. sprungen, -\- Du. G. springen, Swed. springa, Dan. springe led. springa, to bur^t, split, p. Ong. sense to split or crack,' as when we say
*

obtained from the young sprouts of the black spruce fir. (i. sprosscn, pi. of
beer,'

spross, a sprout (from spnes^en, to sprout) ; and bier, cognate with E. beer see Sprout
;

Englished as Spruce -beer, i. e. Piussian beer, where Spruce meant Piussia\ ste Spruce above. So also
p.

and Beer.

spruce fir (substituted for sprossen-fichte)

SPRY
meant Prussian meant Piussian
fir
;

SQUANDER
Icel. spretta is foi *sprenta,

and spruce leather spout.

to,

*$prinof

leather.

(Noieen).
It

See Sprint.
(E.)
l

s Prygg>

Cf. Swed. dial. active. (E.?) allied to verv active, skittish Swed. dial, sprag, sprak, spirited, mettle-

Spry,

Sputter.
spout.
' ;

The
to

frequentative

some.

See
;

Spue Spume,

Spark (2). see Spew.

foam.
(L.)

keep on spouting out hence to speak rapidly and indisCf. Du. dial. (Groningen) spottinctly.
tern, to sputter sputra, to spout,
;

means

Low G
fl"

for *spoima\ Brugm. i. phena-, A. S.fam, foam. Spunk, tinder- a match, spark, spirit, - L. Gk.) Ong. tinder.' mettle, (C. Gael spong Irish sponc, sponge, spongy wood, tinder. L ^pongia, a sponge; see Sponge. Cf. \V ysbwng, a sponge, fiom
; ' t

L. spuma, foam Cf Skt 791.

sputtern, Norw. Distinct from but

allied to spatter and spot. to see. (F. -O. H.

Spy,
;

GO
;

Short for

espy

see

Espy.

Der.

spy, bb.

Latin.
S. spnra, Spur. (F.) M.E. spur t. spora, a spur.-f-Du. spoor, a spur (allied to spoor, a track) ; Icel. sport, Dan. spore, Swed porre, O. H. G spore spur. 1'iom the weak grade of Teut. *ipcr-an-, to kick.
t

(2) a sofa, a See squab, squob in And see squab, to fall plump, Ilalhwell. squab, with a sudden fall, in Johnson. 1. From Swed. dial, skvapp, a word imitative of a splash cf. G. schivapp, a slap,

Squab,

young

(i) to fall bird. (Scand.)

plump

swap, to strike

2.

From bwed.
;

dial.

See Brugm. i. 793 (2). (-/SPER.) Spar (3). The ong. sense is 'kicker'; Quaver.

loose or fat flesh, skvabba, a fat woman, skvabbig, flabby allied to Norw. s/tvapa, to tremble, shake, and cf. M. E. quappcn, to throb, and E. quaver", see
skvabb,
Cf.
Icel.

kvap, jelly, jelly-like

(^Scand.)

from
to

use on the heel; cf. Lith. spir-ti, kick. Der. spur, vb. See Spoor,
its

things

squabble, to wrangle.
dial,

Swed.

Spurn.
a plant. L ) Named (F. corroding (and so cleansing O. F. spurge, e spurge. away) warts. O. F. espujger, to purge away. L. ex-

Spurge,
its

Swed. dial. skvabbel) a dispute. sfaappa, to chide, lit make a splashing,

from the sb. skvapp, sqvapp, a splash. Cf. Prov. E. swabble, to squabble, allied to
swab, to splash ovei, swap, to strike. Squad, a small troop. (F. Ital. L.) M. F. esqitadrc, escadre Ital. sqiiadra, a

from

purgarc, to cleanse away. L ex, away purgare, to cleanse. See Purge. Spurious. (L) L. spun-ns, false; with suffix -VMS.

squadion

see

Square.
(F.

Spurn.

(,.)

M.E. spwnen

squadron.
esquadron

Ital.

L.)

F,

to kick

A. S. spurnan, against, hence to reject. to kick against (pt. t spear n, pp. sporncii). Allu cl to Spur, -f* Icel. spcrna (pt. t.
spam",;

\\j\.squadrone\ augmentative ot s quadra (above). Squalid. (L.) L. squalidus, rough, L. squaleie, to be rough, parched, dirty.
dirty

Swed. spjarna
See
a
'

despise, a cognate form.

L. spernere, to (Base *spem

Der. squal-or,

sb.

Squall,

to cry out.

(Scand.)

Swed.

V^PER.)
5<>5.

Spar
plant
'

(3).

Brngm.

i.

M. F. spume, spuny or fiank, a Dutch Cot. Of Teut. origin noisy [German] heib
;

Spurry,

(F.-G-Late L)
;

sqvala, to gush out violently, sqval, a rush ol water, sqval-regn, a violent shower of ram (E. squall, sb., a burst of rain) Dan. syvaldte, to clamour, sq-valder, clamour,
;

talk

Swed.

dial,
-f-

skvala, to gush
allied

G. sporgef, spergel, spark, spnrry. Late L spergula, A i). 1482 (Weigand).

cf

out, ciy out, chatter,

cry,

Gael, sgal, a loud

to

sound of high wind;

G.

older sense is to germinate. Spurt stands for sprut M. E. spruttcn, to sprout or shoot. A. S spryttan, to produce as a causal form from A. S. sprout or shoot
; ;

The

Spurt

(i),

Spirt,

to spout out.

(F.)

schallen, Icel. skjalla (pt. t. skall}, to resound, and \V. chwalu, to babble.

to dissipate. (E) Orig. to disperse, scattei abroad ; Dryden, Annus Mnabihs, st 67. Nasal ibed form allied to

Squander,

sprut an, to sprout. See Sprout. Spurt (2), a violent exertion. (Scand.) Foimerly jr/iV/. Icel. sprettr, a spurt,
Icel spreita (pt. t. spring, bound, run. spraft}, to start, spring ; also to sprout, to

Lowl. Sc squatter, to splash about, scatter, squander, pi ov. E. swatter, to throw water about Swed. dial, skvattra, to squander. These aie frequent at ives from Dan. sqvattf, to splash, spurt, also to squander ; Swed.
;

SQUARE
sqvatta,

SQUIRT
;

skvetta Icel. to (for siveymous, Prompt. Parv. squirt, A. F. escoymoits, *skwenta, perhaps allied to G. antvSftv, to skoymus, disdainful. pour out see Noreen), to squirt out water. delicate, nice as to food (Bozon). The The d appears in M. Du. swadderen, to form answers to L. type *schematdsus or from schema (Gk. crx^a), dabble in water Swed. dial, skvadra, to *schemosus gush out of a hole (as water). Cf. scatter scheme, form, air, mien, manner. *([ Not and Gk. (rc5-a<rtj, a scattering. related to Shame. L. ) M. E. square. Squeeze, to crush, press tightly. (E.) Square. (F. O. \ esquarrJ, squared esquarr*, a square, The prefixed s is due to O. F. es- ( = L. -ex),
;
; ; .

Cf. Ital. squadrare, to square ; squadra, a square, also a squadron of men

squareness.

All from Late L. * ex(orig. a square). quadra re, intensive (with prefix ex] of L.
four;

L. quadrus, quadrdre, to square. cornered see Quadrate.

= late M. E. queisen, to queeze This M. E. queisen probably squeeze. represents O. Merc. *cwesan, answering to A. S. cwiesan, cwysan, to crush, chiefly in the comp. td-cvvlesan.
very;

a. The (F. L.) mod. squash appears to be due to quash, O. F. esL ex-, with the prefix sused as an intensive. O. F. esquaiser,

Squib,
bustibles;

(i)
(2)

Squash,

to crush.

a paper tube, with coma lampoon. 1. (Scand.)

<

Squibs were sometime s fastened slightly to a rope, so as to run along it like a rocket ;

whence the name.

swippen, to

From M.

E. sqmppen,

to break in pieces, from O. F. es-, and see Quash. quasser, causer, to bieak p. But it commonly keeps the sense of M. E. squachen, to crush O. F. esqual to chier, to crush, also spelt cscacher, squash ; Cot. (MoJ. F. teacher}. The F. cacher answers to a Late L. type *coacticare, due to L. co-actare^ to constrain, The prefix es--\*. ex, exforce, press. tremely L. coactdre is formed from coact-tts, pp. of cogere ( -coigere], to drive together.
;
'

swiftly, fly, sweep, clash. Icel. svipa, to flash, dart, svipr, a swift

move

Norw. svtpa, to run swiftly. ; squib also means a political lampoon, but was formerly applied, not to the lampoon itself, but to the writer of it ; see
2.

movement

Tatler, no. 88, Nov. i, 1709. <;quil thus meant a firework, a flashy fellow,
also

making a noise, but doing no harm. Squib means child's squirt, from its shooting
fire.

out water instead of

stern, a comet.

Cf.

G. schweifF. squill*, L. squilla^

See

Ex- and Cogent

Der.
squash,
flat).

Agent.

also Con- and sb , an unripe

Squill. (F.-L.-Gk.)
'

M.

peascod (nearly

to cower. (F. Lit. to lie as if pressed down ; the old sense is to M. E. squatten, to press down, squash. crush flat. O. F. esquatir, to flatten, ~ L. crush. O. F. es- ( ex}, extremely ; Diez shows that quatir, to beat down.

squat,

- L.)

squill,
scilla.

sea-onion

'

Cot.
squill.

Gk. 07AAa, a

flat,

as prov. E. (Suffolk) squink, to wink. Of obscure origin. Cf. M. Du.sifa/yu, 'cross,

oblique, byas-wise/ Hexham; E. Files. sehun, oblique, awry ; Du. schuin, oblique ; schmnen, to slant; schuinte, a slope, obliquity.

Squinancy, old spelling of quinsy. Squint, to look askew. (E ) The same

O. F. qtiatir (Late L. type *coacliri) is a derivative of L. coactus, pp. of cogere,

to press, compel ; see above. Cf. M. Ital. quattare, 'to squat, lie close.' a female. (W. Indian ) Massachusetts squa,eshqua, Narragan^ett squaws,

Squaw,

a female (Webster)

Cree iskweiv.

M. Swed.

Squeak,

to cry out shrilly. (Scand.) skwaka, to squeak ; Swed.

O. F. esquire, (F. L.) M.E. squire. variant esquierre ; mod. F. fyuerre, of O. F. esquarre\ see Square.

Squire Squire

(i), the
(2),

same

as Esquire.

a square, carpenter's rule.

sqvaka, to croak ; Norw. skuaka, to cackle ; Icel. skvakka, to sound like water shaken in a bottle. Allied to Quack.

Sq[U6al. ^Scand.) M. Swed. sqwala, Swed. &ia\.sqvala, Norw skvella,{& squeal. Used as a frequentative of squeak, and apSee Squall. plied to a continuous cry.

L.Gk.) M.E. squint, (F. O. F. escurel (F. tcureuil). Late L. scurellus, a squhrel ; for *sciitr*lGk. his, dimin. of sciurus, a squirrel. a shadow-tail/ lit. axiovpos, a squirrel from his bushy tail. Gk. <JKI-&, shadow; ofyxi, tail. <^[The explanation of the Gk. word may be due to popular etymology.
Squirrel.
scurel.
' ;

Squeamish,

over-nice.

Squamish, Baret (1580).

M.

^(F.-Gk.
1C.

?)

skeymou*,

Low

Squirt,

vb. (E.)

Prov. E. sivirt.
;

Cf.

G. sivirtjen, to squirt

from swiren t

512

STAB
G. schwirren ; see E. Fries, kwirtjen, to to dart about, fro,m kwirt, squirt out, turning quickly about.
orig.

STALE
Stagnate,
to cease to flow. (L.)

to

whir,

like

From

Swirl.

So

also

Cf. Irish stob-aim, (Scand.) Gael. stob, to fix a stake in the ground, from slob, a stake, pointed iron 01

Stab,
stab
;

vb.

L. stagnattts, pp. of stagndre, to be still, L. stagmtm a still pool, cease to flow. a stank see Stank. Der. stagnant, from stem of pres. pt. ol stagnate.
% ;

Staid,
stayed,

pp

giave. (F. -M. Du.) Foimeily of stay, vb., to support, make

(i).

stick, stub. Apparently from Swed. dial Icel. stabbi, stabbe, a thick stick 01 stump a stub, stump, allied to stafr, a staff
;

steady.

See Stay
d). (F.

Dan. dial, stabb, a shoit peg. Allied Stub, Staff, q v. Der. stab, sb.

to

Stable
O. F.
stall.

i,

estable,

a a

stall for horses.

(F.

stable.

stabnhtm,

L.) a

L.

start,)

62, 77.

to stand See Stall

1

still.

Biugm. n

Stable
tablish.

(,2),

fnm (F.-L.)
.

OY

cslable

L) Shoit for Distain. '1 stayne a thynge, Jc destayns\* 1'alsThe oiig. sense was to dim the grave. colour of a thing. Der. stain, sb. Stair, a step up. (E.) M. E. steir, stcyer. A. S. stifger, a stair, step; lit. a step to climb by. Formed (with mutation to ce) fiom stag, 2nd grade of sttgaii, to climb. ef. Icel. stcgt, step, f-Du steiger, a stan
Stain,
;

L. stabihs, firm

sttite

(alwe).

Stablish.

(F.-L)

Shoit for Es-

bvved. stcge, ladder, Dan. stige, ladder, G. steg, a path ; lespeetively from Du. stijgen t Icei. stTga, Sv\ed. stiga> Dan. stige, G.
stetgettf

large pile of wood, &e. (Scand.) E. stak. led. stakkr, a stack of hay stakka, a stump (as in oui chimney-stack), Swed. sta>.k, a lick, heap, stack; Dan. stak. The sense Teut. type *staknoz (Noreen). is a pile.' Cf Russ. sf0g\ a heap, hayAllied to Stake. nck. Staff. (E.) A S sttpf\ pl.j/0/tfi, staves -f- Du. slaf led. stajr, Dan stab, stav,

Stack, a

to
t

moiint.
])t.
t.

climb;
t

Teut.

-\eib

M.

*stctgait~

*tfatg pp. *stiganoz. Allied to Skt. stigh, to ascend, Gr. arc/-

Staitlie, a landing-place.
s/ccd,

(E^

S.

'

bank, shore. 4" led. stod, harboui, roadstead, M.Du. stade, 'a haven.' Allied to Stead.
a post, strong stick (E.) M. E. staca, a stake -f- Du staak, Swed. stake. Dan. stage. Fiom the Teut. base *stak 2nd grade of*ste-au-,io pierce, aj)peinng in G. staih, \A. t. of stechen, to

Stake,

staf Goth, stajs 01 stabs, G. stub. Allied to O. 11. G. stablx. to be stiff, E.

9

Swed

stake.

A.S.
t

Imes. staf, unmoved make firm. Stag, a male deer.

cf.

Skt. stambh, to

(Scand.)

plied (in dialects') to a

Late S stagga (from Noise). lally. Icel. \tfggr, steggt, a he-bud, drake, tomcat
;

Also apmale animal genc-

stick, pierce;

see

Stick

(i).

Stalactite, a kind of ci>stal hanging from the root of some caserns. (Gk.)
Foimed, with
araAa/fT-os,
suffix -ite

(Gk. -irr s), from

t

Norw.
to

said

be

led stfggr is stegg, a cock, * mounter ; ' for *stig-joz, lit.

;

from stig-, weak grade of stiga, to mount see Stair (Noieen, 140; but doubtful.) Stage. (F. - L.) A. F. and M. F.
'

cstagc,

a story,

Gk. crraAdfcd/ (abo^e). l n Stale (0> ^ C ke|.t, vapid, trite. Stopping-place on a journey, 01 the dis1. Stale, as a sb > Teut. or F. tance between stopping-places.] Cf. Piov. (E Cf E. estatge, a dwelling-place answering to a means urine of cattle or horses. Late L. form *stat2cttm, a dwelling-place. Fries, and Low G. staUen, Sweel. stalla, to
ing-house;'
Cot.
((Jk. -iTT/s).
"I

stage, loft, also a dwell[Hence it meant a

(ik. errand fav tnckling. (- oraXa-y-yuv} to dnp; allied to araAai/, to dnp. Stalagmite, a cone of carbonate of lime on the flooi of some ca\erns. (Ck.) with suffix -itc Gk. aTaAa-y/x-a, a drop
,

L. stat-utn, supine of stare, to stand. to reel, vacillate. (Scand.) weakened (voiced) form of stackei , M. E. stakeren. \(~d. stakra, to push, to frequentative of staka, to punt, stagger

put into a

Stagger,

Dan.

stall, also to stale (as cattle); stahle, to stall-feed, stalle > to stale (as

From stall, sb. 2. Stale, adj., horses). is that which stands too long, from M. F. cstalcr, to display waies on a stall, from
estal,
ste/j

Norw. stakra, also to stagger Swed. dial, stagra staka, to stagger Dan. dial, stagge stagle. Allied to Icel. sfjaki, a punt-pole ; and to Stake.
push,
; ;
;
t

a a

stall.

Cf.

M. Du.
;

stet, stale,

Du.

stall,

place

stellcn,

to place,

G. stelle, a place, from G. stall, a stalL

See StalL

STALE
Stale
Teut.)
(2),

STANCHION
;

A. F.

a decoy, bait Shak. (F. estale, a decoy-bird (Bozon).

Stamen,
Lit.

male organ of a
in

'a thread.*

flower. (L.) L. stamen, a thread, the

stcel-hran, a
stale, theft,

Perhaps adapted from A. S. stal-, as in decoy reindeer, allied to M. E.

warp standing up

an upright loom.

L.

A.S.^/a/w, theft; allied to Steal. Steal, the handle of anyThe latter thing. (E.) M. E. stale, stele. answers to A. S. stela, steola, a stalk, stem.

Der. stamina, orig. pi. stare, to stand. of stamen, lit. thieads. in a warp, a firm
texture.

Stale

(3),

stalk, handle. Allied to still

stem, handle ; G. stiel, Gk. areXeov, a handle. and stall-, the stale being that by which the tool is held firm and

f Du.

steel, stalk,

Cf.

a kind of stuff. L.) (F. ' TA. F. estamuu, the stufie Cot. - L. stamineus, consisting tamine L. stamin-, stem of stamen, of thieads Also spelt stammel, a thread (above).

Stamin,
'
;

M. E. stamin.

tamine, tammy.

unmoved.

And
i ),

see

Stalk

(i).

Stammer, to stut tei.

eren, vb.
;

(E).

M.E.stam; ,

a stem. (E.) M. E. stalke, of which one sense is the side-piece (stem) dimm. form, with suffix -k, of a ladder. sec from M. E. stale, variant of stele

Stalk

stomrian (Shrine, p. 42) from A. S. s tamer, stamor, adj stammer-

A.

S.

Stale (3) above. -Heel, stilkr, Swed. stjelk, Dan. stilk, stalk cf. Gk. ar&exos, stem
;

ing; where the suffi* -er, -or is adjectival. From a base *stam, extended from y'STA, to stand, lemain fixed ; cf. piov. E. stam,
related by gradation u stameren, stumtn, dumb, -f" stamelen. G. stammern, stammeln", Icel.
;

to amaze, confound

of a

tree, allied to crreAcov,

Stalk
to

(2), to stride.

A. S stealcian,

to

stalk. steak, steep. The notion is that of walking cautiously. Cf perhaps A. S. ttellan, sty Han, to leap. Der. stalk-ing horse, a horse for stalking game see Halhwell Stall, a standing-place for cattle, &c.
;

(E ) walk warily Dan. stalke, to

;

a handle. M. E. stalkcn.
allied

to

G.

stamma, Dan. stamme, Swed. stamma, to stammel Icel. stamr, O. H. G. stam, Goth. stamms, adj., stammering. See Stem (3).
;

M. E. stampen. A. S. stempan (iQi*stampian}.+ Du. stampen, Icel. stappa, Swed.

stampa, Dan. stampe, G. stampftn ; also Gk. (jrffjL0(ii>, to stamp. stampede, a panic. (Span. Teut.) Stampede is a sudden panic, causing cattle to take to flight and run for many miles any sudden flight due to panic. Span, (and Port.) estampido, a crash, sudden sound of anything bursting or falling. Formed as if from a verb *estampir, akin
;

Stamp,

to tread heavily, to pound. (E.)

(E

ME.
Du.

stal.

A. S.

steall,

station,
staid,

stall -f

stal,

Icel. stalls,

Dan.

Teut. type *stalhz, perhaps for *stadloz cf. A. S. standan, to L. stand, E. stead', Gk. araO-nfc, a stall Allied to stab -nlum (for **t*dh-low).

Swed.

stall,

G.

stall.

Stead.

Brugm.

ox, a fatted ox
fatten, stalloxe,

Der. stalled (4). Swed. dial, stalla^ to fatted ox (Holler).

i.

593

cf.

stalon. - O. F. so called because (F. ttalon}, a stallion to work. kept in a stall and not made O. H. G. stal (G. stall), a stall, stable
;

stallion, an O. H. G.) M. E.

entire

horse.

(F. estalon

see Stall.

Stalwart, sturdy. (E ) For stalvtorth. M. E. stalworth, stelewurtie, stcalcwitrbe,

stalewurfte
;

able (said of ships)

(3.

We

find

A. S. sttflwyrbe, pi serviceA S Chron. an. 896. A. S. geUZlan used as short

,
;

The icference estampar, to stamp. appeals to be to the noise made by the blows of a pestle upon a mortar. Of Teut. see Stamp above. origin Stanch, Staunch, to stop a flow of O. F. estancher, to blood. (F. L.) Walloon stanchi (Remacle). stanch Late L. stancare, to stanch, a variant of Late L type *stagnicare, to cause to stagnate, from L. stagndre, to cease to flow
to
;

Hence Sievers explains the form stal- or stiel- as being contracted or from a from staftol, a foundation Thus form *
for gestatielian.
(

'

Stagnate, ^f It is piobable that the sense was influenced by G. stange, a pole, Der. stanch, a bar (Koiting, 7733).
see
adj., firm,

sound, not leaky; cf

\?

.ttanche,

water-tight.

is

stiff/]. parallel for *stabol - wyrde,

stol-wyrfie
j
I

Stanchion,
L.) O. t'tanchon
; ;

'

lit.

foundation-

a support, beam, bar. (F. North F. estanchon, Norm. dial.

worthy/ i.e. firmly cf. A. S. sta&olfast,

staftel,

fixed, firm, constant;

staftol

is

The A. S steadfast Cf. Stead. allied to

stead-fast.

M. If.estanfon, estanson, 'a prop, ' Cot. Not derived from the O. F. stay estancher, to pi op (allied to E. stanch], but a diminutive of Q.Y. stance, a situation,

STAND
condition, also a stanchion (Scheler). Late L. stantia, a chamber, a house, lit. 'that which stands firm.'-L. stant-, stem See State, of pres. pt. of stare, to stand.
^f

STARE
Staple
(i),

a loop of
;

iron.

(E.)

A.

S.

stapol, a post, pillar

also, a step.

Orig.

But the word may have been confused with O. F. cstancher, to prop (as above),
is the same word as cstancher, to The staunch ; for winch see Stanch. ultimate root is the same either way.

which

sense a prop, something that holds firm. A. S. stop-, base of sttcppan, strong verb, to step, tread firmly ; cf. stamp. Du. stapel, staple, stocks, a pile Dan. G. staffe I, a step, stabeJ, Swed. stapel;

stapel, a staple (Lelow).

place.

Stand. (E.) A. S. standan, pt. t. stod, pp. standcn.+izel. standa, Goth, standan Swed. sta staan (pt. t. stond} cf. Du. G. stehen (pt. t. stand}. (pt. t. stod} * * Teut. type standan-, pt. t. stalk; ba*e
;

'

*stath, *stad, the w being orig. characteristic Allied to of the pres. tense. stare, Gk. I stoiate, Skt. stha, to

a chief commodity of a The sense has G.) changed it formerly meant a chief market, with icference to the place wheie things O. F. estaple, M. F. were most sold. etfape, 'a staple, a mart or general market, Cot. (F. ttafe ) a publique storehouse Low G. stapel, a heap hence a heap laid the same in order, store, store-house

Staple
;

(2),

(F.

Low

'

stood,_Russ. stand. (VST A.) Sec State. Der. stand, sb standtsh, shoit for stand-dish, a standing dish for pen and ink. Standard. (F. L.) A. F. estandard, a standard or ensign, O. F. estendard, a The flag was a large standard measure.
tffTTjv,
;

woid
heap.

as

Staple

(i).

The Du.

(i) a staple, (2) the stocks, (3)

stapel means a pile or

All fiom the notion of fixity or

firmness.

(E.) M.E. sterre. A. S steorra. Cf. Icel. sdr; O. II. G. sterro. stfarna, Dan. stierne, Swed. stjerna, Goth.

Star.

+ Du.

was modified by the

to stand.

and hence one, on a fixed (standing) pole influence of the verb

;

The O.

F. estendard, Ital. sten,

;

slauno, G. stern also L. stella (for *sterla\, Gk. dffrrjp, (lom.steren, l$ie\..sterenn, \V. scren, Skt. tara. Oi ig. sense uncertain.
;

from L. unmodified forms with suffix -ard extend-ere, to extend = O. II. G. -hart, suffix, orig. the same ( See Extend. as hart, hard).
dardo, are
stange. stake ;

Cf. Brugni.

473

(2).

M. E. a pole, stake. (Scand.) stong (gen stangar}, a pole, Dan. stang, Swed. stang, Du. stang, From the 2nd G. Mange A. S. stcng. Cf. Stake. grade of the verb to sttng.

Stang,

\Lt\.

the right side of a ship. M. E. stereboitrde. A. S stCorbord, (E.) the i c. stcei -board, the side on tthich in the first instance, he steersman stood Cf. Icel. used a paddle, not a helm. <? stjdrn, at the helm, or on :he stai board A. S. steor, a rudder or paddle to side. steer with; botd* board, bordei, edge or

Star-board,

Staniel,
stangclla
;

a kind of hawk.
'

(E.)

lit.

rock-yeller.'
;

AS

A.

S.

side;

sec

Steer

(2)

and Board.

The

stan,

rock (see Stone) and gellan, to yell (see Yell). Stank, a pool, tank. (F L ) An old \Yalloon stank, word once common. O. F. eitang, a pond. (The same as Prov.
;

O. H. G. \tiura (G. steuer) means a pi op, staff, paddle, rudder, allied to Icel. staurr, a post, stake, Gk. aravpos, an upright pole
or stake.
-f.

estant,

Span, estathjue, Port, ianque, a pond, pool.) L. stagnum, a pool of stagSee Stagnate, nant or standing water.

stnurboord, Icel. stjornhorbi, Dan. Svvcd styrbord; all similarly compounded. btauk is stuff that Starch. (^)
stiffen*
;

Du

(VSTEU,

allied

to

V ST A.)

from the
starkc,
3

adj.

Cf.

Stark,

stiff,

(i)

strength,

(2)

stiong, staich;

Stanch, Tank.
elating to tin-mines. (L ) L. stanLate L. stannana, a tin-mine.

Stannary,
tin.

Hiim,

strong. S. (i), to gaze fixedly. (E.) s tanan from a Tent adj. *staroz, fixed, appearing in G. .r/rt/v, fixed; cf. Skt. $/// ?/'#-,

from

si ark, adj.

Stare
;

Ital. stanza, M. 'a lodging, chamber, dwellHorio. ing, also stance or staffe of verses So called from the stop or pause at the end of it. Late L. stantia, an abode. L. stant-, stem of pres. pt. of stare, to stand ; see Stanchion, State.

Stanza. (Ital.-L)

fixed,

allied to stha, to stand

and Gk.
staren
;

Ital. stantia,

<7T*/)uy, firm. STA.) Icel. stara, stua, to stare;

(V

+ Du.
Swed.
'

Dan.

stirte,
l

to

stare;
'

O.H.G.
is

stirra, sfaren.

Hence

stanng hair
l.

stiff-standing

hair.'

Brugni.
(2),

200.
glitter.

stare

to

(E.)

M. E.

STARK
staren\ whence staring colours
colours.

STEAD
as stare

The same word

glittering of staling eyes. entire. (E.) stiff, rigid, stearc, stiff, strong. -f Du. steik, Icel. Dan. stark, Swed. and G. stark.

from the

Stark,

of Teut. verb *sterkan-, to stiffen the weak grade appears in Goth, ga-staurknan, to become dry, Icel. storkinn, pp. coagulated. Further allied to Lith. stregtt,
;

stationem, ace. of statio, a standing still. L. statum, supine of stare. Der. station-e^, ong. a bookseller who had a station or A. S. stall in a market-place hence station- er-y, Also stationsterkr, things sold by a stationer. From ary, adj. See State. which Statist, a statesman, politician. (F.

blight
(i)
;

with Gk.
-ist

sitffix.)

by adding

(L. -ista,

Statue.

(F.-L)

Coined from Gk. -larrjs}. O. F. statue

state

(tri-

to

L. stattta, a standing image. become ngid, Peis. suturg, big, strong. syllabic) Root STERG, extension of y^STKR see L statn-, for status, a position, standing in stark L. statum, supine of state, to stand. Stare ^i\ Der. stark, adv., as
;

mad.
quite naked. (E.) substitution for M. E start-naked, lit. ' tail-naked,' i. e. with the hinder parts the sense of wholly exposed, but used naked. From A. S. steort, a tail ; as in red-start, i. e. red-tail, a bird.-f-Du. staart,

Stark-naked,

Stature,
j

height.

(F.

L.)

stature.

'

Icel. stcrtr, sterz, a tail

Dan
;

stiert,

Swed.

stjeit,

G.

cf.

Gk.

(rrupOrj,

A. E. stare^ a stalling. l^el. stain, ^ta>i, Dan star, a starling. G. staar, L. s turn us star, Swed state,

Starling. dimm of M.

(E.)

M.E.

a spike. stethng, double

S.

L. statura, an upright posture, height. L \tatum supine oi stare, to stand, status, condition. (L.) L. j/fl^ ; see State. F. tfrf/w/.-L. Statute. (F.-L.") ^latulum, a statute; neut. vistatutus, pp. of sfjtuere, to place, set, causal of stare, to stand.
,

Cf.

see Stanch. piece of a cask, part of a piece of music. (,E.) Merely another form of dat. sing staue (stave) staff, due to M. F.

Staunch;
Stave,
s

S. siearn, a tern.

E. suddenly. (E sterten, pt. t. stirte (Ilavelok, 873), sttirte, Allied to Du. storte 'Layamon, 23951) storten, to precipitate, fall, iush G sturz-

Start,

to

move

s
)

and
i

pi.

fanes (staves'.
;

staff,

a stave

Dan.

Cf Icel. stafr, a sfav, staff, stave, stave.

;

See Staff.
j j

Stavesacre,
Delphinium
Lnt. form
dypia,
acre"]
.

staphisagria.
is

the seeds of a laikspur Gk.) (L.

;

en.
flee,

run

AUo, perhaps, to M. Du. steetten* to away Some e\en connect it with

steort,

of

wild,

where Gk. arafyli dypia from d.-y/>os, a field (E.

tail.

See

Stark-naked.

Der stat tie, A.S steart lian, to stumble. Stay (i ), to prop, delay, remain. M.h. sfente/t (sterveti), M. Du ) M. F. esiayer, 'to prop, Starve. (E
)

to die

without icference to the means of

steorfan, pt t steatf, pp. whence -stterfan, to kill storfen, to die stoben. (weak \erb). -f- Du. sterven, Teut t>pe *steiban~) pt t *starb. Der.

death).

A. S

(F. stay;' Cot. M. F. estaye, sb. fern. a pi op, stay ;' M. Du. \tade, also staeye, 'a prop, id.
'

stay,'

llexham;

C>.

Hem

'

allied to
j

Stead.
is

[The

staey, a prop, loss of d between

two vowels
brother,

sta>ve-l-ing, double damn., expressive of v/a/T at ton, a hybrid word, contempt

;

tw

usual in Dutch, osinbtocr, See ^for tcder}, tender.]

Stay
> '

(2).

introduced fiom the North about 1775. State, a standing, position, condition &c. (F.-L) O. F. estat.-\>. statum, ^LC L. statum, supine of status, condition Gk. cVrT/r, I stood of state, to stand. Skt. st/ia, to stand cognate with E. stand.

a rope supporting a mast. (E.) i, A. S. stag, a stay (whence F etai, a ship's

Stay (2

stay,

liat/feklj.

Swed. G. s/ag
difficult to

Du. stag, Icel. Dan. It is Der. stay-sail fl"

*

decide whethei 1',. stay (2) is a survival of A. S. st(?g, a rope for a mast/ F. cstaye, a pi op, for which or is from

Statics,
at rest

(Gk.)
;

the science treating of bodies From Gk. araTucos, at a

arariKT), statics.--

see

Stay

(i).

Stays,
a
bodies.}

a bodice. (F.

standstill

rj

placed, standing; allied to -ffTTj- in iGTrjfu, I place, stand.

Gk. crrar-os, verbal adj from crra-,

pi. ot stay,

a support.
(i).

M. Du.) Merely (So also bodice

See Stay
(E.)

(y.sTA ) Station.

(F.-I.)

F.

station

L.

A. S. stede, E. stede. a place.-f-Du. stede, stee, a place; cf. Du. stad, a town, Icel. staQr, stafta, a place ;

Stead.

M.

STEADFAST
Dan. Swed. stad, town, Dan. sted, place G. stadt, statt, town, place, Goth, stalks
;

STEER
sistance.

vb.,

A.

76. Brngm. ii. S. sty Ian (Icel. st&la).

Der.

steel,

Allied to L. statio, (gen. stadis}, a place. station ; Gk. _<JTaai$, Skt. stJnti-, a

standing.
bed-stead.

(^STA.)

Der. home

stead,

Said to be (i). (Low G.) yard in London where steel vtt& sold by German merchants (Stow) but really

Steelyard
Low

the
for

(E.) A. S. stedefast, firm A. S. stede, place; fast, place. M. Du. stedcvast, Icel. firm; see Fast.
in
its

Steadfast.
Dan.

staSfastr,

Steady,
Palsgrave.
in

stadfast. firm. (E.)

Spelt stedye in

example of stedi Stratmann has another form and sense.)

(The

sole

new formation from

;

stead, sb.,

with

G. staal-hof, sample-yard,' from see Bremen \taal, a sample of goods Wort. Low G. staal is from O. F. estale, a sample. O. F. estaler see Stale' (i). Steelyard (2), a kind of balance, with unequal arms. Now (Low G ) generally misundeistood as meaning a yard or bar of steel but really shoit for the Steelyaid beam,' or balance used m the
; ;

'

suggested by steadfast. a slice of meat for cooking. a M. E. stake Icel. vteik, (Scand.j steak so called from being stuck on a wooden peg, and roasted before the fire cf. Icel *'cikja, to loast on a spit or peg and to Stick Allied to Icel. .s///fo, a stick

suffix ~y

Steelyard;
htilliarde
v

see

Steelyard
in

(i).

'The
and

Steak,
;

Berne' occurs
2.

Letters

Papers Foreign and Domestic, Hen. VIII.

104, col.

Hence
S
lit.

prov. E. stillar, antelope.

'

stulia'rd.

(Du
I

Steenbok, a ) Du steenbol,
stone,
),

African
*

rock-goat
he-s.;oat
,

Du.
see

(i} -f* Swed. sick, roast meat, stcka, to roast: allied to stitk, a prick, stuka, to stick, stab; Dan. steg, a loast, at venae Cf. G. anstetkcn^ to steg, to turn the spit.

steen,

rock;

bok*

Buck (i). ~" Steep (i A S. stcap,

an^tahen, to pierce. Steal. (E ) A.S. *t dan, pt. t. ^tal, pp. jTWtVJ.+Du. stclcn, Icel. stela, Dan. stifle, Swed. stjala, G. stelilen, Goth, stilan.
spit,

put on a

precipitous (E.) M. Icel. stcypbr, steep, high. Allied to stoop, whence the steep, lofty. notion of sloping down, or tilted up cf.

Teut. type *slelan

anoz.

pt.

t.

"V^/, pp.
steem.

*j////-

Swed. stupandc, sloping; Norweg. stupa, to fall, stitp. a steep cliff. See Stoop. Steep (2\to soak in a liquid. (Scand.)

M.
sb
'

E.

stepcn,

Icel.

steypa,

to

make

to

Steam,

M. E.

S.

stoop,
steep

overturn,
it)

steam, vapour, smell, smoke. -f-Du. stoom. Der. steam, ^h. Stearine, one of the j^roximate princiGk.) F. stfarme ples of animal fat. (F.
;

metals (hence to
;

pour out liquids, cast pour water over grain or

causal of stupa, to stoop; see also Swed. stopa, to cast Dan. stobe, the same. metals, steep corn

Stoop.

So

formed, with suffix -me, from Gk. crrtap, tallow, hardened fat. Allied to Gk. arrjvai, 82. See Statics. to stand Brugm. 11. Steatite, a soft magnesian rock with a soapy feel. (F. Gk.) Formed with suffix
;

Steeple.
stypc I, a lofty

(E.)

O. Merc,
;

stepel*

A. S.

tower

so called from its

AS. steap, steep, high (with height. regular change from ea to jp). -f- Icel. stopull; Low G. stipeL
Steer
(i), a

Cf. G sttite, usual change front o to c"}. a stud-mare Icel. stobkestr, stud-hoi se, See Stud (i). stoftnierr, stud-mare. E. steel. O/ Merc. Steel. (EO steh A. S. style, which is a late Wessex
;

from Gk. crrear- as in orear-oy, gen See above. fat. Steed. (E.) M. E. stede. A.S. steda, Teut. a stud-horse, stallion, wai -horse A. S. stod, a stud (with the type *stod-jon~*
-ite,

young ox

(E.)

A.

S. steor.

of ariap, tallow,

spelling.4-Du. staal, Icel. stal, Dan. staal, Swed. stal, G, stakl, O. H. G. *takal. The O. H. G stahal answers to O. Pruss. stakas in panu-stakla-, steel for kindling cf. also Skt. stak, to resist, Zend ; Named from its firm icstayra-, strong.
la-, fire

-f-Du. and G. stier, a bull, Icel. stjorr, Goth. stntr\ Teut. type *steuroz, m. as in [Also *thcuroz, for Idg. *teuros Icel. ]>jdrr, Swed. tjur, Dan. tyr, a steer. also E. taunts, Gk. raupos, Russ. Cf. tur\~\ p. The sense is 'full-grown' or large,' as in Skt. sthula- (for sthura-), great, large, powerful, sthura-, a man, cf. Zend staora-, sthiiri, a pack-hor.se; Pers sutur, a beast of burden. Der. stir-k,
;
4

a bullock, A. S. styr-ic (with vowel-change from eo toy) Low G. stark. Steer (2), to guide. (E.) M. E. steren.
;

A.

S. steoran, sty run, to steer. -f>Dn. sturen,

Icel.

styra,

Dan.

styre,

Swed.

styra,

G.

517

STELLAR
steuem> to steer; Goth, stiurjan, to confirm, from the sb. appearp. Weak verb ing in M. E. stere, Du. sttmr, Icel. styri,
;

STEVEDORE
stap,

G.

a step.

stapfe, a footstep Allied to Stamp.

Russ. stopa,

steuer, a rudder, still retained in starThe O. H. G. board-, see Star-board.

G.

Stepchild. (E.) A. S. steopcild', where ci/d-E. child\ see Child. We also find A. S. steopbearn, step-bairn, stepchild.
steopf&der,

stiura meant (i) a prop,

a rudder
stake.

and
(

is

staff, support, (2) allied to Icel. staurr, a

" 143
;

mother, &c.

Noreen,
L.")

Stellar.
Stella,

Brugm.

i.

stellaris, starry.

198. L.

phaned/ pound we
;

stepfather, steopmodor, step' p. The sense of steop is orand steopcild is the oldest comfind

A. S. dsteapte,

pi.,

made
;

star; allied to E.

for

*ster-!a,

a dimin.
i.

form

Star

Stem
stem
tree
;

Brugm.

473.

M. E. (E.) (t), trunk of a tree. A. S. stefn, stemn, (i) stem of a

prow of a
vessel, for

orphans, also O. II. G. stitifan, to deprive of parents. -f Du. stiefkind, stepchild Icel. Swed. sty barn G. stjupbarn, step- bail n
;

stiefkind.

(2) stem,

which

Steppe,
stepe,

a large plain.

(Russ.)

Russ.

stefna (stefna) is also used. Apparently allied to Staff; but the primitive foims are uncertain. Du stam, trunk, steven, prow Icel. stafn, stamn, stem of a vessel,

a waste, heath, steppe.

stofn, trunk

prow
stam,
stern;

Dan. stamme, trunk, stavn, Swed. stam, trunk, staf, prow, /)';;/;

Stereoscope, an optical instrument for (Gk.) giving an appearance of solidity. From Gk. /rr*/>o-s, solid, stiff; awn-ilv, to behold. stereotype, a solid plate for printing.
(Gk.)
\

bak-stam, bick-s?tem, G. stamm, tiunk, vordcr steven, prow-post, stem, hinter steven, stern-post Some compare O. Irish tamon ^.tamhari}, the stem of a tree Stem (2 \ prow of a vessel. (E ) See
fore-stem,

Gk. OT/>O-$, hard,

solid

and

type,

above
E. (E.) (3), to check, stop. stem men, to check, stop, hinder. So Icel stemma, Dan. stem me, to dam up; G. stemmen, to dam up water, check, From Tent. *stam, to stop see resist.
Fries,
;

Stem

O. F. sterile. - L, Sterile. Cf. Gk. stenlem, ace. of stenlis, barren. crrpa(for *arsp-ya}, a barren cow Goth. stairo, a barren woman. Brugm. i. 838. Sterling. (E.) M. E. sterling, a sterA. F. esterhn^. Said to be ling coin

- L.) ( K.

named from
lings
;

Stammer.

Stench,

sb.

(E

A.

S. stenc, a strong

smell, often in the sense of fragrance. A. S. stanc, 2nd grade of stincan, to stink, See also to smell sweetly. -|-G. ge -stank

= starling', with referhaps M. E. sterling ence to the four birds seen on many coins See Starling. of Edward the Confessor. Stern ( i ), severe, austere. (E.) M. E. A. S. styrnc, stern. Allied ^terne, stitrne.
G. torng, morose, stubborn; Goth. and-staurran, to murmur against. Stern (2), hind part of a vessel. (Scand.) Icel. stjorn, a steering, steerage, helm hence a name for the hind part of a vessel. Cf. Icel. stjor-i, a steerer, allied to E.
to
;

the E^terlings (i. e. casterwhich the accent disproves. Per-

Stink.

Stencil, to paint in figures by help of a pierced plate. (F. L.) From O. F. estenceler, to sparkle, also to cover with stars, to aclorn with bright colours (GocleO. F. estencele, a spark. L type froy). *stmctZ/a, mistaken form of L. scintilla, a See Scintillation. spaik.

steer (2).

Stenography,
(Gk.)

p rom

Gk

<rre'o-s,

shorthand writing. narrow, close

Sternutation, sneezing. (L. L stcrL. sterniitatus, pp. nutdtio, a sneezing. of stermltare, to sneeze, frequentative of Allied to Gk. rrraptternuere, to sneeze. wffOai, to <-neeze.
N
;

ypa(f>-fiv, to wiite.

Stentorian, extremely loud. (Gk ) From Gk. 2jrWcyp, Stentor, a Greek at

Troy, with a loud voice (Homer). with suffix -reap. <rriv-tiv, to groan STEN.) See Stun. Step, a pace, degree, foot-print.
;

Gk.

Stertorous, snoring. (L.) Coined from L. sterterc, to snore. Stethoscope, the tube used in auscultation, as applied to the chest. (Gk.)
Lit.
*

(^
(E.)

chest-examiner/
consider.

Gk.

ffrrjOo-s,

chest

<rtfoir-(V, to

M. E. steppe. From A. S. sleppan, s tap- (Span. pan (for *stapjan\ a str. verb with a weak packer;
present
;

pt.

t.

stop,

pp. stapen.

Cf.

Du.

one who stows a cargo. Span, estivador, a woolhence a stower of wool for exportation, and generally, one who stows

Stevedore,

L)

STEW
Span, estivar, to compress a cargo. L. stipdre, to Allied to Stiff. Cf. together. estiva, O. F. estive, stowage; Ital.
ballast.

STILL
wool,
press

a cargo. to stow

a stick, E. Fries, stikke, stik\ Du. sttk\

G. stecken.

Span.
stiva,

Stew, to boil slowly.

(F.-Teut.) M.E.

stickleback, a small fish. (E.) So called from the stickles or small prickles on its back. Stick-le is a dimin. of stick (2) ; cf. E. Fries, stikel, a thorn.
Stickler, one who
settles disputes

stuwen, orig. to bathe; formed from the old sb. stew in the sense of bath or hothouse (as it was called) the pi. stews
;

ing.
sists

An Anglicised generally meant brothels. form of O. F. cstuve, a stew, stove, hothouse (F. 4tuve\ Q. H. G. stupa, a hot room for a bath ^mod. G. stitbe, a chamAllied to Stove, q. v. The ber). F. cstm>e and of II G. history of

(E.)

parts combatants, or between two who are fightNow only used of one who in-

on etiquette or persists in an opinion. Corruption of a sb. formed from M. E.

s

tight len,

stightlien,

to

dispose,

ordei,

an ange, govern, subdue; commonly used

of a steward
Palerne,

who

as a master of ceremonies.

arranged matters, acting See Will, of

itupa

is

much

Steward.
a steward.
orig scn^e

disputed. (E.) A.S. stiweard, stiward*

'

Lit.

a sty-waid

'
;

fiom A. S

stigu, a farmyard, iveard,

The was one who looked after the domestic animals, and gave them their food
a ward.
;

1199, 2899, 3281, 3841, 5379; Destruction of Tioy, 117, 1997, 2193, This M. E. stightlen is a 13282, &c. frequentative of A. S. stihtan, stihtian, to contiol. Cognate with M. Du. stichtcn, Dan. stifte, to to build, impose a law
;

hence, one table, or

provides for his master's superintends household affairs. also find stiwtia, stigtvita, a steward, where the former element is the same. See Sty (i) and Ward. Stick (i), to stab, pierce, thrust in, ad-

who who

institute,

Swcd.

itifta^ sttkta,

G.

stiffen,

to found, institute.

We

*j/M/*-)

Cf. also Icel. stett (for a foundation, base.

;

-f

Stiff. (E.) M.E.J/?/. Low G. stlf (Danneil)

A. S stif, stiff. Du. stijf, Dan.

stw, Swed.

here.

The orig. sense was to sting, (E.} pierce, stab, fasten into a thing ; hence, to verbs be thrust into a thing, to adhei e. are confused in mod. E., viz. (j) stick, to

Two

Allied to Lith. shprus, styf. strong, stip'tt, to be stiff, L. stipes, a stem, sttpare, to pack tight, stipuhis, firm. stifle. (Scand.) XVI. cent. From
Icel.
stifla,

to

find stn k, to be fixed in. a. (i) M. E. stckcn, strong verb, to pierce, answering to pt. t. stak, pp. sicken, stiken an A. S *stecan, pt. t. *j/<zr, pp. *stecen

pierce

(2

We

stivla,

to

stop,
stiffen

dam up, choke; Noiweg. hem in, lit. to stiffen

;
;

(not found") cognate with O. Fries, steka, O. Sax. \tekan (pt. t. stak}, E. Fries
;

frequcntatives of Norw. All from the stiva, Dan. stive, to stiffen. ^[ The prov. E. stive, to stuff, adj. above. from O. F. estivcr^ to pack tight, is ult. fiom the same root; see Stevedore.

stiwa, to

rtckeu,
stekeii\
;

Low

stack, pp. ge\to>. he Teul. type *stekan- (pt. t. *sta&) it). transferred to the ^-series fiom an older
t.
;

G. steken G. stechcn (pt.

(pt.

t.

stak,

pp.

Stigmatise. (F. Gk.) Tf.stigmatiser, to brand with a hot iron, defame. Gk. Gk. any(TTiynaTiffiv, to mark, brand.
par-, base of cn'typa, a prick, mark, brand. Gk. ari^fiv (= *ariy-ytiv)< to prick. Allied to Stick (i). (y^STEIG.) Stile (On a set of steps for climbing
over. (E.)

type *steikan- (weak grade stiK}

staks, allied

cf.

Goth.
to

a mark,
to

stiki,

point.

Furthei

Gk.

<rriftv

(-= crTiy-yfiv},

prick, L. instigare, to prick, Skt. tij, to be and to L. Sting. (-y'STEIG.) sharp also find (2) A.S. stician, pt. t. sttcp. ode, weak verb; allied to Icel. stika, to drive piles, Swed. sticka, Dan. stikkc, to stab, sting, G. sleeken, to stick, set, als>o to stick fast, remain. Stick (2), a small bianch of a tree. M. E. stikke. A. S. sticca, a stick, (E.) peg, nail. So called from its piercing or sticking into anything; the orig. sense being peg,' also a small bit of a tree. Allied to Stick (i) above. 4- Icel. stika,
;

M.

E.

stile.

A.S

stigel,

stile.

We

A.S. stig-, weak giade of stigan, to climb with suffix -el. See Stair. 4- M. Du. and O.H.G. stichel Stile (2), the correct spelling of Style (0> H >v Stiletto, a small dagger. (Ital. L.)
;

stilo,

a dagger; dimin. of M. Ital. a dagger. L. stilum, ace. of stilus, an iron pin; see Style (i). Still (i), motionless. (E.) M. E. stille.
Ital. stiletto,

'

A. S.

stille,

still;

cf.

stillan, vb.,
stall.

to le-

main

in

a place or

For

*stcljoz\

STILL
steel,

STOCK
from A.
S.

allied to A. S. stellan. to place, a place ; cf stealI ; see

sltl,
still,

dots,

(Du.)

Du.

stippelen, to speckle, dot

Stall, -f

Du.
to

stiffen,
jto/,

to be
;

still, stellen,

place,

Swed.
still,

J////0,

from G.

a stall
;

stilly still

Dan. rf/7/tf, Dan. stille, to

;

also to place, Swed. stilla, to quiet G. stillen, to still, stellen, to place Dan.
;

staid,

Swed. G. j///, a .stall. Der. j////, adv., A. S. stille, continually, ever. Still 12), to distil, trickle down. (L.

In some cases, it icpresents <?rF. L.) L. stillare, to fall in drops; more often, it is short foi Distil, q. v.

dimin. of Allied to Low G. stippelcn, a point. to drip as raindiops (Danneil), stippen, to G. steppcn, to stitch, stiff, a tack, speckle peg, pin. Stipulation, a contract. (F.-L) F. L. ncc. stipnlationem, a stipulation. L. stipulatus, pp. of stipularT, covenant. O. Lat. to settle an agreement. allied to stipes, a post, ^f Not firm, fast
over.

Dn.

stippel, a speckle;

stip,

from stipula, & straw, though allied woid.

this is

an

Still (3\
(L
)

sb.,

Shoit

for

an apparatus for distilling. M. K stillatont, a still,

from sti Hat-its, pp of stillare 'above). Stilt. (Scand.) M. E. shite. -Swed Dan. ttylte, to stylta, Dan stylte, a stilt G stelze, a walk on stilts.+Du. stelt Peistilt; O. II G. stelza, prop, crutch. Fries. cf. E haps allied to Stilk (i)
;
;

A. S. E. sfiren, tfurcn. move, stir. Allied to Iccl. styrr, a stir, Du. stoten, Swed. stora* G. slot en, to disturb, O. IT. G. storen, to disturb. Teut scatter, types destroy,

Stir. (K.)
to

styi'ian,

lO.
j

Prob. allied

to

Storm.
see

Stirk;

Steer

(i).

$tt/te,

a stem, stalk.

Stimulate. (L*) From pp. of L. L stunul'is, stimulare, to prick forward a goad. A. S stingan, pt t. Sting'. E
)

fE.) For sty -rope, i e. a rope to mount by the ong. stu rup was a looped rope foi mounting into the saddle. M. E.

Stirmp.
A.

stirop.
?i r-,
I

S.

sti-rJp,

weak rnade

A. S. stiff- rap. of stiran, to mount rap,

;

stuiigen -f-Icel. stinga^ Swed stinga, Dan. sting*,. Tent t>pe *stcngan-. Der.

pp

stang

Th? same as ^^ mean (E ) Norfolk stingy, pronounced (stm-ji), nipthe ping, unkindly, ill-humoured. Merely adj from stuig, sb. which is pronounced So also Swed. iticken, (stinj) in Wiltshire. pettish, fretful, from ^tuka, to sting. A. S. bttncan, pt. t. it a/it:, Stink. pp stuncen. -f Du stmken, Dan. s'inke, Cf. Gk. rayyos, Swed. stinka, G. * tin ken
,

+Icel. ;/, Dn stcg-reep, G. ite^cif. Stitch, a pain in the side, a passing through stuff of a needle and thread. (E.) A S ttue, a pricking sensaE. stifhc See A. S. stiitan, to pi ick, pierce. tion.

a rope; see Stair

and

Rope

Stick
Icel

(i).

rancid.

M. E. tilth (Scand.") an anvil; allied to fixed place; named from its firmness; see Stead. -4- Swed. stad, an anvil; M. Du. \tiet. Der. stithy, properly a smithy, but also an anvil, like M. K. stethi.

Stith, an

anvil.

to limit, restrain, cut short. (E.; Stiver, a Dutch penny. (Du.) Du. M. E. stmten also tfmver^ a. small coin. Perhaps ong 'bit' 'to shorten. Franck connects it with S. stentan, styntan, m for-styntan,\ or small piece. ow G. Vuuf, stumpy, Icel. ?/;//>', a stump, properly 'to make dull'; formed from A. S tfitnt, stupid, by vowel-change from Icel sty/a* to cut off. A late u to/ The peculiar sense is Scand. -f Stoat, an animal. (Scand word; s'/ote, Phillips, 1706; levins, 1570. Icel. stytta for *stynta), to shorten, from M. 1C. f/^/, a stoat, also a bull, stallion, stuttr, '-hort, stunted, Swed. dial, slynta, Sec Stot to take short step-*, from stunt, shoit Dan dial, stynte, to crop. Sec Stunted. StOCCado, StOGCata, a thrust in Monado is nn Stipend, salary. (L.) L. stipendium, fencing. (Ital -Tcut.

Stint,

Orig

p.

.SV^Ar
'
;

is

mean

'

pile of

money

cf.

stipare, to

supposed to heap

together.

Stipple,

to engrave

by means of small 520

with pp. trunk, stump stock. stock, a post, &c.

staff,

cognate
(E.)

with

E.

The

old sense

STOCKADE
was a stump
hence a post, trunk, stem, ; a fixed store, fund, capital, cattle, stalk, A. S. stocc, stock, butt-end of a gun, &c.
stump, -f G.
stock,
;

STOT
stol,

Goth,

stols, seat,
'

chair

pillar.

_ Lit.

that

G. stuhl, which stands

;

chair, firm.'

Du. O. H. G. stock stok, Icel. stokkr, Dan. stok, Swed. stock. Allied to A. S. sty Me, G. stuck, a bit,

191. (*/STA.) Brugm. i. Stoop (0, to lean forward. (E.) Prov. E,.stowp; M.E. stoupen. A. S. stupian. 4-M. Du. stuypen, O. Icel. stilpa, to stoop Swed. stupa, to tilt, fall. Allied to Steep fragment Stockade, a breastwork formed of (0. Coined as if stakes. Stoop (2), a beaker; see Stoup. Teut.) (Span. but adapted from from E. stock (above) Stop. (L.) Of L. origin. M.E. stopso also Du. Span, estacada, a palisade, fence. Span. pen, A. S. stoppian, to stop up Swed. stoppa, estaca, a stake, pale.-M. Du. stake, Du. stoppen, to stop, stuff, cram, Ital. stoppare, Dan. itoppe, G. stopfcn sec Stake. ilaak, a stake to Stocking. (E.) Stocking is a dimin. to stop up with tow, Late L. stuppare, form of stock, used as shoit for nether- stoik. stop up with tow, cram, stop. All from
;
; ;

bas des chausses, a stocking, ornetherThe clothing of the lower Cot. ,* of a single part of the body consisted garment, called hose, in F. chousse*. It was aft.nvaids cut in two at the knees, and divided into tipper-stocks, and nether-stocks In this case, stock means a or stockings
1

Un

stotk

hardb, the also stopp~le, i. e. stoppei ; ctfop, A. F. (s toper, from Late L. stuppare. Storax, a resinous gum. (L. - Gk.) L.
j/w/fl, stuppa,
flax,

L.

coarse pait of

oakum, tow. same. Der.

Cf.

Gk.

ffTtirrj, (Trvirirrj,

torax, styrax.

Gk. orvpag.
(F.

Store,

sb.

- L.)

E. star, stoor,

see Stock. piecf or stump, a piece cut off;

Stoiczts. - Gk. L. instauraie, to belonging to a as instawuiJi, store. Late L. tnstaurare, colonnade,' because Zeno taught under a constiuct, buiidjiestore *stauL. in, in colonnade at Athens. Gk. crroa, arota (for to provide necessaries. to set up, place, also found in re*GTof-ya\ a colonnade, row of pillars cf. rare, From an adj. restore. to statirare, ^^STEU.) (TTv-Xos, a pillar. = cf. Gk. Stoker, one who tends a fiie. (Du.) *staunts Skt. stkavara-, fixedj (-^STA.) Der. used to mean one who looked after a crravpos, an upright pole. Orig. - Du. store, vb., O. fr. estorer, from Late L. fire in a brew-house

piovibions.

Stoic.

(L.-Gk)
Stoic
;

O. F. estor, store, provisions (Godefroy); Late L. stawum, the same

;

STOKES,

'

lit.

(Phillips).

stoker,

<a kindler, or setter on fire/ Du. sicken, to kindle a fire,

;

Hexham.
stir

staurare

instaurare.
bird.

fire.

Stork,

(E.)

A.

S.

.tf<7n\+Bu.

Allied to Du. stok, a stock, stick (hence, a Cf poker for a fiie) cognate with Stock. Westphal. s token, to poke a fire. Gk.) L. robe? scarf. (L.

stork, Icel. storkr, Dan. and Swed. stork ; G. storch. Cf. Gk. r6pycs, a large bird

(vulture, swan).

Prob. allied to Stark.

Stole, long

stofa.

Gk

Gk. crroAi}, equipment, robe, ffT\\iv, to equip.

(L.)

stole.

(E ) A. S. storm, storm. +Icel. stonnr, Du. Swed. Dan. storm, G. stunn. From the same Teut. type *$tur-moz.
root as E. Stir.

Storm.

Stolid, stupid. stock-like, stupid.

O. F.
e-stoiiiac.

L. stohdus, fiim,

Stomach. (F.- L.-Gk.) M.E

Is.

stomak.

stomachum. Gk. <7T(5/*axoy, mouth, gullet, stomach 421. dimin. of OT^IM, mouth. Brugm. i.
ace.

Stone. (E.) M.Kstwn. A.S.tf<F;/.+ Du steen, Icel. steinn, Dan. Swed. sten,
G.
stein,
;

A. F. storie (Bartsch), O. F. estoire, L. historia. Gk. Iffropia, a history, tale. information see History. Story (2), set of looms on a level or flat. (F. L) Orig. merely 'a building' or
;

Storv(i). (F.-L.-Gk.) U.E.storie.

Goth, stains.

Cf.

Gk. orta, a

stone

O. Bulgarian stena, Russ. sttena,

a wall.

Per.
a

stan-iel.

O. F. cstorte, a thing of pp. of estorer, to build. Late L. staurare, for L. instaurdre, to construct, build, &c. See Store. Der.
*

thing
;

built.'

built

fern,

from *stok-, strong with windows, as distinct from blind-story. Low G. Stot, stallion, bullock. (E.) M.E. E. Stack. grade of *stak~, as in Cf. Icel. stutr, a bull, Swed. slut, stot. Swed. dial, stuke* stuke, a stook to StOOl. (E.) M.E. stooL A. S. stol, Dan. stud, a bull allied to Swed. stota, seat. 4- Du. stocl, Icel. stoll, Dan. Swed. push, G, stossen*
answers to A.
S. *stft,

Stook,

shock

of

corn.

(E.)

It

clere-story,

i.

e.

clear-story,

story lighted

5 21

STOUP
;
j

STRAW
M.
E.
streit.

StOUp, Stoop, flagon. (M. Du.) M.E. Strait, adj. (F. L.) M. Du. sloop, a large cup (Kilian) A. F. estreit (F. Mroit), narrow, strict. slope. Du. stoop, a gallon; cf. Icel. staup, a L strictum, ace. of strictus see Strict. Strand (i), shore. (E.) A.S.strand.+ knobby lump, also a stoup Low G. stoop,
;
;

a stoup (whence Swed. stop, three pints ; A. S. steap, Dan, dial, $tob> a stoup). a cup ; G. stauf, a cup. Allied to A. S.

Icel.

strond(gen. strandar}, margin, edge

Dan. Swed. G. strand.

a rope. (Du.) (2), thiead of added. -Du. strecn, a skein, G. *>trahne, a skein, hank of thread. Cf, Du. striem, hank, O. II. G, streno.

Strand

steap,

steep ; upright; see

perhaps as being high and

(i),

The

final af is

Steep

Stout.

(F.

- O. Low G ) M. E. stout. bold.-M. Du.

A. S
stolt,
stolt,

and Stoop.

O. F. estout, stout, stout, stout, bold ;

a stripe.

Low G. stolt,

the same, -f G. stolz, proud. Perhaps all fiom L. stultus, foolish, foolhardy, Der. stout, sb., a strong beer.

Stove.

(E.)

A.

S.

sto/a.+M. Du.
baine,'

stove,

Strange, foreign, odd. (F. L.) O. F. L. extrancum, ace. of extraestrange. L. extra, neus, foreign, on the outside. See Extra and Estrange. without. Strangle, to choke. (F.-L.-Gk.)

'a stewe, hot-house, or a

Hex- O. F.
stube,

ham
a

G. stove; cf. Icel. bath-room with a stove

;

Low

stofa, stufa,
;

G.

O.H.G.

stupa, a

F. eltuve).

room (whence See Stew.

Ital. stufa,

Gk. 'L. strangulare. estrangler. to strangle. o*Tpayya\6<iv, orpayyaKifav, - Gk. arpayyaXr), a halter. - Gk. ffrpayy6st Allied to String and Strict. twisted.

Stover,
;

Shak. O. F. estover, estovoir, necessaries oiig. the infin. mood of a verb which was used impersonally with the sense it is necessary.' Perhaps from L. est opus (Tobler).
;

food for cattle. (F.-L.?) In M. E. stouer (stover), necessaries.

it

Strangury. (L. Gk.) L. stranguna. G k. ffrpayyovpia,! etention of urine, when falls by drops. -Gk. arpayy-, base of

arpayt, a drop, that which oozes out (allied

to ffrpayyos, twisted) ; ovp-ov, urine. Strap. (L.) Prov. E. strop \ A.S. L. struppus (also slroppus), a stropp.
strap, thong,
fillet.

Stow, to pack away.

lit.

(E.)

M. E. stowen,

(Hence F.
Tent.)

fire-place.

strappata, a pulling, a Ital. strappare, a thing wringing, the strappado. to pull, wring. -H. G. (Swiss) strapfen, Straddle. (E.) Formeity striddle to pull tight, allied to G. straff, tight, borrowed from Low G. or Du. Du. straffrequentative of Stride. (Levins) severe ; cf. E. Straggle. (E.) Formerly stragle. fen, to punish, from straf, For stracKle\ cf prov. E. strackle-brained, Fries, strabben, to be :>tifT. - L. Gk.) M. F. Stratagem. (F. thoughtless. Apparently the frequentative Gk. arparrjL. strategema. P. stratageme. of M. E. straken, to roam, wander Plowman's Ciede, 82 ; with a shortened yqua, the device of a general. Gk. arpaGk. ffTpar-6?, army, before k-l. Cf. M. Dan. strage, to wander rrjyos, general, leader. Swed. dial, strakla, to stagger, totter, may camp ; ay-eiv, to lead. The Gk. arpar6s See is allied to orupi/fu, I spiead. be related.

put in a place. A.S. stowigan from stoiv, a place. 4* Icel. eld-sto, f Sweet)
to
;

form

Strappado.
.

(Ital.

A modified
was used

tfrope.}

of strappata (just as stoccado

Ital.

Also Lith. stowa, place where stand. stoti, to stands, from

for stoccatd]

Straight.
of

M.

(E.) M. E. stt ei# orig. pp. E. strecchcn, to stretch; A. S. streht,

, ;

Stratum.

see Stretch. pp. of streccan, to stretch Dar. straight, adv., M. E. street straight;

way'i straight-en.

Strain (i ), vb. (F. L.) ' From estraign-,' a stem of M. F. estraindre, to wring hard See L. stringere, to draw tight. Cot.
;

- L. - Gk.) (F. J. strategic. L. stratcgia.<{V&. arparTjyia, generalGk. o-Tparrjyos (above). ship. Strath, a flat valley. (C.) Gael, srath, a valley with a river, low-lying country beStrategy.
Irish srath, sratha, the bottom ; of a valley, fields beside a river .ystrad, a flat vale. Allied to Stratum (below)

side a river

Stringent
descent, lineage, birth. (E.) Strain in Shak. ; strene in Spenser. M. K. streen, Chaucer, C.T., Cl. Tale, 157. A.S.
streon,

Strain (a),
gain,

Stratum.
I

(L.)

that which is spread flat pp. of sterncre, to spread.

;

stratum, a layer, neut. of stratus,

f Gk.

aTopvv^,

product, lineage, progeny whence strfnan, to beget.

spread out.

(-/STKR.)
(E.)

Straw, bb.
522

A.

S.

stieaw (strewi).

STRAW-BERRY
fDu.
str&,
n. stroo, Icel. stra,

STRIKE
Swed. strdcka\ G. strecken, from strack, *strawom, tight. Perhaps allied to Strong.
adj.,

Dan.

straa,

G. stroh. Teut. type Allied to L. stramen, straw, sternere, is

;

wanderer in the streets, one who stiays, cf. Gk. Skt. str to aTopvvpi, I spread from Prov. estrada ( -= O. F. estree}, a spread. See Stratum. Brugm. i. 570. street Ital. stradiotto, a wanderer, fiom Der. be- strew.
; y
;

streow ian, to stiew, scatter. A.S. streaw- Closely allied to A. S. straw-berry. (E.) streaw, sttaw.+Dn. berige, straw-berry; perhaps from its pi o- strooijen, to strew, allied to tfroo, straw; G. streuen* to strew, allied to tfroh, straw; pagation by runners cf. strew. Stray, to wander. (F. - L.) O. F. Goth, ^traujan (pt. t. strawida}, to strew. estraier, to wander ; orig. to rove about From a derivative of the root STER, as the stieets or ways. Cf. Prov. estradier, a in L. ster-nere (pt. t. stratti], to strew
S.
; ;

shew

see

Strew, Stratum.

Strew, Straw,
strewen.

vb.

(K.)

M.

E.

A.

strada,

street.

-L.

stiata,

a street;

see

Stricken
Strict.
Stringent.

see Strike.

Street.

(E.) M. E. strike more commonly stnke. A. S. strica, from *stric-, weak grade of sine an,
,

Der. stray, estray, bb. Streak, a line or long mark.

(L.) gere, to tighten,

draw together, &c. Doublet, strait.

L. stnctus, pp. of strinSee

Stride,
t.

to stroke, rub. Cf. E. Fries, streke, it rake, a stroke, streak Du. streek Swed. streck, a dash, streak, line; Dan. sfreg, the same.
;
;

strad, strood.
n.

Also Goth, strifes, a stroke with the pen streed\ to strive, to stride Du. stnjden, G. stnch, from Teut. *strik, weak grade of G. streifen, Dan. stride, stiong verbs, to Cf. alsoL. stnga, strive, contend *stretka9t-\ see Strike. Icel. stnfta, Swed. strida,
;

M. E. striden, pt. t. (E.) A. S. stridau, to stride, pt. strad\rare; but cf. bestrad, A^lf. Horn, So also Low G. striden (pt. t. 136).
vb.
;

a swath, furrow. Stream. (K.) A. S stream -f Dn. stream, Icel. straum>\ Swed. Dan. strom* G. Strom. Teut. type *straumoz, in. Allied to Russ. stnna, Irish sniaim, a stream. All from y'SREU, to flow, which in Teut. and Rubs, became cf. Skt. sru, Gk. fistLv (for *Gptf-tw}, to flow.

weak

verbs, to strive /3. Teut. type *streidan-, pt. t. *straid, pp. *stridanoz ; whence also Icel. strib, woe, strife ; stritir,
Cf. Skt. sndh, to assail an enemy. The orig. seiibe was to contend,' hence to take long steps (as if in contention with Der. beanother).
;
'

hard, stubborn.

also,

STREU

Cf.

Kheum.
;

stride, si rid, straddle, strife, strive Strife. ( F. Scand.) O. F. estnf, strife.

Street.
stret

A.S. str&t, (L.} a vciy early loan-word

O.Merc.
;

cf.

Du.

straat,

strasse.
;

\.,

strata, i.e. strata

ma, a paved way

of sternere,

strata being fern, of pp. to stiew, pave

(K.)

Strength.
^strang-t-thu}.

A.S. strengbu

(for

A.

S. \trang, strong.

See

Strong.

Strenuous. (IO L
Stress,
strain.

strfnu-ns, \\go\ffTprjvrjs,

Apparently modified fiom Icel. rtrid\ strife, contention. Cf. O. Sax. and O. Flies, strid, strife Du. strifd\ G. streit. From the verb Stride (above), ^j The connexion with G. strelen, Du. streven, is obscure. Der. strive, vb., q. v. Strike, to hit. ^E ) M. E. striken, orig. to proceed, advance, to flow; hence used of smooth swift motion, to strike with a
;

ous, active; with suffix -on s. -f-Gk. strong, allied to arepeos, firm.

rod or sword.
\trak, pp.
'

The verb
; '

is

strong; pt.
*

t.

(F.-L)

Sometimes

short for distress-, see Distress. Otherwise, from O. K. estrener, estrcssicr, to This answers to straiten, pinch, contract. a Folk-L. type ^street'tare, regulaily formed from L. st rictus, tightened see Strict. Stretch. (E,) M. K. strcuhen. - A. S.
;

streccan, pt.
rigid,

t. strehte, pp. streht. Formed as a causal verb from A. S. stripe, hard,

Thus stretch **tv strong. make stiff or hard, as in straining a cord. +Du. strekken, to stretch, from strak, stretched, tight, rigid ; Dan. strakke, Swed.
violent,

stnken the phrase stricken in A. S. years meant advanced in years.' strican, to go, proceed, advance swiftly and smoothly; pt. t. stn'c, pp. stricen.+'D\\. stnjken, to smooth, rub, stioke, spread, btnke; G. streichen, the same. [Cf. Icel. strjuka, to stroke, rub, wipe, strike Swed, Allied to stryka, Dan. strygc, the same.] L. stringere, to gi aze, touch lightly with a swift motion striga, a row of mown hay. Der. strike, sb., the name of a measure, orig. an instrument with a straight edge for levelling (striking off) a measure of Also streak y stroke. gi am.
;
;

52*

STRING
A. S. streng, cord from jf. (E.) A. S. strang, being tightly twisted. Cf. Gk. arpayyfar), a strong, violent. halter; fiom arpayyos, tightly twisted. -f* Du. streng, stung, allied to streng, severe
;

STRYCHNINE
Strong.
(E.)

A.

S. strang,

strong.^

its

Du. streng, Icel. strangr, Dan. streng, Swed. strang G. streng, strict. Cf. Gk.
;

so also Icel. strengr, Dan. strtzng, Swed. See strang, G. strang, cord, stung.

Strong.

Stringent, f L.) L. j/; ingent-, stem of pres pt. of stringere, to draw tight, comthis press, urge, also to graze, stroke; pp. orchestra, or the strain sung dining evolution the shophe, to which the antistrictus. Perhaps allied to Strike. Strip. (E.) M. E. stripen. A. S. strie- strophe answers. Gk. arptfyew, to turn.
;

crrpayyfc, tightly twisted. Strop, a piece of leather, for sharpening A. S. stropp, a strap, from razors. (L ) L. see Strap. Cf. Westphal. strop. Strophe, part of a poem or dance. (Gk.) Gk. <rr/)0(/)'/7, a turning ; the turning of the chorus, dancing to one side of the
;

pan, strypan^ to plunder,

strip

in

comp.

H (j.stroufen. Teut.iype*strau/an-M. from the 2nd grade of the strong verb *streupan-, for which cf. Norw. strupa, to !>trogden, strugelen appaiently from A.F\ T)QT. strip, a- (L. ex) picfixed to M. Du. truggelen grip, to throttle, pt i.straup sb., a piece stripped off; see below. (Du. troggelen'), Low G truggeln, to beg Stripe. (Du.) Ong a streak M. E persistently, which prob also had the not an old word prob. a "weaver's same sense as E. Fries truggcln, to struggle stripe M. Du. stnjpe, a stripe in cloth, against, as when a horse jibs or refuses to term
;

be*strypan,'\-'D\\. stroopen, to plunder; E. Flies, stropen, stropen ; G. streifen, from

- L. (F. L.) F. structure. L. structus, pp. of structura, a structure. struere, to build, oug. to heap together. Du. ?) M.E. Struggle, vb. (F.
Structure.
;

Strow;

see

Strew.

of strepe (Kilian) ; Du. strccp\ move forward, also to beg persistently. $tt All from Teut. base *thnlg-, as in Jcel. ipe, a stripe. 4" Norw. stnpa, Dan. s tribe, a stripe, streak rfreifen, J>rnga, Dan. true, to press, ultimately r M. PL G. streif. I rorn a Tent, base *streip, related to A. S pryccan, G. drucken, to
variant

Low

G.

Cf O. Irish G. stripe, a stripe, also means a strip of cloth although strip belongs strictly to the veib above. Stripling. (E.) A double chmm. from hence a lad as thin strip, variant of stripe
allied to *streik
;

see Strike.

press.

srtab, a stripe,

^f

Low

(Doubtful.)

as a strip, a

growing lad not >et

(F.

filled

out

Scand) M. E stnnen O. F. (striven], properly a weak verb. O. F. estriver, to strive Walloon striver.

Strive.

to thinm on a piano. (E.) Made by prefixing an imitative word. = O. F. es- = L. ex), very, to intensive s- ( the imitative woul tium (also thritni}^ as seen in Low G. t)umnicn,\)\\. tronunen, to drum ; see Drum, and Ttut. ?) E. strom(F.

An

Strum,

Strumpet.

Thrum

pet.

The foim answeis

to

F. *estrom-

estrif, strife

see Strife.

Stroke
From

2nd grade of A S strican, to strike. Cf. G. streuh, a stroke. Stroke (2), to iub gently. (E.) M. E. stroken. A. S. stradan, to stroke a caudal verb; from r/;w, and grade of strican to strike. Cf. G. streuheln, to stroke, from see Strike. streichen, to stroke ForTeut Stroll, to wander. ( F
strac,
;
,

i),

a blow

(E.)

E. strook

pette (not found), as if from M.Du. stjompe, a stocking. Or (if the ;// be an insertion) it is from O. F. strupe, Late L. sirupuw,

dishonour, violation; Unexplained.;

from L. stuprnm.

Strut
\Scand.)

(i),
1^

to
.

walk about pompously

>

strouten, to spread or swell dial out. strntta, to walk with a jolting step; Dan. strutte, strude, to strut ; cf. Norw. st> itt, a spout that sticks The oiig. sense seems to out, a nozzle.

M. Swed

merly
s-

stroule, stroyle.

Formed by prefixing
'
;

'

be

'

(O. F. es-, L ex] to troll, used (in P. PI, j with the sense ' to range see Troll.
Cf.
estreuti}, adj., Guernsey ttretilai vagabond (Me'tivier who notes that, at Valogries, dep. Manche, the equivalent term is treulier, i. e cf. Norm, troller')
[_

hood

to stick out stiffly' sticking out like

rigid,
;

cf. Icel.

^tiutr, a

a horn;

Low

(>.

strutt,

idle,

G. strotzen^ to stiut, bo puffed up cf. strauss, a tuft, bunch. strut (2), a support for a rafter. (Scand.) Ong. a stiff piece of wood from
-f;

'

dial,

treuler,

to

rove

(Moisy), dial, of

strut, to stick out or up. G. strutt (above).

Cf. Icel. striitr,

Verdun

trdler, trauler.

Low Strychnine.

(Gk.)

From Gk.

<

STUB
vosj nightshade, -inc.

STUPEFY
j

poison

with F.

suffix

word being Germanised before

into

it

passed
stuff,

French (Diez).

Cf.

G.

stoff,

Stub, stump of a tree. (E.) A. S. stybb, a stub; E. Fries. stubbe.+"D\\. stobbe, Icel. Allied stubbi, Dan. stub, Swed. stubbe. and see to Icel. stufr, a stump (Noreen) Stab. Also to Gk. (rrviros, a stump, Skt. Allied to Stump. stupa-, a heap.
;

materials, p. The sense of the L. word is better preserved in the verb to stuff, i. e. to cram, to stop up, M. F. estouffer, to stifle (Cot.), G. stopfen, to fill, stuff, quilt, from Late L. stuppdre, to stop tip ; whence also

E. Stop,

q. v.

Stubble. (F.-LateL.)
stable.

M. E

stobil,

Stuffy,
O. F.

A. F.

estuble,

O. F.

estoublc.

Late
1

L. stupula, stupla, stubble; a variant of L. stipula, stubble, due to the influence of Low G. stoppd, stubble (Lubben), Du. and E. Fries, stoppel, cognate with M. H. G. stupfel, O. H. G. stupfila, stubble.

same
up.
I

close, stifling. (F.-L.) estoitffer, to choke (F. tfoitffsr) as O. F. est offer, to stuff or
.

From
;

the

Cf.

Walloon stoft,

stifled

O. F.

M.K. stoburn, str<E.) also stibotnesse, styborne^c, stubbornness, for which Palsgrave has stubbleThe final ;/ is prob. due to misnesse. iinderstrjiding stiborne^e as stiborn-ncssc ; in any case, it has been added; cf bittir-n, slatter-n. *Stubor, *shbor represent an A. S. form *tyb-or\ -or being a common From A. S. adj. suffix, as in lnt-or, bitter. Thus stubborn = stock-like, stybb, a stub. not easily moved, like an old stub or

Stubborn.

(above). disputing the suggestion of Diez, who needlessly goes to the Gk. rvtyos, smoke, mist, in order to explain estoffe

estoffe, stuff

cram (Remade).So Scheler,

Stultify.
'<

(L.)

(.

-fier,

L.

-ficare],

Coined, i from L. stulti- 9 for

stultus, foolish.

\b. The b is ex(E.) E stomblen, stomelen, stumciescent. len ; also stomervn. E. Fries, stinnmeln, to

Stumble,

M
;

go stumbling along
to

cf.

Dan.

dial,

stumle,

Icel. stitmra, Norw. stumstumble Sv\ed. dial. stanibla> ra, to stumble;

stump.

See Stub.
(Ital.

StuCCO.
haidcned,

O.
;

G.}

Ital. stucco,

enci listed

stucco.

O.

G.

stucchi, a crust;

G
S.

stitik,

cognate with A.
Allied to Stock.

a piece, patch; stycce, a piece, bit.

stomla, staninira, to stumble, falter. From the base *stuw. Practically a doublet of stammer, with reference to hesitation of the step instead of the speech ; see Stammer. Cf. O. Sax. and O. H. G. stum, mute. Stump. (E.) M. E. stutnpe E. Fries*
;

stiimpr, Swed. Dan. stump,

;
;

Du. stomp G. stumpf. stump, end, bit Allied to G. stumpf, blunt, stumpy Du. Also to Lith. stama stud stomp, blunt, dull. Dan. tfod, M. H G. bras, stalk of grass, &c. Biugm. i. a stall +Icel. 424. (whence G. gestuf]. Cf Russ. stado, Stun, to make a loud dm, to amaze, M. E. stomen. a herd 01 drove, Lith. stodas, a drove of esp. with a blow. (E.) and maies.
;

Stud (i\ a collection of brceding-hoises

E. stood A. S. stod, orig. an establishment or heid in
^E.)

M.

'

horses.

(y'STA.)
(2),

Der

stud-horse, steed.
nail,
;

Stud
&c.

rivet,

laige-headed

Also a stout pott, prop hence (,E.) A. S. studu, a projection, boss, support. a stnj)u, a post. -f- led. stod, Swed. stod,

A.S. stunian, to make a dm; ge-stun dm. Cf. Icel. stynja, to groan, stynr, a groan Du. steneti, G. stohnen, to groan, Russ. sten-ate, Lith. stcn-eti, Gk. arti-tiv,
t

to

groan

Skt. stan, to sound, to thunder.

i.

Dan. stud, stub, stump post a prop. Gk. crru-Aoy, Cf.

;

G.
a

stzitze,

pillar.

(V^STEN.) Brugm. sec Thunder.

818 (2\
growth.

And
(E.)

L. student-, stem From A. S. stunt, adj., dull, obtuse, ' short ;' hence, metaphoof pros. pt. of studcre, to be busy about, to stupid, orig. rically, short of wit; also not well grown; study. is Scand. -f- Icel. Study, sb. (F.-L.) M. E. studie.- but the pecuhai sense * L. studtum, stuttr (for stunt rt, short, stunted (NoA. F. estudie (F. elude]. Der. studio, Ital. studw, a icen); M. Swed. stunt, cut shoit. Cf. Stint. zeal, study. school, from L. sttidium. Stupefy. ( F. L.) F. stupe-far ; due Stuff, materials. (F.-L.) O. F. estoffe, to L. stupefacere, to stupefy; if. F. stupdstuffe Cot. Walloon stoff (Remade). fatt, pp., directly from L. stupefactus^ L. stupe-re, to be stupid; L. stupa, stuppa, the coarse part of flax, made stupid. to make. y hards, tow ; the pronunciation of this L.

f (V STEU,

allied to
(L.1

Student.

From

ySTA.)

Stunted,

hindered in

'

525

STUPENDOUS
For L. stupend(L.) us, amazing, to be wondered at, gerundive of stitpere, to be amazed ; with suffix

SUBJECT
stile,

Stupendous.

as

it is
<

stile, style,

M. E. stile. - M. F. not Gk. ' a stile, manner of indicting

;

Cot.-L.
a

stilus,

an iron pin for writing;

Der. stiletto. of writing. middle part of the pistil of (2), the Gk. L. stupere, to be a flower gnomon of a dial. (Gk.) stupidus, senseless. like a amazed. 0Tu\os, a pillar, long upright body Skt. sthftna, a pillar, post. Sturdy. (F.) It formerly meant rash pillar. Cf. M. E. (VSTEU, by-form of -/STA.) or reckless; hence, brave, bold O. F. estourdi, sturdi. stordy, rash. Styptic, astringent. (F.-L. Gk.) F. Gk. arvirriKos, L. stypticus. also rash, heedless; pp. of es- styptique. amazed, l draw Cot. to amaze (Mod. F. astringent. Gk. aTv<t>eiv,to contract, tourdir, be astringent orig. to make ttourdir, Ttal. stordirc, to stun, amaze.) together, to firm allied to arv-no$, a stump, stem,block. Of unknown origin see Korting. M. F. suaSturgeon, a fish. (F. - O. H. G.) Suasion, advice. (F.-L.)from L. ace. sudsionem suasio, O. F. estourgeon, esturgeon Late L. ace. sion. L. stiasits, pp. of suadere, to O. H. G. persuasion sturionem, irom nom. sturio. Allied to a stuigeon. Sometimes ex- persuade, lit. to make sweet.' stitrjo, sturo, { a stirrer/ because it stirs up suauis (***si(adms), sweet. See Sweet. plained as mud by floundering at the bottom of the Brugm. i. 187. water cf. O. II. G. storcn, to spread, stir suave, pleasant. (F. L.) F. suave-, L. suauis, sweet (above). see Stir. -{- A. 8. styria, Cot. (G. storen) Sub-, prefix. (L., or F.-L.) L. (and styngd, a sturgeon, as if from styrian, to Swed. Dan. star, sturgeon, as if from F.) sub-, prefix. Orig. form *sup whence stir Du. the comparative form sup-er, above, allied I eel. styrja Swed. stora, to stir The prefix s- prob. to Skt. itpan, above. steur (see Franck). Origin doubtful. cf. s-uper with Stutter. (E.) Frequentative of stut, answers to Gk. l
~ous.

Stupid.

(F.

way

L.)

F. stupidc.

L.

Style

'

'

PalsM. E stotcn. Cf. E. Fries, stutgrave. tern, to stutter; Du. statteren (whence From M. E. stot- (Teut G. slattern). for *stu) weak grade of Teut. root *stcut, which cf. Du. stuiten, to stop 2nd grade Icel. stauta, to beat, strike, *staut, as
;

once common in the same sense. I can nat speake my wordes redyly

'

I itutte,
'
| |

from above.' Sub seems to have hence it also came to mean meant up to it is allied to E. Up, just under or below Sub and to q. v. Gk.^imo seejHypo-. * c ~~~ v ~r becomes sue- before c, suf- before f, sugsurbefore^, sum- before m, sup- before/, before r; and see Sus- (below).
i

vircpOt,

'

'

'

also to stutter, Swed. stota, Dan. stode, to strike against, G. stossen, Goth, stautan, ' to strike. Ong. to strike against/ to trip from the weak grade come (y^STEUD Skt. tud, L ttindete, to strike j
;

L.) F. subaltcrne; Cot -L. subalternus, subordinate. L.JH/>, under; alter, auothei. under water. {L.) L,

Subaltern,

inferior to another.

(F.

Subaqueous,
Subdivide.

sub, undei
I

aqua, water.

See Aqueous.
;

Sty (i), enclosure for swine. (E.) M.E. A. S. sti^n, a sty, a pen for cattle stie.

<L.; dluidere, to divide.

L. sub, undei

See Divide.
).

and Der.

subdivision (from the pp

Icel. stia, sti, sty, kennel,

learnedly' altered to subdue}. Hist A. F in the pp. wducd, wdcwed. pen for swine, goats, or sheep, G. steige, used *subdut> as in subduz (for subduts), pp. pen, chicken-coop, O. H. G. stia. for L. Sty Cz), small tumour on the eyelid. 'pi., subdued. -Late L. *subdutus,to subL. subdere, (E.)" The A. S. name was sttgend, lit. subditw, subdued ' * as if from the pres. pt. of stigan, due. -L. sub, under; -dere, to put, weak rising Not from but this is doubtful. grade of DHE, to put. to ascend, climb, rise
sty,

pen

for

Swed. geese, Swed. dial,

stia, j)igj//,

Subdue.
wards
4

(F.-L.) M. E. wducn

(after-

sttg,

M.

E. styanye, as

if it

meant

sty

on

eye.'

L. subdficere, with an alien sense.

pt.

+ Low
from

G.
stig,

slieg, stige, sty

stigen,

Norw.

on the eye, as if rise; E. Fiie. stiger; stigje, also stigkoyna (from

to

L. sub, of L. sub-iacere, to lie under. under iacere, to he. See Jet (i).
;

Subjacent.

(L.)

From stem

of pres.

kbyna, a pustule). Style (i;, a pointed tool for writing, a mode of writing. (F. L.) It should be

O. F. suiet, jw/<?r/(latei subiect), mod. -L. subiectus, pp. of subsnjet, a subject.

subject. (F.-L.)

M.E.suffft,sut/ef.

526

SUBJOIN
icere,

SUBURB
L.
sub,
settle, allied

to
;

tinder

put under, subject. iacere, to cast, to put.

(F.

dentary.

to sedere, to Brugm. i. 882.

sit.

See Se-

M. F. subjoign-, a L. subiungere, to join beneath, annex, subjoin. L. sub, beneath;

Subjoin.

L.)

stem of subjoindre.

nmgere,
(L.)

to join.

L. L. subiugare, vb. sub iugo, under the yoke where iugo is See Yoke. abl. of iugum, a yoke.
;

Subjugate, From pp. of

See Join. to bring under the yoke.

A. F. subsidie L.) subsidy. (F. L. subsidium, (Godefroy) ; F. subside. a body of troops in reserve, assistance L. sub, lit. that which sits in reserve.
;

Subjunctive.
lit.

(L.^

1u.
,

subiunctmus

joining on dependency from the use of the subjunctive mood in dependent clauses L. subiunctus, pp. of subiungere, to subjoin
;

see

Subjoin

(above).

L. F. sublime. L.) (F. Perhaps subhmis, lofty, raised on high from L. sub, and limen, linlel ; up to the

Sublime.

'

lintel ;'

Brugm.

ii.

12.

under the moon, earthly. Coined from L. sub, under and E. lunar, belonging to the moon, from L IUna, moon see Lunar.

Sublunar,

(L.)

Der. under, in reserve sedere, to sit snbsidi-ary, from L. adj. subsidiaritis. Subsist, *to live, continue. (F. L.) ' Cot I,, subF. sub sister, to subsist ; L. sub, near to to stay, abide. tistere, sistere, to stand, also to place, fiom state, to stand. See State. Substance. (F. L.) F. substance. L. substantia, substance, essence. L. sitbstant-, stem of pres. pt. of sub^tdre, to exist, l L. sub, lit. to stand near or beneath.' Der. sitbstanti-al \ near; staic, to stand. also substant-we, F. substantif, L. substant h< its, self-existent, used of the verb esse, and afterwaids applied, as a grammatical teim, to nouns substantive.
; ;

substitute, sb.
a substitute.

(F.

L.) Y.substittit,

Submerge,
L.)

to plunge underwater.

(F.
see
let

L. sub,

L. F. submerger. under ; mergere,

(L.)
;

submerge.
to

dip

L. substitutus, pp. of substiL. sub, near, intuere, to put in stead of. stead of; 'sfatuere, to put, place, causal of
stare, to stand.

Merge.

Submit.

L.

submitterc,

to

down, submit, bow

L. sub, under Missile. Der. stibmiss-ion, -ive. Subterfuge. (F.~L.) F. subterfuge, Late L. subterftigium.*Cot. Subordinate, of lower rank. (L.) a shift From the pp. of Late L. subordinate, to L. *ubtcrfugere, to escape by stealth. L. L. sub, belovr subter, stealthily (from sul under, with place in a lower rank. See fitgere, to flee. ordindre, to rank, from ordin-, stem of compar. suffix)
*

to (pp. sitbmissus). See mittere, to send.

(L.) \^. subtenderc to stretch L. sub, beneath; tenextend beneath. See Tend (i). dere, to stictch.
,

Subtend.

01

'

onio, oitlci.

See Order.
to piocure secretly, biibe.
(F.

Fugitive.

L. F. suborner. L.) Mib, secretly; ornare, to furnish, properly, Sec Ornament. to adorn.

Suborn,

Subterranean, Subterraneous.
(L.
)

subornare.

L.

From
sub,

L.
i

L. wbterrane-us, underground. undei ; Una, ground. See

;

Terrace.
the b
(F. L.) Formerly sotil, sotel was a pedantic insertion, and is never sounded. O. F. sotil, soutil, later subtil.

a wnt, commanding attendance under a penalty. (L.) L. sub, under Sec pccna, abl. of pana, a penalty.

SubpCBna,

Subtle.

Pain
subscriber, to write (one's name) under; pp. subscriptus I,, sub, undei ; (whence subscription).

Subscribe.

L.

L. subtllem, ace. of subtllis, fine, thin, accurate, subtle. The orig. sense of subtllis was finely woven ; from L. sub, under, closely, and tila, a web, for which see
* '

stfTbc're, to write.

See Scribe. From stem of pres. L. to follow close after. pt. of subscqui) Sec sub, under, near; sequT, to follow.

Subsequent.

(L.)

Toil (2\ Der. subtle-ty, M. E. soteltee, from O. F. sotillete, subtlety, from L. ace.
subtlhtatem*

Bmgm.
(L.)

i.

134.

Sequence.

Subserve.
Subside.
down.
L.

(L.)

L. sub, under under another. See Serve. to serve.

(I-)

L. snbsentTre, to serve tenure,

;

L. subtractus, pp. oi mbtrahere, to draw away underL. sub, beneath ; tra~ neath, to subtract. See Trace (i). here, to draw. A. F. suburb^ Suburb. (F.-L.)
(A. D.

Subtract.

From

W,

under,

L. subsulere, to settle down ; sidere, to

L.

L. sttburbitMi) suburb, 1285). sub. near; urbidecl. stem of

527

SUBVERT
urbs,

SUGGESTION
See
*subitanus, for L. sttbitaneus, sudden, extended from subitus, sudden, lit. that which has come stealthily, orig. pp. of L. sub, subire, to come or go stealthily.
under, stealthily ire, to go. Sudorific. (F. L.) F. wdorijftque, causing sweat as if from L. *sudorijicus. L. sudori-, for sud-or, sweat, allied to
; ;

town.

Der.

suburb-an.

Urbane.
F. subvtrtir\ Cot. L. subuerfere, to tuin upside down, overthrow. L. sub, beneath nertere, to
;

Subvert. (F.-L.)
See Verse.

turn.

D^r. subversion, from

the pp. subuers-tts.

F. succcder-, Cot. L. succedere (pp. wftrmi/O. to follow si'idiu e, to sweat -feus, making, from See Sudatory. L. sue- (sub), next after. cedere, to go, facere, to make. come. Der. success, O. F. succes, L. sucSuds. (E.) The proper sense is { things sodden cessus, result, from pp. suiccwts. pi. of sud, which is derived fiom Succinct, concise. (L' L. suciinctus, A. S. sitd weak grade of seohan to seethe. f. E. s udded, flooded M. Du. zode, pp of succingere, to gird up, tuck up short. C piov. Low G. sod, cooked L. sue- (sub}, up cingere, to gird. See a seething, boiling Cf. Sod. Cincture. broth, sode a boiling. Sue. (F. L.) M.E. suen, sewen. Succory; see Chicory. A. F. suer\ O. F. sevie, stnr (F. suivre}, Succour. (K L.) M.E. socouren. O. F su( it) ; e (Burguy \ Mod. F. secounr. to follow. Late L. sequere, to follow, used See Sequence, L. succun-ete, to inn near or to, iim for L. scqiri, to follow. L. sue- (for sub], near; Der. en-sue, pur-sue, suit, suite, to help, aid. See Current. Suet. (F. L.) M. E. suet. Formed, citrrcre, to lun. Succulent, juicy. (F. L.; F. succu- with dimin. sufhx -/, fiom C). F. wit, suit F. succulentus, full of (Norman sieu, Walloon sew, Littre L. sebum, tallow, suet, L. sucu-s, succu-s, juice with suffix su?f), suet, fat. juice.
;
; '

Succeed. (F.-L)

-lent us.

See Suck.
N

giea^e.

L. sitccnmberc, to be L. sue- (for sub}, under, to sink down.

(L.

Succumb.
;

Suffer. (F.-IO M.E soffnn,suffren. -O.K. wfnr (F. wiffnr}. - Folk-L.

L. stiffen e, to undergo.
L.
uf(snP),

under

*cumbere y to

recline,

allied

to

stiffen re, foi

cubare, to he down. See Covey. Such., of a like kind (E ) M. E swulc, A. S. swyh.+Q. Sax k, swjck, such.
sulik,
slik,

under; fine,

to

bear.

See

Fertile.
I

Du.

zulk, \w\.slikr, T)a.n.shg,

Swed.
I

Goth, sivaleiks. p. The Goth. from swa, so, and /<?/>tj, like; hence such~so-like; see So and Like.
G.
soldi,
is

Suffice. (F L.) From F. stiffis-, base of siijjls-ant, j)re-i. pt. of suffne, to suffice. L. sufficere, to supply. L. suf-, for sub,
under
;

swakiks

fatoe, to make, put.

(

See Fact.

Suffix.

Suck.
pt.
t.

jar, pp. socen. [There is an A S. by-form $ugan\ cognate with Icel. yritfa, tfiga, Dan. suge, Swed. su^a, G. saugen, Du. zutgcn.'l p. The A. S. sucan is cognate with L silffere, \V. sugno. to suJc, O. Irish sug-im, \ suck cf. O. Ir. and \V. 5//^, Gael, sugk, L. sTuus, juice; see Sue1 2. culent. lirugm. i.
;
1

(E.)

M.E.

souken.

A.S.stltati,

sttffTgcte,to fix for sub), beneath

L. suffix-us, pp. of L. sufbeneath, fix on.

;

From

figere.,

to

fix.

Fix.

Suffocate.
suffocftre,

thioat.

(E.) to choke L. r///"- (for

;
t

From
lit.

to

pp. of L squeeze the under; fatt<-,

stem tffauc-e*

SUCtioU. (F. - L.) Formed ''as if fiom L

M. F
*snctio")

wctiott.\

sb. }>!., gullet, throat. a vote (I L.) F. suffrage. L. suffragium, a vote, suffrage. Suffusion. P.-L.; F. wffwton. l..
'

Suffrage,

from L.
(L.)

suct-us, pp. of sugere, to suck. Sudatory, a sweating-bath.

wffiistonetH) ace. of sufffuio, a ])outmg lover. L. sitffums, pp. of suffundere, to L. pour over. L. $///- (for j;/^), under, also
|

sweating-bath; neut. of over fundere, to pour. See Fuse L Arab. Pers. sudatorius, serving for sweating. Sugar. ;F. Span. Skt F. sue re. Arab. sudator-, stem of sudator, a sweater Span, azucar. L. sudd-rc, to sweat; with suffix -/<?r (of aaokkar\ for /7/, the, sokkar, sakkar, ;ugar the agent). I'ers. shakar. Skt. far/car^, gravel, also Cognate with E. Sweat. Sudden. (F.-L.) M.E sodain. O.Y. candied sugar. Prob. allied to Skt. -(wsodain, sudain (F. soudain}. [Cf. Ital. \kara-, hard. Late L. wbttaneo, subitano, sudden.] Suggestion. (F. L.) Y. suggestion.

sudatorium, a

d\

'

SUICIDE
L. ace. suggestionem. L. suggestus, pp. of suggerere, to bring under, supply, L. stig- (for sub}, under gerere, suggest. to bring. See Gerund.
;

SUMMONS
StLlpllur.
(L.)

L. sulphur. ?. sultan

Cf. also

Skt. fulvari-, sulphur.

Sultan. (F.-Arab.)
sultan,
k

-Aiab.

by
a

Suicide, self-murder; one who dies his own hand. (F. L.) A word coined in England (before A. D. 1750), but on
F. model yet the F. suicide was borrowed from us. Like homuide, the
;

also a inler, prince ; ong. dominion.' Cf. Chaldee sholtan, dominion. Der. sultan-a, from Ital su'tana, fem of sultana, sullan, from Arab. sultan.
victorious,

word has

a double meaning, (i) answering to L. *stt7tTdtuM, from L. SHI, of himself, and -cidiunii a slaying, fiom ctederc, to

pressive.

from L MI, of slay; (2).= L. See Ceesura. himself, and -cida, a slayer Suit. (F.-L.) F. sui^, a pursuit, suit at law, also a suite 01 Late following
' '

very hot and opis the older form, and is short for swelter -y, from the verb to swelter (M. E. swelteren, swaltereri).

Sultry, Sweltry,
(L
")

Siueltry

is a frequentative form from A. S. sweltcn, to swoon, faint, die weltan, to die. -f" O. Sax siveltan; Icel.

Again, sweltei

M.

svclta

L. *$]inta, variant of a following, a sect, a

law,
suit ot clothes, set,

\cita

(L.

suite,
c.
;

sccuta), suit at

walta
^itltr,

t. watt), Dan. suite, Swed. Goth $wiltan to die. Cf Icel. Dnn. \nlt, hunger, famine fiom the

(pt.

weak grade *swult >*,w//. Also O.H.G. Suite. (F. L.) F sthwelzan, to burn, to be consumed by fire Sulcated, furrowed (L ) L. suit a/us, oi love. The Teut. root *swett- seems to L. sulcns, a be an extension of *swe/-, to bum, as in pp. of sulcare, to furrow furrow -f- Gk, oA/fos, a furrow fiom A. S. swelan, to bum, pensh with heat, \Kiv, to diaw along; cf. A S. sulk, a Luh. swill? to shine, bum, Skt. mai splendour, M Pu. zoel, sultrie/ Hexham. plough.
sec Sect. stuff \ see above.
;
,

'

Not an

Sulky,

obstinate, silently sullen. (E. old form, but deduced from the sb.
)

summc

Sum,

amount, total. (F. L.) M.E F. somme. L. summa, sum,

sulkiness, by dropping -ness sulkincss is itst If a corrupt f oi

Hov\c^er,
for sulken-

ness, fomied by adding -ness to the adj. This appears as A. S. sohen, striken

chief part, amount; ong. fern, of summus (^sup-mns], highest, supeil. form from sub (<*//), above. IJuigm. i. 762. Der.
suinDi-ar-y, sb., fiom
inniy,'

the comp. chiefly in a-solcen, also be-solccn, with a like sense.

slothful,

remiss

F sommaire, a sumCot, from L. summaniim, a sum'

mary.

dsohcuncs, sloth, disgust, sulkmess, is quite a common vord. (3. Hirther, a-solien wa-s the pp oi a strong verb *a~seolCf. Skt (an, to be slothful or languid
rr/
T

The

sb.

Sumach,
F sum at
,

a
.

tree.

Span, zumaqite. Aiab. sitmw&q, a species of shrub, sumach.

(F.- Span. -Arab.")

F. sutnat h.

to let flow, let loose.

Summer
somcr,

(i),
.

lot season.
,

(E)

M.E.

A.S. snmet sitmor.<\~'Dv(. M. E. solain, zoiner^ Icel sumar, Dan. sommer, Swed. hating company. tary, H G. sutnat. also, a mess of food for sommar, G. sommer, O villain, solitary one person. O. F. solain, lonely; given Further allied to O. Irish sam, samrad, as a pittance foi one monk in Roquefort, O. Welsh ham, haf, Zend hama, sumLate mer Skt. samd, a year. Brugm. i. and in Ducangc, b v solatium (5) 436, I/ *sc>!amts Summer (,2\ a beam see Suxnpter. equivalent in sense to O F. solid in, solitary, Late L. solitanetts, rare. Summerset; see Somersault. L solus, alone; see Sole (3). Summit, top. OF. L.) Y.sommef,

Sullen, morose
;

(F.

L]

Ong.

soli-

sumo

'

'

Sully,
sulicn.

to

tainish,

spot.

(E.)

M. E.
lit.

A.

S. sylian^ to sully, defile,

to

(with the usual change A. F. sommcnet S. <ti to y) from A. S. L.) (F. But it is doubtful if (Godefroy) O. F. somoner (Roquefort), sol, mud, mue. (3. And if eaily altered to semoner and semondre (F. M. E. sulien is the same word. L. summon?re\ not, it must be from M.F. souiller, 'to semondre], to summon L. sum- (for sub), soil, smutch,' Cotgrave. to remind piivily. slurry, durty, See fmlher under Soil (2), which is under, privily monere, to remind. a doublet. sb. (F.-L.) M.E. sow-

bemire.

Formed

from Tent u

(> A

top. Dimin. of O. F. som, top of a hill. L. sumnnun, highest point, neut. of sum mus, highest ; see Sum.

Summon.
;

summons,

5 29

SUMPTER
A. F. somons, earlier somonse, fern. ; M. F. semonce, a warning, summons,' Cot. orig. the fern, of the pp. of the verb
oiins.
' ;

SUPERIOR
to

sup, drink in. supa, Swed. supa,

siifan.

Du. zuipen, Icel. G. saufen, O. H. G.

(L.)

somoner, semondre (above), ^f Thus the final s of summons is not due to L summoneas, as some have suggested. Sumpter, a pack-horse. (F. - Low L. Gk.) Sumpter is a derivative from M. E. somer, a pack-horse, which must be
first considered, p. M. E. somer is from O. F. somier, sommier, a pack-horse, the same as Late L. sagmarius, coiruptly salGk. aaypa, a manus, a pack-horse.

Super-,
cf

prefix.

L. super, above
;

L.

stiperus,

; vn6, from under ; Skt. upari, above, allied to upara-, upper, comparative of upa, near, close to.

where sCf. Gk. vntp, above

For s-uperus upper. corresponds to Gk. 4- see Sub-.

Gk. aarrtw (base era*-), to pack-saddle. pack, fasten on a load, orig. to fasten. Y. Hence E. sumpter, which orig. meant (not a pack-horse, but) a pack-horseO. F. sommetier, driver, baggage-carrier. a pack-horse-driver answering to a Late L. *sagmatarius, for which Ducange has summatdrius, saumatcrius. Gk. aayfjLar-, stem of cray/M (above). 8. The old word
;

) Formerly (and Late L. superannatus, orig. that has lived beyond a year. L. super, beyond ; annus, a year. See

Superannuate.

(L

better) superannate.

Annals.
F. superbe. L. Superb. (F. L.) sitperbus, proud ; one who thinks himself * above others. For super -fu-os, one who
is

above
4.

(cf. L. /*/-/", I was); Brugm. L. super, above. See Super-.

ii.

summer,

a beam,

was so called from

;

its

(L. ; and Span. C.) L. super, above and Span, cargo, a freight. Suggested by Span, sobrecargo, a L. super. See supercargo where sobre

From

Supercargo.
;

<

bearing a great weight, and is the same as M. E. somer (above) cf. F sommier, ' a summer/ Cot. Hence K. bressomer, familiar form of breast-summer, a beam placed breast wise, to support a superincumbent
^[ I explain sumpter in K. Lear, n. 219, as meaning 'pack-horse-driver*; a man, not a horse.

Cargo.
disdainful. (L.) From supercilt-um, (i) an eyebrow, (2*) haughtiness, as expressed by raising the eyebrows. L supet, above; cil-ium, eyelid, allied to Gk. ra Kv\a, the parts under the eyes (Prellwitz).

Supercilious,

L.

wall.

4.

Supererogation.

(L.)

From

ace. of
is

Sumptuary, relating to
L. sumptudrius, adj See below. pense.

expenses. (L.) from sumptu-s, ex(F.

Late L. supererogatio, that which

sumptuous, costly.
tueux (Cot.)
sumptus, expense.

-L

done L. supcrerogare, to beyond what is due. pay out in excess. L. super, beyond ^,
;

somp-

L. sumptuosttSj costly.
;

out; rogare, to ask. (L. erogdre See Kogation. out, expend.)

to lay

L. sumptus, pp. of a derivative siltnere, to take, use, spend ftom emere, to take. Brugm. i. 240. Sun. (E.) M. E. sonne. A. S. sunne, fern. sb.+Du. zon, G. sonne, Goth, sunno, all feminine Tent, type *sunnon-, fem.
;

Superficies.
face, outer face. face.

(L.)

L. superficies, surL. super, above; fades,

Superfine. (F.-L.)
above
flu-its,
;

From

L. super,

Cf.

Icel.

sol,

Swed. Dan.

sol,

sol,

Goth, sauil, Lith. saule,

ifc'Xios

W.
A.

haul,

Gk.

Der.

tTjMos), Skt. sura-, surya-, the sun. Sun-day, A. S. sunnan-dceg.

excessive. (L ^ L superoverflowing; with sufiix -ous. L. wiper) over; jluere, to flow; see Fluent. Der. superfltu-ty, F. superfluity, from L.

andyfw^

(i).

Superfluous,

ace. superfluitatem.

syndrian, -sundnan, to put asunder. A. S. sundor, Icel. sundra, Dan. adv., asunder, apart. G. sondern, to ^ondre, Swed. sondra, sunder; from Icel. stmdr, Dan. Swed. Ji/ttfer adv., apart, G. wnder, adj., separate. Cf. Gk. &rtp (for *smter], without allied to Gk. dv(v, L. sine, without. Brugm. i.
(E.)
S.'

Sunder, to divide.

Superinduce. (L.) L. super, beyond; and in-ducere, to induce. See Induce. Superintendent, an overseer. (F. L. superL.) M.F. superintendant Cot. intendent-, stem of pres. pt. of sttperintenL. super, above dere, to superintend. intendere, to apply the mind to ; see
;

Intend.

500.

Sup,
loupen

to imbibe, lap up. M. E. (E.) A. S. supan (pt. t. seap, pp. sopen),

Superior. (F.-L.)
riour.

Formerly supe\^. superiorem, comparative from

M.

F. superieur.
;

ace. of superior, higher

530

SUPERLATIVE

SURCEASE

L. supplicem> ace. superus, high, which is itself an old com- souple, supple, pliant. of supplex, with the old sense of ' bending parative form. See Super-. Superlative. (F.-L.) ^.superlatif, under.' L. sup- ( sub), under plic-, as L. supertdtiuus , as a grammatical seen in phcare, to fold. Cot. See Ply. L. superldtus, excessive, lit. ' borne term. Supplement. (F. - L.) F. suppleL. supplementum , a filling beyond.' L. super, beyond latus, pp. of ment \ Cot. tollere, to bear. (^TEL.) See Tolerate. up L. supplere, to till up. L. sup- (sub),

>

Cot. Answering to a Late L. Suppliant. (F. - L.) F. suppliant, L. pres. pt. of supplier, to pi ay humbly. *supernahs, from L. supern-us, upper from super, above see Super-. suppluare see below. Supernatural. (L.) From L. super, supplicate. (L.) From pp. of L. supL. supphc-, stem of pluare, to beseech. beyond; and natural, adj., from nature. Supernumerary. (F.-L.) M. F supplex, bending under or down, beseechsuper numeraire (Cot.). L supernumera- ing see Supple. ry* , excessive in number. L. super, Supply. (F. - L.) Formeily supploy O. F. supploier, F. supplier, to (Levins). beyond numcrns, number. M. F. supply Cot. L. siipplere, to fill up ; see Superscription. (F. - L.) Cot. L. ace. superscnp- Supplement. superscription tionem. lj. superset iptus, pp. of super"\crlSupport. (F. L.) M.E. supporten L super, F. supporter. L. support are, to carry bere, to write above or over. to a place; in Lale L., to endure. L. above scribere, to wiite see Scribe.
1
'

Supernal. (F.-L.)
supernal I
;
;

supemel,
;

up

plere, to

fill.

See Plenary.

Supersede. (F.-L.)
to leave
off,

Q.lf.supeneder,

?///- (sub),

near; port are, to carry.

See

desist (hence to suspend or defer a mattei). L. supersedere, to sit upon, to preside over, refrain, desist from. See L. super, upon sedere, to sit.
;

Port

(i)

Suppose. (F.-L. and

Supposition.
(F.
L.)

Gk.^

F. sup-

L. sup- (sub), under, poser, to imagine. near; F. poser, to place, put. See Pose.

Sedentary". supersess-us)\
tion.

Der
cf.

supersea -ion (^fiom pp.

surcease.

L. ace. suppositwnem.

supposition. L. suppositus,

F. superstisupcrstitionem, a standing near a thing, amazement, dread, religions L. superstit-, stem of awe, scruple. superstcs, one who stands near, a witness.

Superstition. (F.-L)
>L
ace

\>\>.visupponere, to suppose ^\ J .sitp-(sub), near ; ponere, to place. See Position.

L. supet aboxe, near; of stare* to stand.

,

statum, supine

Suppress. (L ) From L. suppressus, L. suppp. oi supprimere, to suppress. ( sub) under premere, to press. See Press. Suppurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
, ;

Superstructure.
come upon
super
)

(I-

From L

su-

per, above; and Structure.

Supervene.

I j superuemre, to (L.) L. or over, to follow, occur. See beyond; uemic, to come.

suppurare, to gather pus underneath. L. sup- (JW/M, under; pur-, for pus, See Pus. matter. Supra-, prefix, above. (L.) L. supra, above, adv. and prep.; allied to superus, upper; see Super-. Der. supra-mundane',
see

Venture.
one's back, lazy. supinu*, lying on one's back. orig. form of sub, up ; with suffix Supper. (F - Tent.) M. E.

Mundane.

Supervise Supine, on

see

Vision.
(L.)

L.

L. *sup,
-inus.
soper.

- L
r

L. F. supreme. L.) (F. Supre-mus is fiom supremus, highest. *supre, an adverb, with suffix -tnus This *supre is allied to 75. Brug. ii.

Supreme.

supert above.
;

O. F. soper (F. souper), a supper. It is the O. F. soper, to infin. mood used as a sb, sup (F. souper]. Low G. supen, I eel. silpa, Swed. supa, to sup. See Sup.

Supplant. (F. L.) F. supplantcr. L. supplantare, to put something undei the sole of the foot, trip up, overthrow see L. sup- (> sub}, under; phmta, sole
;

For sub before (L.) prefix. only in sur-reptitious, sur-rogate. Sur- (2), prefix. (F.-L.) F. sur, above. L. super, above. See Super-. Surcease, to cease, cause to cease.

Sur- vO,

(F.

L.)

Not

allied to cease (except in

popular etymology). O. F. sursts, mas>c.,

,

corruption
'

sitrsise,

fern.,

of sur-

Plant.

Supple. (F.-L.)

M.

E. souple.

F.

ceased, intermitted ;' Cot. This word was * also used as a sb. to signify delay' ; hence

531

SURCHARGE
Sursis is the pp. vb., to delay. of O. F. surseoir, to surcease, delay/ Cot. L. supersedes to desist from, hence to delay proceedings see Supersede. Surcharge, sb. (F. L. <w*fl?C.) F. P .wr (<L. surcharge, an over-charge.
'
',

SURROGATE
Surmise, an imagination, L O. F. surmise, an
)

sun ease,

(F. guess. accusation,

chaigc; orig.

fern,

of surmis, pp. of sur-

mcttre, to put upon, lay to one's charge. L. super, sur, above; ntettre, to put. above; mittcre, to send, put. See Mis-

super), above;

and Charge.

sil3.

Surmount. (F. L) Y.suriHonter.* having no lational root (in L. surdus, deaf; F. sur (JL.su/>?*''), above monter, to mount; (L ) mathematics). Surdus see Mount (,2). hence, deaf to reason, n rational. also means dim and connexion \\i\\\sordzd Surname. ^F. L and E.) From F. sur (L. super), above, over and E. is possible. Brugm i. 362. - L.) O F. seur (F. stir), Wame. Sure. (F. - L.") F. wpastcr to eailiest fonn segur.*~\s. securus\ sec SeSurpass. (F. excel F. sur (L supcr^, be}ori(i passer, cure. Doublet, secure. Surf, the foam of the waves on the to pass see Pass. shore. The r is intrusive CE ) spelt Surplice. (F.-L.) M. E. snrp!is.~ with the sense of 'rush/ in Ilak- F. surplis; Cot. Late L. superpclliieuni, sjiffe, a surplice. L. super, over; pelhce-u^ luyt's Voyages, ed 1598, vol. n pt. i. 227 The suffe of the sea [sweep or lush of the made of skins, from pclln, a skin; see inflowing wave] setteth her [a raft's] lading Pelisse. dry on land/ I suppose suffe to be the Surplus. (F. - L ) F. surplus, an Cot. Late L. superplus, a same as sough of the sea/ also spelt over-plus L super, above; plus, moie. M. E. sivough, residuum. souf, souch in Jamieson. from swoughen^ swoiven, to make a rushing See Plural. Cf. the swogh of the see/ Morte noise. Surprise, sb (F.-L) O. F. sorpnsc, A. S Aith. 759 Fern, of rwogan, to make a surprise, a taking unawaits.
Surd,
,
;

'

'

'

'

rushing noise

see

Sough,
L.}
;

Surface.
face

(F.

F
,

F. sur, above above; facie?, face

feu t

surface, upper L s ifcr, face

sorpns, pp of \orprendre, surprendre, to L super, upon prchenderc, sui prise.

,

See Pace.

Surfeit,

sb.
;

(F.

-L)

OF

seize, to seize.

to

from

prtf, before,

and -hendere,
O.
II.

See Prehensile.
G.)

ait, surf

wrfait, excess
faceie, to
'

orig.

pp of

sorfaire,

to

L. super, abo\e; augment, exaggerate. make. See Fact. Surge, the swell of waves (F L) Surge of the see, uague Palsgrave. Coined from O. F. stem wttrgc-, as in
' ;

legal term, meaning an answer or reply to a rebut. From F. sur (L. super}, upon, in reply to and M.F. rebouter, to rebut, the
;

Surrebutter. (F.-L. and

infin.

mood
'

being used as a sb

See Rebut.

sourge-ant, pres. pt. of sourdrc, to rise. I,, surgere ( = sur-ngere, i.e. *:>ub-rcgere}, to rise L. sub, up; tegerc, to direct.

iii

And see Surrejoinder. Surrejoinder. CF.-L) A rejoinder The plaintiff may answer him reply.
; '
,

See

He gent. Surgeon,
;

by a rejoinder', upon which the defendant may rebut and the plaintiff may answer

him by a surrebutter
contracted foim of chirur-

ment,

b. in. c.

20

Fiom

Klackstone, ComF. sur, upon, in

geon
fioy)

see

Chirurgeon.

So

also

Gascon
\

iurgen, a surgeon;

Der

F. surgien (Godesurgical, short for chirnrgical

surgery, corruption of M. K surgenry, F. cirurget ie. surgeon-ry, or of

i.e.

reply to; and F. rcjoindre, to icjoin, used as a sb. See Rejoin. Surrender. (F. - L.) O. F surrcndre, r to give up. sur L. supei}, above; rendre, to render, from L. rcdderc, to
1

Spelt syrly, Spenser, Shcp. Kal. terly (Levins) Prob. from A.S. *stlr l,c, lit. July, 203. find sowre, meaning 'rnosour-like.' ' Cf. G. wuer, rose (Baret) ; sec Sour.
(E.)
;
k

Surloin; see Sirloin Surly, proud, churlish.

restore.

See Render.
(

Surreptitious. L
bettei

Mtrreptiiiiti,

done

stealthily

L. sumftrtz-us, with
;

We

L. surreptitm, supine of surL. suf- (si</>), ripere, to j'ilfcr, purloin. See under, secretly rapere, to seize.
suffix -oi4s.
;

sour,

Swed. Dan. syrhg, sourish. Also M. E. surdagh) sour dough Wrt. Vocab. 663. 22.
surly;
' ' ;

Rapid.

Surrogate,
rogdtus,
]>p. of

a substitute. ^L.) L. sur$>urrogare, to elect in place

532

SURROUND
L. sur- (for sub], in place of; See Bogation. rogare, to ask, elect. Surround. (F. L.) Confused with round. Grig suround, i.e. to overflow as in Caxton's Statutes of Hen. VII, leaf c 7O. F. suronder. L. superunddre, to oveiflow (Lewis). L. super, over, above; undare, to flow, from unda, a wave. Cf. ab-onnd, red-ound. >ut. Surtout. (F. L N From F. sur tout, lit. 'over all.' L. wper, over; totum, ace. of totus, all. See Total.
'
'

SWADDLE
Sutler, one who
camp.
(Du.
)
;

of another.

sells

Dti.

soetelaar

provisions in a (Sewel) ;

M. Du. toetelaer, 'a usually zoetelaar scullion, a sutler, or a victualler,' Hexham. Orig. a scullion, diuclge, menial who does dirty work; formed with suffix -aar ( = E.
from zoetcl-en, 'to sullie,' Hexham. Cognate with Low G. suddeln, Dan. sudle,
-er)
\

Surveillance, inspection. (i<. L.) F. survtillame, superintendence. F. sutL. supei over, veillcr, to siipei intend. u^ilarc, to watch, from wgil, adj awake.
,
,

See Vigil.
\urLate J .. sourvcoif), to survey. L. super, over sitpet uidct e, to snpei vise. See Vision. Doublet, uidere, to see. supervise Survive. (F. L) F. smvivre, to L. supoulucie, to lue be>ond, outlive.
z'eer (JX

Survey. (F.-L^ A.F. wvetej,

h
.

G. sudeln, to sully, daub. All these are fiequentative forms, with suffix el- or -/from Teut. *sud-, as in S\\ed. sudda, to daub, stain, soil. Allied to Icel. suddi, steam from cooking, drizzling lain, suddahgr, wet and dank, sod, broth in which meat has been sodden , all from the weak giacle of Teut. *seuthan-, Icel sjoda, to Fuither allied to E suds, and to seethe the verb Seethe, q. v.
;

outlive.

super, bt*}ond, unten\ to

(L.)

live.

Suttee. (Skt.) Skt. sail, a true or virtuous wife, a term applied to a widow who immolates heiself on the funeral pile of her husband hence (inconectly) the burning of a widow. Skt. sati is the fern of sant, being, existing, true, right, virtuous; pres pt. of as, to be. (^ES,)
;

See Victuals.

See Sooth

SUS-,
*wtf>s~ 9

L. sus-, prefix; for extended form of *sup, sub, undei

prefix.

Suture,
L. sutura

a scam. F. L.) F. suture. L. sulus, pp. of suere, to sew

Susceptible.
L.
sitsieplibihs,

(F.
;

-L/.

ready

F. susceptible. to receive.

see

ew.
'
;

SHS-,{QI *sup-s, undei and capt-um, supine of capere, to take Sec Capacious.

Suspect.
a

(F -L.) M. E. suspect, ong

pp. with the sense suspected 01 suspicious. F. suspect, suspected L. suspectu\,\>\\. of suspucre, to suspect, lit. to look undei,' mistrust L. su- (for sus-, sups-^, under See Species. sfotete, to look. Suspend. (F.-L.^ Y. suspend. l^.
*

,
|

suspcndere (pp. su^pensus}, to hang up. L. sus- (for sups-), extension of sub, under
pt'jidere,

Suzerain, a feudal loid. (P. L.) F. ' Cot. suzerain, sovereign, yet subaltern A coined word, made fiom F\ sits L. silsuw or sursufn, above; so that F. suzerain answers to a Late L. *siiseranus or *sutseninus. P The L. sursum *juorsuin, lit. turned upwards from su-, for sub, up, and uorsum =-ue? sum, neut. of pp. of iterterC) to turn See Verse. <[[ Prob. mutated from O. F soveratn (from *superdnus^, \\hich accounts for the -er-.

<

Swabber,
vb

Du
k

Older than

sivab,

to hang.
1

See Pendant.
1

Der.
I |
1

Du
;

zwabber,

a svvabbei, the

diudge

Dispense, suspension

E. suspe< ton ( ). F. F. siispeciun suspcccion, suspicion later souspe^on, Cot. (^mod. F. 36?///>-

Suspicion.

-L

of a ship
)

M.

diudge
to

Cf Du. zu>abberen, to ;' Sewel Svved. sz'abb, a fue-biiibh, svabla, swab; Dan. svab)e, to swab; G.

).

L.

suspicion.

susptddneui, ace. of susfitio, L. suspuete, to suspect, bee

(F.

Suspect

s<hwabber, a slabber. Cf. also Norw. swabbeln, to splash svabba, Pomeran about; E Files, swabbeln, G. schivabbeln, Low G. swappcn (Danneil\ to shake about
(said

Sustain.

L.)

M..Y,.snstetnen.

A. I*, sustein-, a stem of O. F. sttstenir, !,. sosfemr (. sotttemr). sttstinere, to L. sus- (for .s/(/>.s-), up; tenerc, uphold. to hold See Tenable. Der sustenance, O. F. sustenance, L. sttstincntia, sb. susten tat ion, from L. sustentdtio, maintenance,
;

Compare M.
and E. swap,

of liqmdsX Of mutatne origin. E. quappen, to palpitate ;

s~<.ash.

Swaddle,

to swathe

an infant.
,

(E.)

for swathe L Formerly sivadle, swadell M. E. swathkn. It means to wrap in a swaddling -band, "which \\as called a swa

fiom sustentare, frequentative

of sustinfte

thel or swetkel.

A.S. sweQel (once swatiil)

533

SWAGGER
lit. that which a swaddling band * swathes ; cf. O. H. G. swedil, a bandage
' ;
,

SWAY

bacon, rind. Green-sward is the grassy covering of the land, green turf (of Scand. Icel. see Swathe. origin). 4- Du. zwoord, rind of bacon Swagger. (Scand.) Frequentative of svorffr, skin, sward, grassvorftr, - greenDan. fleskesvar, flesh sward, I wvagge, sward ; swag> to sway from side to side. as a fatte persons belly swaggeth as he gronsvard, green-sward; G. schwarte>ra&) ' Norw. svagga, to bark, skin. Palsgrave. goth ; that lit. (E.) A. S. swearm swag cf. Icel sveggya, to cause to sway.
;
*

Swarm.

'

Sivag

is

allied to

sway

see

Sway.

which hums;' from

-/SWER,

to

hum,

Icel sveinn, a boy, (Scand.) lad, servant; Swed. wen, Dan. svc/id, a swain, servant. -f-Low G, sween O. H. G. swein, a swine-herd A. S. swan, a swineTeut. type *swainoz\ allied (by herd. gradation) to *sweinom, A.S. swln, a swine, Thus swine-herd was the ong. pig.
;

Swain.

buzz, as in Skt. svr, to sound, svara-, voice, L sitsnrnts, a hum ; schwtrren, to buzz,

-f-Du. zwer/it, Icel. svantir, Dan.

svarw,
Lith.

Swed.

svarm

G.

schwarm.
i.

Cf.
(8).

surma, a

pipe.

Brugm.

375

sense.

Swallow

wale, Swed. svala, G schwalbe. Tout, type *swalwdn, f. Cf. E. Fries, swalkc, Low G. swaalke, a swallow.

A. S. (E.) (i\ a bird. zwahiW) Icel. svala, Dan.

Swart, Swarthy. (E.) The proper form was sivarf, afterwards swart h, whence swatth-y. M. E. swart. A. S. sweart.+ Du swart, Icel. svartr, Dan. toft, Swed. wart, G. Schwartz, Goth, swart's. Cf. A. S. sweorcan, to grow dark.

Swarth
at

(E ) ME. sweljen, swelwcn, swol$hen,swolwen\ A.S.

one stroke of the scythe.

ii.

Swallow
to

(2), to absorb.

Nt.

a quantity of grass cut down In Tvv. (E. An error for swath, as in 3. 162.
9
)

swallow, strong verb, pt. t. sweal/i, pp. swollen -4- Du zwelgen, Icel. welgja, Dan. svtzlge, Swed. svalja, G. (The weak and strong forms schwclgen
swelgan,
are confused.) Der. groundsel, q. v. (Scand.) Not an old word in E. Dan. Swed. svamp, a sponge, fungus

See Swath. Troil. v. 5. 25. Of to stiike forcibly. (E.) Cf. Swed. dial, svasska^ imitative origin to make a swashing noise, as when one

Swash,

Swamp.

is

(hence applied to swampy ground, which the usual E. use) ; \ce\,svoppr, a sponge.
;

walks with water in the shoes. It stands cf. Norweg. svakka, to make a noise like water under the ieet prov. E. swack a blow, fall, swacking, crushing, huge. Der. swash-buckler, one who strikes
for *svak-sa
;
; t

G. sumpf, a swamp (whence Du somp) allied to M. H.G. swam, swamp, G. sckwamm, a sponge, fungus; Goth swamms, sponge; Low G. swamm, swamp, fungus Du. zwam, A S. swamm, fungus.
Cf.
;

We

find also prov. E.

dial,

swank, sivan^, a

or flourishes his shield Swath, a row of mown grass. fE.) A.S. swad, a tiack; swaQit, a track, foot-track, E. Files su'ad, a swath. -f*Du. irace. G. schwad. zwad, zwade, a swath (Sewel The sense of mown grass is original cf. Low G. swad, a swath, swadc, a scythe.
; '
'

swamp; Swed

z-uaan Icel. svanr, Dan svane, Swed. svan, G. ^chwan. The form resembles that of Skt.
(E.)

Swan.

A.S.

wank swan.+Du

The
act

earliest
'

shred' or

slice'

meaning may have been cf. Norweg. svada, vb.,

;

wan,
that

Swan-hopping, mark them.

it

to resound, sound, sing (L. sonare}. taking up swans to

and nent.,to shred or slice off, to flake off. Franck suggests that swath answers to an Idg pp. form *swa-to- from the root of the verb to sway with reference to the
t

The usual explanation, (E.) stands for swan-upping, is right.

on
958.
;

sweep of a

Swathe,

scythe. to enwrap,
;

bandage.

(E

See old

tract

Book,

ii.

uppingm Hone, Evciy-day M. E. swat hen also swethen. Prom a From the prep. ///. base ?wath- whence A. S. swede! (swadt/},
;

Swap,
to strike

to strike.

swappen^

also, to strike with a noise,

;

M. E. swappen, a swaddling-band be-swe&ian, to enwrap. to go swiftly. E. Fries. Cf. O. H. G. swedtl, swithel, a bandage;
(E.)
;

from swap,

M.

a slap, noise of a blow cf. Low G. swaps y inter), crack ', said of a slap. Imitative; cf slap, whap prov. E. swaik, a blow.
;

G. swede, a plaster. to swing, incline, rule over. (E.) M. E. sweiyen* E. Fries, swaien, swajen,
II.

Sway,

to

sway about,
Dan.

to swing.

Sward.
or

(E.)

It orig.

covering.

A.

S.

skin, rind, sweard, the skin of

meant

to jerk,

svaie,

Cf. Swed. svaja, Du. zwaaijcn, to sway,

swing.

Allied to

Swagger.

534

SWEAR
Swear.
tan, pt.
t.

SWINE
swear pp. sworfen, to rub, file, polish f, (hence to move swiftly to and fro, to turn
aside in

(E.)

M. E. sweren. A. S. swer-

zweren,
svarja,

swoi'j pp. sworen, to swear.+Du. Icel. sverja, Dan. svarge> Swed.

Allied to Goth. * swaran, Icel. svara, to answer. Orig. to speak loudly;' cf.Skt. svara-, sound, voice. See Swarm. (y'SWER.) Der. an-swer. Sweat, sb. and vb. (E.) M. E. swoot,

G. schworen.

whence sweten, to sweat. A. S. whence swcetan, vb. The A. S swUtan became M. E. sweten, and should be mod. E. sweft the vowel having been
sweat, sb.
;

swat, sb.

moving).+Du.2;mtf/*, to swerve, O. Sax. swertan, to wander, riot, rove O. Fries, swewa, to rove ; Icel. wipe O. H. G. sverfa (pt. t. svarf} t to file swerban, to run round, whirl lound; Goth. biswairban, to wipe. Teut. type *swerban~, Cf. E, pt. t. *swarb, pp. *swurbanoz. Fries swarven, to uander, Swed. svarfva,
;
;

to turn.

shortened
titen
is

>

now would now be

sveiti,

M. E. similarly A. S. l&taa mod. E, let. The spelling sweat The A. S. sb. swat unsuitable.
;

>

Swift. (E.) A.S. swift. From swtf-, weak grade of A. S. swifan, to move
quickly;

with

suffix

-/

(Idg. -tos}.

Cf.

Icel. svifd, to rove, turn,

sweep

O. H. G.
Teut.

seded by the verb,

Dan.

swote, but has been superIcel. -f- Du. zwtet, sb. sved, Swed. svett, G. schweiss.
;

sweibon, to base *sweib.

(E.)

move
wash

or turn quickly.

Teut. stem *sivaito-.

Allied to L. sudor,
;

Swillt M.

to

dishes, drink greedily.

E. sivihen.

A.

S.

swilian,

to

sweat; G. i5icy, 1 sweat, ISp&s, sweat W. thwys, sweat; Skt. sveda-, sweat, from See Sudasvid, to sweat. (y'SWEID.)
tory.

swill, sb., hog's-wash; whence swill t vb., to drink like a pig, Rich. Ill,

wash.

Der.

V. 2. 9.

Sweep,
weak

A E. sivepen. verb, formed from the base sweep-,

vb.
(E.)

Brugm.

i.

33

Swim (i). to move about

A
S.
y

in water. (E.)

M.

swimman, pt. t. swamw.+Y)n. zwenimen, Icel. svimma Dan. svomme Swed.

t

as in sweeps, 3 p. s. pres. t. of A. S. swapan, to sweep. Cf. also O. Fries, swepa, to

stfnma\

schwiminen. Teut. type *swewt.

man-,

E. Fries, swepen to swing, sway, vibrate. M. Swed. to sweep,

sweep

(pt.

t.

swepde),
sopa,

Swim

pt.

*swamm
to

(2),

pp. *swummaiwz. be dizzy. (E.) From

t

Cf.

Icei.

Swed. swepa, From Teut base *swaip- ; seen sopa. also in O. H. G. sweifan (pt. t. swief}
y

M. E. swime, a dizziness. A. S. swima, a swoon, swimming in the head. f" Du. zwijm, a swoon ; E. Flies, swim cf. Icel.
;

smmi,

whence G.
along;

Icel.

schiveifen, to rove, stray, sweep $veipa to sweep along, a

}

dizziness, Dan. svimlc, to be giddy, besvittie, to swoon ; Swed. svt'mma, to be

verb, from an old veib svtpa (pt. t. meipi pp. *svipinn). Teut. root *siveip. See Swoop, Swipe. Brugm i. 701. Sweet. (E.) M. E. swcte, with by-forms swote, sote A.S. swetc, sweet (for *$wdti-} O. Sax. swoti> Du. suwfe, adv. sweetly,
;

weak

Pomeran. swiG. swimeln^ to reel A. S. swima = (Danneil). p. swi-ma the real base is *swi (*swei) whence also O H. G. swinan^ to decrease, disappear, allied to Swed. svindel, G.
dizzy, stjvimning,
;

swoon

men, to swoon
;

Low

zoet,

Icel.

scetr,

Dan.

sod,

Swed.
suts.

sot,

G.

Miss,

O.H.G.

SWAI) to P^ase ; whence Idg. Skt. svad, svdd, to taste, eat, please, svaduSee Suave. sweet, Gk. i)5vs, L. su&uis. Sweetheart. (E.) M.E. sweteherte, lit. sweet heart, i.e. dear love see Chaucer,
the
}
;

sitozi\

Goth.

p.

From

schwindel, dizziness Swed.forsvinna, to disappear, Icel. svina, to subside (as a The orig. notion is that of swelling). failure, giving way, subsidence, Sec, ; see
;

swindler.
a cheat. (G.) XVIII cent. G. schwindler, an extravagant projector, a swindler. G. schwindeln, to be dizzy, G. schwinden, to decay, act thoughtlessly.

Swindler,

1181, 1310, and last line. Swell. (E.) M. E. swellen, pt. t. swal. A. S. swellan^ pt. t. sweall^ pp. swollen.^
Troil.
lii.

Du. zivellm,
schwellen.

Icel. svella,

Swed. svalla,

sink, vanish, fail, -f- A. S. sivindan, pt. t. allied to O. H. G. swand, to languish swinan> to fail. See above.
;

Teut. type *swellan- t pt. t. Cf. Goth. *swattt pp. *swullanoz. /"swalleinS) a swelling up. Brugrn. i. 903. Swelter; see Sultry.

Swerve,

to

turn

aside.

(E.)

M.

E.
t.

sweriien (swerven).

A. S. sweorfan^

pt.

a sow, pig, pigs. (E.) M. E. both sing, and pi. A. S. swm, a Du. zwijn, a pig; pi. swin, swine. Icel. $vin swine, hog pi. svin ; Dan. Swed. svin, G. schwcittj sviin, pi. sviin O. H. G. $win\ Goth, swein, neut. sb.

Swine,
y

S7vin

+
t

535

SWING
So also sing. ; Teut. type *swinom, neut. Russ. svineycty a swine, svinka, a pig, All diminutive or adjecsvinoi, swinish.
tival forms, like suinus (Varro), related to swine, from sus, a sow. See Sow.
'

SYCAMORE
Du. swick, a swich, or a whip Hexham ; cf. Low G. zwukse (Hanov. swutsche], a long thin rod. The M. Du. swick is not Low G., but borrowed fiom Bavar. zwtck,
;
*

Brugm.

i.

95.

M. L switigen, pt. t (E.) pp. swungen. A. S. *>wingan, pt. t. swang, pp. swungen, to scourge, also to fly, flutter, flap with the wings, -f- Swed. G. svinga, Dan. svinge, to swing, whirl S(,hwingen\ cf. also Goth. af-*waggwjan, to cause to doubt or despair. Teut. type

Swing.
t

the lash of a whip, allied to G. zwecke t a tack, wooden peg (Franck). Swivel, a link turning on a pin or neck.

swang

Spelt swiuell in Minsheu (1627); formed, with suffix -el, from swif-, weak grade of A. S. swlfan, to move quickly Allied to Swift. Lit. sense (revolved 'that which leadily revolves' Cf. Icel.

(E)

sveifla, to spin

round

from

svtfa, to turn.

*swengwanivanoz.

pt.

t.

*swangw

pp. *swung-

Brugm.

i.

818(2).

to beat, whip. (E.) M. E. A. S. swengan, to dash, strike swengen a blow) the causal form of tcf. sweng, Swing. As if ' to flourish a whip a staff for diessing flax. Swingle,

Swinge,

'

(M.

Du

M.
'

E.

swingien, to beat flax;

swingle a swingle.
,

From M. Du. swingeUn,

Ilexham
;

E. swotmen, Swoon, to faint (E.) swoghenen, swowenen, to swoon. Formed (with formative n, usually with a passive sense, as in Goth, verbs in -nan] fiom M. E. swowcn, swoghen, to swoon, to sigh This is a deeply, albo to sough, sigh. strong verb, from A. S. swogan, to move or sweep along noisily, to sough, to sigh as the wind, a strong verb, of which the pp. geswogen occurs with the actual sense of in a swoon.' Se lacg gewudgen he So lay in a swoon, ^Elfnc's Horn n 336 also A. S gcswowung) a swooning, A. S.
'

or su'ingen,

to beate flax,'

see
;

Swing
handle.

Cf.

A. S swingele, a scourging

E. Fries, swengel,

G. ichwengel, a pump-

'

'

Swingle-tree, the bar that swings at the heels of harnessed hoises. (E ) M. E. Leechdoms, n. 176, 1. 13. Cf. Low G. M. E. swingle, a beater, but swogtn, to sigh, swugten, to swoon swingle-tre. lit. 'a Lith. swaged, to resound. Allied to swinger,* or that which swings tre, a piece of wood see Tree. Cf. Du. Sough, q.v. a swing; Low G. zwengel, swengtl Swoop, vb. (E.) M. E. swopen, usually in the sense to sweep, The 0, ong. open (Danneil), G. schivengel, a swingle-tree. f Swink, to toil. (E.) Obsolete once (<A S. tf) became close ov\mg to the A. S. swdpan, to sweep very common. A.S. swiman, pt. t. swanc, preceding \ pp. swttncen, to labour, work hard. From along, rush, swoop; also, to sweep (pt. t. the violent action allied to Swing. Cf. sweop, pp. swdpen}. -f Icel. sveipa, to Du. zwenk, a swing, a turn G. schwenkcn sweep, swoop sopa, to sweep G. schweito rove. Base *swaip, allied to j/ev/, tojswjng, whirl about. Swipe, to strike with a sweeping stroke. ''swaip, 2nd grade of Teut. sweipan-, as Allied to M. E. sivippen\ A.S in O. Icel. svipa, to move quickly. See (E )
;

>r

swipian, swippan, to scourge, beat, from *swip~, weak grade of Teut. *sweipancf. Icel. sveipa, to Cf. sweep, swoop. A. S. swtpe, a whip Is.el. svipa, to whip, In form, mod. E. swipe svtpa, a whip. answers to O. Icel. svJpa,\.v sweep, swoop. See Sweep. Swirl, to whirl in an eddy. (Scand.) Norweg. svirla, to whirl round frequent, of sverra ( - Dan. svirre], to whirl, ong. to hum. [But not Norw. svervel, a whirl; ;
;

Sweep.

Sword.

(E.)

f-Du. zwaardy Icel. werti, Swed. svanl, G. sihwert.

M.E. swerd. A.S sweord. Dan. svcerd,

Teut.
type

*swerdom, neut. Sybarite, an effeminate person. (L. Gk. 2v{3aptTr)s, an Gk.) L. Sybartta. inhabitant of Sydarts, a town named from the river Sybans^ on which it was situated
;

in Lucania,

Lower

pool, svervla, to swirl.] Cf. Sv\ed. svirra, to murmur G. schwirren, to whir ; Skt.
;

svr, to sound.

Switch,
swich,

See Swarm. a pliant rod. (M. Du.) palatalised form of swu&.

For

M.

Sycamine, a tree. (L. - Gk. - Heb. ?) L. sy (.animus. Gk. Lukexvii.6, Prob. a Gk. adaptation of Heb. that it has pi. of shiqmah, a sycamore been confused with sycamore is obvious. Sycamore, a tree. (L. - Gk. ~ Heb. ?)
; ;

Italy.

536

SYCOPHANT
Better

SYNDIC
'

sycomore.
;

ffvKofAopos, as if it

[Gk.

avico-v, fig

L. sycomorus* Gk. fig-mulberry but /xo/>or, a mulberry]

meant

'

7ra0cia, fellow-feeling. with ; iraOtiv, to suffer.

Gk.

01/11-,

for <rvv,

L. symphonia. prob. a Gk. adaptation of Ileb. shiqmah, phonic Cot. a sycamore see above. ia music (Luke xv. 25). Gk.
t

Symphony. (F. - L. - Gk.)

,

See Pathos.
F. sym-

Gk.
c

ffvfj.-

Sycophant. (L.-Gk.)
an informer, parasite.
lit.
'

\>.sycophanta,
crvtcotyavTTjs,

Gk.

</>aW;,

harmonious. sound.

Gk.

<Tu//-,for

avv, together;

See Phonetic.

fig-shewer,' also an informer, a false adviser. [Etymology certain, but the reason for the peculiar use is unknown. The

Symposium, a merry feast.

L. symposium.
paity,
;

(L - Gk.) Gk. iov^ a drinkingGk. av^- (for <rtV), tobanquet.

usual explanation, informer against those who exported sacred figs from Attica/ is Gk. avKo-v, a fig; unauthorised.] lit. 'shewei/ from <au'civ, to shew. See

Hierophant.

Syllable. (F.-L.-Gk.) is intrusive. M. L. si liable

also salable
'

The

third /

V.sillabe,

L.

syllaba.

Gk. av\\a&7],

rro-, base of ir-7ra;--a, I have gether drunk, 7ro<m, a drink. See Potable. an indication of disease. L. Gk.) Properly a medical term. (F. L. symptoma. M. F. symptome Cot. Gk. cru/nrrwjua, a casualty, anything that Gk. av \nfiVT sw t to fall in befals one. Gk. avfj.- (ffw), together; irinreiv, with.

Symptom,

a syllable, lit. holding together,' so much of a word as makes a single sound or element. Gk. (rvA-, for 0vi>, together; Aa^-, base of Aa/u/rfare/r, to take, G ei7e.

to fall.

Syn-,
Gk.)
gether, before or z
.$

Gk.; or (L. Latinised spelling of Gk It becomes y/- before

prefix.

I<ET
.

L.
criv, to-

/;

symbefore

reasoning fiom premises F. syllogisme. L. sylloGk. L. (F. gzswus. Gk. (Jv\\oyi(T pbs a leasoning Gk <nAAo-y/o/zcu, I reckon together, reason.

Syllogism,
i

a.

b,

p,

ph

and

sy-

Synaeresis, the coalescence of two \owcU into a diphthong. (L. Gk.) L.

synif resi^

Gk.
ing.

(TvX-

<TtV),

together;

Ao-yt'^b/mi,

I reckon,

from \6yos, discourse, reasonan imaginary being inhabiting

gether. taking,

Gk. erwcup<m, a taking toGk. GVV, together; ai'pfots, a fiom alp*lv, to take. See Heresy
.

Synagogue. (F.-L.-G1O F. synaGk. ffvvaycay^ a L. synagUga Gk. crtA</>7;, gogue. F. sylphe. a kind ofwoim or grub (Aristotle. On bringing togethei congregation. Gk.avv, this woid it would seem that Paracelsus together; 070^777, a bringing, from <ryczi>, formed the name sylphe he also used the to bring, drive (-^AG.) names gnome, salamander, and nymph (all SynalOBpha, a coalescence of two sylof Greek ongm\ to signify, respectively, a lables into one. (L. Gk.) L synal&pha. Gk. ffvva\oi(fy>], lit a smearing together. genius of earth, fire, and water. Hence Gk. <rvi', together; dA?t</>fif, to anoint, the foim sylph-id, a false form, but only Cf. Skt. /?/, to explicable on the hypothesis of a Greek allied to A/TTOS, grease. as if from a nom. *<7A</>ts (base besmear, anoint. origin Littre's explanation, that <n\(pi$-}. <(f Synchronism, concurrence in time.
Sylph,
air.
(

the

F.

Gk.

of Gaulish origin, seems to me Paracelsus could hardly have known Gaulish. Sylvan, misspelling of Silvan.
sylph
is

(Gic.)

Gk.
;

crvyxpovtcrij.6$.

Gk.
(ivy-,

iutile,

contemporaneous.
gethei

Gk.

for <rvv f to-

See Chronicle. xpovos, time. Syncopate, to shoiten a word

\JL.

by

Symbol, L symbols.

sign.

(F.

-L.-Gk.)

dropping a syllable.

Gk

From

token, pledge, a sign by which one infers a thing. Gk. <7v/*j3aAAav, to thiow to-

Gk. gether, compare, infer. together /SaAAftv, to throw, put.

;

.-

(0w),

pp. of L. synnopare, of \\ hich the usual L. sytnop?, syncopa, sense is 'to swoon.' Gk, a swoon; also, sjncope. cutting short, syncope, loss of strength.

Gk.

ffvy;

(\\ntten
KOTT-,

for

<rvV,

together,

Symmetry.

(,F.

L.~Gk.)

M. F

before K}

bnse of Ku-nreiv, to cut.

f

\..symmetna.~ Gk.cr symme/ne;Cc>t. (ik. (Tu^/zfT ftT/)/a, due proportion. Gk. cru/x- (- trt of like measure with. with pcrpov, a measure. See Metre. Sympathy. (Gk.) From Gk. avp;

See

L. Gk.) F jy/#i 'a syndick, censor, controller of manneis;' L synduus. Gk. <rvV5ios, adj., Cot. helping in a court of justice as a sb., a
;

Apocope. SyTldlC. (F.

537

SYNECDOCHE
Gk. ffvv, together 81*9, syndic. Allied to Diction. (^DEIK.)
;

TABOUR
justice.

Gk. <rvshortening of a syllable. (Gk.) Gk. owreX<TTo\-fj, a drawing together.

\tv, to draw together.
gether
Gri\\fiv, Diastole, Stole.
;

Synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby a part is put for the whole. (L. Gk.) Gk. crvvfK^ox^, lit. a reL. synecdoche".
ceiving together.

Gk. av-v,
put.

to-

to

place,

See

S^x

/" ") I receive,

3

Gk. vuv, together from IK, out,

Syzygy,
Gk.

conjunction. (Gk.)

Gk.0v(v-

(Ion. 5*/co/KCu), I receive.

(^DEK.)

Synod. (F. L. Gk.) F. synode. L. synodum, ace. of synodus. Gk.<rw/o5os, a coming together, a meeting. Gk. avv, See 6S6s, a way, a coming. together;
Method.

conjoined. ffv-v, together; Cu 7-> weak grade of fcvywfju, I join ; see Yoke, Conjugal.
ert'ftryos,

7*0, conjunction.

Gk.

0/YEUG.)
T.

(VSED.) Synonym. (F\-L.-Gk.)

(pi.)

nyme. L,. from the

adj.

synonyma, lit. synonymus, synonymous,

F. synoS)'nonyins
;

having the same sense as another word. Gk. ffvvojvvnos, of like meaning. Gk. avv, Der. synonytogether; ovopa, a name. mous, from L synonymus synonymy, from JL. syndnynna, Gk. avvcwvuia, likeness of name. See Onomatopoeia.
;

Synopsis,
L. synopsis

a general view.

(L.

- Gk.)

together. Der. synopttc-al, from

a seeing all Gk. avv, together; oif/ts, sight.

avvoifsts,

Gk.

Tabard, a herald's coat. (F.) M. E. tabard. O. F. tabart, tabard, also tribart (Ducange), a kind of coat. Etym. unknown. Cf. M. Ital. and L. trabea, a robe of state. Tabby, a kind of waved silk. (F. Span. Aiab.) tabby cat is one marked like the silk. F. tabit (i5th cent.) ; also atabts (Godefroy). Span, tain, a silken Arab. *ntabi, a stuff; Low L attain. rich watered silk. It was the name of a quarter in Bagdad where the silk was

Gk.

adj. <rvvoTrrt/c6s

made

named

after prince Attab, great-

See Optic.
F. syntaxe. L. syntaxvr. Gk. avvra^Ls, arrangement hence, an angement of woids. Gk. avv, together; TO<S, order, fiom rdcrfffiv, See Tactics. to arrange.
;

Syntax. (F.-L~Gk)

grandson ofOmeyya. (See Dozy and Devic.) Der. tabi-n-et, a variety of tabby from
;

Ital. tabin-o,

tabine,

tabby;' Torriano.
;

Synthesis.
Gk.
set,

(L -Gk.)

I.,

synthesis.

F. tabernacle. L. tabernaculum a tent double dimin. Qitaberna, a booth. See Tavern. Tabid. (L.) L. tabidus, wasting away.
,

Tabernacle. (F.-L.)

vvvOtcrts, a
;

together
ic-al,

Gk. avv, putting together. 0c'<rc?, a putting, from nOfvai, to

See

place.

Thesis.

Der. synthct- a plank,

put-

from Gk.

ffvi>0Tifc6$, skilled in

ting together.

F. table. - L. tabula, board, table. Der. tabul-ate, tabul-ar, from L tabula tabl-eau, from F. tableau, dimin. of F. table. Also en-

L. tdbere, to waste
flat

away, languish.

Table. (F.-L)

Syphon, Syren
Syringe.
(F.

see
'

Siphon, Siren.

L.
;

Gk.j
Cot.

tablature, tofferel.

F. syrin-

gue^ a sinnge, squirt

ace. of syrinx,

L. syringem,

Gk. a reed, pipe, tube. avpiyf, a reed, pipe, shepherd's pipe, whistle. Der. synng-a, a flowering shrub, so named because the stems were used for

making Tuikish

pipes.
(F.

F. strop. M. Span, xaropc, Arab, sharab, a drink ; Span, jarope. Arab, root sAurad,vfine, beverage, syrup. See Sherbet. shariba, he drank.
F. syrop
;

Not in any way connected with the custom of te pi, as enoneously said in some former editions. Tabour, Tabor, a small dium. (F. - Gk.) XVII Span. Arab.) M. F. tabour (mod. F. tamSystem, method. (L. cent, L. systettia. Gk. avarrj^a, a com- bour}. Span, tambor, M. Span, atambor Gk. (where a = al, the Arab. def. article). plex whole put together, a system. ov-v, together ; ffrrj-vai, to stand, pies. t. Aiab. tambiir, 'a kind of lute or guitar See Statics. with a long neck, and six brass strings, tff-njfti, I stand. Systole, contraction of the heart, also a drum. Prob. of imitative origin ;
1

M.

Syrnp, Sirup.

-Span -Arab.)

The verb is foimed from (Polynesian.) the sb. taboo, which is the E. pronunciation of New Zealand tapu, a prohibition or interdict ; pronounced tambu in the Solomon Islands. Kotzebue mentions the ' Tabu, or interdict/ in his New Voyage Round the World, London, 1830, ii. 178.
~~

Taboo, Tabu,

to forbid the use of.

538

TABULAR
cf. Arab. Ml, a drum, tabb&l, a drummer. Der. tabour-et or tabret, a dimin. form also tambour Tabular, Tabulate ; see Table.

TAINT
taken, to grip,

^f

The W.
takel.

tad, a tool,

is

borrowed from M. E.

Tache

(i), a fastening.

'A

(1580), s. v Claspe. fastening (Godefroy). allied to tak, takke, point, prick, thorn Low G. takk, a a pointed thing, a twig
;
;

tache,

a buckle,

Low G.) (K. claspe;' Baret O. F. tache, a nail, E. Fries, take, a

Tact. (L.) L. tadus, touch; hence, L. tactus, pp. of tangerc, to delicacy. See Tangent. touch. Tactics, the art of manoeuvimg forces.
(Gk.)

Gk. raKTucA,
fit

Gk.

raKTi/eos, adj.,

neut. pi., tactics. for arranging. Gk.

;

verbal adj. of raT<$s, arranged, ordeied raaativ (for *raK-yfiv) to arrange, order.
t

See Tack. point, pointed thing. tach , de-tach. (2), a blemish. (F.)

Cf. at-

Der.

tactic-ian.

Tache

M. E.

tache, also tecche, a

vice,

caprice, J Also forCot. spot, staine, reproach ; merly spelt taiche, teche, tfque, teke, a natural quality, esp. a vice, ill habit mod. F. tache, a stain Picard take. Cf. Ital.
;

habit, blemish, ' a F. tache, behaviour.

bad

Lit. a toad which is (E.) from its shape nearly all poll or head see Poll. Formerly called a bullhead, which was also the name of a small fish with a large head. Tafferel, Taffrail, upper part of the

Tadpole.

tacca.taccia^ defect, stain; Port, and Span. tacha, defect, flaw, crack. Root unknown it is difficult to connect it with Taclae (i); Ital. tacca also yet this may be right.
;

stem of a ship. (Du. L) Du. tafereel^ a panel, a picture, a tablet or board, For cf. *tafel-eel, dimin. of Du. tafel, a table;
G.
tafelei)

boarded work, from G.

tafel,

a table.

means

notch

'

or

'

dent

'

cf.

E. Fries

L. tabula, a table, plank, board. Doublet, tableau ^[ The spelling taffrail points to confusion with rail.

takke, a notch, takje, a small notch, smnll twig, take (Du tak}, a twig.

Tacit,
be
silent.

silent.

(L.)

L. taccre, to be silent.

L. tadtus, silent. |- Goth, thahan,

tah, twisted, woven, taffeta

to twist, spin, curl

Pers.

oftan,

Icel.jtgya, Swed. tiga, O.

H. G. dagen,

to

Der.

tacit-tint,

F. tacitwne,

taciturnus,

taatuinitt, L also re-ticent. Tacky a small nail, a fasten ing; aUo to M. E. takke, tak, a fastening fasten. (K.)
;

tacit -wnity, F. silent; ace. tacttwnitateni) silence;

(Horn, 372). Tag, a point of metal at the end of a An aglet or tag of lace, &c. (Scand ) a poynt;' Baret (1580). -Swed. tagg, a
'

Norw. tagge, a tooth, prickle, point, tooth cog -|- Pomeran. tagg, a point, tack ; G. takk, point, tooth. See Tack. Der.
;

Low

takken, to fasten together.

Of

E. or

Low
;

tag-rag, for tag

and rag- every appendage

G. origin

cf.

E
;

pointed thing

Pnes. Dan. takke, a tine, Low G. takk (the same)

tine,

and shred.

Tail
(E.)

(i),

G. zacke, a tooth,

prong, twig. Allied

M.

E.

to E. Fries, tak, 'a twig, bough;' the same as Du. tak, a twig. [The Iiish taca, pin, peg, nail, fastening, Gael, tacaid, tack, peg, are from E.] Cf. Norman dial, taqne,

of mane tagl, Swed. iagel, hair or tail; Goth, tagl, hair; O. H.G. zagel, Cf. Irish dual, a plait, lock of a tail. Brugm. i. hair, Skt. da^a, a skirt.
tail,-|-Icel

hairy appendage, appendage A. S. tagel, tegl, a tayl

a a

nail.
sail
;

Hence a fa( k or rope fastening (3. also the verb taik, to sew slightly,
-y.

783-

sailing, refers to the shifting of the tacks in order to alter the ship's course. Tackle, equipment, gear, tools. (Scand.)

attach,

The verb

to tack,

in

teim applied to an estate limited to certain heirs. (F. L.) Better spelt tailte see Todd's Johnson. the same word F. taille, a cutting, shred

Tail

(2), the

which

is

M. K. takel. tackle of a

tailor. (F.-L.) Properly a cutter,' Swed. and M. Swed. tafkel, Dan. takkel, tackle, or cutter out. M. E. fay tor. O. F. tailship whence table, to rig. Cf. Du. takel, a leor, later tailleur, a cutter;' Cot. F. The suffix -el tailttr, to cut; cf. F. taille, a slitting, an to rig. pulley, take ten, Late L. taliare,\.o cut; cf. L. tack-le is that which incision. denotes the agent cf, M. Du. taeckel, talea, a thin rod, stick, slip an agricultural takes or holds firmly Icel. taka, to term for a slip or layer. a rope to drawe a boate.' cf. E. Fries. Taint, sb. (F. - L.) F. teint, a stain &c., also to take
;

as Tally (below).

And
'

see Entail,
*

'

'

giasp, seize,

539

TAKE
Cot.

TAMPER
rowed from Low G.)
|

F. teint, pp. of teindre, to tinge.

cf.

O. Merc, talg,

L. tingere, to dye.

See Tinge.

a dye.

Take. (Scand.) M. E. taken, pt. t. tokt I eel. taka, pt. t. tok, pp pp. taken. tekinn, to lay hold of, seize, grasp, take Swed taga, O. Swed. taka, Dan. tage. Goth, tekan, to touch. Talc, a mineral. (F. -Span.- Aiab.) F. talc. Arab, talq, talc, mica. Span, taho Tale, a number, a narrative. (E.) M. E. tale. S. tie!, a number, /a///, a narra;

Tally, a stick notched so as to match another stick; an exact match. (F. L.) M. E. taille, a tally foi keeping accounts. F. taille, a notch, cut, incision, cutting ; also a tally, or scoie kept on a piece of stick by notches F. tailler, to cut. Late L. tahare, to cut cf L. talea, a slip of
; ;

wood.
'

^f

The
'

final -y in
cf.

taU-y

is

due
to

to the frequent use of F. tailtt,

signify

pp.,

tive -f-Du.
tala,
tal,

taal,
;

speech

I eel. tal,

speech,

notched

number
number,

Dan.
speech,

tale,

speech, Swed.
zahl,

where

-y

lcv-y,jtir~y,

pun-y,

F.

-/.

G.

number

Der.
'

Talmud, the body of Hebrew laws, with

;

tal-k, tell
'

Talent.
ability
is
i

comments. (Chaldee.) Chaldee talmild, - L. - Gk.) The sense of instruction, doctrine cf. Heb. talmtd, a UK. from the parable Matt. xxv. scholai from Idmad, to leain, hmmad, to
;

F. talent, a talent in money also will, L. talentum. (jk. ra\avdesire;' Cot. TOJ/, a balance, weight, sum of money,
;

teach.

talent.

Named
;

from

being

lifted

and

Talon. (F.-L) Particularly used of a hawk's hind claw and toe. F. talon, a heel. Late L. taloncm, ace. of /<F/0, heel.

cf. Skt weighed ////, L. tollere, to lift, Gk. raA-as, sustaining. (^ FKL.) Allied to Tolerate. Der. talent-ed, in use before

talus, heel.

From Guarani tamandud,

(where a is nasal) Kioplatense
;

Tamandua,

an

ant-eater.

(Brazil.)

an

ant-eater

A.I)

1640.
)

see

Gianada, Vocab.

Talisman, a spell. (Span -Arab.Gk Span, talisman, a magical character.

Arab,
a
t lisa

man,

pi

of

tilsam,

ttlnm,

Late Gk. talisman, magical image Gk. TAe0>ia, a, mystery, initiation a payment an accomplishment, rf\fa^ Gk. T\tv, to accomplish, end. Gk.
; }
;^

(F. Arab and Span. M. b tamarind Span, tamanndo. Arab. /Vz/w, a npe date; Ihnd, India. Lit. Indian date.' (3. The Aiab. tamr is allied to Heb. tamar, a palm-tiee Hind is boirowed from Pers. (which tums s into

Tamarind.
)
.
*

Pers

Tt\ns, end; also initiation into a mystery. h), and is derived fiom Skt. sindhu-, the Talk. (E.) E. Fries, talken, to talk ; river Indu*. See Indigo, cf. talke, a short tale. The Low G.I Tamarisk, a tree (L.) \.tamariscus, taalke means 'O a jackdaw, (2} a talka- also tamanx, tamaric^-, of foieign origin, tive woman. Extended ijike stalk (i)) Cf. Gk nvpivrj, a tamansk A. S tal-. as in talu, a tale, taltan, from a small drum-like frame, for - Aiab.) to account, with suffix -k-, which seems to F. ( F.
'

Tambour,

give a frequentative force. Cf. Icel. Swed. tala, Dan. tale, to talk. See Tale and Tell,
find

embroidering. Span. tambour, a tambour, also a drum;

see

Tabour.
j

Tall, high in stature, lofty. (E.) [We tambourine. r F. - Span. - Ai ab ) F. M. E. tal, which meant seemly, also tambourm, a tabom, dimm. of F. tambour, obedient, obsequious, valiant; allied to a labour or dium; see Tabour.
i
'

appearing in leof-tcel, friendly, So also Goth, un-tals, indocile, uninstructed, from which we infer tals, docile. Note also A. S. ge-tal, quick, piompt ; O. H. G. gi-zal, quick.] The mod. E. tall has in some cases been adopted in Cf. W. tal, high, Corn, tal, high Celtic. Corn, tal earn, the high rock; \V. taldra,
tcel,
;

A.S

Tame,
tarn,

adj.

(E.)

tame.
to

A.

S.

tame;

whence tewian*

tame.-f

Du. tarn, Icel. tamr, Swed. Dan tarn, G. zahm. Allied to L. domare, Skt. dam, Gk. 8a/ia6ti/, W. doft, to tame. (y'DAM.)
See Daunt.

Stamin.
-L.)
in a

Tammy, Tamine
Tamper
y

the

same

as

tallness, loftiness.

Tallow.
talg,

Du

M. E. talgh. E. Fries. tatlig. + M. Du. talgh', tahh, tallow;

(E.j

The same word

to meddle, interfeie with. (F. as temper, used

* ;

talk,

Low

Icel. tolgr.

G. talg; Dan. Swed. ta!g\ So also G. talg, tallow (bor-

to influence bad sense bad way.' Godefroy gives tramper as another form of temprer-, and temprenre> 540
actively, but in a

TAMPION
moderation, manner of operatSee Temper. ing, tempter of a weapon. Tampion, a kind of plug. (F. Teut.) F. tampon, bung, stopple nasalised form of F. tapon, the same, augment, of O. F. tampe, tape, a bung. Cf. F. taper, tapper, to stop with a bung (a Pioaid word).I)u. tap, a bung, tap Low G. tappe, the same. See Tap (2).

TAP
L ) Port, fanque, (Port. cognate with Span, estanque, O. F. estang, a stank, pool. L. stagnum, a pool. See Stank, ^f Anglo-Indian see Yule. Tankard. (F.) O. F. tanqttard, a tankard (Rabelais) Du. tanckaert, 'a wodden [wooden] tankaid/ Hexham (fiom Prob. from Swed. stanka, a wooden ). tankard with F. augment, suffix ~ard. Swed stanka is a dimin. of stanna, standa, a A at (Kietz") note the aa in Noiw. taankar, a tankaid. Cf. Tu^or E standard,

tampreui

e,

Tank, a pool.

1'"

the (F.-G.) From F. tan, baik of a >oung oak, whtrevuth leather

'

Tan.

tanned;' Cot. (Bret, tann, an oak, aKo G. tanne, fir-Uee.+Du. den, a firtan) tree Du dan, as in 'ahcs, eyn dan/
;

Mone, Quellen,
&c.
;

p.

302.

Der. tan,
29.

vb.,

tan-ling, Cyrnb.

Tandem.
applied to

iv. 4.

A Umveisity joke. Tang ,-0, a strong

M. Du.
lit.

(U) L. tandem, at length two horses harnessed at length

taste
<T)ii.)

a tankard, standing-bowl (Greene). L -Gk.) Tansy, a plant. (F M. K. tansaye, tansey O F. tanasie, tanaisie\ earlier form athanawe, atanasie. (Cf. M. Ital atanasia, Port, atanasia,

-Low

tansy.;
tality.
j

Late
Cf.

*athana*ia, merely the

Latinised form of
Cf.
,

Gk

J0cn atria,
(lit.

immor-

t anger, sharp, biting to the taste Du. tang, a pan of pincei^ pinching.

see Tongs. Cf H. G. zangar, shaip to the taste; A. S. ge tingan, to press

immortal), the rose-campion; llono. Piob. fiom its supposed vu tue, and its use in medicine. Gk. dfldraTos:, immortal. Gk. d-, not ;
Oav-tiv, 2 aor. of Ovrjatceiv, to die.
sufiix -iscr

M.

Ital.

atanato

hard upon

To

Tang

getang). (,2), to make a shiill sound. (F tang is to ung out an imitative woul
(pt.
\..
;

Tantalise. (< L

(Gk.,
-7"

Formed with F.
-ifn>),from

twang. tongue of a buckle, the part of akmte which goes into the haft Scand. led. tangi, tang of a knife, vhich snipped Allied to TavraXifciv ravraXtvtLv, to oscilNorw. tange* tang of a late, sway like a balance intensive foim by the handle allied to tong, fiom TC\- a& in TaAc^T<r, a balance. See knife, tongue of land Talent. tongs see Tang (i i, Tongs. Tantamount. ^F. -L } Pirst ubcd as Tang (4\ seaweed, see Tangle Tangent. (L.^ From L tangent-, a veil), with the sense to amount to as F. tant, so much, as much, fiom touching, stem of pres pt. of tangeie ^base much.' tag}, to touch; pp. tactu*. -|- Gk. base L tantinn, neut of tantus, <>o great; and JL amount ray-, as in rtrayuv, taking. (of F. origin), see Amount. Tap (0, to knock gently. (F. Teut.) tangible. (F.-L ) F, tangible I
I

allied to tinker, tingle,

Tang

(.V),

Gk. Tdi-raA-os, Tantalus, in allusion to his The fable was that he wns placed story. up to his chin water, which fed from his lips whenever he desired to dunk.
}

'

'

tangibilis,

touchable.

L.

tango

touch.

Tangle, to knot confusedly. (Scand ) Spelt tangtll in PaKgrave. To tangle is to keep twisting together like seaweed a frequentative \erb from North K. tang, sea-weed. Dan. tang, Swed. tang, Icel fang, kelp or bladder- wrack, a sea-\\ecd cf. (whence the idea of confused heap'i
*
' ;

Icel. fi^ngull,

sea-weed, Norw. tongul, a

F. tangle, sea-

F. tapper, to tap, hit Cot. tappen, to grope, fumble, tappe, a paw E. Fries, tappcn, to grope, tap t a light blow; Icel. ~tap$a, to tap. Probl of imitative origin cf. Russ. topate, to stamp with the loot, Arab, tall, a dium ; E. ditb-a-dub. ^[ Perhaps a native uord; M. K tappen occuis rather early. (2), a short pipe to draw liquor from F. tatfe. a cask, a plug. (E.> A. S.

Low G
;

taper,

M.

'

Tap

tangle-stalk.
;

weed a kind of sea- perc, one who taps casks -f- Du tap, Icel. weed {Fucns Jlagellifonnis, Metivier). tappt, Dan tap, a tap Swed. tapp, a tap, Der. en-tangle, with F. prefix en- (<L./w). handful, wisp, G. zapfen, a tap. p. The Tanist, a presumptive heir to a prince. orig. idea was pi ob. a tuft or wisp of some;

So also prov. Norman F. tangon,

tucppa,

(Toller)

\\e also

find

A.

S. ta?p-

Irish tanaiste, apparent heir. (Irish.) Irish tanaise^ second in rank (Rh^s).

thing, to stop a hole with

,

cf. Swed. tapp (above) halm-tapp, a wisp of straw. Der.

;

54 *

TAPE
tap-root, tap-ster,

TARPAULING
fern,
v.

A. S. tappestre, a form of tappere (above) tampion, q.

;

endive ; Latinised *&taraxacon,m Avicenna.

supp. to Littre.) F. tardif, tardy. (Cf. From L. tard~iis> Ital. tardivo, tardy.)

(Devic

tappe. A. S. tcsppe, a tape, a fillet ; closely allied to A. S. tappet, tapped, a tippet, a

Tape.

(L.-Gk.)

M.

E.

tape,

also

Tardy. (F.-L.)
;

slow

with

suffix -imts.

meant strips of stuff or cloth. Borrowed darnel (Matt. xni. 25). Not in A. S. but the sense is peculiar to English, as the from L. tapete, cloth see Tapestry. Taper (0, a small wax candle. (E.) mod. E. tare is short for tare-vetch, i. e. M. E taper. A. S. taper, taper. Cf. Irish darnel-vetch, -f M. Du. terwe, Du tanve, Low G. tarue, wheat Lith dirwa, corntapar, a taper, W. tampr, a taper, torch. taper (2), long and slender. (E ) field Skt. durva, a kind of grass Tare (2), an allowance. (F. Span. Taper means taper like, shaped like the waste in meichandise. tapers used in churches, which were some- Arab.) F. tare, loss, times thinner at the top. Holland has Span. tara. tare, allowance in weight. Arab, tarha, Lit. 'what is thrown away/ tr. taper-wise, shaip-pointed in the top of Pliny, xvi. 16. See above, fl" The A.S. what is thrown away, detriment (Devic) Arab, root cf. tirh, turrah, thrown away. taper-ax, a kind of ax, is unallicd Russ. topor\ Pers tabar, an ax. taraha, he threw prostrate, threw down.
; ; ;
; ' '
;

carpet.

The A.

S.

pi.

tappan probably

Tare

(0, a plant.

(E.)

M. E.

tare,

corrupTapestry. (F. L. Gk.) F. tapistion of the old form taphserie. F. tapisser, to furnish serie, tapestry.

Target,
Scand.
;

a small
-et
is

shield,

&c.

(F.

with F.

suffix.}

Formerly also

F tapis, tapestry, hangwith tapestry. L. tapete, cloth, Late L. tapecius. ings Gk TOTT^T-, stem of TOTT?;?, a hangings. Cf. Pers. tabas t ah, carpet, woollen rug. a fringed carpet ; tdbidan, to spin, taftah, see Taffeta taffeta
;
,

the F. dimin. suffix. tergat\ the O. F. targuete (Godefroy), a small shield ; dimin. of O. F. targiie (as in Cot.), F. I eel. targa, a target, small shield ; targe A. S. targt\ O. H. G. zarga, a fiame, side of a vessel, wall, G. zarge, frame, case, ^f Distinct fiom Arab, daredge, border kat, darakat, a shield, whence Port, and Span, adarga, a small square target. glim, a Chaldee paraphrase of the

Tapioca. (Brazilian ) Brazilian tapioka, the poisonous juice which issues from the root of the cassava when pressed (Littre) hence tapioca, which is also prepared from The Ttipi or the root of the cassava
;

Tar

)ld

Testament.

(Chaldee.)

Chaldee tar-

gum, an
:

Brazilian ttpi-oca

means

dregs squeezed

residue, dregs, and the verbal root og, ok, to take by force, pull, pluck off, hence to squeeze (Cavalcanti).

out';

from

tipi,

Chal. targe"m, to interpretation Cf. Arab, tarjunuln, an mterinterpret. see Dragoman. pretei Tariff. (F. Span. Arab.) F. tanf, M. F. tariffe, a casting of accounts. Span.
list

Tapir, a quadruped. (Brazilian.) Tupi or Brazilian tapyra, tapira, a tapir. Tar. (E ) M. E. terre. A S. teoni, tcru, tar; cf. al&o tyrwa. 4- Du teer, Icel.
tjara,

tanfa, a

of

j^rices,

book of

rates.

'irf,

notificatarJf, giving mloimation, Arab. tion (because a tariff gives notice). Arab, root knowledge

Arab

knowing,

Svved. tjara. p. Cf. allied to Icel. tyri, tyrvi, resinous wood Lithuan. darwa, derwa, lesinous wood, particularly the parts of the fir-tree that also to Russ. drevo, a tree, readily burn
ticere,
;

Dan.

'arafa, he

knew

derevo, wood, timber, W. dernj, an oaktree, and E. tree. Ong. sense wood,' esp. hence resin from resinous wood for fuel such wood. Allied to Tree. (2), a sailor; see Tarpauliug. dance so called Tarantella. (Ital.) (also a tarantula; ; so named from Ital.
*
;

a pool. (Scand.) M. E ternc. Icel tjorn (gen. tjarnar), a tarn, pool; Svved. dial, tjarn, tarn, Noiw. tjorn, a pool without an outlet. Tarnish. (F.-O. II. G.) F. tcmiss-, stem of pres. pt. of se termr, to become

Tam,

Tar

M. II. G. ternen, dim, lose lustre (Cot ) O. II G. tarnen, to obscure, darken, from O II. G. tarm, secret (whence F. ternc, dim), -f- A. S dernan, dyrnan, to hide, from derne, dyrne, adj., secret cf. O. Sax.
;

Taranto, Tarento, a town in S. Italy. Taraxacum, the dandelion. (Arab.) From Arab, tarasacon, explained as a kind of succory, Pers. tarkhashqiin, wild

derni, hidden, secret.

(E.

Tarpauling, a cover of tarred canvas. and\^ It means tarred pauling or

;

tarred paling

a palling

is

a covering,

543

TARRAGON
from the verb pall, to cover. This verb is from pally sb., a cover see Pall. Der. tarpaulin, an old name for a sailor
;

TATTER
A perverse spelling
of Tatar, owing to a popular etymology which regarded Tatars as let loose out of Tartarus or hell (see From Tatar, a Tatar or inhabibelow). tant of Tatary (as it should be spelt)
.

abbreviated to tar. a plant. (Span. Arab. Gk.) Span, taragona (Diez) usually taragonlia (cf. M. F. targon, tragon). Arab. Gk. Spa/cow, a tarkhnn, dragon-wort. and See Devic, s. v. estragon dragon.
(Smollett),

now

Tarragon,

Tartar
'

(3) , Tartarus, hell.

1

(L.

- Gk.)

see

Dragon.
ii.

gates of Tartar; Tw. Nt. ii. 5. 225. Gk. Ta/arapos, Tartarus, L. Tartarus conceived to be a the infernal regions place of extreme cold ; cf. Gk. rapraplfdv,
;

The

Tarre,
Hamlet,

to incite, set on. (E.) In Shak. M. E. terren, terien, 2. 370.

to shiver

v\

ith cold.

Task,
taske.

sb.

(F.-L.)

Lit. a tax.

M.E.

A. S. tergan tarien, to irritate, provoke. (rare), tirgan, to vex, provoke ; N. Fries. See tarry. tarre, terre, to set on a dog.
to

tarry. (E.) The present form is due M. E. tanen, terien, to irritate, pro;

hence to hinder, delay. voke, worry, vex [This is the true source of the word, though its meaning may have been affected and fixed by the O. F. larger, to delay, from Late L. *tardicare 1 to delay, from L. tardus, A.S. tergan, usually slow; see Tardy.] tirgan, to vex, piovoke. -f" I^ u tergen,
-

O. North F. tasqite, Norm. dial. tasque, a tax, O. F. tasche, a task (mod. F. tdche).^ Late L. tasca, a tax, another form of Late L. taxa, a tax. L. taxare, to tax. See Tax. Tassel (i), a bunch of silk, &c. as an M. E. tassel. O. F. ornament. (F. L.) also a piece tassel, an ornament, fringe
t ;

of square stuff (cf. Ital. tassello, a square, a collar of a cloak). L. taxi Hum, ace. of dimm. of talus, a taxillus, a small die knuckle bone, a die made of knuckleLow (j.targen, tarren, to provoke piov. bone. 7\ilus *tax-lus, as shewn by the dmiin. taxillus, and means a bone cut or G. zergen, to provoke. Tart (i), acrid, sharp, severe. (E.) squared ; cf. Skt. taksh, to hew, prepaie, A. S. teart, tart, severe. Perhaps lit. tear- make, ^f The application to a tassel is A. S. *tar {tar) 2nd cuiious a woodcut at p. 272 of Guillim's ing, i. e. bittei Display of Heraldry (1660) shews a tassel grade of teran, to tear. See Tear (i). Tart (2), a small pie. (F.-L.) M. E. ornamented with strings and dots; these ' It strings divide it into squares, each of Cot. O. F. tarle, a tart tarte. seems to be a perverted form of O.F. torte, which (having a dot in the middle) reF. tourte, a tart, Ital. tartera, toria, a pie sembles an ace on a die. It was confused L. with L. tessella (see Tesselated) ; cf. or tart, Span, torta, a round cake. ' O. E. Texts. Tessera, tasol ; torta, fern, of torttts, pp. of torquere, to TasS6l (2) ; the same as Tercel. twist. Perhaps confused with L tract a, a Taste. (F, L ) Oiig. to handle, feel, long piece of dough, Tartan, a woollen stuff. (F.- Tatar.) the usual sense of M. E. tastcn. O. F. Cf. Late L. 1. trom F. tiretatne, 'linsie wolsie, or a taster, to handle, feel, taste. so kind therof, worn by French peasants taxta, O.F. taste, a piobe for wounds F. taster answers to a Late L. Cot. Span, ttritana, a thin woollen stuff. that 2. Otherwise, from M.E. Tartarin, orig *taxJtdre, iterative form of taxare, to feel, nch cloth of Tatary, later, colouied cloth handle (Gelhus). Again taxare (<*tagof various hues, also spelt tartarne, tartern sare) is an intensive form of L. tangerc, to touch. See Tangent. See examples in N. E. D. Tartar (i), an acid salt in casks, a Tat, to make trimming. (Scand.) North E. tat, to entangle. -M. Swed. t&tte, concretion on the teeth. (F. Late L. Dan. dial, tat, Norw. taatt, a thread, strand teim due to the alchemists Arab.)
;

'

'

A
*

called sal tartre, or tartre, in Chaucer. Late L. tartarum F. tartre, tartai ,' Cot.
;

Arab. (by confusion with Tartarus}. durd, diegs, sediment, taitai of wine; durdiy, dregs. Cf. Aiab. darad, a shedding of teeth which Devic connects with
;

of a rope, whence Norw. tcetta, to interweave. Cf. Icel fidttr, Swed. /<$/, a strand, Dan. tot G. docht, a wick. filament Tatter, a shred. (Scand ) Also spelt
;

totter.

Icel.
;

toturr\

lags, tatters

Norw.

tartar

on the

teeth.

taltrar, pi., rags, tatters. -f- Low

pi. totrar, tottrar, totror, tottrur, also

G. taltem,
taltc,

Tartar (2), a native of Tartary.

(Tatar.)

lags, taltrig,

ragged; E. Fries

a rag,

543

TATTLE
Thus tatter stands for taltrig) ragged. G. talt'r, tatter, wit A loss of /; cf.

TEA
Gk. TavroAo7/a, a lepetition of what has been said already. Gk. Tavro\6yo$, reGk ravro, peating what has been said.
short foi r& avro or TO avrov, the

Low

Tautology. (F.-Gk.)

L. tautologia*

tadder,

A. S.
sense

tcfttec,

a rag (Danneil) perhaps also I suppose the oiig. a rag.

;

was

that

which
it

flaps

01

flutteis

same

about,'

and that

is

closely allied

to

totter', q v.

K.tatden,totelen, Tattle, vb. (E.) also find tateren, to tattle, piattle. M. E. titeren, to tattle, whence mod. E. Tattle and tittle, in the phrase tittle-tattle.

We

Tavern. (F. L.) F. tavcrne - L. tabcrna, a hut, oiig. a hut of boaids; a tavern. Perhaps allied to L. tabula, a
plank, board see Table. a game at marbles. (Gk.) Orig. the maik from which the marbles were and marked (originally) with a T, shot, From Gk. to denote an exact spot. a letter-name of rav, among schoolboys Cf. Tee. Semitic ongin.
;

thing; speak.

-\oyos, speaking, fiorn \fytiv, to

are frequentative forms, from a base 01 TIT, expressive of the iteration of the syllables ta, ta, ta, or //, //, /*', to So also Du. indicate constant piatthng. talc; en, to stammer, E. tatatantara, the sound of a tiumpct, Low G. tafeln, to
tittle

TAT

Taw,

tattle, titetaleln, to tittle-tattle, taat-goos, a gabbling goose, a chattel er Ital. tatta,

mella, chat, piattle. Der. /title, foim of tattle, as above whence tittletattle.
;

weakened
lecallmg

(Du or Low G ) O. H. G zoitwen, to make, prepare Goth. Formeily taptoo v Phillips) used as caily taujan, to do, cause. See Tool. Du. Du. taptoc, tattoo. as A.D. 1663 Tawdry, showy, gaudy (,E.) Foimerly Due used in the phrase tawdry lace, which meant toe, to, i.e shut, closed. tap, a tap in Low G. tappen lace bought at St. Awdry' s fan held in the to the phrase appearing to slaan, lit. to strike a tap to,' a piover- Isle of Ely (and elsewhere) on St. Awdry's bial phiase >hke E. shut up} signifying to day, OU. 17. Tawdry ib a familiar con_
soldieis to their quarters.
;
; ;
,

TattOO (1)' tne

skins, curry M. E. taiven, tewan. (E.) to prepare, dress, get leady ; tawian, Cf. A.S. getaiva implealso, to scourge. U touwen, to uiiry leather; ments. 4"
;

Taw, Tew,
toil.

to prepare

also to

A.

S.

<

p. Again. Awdry esp. used of closing the traction of St. Awdry. the taps of the public-houses, at the sound of is a popular form of Etheldrida, the Latinised form of the A.S. female name the chum. So aUo G. zapfenstreich, It means 'noble strength'; stroke;' and Low G sEpelpryd. tattoo, is lit. 'tap-st pel, noble, and J>ry8 or tappenslag, the tattoo, is its equivalent, from A.S. trdet or if p The Du. tap is cognate with E. tap\ \firybu, stiength. Cf. Icel. frildr, the name and Du. toe with E. to, piep. See Tap of a goddess; and the suffix in Ger-trudc% a name of O. II. G. origin. and To. Foi tanny\ spelt TattOO (2), to mark the skin with figures, Tanny colowre, or heraldry. by pricking in colouring matter. (Tahitian.) \tenny See Cook's First Voyage, b. i. c. 17, b. lii. tawny ? Prompt Parv. t tanne, tawny ; F. tan, Tahitian tatau, tattoo-marks de- lit. tanned pp of tanner, to tan c. 9. The sB., tan. G. tanne a fir-tree. See Tan. nved from ta, a mark (Littre). Maori ta means to tattoo, to mark. Tax, sb. (F. L.) M. E taxc, F. taxe. L. taxare, to handle, F. taxer, to tax. Taunt, vb. (F.-L. Hardly from O.F. For *tag-sare\ from tauter isce Littre), occasional form of value, appraise, tax. to tempt, prove, essay, suggest, tag-) base vitangere, to touch. Doublet, tenter, L. task. Cot. provoke, or move unto evill ; tentare, to tiy, prove, attack, assail, &c. Taxidermy, the art of stuffing the From Gk. see Tempt, p. Rather from the M.F. skins of animals. (Gk.) phrase tant pour tant, 'one for another,' order (see Tactics) ; Mpu-a, a skin, from Cot Q. F. taunt, tant, so tifp-ttv, to flay, cognate with Tear (i). cf. lit for tat. much. L. tantum, neut., so much. Tea. (Chinese.) Spelt tee in Pepys' Taurus. (L.) L. taurus, a bulI.+Gk. Diary, Sept. 28, 1660; cha in Bloimt From the Amoy pronunciation Allied to Steer (i). raO/>oy. (1674). Taut, tight, firm. (E ) M. E. togt. (tS) of the Chinese name for the plant, App. from tog" (in tog-en, pp. of A. S. which is (in other parts of the empire) called ch'a or t*a\ Williams, Chin. Diet. teok-an}, to pull ; with added -/.

close* conclude;

Tawny. m

<

'

544

TEACH
5 ; Douglas, Chin. Diet, of the Amoy Hence Ital. eta, tea; vernacular, p. 481. F. thtt G. thee, Malay tek, tea. Teacll. (E ) M. E. techen. A. S. tcan> to shew how to do, shew, pt. t. tiekte, pp tight. Formed (with change of d to je before j\ as in Tent. *taikjan^, fiom tacbase of tac-en, a token (Tent. */<-) Allied to Gk. faix-vvfu, I shew. See
p.

TEETOTALLER
-Low G.) M. E. tete> tette. - O. F. tete, tett\ F. tettt.\jcM G. titte, M. Du. titte.+h. S. tit (pi. tiitas}, whence E. /*/, a teat; G. zitze. Cf. also W. didi, did, a teat. (As if from an ]dg. base DI.)
^[ Distinct

TirOy, riT06s, a teat, allied to Skt. dhc, to suck, Goth, daddjan, to suckle. Teazle, i. e. teasel see teasel.
;

from Gk. which appears to be

Token.

Technical.
a tree.
(
;

(Gk.)

Formed with
>

suffix

Malay al am/) Malayalam -al (L. -a/is) from Gk TX^<OS, belongGk. TCX^VJ art allied to tekka, the teak-tree Tamil tekkit, the same ing to the arts H. Wilson). Cf. Skt. takshan> a (H. TtKrojv, a carpenter. a bud. (E) M.E. tele (1310 carpenter, from tafah, to cut wood. Allied Teal, not in A.S. -f l)u. tahng, older to Text cent.); form taeling (Scwel), M. Du. teehnqh. a Techy, fietful see Tetchy. teal (Kilian;. The A S. form would be */,?&. Ted, to spread mown glass. ;Scand.)

Teak,

a family, set, animals harnessed a row. (E.) E. tcm y teem. A. S. team, a famil> ? offspring 4"Du toorn, a icin 1/1 om the notion of drawing 01 guiding) Low G. toow, offspiing, also a rein Icel. Dan. tomme, Sued torn, a tattmr, a icin Tent type rein; G. zattni, a bridle.
in

Team,

Icel

tcdja,
;

to

tobu-verk, hay-making, lit. ted-woik.* So also Norvv. terfja, Swed. dial, tada, to spread manuie; from tad, manuic. Bavarian zctten, O. II. G. zettan 9 to strew cf. G. ver-zctteln* to scatter.
'

manuic manured

cf.

spread manuie, fiom tad, tada hay grown a well-

field,

+
;

S. tsran, pt. t. tar, pp. A?/r;/ -f>Goth. ga-tairan, to bicak, destroy, Lith. dir-ti, to flay to flay, Gk. 8t/> Russ. dra-te, i/, to tear Pers dart dan, to tear cf. darn, a fragment Zend dfor, to cut Skt
;
;

*taug-moz (No: ecu), from tauh, 2nd grade of *teuh-an-^ to draw. See Tow ( i ) (VDEUK ) Der. tet m. Tear (0, to lend (E.) M.E. tocn.
*/au-?noz,
foi

I> t tedious, irksome. (L.) L tudet, it L. ticdium, nksomeness. nks one. (We also use tedium, sb.^ Tee, a mark. (E.) 1'rom the use of a T to denote an exact spot. Cf. tee-totitni
;

Tedious.

and

see

Taw.
to

daraya, to tear.
*/0/
;

Tent type *teran~, pt

t.

pj>

* tit ratio*.

^DER.)

Cf aUo
J

G.zetuen (weak

Tear
<E.)
;

toe A S. tea), t3r, aUo itwa, Dan tonime^ Swed. totunia, vb O Northumb. tif her 4- Icel from the adj. toon see Toom. teagor tar, Dan. Awr, taare, Swed. /5r, Goth. Teen, vexation, giief. (E.) M. E tenc. /a sr/, () H. G. zahar A S. teona, accusation, vexation. A. S. (pi. taken, whence mod. G. zakrc]. Cf. O. Lat datruma, L. tcon, cunti acted foim of *tihan to accuse. r G. (.iO\h. gatethan, to tell, make known lacnnui) Gk. Stiiepv, bd/fpvfjia^ \V. </^ r, a cf. L. dicaie,io make tear, O. Iiish <#> Brugm. i. J 178. Der. zcthen,iQ accustrain-oil. known. Allied to Diction (-y'DElK.) Tease, to caid wool, to vex, plague. <^f Teen means a making known, public A.S. tifsan, to pluck, accusation, reproach, mjuiy, vexation, (E.) M.E. f&en. pull.+M. Du. teesen, to pluck wool Swed grief, harm. dial, tot?, Bavarian &Z/JI/* tesa, Dan. Teetotaller, a total abstainer. (F. Tee-total All from L. with E. piefix and Mjffijt;} f'Scluneller), O. II. G. zeisan. Tcut. base *teis is an emphasised form of Total, q.v. The
E.
;
|

(,2),

veib). 594. Brugm. i. a diop oi fluid from the eye.

E. (0. to be piolific. (E) teem; tcw< sb., progeny, orfspnng whence mod. K./CW//I. See Team. The M. E tcmen answers to A. S teman, tyman, older ti/uau io teem. Teut. type *tauuijan-* from *tauwoz, a team

Teem
;

tcmen,

Teem

(2),

to empty.
;

(Scand.)

Icel.

teasel, a
A. S.

plant.
*

(E.)
1

M.E. t&el
from
its

woul
ton,

m
O.

/<Jj/, /r?^/, lit

teaser,

use
-f-

teasing wool.
II.

A.S. tsan,

to tease.

G. zeisala, teasel; fiom zeisan, to

nipi^le of the

tease.

originated with R. Turner, of Presat a temperance meeting about 1833, asserted that nothing but te-tc-total see the Staunch Teetotaller, ed. will do by J. Livesey, of Preston, Jan. 1867.

who,
;

Teat,

female breast.

(V.

Haydn.)

See below.

545

TEETOTUM
Teetotum, Totum,
marked T, which
a spinning toy.

TENDER
(2), flat portion of the side of the head above the cheek-bone. L.) (F. M. E. templis, pi. - O. F. temples, pi., the temples (mod. F. tempes, Norm. dial. L. tempera, pi., the temples. temples}. Der. tempor-al, adj., belonging to the

Temple

(L.) Formerly totum (Ash, 1775, Phillips, So cilled from the side formerly 1706).
signified totum, i. e. all the stake, from L. totum, neut. of tot us, Hence the name the whole ; see Total. totum, or T-toti4m ; which may have

temples.
i ( ), worldly, secular. (F. C). F. M. E. temporal. L.) temporal, L. temporalis, temporal. temporcl, adj. L. tempor-, for ^tempos-, stem of tetnpus, time. (2), belonging to the temsec Temple (2). ple**

suggested T-total. Tegument, a covering (L.) L. tegumentum, a covering. L. tegere, to cover.

Temporal

O. Irish Thatch.

Cf. -f-Gk. (rrtyety, Skt. sthag, to cover. Allied to tech, \V. ty, a house.

632. (y'vSTEG.) Brugm. i. Teil-tree, a hndentree. (F. L. and

;

Temporal
;

; also, the inner (F.-L.) O.F. tempter, later E.) O. F. teil, L. tempt are, bark of a lime-tree (mod. F. ///A?). L. tenter, to tempt, prove. tilia, a lime-tree also, the inner bark of tentdre, to handle, tiy the strength of, a lime-tree. -f Irish title. assail, tempt ; frequentative of tendere (pp. Telegraph. (Gk.) Modern. Fiom tcntus}, to stretch (Breal). See Tend (i).

a lime-tree

Tempt.

Gk. TTJ\ } afar ypd(piy } to write. Der. telegram, coined to express telegraphic message'; from ypaftpa., a wiitten char; *

Ten.
tation
;

A. (E.) O. Merc.

S.

tyn, tien, with

;

mu-

ten.

Dti. tien Icel. tin, appears in -teen. Goth, taihun G. Dan. tiy Swed. tio Lith. deszimtis, telescope. (Gk.) From Gk. TTJ\, zehn L. decem, Gk. 5/m, W. deg, Irish arid Gael. RiibS. desiatc, afar See Scope. aKoir-tlv, to behold. Teut. type A. S. deich, Pers. dah, Skt. da fa. Tell, to count, narrate. (E.) tellan, pt. t. tealde, pp. teald\ a weak verb *tetou; Idg. type *dekzm. Biugm. ii. 1 A. S. tain, number, narraDer. ten-th see Tithe. (for *tal-jan}. 74. Du, tellen, Ice!, telja, tive; see Tale. Tenable, that can be held. (F. L.) all F. tenable, hoklable,' Cot. Dan. tcelle, Swed. talja, G. zahlen F. tenir, to L tenere, to hold, keep orig. to hold. from sbs. Teut. type *taljan-.
acter.
;

The long vowel

;

'

Telluric, belonging to earth.

stem of telliis, telluri-um, a rare metal.
L.
tellur-,

(L.) earth.

From
Der.

Gk. extend.-4-Skt. tan, to extend, stretch T(iviv (for *T(vyfiv), to stretch. Allied
;

to

Thin.

TA.Y. temerity L. ace. temeritdtem, rashness. L. adv.

Temerity. (F.-L.)

tenacious.

(L

Coined from L.
;

The orig. sense of temere temere, rashly. was 'in the dark'; cf. Skt. tamas, gloom. M. E. temprcn. vb. (L.) A. S. temprian, to temper. L. temperdre, Allied to to apportion, regulate, qualify. temper!, temporl, adv., seasonably, and to

tenac-i-, decl. stem of tenax, holding fast with suffix -ous. L. tenere ^above).

tenacity. (F.-L.) M.F./toaaVS.L. tenacttdtem, ace. of tenacttds, a holding firm L. tenact- (above). tenant. (F. L.) F. tenant, holding, L. tenere, to hold. pres. pt. of tenir.

Temper,

/m/w-r, time
li.

see

Temporal

(i).

Brugm.

Der. lieu-tenant,

q. v.

* 132.

Tench,

tempest. (F.-L.) Q.Y.tcmpeste(.

tempfoe], a storm ; answering to a Late L. tempesta, fem. of Late L tempestus, adj., used instead of L. tempestas, season, fit time, weather, also bad weather, storm. From L. tempus, time (above). Biugm. ii. 102,
I

(F. tanche}.

Tend
cline,

O. F. tencht L.) (F \^ tinea, a tench. (i), to aim at, move towards, ina
fish.

\*. bend to. (F. L) Y.tendrc. tendere, to stietch, extend, direct, tendei. Allied to tenere, to hold ; see Tenable.

(VTEN.)

Brugm

ii.

696

(3).

Der.

}2.

Temple
tempel.
rjifjiwos,

A.S. tempi, (i), a fane. (L.) L. templutn, a temple. Gk. a sacred enclosure, piece of ground

tend-enc-y, foimed by adding -y to the obs. sb. tendence, coined from the Stem of the pres part, of tendere. (2), to take care of. (F.-L.)

Tend

cut off; allied to rtpvtiv, to cut.

(-^TKM.)

docked form of Attend.

Brugm.

ii.

76.

Der. templ-ar, Late L.

Tender
tettdre.

templarius.

- L.) F. ( i ), soft, delicate (F. L. tcncrttw, ace. of tener, tender,

546

TENDER
tenuis, thin, (y' TEN.'} See Thin. Der. tender, vb., to regard fondly, a word more or less conorig.
;

TEPID
of a verb, indicating time of action. (F.-L.) M. E. temps, F temps, time Chaucer, C. T. 16343. L. tempus, tune, also (also O. F. tens}. a tense. Tense (2), tightly strained. (L.) L. tens us, pp. of tendere, to stretch ; see Tend (i). Der. tense-ness, with E. suffix. tension, the act of straining, a strain. F. tension, used in i6th cent. (F. L.) L. tensidnem, ace. of tens to, a stretching. L. tens-tun, supine of tendere (above). So also tens-or, a coined word. tent ( i ), a pavilion. (F.-L.) Y.iente. Late L. tenta, a tent; fern, of L. tentus,
(i), part
-

thin

allied

to

Tense

fused with tender (2) whence tender, &b., regaidj care, K. Lear, i. 4, 230. Tender (a), to* proffer, offer, shew. (F. also to tender L.) F. Undre, to tend, ' L. tendere, to stretch or offer unto ; Cot.
;
.
.

out.

that attends a larger, a coal-can iage attached to a locomotive engine. (F. L. ; with E. Short for attuider, i e. attendant suffix.}

See Tend (i). tender (3), a small vessel

on

see Tend (2 ) and Attend tendon. (F. L.) F. tendon,

;

'

a ten-

don, or taile of a muscle;' Cot. Kiom a Late L. form *tendo, gen. tcndonis and

tendmis\ cf. Span, tendon, Ital. tendine, a tendon; Poit. tetidao. Lit, stretchei .'
'

pp. of tendere, to stretch, spread out. (2), a roll of lint used to dilate a wound. (F. L ) M.E. tenle. F\ tente ; Cot. verbal sb. from F. tenter L.

Tent

<

L. tender^, to stretch.

Tendril.
'

(F.-L.)

Fiom O.
'
;

F. ten-

tentarc, to try, piove, probe. See Tempt. tienta, a probe.

Cf.

Span.

dnllons, pi. tendrellb ; Cot. or from an 0. F. *iettdrille, not iccorded. \Ve also find O. F. tendron, a tender fellow, also a tendrell ;* Cot. F. temire, tender see
'

Span,

Tender
(F.
L.)

(i).

Tenebrous, Tenebrious,
M. F.
,

gloomy.

From (3), a wine. v Span. L.) vino iinto, a deep -coloured (lit. L. tinctus, pp. of tingere, tinted) wine. to d>e. See Tinge. Tent (4\ heed, attention. (F.-L.) In Lowl. Sc. tak tent. Short ioi attent i. e.
}

Tent

L. tcnelrosus, tenebreux. gloomy. L. tenebnc, pi. darkness. Allied to Skt. tamisra-, darkness, tamas, gloom.

attention.

Tentacle,
;

feeler

of an

insect.
;

(L.)

Brugm.

i.

413.

(y'TEM.)
(

Tenement, a holding.
tenement.

F.

L ) M. F.

Lale L. tenementum, a fief. L. tenere, to hold. tenet. (L.) L tenet, he holds; 3rd peis.
sing. pres. of ttneie.

Coined from L. tenta-re, to feel with suffix -cu-lum see Tempt. tentative. (L.) L. tentdtluus, adj., trjmg, tentative, L. tentare, to try; see

Tempt.
(F.

Tennis.
on
1.

^F.
;

L.

(Cf. habitat, exit.} M.E tenttz (accented

a fiame for sti etching cloth. Pioperly ttnture but a vb. tent was coined, and from it a sb. tenter, which

Tenter,

L)

latter c)

Gower, Balade

to

Henry IV,

295, also tenise, tenei*, teneys*, whence Late L, tenisia, tcmlitdium. A. F, tenetz. F. tenez (<, L. tenetf^), imp. pi. of tenere, to hold perhaps u^ed to mean take this/ and ejaculated by the player in serving. Tenny, a colour in heraldry. (F. G.) The same as tawny <x tanny\ see Tawny. Tenon. (F. L.) F. tenon, 'a tenon, the end of a rafter put into a mortcise Cot. So called because it holds fast.-*}?. L. tenere, to hold. tenir, to hold fast.
*
; ' :

'k\J. tenture, supplanted M.E. tenture. a stretching. L. tcntnta, a stretching. L. tentus, pp. of tendere, to stretch. See

Tend(i).

Der. tenter-hook.

M. E. tenj>e, coined (by ^E.) analogy with seven-th, nin-th} from ten\ the true E. word is tithe.
tenuitL
out.'

Tenth.

Tenuity, L

thinness.

M. F. (F. - L.) tenuitatem, ace. of tenuitas, L. tenui-s, thin ; lit. stretched

thinness.
*

F. teneur, import. L. tenorem, import, content of a matter. a course, ace. of tenor, a holding on L. tenere, to hold, The tenor of a law. ^f sense of tenor \\\ music (Ital. tenore) is due to the notion of holding or continuing the dominant note (Scheler).
;

tenor. (F. L.) tenour. M. E. tenour,

Formerly

(better)

Tenure. (F.L.) F. tenure. - Late L tenura, a holding (of land). L. tenere,

to hold.

Cognate with Thin.

(^TEN.)

See Tenable.
;

Teocalli, a temple. and calli, teotl, a god

(Mexican.) a house.

From

Tepid.
wai m
tepere^
;

(L.)

L. tepidus, waim.
taj>,
;

to

be warm, -f Skt.

- L. to be

Russ. topite, to heat

Irish te> hot.

547

TERAPHIM
Teraphim,
(Heb)
Ilcb.
idols,

TERROR
gods.

household

teraphim, s. pi., images connected with mngical rites. Terce. the same as Tierce. Tercel, Tassel, the male of any hawk. (F.-L.) M. E tercel \ dimin. tercel-et. O. F. ten el, tiercel whence the dim in. tiercelet, *the tassell, or male of any kind of hawke so tearmcd because he is, commonly, a third part lesse then the female Cot. [Another alleged reason is, that every third bird hatched was, in popular So also Ital. opinion, sure to be a male. a tassel gentle of a haukc terzolo, O. F. tiers, tune, third. L. tcrFlorio.] see Tierce. tius, third Terebinth., turpentine-tree. (L. Gk.)
;

of three. -L. temf, pi., by thiees. L. ter, three times tres, three ; see Three. Terra COtta, a kind of hard pottery.
;

L ) Ital. ter) acotta, baked earth (Ital. L. terra, earth (below) cocta, fern, ofcoctus, pp. of coquere, to cook ; see Cook.
.

terrace. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F.

terrace,

'

M. Ital. terrasic, a tei race, platform, plat. terraccia, terrazza, a terrace, long mound of L. terra, earth. Ital. terra, earth earth. allied p. Terra -*tersa, i.e. dry ground; to O. Irish tir, tir, earth ; also to Gk.

W.

TtpcreaOai, to

'

See dry up. (-yTTERS.) Torrid, Thirst. 15rngm. i. 706 (b). terreen, tureen, a large bowl for
(F.

soup.

tcrnne would be

Both spellings are bad better. F. tcrrine, an

;

L. terr-a, eaith \\ith suffix L. terebinthus.<(jhi. rcpi&ti'Qos, the tur- earthen pan. cailier form T<p}juv0os. -ina, fem. of -inns. pentine-tiee terrene, earthly. (L.) L. tarenus, Tergiversation, a subterfuge, fickleL. terra, earth. L. tergi- earthly. ness. (F. L.) .tergiversation. terrestrial. (L ) From L. terrestri-s, uersationem, ace. of tergtuersatio, a subJL. terra, L. tergiuersatns, pp of tergnier- earthly; with suffix -alis. teifuge. sdrl, to turn one's back, turn right round, earth ; with suffix -st-tr-. L tergi-, for tergtim, the back; Terrible. (F.-L.) F. frrriMf.-L. shuffle. L terrere, to uersarl, to turn about, pass, of tiersare^ tcrnbihs, causing terror. no tcre, to turn ; ste frighten. See Terror. of frequent, Terrier CO' a kind of dog. (F. L.j Verse. E. terme - F. M. E. terreie, a burrow-clog,' one who Term. (F. - L.) to mtnum, ace of terminus, pursues rabbits, &c. at their holes. F. \, ter?ne. chien terrier, 'a tenier;' boundary, limit, -f- Ok. rippa, limit Skt. terrier, as Cf. terrier, the hole, berry, or earth Cot. (y'TKR.) tdraya, to cause to pass over. Termagant. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. E. of a cor.ny [rabbit] or fox also, a little Termagant, Tcntagant, a (supposed) Sara- hillock ;' Cot. Late L. tcrrarius* belongL. terra, earth. See cen idol, hence a ranting character in old ing to earth.
;
;

'

'

moralities [play*], and finally a scolding woman. O. F. Tervagant, Tervagan, a (supposed) Saracen idol (Chanson de Ital Trivigante, the same Roland). Explained as Tnva(Ariosto, xu. 59\ gante, the moon, wandering under the three names of Selene (or Lund] in heaven,

Terrace.

terrier '2\ a legister of landed proL. M. F. papier terrier, a roll peity. ',F. Late L. terranus, c. of tenants' names, a^ in terrduus liber, a book wheiein
landed property
land.
is

described.

L.

terra,

Artemis
,

L ter, the lower world. thrice itagant-, stem of pres pt. ufttagarf, But perhaps Eastern. to wander.
(Proserpina]
in

(Diana)

in

earth,

Persephone

Terrific.
terror.
-ficiis,

(L.) L. tern-, for terrere, to frighten; causing, i^vfifacere, to make.

;

L- terrifuus, causing

Terrine
ritoire,

see terreen.

Termination. (F.
//<?//.

L.)

M.F termina

L. ace. termindtidnem, a bounding, L. terminates, pp. of terminare, ending. L. terminus, boundaiy to bound, end.

See Term.

terminus,
(above).

end.

(L.)

L.

terminus
terne,

Tern,

a biid.

(Scand.)

Dan.

larrte, Swed. tarna, Icel. fierna, a tern. Cf. A. S. steam, a tern ; and Starling.

Ternary.

(L.)

L. UrnQrius, consisting

F. terL. tcrritorium, a a town. L. terra, 1'ormed as if from a sb. with decl. land. stem territori-, i.e. possessor of land. Terror, dread. (F. L.) Formerly also L. terrotem, ace. F. ierreur. terrour. L. terrere, to scare, of terror, dread. make afraid, orig. to tremble. Cf. Ok. rpifiv (for *rp^afif} to tremble ; Skt. trai, to tremble, be afraid; Lith. triszeti, to a territory. domain, land lound
}

Territory, domain. (F.-L)

548

TERSE
tremble, Russ. triasti, to shiver. Tremble. Brugm. ii. 657.
Allied to
testiculum,
test is i

TEUTONIC
ace.

of testiculns, dimin. of

testicle.

L. terms, (L.) clean, neat, pure, nice, terse ; pp. of tergere, to wipe, wipe dry, polish a stone. 4" Gk. r/>t/3tj>, to rub. Tertian, recurring every third day. (F.

Terse,

concise, neat.

Testify. (F.-L/) M.F.to/#&r.-L.

bear witness. L. testi-s, a witness; -ficdri, for facere, to make. testimony. (L.) L. testimonium, evidence. L. testi-s, a witness; with Idg. suffixes -mon-io-.
testificari, to

wiped

off,

L.) M. F. tertiane, a tertian ague. terttana, fern, of tertianits, teitian.

tertius, third.

L. L.

L. ter t thrice, tres, three.

(L.)
;

Ch.-O.
'

Testy,
;

fretful.

(F.-L.)
(not

F.

*testif '
;

See Tri-.

testu,

tertiary.

ing a third part L. tertnis, third (above). to the third L. tessellatus, TeSSelated. (L.)
^

L. tertiarius, containused to mean belonging

head

see

Cot. heady Tester

(F.

- O

M.E./rrf//, found); M. F.
F.
teste,

the

Tetchy,
touchy.
of freaks,

Techy, Low G.)

fretful,

The
;

peevish, sense is full

whims, or caprices

from

fetch,

checkered, furnished with small square stones (as a pavement). L. tcssella, a small square piece of stone, little cube; dimin. of tessera, a die (to play with), small cube. Test, a pot in which metals are tried, a trial, pi oof. (F. L.) M. E. test, a pot 01 vessel used in alchemy. O. F. test (I tct], a test, in chemistry. L testum, an earthen vessel. Closely allied to O. F. tcste (F. tete], a pot-sheid, a skull, answering to Late L. testa, a vessel used in alchemy. So also Ital. testo, a test, melting-pot, from L. testum testa, an earthen pot, potsherd, skull, head, burnt tile or brick, from L. testa, a piece of baked earthenwaic,
4
.

M. E. teche> tecche, tache, a bad habit, whim; see Tache (2). ^f This is the word which is now altered to touchy,
as
sensitive to the touch. a rope for fastening up. (E.) Formerly written tedder. M. K. tcdir.
if

Tether,
f

A.

S. *i coder (not found)

= O.

Fries, tiader,

//tY&r.-f-Icel. tjotirj a tether.

Swed. tjudcr,

Dan.
O.

toir, Norw. Ijor, tjoder; II. G. zeotar, zieter. Tcut.

Low Q.tider,
type *teu~

dro-, of unceitam origin; sometimes referred to Tent, root *teithsee Team.

;

<(]

Gael, teadhair
;

is

from E.
62.

Cf. Bahder,

p. 147

Biugm.
Gk.)

ii.

Tetragon,
(F.

L.

a figure with four angles. M. F. tetragone, adj., four-

Gk. TfrpdPerhaps testa = cornered. L. tetragdnitS)H(&) potsherd, shell, skull. Gk. rtrpa-, allied *tersta, i.e. dried, baked; cf. terra\ see yuvos, four-cornered. Terrace. But cf. Pers. tast, a cup Horn, to TtWt;/>es, four, cognate with E. Four and yuvia, an angle, from 701^, a knee, 389.
;

testaceous, having a hard shell.

L.
test acc-us,

(L.)
suffix

~uus.

having a shell; with L. testa, tile, shell, &c.

\F.

cognate with E. Knee. tetrahedron, a solid figure contained

by

fotu equilateral triangles.

;

(Gk.)

Gk.
base,

Testament.
will

L.) F. testament, a

Tfrpa- (as above)

to be a witness
in-testate,
i.

L. test a- n, L. tcstamentum,^ will. L. testis, a witness. Der.

e.
;

which

is

from

-cfipov, from i"5pa,a t'5-ctr, to sit ; see Sit.

tetrarch.
Gk.
;

(L.-Gk.)

L.

tetrarcha.

without a will testa-tor, one who makes a will, fern, testa-trix. Tester, a sixpence flat canopy over a bed or pulpit. (F. L.) Mod. E. (slang) the tester, test cm, or tizzie, a sixpence testoon was named from a 1< icnch coin with a head upon it (of Louis XII of France); in England all coins bore the head, so that our use of the term was borrowed. O. F. M. F. tcstre, the head-piece of a bed tcston, 'a testoon, piece of silver worth ' O. F. teste, a head. Cot. \vi\jd. sterling L. testa, tile, skull, ff A tester for a bed * a headalso appears as M. F. test fere, from O. F. teste (as before). Cot. piece,' Testicle. (F. - L.) F, testicule. - L.
; ;
;

Ter/xzpxvSj one of four chiefs ; Luke, in. i. Gk. TCT/>, allied to Tc'<T<ra/>s, and apx^v, to rule. See Pour and four

Arch*,

prefix.

tetrasyllable, bles. ^F.- L.-Gk.)

a word of four sylla-

Coined

from

Gk.

TT/>a-, four (as above) ; and av\\a&r), a Cf. M. F. tetrayUabe, L. ietrasyllable. syllalms, Gk. TtrpaavXKapos, of four sylla-

See Syllable. a cutaneous disease. (E.) M.E. tetet\ A. S. teter, a kind of itch. Cf. G. zittermal, a tetter Bavar. ///#/ wA, O. H.G. zitaroch. Allied to L. derbiosus, scabby; Skt. dadru-, a tetter. Teutonic. (L. Gothic.) L. Ttutobles.

Tetter,

549

TEXT
adj., from Teutones, sb. pi., the Teutons, a people of Germany lit. men Goth. of the nation/ or 'the people.' thiuda, a people, nation (or from a dialectal variant of this word). See Dutch. Text. (F.-L.) M. E. tcxte.-V.texte, a text, subject of a book. L. textnm, a thing woven, fabric, style of nn author, L. textus* woven, pp. of text of a book. texere, to weave. -f-Skt. taksh, to cut wood, to prepare cf Russ. testate, to hew. Further

THAW
*

rncus,

degan.

G. degen, a warrior, O. H. G. Allied Teut. type ^the^ndz, m. from TCK-, as in to Gk. Tffcvov, a child TK-tv, 2 aor. inf. of Threw, 'to beget.
; ;

(-/TEK.)

Brugm.

ii.

66.

Thank, Thanks.

(E.)

M. E fank,
;

a thought, kindly remembrance, goodwill hence thanks, pi., expressions of goodwill. A. S. Pane, pone, sb., thought, favour, content, thank, -f- Du. dank, Icel.fokk, Dan.
tak, Swed. tack, Goth, thagks, i.e. *thanks, remembrance, thank. Teut. type *thanko%, m. from *thank, 2nd grade of *thenkan-^
;

allied to

Technical. (^/TEK.) Brugm. i. 594. Der. textu-al, from M. F. texfu-el. textile. (L.) L. textilis, woven. L.

textus ,
ture,

pp of

texert,

to weave.
'

texture.

(F.

web;' Cot

L.) F. texture, a texL. textura, a web. L.

textus, pp. of texere, to weave.

See Think. (^TENG.) Der. thank, vb., A. S. pancian. That. (E.) M. E. that. A. S. 9<sf, orig. neuter of a demonstrative pronoun, which came to be used as the definite article. The masc. and fern, forms in use were se
to think.

TH.
Th. This is distinct from /, and should have a distinct symbol. Formeily, the A. S./ and & were used (but indiscriminately) to denote both the sounds now denoted by
th.

(se\ seo,

by

be, $eo>

other the Teut.

-/

which in late A. S. were replaced by analogy with the neuter and The neut. &<zt is from cases.
pronominal base he or that.'
' '
'

THA = Idg.
The

TO, meaning
is

suffix

When p

degenerated into a

symbol closely resembling y,y was at last substituted for it; hence we findy3 andjp' GEN. $<FS, fttire, dees it is used, by early printers, for the, that by 8e, deo } fiat] man DAT. $(cm, ftam, fiiere, ftccm, 6am ACC. needless (I hope) to remark that was never pronounced as ye man in the done, Cd, 6(pt\ INSTRUMENTAL (dy, tiori). PLURAL NOM. AND ACC. &? GEN. titcra, Middle Ages, as it often is now. DAT. dam.+Du. de, the, dat, that I here use $ for A. S. words, and & or 6d;a th for M. E. words, beginning with the Icel. neut^/, the; Dan. dfe;;,neiit. det, the; sound of /// in that and / for A. S. and Swed. den, neut. def, this G. der, die, das,
;
;

merely the sign of the neut. gender, like Lat. -d in i-d, illu-d, istu-d, qui-d. SING. p. The declension was as follows. NOM. se, sto, $at [replaced in late A. S.
;

whence Peccan, to thatch. 4- Du. dak, sb., whence dekken, vb. (whence E. Icel. Pak, sb., Dan. tag, (3) No word beginning with /// (except deck is borrov cd) thurible, formed on a Greek base) is of Swed. tak, G. dach. Teut. type *thak-om,n. Latin origin; some (easily known) aie I'rom *thak, 2nd grade of Teut. root Greek thiimmim is Hebrew all the rest *thck-, to cover, cognate with L. teg-, as in teg-ere, to cover. -f" Gk. r^-yoy, <rr7os, a are English or Scandian. Than, conj. (E.) Frequently written roof; Irish teagh Gael, teach, tigh, O. Irish then, and orig. the same word as then. tech, W. ty, a house Lith. stogas, a thatch, M. E. thanne, thonne. A. S. Qonne, than. tcgti, to thatch; Skt. sthag, to cover. see That, Closely allied to the def. art. VSTEG, TEG.) Allied to Tegument. G. dann, derm. Cf. L. P. -f- Du. dan Thaw, vb. (E.) M. E. thftvcn prov. turn. A.S. pawian, to E. thaw (pw as in snow] Thane, a dignitary among the English. melt, -f- Du. dooijen, to thaw, from dooi, M. E. pein. A S. pegen, f>egn, pen, thaw Ictl.feyja, from/, sb. Dan. toe, ( E.) a thane. Lit. ' child or begotten.' -f Swed. toa. Cf. G. verdauen, to digest,
thatch
;
;

E. words, beginning with the sound of th in thin. Observe these facts. ( i ) Initial th is always pronounced as in thin except (a) in words allied to that ; and (/;) in words allied to thou. (2) At the end of a woid, it is thin except pronounced as th when a written e follows; compare bteath with breathe ; exceptions arc with, smooth,

M.

the, dass, that ; Goth, thata, neut. of def. article. Cf. Lith fas, ta, that; Russ. tot\ Skt. ta, to, that ; Gk. r6, neut. of def. art.
;

tat, it, that

is-tttd).

L.

-tc, -ta,

-tud

(in is-te, is-ta,

Thatch, sb.

(E.)

MEM.

A.S.>^,

'

55<>

THE
concoct ; thaiten, O. H. G. douwen, to thaw. Perhaps allied to Gk. r-^Ktiv, to Not allied to melt W. toddi, to melt. dew.
;

THERAPEUTIC
Then. (E.) Frequently written than in old books, and originally identical with it ;
see

Than.
(E.)

thence.
labic)
;

M. E.

thennes (dissyl-

A.S. (i),def. art. (E.) M.E. the. 9e, used as nom. masc. of def. art. in late MSS., but early common as an indeclinable relative
;

The

see

That,
'

p.

the
Only

(2\

in

what

(or that) degree.

(E.)
|

by contraction, later written thence. The s is an adverbial suffix earlier forms were thenne, thanne, in which a final n has been lost. A. S. tianan, thence formed from base 9a~, with
t/iens,
; ;

whence

such phrases as the more, the This is the instrumental case merrier/ of the def. art. M.K. the\ A.S. tiy\ see
in

the suffix -na-n-, or-na-na. The baseftrt- == see That.+G. dannen, Teut. base O. H. G. dannana, thence from base da-.

THA

That,
case of

p.
art.

+ Goth, the, Icd.fvi,}!,

shows
;

inst.

Theocracy.
by God.'
ria,

(Gk.)

Lit.

'government

or dem. pronoun. Theatre. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.F. theatre Cot. L. thedtrum.*GVi. Otarpov, a place
for

From

Oto-, for Ocvs,

God

-icpa-

seeing

Gk.

fledoftcu,

I see.

government, from Kparftv, to govern, Cf. ariswhich is from tcparvs, strong See to cracy, auto - cracy, demo - cracy.

Cf. Ota, a sight

Thee
of
tiii,

see Prellwitz. (i). (E.) A. S. tie, dat. thou see Thou.

;

Theism.
and ace.
veying.
!

Thee (2), to prosper, thrive.

lete.

(E.} Obso-

M.E.

theen.

A.

S.

f?on, fiTon (for

*flAari) t pt. t. J)ah,}eah, pp. ]>igen,}>ogen* also gijtungen, to thrive -f-Goth. theihan, to thrive, increase ; (j.gedeihen ; Du gtdijen. The A. S. pp. ge-ftmgcn shews that

Sax. the A. S. *]>lhan is for *J)inhan (cf. Teut root *J>tnx, ge-)>engian, to fulfil"). *fanx, Idg. root*A?, as in Lith. fca&z, it suffices, O.Irish /0<W,prosperity ; W. tyttged, luck; cf. Lith /0&7, to suflice. Brugm. i.

an instmment used in surGk. ?) Generally said to be (F Gieek. Formerly theodehtus, meaning * a used A. D. circle with a graduated border Also theodolet, theodeht. Appar1571. ently imitated (it is not known why) from O. F. theodclet, theodolet the name of a ~ Gk. treatise, lit. 'a work by Theodulus? ' lit. servant of eoSouXos, Thcodulus God.' Ung theodelet coute viij s. ; Gode-

Theodolite,

'

'

froy.

Theogony.
Gk.
0(6-$,
;

Gk.) \^.theogonia (L. Gk. Ofoyovia, the origin of the gods.

;

421
}eftc\

(3).

Theft.
for

(E.)

In place of thefth.

ficfy, feoffi, J>eof, a thief.+Icel./j/tf, O. Fries, thinfthe.

A.S

M.E. theft. -A.S.

a god -yovia, origin, from yw-, base of yiyvofiai, I become see Genus.

theology. (F.-L -Gk.)

logie
}![..]

K.theo-

.thcologie\ Cot.

L. theologia.

See Thief.

Their, belonging to them. (Scand.) M. E. thair. Icei.feina, of them, used

as gen. pi. of hann, he, but really the gen. pi of a dem. pronoun, as shewn by A. S. see They, and That, f>ara p. Theism, belief in a God. (Gk ) Coined,
.

Gk. OfoXoyia, a speaking about God. Gk. Ofo\6yos, adj speaking about God. Gk. Of6-s, a god Xtyfiv, to speak. Theorbo, a large lute. (Ital.) Formeily Ital. tiorba the th being due to theorba.
,
; ;

the occasional F. spelling thtot be for ttiorbe. (Said to have been named after the inventor.)

with
Of -6s,

suffix

-ism

(Gk.

-tffpoi),

a god
cf.

Perhaps
O.
Ir. dest,

for

from Gk. an older form

(Stokes-Fick,

*0<ros',
p.

God

151),

Gk.

Oeff-tparos,

spoken by

God

(Prellwitz).

(L. Gk.) L theorema. a spectacle; a subject for Gk. Otcupftv, to contemplation, theorem. Gk. Otupus, a spectator. Gk. behold.

Theorem.
0(wpr)fj.a,

Gk.

Them, objective case of they (Scand.) I eel. J>eim> dat. Really an old dat. case. otfeir, they; see They.+A. S.fdtn, dat.
pi.

Otaopat, I see
' '

See Theatre.
theorie,

of def. nrt.

see

That,
l

p.

M.E. teme.O.K. feme, M.F. theme, a theam ;' Cot.L. thema*~Gk. Otpa, that which is laid
(F.

Theme.

L.-Gk.)

down, a theme
Of-, to

for

argument.

Gk. base
dha>

place;
;

ri-Orj-fu, I place. +Skt.

Gk. 0<upta t Cot. L. theoria. theory ; a beholding, contemplation, speculation. Gk. Of<up6s, a spectator (above). Therapeutic, pertaining to the heal ing M. F. therapeutique, art. (F. -L.-Gk.) L. therapeutica (ars), the healing; Cot. Gk. fern, of therapeutic**'$. healing art
;

theory. (F.- L.-Gk.) M.F.

to put

see

Do

(i).

Ocparr(VTiK6s, tending.

Gk.

0/>airvriJs,

an

55 1

THERE
Gk. Ofpancvtiv, to wait on. Gk. Qcpav-, stem of Oipaty, an assistant;
attendant.
cf. Ocpair-uv,

THING
^DHER,
Allied to Gael, and Irish tiugh, fat, thick ; tew, plump, from Celtic base *tegu~ also to Thatch. Not Scand. ; see below. thicket. (E.) t, i.e. a thickset of bushes, &c. -f-Dan dial, tykke.

W.

a servant.
;

From

to maintain, suppoit

cf. Skt.

dhr, to main-

tain, bear, dharitri, a supportei. in that place (E.) M. E. ther, thar. A. S. The suffix -r seems to

There,

Thief. (E)

PI. thieves.

M.E.faef,p\.

be due to a locatival formation like that penes. A. S. ppof, pi. feofas. -f- l3u. dtef, in Skt. iipa-ri, Gk. vne-p. The ba=e is iQtl.fy'ofr, Dan. tyv, Swed tjuf, G. dicb, Teut type *theuboz, for Teut. base TIIA see That.+Du. daar, Goth, thiubs. Icel. Par, Dan. Swed. der, Goth, thar, G. *theufoz. Perhaps allied to Lith. tupeti,
;

da.

Compare Here, Where.

Hence

there-, there-by, thcre-in, there-of, &c. Cf. G. dar- in dar-in, dw-an.

(hence, to hide oneself). (E.) M. .///&,>//. O.Merc. Du. dij, Icel. Pjo, Peh, A. S. feoh, thigh.
to squat

down

Thigh.

suring the tern pei alure. (Gk.) From Gk QepHo-s, warm Dallied to L.fwniMS, warm, Skt. gharma- he 1 1) and /xerpoi ', a measurer
;

Thermometer, an instrument for mea-

thigh, rump, O.

see

Metre.
(L.

Thesaurus.
sure.

Teut. type sense is thick or plump part'; allied to Lith. thk-ti, to become fat, Russ. tnch mfe, to fatten Russ. tuk\ Pol. ink, sb., fat Lith taukas,

H. G. dwh.

*theuhom, n

The ong.

'

Gk.)

See Treaj

sb., fat (of

animals).
pille.

These.
a
is

new
the
s,

pi.

of this.

M. E. The

thise, these, theos

Thill, shaft of a cait. (E.) M. E fill-, whence///-//^.

pille,

Also spelt A. S.

old pi

'

(A.

mod. E

those.

See Those.

Thesis.
Gk.

(L -Gk.) L. thesis .Gk. a thing laid down, a proposition. base Ofcf. riOrjfjii, I Der. place.
;

board, plank, a plank, as in benc-pel, abench-boaid.+Icel.///^?, plank, Swed. tilja, a plank, floor ; G. diele, plank, board Du. deel, a plank. Teut. types
slip
;

of wood,

thin

flooring

allied to pel, n

para-thesis, pros-thesis, prothesis, all rare words, with prefixes dn6, vap i, npo?, irpo respectively; also antiapo-thcsis,
r

Cf. Lith. tille, L, *thehm, n. plank in the floor of a boat. Cf. Skt. tala-, bottom, floor. (See Franck.)
*theljtm,
little

thesis, hypo-thesis, meta-thesis,

sis, syn-thesis,

par-en-the-

Doublet,

deal, a thin board.

which see

(L supernatural agency. Gk. Ofovpyia, divine Gk.) L. theurgia work, magic. Gk. 0fo-s, a god (py-ov a work, cognate with E. "Work.
; }

Theurgy,

K.ptmbil-, foimed fwith excrescent />) from S. pymel, a thumb-stall. A. S. puma, thumb (with the usual change from it to y). Cf. G. tlaumling, a thumb-stall; from daum,

Thimble. (E) M.

Thews, pi. sb., sinews; (formerly; J*hews in Shak. means manners. (E.) sinews or strength but M. E. thewes almost always means habits or manners.
;

thumb.

Thin. (E.) M. E. pinne \.S.fynnc. -f-Du. dun, Icel. funnr, Dan. tynd (for
G. dunn, O. H. CT *tyn9t), Swed. tunn dtinm. Cf. W. teneu, Gael. Inshtana, Russ.
,

A. S. feawas, pi. of ftaiv, habit, custom, demeanour fong. sense 'strength ').-4-O. Sax. than, custom O II. G. dau, than,
;

tonkii, L. tennis, Gk. ravaoy, Skt. tanu-, thin ; Pers. tuniik, slender. Lit. stretched
*

discipline.

Cf. Skt tavas, strong.

out.'

E. thai (gen thair, (Scand ) Thine, Thy. (E ) M. E. thin, shortand ace thaitti, thaui) chiefly in the ened to thy before a following consonant. Northern dialect. This u=;age is Scand., A. S. Siu, thy, possessive pronoun, declined not E. as the A.S. corresponding forms were as an adj. allied to A. S. tin, thou.-Hcel. used as pi. of def. art. Icel. fair, nom. J)fnn, Dan. Swed. din, G. dein, Goth, theins. Der. thy -self (--^ thine self ). pi., they; J>eirra, gen. pi., their; }>eim, dat. pi., them. So also Dan. Swed. de, Thing. (E.) A. S. in, ]>inc, j>i, cf. Dan. deres, Swed. deras, a thing, cause, orig. a discussion they, dem, them

They.
f

(-/TEN

See

Tend

(i).

dat.

pingian, to discuss, pingere, a pleader. -fDu. CT. ding Icel, ping, a thing, also an Thick. (E) T..fikk. A.S.^iV, assembling, meeting, council (so also Dan. thick. 4- O Sax. thikki, Du. dik, Icel. Swed. ting). Kluge compares it with and even with tykkr, Dan. fyk, Swed. tjok, tjoik G. dick. Goth, theihs, season, time
their, art.
;

theirs HhA-- S. }>a, nom. pi. of def. gen J>ara dat. fdm see That, p.
;

552

THINK
L. tempu$\ but see tempus in Brugm. i. Der. hits-tings, q. v. 132. 412, h. Think. (E.) M. E. Penken, to think orig. distinct fiom the impers. vb.Junchen, to seem, for which see Methinks. [But confusion between the two was easy and The pt. t. of M. E. Penken common. should have been thoghte, and ol M. E. Punchen should have been thughte both were merged in the form thoughte, mod. E.
;
;

THORP
the Teut. pronom. base

THA.+Du.

deze,

Icel./m*, G.

dieser.

Thistle. (E) M.E./W/I/. A.S./M/*/.

-f Du. afw^/, Icel./w/i7/, Dan. //^/, Swed. The * was once long, as tistel, G. disteL
in

some E. and G.

dialects;

cf.

daash-1, a thistle ; E. Fries, dlssel, types *pistiloZ) m., *fatild t f. Thither. (E.) M. E. ////^r.
tiider.

Somersets. Teut.

Pencan, to think, pt. t. A weak verb allied to A. S.fanc, Pohte. a thought, also a thank, -f- Icel. fekkja, Dan. tanke, Swed. tanka, G denken (pt. t. Goth, thagkjan, i. e. *thankjan dachte]
thought^}
S.
;

A.

A. S. Goth. fadra, there thathro, thence ; aho Skt tatra, there, thither. Formed from Teut. base (Idg. TO) with a suffix which ib to be compared with L. -ti o in ul-tro. Thole (i), Thowl, a ])eg to steady an
Cf.
Icel.
;

THA

Tent, type *thankjanthahta). from *thank> 2nd grade of root *thenk,

(pt.
t

Idg. *teng\

cf.

L. tongcre, lo think.
be-

See

Thank. Der. be -think, with prefix

= /^.
E.
S.

Third.
Dan.

(E.)

Pndde, Pride.
/A?'-, forjtreo,

fcoimerly thnd. A. S. Pridda, thud.

tredje,

M.
A.

E. thoL A.S./0/ (8th cent.). (E.) -|-Du. dol\ Icel./i?///', )oung tiee, wooden peg, thole Dan. tol; Swed. tall, pine-tree ; Norw tall, toll, fir-tree, toll, a thole. Orig. ' sense ' young tree hence a bit of fir- wood for a peg Cf. Icel. fella, a young pine,
oar.
; ;

three. -f-Du dtrde,

Iceland j, }oll (gen

tredie,
.

Swed.

G. dntte, Goth.
tretii,

thrzdja,\\ trydydd, Rubs,

Skt. trtiya-. Thirl, to pierce
;

Gk.T^/ros,

see Thrill.

M. E. fohen. A.S,fotian, to suffer, endure +Icl.yW#, Dan. taale, Sued, tala, O. H. G. dolen (whence G. geduld, patience) Goth thulan

Thole

pallar), a young (2), to endure.

fir.

Thirst,

sb.

(E.)

Lit 'diyness'
;
-

M.E.

Cf.

L.
;

toilet e,

a strip of leathei. (E.) lor M. E thwong, a thong ; S. Porsti, Dan. Aw/, Swed. /<?/'./, G. durst, thiuong. Goth, thauntei. P Goth, thaurstei is Jiwang, a thong, string, cord also a bit. from the Goth, weak stem thaurs-* as in -f-I<~el. pwengr^ a thong. From *jbwang, -thaurs-ans, pp of -thairsan (pt. t. -thar^}, 2nd grade of Teut. ^pwengan-, to constrain The Goth. (O. Fries, thwinga}. See Twioge. Cf. to be dry with suffix -/Vs. -thairsan (Tent *}crsan-) is cognate with O. Files, thwotigi thwang, compulsion

A. S. purst, pyrst, thirst whence J>urst. Pyrstan, vb., to thirst. -4- I^ u dorst, Icel

suffer

Skt.
1

////,

tolerare; Gk. r\rjvai, to to lift. See Tolerate.

Thong

Gk. rtpacaOat,
/rj//,

to

become

dry.

Cf. Skt.

Du. dwang, Dan tvang, Swed. tv&ng^ G.

ziuang, constraint.

to thirst ; tanha-, thirst. (^ Allied to Terrace and Torrid.

TERS.)

Thirteen.
firiiotyne.

(E.)

M.

K. S /;w,

TL.}retUnc. A.S. three /)', ten v ith

,

pi.

suffix -^.-4-Du. dertien,

Icel, prettan^

- Gk.) L. thfoax. - Gk. (L. breast-plate, also the breast, chest. * ' Lit. defendei ; cf. Skt dharaka-, a trunk to protect clothes, from dhr, to carry,
Thorax.
a.
3

0wpa

Dan.

tretten,

Swed.

tretton % G. dteizchn.

maintain, keep.

(-y^DHER.)

thirty.
knttig.
suffix
tig, Icel.

A.

(E.) M.E./rz///. &.$.}ritig, S. /TV, aLo /nv?, three ; -tig,

* '

denoting

trettio,

ten see Ten.-4-D"- derfrir tigir, Dan. trcdive, Swed. G. dreissig.

;
;

A. S./<w.+Du. doom, porn, Dan. tiorn, S\\ed. torn, G. dorn, Goth, thaitrnus. Teut. t}pe */#/-nitz, m. -f- Russ. tern, the black-thorn; Polish tarn, a thorn cf. Skt /; na-,a. grass(E.)
Icel.
;

Thorn.

M. E. this, thes pi. these, (E.) thuse, thos, &c., the forms these and those being both used as plurals of this\ the plural of that being tho. Giadually these

This.

blade. Perhaps to pierce.

'

'

piercer

cf.

L. tcrere,

became the

supplanted tho as
beos, Cis, this
;

settled pi. of this, whilst those A. S. fas, pi. of that.

Thorough. (E.) Meiely a by-form of the prep, through, spelt }oru in HaveIt lok, and puruh in the Ancren Riwle.
became an adverb, whence
adv., with

That, p.] an emphatic foim, due to suffixing an emphatic paiticle to

to
P.

A.S

pi. fids. [M. E. tid, pi. of def. art. ; see

M0 answers

added

suffix.

And

thoroughly, hence, finally,

(E.)

thorough, adj.

This (A. S.

$e-s] is

Thorp, Thorpe,
A.
S.

a village. Porpi a village. -f-I^u. dorp,

553

THOSE
Dan. Swed.
field.

THRESHOLD
of lightning
rattle,
;

torp,

G. dorf\ Gotii.faurp, a

Lith. treszketi, traszketi, to

Cf. Lith. type *thurpo-. troba, a building, house. Also Irish treabh, *trebo-. village, W. tref, hamlet ; Idg. type 553. Brugm. i. Those. (E.) A. S. to, originally the

Teat,

Teut. base *thresk\ Idg. Prob. first used of thunder, loot *tresk. then of the noise of the flail. Der. threshcrack.
old.

Thrasonical,
Gk.)

vain-glorious,

(L.

pi.

of A. S.

ties,

this.

See This.
;

Thou. (E.) A. S. 0, thou.+Icel.^, Irish and Goth, thu, Dan. Swed G. du Gael, tu W. tf L. //*, Russ. tui Gk. crv, TV Pers. til Skt tvam.
;
;

from Thrason-, stem of Thraso, the name of a bragging soldier in Terence's Eunuchus. Evidently from Gk.

Coined

0paa-vs, bold, spirited

allied to

Dare

(i).

fraue, J>reue (thrave, a thrave Dan. trave, a score of sheaves Swed. trafve, a pile of Maw/5. Teut. type *thau-h, in which -// wood Swed. dial, trafve, 24 or 30 sheaves seems to be an enclitic cf. L. que, and.' set up in shocks (F. Moller). Cf. Icel. Thau- is prob. from the same base as That, firef, a loft for corn. Thread. (E.) TA.'E* freed, '}rgd. A.S. ^f In the Du. and G. dock, &c., the short o is due to loss of emphasis. *fr&-diz), thread lit. that which frtd A. S. frdwan, to twist+Du. Better thoght. is twisted.' sb. (E.) Thought, a thought, draad, Icel.fr&dr, Dan. traad, Swed. trftd, }L.}>oght. A. .}oht ge-foht, G. draht, O. II. G. dr&t, wire. A. S. foht pp. of thread lit. thing thought of. See Throw. Teut. type *fr-diz. fencan, to think see Think, -flcel. /#/*', Threat, sb. (E) WL.1L.fret. A.S./;va/, fottr\ cf. G. gedacht, adj., thought of, a crowd, crush of people, also great presorig. pp. of den ken to think. A. S. Thousand. (E) M. l&.fousand. A.S sure, calamity, trouble, threat. V)\i. duizend, Icel. ffisund, fus- preat, 2nd grade of str.vb./m?/dcw,to afflict, fiisend. Goth, us-thriutan, to vex Dan. tusind, Swed. vex, urge. hund, fushundraQ Russ. Cf. greatly, G. verdncssen, to vex tusen, G. tausend, Goth, thusundi. also Lith. tukstantis, Ru:s. tuisiacha, a trudite, to make one work, urge, vex
(Scand
)
;

theigh, A.S. &W/, tfi.J-Icel. fd (for Sax. *f>auh] cf Dan. </<?, Swed.dfo-.-f O. M<?A, Du. dock, yet, but ; G. dock, Goth.
'

Though.

(Scand .^

(-/DIIERS

E.thogh; [also

Thrave, a number

of sheaves of wheat.

ME.

threve}.

Icel. prefi,
;

yet explained ; in Icel. fus-hund, the syllable hund= A. S. ^m/, a hundred, and is due to popular etymology,

thousand.

<f[

Not

L. trudere^

TREUD.) Three.
Dan.
tre y

to push, crowd, urge. Der. threat-en, vb.

(E.)

(Base

M.E
tre,

fre.

A.S./rr(/;j%
Icel.

which may (however) be

correct.

frio (freo), thiee.+Du. dne,

frir,
drei.

Thowl;

see

Thole

(i).

Swed.

Goth. threi$, G.

O. Northumb. Mk. x. 44 Qrielj borrowed from Norse, the te was perhaps shottened in M. E. lcs\. frail, fraldotn, from Icel.fraldornr. a thrall, serf; Dan. tr<zl, Swed. tral. The Icel. /;-#// stands for *frahiloz, m., and is cognate with O. H. G. dregil, drigil, a a runner/ i. e. one who lit. thrall, serf From base of Goth. runs on messages. allied to thragjan, A. S. frgan, to run

Thrall, a

slave. (Scand.)

Cf. Irish, Gael, and //-/, Russ. tri, L. tres (neut. tri-a\ Gk. rpeis (neut. rpi-a], Lith. trys, Skt. masc. nom. pi. trqyas;

W.

Idg. masc.

nom.

pi.

'

Gk. Opqvy5m, a lamenting. Gk. Opyv-os, a wailing, from Ope-onai, I cry aloud; <p8rj, ode; see Drone (i) and Ode. Thresh ; see Thrash.

Threnody, a lament.

*treyc. (Gk.)

^ ee Trochee, PeuGk. Tpix* iV to run terer. Der. fhral-dom, Icel. fraldomr, Brugm. i. 784.
t
-

Threshold, a piece of wood or stone under an entrance-door. (E ) Thresh-old

was usually written thrcsh-wold, as
;

if it

Thrash, Thresh.
older;

(E.)

Thresh

is

M.

J>erscan t

E. freshen, for farshen. to thrash (strong verb).

S.

Du.

dorschen, Icel. J>resk/a, Dan. tarske> Swed. troska^ G. dreschen, Goth, thriskan (pt. t. thrask}. Orig. to rattle, make a dm or rattling noise; cf. Russ. tresk-ate, to crackle, burst, *rav&', a crash, O. Slav, troska, stroke

were the piece of wood threshed or beaten by the tread of the foot but this was due to a popular etymology (suggested by wald, perhaps = floor). A.S. ferscwald, late form of A.S. ferscold. L.S.ferstwith -old, suffix. 4* Icel. an, to thresh from fresk-ja, to freskolder, threshold The A.S. ferscold is fiom a thresh. /5. form *fersc-o-8l(p}- cf. O. H. G. dnsc-u*
;

554

THRICE
JK.

THRUM
-tro-\

L. thronum) ace. of thronns. Gk, Op6vo$ 9 Princ. of E. Etym. i. 228 (h). a seat ; lit. a support. (VDHER,) Thrice. (E.) For thris, contr. form of Throng, a great crowd of people. (E.) M. Eyries, fryes (dissyllabic), where the M. Y,. }>rong. A. S. ge-]>rang, a throng. suffix -s is adverbial (orig. a mark of gen. -A. S. frangt 2nd grade of pringan, to Earlier form y&r/V. A. S. J>riwa, crowd, press, -f Du. drang, Icel. case). prong, A. S. frt three. See Three. thrice. G. drang, a throng cf. Dan. trang, Swed. Thrid, a thread. (E.) Another form trang, adj., narrow, close. Allied to of thread (Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. Goth, threihan, to throng, Lith. trenk-ti^ to jolt, push. Der. throng, vb. 278). Thrift, frugality. (Scand.) M. TL.frift. Thropple, Thrapple, wind -pipe. Icel. Prift, thrift also prif, the same. (E.) Thropple is prob. a reduction of Icel. weak grade frif-> as in prif-inn, A. S. Prot-bolla, the wind- pipe; from
~$lo- represents Idg.

And

see

prosperity.

pp. ofj>ri/a, to thrive. Cf. See Thrive.

sense of thrill

Dan

trivelse,

firot-tt, throat,

and bolla^ prominence. See Throttle, Throat, and Bowl (2).

Thrill, Thirl, to pierce. (E.) The old was to pierce also spelt M. E. thirl, which is an older spelling.
;

Prostel.

forten,

A. S. fyrlian, to pierce firillen. shorter form Q&Pyrelian, the same lit ' to make a hole.' A. S. Pyrcl, Pfrel, a hole, ' orig. an adj. with the sense pierced,' for *J)yrh-il, as shewn by the cognate M. H. G.
; ;

the song-thrush. (E.) M. E. fro^le, a throstle.-f-M.H.G. trostel. Teut. type *prustla, fern.; Idg. type *tdrzdla cf. L.tzudus, a thrush, and

Throstle,
A.

S.

Icel.Jrost (gen.^rar/ar), Swed. and Norw. trast, a thrush (from the 2nd grade, *J>rast, of a Teut. base *frest). Also, with initial s, Lith. strazdas, m., strazda^ f., a thrush.

durchel, pieiced. Derived from A. S./wr//, through (with change of u to y), just as

thiough.

M. H, G. durchel is from G. See Through.

dunk,

See further under Thrush (i). Throstle has a variant throshel (M. E. thrusshil, 818 (2), 882. Prompt. Paiv.). Brugm. i.

Thrive.
ven}, pt.
t.

E. pritun (thri(Scand.) Icel, fraf) Prof, pp. priucn.

Throttle,
of

throat

cf.
,

throttle,

vb

the wind-pipe. (E.) Dimin. G. drossel, throat. Der. to press on the wind-pipe ;

frifa (pt. t. ]>reif, pp pnfinn], to clutch, grasp, grip, seize; hence prlfask (with
suffixed

M.

E. throllcn.

-sk

-sik,

self\

lit.

to

seize

for

oneself, to thrive -f- Dan. trives, trifvaS) reflex, verb, to thrive; cf.

Swed.

Noiw.

triva, to seize.

Der.

thrif-t, q. v.

Throat,
A.
S.

M. E. protc. the gullet (E.) protu, also -frote, throat. +O. H. G.

whence G. dros^el, throat, throttle. allied to Du. strot, M. Du. stroot,
;

Through, prep. (E.) M. E. purh. A. S.purh, O. Northumb.^;7;.-fDu. door, G. durch, O. IJ. G. durnh\ Teut. type allied to Goth, thairh, through *purh (Teut. type *}erh). p. The Goth, thairh, through, is allied to thairko, a hole from Teut. base *ferk = Idg. base *terg an
;

drozza,

Piob
y

extension of -^TEK, as in L. ter-ere, to boie. Cf. Gk. Tpcu^A?;, a hole. Brugm.

Der. thrill. itroote the throat, gullet Ital. strozza, i. 527. the gullet (a woid of Teut. origin). to cast, huil. ^E.) M. E. A. S. also find Swed. strnpe, Dan. stmbe, the frowen, pt. t. fiew, pp. frowen. throat. Der. throttle, q v. pr&wan, to twist, huil, \shirl pt. i.preow y Throb, to beat forcibly, as the heart. pp. firdiuen. [The orig. sense, to twist, is (E) M. E. probbcn, to thiob. Allied to preserved in thread'] Allied to Du. draaO. II. G. draen, Russ. trepeic, palpitation, throbbing; ijen, to twist, whirl G. drehen, to turn all from Teut. base See Trepidation. trepidus, trembling. = Idg. base *tret as in Gk. rprjr6s i Throe, a pang. (Scand.?) M.E.^/ww, */ra The grade thrawe. [Cf. O. Merc, thrauu, 'argutiae,* bored through, rp^/xa, a hole. O. E. Texts; A. S./;ra, a rebuke, afflic- *tcr appears in L. terere, to bore, Gk. tion, threat, evil ; which seem to have rtiptw (for *Ttpyuv}y to bore. (^TER.) been confused with it.] Prob. fiom Icel. (i), the tufted end of a weaver's M. E. }rum t not found in J>ra, a throe. Cf. A. S.jr<Fwtan, to suffer ; thread. (E.)

We

Throw,

Thrtun

O. H. G. Jroa, burden, suffering, dntoZn, droen, to suffer.

Throne.
trone

(F.

L.

Gk.)

Formerly

A. S. -f- Icel. promr (gen. }ramar\ the edge, verge, brim of a thing (hence the edge of a web) Norw. ttom> tram, trumin^
;

(Wyclif).-O. F. trone (F.

edge, brim

Swed.

dial,

truwm, trtimm.

555

THRUM
a stump, the end of a log M. Du. drom, thread on a weaver's shuttle ; G. trumm, end of threads, thrum. Tent, base *f>ru, weak grade of *per = Idg. *ter. Hence it is allied to Gk. rtpfjia, end, L. terminus',
;

THWITE
donner\ L. tonare, to thunder, Skt. tan, to sound, p. We further find A. S. toman, but compare to thunder, prob. from L. Skt.j/0, to sound, thunder, sigh, stamta-, thunder, and E.stun. 0/STEN.) See Stun.
;

see

Term.
(2),

Thrum
Icel.

trumma,

dium; cf. Dan. tromme, stem of thus, tus, frankincense with suffix -btdum (as mftindi-bulum, iiomfundere). a drum. See Drum, Strum. Thrush (i), a bird. (E.) M. TL.}rusch. L. thus is borrowed from Gk. Ovos, incense. Gk. Ov-w, to burn a sacrifice. Allied Teut. type A. S. prysce, a thrush *th? uskjon, f Cf. O. H. G. drosca or drosca, to Fume. (VDHEU.) See Thyme. a. thiush; whence G. dros^el. Allied to Thursday. (Scand.) M. E. purs-day
to beat,
;
;

finima,

to play noisily. (Scancl.) to rattle, thunder; Swed.

Thurible, a cense r. (L.-Gk.) English from L. th&ribulutn, tiiribulum, a vessel

for

holding incense.

L. thiiri-, turi-, decl.

',

Throstle,

q. v.

(2), a disease marked by small ulcerat:ons in the mouth. (E.) In Phillips (Not related to A. S. fyrre, (1706). Pi obably of Norse origin ; from dry.)
;

Thrush

O. Norse *ruskr whence M. Dan. torsk, Dan. trbske, Swed. torsk, Norw. trausk, Donderdag, G. Donnerstag.

A. S. fures dceg, Thursday. pors-day. A. S.fures, gen. of//7r, Thor; dag, day. Bon owed from Icel. porsdagr, Thursday; from fors, gen. Qiforr, Thor, and dagr, a day; cf. Swed. Dan. Torsdag. So also A. S. punresdag (the native word) ; Du.
All translations of L. dies louts.

And the thrush on the tongue. prob the same as Norw. trausk, variant of In like froskj a fiog, also the thrush. manner, both Gk. /3arpaxos and L. rana meant (i) frog, (2) disease of the tongue. Thrust, vb. (Scand.) M. E. frusten,
trosk,

(See Sweet, Hist. E.

Sounds,

578.)
(E.)

Thus.
4-

M.

O. Fnes. and

Allied to

That

A. S. tins. Du. dtts. and perhaps to This.

E. thus.

Sax. thus
to

Thwack, Whack,
Prob. imitative.
;

beat.

(E.)
t ;

pristen.

Icel.

frysta,

to

thrust,

press,

compel.

Allied to

Threaten, and

to L.

trudere, to thrust. a dull sound of a blow.

thwack, thump prov G. wackeln, to cudgel.

Compare \Gt\.fjokka to also Pjaka the same

y

Thud,

Used by G. Douglas and Bums.

A.

(E.) S.

lyddan, to stiike. Cf. L. tundere. Thug, an assassin. (Hindustani ) Hind.

thag,

thug (with cerebral M), a cheat,

kna\e, a robber

who

strangles travellers;

Maiathi thak, thag, a thug (H. H. Wilson'} Thumb. (E.) M.E.fomde; with exA. S. puma, the thumb. 4" ciescent b. Du. duim, Swed. tumme, G. daumen also Icel. Pumall, the thumb of a glove, Dan. tommel-finger, thumb. Lit 'the
;

a clearing. (Scand.) Complace-names. Icel. /#<?//, a paddock, ong. a clearing in woods, a cutting. 2nd giade of *J>vlta not Icel. *Jrveit found, but = A. pwitan, to cut. See Thwite. Cf. Norw. tvett, a cutting, also a clearing Dan. dial. tved.

Thwaite,
in

mon

Thwart,
(Scand.)

transversely,
;

transverse.

afterwards Pioperly an adv. an adj.; lastly, a verb. M. E. thwert, thwart, across. Icel./zw/, neut. of pverr,

thick finger

;'

irorn </TlL\J, to

grow

large.

See

Tumid.

Der. thimble.
perfection

Used adverbially phrases such as tun pvert, across, athwart, taka Pvert, to take athwart, to
adj., perverse, adverse.

and thummirn

Thummim,
Heb
to

(Heb.)

Urim deny
;

though the Heb. tummini)

truth.

light and perfection forms are, stiictly, pluial.

p. The Icel. Pverr, adj., is flatly, cognate with K.^.pweorh, perveise, tians-

pi. of torn, perfection, root t amain , to be perfect.

Thump, vb.
to

thump, Swed.

(E.) Allied to Icel. dumpa, dial, dompa, to thump,

verse, Dan. tvar, transverse (whence tvart, adv., across), Swed. tvar, across (whence tvart, adv., rudely), Du. dwar(s]\ Goth. thwairhs, angry; G. zwerch, adv., across, awry. From Teut. base *}werh, Idg. root

Jfoxthuner; the d tarktt-, a spindle. 593 (3). Brugm. i. is excrescent. M. IL.foner. A. S.funor. Allied to Twirl. A.S. to cut, (E.) Obsolete. A. S. punian, to rattle, thunder cf. geThwite, fun, a loud noise.+Du. dander Iztl.forr pwttanr^- t. Pwat^ pp. fwiten, to cut. (for }>onr), Thor, god of thunder; G. Der. thwaite, whittle q. v.

dumpa,

make

a noise.
(E.)

*twerk

cf.

L. torqucre, to twist

Skt.

Thunder,

sh.

>

556

THY
th
'

TIERCE
ticket
;

pronounced as t, because borrowed from French. M. E. tyme. M. F. thym, * L. thymum, ace. Cot. the herb time
is
;

Thy; Thyme,

see

Thine.
a plant.

(F.-L.-Gk.)

The

credit

Nares shews that to take things on was to take on ticket? See below.
' i

Gk. Ovpos, Ovpov, thyme, from Cf. Gk. 0t$os, incense see Thurible.
oitkymus.
its

a bill stuck up, a label. (F. F. etiquet, a little bill, note, or ticket, esp. such as is stuck up on the gate ' of a court ; Cot. O. F. estiquet, estiquete

Ticket,
M.

G.)

sweet smell.

It means to keep Hence also M. E. head. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) L. tiara -Gk. tikel, unstable, ticklish, easily moved by a napa, napas, a Persian head-dress. Doubt- touch mod. E. ticklish, unstable. *([ Not

TI-TY.

G. stecken, to stick, stick (Godefroy). up, fix ; see Stick. And see Etiquette. Tickle. (E.) M. E. ticklen frequentative form from the base tik-, to touch
;

lightly

see

Tick

(4).

Tiara,

a wreathed

ornament

for

the

on touching lightly.'
;

less of Pers. origin. Tibert, a cat. (F.

- Tent.) -

See Nares

O..7fa&aut, Theobald -O.

bald\ O. O. H. G.
II.

G. Dietbald.

Sax. ThtodO. Sax. thiod,

diet, diet,

people (see

Dutch)

bald, bold.

Tibia, the large bone of the leg. (I,,) L. tibia, shin-bone. Tic, a twitching of the muscles. (F. 1 cut.) F. tic, a twitching tic douloureux,
;

necessarily a variant of Icel.X?//,to tickle ; but a parallel formation. Tide. (E.) M.E.rtVfc A.S. tld, time, hour, season, -f- Du. tijd, Icel. tiQ, Dan. Tent, type *tt-dt-. Ssved. tid, G. zeit. Der. tide-waiter, an Allied to Time. officer who waits for arrival of vessels with the tide, to secure payment of duties. (Scand.) M. E. tidtnde, also

tidings.
;

tidinge
that

painful twitching, a nervous disease. Formerly F. ticq, tiquet, a disease suddenly Cf. Ital. ticchto, a seizing a horse (Cot.).

happen

afterwards tidings Ong. things ' cf. A. S. tidung, tidings

;

tidati, to

happen.
,

tttiindt, neut. pi.,

Most likely allied vicious habit, caprice. to Low G. tttkken, to twitch; G. zttcken (M. H. G. zucken^zuckeri), to twitch, shrug with which cf. c/^, a draught, ziehen, to
;

dendc, tidings cf. All from the sb. above.

But rather from Icel. tidings, news, Dan. ti~ Du. tijding, G. zeitung.

draw

See Touch. Tick (0, a small insect infesting dogs, sheep, &c. (E.) M. E. tyke, teke cf A.S.
(Scheler).
;

tidy, seasonable, neat. (E.) M.E. tidy, seasonable, from M. E. fid or tide, time see Tide, -f- Du. tijdig, Dan. S\\ed. ttdtg^
;

G.

zeitig, timely.

Tie,
;

vb.

(E.)

M.E.

tien, ti$en* teyen,

;

O.E.T.). [The F. tique is to tie A. S. ficgan, ge-tigan an unoriM. Du. teke, ginal veib, from A. S. teag, a bond, chain, borrowed from Teutonic.] AS. teah, Teut. type *tanh, 2nd Du. teek, Low G. teke, take, G. zecke rope Cf. Lith. dygu*, grade of *teuhaii', to pull, draw see Tow, (whence Ital. zecca). Tug. Cf. Icel tang, a tie, tygill, a string. sharp, degti, to sting (Franck). Tick ("2), cover of a feather bed. (L Tier, a rank, low. (F. Late L.) torGk ) M.E. teke, I4th cent. - L. teia, meily tire, a. belter spelling; Floiio exGk, 0*7*7;, plains Ital. tiro by a tyre of ordinance.' thcca, a case (whence F. ta?V). also a tire\ a case to put a thing in. Gk. Or)- base of F tite, *a di aught, pull,
ticia (Sweet,

'

T/0i;/M, I put,

Tick

put away. (3), to beat as* a watch.

;

a
(E.)

An

reach, continuance of course

hit,
;

stioke,

'

gate, Cot.

course,

or

[Cf. Span.

imitative word, like click perhaps suggested by Tick (4). Cf. G. ticktack, pitE. Fries, tik-tak, the ticking of a a-pat
;

ttro,

a set of mules; Ital. tiro,' a shoot,

. .

a stones caste, a tyre shot, tire, reach, ' F. ttrer, Florio (i 598).] of ordinance ;

clock.

touch lightly. (E.) M. E. whence the game called feck, a light touch tick or tig, in which children try to touch each other. Not in A.S. E. ^ne&.tikken, to touch lightly, -f Du. tik, a touch, pat, Low G. tikk, a tick, tikken, to tick, pat Norw. tikka, to touch lightly. light touch Tick (5), credit. (F.-G.) Shoit for

Tick

(4), to

Late L. tirare^ to draw, diag, pull, &c. to draw, pull, extend, hurl ; whence also Of Ital. ttrare, Span. Port. Prov. tirar.
^[ The A. S. tier, occuran obscure and doubtful word, and has nothing to do with it.

unknown

origin.

ring but once,

is

Tierce, Terce.

(F.-L.)
'

It

meant

a third hour, a third of a pipe or cask, a thud card, a third thrust in fencing).
s

557

TIFF
O. F.
tierz, tierce, third.
ter,

TIMID
L. tertius, third. ga-tils, fit, Der. See Tri-, use.
cultivation
;

convenient
til-th,
cf.

A. S.
tild,

tit,

sb.,

-L.

thrice;

trfs, three.

A.S.
teelt,

crop,

Three.

Du.

crop.
;

Tiff (i), to deck, dress out. (F.-O.Low Till (2), to the time when. (Scand.) G.) M. E. tiffen. - M. F. tifer, tifer (more M. E. til\ chiefly in the Northern dialect Icel. O. Northumb. til, Matt. xxvi. 31. commonly atttffer), to deck, trim, adorn
*

'

Cotg. *Du. tippen, to cut, clip, cut off Low G. tippen, to the tip of the hair
;

til,

Dan.
tili,

til,
til,

Swed.
prep.

till,

O. Fries,
Icel.

Apparently

Also prep., to. allied to

touch lightly. See Tip (O. Tiff (2), a pet, fit of ill-humour; also Orig. 'a sniff;' liquor, drink. (Scand.) hence (i) a pet, (2) a sip or draught of beer. Norweg. tev, a drawing in of the breath, sniff, teva, to sniff; Swed. dial.
tav, smell, taste
;

tilt,

O. H. G.

zil,

aim, bent, cognate with aim, mark ; see Till (i).

Icel.fefa, to

sniff.

Till (3), a drawer for money. (E.) The ' proper sense is drawer,' something that can be pulled out. Dryden has tiller in this sense, tr. of Juvenal, vi. 384. From M. E. tillen, to draw, draw out, also to
allure
;

Tiffin,
Indian
;

only in the comp. for-tyllan, to draw Cf. Toll (2). aside, lead astray. tiffing, of due season. From tiff, a draught of tiller, the handle of a rudder. (E.) beer. See above. Prov. E. titter, a handle, lit. puller.' From Tiger. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pcrs.) M. E. M. E tillen, to draw, pull (above). F. tigre* L. tigrem, ace. of tigris, Tilt (i), the covering of a cart. (E.) tigre. a tiger. Gk. rtypis. Zend tighri-, an M. E. teld, latei telt, the same. A. S. teld,
orig.
,

AngloNorthern English tiffin i. e. sipping, eating and drinking out

(Scand.)

luncheon.

also spelt fallen.

A.

S.

tyllan,

'

arrow (hence perhaps a

tiger,

from

its

swiftness, also the river Tigris, fiom its swiftness) ; mod. Pers. fir, an arrow, the river Tigris. Zend tighra, sharp; allied to

a tent. The final / was clue to the cognate E. Flies., Low G., and Dan. telt, Swed. M. Du. telde, Icel. tjald, talt, a tent.

G.

zelt.

Skt. tigma-, sharp, from ///, to be sharp. Perhaps allied to Stigma.

Tilt (2), to cause to heel over, to joust 7 in a tourney. (E.) Orig. sense 'to totter ;
hence to cause to
upset an

Tight.
became

(Scand.)

both Dan. and Norw. have

Tfvi *thight / for th,

but, as
it

easily
;

enemy

totter, to upset, tilt over, in a tourney. M. E. tilten,

tight. Orkney thight, water-tight prov. E. thite, tight, close, compact; M.E. - Icel. J>ettr, tight, tijt, also J>i)t, thyht. Norw. tjett, tctt, close, esp. watei -tight
;

tulten, to totter, be unsteady ; answering to an A. S. *ty/tan (not found), regularly

ie, y] from unsteady, unstable.Hhlcel. Norw. tylta, to walk on tolta, to amble

formed (by change from ea to

A. S.
tealt, adj.,
;

water-tight; Swed. dial tjett,titt\

tat, close, tight, solid,

Swed. compact; Dan. tat,

tight, close,
ti$t
is

E. compact, water-tight. shews the old guttural the \<y&. ]>ettr

;

tiptoe

Swed.

ambling

tulta, to waddle ; G. zelt, an pace. Cf. Totter. Der. tilt, sb.

Tilth;

see Till (i).

*}iktr, as shewn by Du. dicht, digt, G. dicht, tight, M. H. G. (ge)dihte, Teut. type *J>ihtoz, for adv., continually. *pen\tos. Allied to Lith. tenku, I have
for

enough, tankus, close, tight. Tike, a dog, low fellow. (Scand.) M.E.
tike.

Icel.

Norw.

tik,

Swed.

tik,

a bitch

for building. (E.) A. S. timber, material to build with; for *timro~ (the b being excrescent). -} Icel. timbr, Dan. tommcr, Swed. timmer', G. simmer. Cf. Goth, ttmrjan, to build. From Teut. base *tem-, to build cf. Gk. 5^/i-ir>, to L dom~us, a house. See Dome. build
; ;

Timber, wood

Dan. dial, tiig, a male dog. Tile. (L.) M. E. tile, contracted form
of A. S. tigele, a tile. L. tegula, a tile. L. tegere, to cover. See Tegument. Till (i), to cultivate. (E.) M. E. tilien. A. S. tilian, to labour, endeavour, strive
after,

Rrugm.

i.

421 (8).

(-/DEM.)

Timbrel, a kind of tamboui inc. (F. L. ~ Gk.) Dimin. of M. E. timbre, a small

tamboui ine. O. F. timbre, a timbrel. L. tympanum, a drum. Gk. rvp.-na.vov, a drum. See Tympanum. Time. (E.) A. S. tima. Icel. timi

to

till

land. 4-

Du.

telcn, to breed,

cultivate, till ; G. zielen, to aim at, O. H. G. zilon, to strive after, Bavar. zelgen, to till. From A. S. //'/, adj., beneficial, excellent ;
cf.

Dan. time
*tt-man-.

Swed. timme. Allied to Tide.

Teu*

type

Timid,

fearful.

O. H. G.

zil,

a goal, mark;

Goth.

L. timidus.

(F. L.) F. timide. L. timere, to fear.

558

TIMOROUS
timorous. (L.) Coined
,

TIRADE
bell ring;
ler,

with suffix -ous,

tinntre, to tinkle, ring,

from L. timer, fear. L. timere, to fear. Tin. (E) A.S. /*'.+Du./*,Icel./*, Dan. tin, Swed. /<?#, G. zinn. ^f Distinct from L, stanntttn (F. Main).

tintinnum, a tinkling. Cf. Tudor E. tinka tinker (Levins).

)

tinkle, to jingle. (E of M. E. tinken, to ring

;

Frequentative
(F. a star-like

see tinker.

Tincture.
I/,

(L.) L. tinctura, a d)eing. See tinctns, pp. of tingere, to dye.

Tinsel, gaudy ornament. From M. F. cstincele, a spark,

L)

Tinge.
Also to light or kindle. (E.) M.E. tcnden. spelt tine \ nearly obsolete. A. S. -tendan, to kindle, -f- Dan. tcende,

Tind,

Swed. tanda, Goth, tandjan. Tent, type *tandjan-, from the 2nd grade of a lost
strong verb *tendan-, making pt. pp. *tundanoz. See below.
t.

ornament; for *cscinteIe. lL. scintilla, a See Scintillation, Stencil. spark. Tint, a tinge of colour. (L.) Formerly = dyed. L. tinct Spenser has tin ft see Tinge. tinctus, pp. of tingere, to dye Or from ItaK ttnta, a dye. L. ttncta, fern,
;

*tattd,

of tint tut.

very small. (F. L.) Preceded, as, Shakespeare, by the word little a little ttny boy/ my Uttk tiny thief/ monly t under, tondre. A S. tyndre, f., anything for kindling fires from a spark. 'pietty little tiny kickshaws;' spelt tine Prob. adapted, with Tent, type or tyne in ed. 1623. Cf. O. H. G. zuntira, tinder. *tund-ir-6n\ from *tund, weak grade of loss of the first syllable, from O. F. and F. * due to L. tantilhis, lost verb tendan, to kindle sec above -f- tan-tinct, very little Dan. fonder, ever so little. Icel. tundr (cf. tandn, fire) Swed. t under; Du. tonder\ G. zunder, Tip (i). (E.) Ofttn associated with tinder. top, but not etymologically connected with Tine (0, the tooth or spike of a fork it. M. E. /z/.+Du. Swed. Dan. tip, Low or harrow. (E ) Formerly tind. M. E. G. //// cf. G. zipfel, a small tip. Allied I eel. A. S. tind. find, tindr, Swed. to Du. and E. Fries, tepel, a nipple, teat, and to E. Tap (2). Cf. M. Du. tipken, a tinne, Dan. dial, tind, tooth of a rake

Tiny,

tinder. (E) M.E.

tinder,

more com-

in
'

'

Tent, type *tendoz, m. ; allied to L. dens (gen. dent-if), a tooth cf. also Skt. danta-, a tooth. Noieen, 144. See Tooth.

M. H. G. zmt.

I eel. tyna, (jScand.) (3), to lose Icel. tjon, loss, damage ; allied to lose.

Tine Tine
S

(2), to

kindle; see Tind.

teona, harm ; see Teen. to dye. (L.) L. tingere, pp. tmctus, to d>e (see Tint).-f Gk. r^eiv, to wet, dye O. H. G. tkunkffn, G. tunken, to dip, steep (from the weak giade).
to A.

Der. tip, vb , chiefly in pp. tipped, furnished with a silver top or iron whence tipped-staff, later tipstaff, spike an officer with a tipped staff; cf. tipple, Tip (2), 1o tilt. (E.) Generally in the phrase tip up, or tip over', a secondary form of tap. Cf. tip and run, i. e. tap and inn (a game) tip for tap, blow for blow
teat.
i.

e.

Tinge,

(Bullmgcr's Works,

i.

283),

now

tit for tat.

Files, tippen, to tap lightly. -|-Low G. Swed. tippa, to tap, tip, strike tippen
;

gently, touch lightly.

tap.

Cf. Icel. tapsa, to

(V'JENG.)

E. tinglen, a by-form Tingle. (E.) of tinklen, to tinkle, which, again, is a frequentative form of M.E. tinken, to tink (see tinker), of which a weaker form
is
'

Tap (iX Tippet. (L -Gk.)

See

M.

E.

A. S.
cloth,

tteppet, a carpet, tippet.

tipet, tepct.

L. tapete,
(Scand.)

hangings

see

Tapestry.

Tipple,
Norweg.

to drink habitually.

ting.

To

ting, tinnire

tingil,

tinmre

'

of tipla, to tipple, frequentative

tingeln. to vibiate, thrill, to feel a sense of vibration as when a bell is mng. tinker. (E) M. E. tinkere. So called because he makes a tinking sound, in the

Levins

(1570).

Cf.

E.

Fiics.

tippa, to drip

The

orig. sense

was to ring, then

dial, tippa, to drip,

from a point or tip; Swed. fiom tipp, a lip; cf.

Du.

mending of metal

pots,

&c.
;

From M.

tinken, to ring or tinkle; Wyclif, i Of imitative origin cf. M. Du. xiii. i. tinge-tangen, to tingle, tintelen, to tinkle E. Fries, tinken, tingen, tengen, to make
;

E. Cor.

Formed unsteady.' from tip (a) with suffix -s}>, as in trick-sy, &c. see Tip (2) above. Tirade, a strain of reproof. (F. Ital. -Late L.) F. tirade, lit. ' a lengthening

tepel,

a nipple, teat; see

(E.)
Lit.
*

Tip

(i).

Tipsy.
;

out/

Ital. tirata,

Ital. tirare,

to pull, draw, pluck as F. tirer \ see Tier.

a di awing, a pulling. the same ;

559

TIRE
Tire
teorien.
;

TOTitle.
title

(i), to

to tire New E ' Diet. Fatigatns, atered Voc. 1 70. 30. Tire (2), to deck. (F.) Both as sb. and vb. M. E. fir, tyr, sb. which is merely M. E. atir with the initial rzdiopped. Thus tire is short for attire, like peal (of
' ; ;

exhaust (E.) M. E. tirien, S. teorian, (i) to be tired, (2) weak verb ; see Atire in A.

(F.

L.)

M.

E.

/#/.-O.F.

(F. titre^.-l,. titulum, ace. titituhis, a superscription on a tomb or altar. Der.

titul-ar,

from F.

titulaire, titular.

Titmouse, a kind of small bird.

and'E.)

(Scand.
;

Not connected with mouse

the

bells) for appeal.

See Attire.
iron that binds the
*

true pi. should be tifmouses, but titmice is -used, by confusion with mice. M. E. titmose. Compounded of ///, small (see

Tire
fellies

(3), a

hoop of
(F
)

Tire, the ornament ofwomcns heads, the iron band of a cart-wheel/ Phillips, ed. 1706. Prob. identical with fire, a woman's head-dress. Tire meant to deck, also to arrange, being * short for at fire I tyer Palsgrave has an egge, Je accoustre I tyer with gar:

of wheels.

and A. S.mase, a name for several e. g. A. S.frac mase, col-mase, spic-mase, all names of birds, -f" Du. tnees, Tit
(i))
;

small birds,

f.

G. meise, a titmouse, small bird Icel. meisingr(]$ .me'sange}. Tent. iyyePmaison-, of which was 'twittering'; the sense cf. L. maerSre (for *maetere, cf. maes-tus],
;
;

mentes,' &c.

See Tire

Tire U)> to tear a predatory birds. (F. tiren, to tear a prey.

drag.

P re 7' as

mourn (Franck). Titter, to giggle (E.) The same as M. E titeren, to prattle from a repetition k done by Late L.") M. E. of the syllabic ti, which was also used to F. tirer, to pull, indicate laughter, as in the woid te-hee (in
to lament,
(2).
;

See Tirade.

) (5), a train. (F -Late Only in Spenser, F. Q. i. 4. 35. From F. ttrer, to draw ; see Tirade and Tier

Tire

Tiro, Tyro,

a novice.

(L.)

L. tiro, a

novice, recruit. ^[ wiihy is absurd.

The

frequent spelling

Tisic ; see Phthisis. Tissue. (F -L) F.

fillet,

or

headband of woven

tisw, 'a ribbon, Cot. sluffe

*
;
;

Chaucer). See also twitter and twaddle. And see Tattle. Tittle, a jot. (F.-L) M. E. tittl.O.F. title, a title; F. titre, tiltre, 'a tittle, a small line drawn over an abridged Cot L tttulum, ace. word, also a title In late Latin titulus oltituliis, a title |3. must have meant a mark over a word, as title (above). shewn by O. F. Wyclif has

'

titel for

the Vulgate titulus (Matt.

;

v.

18).

tissu, raasc., tissue, fem., woven old pp. of tistre (mod. F. tisser}, to weave

Also

Tittle-tattle, prattle To. (E.) M. E. to A

toe,
;

see Tattle. S. to. 4- Du.

to,

L. texere, to weave See Text. Tit (i), a small horse or child. (Scand. Icel. fitfr, a tit, bird Norw. tifa, a little Cf. prov. E. titty, small. bird, small trout Tit (2), a teat. (E.) A. S. ///, ////, a
j

Cf.

G. zu O. Irish do, Russ. do, Gk. -5*, towards. to- (2), prefix, to. (E ) Only

up

to.

in to-day,

to-gether, to-morrow, to-night, to-ward\ and in the obsolete M. E. to-name, nick-

teat

see

Teat.
a giant.

name, and a few other words

see

To-day.

Titan,
cf. titio,

(L.-Gk.)

Titan

Toix. 53.

(i),

prefix,

in

a firebrand.
fue.

perhaps allied to
Skt.
titha-

TITO;,

Gk. T<rai>, a giant, day (Prellwitz).-f<V" ' ITII to burn.)

Only pieces. (E.) all to-brake utterly broke asunder,

twain, asundei, to retained in the phrase

Judges

>

Der. titan-ic
for blow. (Scand.) corruption of tip for tap, where tip is a slight tap (Bulhnger, Works, i. 283), Tithe, a tenth part. (E.) M. E. tithe,

Tit for tat, blow

also tethe.

-tegSa to Gk.

A. S. teotia, tenth O. Merc form teogofia, corresponding See Ten. 8*'/raToy, tenth.
;

fuller

meant wholly brake-asunder, the al being adverbial, and to-brake the pt. t. of tobreken, to break asunder. But about A. I). 1 500, it was mistakenly written ail-to brake, as if ail-to meant 'altogether/ and brake was and later writeis ranch separate from to confused the matter, which is still often wrongly explained. The A. S. to-, prefix,
E. phrase alto-brake
;

The M.

Titillation,
titillation.

F. a tickling. (F.-L.) L. ace. titillationem, a tick-

ling
tickle.

L.

tltillatus,

pp.

of
E.)

titillare,

to

was very common, as in tffbrecan, to break asunder, tobldwan, to blow asunder ; cogand allied to nate with O. Fiiesic to-, teO. H. G. zar-, G. zer-, signifying 'asun;

Titlark.
lark
'

(Scand.
(i)

and

Lit.

small

der.'

from Tit

and Lark.
560

To-

(2), prefix; see

To.

TOAD
(E.) tadie, a toad.

TOKEN
A.
S. tadige,

Toad.

M.
Der.

E. tode.
tad-pole.

Pers. tdrt Skt. tala-. [cerebral]

a palm-tree
fl"

yielding toddy;

toad-eater.

(E.)

Formerly a com;

The Hind, r has a peculiar sound, which has come to be

panion or assistant to a mountebank, who pretended to eat toads, swallow fire, &c. now represented by toady. Toast (i), scorched bread. (F. L.) O.K. tostee, a tonst of bread; ong. pp.
L. tosta (for *tors-ta\ pp. fern, of see Torrid. torrere, to parch toast (2), a pei son whose health is drunk. (F. The refeience is to the L.)
fern.
;

represented by

d in

English.

Toe.
tracted

(E.)

form

A. S. /#, pi. tan. O. Merc, tahae.

faa,

con-

Da.

teen, Icel. ta,

Dan.

Swed.

ta,

G. zehe ;

O. H. G. zeha, a toe. Teut. t>pe *taihdn. (Fuither connexions unknown.) Toft, a green knoll, open ground, homestead.
Iccl.

topt

(Scand.) (pron.

M.

E.

toft,

a knoll.
/////

toft),

also

(pron.

tomt ^the oldest spelling), a Perhaps lor *tumft* Tatler, no. 24, June 4, 1709 (Todd). <"7;;//- (Noreen, $ 83, 238), as if suitTobacco. (Span -Hayti.) Span ta- able place'; from */;-, weak giade of A word taken fi om the language of *tem-ait-, O Sax tcman, to suit. Cf. G. baco. Hayti (Clavigero, I list, of Mexico). Las zuttft, a guild, O. H G. zunift and Goth. Casas says that tabaco was the name of the ga-timan, to suit. pipe in which the Caribs smoked the plant. Toga. (L.) L. toga, a mantle, lit. coverToboggan, a kind of snow-sledge. ing. L. tegere, to cover. See Tegument. E. togedere. - A. S. (Amer. Indian.) A Canadian perversion Together. E.) of an Amer. Indian odabagan, a sledge. AS. to, to, gador-, td-gcedre, to-gadere, Tocher, a dowry. (Gael ) Gael, and geador, together see Gather. Irish tochar, a dowiy, assigned poition. Toil (i), labour; to labour. (F. - L.) O. Irish tochur, a putting; tochurim, I M.E./^/,distuibance, tumult /^7^,topull O. Irish to-, do-, to; cuir-iw, I put, about (the sense having somewhat altered). put. O. F. toillier, M. F. touiller, to entangle, assign. shuffle together, mix confusedly, trouble, Tocsin, sound of an alarm-bell. (F. Teut. and I,.) M. F. toquesing (F. tocsin), &c. ; see Cotgrave. Godefroy also gives an alaim-bell, or its sound see Cot. Lit. the sb. toot I, toeil, tot I, toel, a massacre, L. tudicuO. I toqu-er, trouble, confusion, disorder. 'striking of the signal-bell.' L. tudicula, to strike, touch (Picard foker, Norm. dial. lare, to stir up (Hatzfeld). O. Y.stng* (Norm. dial. a machine for biuising olives, dimin. of toquer, to strike") L. tud-, as in tu-tud-t, sin), a bell, from Late L. wgitum, a bell, tudes, a mallet. L. signum, a sign ; see Touch and Sign. pt. t. of tttndere, to beat, ^f Toil is often Tod, a bush, a measure of wool, a fox. derived fiom M. Du. tuylen, to till or (Scand.) I eel. toddi, a tod of wool, bit, manuie land, but it is impossible to explain piece (the fox being named tod from his it from this source; the M. E. usage is completely at variance with this view. bushy tail). -f E. Fries, todde, a bundle Du. 'todde, a rag G. zotte, zote, a tuft of Toil (2), a net, snare. (F.-L.) Y.toiie, hair, anything shaggy. cloth; pi. toi/es, toils, snares for wild To-day, this day. (K ) Compounded of beasts L. tela, a web, thing woven ; for See Text, to being foimerly used *tex-la, from texcre, to weave. to, piep., and day in the sense of for.' Thus A. S. todffge toilet, toilette. (F.-L.) F. toilette, a to) let, the stuff which drapers lap about for the day, to-day dirge being the dat. of * their cloths, a bag to put nightcloths in dag, day. So also to-ntght, to-morrow.
toast usually put in slinnp-cnps, &c., in drinking healths ; see the story in the
tuff),
toft,

place to build on.

'

to walk unsteadily. (E.) The same as Lowl. So. tottle, to walk with short steps, and equivalent to E. totter see Totter. Cf. tottlish, tottery, unsteady Bavarian zotteln, zotten, to (Cent. Diet.)

Toddle,

Cot.

F.
'

toile,

Toise,

F. toisc, brdchia, neut. pi. ol tensus, pp. of tenders, to stietch (reach). See Tend.
;

a cloth (above). a measure, 6 ft. 4! in. (F. L.) ' L. tensa, sc. a fadome Cot.

Tokay, a wine. (Hungary.) From Hind. Tokay, a town in Hungary, E. N. E. from Peis.) ^Hindustani tari, tadi, vulgarly toddy, juice or sap of Pesth. H. H. Wilson. the palmyra-tree/ &c. Token. (E.) M.E. token. A.S.tfcen, Hind, tar, a palm-tree, palmyra-tree. tiicn. 4" I Hi. teeken, Icel. teikn, Dan.
toddle,

walk
'

feebly.

Toddy.

56

TOLERATE
Goth. tegn, Swed. 1ecken> G. zeichen, Tent, types *taiknom, n., taikniz, taikns. f. ; allied to Teach. Usually referred to an Idg. base *deig-, by-form of *deik-, ns in Gk. Betit'Wfu, I shew, cognate with Goth, ga-teihan, to point out; which is
not wholly satisfactory.

TONSURE
Tomb.
titmba a tomb.

(F.-L.-Gk.)
rv/x/So,

Gk.

F. tombe.^'L. a late form of rvpftos,

;

Allied to

Tumulus.

Tomboy, a rude girl. (L. Gk. Heb. and E.) From Tom and Boy. Tome, a volume. (F. L. Gk.) F.
tome.

L.

ace.

tomtitn.

Gk.
TO/*-,

Tolerate.
ili

(L.)

From

pp. of L. toUr-

section, a

volume.

Gk.

TO^OS, a 2nd grade

of Tomtit, a small bird. (L. - Gk. - Heb. ; (.y'TEL.) p. From L lldlum, supine and Tit. Fiom usually written latum, are formed a;o/Scand.) a kind of drum. (Bengali.) numerous derivatives, such as ab-lat-ive, small iollat-ion* di-late, e-latc, ob-late, &c. Bengali tantan, vulgarly tomtom, a Toll (0, a tax. (E.;0rL.-Gk.) M.E. dium. Prob. named from the sound. A. S to//, tribute +Du. tol, Icel. /0//r, /<?/ Ton, Tun, a large barrel, great weight. Dan. /0/flT (for *to/7), Swed. ///, G. zoll. (L.) M. E. tonne, a large barrel, hence a which might be great weight. A. S. tunne, a barrel. So Tent, type *tulloz* m. Dan. tonde, as *tu!noz, from the weak also Du ton, Tcel.Swed. tunna, explained G. tonne, cask, weight ; Gael, *//// (with suffix -noz) of *&/, tun, cask grade with the sense that and Irish tu-ma, W. tynell, tun, barrel. the root of Tale which is counted out or paid.' But the All from Late L. tunna, a cask (ojtfi cent). existence of by-forms, as A. S. toln, toll If the oiig. sense was wine-skin/ perhaps Irish tonn, skin. (whence tolnere, a toller), O. Sax. tolna, from O. Tone. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ton,- L. ace. O. Flies, lolne, toll, O. H. G. zollan-tuom, Gk. rtWs, a thing stretched, a as well as O II. G. zolonari, M. Du. tol- tonuin.
tollere*

to put up with ; allied to tollere, bear, take.+Skt. //, to lift, Gk. TAqwu, to suffei, A. S. Jtolian, to endure.
e,

of

TC/Z-,

as in Tfft-vfiv, to cut.

Allied to

to

lift,

Tonsure.

(y'TEM.) To-morrow; see To-day.

Tom

Tomtom,

<

'

'

lenaer, a toller, suggest that the foims aie borrowed from Late L. tolonium, for L

Gk. TOV-, 2nd grade string, note, tone. of rev-, as in *rtvy*iv rfivfiv, to stretch.

>

telonium, which is from Gk rtXwvLov, a toll-house (Malt. i\. 9) ; from Gk. rc'Aos, an end, a toll. Cf. F. tonlieu, a toll from Late L. tonleium, tolneum, for L. telonium. Toll (2), to pull a bell, sound as a bell.
;

+Skt.

tan, to stretch.
sb. pi.

TongS,
sing. sb.
;

(E.)

the pi. is A. S. tange, a pair of of the instrument. Icel. tongs, pincers; also tottg'.+Du. tang,
' '
*

(-/TEN.) M.E. tonge, tange, due to the two arms

to pull

tong (pi. tangir), Dan. tang, Swed. tang, G. zange. Orig. sense a biter or nipfrom a nasalised form of -/DAK, to to entice, allure, and per pull, allied to tullen, see bite, as in Gk. tiaicveiv. allure Brugm i. 420. prob. to A. S. forty llan to (E ) M. E. tunge, tonge. A.S. Till

(E

The
it

' old use was to toll a bell,' i. e. fiom M. E. tollen, to stir, draw,

'

(3).

a kind of resin. (S. America.) Said to be named from Toht, a place on the N. W. coast of New Granada, now Colombia, in S. America.

Tola,

Gk. eu^as, Thomas Heb. tomim, pi., twins.

- Heb.)

Tom.,

pet

name for Thomas. (L. Gk. L. Thomas. M. E. Thomme

* ;

a twin.'

Cf.

tunge. -f Icel. Swed. tunqa, Dan. tunge, Du. tong G. zunge, Goth, tuggo ( = tungo). Teut. type *tungon, f. -f O. Lat. dingua Root uncertain. (L. lingua], a tongue. Allied to Lingual. 441. Brugm. i Tonic. (Gk.) Lit. 'giving tone.' Late Gk. rovucSs, adj from r6vo$; see Tone.
y ,

Tongue.

Tomahawk, a
'

light war-hatchet.

(W.

Indian.) Algonkin tomehagen, Mohegan tumnahegan, Delaware tamoihecan, a warhatchet. Explained by Lacombe from the Cree dialect otomahuk, knock him down; otamahwaw, he is knocked down ;'
:

Tonsil. (F.-L) M. F. tonsille; Cot. -L. tonsilla, formed from the pi. tonsilla,
There is one [Latin] sb. in the tonsils. " wen on the neck," -/i, Lat. tales, pi. " stietch" for *tons-li-, from tens(Goth. at-thinsan, to draw towards one, Lith.
'

To-night

see

To-day.

Cent. Diet.

tls-tit

to

stretch
'

Mexia love-apple. (Span. Mexican can.) Span, (and Port.) tomate. tomatl, a tomato.

Tomato,

"

tonsils," points to
*

by pulling) an older form

;

tonsilla, *tons-lo-

or

tons-Id;

Brugm.
(F.

ii.

98.

Tonsure.

L.)

F. tonsure.

-L.

562

TONTINE
tonsura, a clipping. tondere, to shear, clip. gnaw ; see Tome.
F. tontine.
Cf.

TORCH
Hexham. ^f Or from M. whipe a top Du top, borrowed from M. H. G. topf. Topaz,agem. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F./0;
'

L. tonsus, pp. of Gk. rMcw, to

Tontine, a kind of lottery. (F.-Ital.) Named from Laurence Tonti,

a Neapolitan (about A.D. 1653). Too. (E.) The emphatic form of to, prep. used adverbially. Tool. (E.) M. E. tol, tool. A. S. tffl, a tool. -4- Tcel. /<?/, neut. pi., tools. Lit. an implement for working with; Teut. * type *t0/0m n., for ton- lorn where *tffuis related to *tau, as in A S. tawian, to preStreitpare, dress, get ready. See Taw.
;
t ;

L. topazus, topazion.-*Qm. T<Jirafoy, pase. Toir&fav, a topaz, ^f Pliny derives it from an island called Topazas, in the Red 1 ' Sea, the position of which is conjectural ; from Gk. roTrafctv, to conjecture. This is ' conjectural indeed.
'

TeuO
I

(F. or Ital. Certainly allied to F. tdper, to cover a stake, a term in dice-playing;

Toper,

a great drinker.

whence

tdpe, interjection (short for/<? tdpe,

*

berg,

85.

Toom,
/00w.

empty.

(Scand.)

M.

E.

torn,

accept your offer) in the sense agreed Also used as a term in drinking ; cf. M. throw also Ttal. topa, in dicing, agreed
!
!

'

Toot Toot
'

Icel tomr, Swed. Dan./0w, empty. (i), to peep, spy; see Tout.
(2), to blow a horn. in Levins (1570).

(O.

Low G )

Spelt tute
ten,

to sound a cornet, ; Cf. Swed. toethoren, a toot-horn, bugle. tjuta, Dan. tude, to howl, to toot ; Icel.fy'ota a horn; (pt. t. faut), to resound, blow E. Fries, and Low G. tuten, to toot A. S.
;

M. Du. tuyHexham cf. Du.

Cf. Span. drinking), T pledge you! Of topar^ to butt, strike, accept a bet. Teut. origin ; from the striking of hands or of glasses together, as in Picard toper, to strike hands in bai gaining, Ital. intoppare, to strike against an obstacle. Originally from the placing together of the tops of the thumbs, at the same time

(m

]>eotan,

to

howl

cf.

Goth,

thuthaurn,
;

crying topp I \\ orterbuch.

See Ihre, Outzen, Biem.

a trumpet. Of imitative origin but the Topiary. (L. Gk.) Topmry work is M. Du. form may have been borrowed a tei m applied to clipped trees and shrubs.

from Scandinavian. Tooth. (E.) A. S.

toS, pi. ted

and

tdtias.

Lengthened o produced loss of n (tod tontK}.+ Du. tand, Icel. tonn, Dan. tand, Swed. tand, G. sahn, O. H. G. zand, zan. or (in Goth, tunthus} Teut. stem *tanth*tmth-.+L. dens (stem dent-), Lith. dan;

<

L. topiarius, belonging to landscape garL. topia, fancy gardening. Gk. dening. TOTTOS, a place, district.

topic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.H.topiques,

hooks or places of logical invenpi., title of a work by Aristotle. Gk. roirtK6\ (the same), neut.
topicks,
tion.'
'

L. toptca, sb.

tis,

W.

dant, Skt. danta-,

'

Gk.

oSotk (stem
; ' ;

MVT-).

All participial forms

eating
;

Idg. stem

*(e)d6nt- ; orig. sense ED, to eat see Eat.

from

^
;

Top (i), summit. (E ) M.E. top. A. S. fo/.+Pn. top\ Icel. toppr, tuft, top; Dan. Swed. topp, summit top, tuft, crest, top G. zopf, tuft, top. Der. topp-k, to be topheavy, tumble over.
;

of Tom/fds, local, relating to roitoi or Gk. T^TTOS, a place. topography. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. topoGk. TOITOL. iopogi'aphia. graphic. Gk. r<5iro-s, ypa<pia, description of a place. a place ypa$-*iv, to describe. Topple; see under Top (i).
pi.

common-places.

M.E. (2), a child's toy. (F.-G.) A. F. *top only found in the dimin. form topet. Glasgow Trocus, topet MS. (Godefroy) cf. O. F. topier, to turn also tupin, a pipkin (Cot.). as a top M. H. G. top/, a top, pot, scull (apparently with reference to the large hollow humming-top).-!- Low G. dop, a shell M. Du. H. G.), dop, doppe, a top (also top, from dop, a shell, doppe, a little pot; E. Fries. Prob. allied to M. E. dop, doppe, a shell.
top.

Top -

'

'

(E.) Foimerly toptopsydturvy, topsy-tervy (1528). [Not for top- side -turvy, where top-side upper side; for topsytervy is the older form.] Just as upside down was formerly upsodown, so topsytervy prob. = top so Tervy is fiom M. E. terven, to tervy. loll, roll back (hence, overthiow) ; see my Gloss, to Chaucer cf. M. E. ovet -

Topsyturvy.

turvy,

A. S. tearflian, to turn, tyrven, to upset Low G. tarven, to roll or turn roll over up a cuff, ^f Explained topside f other way by late writers, where ? other way is a false
; ;

doppen, to dive, dip (a water-pot)

and to g
'

E. Dip, Deep.

Cf.

M. Du.

toppen,

to

Torch.

(F.

L.)

M. E. torch*.-?.

563

TORMENT
torche, a torch, also a wreath,
;

TOUCH

wreathed feet cf. O. F. tortis, crooked. All due to wisp or piece of tow (Low L. tortia, a L. tort-us, pp. of torquere, to twist. Late L. tortica, a torch tortuous. (F. L.) M.E. tortuos. torch), twist. ^. tortuosus, crooked. L. L. tortus, pp. F. tortueux. (cf porche from porticum\ of torquere, to twist. See Torture. tortus, pp. of torquere, to twist (below). L. torment. (F.-L.) O. F. torment (F. torture. (F. L.) F. torture. tourmen?). \^. torment urn, an engine for tortura, toiture, wringing pain. L. tortus, throwing stones, or for inflicting torture. pp. of torquere, to twist, wring, whirl. Formed with suffix -mentum from tor-, for tore-, base of torquere, to twist, hurl. Tory. (Irish.) First used about 1680
;

Irish toirighim, I puisuit, search, &c. Dampier speaks of tornadoes 01 thunder- fancy, I puisue, search closely. Cf. Gael. showers For *tronaia. Span. t> onada, a toir, pursuit, search O. Irish toracht (for thunder-storm. where do (to) and Span, tronar, to thunder. *do-fo-racht}, pursuit L. tondre, to thunder. fo (under) are prefixes, and racht is from Torpedo. (L.) L. torpedo, numbness y'RKG, as in L. reg-cre, to direct, Irish also a cramp-fish (which electrifies or ng-im, I stretch out. numbs). *L.torpere, to be numb (below) TOSS, to jerk. (Scand. ?) Cf. \V. tosio, torpid, sluggish. (L ) L. torpidus, to jerk, toss tos, a quick jerk, toss borL torpere, to be numb or rowed from E. Perhaps from Norw. tossa, benumbed. ' stiff. Cf. Lith tirpti, to grow stiff; Russ. to scatter, spiead out cf. to toss hay ; terpnute, to grow numb. Brugm. i. Dan. dial, tune, to stir, move, shake. Allied to Touse. 521. Torque, a collar of twisted gold. (F. Total. (F.-L.) F. /<?/*/.- Late L. toL ) F. torque, in Littre. L. torquem, tahs, adj. extended from L. totus, entire. ace. of torques, a twisted collar, a torque. Totter, to be unsteady. E.) Prov. E. L. torquere, to twist. See Torture. tolter, a form occurring in Clare's Village a wreath, O. Irish tore. Cf. W. torch, Minstrel cf. Lowl. Sc. tolter, adj. and
*

a herb (F. L.) F. torLate L torment ilia, Voc. Said to be so called from its 713. O. F. torment, torrelieving tooth-ache. ment, pain (above). Tornado, a hurricane. (Span. L )

tormentil,
(Cot.)
;

in

the political

sense

The

Irish
'

State

ment tile
6.

tories mention Papers, Jan. 24, 1656, and other lawless persons.' Irish toiridhe, lit. a also a toruighe, (hostile) pursuer, searcher (hence, a plunderer) cf. toireacht,
;

'

Torrent.
ace.

(F.

L.)

F. torrent.
;

L.

torrentem,

a raging stream

from
;

torrens, raging, impetuous, boiling, hot 01 ig. pres pt. rttorrere, to heat (below).

torrid. (F. - L
Tfpo~fffOai t to

F.

torride. - L.

unsteady (not a verb, as Jamieson says). Tolter, as a vb., is related to M. E. tulten, to tilt, be unsteady (see Tilt (2)); and is allied to A. S. tealtrian, to totter,
adv.,

tor-f-

from the
t outeren

adj.

tealt,

ridus, scorched.

L. torrcre, to scorch.

(<* tolteren],

unsteady. -4- M. Du. to tremble, shake.

;

Gk.

become

dry.

See Ter<

Cf. prov. E. totter, a

swing

Bavai.i//re,

race, Thirst.

(V TERS.)

F. torsion, a Torsion. (F. iF. L.) Brazil.) F. touToucan, L. ace. totsionem, a ian\ a Brazilian word (Little). Guarani wresting;' Cot. whence Port, tucano. Granada wringing. L. tors-, as in tors-i, pt. t. of tuca torquere, to twist. gives Guarani tuctl ( and ^ both nasal). Touch. (F.-Teut.) F. toucher. [Also TorSO, trunk of a statue. (Ital. L. Gk.) Ital. torso, stump, trunk, staVc. L. O. F. toquer, Walloon toquer, to knock Gk. Ovpaos, a stalk, or strike against Ital. toccare, to touch, tkyrsus, stalk, stem. Teut. *tukkon, represented rod, thyrsus. strike, smite.] - L.) F tort, a by Low G. tukken Q. H. G. zucchen, G. Tort, a wrong. (F. wrong, harm ; pp. of tordre, to twist. zucken, to twitch, draw with a quick L. tortus, pp of torquere, to twist. M. Du. tucken, tocken, * to motion cf. tortoise. (F. - L.) M. E. tortiice, knock head to head; to touch;* Ilexham. tortu ; later, A secondary verb, due to the weak grade tortoise, with changed suffix cf. Prov. The M. E. (*tuh) of Teut. *teuhan- 9 as in Goth, tiutortesa, a tortoise. tortu answers to F. tortue, a tortoise; Late han, A. S. teon (<*teohari), to pull, draw, L. tortuca. So named from the twisted O. H. G. ziohan (G. ziehen}, cognate with
;
;
;

to hobble along. a bird.

564

TOUCHY
L. ducere, to draw, lead. 0/DEUK.) See Tuck (i), Tow (i). Der. toe-sin,
tnck-et.

TOXICOLOGY
weak grade of *teuhan-,
to draw, cognate with L. ducere, to draw, lead. (VDEUK.)
.

Touchy, corruption of Tetchy, Tough. (E.) M. E. tough. A.

;

q. v.

Tow (2), coarse part of hemp. (E.) M E. tow. A. S. tow-, occurring in twv-Kc
weorc, material for spinning, lit. tow-like and in tow-hits, a tow-house, house stuff,' for spinning. Orig. the operation, not the
*

toh,

tough -f-Du. taai, flexible, pliant, viscous, G. zah, O. H. G. zahi, tough, tough tenacious. Tent, type *tan\uz ( *>*tahuz} allied to A. S. ge-teng-e, close to, oppiesThe sive, O. Sax. bt-teng-i, oppressive.
;

orig. sense is
* '
;

'holding close together' or

S getawa, implements. material", cf. Allied to A. S tawian, to prepare, work ; M. Du. touw, tow, and Tool. see tomven, to tan leather, tomve, a -weaver's

Taw

tenacious cf. Tongs. implement; Icel. to, a tuft of wool for ' L.^ Lit. a turn/ spinning. a circuit. (F. ;i turner's also F. tour, lit. a turn Toward, Towards. (E.) M. E. L. tornum, ace. of torntts. towardes, formed by adding -es (genitive wheel/ Cot. suffix used adveibially) to M. E. toward^ Gk. TO/WOS, a lathe. See Turn. Tourmaline, the name of a mineral. The A, S. toweard is usually an adj., with tofuture, about to come (F. Cingalese.) F. tourmaline. Formed the sense from the native name in Ceylon, where it wcardes was a prep., usually put after its was called toi amalli. Explained (vaguely) case. /<?, to ~wcard, in the direction of, cognate with Icel. -verfir, M. H. G. a general name for the cornelian as -wert, Goth, -wairths, and allied to L. dough, Singhalese Diet. (1830), ii. 246. - L. - Gk.) E ueisus, towards, p. All these suffixes are (F A. F. tourncment^ O. F. denvati\es of the veib appealing in E. as turnement. The F\ tour- worth, to become; see Worth. (2). tornoiement, a tournament. F. tur- same suffix appears in after-ward^ inF. tonwicr, to joust cf. neicr, that which tornot, a tourney, joust, ward, &c. ; the lit. sense is ney, torney, F. torner, to has become' or 'that \\hich is made to lit. a turning about. ' that which is turned ; hence inturn see Turn. be,' or

Tour,

'

'

'

AS.

'

Tournament.

'

'

tourney. (K.-L.-Gk.)

A. F. tur-

O. H. G. twahila, dwalila (G. O H.G. twahan, to wash. -f- A. S.favean *jbwa/ian), O. Sax. thwahan, lcel./^, Swed. tva, Dan. toe, torniker, to turn round. Touse, to pull about, tear. (E ) M. E. Goth, thwahan, to wash. Cf. A. S. JnvSal, tiisen, in comp. to-tiisen, to pull about. pw&le, a towel (Sweet, O. E. T.) a bath iiom J>wean. lit [Cf. mod. E. Towser, a dog's name, Tower. (F.-L.-Gk) O.F. tur, tour. tearer '] This answers to E. Fries, tusen, G zausen, O. II. G. to tear, pull, lend. ^.turrem, ace. viturris, a tower. Gk.
tovagha)
zwehle}) a towel.
;
; '

ney, O. F. tornoi ^above). tourniquet. ( F. L. Gk ) F tour' ' a that which turns about ; niquet lit. name given to a stick turned lound to tighten a bandage, to stop a flow of blood. F. tourner, to turn (above). Cf. Picard
',

to-ward, turned to, &C. Towel. CF. - O. II. ) M. E. towaille. ' F. tonaille, a towel ; Cot. O. F. toaitte (Low L. toacula, Span toalla, Ital.
in,

ward** turned

'

+
;

(cr^zusan, (ztr \zftson to tug, pull, diag about. Der. tussle cf. toss. Tout, to solicit custom. (E.) A dialectal form of toot. M. E. toten, orig. to peep hence to be on the look-out for custom A. S. totiau, to pioject, stick out (hence, peep out) ; whence Toothill, Tothill, a
^

T pa is, rvppis, a tower, bastion ; cf. Gael. <f[ A. S. torr, conical hill, tower, castle. torr is fi L. tttrris ; and late A. S. tur
\

om

fiom O. F. tur.

Town.
town.

A.

M. E. touii, an enclosure, (E.) S. tiin, a fence, farm, town.+

home;

Du.

tuin, fence, Icel. tun, enclosuie,

towing-rope. -A. S. tog-, as in tog-en, pp. of teohan, teon, to pull, draw, -f E. Fries, tagen, Icel. all simitoga, to pull ; O. H. G. zogon larly formed from Teut. *tuh (>*tug),
;

look-out hill (W. Twthill at along. (i) to tu towen, to$en. O. F'lies. toga, cf. A. S. toll-line, a tow-line,

Tow

Carnarvon). M. E. (E.)
to pull,

Irish and O. II. G. zun, hedge Gael, dun, a fortress, W. din, a hill-fort.

stead,

tow

Lit. 'fastness;' cf. Gk. 6v-m^is, strength, Irish dilr, L. diirus, firm. Biugm. i. 112,
ii.

66.

tigates poisons. (Gk.) From Gk. TOI*C<$-I', poison for arrows (from TO^OV, a bow) ;

Toxicology,

the science

which

inves-

565

TOY
-A<>7fa,

TRAIL

from \4ytiv, to discourse, p. T<$o* region. (L.) L. tractus, a drawing out, L. tractus, pp. ot trahere, to hew, shape ; see course, region. to draw. Technical. But cf. L. taxus, yew-tree. tract (2), a short treatise. (L.) Short Toy, sb. (Du.) Du. tuig, tools, utensils, implements, stuff, refuse, trash; whence for tractate, now little used. L. tractdtus,

may be from ^TEKS,

stuff to speel-tuig, playthings, toys, lit. l silver chains play with.' M. Du. tuyg,

'

with a knife, cizzais, pincushion, &c. as women wear/ Sewel. Icel. tygi, gear, Dan. toi, gear, legi-toi, a plaything, toy, Swed. tyg, gear, trash, G. zeug stuff, trash,

G. spielzeug, playthings, p. The orig. sense was stuff, material, gear ; and G. zeug is connected with G. zeugen, to beget, to produce, and even to witness. So also Du.

^uig is connected with Du.tMgen,

see Tread. Cf. A. S. trod, a track, from the weak grade of witness ; all weak verbs, due to the strong tredan. But the right form occurs in Teut. verb *teuhan- (Goth, tiuhan, A. S. Low G. trade, Swed. dial, trad, a beaten fiom the 2nd grade of the teon, O. H. G. ziohan, G. zieheti], cognate path, track with L, dftcere, to lead. (^ DEUK.) verb. Der. trade-wind, a wind that keeps As to the sound, cf. hay** Flemish hm. a beaten track, or blows always in the (f same direction. See Tow (i), Team. Trace (i), a track, foot-print. (F.-L.) Tradition. (L.) From ace. of L.

to equip, to witness, E. Fries, tugen, to pioduce, prepare, equip, O. Fries, tiuga, tioga, to witness, M. H. G. ziugen, to produce, equip,

L. tractdtus, a tractate, treatise, tract. see Treat. pp. of tractare, to handle tractable. (L.) L. tractabilis, manL. tractdre, to handle, frequent. ageable. Q{ trahere (pp. tractus), to draw. traction, a drawing along. (F. L.) M. F. traction. Late L. ace. *tractionem y L. tract-us, pp. of traace. of *tractio. here (above). Trade. (E.) The old sense was path' ; hence a beaten track, regular business. from A. S. Cf. M. E. trede, a tread, a step
;
'

tredan, to tread

F. trace, trace, path, tract ; 'Cot. verbal sb. from M. .tracer, to trace, follow,
'

also spelt trasser^ to trace out, delineate. The same as Ital. tracciare, Span, trazar, These answer to trace out, plan, sketch.

trdditio, a surrender, a tradition (Col. ii. 8). L. trdditus, pp. of trddere, to deliver. L. trd-, for tram, across; -dere, foidare>

to give.
cere, to

to

L. *tractidre, formed from tractus, pp of trahere, to draw, drag. trace (2), one of the straps by which a vehicle is drawn (F. L.) M. E. traice, trace, which Palsgrave explains by O. F. mod. F. this is a plural form trays O. F. trays, later traits, pi. of trait. traits, traicts, pi. of traict, explained by Cotgrave as a teame-trace or trait.' Thus trace ^traits, pi. si trait; see Trait.
a Late
.

L. trddulead over, tiansport, also, to deIleie trd- = trans, across; and fame. See Trans- and to lead/ ducere is

Traduce,
'

See Trans-, Date. to defame. (L.)

Duke.
Traffic, vb.
'to tramck;'
(F.

Cot

Ital.) ^.trqfiquer, Ital. trafficare\ cf.

trachea.

Gk) L. the rough/ from the rings of gristle round it ; fern, of Apr. 7, 1900). Allied to rt-rprjx-a, pt. t. Gk.) QX.traTpaxtfs, rough. Tragedy. (F. - L Gk. rpayytiia, a L. tragcedia. of Opafffffiv, Tapaffffiv to disturb. gedie, ' ' Track, a course. (F. Teut.) From tragedy lit. a goat-song ; prob. because Cot. the actors were clad in goat-skins to reF. trac, i a track, beaten way Gk. rpayvSos, a tragic Norm. dial. trac. Du. trek, a draught ; semble satyrs. Gk. rpay-os, a trekken, to draw, pull, tow, travel, march, singer; lit. goat-singer.' Allied to Low G. and E. Fries. he-goat; y5oy, a singer, contracted from &c. Der. trag-ic, F. tratrekken, O. Fries trekka, and O. H. G. doifios; see Ode. Gk. rpayticos, lit. strong verb trehhan, to scrape, shove, gique, L. tragicus, ' draw ; see Franck. Scheler regards F. trac goatish/ E. trailen, to vb. see Trace to as due to F. (F. L.)

Trachea,

wind-pipe.

(L.
'

Gk. rpax*ia,

lit.

Span, trafagar, Port, traficar, trafeguear, It is proto traffic, p. Origin unknown. posed to derive the Ital. word from traffik, a late Hebrew form of Gk. rpoiraiKos, the Gk. rendering of L. uictoridtus, a silver coin bearing the image of Victory (Athen.,

'

'

tracer,

trace;

(i)

but N. Fries, has tracke for Du. trekken. Tract (i), a continued duration, a

Trail, draw along, answering

to A. F. trailer, to trail, occurring in trailebaston (below).

566

TRAILBASTON
O. F. trailler, to tow a boat allied to L. F. traille, a ferry-boat with a cord. tragula, a drag-net, sledge, traha, a sledge; from trahere, to draw. Cf. Gascon tratlho, a track ; Port, tralha, a net ; Span. tralla,
;

TRANQUIL
-

*tra-jicere\ to

throw acioss,
;

fling.

L. tra-, for trans, across iacere, to cast. Der. traject (M. F. trajert, a ferry), the right leading for tranect, Merch. Yen. iii.
a coal-waegon, car on rails. ' ' find sledge or tram in the Complete Collier, 1 708 ; p. 39 ; we even find tram in a will dated 1555 (Surtees Soc. Public, xxxvni. 37). The same as Lowl. Sc. tram, shaft of a cart, beam, bar, prov. E. tram, a milk-bench (orig. a log of
(Scand.)

a cord,
is

^f

M. Du.

treylen, to

draw along,
'

Tram,

merely borrowed from F. trailler, to traile a deer, or hunt him upon a cold sent, to reel, or wind yarn,' Cot.; or else from E. trail (see Franck). [The A. S. tr&glian is a very scarce word, in a gloss, and means ' to pluck.'] trailbaston, a law term. (F.-L.) Anglo- F. traylebastoun a term applied to
,

We

The tram-road was prob. at first a log-road, then a rail-road on sleepers. Norw. tram, door-step (of wood) traam, certain lawless men. It meant trail-stick stick -carryer.' or Fully explained in a frame ; cf. Swed. dial. In;///;/, log, stock M. Swed. \V right's Polit. Songs, p. 383 but con- of a tree, also a summer-sledge The justices oj tram, trum, piece of a cut tree. Orig. stantly misinterpreted. traylbaston uere appointed by Edw. I to sense a beam, shaft, bar, log then a shaft From trail, vb. (above) ; and of a cart, a sledge cf. E. Fries, traffic, try them. F. baston, a stick. See Baton. trime, step of a ladder, handle of a barrow train, sb. and vb. (F. L.) M. E. Low G. traam, a beam, handle of a wheelM. F. train, a great barrow; O. H. G. dram, tram, M. Du. train, sb , trainen, vb. man's retinue; trains, a sledge trainer, drom, a beam, O. Icel. firam (in framLate L. traginare, valr\ *([ The 'derivation from Outram to tiail along (Cot ). L. trahere, to (about 1 800) is ridiculous it ignores the to drag along (Schwan). Der. train-band, corruption of accent, and contradicts the history. diaw. Trammel. (F. L.) M. E. tramaile. train d-band. M. F. tramail, ' a tramell, or a net Train-oil. (Du. ; and F.-L.-Gk.) For oil, see Oil. Formerly tranc-oyle or for partridges ; Cot. (Mod. F. trtmail,
wood).
*
; '
;

'

'

M. Du. ttaen, trayne-oyle made trane. also a tear, liquor of the fat of whales ' Ilexham. The pressed out by the lire ; ' ong. sense is tear* ; then drops forced out
'
;

Littre;

Gascon tramail

Ital.

tramaglio.}

Late L. tremac(u)him, a kind of net (Lex balica). Prob. from L. tri-, threefold, and macula, a mesh.net (Diez). ^f Tin Span, Mod. Du. traan, a form trasmallo is corrupt. in boiling blubber, &c. The G.tkrane is really Tramontane, foreign to Italy. (F. tear; cf. G. throne. Ital. traM. F. tramontain. a pi. form - M. II. G. trehenc, pi. vttrahen, Ital. L.) 0. 1 1. G. trahan, a tear; cf. O. Sax. trahni, montano, living beyond the mountains. L. mont-, stem of E. Fries, tran, tear-drops. \Ve trd-, for trans, beyond pi., tears also find M. II. G. treher, pi., tears, which mom mountain. E. trampen not may be connected with O. Northumb. Tramp, vb (E.) taker a tear, and A. S. tear, a tear. in A. S. E. P>ies. trampen. +\jow G. and allied to G. trampen^ Dan. trampe, Swed. trampa, Similarly, Du. traan may be cf. Goth, ana-trimpan to tramp, tread Dan. taar, a tear, and to E. tear. on. Nasalised Trait, a feature. (F. L.) F. trait, a (pt. t. ana-tramp}, to tread Cot. - F. trait, pp. of traire, form of base TRAP; see Trap (i). line, stroke L. tiahere, to draw. to diaw. trample. (E.) M. E. trampelen, freTraitor, one who betrays. (F. L.) quent, of M. E. trampen (above) E. Pries. O. F. traitor, oblique case from nom tra?npeln.+(j. trampcln.
;

traitre.

one

who

betrays.

L. traditorem, ace. of trdditor, L. traderst to betray ;

the curve which a pro'

Tram-way
Trance.
swoon
;

see

Tram.

(F.
'

- L.)

see Tradition.

or

Cot.

Lit.

F. transe, a trance, a passing awny

;

Trajectory,
jectile describes.

M. F.

(F.-L.) ' Suggested by

casting
;

trajectoire,

Cot.

Formed

depart, die. see Transit

O. F. transir, to (from consciousness). L. transire, to pass away

.

as if from L. *trdiect0rius, belonging to L. traiectui, pp. of traicere projection,

Tranquil.
calm.

F. tranquille, (F. L. tranquillus, at rest.

- L)

567

TRANSprefix. (L.) L. trans, beyond, over. Orig. pres. pt. of a verb *trare (whence in-trdre}, to pass over ; occurs cf. Skt. tara-, a crossing over, fl" It as trans- , tran-, and trd-. Brugm. ii.

TRANSPOSE
Translate. (F.-L)
Cot.
F. translate^ Late L. translatdre, to translate L. trans latus, transferred; (I2th cent). used as pp. of transferre (but from a difL. trans, across, beyond; ferent root). latus, borne, used as pp. Qiferre, to bear,

Trans-,

across,

579-

Transact, to perfoim. (L.) From L. transact us, pp. of transigere, to complete. L. trans, beyond, fully agere, to do.
;

See Tolerate.
through.

Translucent, L (L.)

allowing light to pass translucent-, stem of

; ;

See Agent.

Transalpine.

(L.)
;

From
see

L. tram-

pres. pt. of tramlutere, to shine through. see L. trans, beyond lucere, to shine

alpimis, beyond the Alps

Alp.

Lucid

Transcend. (L.) L. transiendere, to L. tran-, for climb over, to surpass. scandere, to climb. trans, beyond
;

Transcribe.

(L.)

L. transcribere, to

copy out from one book into another.

F. transL. ace. trans migrdtionem, migration. ong. a removing from one country to L. trans migrdre, to migrate another. L. trans, across migrdre, to go ; across.
;

Transmigration. (F. - L.)

L. tran-, for trans, across, over; scribere> see Migrate. to write. Der. transcript, from netit. of Transmit. (L.) L, transmittere. L trans, across mitterc, to send see pp. tran scnptus also transcript-ion. Transept. (L.) Lit. cross-enclosure. Missile. Der. transmission (from pp. for trans, across; septum, en- trans miss us}. I-,, tran Transmutation. (F .-L-)_ ^.transclosure, ong. neut of pp. of sepire, satplre, mutation. L. ace. transmutdtionem. to enclose, from s&pcs, a hedge. L. transmutatus, pp. of trammutare, to Transfer. (F. L.) IP.trawfirer. L. trans, L. trans, change over, shift, transmute. L. tramfcrre, to convey across across across ; ferre, to bear see Bear (i). mutdre, to change see Mutable. F. transL.) Transom, a thwart -piece across a Transfigure. (F. L. transfigurdre, to change the double window, lintel, cross-beam. (L.) figurer. L. trans, across Shortened from transtrom (see Florio, figuie or appearance L. transunder Transtri and Trasti}. (implying change) figura, figure. Transfix. (L.) From L. transfix-us , trum, a transom (Vitiuviub). L. trans, L. trans, going across ; -trum, suffix (as in ardtrttm, pp. of transfigere, to transfix
;

that which ploughs, a plough). F. transformer. Transparent. (F. - L.) F. transCot. L. trans, L. transformdre, to change the shape parent, clear-bhming of. L trans, across (implying change); through parent-, stem of pres. pt. of formdre, to form, from forma, shape see pdrere, to appear ; see Appear. Form. (L.) Transpicuous, transparent. Transfuse. (I- ) From L. tiansfusits, Coined, as if from L *transpicuus, from L. tran-, for pp. of transfundere, to j>otir out of one transpiure, to see through. L trans, across trans, beyond speccrc, to look. Compare vessel into another.

through figere, to
;

fix

see Fix.

Transform.

(F.

L)

'

'

fundere,

Fuse (i^. Transgression. (F.-L)

to pour
;

see

perspicuous.
F. trans-

L.&zc..transgressidnm, a pasgression. sage across, in late Lat a transgression. L. transgressus, pp. of transgredi, to go
across.

Transpire, to oo/e out. L. tran-, for trans, through breathe see Spirit.
;

(L.)
;

Fiom

sptrdre, to

L. trans, beyond

gradi, to step,
transient-,

go

see

Grade.
(L.)

Transient.

From

transient, passing Transport. (F. L supposed stem of 1 to carry or convey over away, though the real stem is transeuntor away. portdre, to carry across pres. pt. of transtre, to pass across
1
;

.transplanter. L. transplantdre, to plant in a new L. trans, across; plantdre, to place. a plant see Plant. plant,
,

Transplant. F.-L.)
'

)
'
;

F. transporter, L. transCot. L. trans, across

;

L. trans,

L tranntus, lit. a transit. (L.) L. transit um, supine of passing across. transirc, to pass across (above).

beyond

ire,

to go.

portdre, to carry

see

Transpose.
;

(F

Port
L.

(i).

and Gk.)

F.

L. // arts, transposer, to ti anspose, remove F. poser, to put ; see Pose (i). acioss

568

TRANSPOSITION
position.

TRAVERSE
F. trappe, a trap.
see

F. transL. ace. transpositionem L. transpositus, pp. of transponere, to transL. trans. across; ponere, to put; pose. see Position. Transubstantiation, the doctrine that the bread and wine in the Eucharist are changed into Christ's body and blood F. trans substantiation. Late L.) (F.

Transposition. (F.-L.)

O.H.G.

trappa, a trap

Trap

(i).

',

L. ace. transubstantiationem see Hildebert of Tours (died 1134), sermon 93. Late L. transubstantiates, pp. of /ransubstantiare coined from trans, across
;
;

trapezium. - Gk. rpanffiov, a small table, also a trapezium. Dimin. of rpaircfa, a table, of which the ong. sense was a foui -footed bench. Gk rpa-, a reduced form of the Idg. word for four irifa foot, allied to novs (stem See Brngm. it. tro5-),a foot; see Foot. 1 68 Der. trapeze, F. trapeze, a swing in the shape of a trapezium, as thus \
figure.
I,,
'

Trapezium, an - Gk.) (L.

irregular

four -sided

'

From
was
*

I/,

trapezium (above).

(implying change) and substantia, substance; see Substance.

Transverse.
wers,

(F.-L.)
L.

()

Trappings; see Trap (2). Trash, refuse. (Scand.) The orig. sense
bits of broken sticks found under trees trash and short sticks,' Evelyn. Cf. Icel. fros mbbish, twigs used for fuel Norweg.
; t ;

ti

ans-

placed

across.

transit ersitv,

turned across, laid across; pp. of trawL trans, across; uerteie, to turn across. nertere, to fuin; see Verse. M. E. (..} (i), a snare, gin. A S. treppc, a trap, for *tr(pppe, trappe.

/; os,

fallen
;

t\\

igs, half-rotten

branches easily

Trap

dial

be-titfppan, vb., to entrap (cf. F. trappe, of Tent, ongin); K. Fries, trappe, trap (i) a step, (2) a trap.-f-M. Du. /;'#//<?, mouse-tiap O. H. G. trappa. Grig, sense ' step ; a trap is that on which an animal Cf. Westphal. steps, or puts its foot. Dn. trap, a stair, step, kick, trappe, a step Allied to I)u. Swed. trappa, a stair.
;

whence

Swed. ttasa, a rag, tatter, Swed. Derived from tras, a heap ot sticks. the S\Aed. dial, phrase sla i tras, to break in pieces, the same as Swed. sla in kras,
;

bioken

'

lo break in pieces so that tr stands for /;-, just as Icel trani means a crane (see Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to Crane). Trash means see Crash. crash, break
; k

crashings,'

i.

e.

bits

readily cracked

off,

dry twigs that bieak

snap.

with

a crash

or

tiappcn, to tiead
Fries,

on,
to

and

Low G

Noiw. trappa, E. trappen, to tread on,

Travail,
toil,

toil.

(F.

labour.

The same

F. travail, L.) as Ttal. ttavaglio,

trample.
trap-bat.

Allied

Tramp.
trap,

Cf.
;

Span.

trampa, a trap.

Der

vb

trap-door,

trapped, decked ; from M.E. trappe, tiappings of a hoise, &c. Coined, with

M. E.

Trap

(2), to

adorn, deck.

(F.

Tent)

Span, trabaju. Port, trabalho, toil, labour. Accoiding to P. Meyer (Rom. xvii 421) it answeis to Late L. trepalhtm, a kind of rack for torturing martyis (Ducange)
;

perhaps made of three beams (tres pall). Others make it answer to Late L. *trabd-

unusual change from dr to

tr,

by sound-

association \\ith trap (i), from F. drap, cloth, as proved by Chaucer's use ol trappuif, trappings of a horse, from O. F. drapiite, with the same sense (Godefroy). Cf. also Late L. traput, cloth (usually

culum, foimed from L. trab-em, ace. of Cf. Late L. tiatrabes, a beam. And see below. bale, an axle-tree.
trabs,

Trave,

a shackle.

(F.-L.)

trave

drappus}, tiappatura, a horse's trappings, Span, and Port, trapo, cloth. See Drape.

Der. trapp-ings,

sb. pi.

Trap
(Swed.)

(3),

of igneous rock. Swed. trappa, a stair whence

;

kind

confining unruly O. F. traf, a beam (Supp. to horses Roquefort), usual form /;r/(Cot.). Cf. F. en-ttaver, to shackle, en tiaves, shackles; i^Cot.) Span, trabar, to clog, traba, a shackle. L trabem, ace. of trabs, a beam.
;

was a frame of

rails for

Der. archt-trave,

q. v.
(

G.) Formerly trapan. - O. F. trappaii, trapant, a snare, trap door (Roquefort); a plank (Godefroy). Late L. trapentum, a plank for a trap-door.

cl. Dan. trappe, stair. trapp. trap-rock So called trom its appeal ance ; its tabular masses seem to lise in steps. Cf. Trap (i). trapan, trepan (2), to ensnare. (F.
;

Travel,
word
in

to journey.
;

F.

- L.) The same

toil

as travail

from the

of travelling

olden times.
laid across. (F.-L.) M. F. masc., traverse, fern 'crosse- wise ;' L. transnersus, transveise. L.
.

~O. H.

Traverse,
t ravers,

Cot.

trans, across; itersus, pp. of uertere, to turn see Verse. Der. traverse, vb., F.
;

TRAVERTINE
l

TRENCH
a treasure. store, hoard.
ri-Orj-fju, I

traverser,

to thwart or

go overthwart,'
of white lime-

Cot.

Gk. Or)0avp6s, a treasure, Gk. base 0rj-, Orjv-, as in

Travertine,

a kind

From Ital. travertino, stone. (Ital. L.) L. Tiburformerly tivertino (FlorioX tTnus, adj., belonging to Tibur, the modern
Tivoii.

suffixes

place, store up, fut. Ofo-cu ; (the are not clear). Der. treasur-y,

O. F.

tresorie.

(F.-Ital.-L.) Oiig. a borrowed fiom F. travesti, disguised, treatise. (F. - L.) M. E. tretis.pp. of se travestir. to change one's appaiel. O. Y.tretis, traitis, a thing well handled or M. Ital. travestire, to disguise, mask. nicely made answering to a Late L. foim tractitius. Y. traiter, to treat (above). L. tra- (for trans}, implying change li e^ to clothe, which is from uestis, a| nest treaty. (F. L.) M.E. tretee. O. traite [i e. traittl \ a treaty, pp. of trailer, garment see Vest.

Travesty.

vb. L. F. traiter. (F. L.) tracture, to handle; frequentative of trahere (pp. tractus}, to draw.

Treat,

pp.,

'

'

Trawl,

to fish with a drag-net.

(F.
\

Teut) Walloon trauler, O. F. trauler, also to go hither and thither (Roquefort) spelt troller, mod. F. trdler-, see Troll Tray, a shallow vessel. (E ) M. E.
;

to treat (above) ; Late L. tract atus. O. F. L.) Treble, threefold. (F. L. triplum, ace. of Iripli4$t threetreble. fold ; see Triple.

(A. S. L'iechdoirH, li. 340). trog, a trough Low G. trugge (Stratmannj denv. of trog. See Trough. (Doubtful the alleged A. S. tregis an error for trog }
trey.
S.

A.

*tryg,

written

AS

trig-

Treddle, for Treadle ; see Tread. Tree. (E.) M. E. tree, tre (which also means dead wood, timber). A. S. tree or treow, a tiec, timber. -J-Icel trc, Dan.
tr<t
;

Swed. tra, timber, also trad, a

tree

Treachery. (F. - L ) M E trecherie, O F trecherie, treachery. tricherie.

O. F. trechier,

(for tra-et, lit. the wood, with post-positive article) ; Goth, tritt Teut. type *treCf. Russ. drevo, a tree, wom,r\. detw,

W.

trickier, to tiick; cf. Ital. Late L. *trtccare, for treccare, to cheat 1^ truare, to dally (Ecclns xxxii 15), tridifficulties. car7, to difficulties, wiles ; see Intricate

an oak, Irish darag, Gk. Spvs, oak, Skt. dru, wood cf. Skt. ddru, a kind of pine
;

Gk.

86pv,

a spear-shaft.
(F.
'

Der. tar
trefoil.

(i),

make

L. tricae, pi.

trough.

Trefoil.

-L )

O.F.

- L.

Treacle. (F.-L-Gk.)
medicament
triacle,
;

Formeily a

the
it

mod.
in

treacle is

from resembling

appeal nnce.

named M.E.

trifohutn,\\t. to ires, three ;

three-leaf.'

- L.
'

tri-, allied

fohnm, a
*

leaf.

See Foliage.

Trellis,
trelis.

lattice- work.

(F.-L.)
;

M.E.

a sovereign remedy O.F. triac/e, also spelt theriaque the / being unoriginal, L. theriaca, an antidote as in syllable}.
against poisons, esp
Oripicuca (frapfjiaKa, sb.

venomous

bites

Gk.

Y. trcillis, a trellis Cot. Ultimately from F. treille, a latticed frame. Late L. trichila, trula, an arbour. But the suffix -is is due to O. F. treilis, treshs

pi , antidotes against the bites of wild beasts. Gk. OrjpiaKus, Gk. Orjpiov, a belonging to a wild beast

wild animal.

Gk
(E

Orjp,
)

a wild beast.

E. treden. A. S. trad, pp. treden. +\)u. treden, G. treten. also find Icel. trofta, pt. t. Dan. pp. tro^inn (cf. E. trodden} trade, Swed. trada, Goth, trudan (pt. t. Der. tread~le, a thing to tread on trath). in a lathe) ; also trade.

Tread,
pt

vb.
t.

M.

t redan,

We

sack-cloth), adj., applied sort of latticework, Late L. trishcmni, a covering of sack -cloth. L. tre, three, licium, a thread cf. L. tri-lix. Tremble. (F.-L.l F. trembler. - Late L. tremulw, adj., tiemL. tremuldre. L. tremere, to tiemble. 4" Lith. bling. to tremble. triui-ti, Gk.
treillis,

(mod. F.

to

aimour covered with a

Treason.
O. F. ttaison.

(F.

M. E. traison. L.) L. ace. traditionem. L.

trdditus, pp. of trddere, to deliver over, betray. Doublet, tradition.

Treasure. (F.-L.-Gk.) The

r
i*

former

intrusive.

(It.tre'sor}

E. tresor. O. F. tresor the same as Ital. lesoro, Span.

ace.

M.

.mm^ thSsaurum,

of thesaurus,

474. Der. trem-or, tremor, a trembling tremulous, from tremulus (above) tremendous, from tremendus, lit. to be feared, gerundive tremere, to fear. Trench, vb. (F. - L. ?) M.E. trenche. A. F. and O. F. trencher, vb., to Now spelt cut, carve, slice, hew,' Cot. trancher. p. Etym. much disputed. Cf. Prov. trencar, trinquar, Span, and Port.

TREM.) Bmgm.i.

L. L. L. of

'

570

TREND
trinchar, Ital. trinciare. Apparently from Late L. trencare, to cut, substituted for

TRICE
a cross-beam. See Transom. *(f O. F. tresL. trans, cf. trespass.

For

<

L. truncare, to lop, from truncus, the trunk of a tree. Der. trench-ant, cutting,

Tret.
made

(F. L.) for the waste,

'
;

Tret,

an allowance
is

which

from the pres

part,

of trencher

also

every 104 pounds

trench-er, a wooden plate, to cut things have been an allowance made in the on, O. F. trencheor. weighing of the goods, so as to give good Trend, to bend away, said of direction. weight. -O. F. tret, F. trait, lit. a pull ; ' M. E. trenden, to roll, turn round. "hence, a turn of the balance. L. tractus, (E.) Allied to A. S. trendel, a circle round pp. of trahere, to draw ; see Trace I ( ) the sun, a ring; a-trendlian, to roll ; A. S. and Tract (i). (Phil. Soc. Trans. 1909, tryndel, a ring Du. om-trent, about; Dan. p. 271.)
' ;

Phillips.

always 4 in It seems to

Swed. trind, round O. H. G. trennila, a

nilon, to revolve.

M.
;

II.

ball

O.

IT.

G. trendel, G. tren-

Trey,
i

three.

(F.-L.)

A.F.

treis.

See Trundle.

a set of thirty masses for the dead. O. F. trentel, f rental (F. I,.) F. trente, thirty. L. tri(Roquefort). ginta, thirty. -L. trt*, thrice -ginta, allied to Gk. -Kovra, short for *$(tcovTa, a decad,

Trental,

L. tres, three. Tri-, elating to three. (L.) L. tri-, three times ; allied to tres (neut. tn-a), thiee. So also Gk. T/X-, prefix from rpfis
;

See Three. triad, the union of three. (F. L. Gk.) F. triade-, Cot. L. triad-, stem of
(neut. rpi-a), three.
trias, a triad.

from

<5/ra, ten.

Gk.

rpias, triad.

Gk.

rpi- t

a small saw for removing a piece of a broken skull. (F. I,. Gk.) M. F. trepan. Late L. trepanum. Gk. also a trepan. rpviravov, an auger, borer

Trepan

(1),

thiice (above). Trial ; see Try.

Gk.

rpvirqv, to bore.

Gk.

rpvira, rpvirrj,

a hole. From y'TER, to pierce, as in L. ter-ere, Gk. reipftv ( = *Tp}>tv). Trepan (2) ; to ensnare. See Trapan.

Triangle. (F.-L.) ?. triangle. ~l,. triangiihim, sb. ; neut. of triangulus, L. tri-, thrice; angulus, three-angled. an angle ; see Tri- and Angle (i). 1 Tribe, a race. (F.-L.) ^.tribu, *. ' tribe Cot. - L. decl. stem of
;

Trepang
#<?;/.

see

Tripang.
(F.

Trepidation.

L. )

M. F. /; epida-

L. ace. trepidationem, a trembling. L. trepidatus, pp. ot trepidare, to L. treptdus, trembling, agitated. tremble.
Cf.

a tribe cf. Umbrian trifo. Said have been one of the three original families in Rome as if from L. tri-, But ^ee Brugm. ii. three. 104.
tribzts,
;

tnbu-,^

to

Tribrach,

Brugm.

ii.

Trespass.

797 (note). (F.-L.) O. F. trespasser,

to exceed, pass beyond (hence, in K., to F. tres-, from L. trans, beyond; sin). passer, to pass ; see Pass. TreSS, a plait of hair, ringlet. (F.

3 short syllables. Gk. rpifipaxvs. short.

a metrical foot containing (L -Gk.) L. tribrachys.

Gk.

rpi-, three

@pa\vs,

Tribulation. (F.-L)

.tribulation.

F. tresse, a tress; E. tresse. t reiser, to braid hair. [The same as Ital. treccia, a braid, plait, Span. trenzaJ\ Late L. tricia, variant of tnca, a plait. Gk. rpixa, in three parts, threefold fiom a common way of plaiting hair (Diez, Gk. rpi-, thrice, allied to rpcis, Scheler). three see Three. (Doubtful.) tressure, an heraldic border. (F.

Gk.)

M.

L. ace. tribulationem, affliction. L. tribnlatHs, pp. of Inbulare, to rub out corn L. trlbulum, a sledge for hence, to afflict. rubbing out corn, consisting of a wooden frame with iron spikes beneath it. L. tn-, as in tri-tus, pp. of terere, to rub with
;
;

suffix

-bulum,

denoting the agent.

See

Trite.

Gk.)
F.

Formed, with F.
to
plait.
.

suffix -nre,

from

tresser,

F. tresse,

a plait

(above)
table.

a support for a O. F. trestel, later tresfeau t a tresle for a table,' Cot. (Mod. F. Late L. *transtillum^ the same trjteau.}

Trestle, Tressel,
(F.-L.)
'

Tribune. (F.-L.) M. E. tribun. - F. tribun. L. tnbiinum, ace. of tribiinits, L. tribus, lit. the chief officer of a tribe. a tribe see Tribe. Tribute, sb. (F.-L) M. E. tribut. F. tribut, tribute. L. tributum, tribute, lit. a thing paid ; neut. of pp. of tributre,
;

as L. transtillum, dimin. of transtruntj

to assign, pay. Perhaps from L. tribu-s, a tribe (Breal). Trice (i) a short space of time. (Scand.) M. E. at a tryse, at a (single) pull ;
,

571

TRICE
Ipomydon, 392.

TRILOBITE
(2),

From Trice
a

below

P. Later, in the phr. in

crash, crack, instant; en hum triz, in a trice. Prob. of imitative origin ; cf. Span. tns tras, a noise ; tnsca, a cracking, ' crashing ; triscar, to make such a noise as of tieadmg on glass, nut-shells, or the
'

as if imitated from Span, en un tris, in a trice, in from tris, the noise made by an instant the cracking of glass, a crack, an instant. So also Port, triz, cracking of glass, a
trice,
;

trident. (F.-L.) F. trideni. - L. tridentem, ace. t&tridens, a three-pronged - L. tri-, three dens, tooth, prong. spear. triennial. (L.) Coined from L. tri^ ennitim, a period of three years. L. tri- 9
;

three

annus, year.

Trifle.
lery,

(F.-L

rarely trifle.

little

jest (Cot.).

M. E. trufle, trefle, ) O. F. trufle mockery, laila gibe, jest, dimin. of truffe, Properly a truffle, a thing of
t

like

Pineda.
(2),

Trice
(Scand.)
triss,

M.

to haul up, hoist. E. f risen, to hoist sail (orig.

Trise,

small worth the O. F. truffe also means cf. Prov. trufo, a truffle, a truffle (Cot.) See See truffe in Sohelei. mockery. Truffle.
; ;

with a pulley).
trissel,

Swed.
;

trissa,

a pulley,
triss,

Trifoliate,
L. tri-, three
;

three-leaved.

(L.)

From

spritsail-brace

Norvv.

also

tridse,

a pulley ; Dan. tridse, a pulley, Cf. also Low G. vb., to trice. trisel, anything that revolves, a dizziness, a top. The Brem. Wort, also cites Hamtrice
;

burg drysen, to
fl"

Ong.

initial

dryse-blok, a pulley,
(L.)
q. v.

foli-um, leaf. triforium, a gallery above the arches of the nave and choir of a church. (L.) From L. tri-, for ties, three; fori-s, a door, opening, ^[f Now usually with but two arches (within a third) ; some early

J>.

Tricentenary.
L. tri- and

Coined from

examples had three such. triform, having a triple form.

L. trifor //>. ~~ "
;er.

(L.)

Centenary,

tri-,

three

/0r;;/-<z,form.
*

Du. trekker, a trigger lit. that which Du. trekken, to pull. treek. Prob. distinct fiom Du. trek, a draws or pulls.' and borrowed from O. F. See Track. pnll, draught Triglyph, a three-grooved tablet. (L. triquer, Norman form of O. F. tncher^ to L. triglyphus.~(j\i. rpiy\v<pos, a trick. In fact, E. trickery is from O. F. (ik.j Gk. rpilit. 'thrice-cloven.' triqnerie, dial, foim of tricherie, whence triglyph and trick thrice; fXvfyfiv, to carve, groove. E. treachery see Treachery Measuremay have been borrowed directly from trigonometry. (Gk ) Gk. rpi^(avo-v, a triNoim. dial, triqne, a trick, fl" But doubt- ment ot triangles.' less influenced by Du. trek, a pull, stroke, angle -perpia, measuicment, from ptrpov, a measure. Gk. rpi^wvov is from T/H-, touch from trekken, to pull see below. Trick (2), to deck out. (Du.) Prom three; ywv-ia, angle, allied to y6vv knee. the vb. trick below the sb. also meant a trilateral, trilingual, triliteFrom L. tn-, three and neat contrivance, a toy, trifle, &c ral. (L.) trick (3), to delineate a coat of arms lateral, &c. Trill 1), to shake, quaver. (Ital.) In Du.) Du trekken, to draw, also (in M. Du.) to delineate, trick, or sketch out. 4" music. \\xh.trillare* to trill, shake trillo, An imitative word, like a shake. sb 0. H. G. trehhan, str. vb., to push. Trickle, vb. (E.) M. E. tnklen, short Span trinar, to trill. for striklen, strike/en, to trickle, freTrill (2), to turn round and round.
;

Trick (i), a stratagem. (Du. F. L ) XVI cent. - M. Du. treke, a trick Du.
;

(Du.)

Formeily tncker**;

quentative of M. E. striken, to flow (Spec of English, ed. Morris and Skeat, p. 48, 1. A. S. strican, to flow, a par21). ticular use of strhan, to strike; see Strike.
Cf. streak,

(Scand.) Pei haps obsolete. M. E. trillen, Chaucer, C. T. 10630. Swed. trilla, Dan. trille, to roll, turn round; the same as Du drillen\ see Drill (i).

and G.

streichen.

^f

The

loss

of

s arose in the phr. tcres striklen

;

tears

trickle

see

Ch. C. T., B. 1864, &c.

trill (3), to trickle, roll. (Scand.) Merely a particular use of the word above. Perhaps confused with trickle.
coined word; (F. L.) tri-milhon see Billion. Trilobite, a kind of fossil. (Gk.) Gk. rpi-, for rptis, It has three lobes. three Ao#-<5s, a lobe -ir-qy, suffix.

Tricolor.
drapeau

F. tricolore, for L.) (F. tricolore, three-coloured flag ; cf

Trillion.
express

to

'.

tricolor, the three-coloured amaranth. L. tri- t three; color-, stem of color,

colour.

572

TRIM
,

TRIVIAL
,
.

vb.

E. )

E. trimen trumen

of

tripfts.

Gk.

rpiirovs

(stem rpiirod-), a
kettle,
TTOVS,

A.
set

S.

trymtnan, to
order,

set firm, to strengthen,

tripod,

three -footed brass

three-

Formed prepare, array. (by usual change of u to y} from A. S. trum, adj., firm, strong. Der. trim, sb. ; be~trim. Trinity. (F. -L.) M. E. trim tee O. F. tnnite.~\;. ace irimtatem, a triad. L. trmus, pi. trim, by threes for *trisin
;

legged table.
see

Gk.

rpi-,

three;

foot;

Foot.
Gk.) Better spelt tripus, as Garner, vii. 267 (1670). It was applied to a certain M.A. chosen at
(L.

tripos, an honour examination at Cambridge.

in

An Eng.

ntis,

allied

to

tres,

thiee.

Brugm.

11

66.

Trinket (0
M.
'

sma ^ ornament.
;

(F.)

to make an ingenious hence the later triposverses i.e. facetious Latin verses on the reverse side of which the tripos-lists were

ong commencement
satirical
,

speech

E.

//

enket, a shoemaker's knife

also

Tnsser speaks spelt trynkct (Palsgrave). of trinkets and tooles.' flence it seems*
to have

Thus the ong. reference was printed. (not to the thiee classes, but) to the threelegged stool used by the Tnpus,
I^t
;

who was
Oxford)

meant a toy-knife, such as ladie^ also called a

;

cevaritator^ or (at

wore on chains

and, generally, a small ornament. Prob. from O. North F. trenquer, to cut, by-form of t> emher, to cut
;

Span, trinchar, Ital. trinciare, to cut, carve Span, trmchcte, a cook's mincingknife, a shoemaker's knife (Mmsheu). See
cf.
;

Trench.

a Ten-icfilius and the lists weie named from the verses which took the place of the speech delivered by the M.A. who sat on the tripus. From L. tripus (above). trireme, galley with three banks of oars. (L.) L. t mentis, having three banks L. tri-, three remits, oar. of oars.
;

Trinket
sail

(2),

F trinof a ship. (F. Span. L. ) Cot. Span tnnqnet, the highest sail Cf. Ital tnmhetto, a quete, a trinket. Prob. a foiesail. trinket ; Port, traqtwte,^ from L. triquetrus, triangular (from the L. tn-, allied to tres, three; see shape). Tri- -qtietrus, of doubtful origin. The
. ;

Trinquet,

the highest

trisect.
thiee parts to cut.
;

(L.)

Coined from

tri-, in

and sect-nm, supine of

secare,

Trist
tcrerc,

see

Tryst
)

Trite.

(L

L. tritus, worn, pp. of

to rub, wear away.-f'R-U&s. terete, Lith. /;///, to rub; Gk. rtipttv *T/>-

n may be due to Span, tnnca, a rope. Trio. (Ital. L.) Ital. trio, music in three paits. L. /;/-, three; see Tn-. M. E. tnppen, to step Trip, vb. (E
)

Gk.) L. triton. Cf. Irish triath, the sea; Skt. trita-, the name of a deity.

Triton, a
Gk.

sea-god. (L.

Ip'trow, a Triton.

Triturate. (L.) From pp. of L. tnL. turare, to rub down, thrash, grind. L. tritits, pp. of trftilra, a rubbing. See Trite. terete, to rub. to trip, dance Swed. tnppa, Dan. trippe, Triumph. (F. L.) O. F. tj-ittmphe, L. triumphum, ace. of later triomphe. to trip, tread lightly. Tripang, an edible sea-slug. (Malay.) trhunphus, a public rejoicing for a victory. -f-Gk. Qpiap&os, a hymn to Bacchus. Malay tripan%. - F. tripe Triumvir. (L.) One of three men Tripe. (F.) M. E. tripe cf. pa, Jtai trippa, tripe. associated in an office. L. pi. triumuiri, Span, and Poit. tri Also Irish triopas, sb. pi., entrails, tupes; three men, evolved from the gen. pi. trium L. W. tnpa, intestines ; Bret, stripen, tripe, mroruin, belonging to three men. unknown origin. trium, gen. pi. of tres, three ; mronim t pi. stnpou, intestines. Of Perhaps from Low G. stripe, a stripe, also gen. pi. of uir, a man see Virile. a strip. Trivet, Trevet, a thiee-footed supTriple, three-fold. (F.-L.) F. triple. port. (L.) Spelt trevid (1493). A. S. !^. tripedem, L triplum, ace. of trip Ius, threefold. trefetj Cart. Sax. iii. 367. L triL. tri-, three -plus, Gk. -TT\OOS, -fold. ace of tripe's, having three feet. three ; pes, a foot. Cf. tripod. See Tri- and Double.
lightly.

lighter form of the base TRAP, to tread ; see Trap (i) and Tramp. f-Du. tnppen, to skip, whence trippelen,

triplicate,

threefold.

(L.)

From

trivial, common. (F.L.) F.

where, common.

trivial.

L. tri-, pp. of L. triplicare, to treble. see Ply. three ; plicare, to weave, fold
;

tripod.

(L.

- Gk.)

L. triuialis t belonging to three crossroads ; that which may be picked up any-

L. tripod-, stem

L. triuia, a place where

573

TROCHEE
way
L. three roads meet. see Viaduct. ;
/;?'-,

TROUSSEAU
three
;

nut, a

Trochee.

(L.

-Gk.)

L. trochaus.

the point where the sun appears to turn from N. to S., or from S. to N. in the Gk. rp6iros, a turn ; see Trope. zodiac.

Gk. Tpox<uos, running; also the tripping foot which consists of a long syllable followed by a short one. Gk. rp(x* l1't *
run.

And see Trepan (i), Trover. Trot, vb. (F.-L.) F. trotter

troter.

O. F.

We

also find O. F. trotier,

Low

Allied to Thrall. Troglodyte, a dweller in a cave. (F. - Gk ) F. troglodyte. - L. trdglodyta. L.

Gk.

TporyXoSvTTjs, one

who
Gk.

creeps into
rp<uy\o-, for

L. trotarius, a trotter, messenger, supposed to be fiom L. tolutarius, going at a trot. L. toliitim, adv., at a trot lit. ' liftingly/ L. tollere, to lift ; see i e. lifting the feet.
;

holes, a cave-dweller.
T/xiryA.77,

a hole, cave ; Sveiv, to enter, p. from Tpwyfiv, to gnaw, bite, TpwyXrj a hole. Cf. Trout. gnaw Troll, to roll, sing a catch, fish for pike. - Teut.) M. E. trollen, to roll ; to (F.
is

Tolerate. (So Diez, Scheler, and Littre.) But cf. M. H. G. trottcn, to run, perhaps
1

M. Du. tratten^ ; to goe, to pace, or to trot/ a variant of truth. Troth. (E.) Merely M. E. trowtye, Ormulum ; see Trow.
allied to treten, to tread

troll

a catch
;

is

to sing

it

irregularly (see
;

Troubadour.
F.

(Pro v.- L.-Gk.)

a bowl is to circulate it also to draw hither and thither. F. troller, which Cotgrave explains M. by hounds to trowle, raunge, or hunt out of order O F. trauler, to run or draw hither and thither mod. F. trohr. G. trolley to roll, troll. -f-M. Du. drollen, to Hcxham Low G. drulen, to troole,'
below)
to troll

to troll is
*

'

'

of Piov. trobador, also bairC) a troubadour, inventor of songs Here trobador answers to a or verses. Late L. ace. *tropatdrem (= Ital. trovatore Span, trovador^ ; whilst F. trouvere answers to a Late L. nom. *tropator. Both from the verb *troparc (as seen in Ital. trovare, Span, trovar^ Prov. trobar> F.

modification

Prob. allied to E. Fries, drallen, to turn, roll and to Drill (i). ^[ Disroll, troll.
;

tinct

from

trail.
(Ital.

See Trover. trotwer}, to find. Trouble, vb. (F. L.) F. troubler^ O. F. trubler. It answers to a Late L.
'ttirbulare, a veib made from L. turbula^ a disorderly group, dimin. of L. turba, a crowd. In fact, we find O. F. torbleur^

Trombone.

-G.- Slav.)
;

Ital.

trombone, a trombone, augmentative form of Ital. tromba, a trumpet see Trump (i). Tron, a weighing-machine. (F. L.) O. F. trone, a weighing-machine Low L. trona (Ducange). L. trutina, a pair of Cf. Gk. rpvTavr), tongue of a bascales. Der. tron-age. lance, pair of scales. Troop, a crew. (F.) F. troupe M. F.
;
;

Cf. Gk. tourbleur, one who troubles. Skt. tvar^ tur^ disorder, throng fir}, to hasten. See Turbid.
;

Trough.
trog, a

(E.) TA.TL.trogh.

A.S. troh,

trope.

Also Span, tropa, M.

Ital.

troppa.

Origin unknown. Cf. M. Du. trop, Late L. troppus^ a troop. Perhaps from Norw. cf. Icel. torp, a flock, crowd, Icel. }>orp
;

hollow vessel, trough. 4- Du. Icel. G. frog, Dan. trug^ Swed. trag. Teut. type *trug6z> Idg. type *dru-k6s\ from *dru-, as in Skt. dru> a tree, with adj.
suffix.

Thus

the sense
to beat.

is

wood-en

' ;

see

Tree.

Pyrpast, to throng. Trope, a figure of speech. (L.-Gk) L. tropus. Gk. rpoiros, a turn, a trope. Gk. rpiirtiV) to turn, -f- O. Lat. trepere, to
turn.

Trounce,
;

(F.-L) To

beat

with a truncheon. cheon, m. trome,

;

O. F. trons, a trun-

f., variant of tronche, a great piece of timbei, allied to tronc, a trunk see Truncheon.

F. trophte, *a trophee;' Cot. L. trop&um, a sign of Gk. TPOTTOIOV, a trophy, monuvictory. ment of an enemy's defeat. Neut. of rpoGk. rpo-nrj, Trofos, belonging to a defeat. a return, putting to flight of an enemy.

trophy. (F.- L.-Gk.)

Trousers, Trowsers.
latter
;

(F.)

The

r is modern from the old word frowns, or t rouses, breeches ; older forms also trews trowze, trooze esp. used of the Iiish trews Q\ bieeches (whence Irish
; ; ;

trius,

tnubhas, trousers
1

M.

Irish tribus

Gk. Tptww, to turn (above). tropic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E./r#i.

F. tropique, ' a tropick ; Cot. L. troGk. i) ace. of tropic us, tropical. s, belonging to a turn ; the tropic is
'

F. trousses, trunk-hose, Gael, triubhas}. breeches (Littre), pi. of trousse, O. F. tourse, a bundle, package, case from O, F.
;

toitrser, trousser, to

pack see Truss. trousseau, a package; bride's outfit.

;

574

TROUT
F. trousseau, a little bundle ; dimin. of trousse, a bundle, a pack from O. F. Of doubtful origin. trousser, to pack.
(F.)
;

TRUDGE
i.

See Truss.

Trout.
tructa.
fish

L. Gk.) A. S. truht. rpwKTrjs, a mbbler, also a with sharp teeth. Gk. rpuyeiv, to
(L.

It should rather be trews, pledges it is the pi. of trew, a pledge of truth. (This is proved by the M. E. A. S. treoiv, a compact, promise, forms.)

Tmce.
e.

(E.)
;

pledge, faith

cf.

A.

S. treowe, true

see

Gk.

True.
(F.) to truck, barter ; So also Span, trocar, to Cot. baiter; whence some have thought that the F. form was borrowed. Cf. Ital. truccare, ' to truck, barter, to skud away; Florio (1598). Origin disputed; the sense 'skud away' is clearly due to Gk. rp6\osf a course, from rpix* l f, to run ; see Truck (2). p. But the Vocab. du haut Maine has trie poitr troc, a simple exchange ; and we find Noim. dial Jaite la troque, to barter, from W. Flemish trok used with lespect * to the (good or bad) sale of goods ; cf. tn trok zijn, to be in vogue and W. Flem. trok = Du. trek. The foim trok is from Du. trok- weak grade of trekken, to pull, for which W. Flemish employs trokken. (2), a small wheel, low-wheeled

Truck
'

(0, to baiter, exchange.

F. troquer,
'

bite,

gnaw.

Lit.

'

nibbler.'

Cf.

Troglo-

M. E. trukken.

dyte.

Trover, an action at law arising out of the finding of goods. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. trover (F. trouver}, to find; orig. to
devise,
Ital.

invent,

make up
arise

poetry.

The

same as Prov.
trovare,

trobar, Port. Span, trovar, to versify. 0. Since Ital.

v and Prov. b

from L. /, the cor;

responding Late L. form is *tropare, to L. tropus, a trope Late L troversify. Gk. pus, a song, manner of singing. music. rporroy, a trope, also a mode See Troubadour, Trope.

'

trowen.

O. Fries, trouwa, E Fries, troen* to believe. A. S. trilwian, to tiow, trust, from Teut. base */;also heowian, to
;

Trow,

to believe, suppose.

(E.)

M. E.

Truck

which is allied to the sb. treow, faith, trust, and to the adj. trcowe, true, from Teut base *trew(w}-. Cf. I eel. trua, to trow, tritr, true Dan. tree, to trow, tro true Swed. tro, to trow Low G. t> oucn, to
believe,
;

vehicle. (L.

Gk.)

Modified from L. tro-

l)u. tiouwen, to marry, trow, trou, true trouw, true ; G. trait en, O. H. G. truwen,
;

to trust, Goth, trauan,

to

believe.

See

True.

trutlle,

M.E. /;*<?/- F. O. F. trudei Late L. truella, a trowel. Dimin. of L. trua, a stirringspoon, skimmer, ladle (hence a trowel, fiom the shape) cf. L. trulla. Trowsers ; see Trousers. above).

Trowel. (F.-L.)

Gk. T^OX<>S a runner, chus, a wheel. Gk. Tp\iv, to run. Der. wheel, disc. truckle-bed, a bed on little wheels, where twckle = L. trochlea, a pulley Baret has * a truckle, or pullie.' Fulhe, trochlea Cf. Span, troc la, a pulley. truckle, to submit servilely to another. (L. Gk.) Fiona the phrase to ttuckle under, due to the old custom of putting a truckle-bed under a larger one ; the truckle-bed being occupied by a servant, It piob. originated in pupil, or inferior. University slang, from L. trochlea (as
;
:

Troy-Weight.

(F.

and

E.)

Orig. a

Truculent,
truculent.

weight used at the fair of Troyes, a town in France, S. E. of Pans. See Arnold's Chronicle, ed. i8n,pp. 108, 191; Ha>dn, Diet, of Dates, &c. Truant, an idler. (F.-C.) Y.truand, a beggar; truand, adj., beggarly; Cot. [The same ns Span, truhan, Port, ttuhao, a buffoon, jester.] W. truan, wretched, a wretch Bret, truek, a beggar ; Gael, and Irish truaghan, a wretch, miserable Cf. W. tru, wretched, Corn. cieature. troc, wretched, Gael, truagk, Irish trogha, Celt, type miserable, O. Irish truag The *trougos, wretched (Stokes, 138). Late L. triitanus, a wandering beggar, is
;
;

barbarous. (F.-L.) F. L. ace. truculentum, cruel. true-, stem of trux, fierce, wild.
to

Trudge,
Teut.
?)

maich

heavily.

(F.

Perhaps to slouch along, or go about as an idle beggar. F. trucker, to

beg idly; obsol.

cf.

Low

(Littie"). Of Teut. origin ; G. truggelen, to beg fawningly, to

;

wheedle

Du.

troggelen, to beg,
* ;

wheedle

M. Du. truggelen, to trngge up and downe a Begging/ Hexham W. Flem.

troggelen, to walk with difficulty ; Dan. trygle, to importune ; E. Fries, tmggeln, to press, push backward, also to be impoitunate. Allied to G. druckcn,\.o press, A. S. fryccan, to press, afflict, piov. E. tkrutch, to press.

from the same source.

575

TRUE
True,
firm, certain.

TRY
M.
'

(E.)

E. trewe.
'

trundle-bed^

A. S. trSowe, trywe, true. Orig. believed allied to O. Prussian dmwit, to believe

;

Du. trouw, (Kick) ; Lith. drtitas, firm, -f Icel. tryggr, Swed. trogen, G. #-#, Goth. Cf. also Icel. trur, true, triggws, true. Goth trauan, to believe,tmst, be persuaded.
See Trow. Truffle*.
L.) M. F. trufle, F. (F. round edible fungus, found undertntffe, a It is Span, trufa, a truffle. ground. thought that the F. truffe, Span, trufa, answer to L. pi. tubera, truffles, whence was formed a F. fern. sb. *tufre, easily also find Ital. taraltered to truffe. L. terra tuber, i. e. truffle tufo, a truffle

trundle-tail, a curly tail of a dog; tryndyled, lounded ; Voc. 152. 5. (Ficard) trondeler, 'to trundle;'

bed running on wheels; A. S.

- M. F.
Cot; Of

Walloon

trondeler, to roll

(Sigait).

G. origin; cf. Low G. tronddn, Pomeran. trundeln, to trundle a hoop; N. Fries, trind^ O. Fries, tritnd, louncl round. Fiom Teut. *tntnd-, weak grade

Low

We

<

whence G. kartoffel, earlier of the earth form tartuffel, a potato. See Trifle. Trull, a worthless woman. (G.) G. a trulle, trolle (whence Picaid troulle}, trull. Cognate with M. Du drol, a jester, Icel. troll, a meiry elf; see Droll and Troll.
;

of a lost verb *trendan-, to roll (pt. t. *trand} ; whence also A. S. dn-tryndel, The i appears^ in a large round shield. Dan. Swed. trind, round the a, modified to e, appears in M. E. trendcn, to turn, roll, of secondary verb fiorn *trand, 2nd grade See Trend. *trendan-. &c. (F. - L.) (i) stem of a tree, L. truncum, ace. of F. tronc, trunk. - L. tnincus, trunk, stem, bit cut off.
;

Trunk

Biugm. truncus, adj., cut off, maimed. trunk' d~hose, 144. Der. trunk-hose, i. e. knee-breeches, breeches cut short. G. (F. (2), of an elephant.

i.

Trunk

M. E. trumpe^
'

Trump (i), a trumpet.

trompe.
Cf.
;

(F. F.

G.- Slav.)
i

trompe,

Span, trompa, 0. H. G. trumpet, a trump. a tiumpet. O.Slav. type *trornba, Trump (r). tntmba, as in O. Slav, and Pol. traba (with foimer a Trunnion, one of the pi ejecting a tiumpet, stumps on each side of a cannon, on which nasal), Slovenian tromba, troba, 'S.troit icsts in the caiiiage. L.) (F. Russ. trtfba, a pipe, tube, trumpet. of tronc, a trunk Trump (2), one of a leading suitcor- gnon, a stump; fiom see Trunk (i). ; cf. M. F. tron, a stump a cards. (F. L.) Well known to be see Latimer's SerTruss, to pack, fasten up. (F.) O. F. luption of triumph the trousser, tourser, to pack up; whence F. triomphe, mons, and Nares. and the the sb. trousse, tourse, a bundle card-game called ruffe, or trump also the i

trump

Cot.

Ital.

troniba,

Formerly trump, signifying (i) -Slav.) or trumpet, (2) tube. F. trompe, a trump, 7 Cot. tiumpet, the snowt of an elephant; see Cf. O. F. tromper, to blow a trumpet
'

'

triompher, to L. triumph, to trump at cards;' Cot.

'

mffe or

tmmp at it

Cot.

dimin.

troussel,

triumph us, triumph; see Triumph. Trumpery, nonsense. (F. G. Slav.)

Cot. F. a wile, fraud F. tromperie, tromper, to deceive orig. to sound a horn whence the phrase se tromfer de quelqtfun, to play with any one, amuse onebelf at
;
; i '

see Trousseau. Span troja, a soldier's knapsack.

toursel, later trousseau; Cf. Port, trouxa, a pack,

Origin

G. - Slav. ) T?.trom~ a horn ; see Trump pette, dimin. ^trompe,

their expense.

See

Trump

(i).

trumpet.

(F.

doubtful ; perhaps from O. F. tros, irons, a small piece; from Late L. tursits, L. - Gk. Ovpcros ; see Thyrthyrstts, a stalk. So Kbrting. sus. Trust. (Scand.) M. K. trust. - Icel. tra^tst > trust, piotectton, firmness; Dan. Swed. frost, consolation, -f" G. trost, conResolation, Goth, trausti, a covenant.
lated to

(0.
to cut off short. (L.) From L. tntncus, pp. of L. tmncdre, to cut off.

Truncate,

truth,.
A.

Trow, True. M. E. (E.)

See Trunk (i). truncheon. (F. - L.) M. E. tron- Troth. choun. Q. NoHh F. tronckon (Noim. Try,
a stump.

A. S. trSowe, true ; S. treowQ, truth. And see see True, -f Icel. trygg$ y truth.
to select, test, examine, &c. (F. trien, to select, pick out, choose. - F. trier) 'to cull out;' Col. The same as Piov. triar, to separate corn Late L. from the straw, also to choose.

trewthe, trouthe

O. Hjronson, a thick stick; formed from tronc, a trunk ; see Trunk. Mod, F.
dial.);

L.)

M. E.

Trundle,

to roll.

(F,-Low

G.)

Cf.

576

TRYST
tritare, to

TUMEFY
cf. Ital. tritare^

pound small

to pound, giind, mince, also to ponder, L, tritus, pp. of terere, to consider, scan. i ub. It meant to thresh, pulverise, separate,
purify,
tri-al.

cullj

pick.

(Disputed.)
to

Der,

A. S. Tiwes dag, the (E.) Ttw, the god of war. 4* Icel. Tysdagr, the day of Tyr\ Dan. Tirsdag, Swed. Tisdag\ O. H. G. lies tac, the day of Ziu, god of war. p. The A. S. Tiw, Icel. Tyr O. H. G. Ziu are the same as

Tuesday.
of

day

meet. Teut, ?) See Jarmeson (F. orig. a set M. E. triste, station, place of meeting. tristre, a station (in hunting), place to watch. 0. F. triste, tristre, station to
;
<

Trjrst, Trist, an appointment

Skt. dSva-s^ god, and god, and even to L.

Zfvs, Skt.

allied to

L. deus

Dyaus. dus Martis,

*(]"

/- in In-piter, Gk. A translation of L.

(Ital.

hunting), ambush ; Low L. trista. Of doubtful origin ; but perhaps 2 elated to Fiankish L. trustis> one in a place of trust (see Ducange). Allied to

watch

Tufa,
titfo.

soft

stone.

(in

Ital.

Gk.

r6<j)os.

Origin unknown.

tufp.

-L

L)

For
Cf.

to/us, tophus,

O.

II,

G.

to asbist

Tub,
tubhc.

help, M, H. G. vb, troesten, see Trust. a small cask. (O. Low G.) M. E.
tr$$t>
;

M. Du.
(F.

tobbe, a tub

Low

G. and

Teut) (0, a crest, knot. (F. but the final / is excrescent; F. touffe, a tuft or prov. K. tuff) a tuft. lock of hair. Swed. dial, ttippa^ a tuft, fringe; Icel. toppr, a top, tuft, or lock of hair; M. Du. toj>, a tuft; G. zopf,

Tuft

M.E.

tuft,

K. Fries, tubbe, a tub.

F. tude. L. tttbum, L.) ace. of tabus, a tube, pipe akin to tuba, a tiumpet. Der. tub-ul-ar^ fiom L. tu;

^f

W.

tivff is

bonowed from

E,,

and

Tube.

Indus,

dim in.

<jitubi($.

a lounded loot. (L.) L. tuber, a bump, tumour, also a tiuffle. Lit. * * swelling ; allied to Tumid. Biugm. i. 413 (8). Der. tubercle, a little swelling. a dress. (O. Low (r), to gather Low G. tukken, to G.) M. E. tukken* pull up, draw up, tuck up, also to entice = M. Du. to^ken^ to entice). f- G. zuekcn y ( to twitch up ; O. H, (jt.mccJwn. Teut. base *///? intensive form from the weak grade see (*////*) of Teut. *teuhan-, to pull

Tuber,

preserves the correct form. Tuft (2\ a plantation, a green knolL See Toft. (Scand.) Tug, vb. (Scand.) M. E. toggen. From Icel. tog, M. Swed. tog, a lope to pull by j Low allied to E. Fries, tokken, to pull
;

Tuck

cf. Low G. tnkken, to pull up, draw up G. togg, a pull (Danneil). From the weak grade (tuh-} of Teut *Uuh-an~, to pull;
;

see

Tow

(i),

Tuck

(i).

L. ace. L. titit'us t pp. of tidtionem, protection. tuSri, to guard, protect.

(F. L.) F. tuition.

Tuition.

Tow (i), Tug, Tuck (2), a

for

Short
*

estoC)

- Ital. G.) rapier. (F. Mec, occasional form of 3 the stock of a tree, a rapier, a tuck
F.
;

Touch.

Tulip, a flower. (F. Ital. Turk. Pers.) M. F. tulippe, also tulipan, a tulip so called from its likeness to a turban.
Ital. titlipa> tulipano, a tulip. also dulbend. bend, a turban
; ;

Turk,

tztl-

Pers. did-

a truncheon, rapier, tuck; Florio. G. stock, a stock, stump, &c. see Stock, Stoccado. Tuck (3), beat of chum, (F. - Teut.)
Cot.
Ital.

stocco,

band, a turban see Turban. Tulle, a kind of silk open-work or lace.

(F.)
in

Named from Tulle, the chief town the department of Correze (France),
it

where

was

firbt

made

(Littre).

Pieard or Walloon toqwr^ taker ^ to touch, strike variant of F. toucher^ to touch ; see Touch, Tocsin. tucker, a fuller, (K.-TcuO M.E.
;

From

M. E. tumblen ; (E.) frequent, of tomben^ tumben, to tumble. A. S. t umb tan ^ to turn heels over head,

Tumble,
-f-

vb.

t&uker^

though the cloth was O. North F. worked up with the feet

lit,

beater

variant of F. totiker, toguer, to beat toucher to touch. See Tocsin, tucket, a flourish on a trumpet. (F.
; t

cf. G. tumnwln, tuimden G. titmon, to turn over and over (whence F. tomb&r) ; 13an. tumh* Bar. tumbler sb., (i) an aciobat, (2) a glass without a foot, which could only be

dance,

1 >l1 -

from 0.

II.

set

down when empty

falls

Teut.)

Noilh F. touqmt,
;

for

O. F.
toe-

that

*ouchet) a stroke

equivalent to Ital.

tata, a prelude, tolling of a bell, a tucket, a striking; from tocratv, to strike, touch;

tomber^ Teut. origin.

tumb-r-et, a cart ; over, 0. F. tomberel, from F, to tumble, fall over, a word <.f

Tumefy,

see

Touch.

<f[

Or from

Italian.

M. F. tumefier
577

to cause to swell. (F. L,) Late L. *tumefic$re, ; Cot,

TUMID
for L. tumefacere, to

TURN
place for digging it. (F.-O.H.G.) O.F. torberie-, Low L. turbaria, the same. O. H. G. *turba, older form of zurba, turf.

tumS-re, to swell

tumid.
L.

tit mere,
;

swelling

(L.) Cf. Gk. TUX*/, a to swell. Skt. tu, to increase. Brugm. i.

L. to swell. facere, to make. L. tumidus, swollen.

make

+ A.S. turf.
Turbid.
Trouble.

See Turf.

413

(8).

(V TE U.)

Der tum-our,
-

F.

L. turbidus, disturbed. (L.) L. turba, a L. turbare, to disturb.

of people.

ttimeur, from L. ace. tumffrem, a swelling. W. /ww/, a a hillock. (C.)

crowd, confused mass

See
fish.

tump, is perhaps from E. But the word seems to be Celtic from W. torn, Gael, and Irish torn, a hillock cf. Gk. TVU&OS, L. tumulust a mound. See Tomb.
;

Tump,

Turbot. (F.-L.)
;
;

F. turbot, a

Tumult. (F. - L.) F. tumulte. - L. L. tumere, to ace tumulhtm. an uproar. swell, surge up. tumulus. (L.) L. tumulus, a mound

Late L. turbo, a lurbot L. turbo, a spindle, from its rhomboidal shape. So also reel L. rhombus, a spindle, rhombus, turbot.

Turbulent.
L. turbulentus,

(F.
full

- L.)

F. turbulent. L. of commotion.

Tun
M.

L. tumere, to swell. see Ton ;

tone, E. turn,
' ;

And

see

Tomb.

turbare, to disturb ; see Turbid. Tureen, the same as Terreen, q. v. Turf. (E.) M. E. turf, pi. turues

Tune*

melody.

Cot or sound See r6vos, a tone.

L. Gk) (F. ' F. tun, F. ton, a tune, Gk. L ace. tonnm.

Tone.
v *

A. S. /*;/+Du. turf, Icel. torf, (turves). sod, peat ; Dan. torv, Swed. torf, O. H.G. zurba. Cf. Skt. darbha-, a matted grass, irom drbh, to bind. (L.) L. turgidus, swollen.

Turgid.
t urge re,

Tungsten,
;

a heavy metal.

Swed. tungsten, lit. heavy stone.' Swed. tung ^ stcn, stone. tung, heavy Icel pungr, heavy; sten is cognate with

(Swed. Swed.
,

L.

to swell out.

stone.

Tunic.
tumae.

(F.

-L.)

tunica, an under-garment

O.F. tunique. L. whence A. S.

;

Der. tunic~le, tunic-at-ed. Tunnel. (F.-L.) O. F. tonnel

(later

tonneau), a tun, great vessel ; hence a tunnel (or tiap) for partridges, which was an arched tunnel of wire, strengthened by
hoops at intervals (whence the
;

'

- Tatar ) Called a Turkey (F. cock, or a cock of India, from the notion that it came from Turkey or from India ; so also G. Calecutischer hahn, a turkey(It really cock, is lit. a cock of Calicut. came from the New World.) From F. a Turk. F. Turc, Turquie, Turkey. Tatar Turk, a Turk; orig. an adj. meaning The usual Turkish word for biave.' fl"

Turkey.

Turk'

'

is

Osmdntt.
Cf.

Turmeric. (Arabic?) NevrL.turmerica

terre-mtrite turmeric as if L. terra ; ' menta, apparently excellent earth ; but * the produce of the cf. terra meritum, Bat terra merita, earth,' in Ducange like turmeric, ib prob. a corruption of an
r
4

was also called tonnelle in F.). to mean any kind of tunnel

e.

name it (Muibheu). s. It came (Littre

;

v.

Curcuma]
'

or

shaft,

g the shaft or pipe of a chimney, &c. see Dimin. from Late L. tunna, a ton
;

Ton.

Tunny, a
Cot.
L.

fish.

(F.-L.-Gk.)
ace. of

.thon\
'

thunnum,

thunnus

the Lit. Ovvvos, &vvos, a tunny. Gk. Qvviw, allied to 0iW, to darter/ rush along. (-y/DHEU.) Tup, a ram. (Scand. ) Prob. a trans

Gk.

ferrecf

name;

cf.

a cock,

allied to

Swed. and Norw. tupp, Dan. top, a cock's crest,

and

See Top to Icel. toppr, a top, a crest. Turk. - Pers.) Ital. (F. Formerly turbant, turribant, turband'; M. F. also tohpant, tuhpant, tulibant. Ital. turturbant, turban, a turban ; Cot.

Turban.

Eastern word. Span. Port, curcuma, turmeric, are from Arab, kurkum, saffron ; whence also L, crocus. Turmoil, sb. (F. ? - L. ?) Formerly turmdyl-, probably a corrupt form, the latter part of the word being assimilated and the former part to to moil, q. v. l turn. Prob. from M. F. tremouille, the hopper of a mill,' also called trameul (Cotgrave' ; O. F. trameure. p. So named L. t refrom being in continual motion. mere, to tremble, shake. Cf. O. F. tram;

oier, to tremble.

' Turk, tula turbant ; Florio. bante, bend, vulgar form of dulbend, a turban. Cf. Tulip. Pers. dulband, a turban. Turbary, a right of digging turf, or a

'

Turn, vb. (L.-Gk.) M. E. turnen. A. S. tyrnan, tumian. [Cf. tournen O. H. G. turnen, to turn.] - L. tornare, L. tornus, a lathe.to turn in a lathe.
\

578

TURNIP
r6pvo$, a tool to draw circles with ; allied to rop6s, piercing, L. terere, to rub, bore. Der. turn, sb.

TWEEZERS
Fries, tusk to Tooth.
;

Gk.

Icel. toskr.

Perhaps related

Brugm.
;

i.

$ 795.

(-j/TER.)

Tussle,

to scuffle.

and E. toss. from L. napus, a kind of turnip cf. Irish Tut, an exclamation of impatience. (E.) and Gael, neip, a turnip, p. The origin Cf. M. F. trut (the same) and cf. tush. of the former part is unknown the sugTutelage, guardianship. (L. with F. gestion terrce napus does not agree with stijfix.} From L tiltel-a, pt otection with the spelling, which rather resembles the F. suffix -age ( < L. -aticuni}. L. tut-us t F. tour in the sense of wheel/ as signify- short for tuitus, pp. of tuerl, to guard, ing its round shape it lookb as if it had protect see Tuition. been turned. A tinner's wheel was fortutelar. (L.) L tutelaris, protecting. L. tut-us, short for tttitus (above). merly called a twit in English, and tour
S.

and L.) The M. E. nepe, a turnip, A.

Turnip, Turnep,

a plant. (F.-L. ; latter part of the word is

tousle, to disorder

nap, borrowed
;

pull about. tusseln, to pull about,

The same as (E.) frequent, of touse, to See Touse. Cf. Westphal.

'

in French. Cf. Irish turnapa, a turnep, tuinoir, a turner (from E.). Turnpike. Foimerly a name given to the old-fashioned turn-stile, which revolved on the top of a post, and resembled a frame with pikes, used for defence.

tutor.
L.

(L.) L. tutort a guardian, tutor.

tiit-us (above).

Tutty,
tutu
;

M.

a collyrium. (F. Pers.) F. F. tuthie, < tutie,' Cot. - Pers.

vitriol.

tiltiya, vitriol.

green

Cf

Skt. tuttha-> blue

From Turn and Pike.

Twaddle,
.
;

to tattle.

(E)

Formerly

Turpentine, exudation from the tereM F. turbentme binth. ( F. - L. - Gk.)

twattle, a collateral form of tattle. see Two. ;

Cot. ; Norman dial. turbentine. ]-, tereGk. rfpi&ivOos, the terebinthbinthus. tree. See Terebinth. Turpitude. (F. L) F. turpitude. L. turpis, base. L. turpitude, baseness. Turquoise, Turkis, a gem. (F.Ital. Tatar.) F. turquoise orig. fern, of Turquois, Turkish. - M. Ital. Turchesa, a Tatar Turk, turquoise, or Turkish stone. a Turk. Turret. (F.-L.) M.F. tourette\ Cot. Dimin. of O. F. tur, F. tour, a tower. L. ace. tur rem. See Tower. Turtle (i), a turtle-dove. (L.) A. S. turtle foimed, by change of r to /, from L. turtur, a turtle (whence also G. turtel,
\
;

Twain Twang, to sound A collateral (E.)

(2),

Tang

with a sharp noise. form of tang', see Cf. Tingle.

Tweak,
twikken
;

to twitch, pinch.
pt.

(E)
t.

M. E.

A. S. twicdan,

(spelt twtccede. Shrine, 41); cf. as in A. S. angel -twicce, a hook-twitcher, the name of a \\orm used as a bait. 4 Low G. twikken. E. Fries, twikken, G. zwicken, to pinch. See Twitch.

twicc-ode, A. S. twicce,

Tweezers, nippci 5.
E.
sttffix.)

(F.-Teut.

with

surgeon's box of instruments

was formerly called a tweese, whence small surgical instruments were called tweezes, a foim afterwards turned into tweezers, and
used of small nippers in paiticular. p. Again, the word tiveese was really at first twees, the plural of twee or etwee, a surgical case; etwee being merely an Englished form of M. \*.estuy F. #*. M. F. estuy* a sheath, case, a case of little instrut
'

imitative word ; due to a repetition of tur, used to express

Ital. tortora, tortola]

An

the coo of a pigeon. Turtle (2), the sea-tortoise. (L.) English sailors, ill understanding the Port. tartaruga, Span, tortiiga. a tortoise or seaturtle, turned these
;

ments,

above.

words into turtle see Cot. The Span, and Port, words are Span,

now commonly termed an ettwee The M. F. estuy is cognate with estuche, Port, estojo, M. Ital stuccw,
;

'

-y.

allied to Tortoise.

stucchio,
.

Tush, an exclamation of impatience. Formerly twish, an expression of (E.) Cf. pish and tut\ and cf. Low disgust. G. tuss, silence! Also Dan. tysse, to
silence.

a little pocket-cace with cisors, * pen-knives, and such trifles in them (sic] t lorio G. stuche (prov. G. stauche} , M. a short and narrow muff (hence a case). ^f Etymology 4- Icel. stuka, a sleeve,
'

(E.) South E. tush (as in Shak.). A. S. tusc, usually spelt tux ; prob. originCf. O. Fries, tusch, tusk ; E. ally *ti*sc.

Tusk.

quite clear ; estuy became etwee, twee, then twees, then tweeses, and lastly tweezers^ which might be explained as instruments belonging to a tweese or twee?
'

579

TWELVE
Twelve.
twelf-e,
(
=.
.

TWIRL
But twillen is here a Low G. spelling M. H. G. zwilhen to double from M. H. G. zwilch, O. H. G. zwilth adj., two-threaded, a woid suggested by L. btof
t
;

M. E. twelf, whence (E.) a pi. form, also written twelue A. S twclf, twelfe -f O Fries. twelve]
. .

Du. twaalfy Icel. tolf\ Dan. tolv, G. zwolf, O. H.G zwelif, Goth. lix, two- threaded (from L. &'-, double, Cf. G. zwilltch, ticking. twalif. p The Goth, twa-lif is composed licium, thread). of fw0, two; and -///, the equivalent of twin. (E.) A. S. ge-twinnas, twins. -fthe Lithuan. -hka, occurnng in dwy-lika, Icel. tvinnr, in pairs Lithuan. dwyni, From twelve. Again, the suffix -lika is allied to twins cf. L. bint, two at a time. from the A. S. twi-, double; the -n gives a colLithuan. lekas, remaining, left over,
twilif,

Swed.

tolf,

to remain. Hence twa-lif ~ two over ten, i e. twelve, lirugm. ii. 175. Der. twelfth, for twelft^K.S. tivelfia, = M. E twelpnonthe. twelfth twelvemonth
lik-ti)
;

lective force, as in L. bt-n-t,

Cf. Goth, tweihnai,

two at a time. two apiece; Bavar.

zwin-ltng, G. zwil-hng, a twin.

twist together.

twentig.-&. and short for twcgen twain -tig, suffix allied to Goth, -tigjus and E ten. Icel. tut-fGoth. twaitig/us, Du. twintig, tugu, G. zwanzig; all similarly formed. twibill, twybill, a two-edged bill. M. E twibtl. A. S twibill - A. S (E.) a bill see twice fwi-, double bill,

twen = twen,

twenty.

(E.)

A.

S.

S.

E. twinen, to A. S. twin, sb , a twisted or doubled thread -f DU./W//W, sb., a twist, twine, Icel. tvinni, twine ; Swed. tvinntrad, twine-thread also Du. tweern^ G. zwirn. p. All from Teut. type *trvisthe iz becomes i no->*twtz-no~, double in A. S. twin, Du. twijn the zn becomes

twine,

vb,

(E.)

M.

From

nn
r

(below).

m Icel. and Swed. and the z becomes m Du. and G. The base twis- occurs
;

twice.
A.
S.

(E.)

M.E.

twies (dissyllabic).

twiges, a late form, for the older A. S. twi-, double ; like tivtwa, twice. L. bi-j Gk. &-, Skt dviallied to twii,
;

E. twis-t, Goth, fan's ~ t prefix; cf. L. bis (for *dwis), 8/s, Skt. dvis, twice,

Gk
]

i'rugm.

i.

903
to

(c,

note 2\
(E.)

two.

See
(pi.

Two.
twigu^
a shoot of a ttee. a twig;
t

twig
twig

(i),

(E.)

A. S.

Northumb.
;

ong. the tuigge (pi. tuiggo), Jo. xv. 5, 6 fork of a branch, and named irom being double, the small shoot branching off from the larger one. A. S. twi-, double see above. -4-Du. twtjg, Low ( T. tiuig ( Danneil\
;

Westphal. twich^ twick, G. zwetg. Cognate with Skt. dvt-ka-, consisting of two/
*

Gk.

5t<7(jo$,

double, twofold.

Brugm.
(C.)

11.

166.

Twig

(2), to

comprehend.

Irish
;

tuig-tm, O. Irish tucc-im, I undei stand Gael tuig, to understand. Twilight. (E.) M. E. twilight. The prefix tw i- (A. S. twi-} is lit. 'double' (see twice above) but is heie used rather in the sense of doubtful or between cf. L. dubius, doubtful, from duo, two. -4- G.
;

M. E. twengen, Causal of Iwtngen, str. vb., O. lories, twinga, thwinga (pt. t. twang"), to constrain, O. Sax. bt-thwtngan, Icel. Jnjinga, Du. dwingcn, G. zwingen, O. H.G. dwingan Teut. type *thwenganCf also Lith. twenkti, pt. t. thwang. to be hot, to smart twankas, sultry. (VTWENK.) Der. thong. Twinkle. (E.) A. S. twinelian, to twinkle a frequentative form of twmk, appearing in M. E twtnken, to blink, wink. Again, this is a nasalised form of M. E. see twikken, to twitch (hence to quiver) Tweak. Bavarian zwinkern, frequent,

weak

Twinge,
vb.

mp.
.

(g=J

of zivinken, to blink.

zwieltcht,

M. Du.

tweelicht\ similarly

com-

pounded.

twill,
G.)

The word has

to weave, shewing ribs. (Low reference to a peculiar

twinkling. (E.) M.E. twhikcltng* M. E. twinkelen, the twitching ot an eye. to wink the same word as E. twinkle. Twinter, a beast two yeais old. (E ) A. S. tiui-wmtre, adj., of two years. A.S. t^vi-, double (see twice \ and 7vintcr a winter, a year. Twire, to peep out (E.) In Shak. Son 28. Only recorded in the cognate Bava; t

method

of doubling the warp-threads, or taking two of them together; this gives an appearance of diagonal lines, in textile
fabrics.

rian zwiren, zwteren, to peep (Schmeller), M. H. G. zwieren, to peep out (Schade).

*f[

From Low G.

twillen,

Low

[One

Nares is wrong in citing twire twitter from Chaucer; the true reading is twitreth.

G. twillen, to bifurcate, is allied to Twirl, to turn rapidly round. (E.) It O. H. G. zwinel, twin, and to E. Twin.] stands for thwirl (like twinge for thwinge).

TWIST
Frequentative of A. S. -fiweran, to turn, whence Jrwiril, the handle of a churn. Cognate with G. querlen, quirlen, to twirl, from O. H. G. querl, a twirl ing-stick tweran, dweran, to whirl round, p. The
;

UDDER
' Tybalt, the prince of cats.' In Shak. A. F. Tebald, Tebaud.

- O.

(Low G.)
Sax. the

Thiod-bald,
cat
;

Theobald.

Cf.

Tybert,

in

frequent. form appears also in Du.dwar/en, to twirl, dwarlwind, a whirlwind ; cf.

Tympanum,
ear, roller; the

Reynard the Fox.' the hollow part of the

Low G. dweerwind, a whirlwind. We

find
Icel.
y

&c. (L. L. tympanum, a Gk.) drum, tympanum. Gk. j\>^.ifavov, a drum,

also

same

as rviravov^ a

dmm. -Gk.

from Tifrr-, base of rvrrrtv, to strike. Der. tymfvara, a stirring-stick thwar 2nd grade of Tent *thweran-< as seen pany, Gk. rvpiravias, a dropsy in which the in A. S. -Jnveran. Also E. Fries, dwireln, belly is tightly stretched, as'a drum. dwirlen, to twirl, dwarrel, a whirl, from type. (F.-L.-Gk.) F type (.Sherdweren, to turn ; cf. Gk. ropiivrj, a stirrer wood). L. typum, ace of typus. Gk. (VTWER. TVTTOS, a blow, mark of a blow, stamp, E. tunsten, vb. impress, mark, mould, type, &c. Gk. Twist, vb. (I formed from A. S. twist, sb., a rope 01 rim-, base of TtTrrctj/, to strike. Cf. Skt. twisted cord. A. S. *twis-, double (see tup, tump, to hurt ; allied to Gk. Twine) with suffix -/ (Idg. suffix -to-}. ffTvQtXiftiv, to strike. (^STEU.) Der. The Du. twist, Dan. Swed. tvist, G. zwist, typ-ii, Gk. rvm/evs whence typic-al, &c. mean discord,' which is another sense Typhoon, a violent whirlwind. (Arab. of the same word so also M. E. I wist, Gk.) [Sometimes claimed as a Chinese a twig or fork of a branch; Jcel tvistr, word Chinese meaning a great wind.' the deuce, in card-playing. ta, great fang (in Canton Jung], wind, Twit, to remind of a fault. (E ; whence ta fung, a gale, a typhoon Shortened from M.E atwtten, to reproach, (Williams).] But this seems to be a late A. S. mystification. In old authors the forms A. S. ntuntan, to twit, leproath <rt wit an, to blame, ong. to are tuffon, tuffoon, tiphon, &c. Arab. at, upon Gk. rvtywv, observe, hence to observe what is amiss. tilfan, a liurncane, storrn. better Tu<pa>s, a whirlwind. The close P. This A. S. wit an answers to Goth -iveitan in comp. fra-weitan, to avenge accidental coincidence of these words in allied to Goth cf. weitjan, to obseivc; sense and form is very remarkable, as see Wit (i). Cf. Du. Whitney notes. witan, to know See below. wijten, to repioach, G. ver-iveisen, from Typhus, a kind of fever. (L.-Gk.) Tout, base *weit. L. typhus. Gk. rC^os, smoke, mist; also (</\VEID.) Twitch, to pluck. (E.) M.E twnchen. stupor, esp. if arising fiom fever; typhus palatalised form of M. E twikkcn, A S. fever Gk.Ttu/>ti>, to smoke. stupor-fever. See Tweak. For (VDHEU.) Der. typho-ul* i. e. typhustwit dan, to tweak. the form, cf. A. S. angcl-twiue, piov. E. like, from ?5o?, resemblance. angletwitihi an earthworm (N.E 1).). Tyrant. (F.-L-Gk.) The final / is L. Twitter, vb, (E } Frequentative from added. O. F. tiran, also tyrant. a base twit cf. titter, tattle, and twaddle tyrannum, ace. of tyranmts, a tyrant. all of imitative origin. -f-G. zwit^chem, to Gk. Tvpai'vos, a lord, sovereign, master; Du. kwettcrcn, orig. in a good sense (see Prellwitz). twitter, Bavar. zwitzern Dan. qviddre, Swed. qvtttra. Der. tyrann-y, F. tyranme, Late L. TWO, Twain. (E ) The A S forms tyrannia, Gk. rvpavvia^ sovereignty. shew that the difference between two and Tyro, misspelling of Tiro, q.v. twain was ong. one of gender only. A. S.
;
)
.

'

twegen, masc., two (M. E. tweten, twew* K twatfi] twd, fern., two neut. twd or /;/, two -f- I^ u twet) Icel. tveir, Dan. to, Swed. tva, in, Goth, twai, G. zwei (also
;

TJ.
L.) F. ;K. Cot. As if from ubiqutt^ an ubiquity L. ace. *ubiquitdtem, a being everywhere a coined word. L. ubique, everywhere. L. ubl where ; with suffix -que, allied tc

Ubiquity, omnipresence.
'

'

Irish da* Gael da, do, t/a,Kuss dva, lith. dwi, L. duo (whence F. deux, E. deuce}* Gk. 5uo, Skt. dvau, dva.

zween, masc.')

W.

Cf. also L. &"-, /^^, twice; and the preDer. a- two, i. e. ^ fixes di' 9 dia-, dis-,

tWO

SB IB

tWO.

L. quis, who. Der. ulriquit-ous. Udder. (E.) A.S. uder, an udder 4- M. Du. uder, Du, uijer, Icel./agr (fo]

UGLY
Swed. jufver, jur, Dan. yver\ G. O. H. G. uter; also L. fiber, Gk. oftQap, Skt. udhar, iidhan, an udder. ,Brugm
*jiidr),

UNan umbrella-like inflorescence. L. umbella, a parasol; dimin. of umbra, a shade ; see Umbrage. umber. (F.- Ital. -Lat.) F. ombre, short for terre d* ombre, lit. 'earth of shadow,' a brown earth used for shadowing in paintings. Ital. terra d'ombra, lit. earth of shadow (Torriano). L. terra, earth; de, of ; umbra, shadow.

Umbel,

euter,

(L.)

i.

113-

#/$.
ness.

Ugly,

M. E. ugly, frightful. (Scand.) Icel. uggtigr, fearful, dreadful.

Icel. ugg-r, fear; -/i^r^A. S. -/re, like. Allied to Icel ttgga, to fear. Der. ugli-

Uhlan, Ulan, a lancer. (G. Polish. Pol. ulan, Turkish.) G. uhlan, a lancer. a lancer. Borrowed from Turk, ogldn, also Of Tatar origin. olan, a youth, lad. Ukase, an edict. (F. Russ.) F. ukase. Russ. ukaz an edict ; cf. ukazate, to Russ. //-, indicate, shew, order, prescribe.
1

(F. F. umbilical, adj., from umbilic, navel (Cot.). L. umbillcum, ace. of umL.)

Umbilical, pertaining to the navel.

M.

bilicus, navel, middle, centre.-f-Gk. dptya-

\6s,

navel
(i).

cf.

Skt. ndbht-, navel

i.

see

Nave
L)

Brugm.
*

467.
;

Properly shadow ; hence, shadow to shew, Ch. Slav, kazati. or suspicion of injury. F. ombrage, umBrugm. i. F. ombre, 163 (note), 616. brage, shade, also suspicion. Ulcer, a dangerous sore. CF. L.) F. shadow (with suffix -age< L. -aficuni). ztlcere. L. ulcer-, for *ulces-, stem of L. umbra, shadow. umbrella. (Ital. L.) Ital. umbrella, ulcus, a sore.+Gk. ?AKOS, a wound, sore ; Skt. arfas, hemorrhoids. ombrella, a parasol ; dimin. of Ital. ombra, Ullage, the unfilled part of a cask. a shade. L. umbra, a shade. L.) 'Ullage of a cask, that which (Prov. Umpire. (F. L.) For numpire, the it wants of being full;' Mod. old form of the word M. E. nompere, Phillips. Prov. ulhage ; O. F. ouillage, eullage, noumpere, also nounpere, novnpier, P. a filling up Mod. Prov. ulha ; O. F. Plowman, B. v. 337. O. F. nomper, later earliest omlher, eullier, to fill a cask up to the nompair, peerless, odd (Cot.)
prefix, allied to Skt. ova,

Umbrage, shade of trees

'

offence.

(F.

away,

off

kazate,

Ootgrave spells it oeiller, and the foim nonper (Roquefort). L. non, not; sb. as oeillage. The Late L. type of the parem, ace. of par, equal. Used, like L. vb. is *oculare, i. e. to fill up to the oculus, impar, in the sense of arbitrator the eye, orifice. We also find O. F. aowllier, lit. sense is unequal, odd, hence a third
bung.
;

as

if

for *adoculajc.

man

called in to arbitrate, a 'non-peer.'

Ulterior,
further;

further.

comp.

L. ulterior, (L.) of O. L. ulter, adj.

See K"on- and Peer.

Prefixed to (E.) (i), neg. prefix. and ad vs. (Distinct from unA. S. un-, neg. prefix. -f-Du. (2) belovv.^ on-, Icel. $-, /?-, Dan. -, Swed. o-, Goth.
sbs
,

Un-

(L.) L. ultimatus, L. ultipp. of ttltimare, to be at the last.

Ultimate, furthest.
;

adjs.,

un-, G. un-, W. an-, L. in-, Gk. av-, d-, ultra-, beyond. (L ) L. ultra, beyond, Zend, an-, a-, Skt. an-, a-. Readily preadv. and prep. Allied to O Lat. ul-s, fixed to a large number of woids; a few of these, such as un-couth, of which the bevond, ollus, that one. ultramarine, beyond sea; as sb., simple form is not used, will be found sky-blue. (Span.~L.) Sp&n.ultramanno, below. Un- (2), verbal prefix, expressing the beyond sea also a blue colour. L. ultra, beyond mar-e, sea and suffix -/>*//r see reversal of an action. (E.) Quite distinct from un- (i) above only used with verbs. Marine. ultramontane, beyond the Alps. (F. Thus to tin-lock = to reverse locking, to F. ultramontain. Ital. Ital. open that which was closed by L.) locking. oltramontano. \-,. ultra, beyond; mont- A. S. wi-.-f Dn. ont-, G. ent-, O. H. G. ant-,
;

mus, last ul-ti-mus being a double supeil. form from the base ///- see ultra-.

em
see

ace.,

a mountain

with

suffix

-anus

Tramontane and Mountain.

beyond the world.
;

ultramundane,
(L.)

L. ultra, beyond munddnus, worldly, from mundus, world ; see Mun-

Goth, and- (as in and-bindan, to unbind). Precisely the same as E. an- in an-swer, A. S. and-, Gk. &vn- ; see Anti-. U In the case of past participles, the prefix is

ambiguous

dane.

mean

not

thus un-bound may bound/ with prefix un-

either
(i), or

UNmay mean undone

* '

UNIT
take upon oneself, M. E. underScand.) taken, compounded of under and M. E. Der. undertak-er, lit. taken, to take. one who takes a business in hand ; Oth. iv. i. 224. Undulate, to wave. (L.) From pp. of L tmdulare, to fluctuate. L. *undula, dimin. of unda, a wave. Allied toWater; attempt.
(E.

un-

or released, with prefix

(E.)

Undertake,

to

(2).
(3),

and

Untin-til,

which

prefix. see.

Only

in un-to,

Unaneled, without having received extreme unction. (E. anctL.-Gk.) In Hamlet, i. 5. 7 7. Lit. un-on-oiled.' - A. S. un-, not; M. E. an-eled, from an (for A. S. on) and eled, pp. of M. E. elien, to oil. oil, vb., from tie, sb The A. S. ele, oil, is borrowed from L. oleum. Gk.
;

cf. Skt. udan, water, tind, to wet, Lith. ivandu, water, Russ. voda, water. Brugm.
i.

oil

see Oil.

102, 594.

Unanimous,
Uncial,

of one mind.
;

(L.)

L.

unanim-us, of one mind with suffix -ous. - L. un-us, one (see One) animus, mind.
;

Uneath,
Obsolete.

M. E. une}e. A. S.
;

scarcely, with difficulty. (E.) uneatie, adv.,

;

laige, applied to letters. (L.) L. uncidlis, adj. fiom uncia, inch; bee Inch. (Fiom the large size of the letters )

Uncle.
;

(F.

- L.) M.

E. uncle.

- A.
'

uncle F. onc!e.lL. auunculum, autmculus, a mother's brother, lit. little dimin. of aims, a grandgrandfather
'

F. ace. of

uneade, difficult. A. S. un-, not the orig. sense being waste, empty, hence easy to occupy. Cf. O. Sax. G. ode, waste, deserted, Icel. 061, easy audr, empty, Goth, atiths, authis, desert, waste, But some dissociate A. S. O. Sax. <?dV, from the rest.
adj.

from

eade, eafi, easy

Ungainly,
E. prefix

awkward.
suffix.}

(Scand.

with
A.
S.

father.

and

Uncouth.
known
not
; ;

(E.)

A.

S. uncuti, orig.

un-

-ty to

M.E

Formed by adding

ungein, inconvenient.

A. S. -, hence, strange, odd. and alti, known, pp. of cnnnan, to

un-, not ; Icel. gegn, ready, serviceable, convenient, allied to gegna, to meet, suit,

know.

See Can.
'

gegn, against, and to E. Again.

o-gegn. ungainly.

Cf. Icel.

Unction.

(F.

L.)

F.

onction.

tinctionem, ace. of tuutio, an anointing L. unct-tts, pp. of tingere, to anoint. Der. unctu-ous^ Late L. unctti-osus. Brugm. i.
398.

guentum, ointment.
j

See Unguent.
beneath.
Icel.

A.S. under. (E.) undir, Dan. Swed. undei , Goth, undar, G. unter, under. Common as a prefix. Brugm. i. 446, ii. 75. Undern, a certain period of the day.

Under,

Dn. onder,

ointment. L. un(L) L. unguent-, stem of pres. pt. of tingere, to anoint. 4" ^kt. anj, to smear. Brugm. i. 398. Unicorn. (F. L.) M.F. unicornt, a fabulous one-horned animal. L. limcorL. nem, ace. of unicorn Js, one-horned.

Unguent,

tint-, for

a horn.

iinus, one (see One) See Horn.

commit,

(E ) The time denoted differed at different uniform, adj. (F. L.) F. uniforms. L. fimformem, ace. of uniformis, havThe A. S. undern meant the periods. L. uni- t for iinus, one ; third hour, about 9 a m. later, it meant ing one form. about noon and, still later, the after- form- a, form ; see union ( concord. (F. L.) F. union. noon, in which sense it survives in prov. E. L. ace. iinionem, oneness., L. ?/;-, for aztnder, aamtorn, omdorns, doundrtns, &c.4-Icel. tendorn,Q.ll.G. untorn, Goth. iinus, one.
;

Form

undaurm-', the lit. sense being intervening or middle period.' Peihaps fiom A. S.
tinder,
\vith the sense

'

union

(2),alargepeail. (F.
;

L.)

The

'among*

or

be-

same word as the above the L. umo means oneness, also a single pearl of a
large size, also a kind of onion. unique. (F. - L.) F. unique, single. L. unicurn, ace. of ftnicus, single. L. ilni- t for iinus, one. unison, concord. (F. L.) Y.unisson, L. iinisonum, ace. of unisonus, having L. a like sound. ///-, for iinus, one ; sonus. sound ; see Sound (3).

G. unter. Cf L. intermix, from L. inter. Kluge explains not it as equivalent to A. S. un-dyrne, dark/ hence dawn.* (But dyrne usually means 'not manifest.') Sec Eng. Stud. tween/ inward
like
;

'

Understand. (E.) KS.understandan,

lit.

to stand under or

among, hence,

to

com-

prehend (like L. intel-ligere}. under; standan, to stand.

A. S. under,

unit.

L ) Formed by
*

dropping

the final -y of unity.

Unit> Unite, or

583

UNITE
figure, or

URINE
braid, to weave ; so that -braid in up- braid is the usual verb braid, used in a special sense. So also Dan. le-breide (lit. be-braid),
to upbraid.

Unity, in arithmetic, the first significant number I,' &c., Phillips; see

Unity.

unite.
to unite.

(L.)

L. iinitus, pp. of untre,

L.)

unus, one.

unity, oneness. (F. M.F. unite (unite*}.

of unitas, unity. L. cognate with One.

M.E.

unitee.

Upholsterer. (E.) Lengthened from upholster, for uphold-ster, another form of

upholder, which was formeily used of a dealer in furniture ht. one who holds tip
;

iini-, for iinus,

L. umtatem, ace. one,

for sale.

F. universe! L.) (F L. uniuersalis, belonging L. iiniuersui, turned into L. uni-, one, combined into a whole. for unus, one uersus, pp. of uertere, to Der. univers-ity, F turn ; see Verse. university from L. ace. iiniuersitatem. niliVOCal, having but one meaning. From L. jiniuot-ns, univocal with (I..) suffix -alis. L. uni-, for fmtis, one uoc-, allied touox, voice, sense see Voice
(Latinised). to the whole
;
;

Universal.

Upon.

upp, up, up

A. S. lippon, upon. (E.) Icel. upp d, on, on. ;

A.

S.
;

upon

Swed./#, Dan. paa (teduced forms).

Uproar,
4

tumult.
'

(Du.)

The

spelling
;

shews confusion with E. roar. Hexham. uprore, tumult ;

Du. oproer, Du. op, up

so that oproer

roeren, to excite,

commotion. -f-Low G. appSwed. uppror, Dan. upror* G. aufruhr. p. The verb is Du. roeren, Swed. rora, Dan. rore, G. ruhren, A. S.
stirring up,
;

=a

stir,

move

ro r (Danneil)

for uncemban, to comb; formed (by vowel-change of a to e] from See Comb. canib, a comb.

Unkempt,

i-

e.

uncombed

kemfrd.

fcrom

S.

hreran, to A.S. hreian

stir
is

see

Heremouse.

The

from hror,
(E.)

adj., active, busy.

and down.
so-doun,
to
start
i.

Upside down.
e.
'

From

up, side,

on

not, except. (E.) Formerly the phrase on lesse that, i e. in less than, on a less supposition than. Thus un- here stands for on. See
les,

Unless,
on

if

But the M. E, form was upup as it were down.'

sb.

lesse, in

On
;

From upstart, vb., (E.) Spenser, F. Q. i. i. 16 ; Chaucer, C. T., A. 1080. See Start.,

Upstart,

up;

and Less.

(K disregarding restraint. ami F. L.) From un-, prefix, and rule with suffix -y a coined word. See Rule. Fabyan has unruled.
;

Unruly,

Until. (E.) The same word as below, with the substitution of North E. ^and Scand.) ///, to, for E. to. See Till. unto, even to. (JO M. E. unto (not in A. S.;. For und-to\ where to is the usual E. prep and und is the (). Fries tind, out, Goth, und, O Sax. und, unto, whence O. Sax. un-to, unto. A related * anth\ is common in A. S form od cf. also A. S. and-, prefix, for which sec
,

see Tip and -ward, suffix. ; courteous. (L.) L. urbdnus, L. wb-s, a city. belonging to a city. Der. urban, doublet of urbane urbani-ty, F. urbanitt, fiom L. ace. urbamtatem, courteousness. Urchin, a hedgehog, goblin, imp, small

Upwards

Urbane,

child. ^F. L.) Ong. hedgehog; hence, goblin, imp, small child (Tempest, i. 2. 326) it being supposed that some imps took a hedgehog's shape. Walloon urcchon, irchon uSigart) Norm. dial. hfriihon\
;
;

Un-

(2).

Up.
adv. -f

(E.)

M.

E. vp, up
y

S. ftp,

upp,

henihon C).F. ire^on, erifon, hensson, a hedgehog formed with suffix -on (~L.-(Jnew) from L. ericius, a hedgehog, lengthened form of er (gen. eti-s^, a hedgehog -f*Gk. x^p, hedgehog cf. x a fO. North.
F.
;
;
;

Du.

op, Icel. upp,

upp, Goth. iup Allied to Over

G.
;

Dan. op, Swed. auf, O. H. G. ///.

i

dvo-tiv, to scratch.

Upas,

ab-ove. the poison-tree of Java, (Malay,

cf.
;

Ure, practise, use. (F. L.> Obsolete, except in in-ure, tnan-ure (Distinct from ( ). F. use.} cure, uevte, ovrc, work, action.
L. opera,

E T>/Upbraid, to reproach. (E.) A. S. up, up, upon, breiden, to reproach. on bregdan, to braid, weave, also to lay hold of, seize. The orig. sense seems to have been to lay hold of, hence to attack, The A. S. bregdan, also = E. accuse, &c.
;

Malay Upas, a poisonous juice upas, poison-tree (puhun =* tree").

puhun

work

sec

Operate.
Der.
;

Urge. (IO

L. utgcre, to urge, drive.

Allied to Wreak. iV \YERG.) urg-ent, from stem of pres. part.

Urim.
Urine.

ot fir, light.

(Heb.) See

Heb
)
;

urim, lights

pi.

- L. (F.

Thummim.
F. urine.

- L.

urina.
;

f-Gk. ovpov, urine

Skt. vari, var, water

584

URN
Icel. ur, drizzling rain ; Icel. ' war, sea. Orig. water.'

VACCINATE
ver,

A.

S.

tilist

from the stem of

Cf.

pres. pt. of w/f, to

use.

Urn. (F. - L.) M.

L. urna, urn.

Use

E. urne.
;

- F.

(i).

urne.
:

Uterine,
the

born of the same mother by a

For *urc-na cf. urc-eus a pitcher. Brugm. i. 756, Us. (E.) A. S. its, dat. pi. of we, we T ?7j, usic, ace. pi. of .-f Du. ens, Icel. aw, Swed. AM, Dan. os, G. wwj Goth, tins, unsis, dat. and ace. pi. Teut. base *uns-. Cf. L. nos, Skt. <w also Gk. j}/4as, Skt. asmdn, us. Brugm i. 437 (2) ii. 436. Use (i), sb. (F.-L.) M.E. *r, vs. -

different father.

womb, borne

(F.-L,) M. F./<fw,'of of one mother Cot. L.

'

m
;

L. uterus, uterinus, born of one mother. womb. Cf. Gk, vortpa, womb. Brugm. i. 7o6. Utilise. (F. L.) F. uiihser, a modern

word coined from

;

util-e, useful,

-tser

(Gk.

-*

').

L. utihs, useful.
(i).

with suffix L. uti,

to use.

Cf.

Use

O.F,#j,use, usage. L. umm, ace. ofiisus, use. L. 7^?/j, pp. of iitt, to use. Der. ust vb., F. w^r, Late L. mare, frequent.
,

Utility. (F. L. ) F. utility - L. ace. iitihtatem, from nom. uttlttas, usefulness.

L. utih-s, useful.

L
M.

w/f, to use.
;

Utas. A. S. use; &c. iite-m-est, double superl. form, from ///, Use (2), profit, benefit. (F.-L.) When out. Doublet of outmost. See Out use is employed, legally, in the sense of Utopian. (Gk.) An adj due to Sir T. ore's description of Utopia, an imaginaiy benefit,' it is a modernised spelling of the Gk. ov, not; Anglo-F. form of the Lat. opus, employ- island, situate nowhere. ment, need. We find the Anglo-F. spell- Towoy, a place see Topic. Utter, outer. (E.) M.K. utter. A.S. ings oes, oeps, noes O. F. oes, etis, ties. K ittteia, which occurs as well as utera both Usher, a door-keeper. (F. L.) A. F. w> ser (). ussier, are compaiative forms of /, out see Out. uschere, ussher. cf. G. aussern, vb fiom an usher, or door- Der. utter, vb. uissicr, later hititsier, also A. S. ut-ian^ to put L. ostiariuw ace. of osti- ansser, outer Cot. keeper anu$,& door-keeper. L. oslntm, a door. out, fiom ut, out. mouth see Oral. Extended from L Utterance (i), an uttering. (E. with
;
;

of L. utt t to use us-age, F. -usage nsu~af, L. usualis, adj., from of z^wj , j//-, stem
1

Utis,

festival

merriment

see

Utmost.

(K.)

E. outemest.

'

'

Usquebaugh.

(lush.)
;

Irish

uisge

F. suffix.}

Fiom

the verb to utter,

M.

E.

Irish msge, beatha, usquebaugh, whisky. water (see "Whisky) beatha, life, O. Ir. bethu, allied to Gk. fiios, life. Brugm. i.

outren

formed from M. K. outer, utter; com par. of A. S. ut, out. See Out. Utterance (2), extremity. In Shak.
;

L.)

F u* urper. I usurpare, to employ, also, to usurp, p. Clearly deacquire rived from us-us, use, but the rest of the
. ,
;

Usurp,

8p, 368. to seize to one's

(F.

L.)

F.

own

use.

(F.

outre,

beyond.

outrange, extremity. L, ultra, beyond;

F.
see

Ultra-.

word

is obscure; Brugmann (ii. 4) suggests itsu- and rapere, to seize to one's

Uvula. (L.) Late L. uvula, dimin. of L. iiua, a giape, a cluster, also the uvula. +LHh. uga, a beny. Brugm. i. 223 (2).
excessively fond of a wife. L. ttxori-ns, fond of a wife ; with suffix -cus. L. tixor-, stem of uxor, a wife.

Uxorious,

own

use.

E. usury e, usu re. L.) (F. F. usutt, usury, the occupation of a L. usura, use, enjoyment, inteiest, thing. L. tis-i4s, pp. of /f, to use usury. Ut, the first note of the musical scale. L. ut. See Gamut. (L/) Utas, the octave of a feast. (F. L)

USUry.

(L.)

V.
In Middle -English, v is commonly written as u in the MSS. ; conversely, v is put for u in a few words, chiefly vp, vnder, vnto, vs, vse, and the prefix vn-. Vacation. (F.-L.) F. vacation. L. ace uacattonenit leisuie. L. ttacatus, pp. of uatdre, to be empty or at leisure, Cf.

V.

Ufas is for utaves, an A. F. word corresponding to O F. oitattveij pi. of oitauve^

octave,

L octaua (dits^, day. L. eighth day; fern, of octamts, eighth. odd, eight'. See Octave. Utensil. (F.-L.) M. F. utensile, sb.
eighth

L. iitensihs, adj., fit for use; whence utemilia, neut. pi., utensils. For *utent~

as if from L. IMCpp. oi *vaccindre, to inoculate. ) belonging to cows. L. uacca, a

uatutts, W. gwag, empty. Vaccinate. (L.) Coined

585

VACILLATION
cow- 4. Skt. vafd, a cow. about 1798.

VALLEY
First used

strong

Vacillation. (F.-L.)
1 ;

F. vacillation,

' L. uacilldCot. a reeling, staggering tidnem, ace. of uacilldtio, a reeling, waverL. uacilldtus, pp. of uacilldre, to ing. Cf. Skt. vahk, to go toituously, reel. vakra- bent. Vacuum. (L.") L. uacitum, an empty L. uacdre, space neut. of uacuus, empty.
,
;

see Valid. ^[ Johnson derives it from Valentia in Spain, which is also famous for silks. Vale, a valley. (F. -L.) M. E. vaL ;

F. val.

lu.

uallem, ace. of uallis, valley.

Valediction, a farewell. (L) Formed

from L. ualedictus, pp. of ualedicere, to
dicere, to say farewell. L. uale, farewell is the p. L. uale, lit. *be strong,' say. 2 p. s. imp. of ualere, to be strong.
;

to

to fade. (Du.-F.-L.) M. Du. ' ' F. fader, vadden, to fade Hexham. to fade see Fade.

be empty

see

Vacation.

Vade,
;

-O

Valentine. (F.-L.) Named from St. Valentines day, Feb. I4--F. Valentin. L. ualent-, stem of pres. L. Valentinus. be strong. pt. of ualere, to
valerian.
valerian valerian.
strong.
;

Vagabond.
strolling about.

(F.

vagabond;' Cot.
with
suffix

L ) F. vagabond, a L. uagabundus, adj., L. uagd-ri, to wander;

'

(F.

M. F. valeriane,

-bundus.
(L-)

a flower. Late L. ualeriana, r Fern, of } aleridnus, prob. a to be personal name; from L. nalcre,

F. orig. used as a verb ; [cf. Stanyhurst) L vaguer, 'to wander, vagary;' Cot.]
;

vagary.

Also vagare (trisyllabic;

uagdri, to wander

see

Vague.

Vagrant.
a vagrant
;

(F. O. F.

A. F. wakerant, wahrant, wandering,

G.)
;

M. G. wander. walgern, to walk about allied to E. Walk, f" Confused with L. from uagari, to wander, but not derived See Phil. Soc. Trans., 1885, *888, 1889. it. Vague, unsettled (F. L ) F. vague, L. uagus, wandering ; vaguer, to wander wandering whence uagdri, to wander. Vail (i), the same as Veil. Vail (2), to lower. (F.-L.) From O. F. avaler, to let fall down. -F. aval, downward. L. ad uaHem, to the valley. Vail v3), a gift to a servant. (F. L.) headless form of avail, sb., in the sense of profit, help (^Palsgrave). l<rom Avail ,vb.
to pres. pt. of ivalcrer,

welkern,

M. H.

L ttaletiidinarius, sickly. dinaire, sickly. L. ualetudin-, stem of ualZtudo, health (good or bad). L. uale-re, to be strong. Valhalla, the hall of the slain. (Scand.) Icel. valholl (gen. valhallar}, lit. the hall Icel. vair, the slain, of the slain. slaughter holl, hall, a hall see Hall.
;

Valet. (F. - C.) F. valet, a groom The same word as Varlet, q. v. Cot. Valetudinary. (F.L.) M.F. valetu'
'

Valiant,
valiant
;

brave

(F.

L)
pres.

O. F. vailant,

Y.vaillant, pt. of F.

valoir, to profit.

L. ualere, to be strong.
strong.

valid, having force. (F.-L.) Y.valide.

L.
ualidus,

L. ualere, to be
(F.
Ital.)

strong.

Valise,
F. valise,

a travelling-bag.

Vain.
ace.

(F.

L.)

F.vain.

lfUanum,

of uanus, empty, vain.

(3).

Bmgm.

i.

414
1

a kind of fui. (F.-L.) F. vair, ' L narius, variegated. Cot. a rich fur Der. vair~y (in heraldry), from M. Y.vatrj, Cot. diversified with argent and azure

Vair,

'

'

Hence meni-ver (vair.'

F.

menu

vair},

little

'a male [mail], wallet;' Cot. Ital. vahgia\ corrupted in German Diez to felleisen. p. Etym. unknown supposes it to be founded on L. uidulus, a leathern travelling-trunk. Devic suggests Pers. walichah, a large sack, or Arab. wait hat, a corn-sack. of the Valkyrie, Valkyria, one handmaidens of Odin. (Scand.) Icel. Valkyrja, a goddess lit. chooser of the Icel. val, ace. of vair, the slain slain.'
; '

a fringe of drapery, now applied to a part of the bed-hangings (F.-L) Ch.iucer has 'a litel kerchief of valence'-, Assembly of Fpules, 272 I'rob. named from Valence in France, near Lyons (still famous for silks). -L. Valentia, a name given to several towns, evidently \ from the name Valens, lit. * strong.' L. From ualent-, stem of pres. pt. of ualere, to be

Valance,

(A.S. west]', -kyrja, f., a chooser, from kur- (<*?/j-), weak grade of kjosa, to choose, cognate with E. choose.
O. F. vaiee (F. valtte}, a valley parallel to Ital. valldta, a valley, which appeals formed like a valley.' to mean, literally, Formed with suffix -ce (< L. -ata\ from F. val, a vale, representing L. uallem, ace. of uallis, a vale.
; *

Valley. (F.-L.) M.E.vaIe,vaIeie.-

586

VALOUR
Valour. (F.L.)
I

VARLET
Vane,

valeur,

O. F. valor, valur, a weather-cock. (E.) Southern L. ualorem, form ; formerly also fane. A. S. fana, a value, worthiness. ace. of ualor, worth. L. uatere, to be small flag.+Du. vaan, Icel. fani, Dan. strong, to be worth. fane, Swed. Goth, fana, G.fahne. Tent, value. (F.-L.) M.F. value", fern, type *fanon-, m. Orig. a bit of cloth; 'value;* Cot. Fern, of valu, pp. otvaloir, allied to L. pannus, a cloth ; see Fane. to be worth. L. ualere, to be worth. see (i). Valve. (F. L) valve, 'a foulding, Vanilla, a plant. (Span.-L.) Span. ' or two-leafed door, or window ; Cot. vainilla, a small pod, or capsule (which

Vanguard;

Van

L. uatua, sing, of uatua, the leaves of a Allied to- L. uoluere, to folding-door. revolve ; see Voluble. the fore-arm. (F. L ) The word simply means * fore-arm. 1 It is short for avantitrace. M. F. avant-brai, 'a vambrace, armour for an arm ; also, the part of the arm which extends from the elbow to the ' wrist ; Cotgrave. (The latter is the orig. F. avant, before ; bras^ the arm. sense.) L. ab ante, from before, in front ; brachium, arm (the pi. of which gave O. F.
brace,

Vambrace, Vantbrace,

armour

for

arm;

see Scheler).

See

Van

and

Vamp,
i.

^f Similarly,

armour

(i) for the

upper part of the arm was called a

brace,
e. rear- brace.

rere-

Vamp, the fore-part of a shoe. (F. L.) Short for M. E. vampay, also vaumpe, a vamp. M. F. avant-pied, the part of the F. avant, foot that's next to the toes.'
'

before

Servian ) F. vamServian vampir, a G. vampyr. pire. blood-sucker, a supposed ghost that sucked men's blood. Prob. of Turkish origin ; cf. N. Turk. uber a witch (Miklosich). Vamplate, an iron plate protecting a lance. (F. L.) From F. avant, in front,

pedem,

pied (A. F. pee}, ace. vipes, foot.

(F.

foot,

from L.

M. E. vanissen, L.) evanisshen. Derived *vanir9 with pres. pt. verb is only recorded as A. F. evanir, O. F. esvanir, esvanuir ; but we find O. F. esvanuir and vanutr. Cf. Ital. svanire, to vanish (where s = L. Late L. type *exvantre, for L. ex] L. <?, out, away ; uanescere, fuanescere. to vanish, lit. to become empty, from L. uanus, empty. See Vain. - L.) F. - L. vanity. (F. vanitf. udnitatem, ace. of uanitas^ emptiness. L. udnus, vain, empty. Vanquish. (F. L.) M. E. venkisen, A. F. venquis-, O. F. veinvenquishen. quiss-, stem of j>res. pt. of A. F. venqttir, veinquir, occurring as a collateral form L. of veincre, to conquer (F. vaincre).
; ;

is the orig. sense). a scabbard, a pod. sheath, pod. Vanish. (F. also vanisshen from an O. F. vb. The *vanissant.

Dimin. of Span,

vatifa,

L. ttagTna, scabbard,

uincere, to conquer.

Vampire.

G.

Vantage.
avantage
flat,
;

Brugm. i. (F.-L.) Short

(L.
)

367.
for

M.

E.

see

Advantage.
L. uapidus, stale,

Vapid, insipid.
said of
;

fore

and plate.

Van (i), the front

'

See Vambrace. of an army. (F.

L.)

wine ; cf. L. uappa, vapid or palled wine wine that has emitted its vapour or strength. Allied to uapor (below). vapour, mist. (F.-L.) F vapeur. L. uaporem, ace. of uapor, vapour, -f- Gk. tcaTtvos, smoke. Brugm i. 193.

Short for van-guard, which stands for O. F. avant-warde, M. E. vantwarde. the vanguai d of an later avant-garde, O. F. F. avant, before Cot. army warde, a guard ; see Advance and Guard
'

Varicose, permanently
vein.
(L.)
:

of uarix,
oiigin
cf.

dilated, as a L. uari(dsus.~\., uaric-, stem a dilated vein ; of uncertain

L. uarus, a blotch, pimple.

or

Ward.
(F.
ace.

gare
L.) F. van, a fan. of ttanmis, a fan.

Van (2), a fan.

L.

uannum,

Doublet, fan.
a covered waggon for goods. Short for caravan, like bus See Caravan. for omnibus. Vandal, a barbarian. (L. Teut.) One of the tribe of Vandali (Pliny); answering to A.S. Wendlas, pi. (from Wendil-}. Cf. loci. Vendill (also Vandilt}^ proper name.
(F.
Pers.)

L. to make of various colours, t uartO',foTuarius, of divers colours; -igdre, due to agere, to drive, to make. various. (L.) L. uari-us, variegated,
diverse, manifold
;

Variegate. (L ) From pp. of L. uarie-

Van (3),

with

varie-ty,

M. F.

varieti,

suffix -ous. Der. from L. ace. uarie-

tatem, variety. Varlet. (F.

C.)

M.
1

F. varlet,

groom,

older Cot. stripling, youth; spelling was vaslet, dimin. of O. F. vasaJ, The suevassal, a vassal; see Vassal.

An

587

VARNISH
cessive spellings were vaslet, varlet, valid,
valet.

VEHICLE
for uoltitus, pp. of uoluere, to roll, turn '

round.

Thus a vault meant a

bowed

Varnish.
Cot.
verniz,

(F.)

F. verms, 'varnish;'
Ital.

Cognate with

vernice,
;

Port.

roof, hence a chamber with bowed roof, a cellar which has an arched roof.

Late L. Span, berniz, vainish vernicium, vernix, bernix. Origin un-

known.

Perhaps from M. Gk.

pepviicr)

see Schade, p. 1439. Vary. (F. I ,.) F. vaner. to vaiy. L. uanus, various.

L. uariare,

Vascular.
small vessel
;

(L.

double

From L. ua$cutuin,a. dimm of uas ^ below).

L. L.) F. vase, a vessel. (F. uasum, allied to uas, a vessel. Allied to Skt vasana-, a receptacle, cover.

vase.

Cot. - M. F. volte, a round, turn, tumbler's gambol. the same word Ital. volta, a sudden turn See Volute. as volta, a vault (above). Vaunt. (F. L.) F. se vanter,^ to Late L. vdnitare, to speak vanity, boast. to flatter oneself). flatter (F. se vanter A frequentative form from uanus, vain
L.)

vault (a), to bound, leap.

M.
F. volter,
<

(F.

Ital.

to vault

'

see

Vain.

a dependant. (F. C.) M. E. vassal. F. vassal, a vassall, subject, tenant ;' Cot. The Celtic sense is 'servant '; Low L. uassallus extended from Low L. O. Bret, uuas, uassus, uasus a servant. Bret, gwaz, a servant, vassal ; W., Corn.

Vassal,

'

of the second rank. Low L. vassus C.) A. F. vavasour. vassorum, vassal of vassals; see Vassal. another spelling of vanwatd or vanguard; see Van (i). Veal. (F.-IO O. F. veel, a calf.-L.

Vavasour, a vassal

(F.

Vaward,
t

gwas, youth, servant

type *wassos.

O. Irish foss.

Celtic

Vast.

(F.

L")

vastc.

uastus,
(IL.}

ut(elh4m a,o&. rtuitellus, dimin.of uitulus, a calf.-f*Gk. ira\6s a calf cf. Skt. vatsa-, a calf, properly a yearling,' from Skt. vatsa-, Gk. C'TOS, a year. Allied to Wether and
t

'

vast, great, of large extent. a laige vessel loi

Veteran.
liquors.

Vat,

Veda,
Wit.
(F

knowledge

one of the ancient

)

E. vat (Southern) also/a/ (Noithern). A.S.ftet, a vessel, cask, -f" Dn. vat, Icel. Tent, fat, Dan.//;/, Swed./*/, G. /ass. Lit. 'that which contype *fatom, n. tains cf. E. Yr\Q$.faten, O. Fries, fatia,
; '

M.

sncred bkt. books.

(Skt

Skt. veda-,

lit.

knowledge.

Skt. vid, to

know

allied to

Vedette, Vidette, a cavalry sentinel. L M. F. vedette, a sentinel. Ital.

.

vatten, to catch, contain, G. fassen, to seize, contain.

Du.

Vaticinate,

to foretell.

(L

From

vedetta, a horse-sentry formerly a Ital. vedcre, to see. L. uiwatch-tower. dcre, to see ; see Vision.
Ital.
;

L. uattcindtus, pp of udticinarJ, to proL. uattun-us, prophetic. L. udphesy. a for nates, ti-j prophet, allied to

Wood

(2)

-iin-,

from can-ere, to

sing,

proclaim (Breal).

Vaudeville. (F.; F. vaudeville, orig. a country ballad so tearmed ot Vaudevire, a Norman town, wherein Olivier Bassel [or BasselinJ, the first inventer of Basselm was a Northem, lived;' Cot.
'
;

Veer. (F. L. 9 F. vircr, to turn, veer. Said to be derived ftom \*,.gyrdre, to turn lound (see Gyrate), but influenced by L. uiriola, dimin. oiuirta (only in pi. /r*V?), an armlet, large ring. Allied to Environ. ' Cf. also M. vtrolet, a boy's wind-mill Cot. (Doubtful.)
)

'

Vegetable. (F.-L.^ M.F.

*

vegetable,

man

were named Val de Vire\

Bayeux.
L.)

poet (died ah. 1418;, whose songs after his native valley, the Vire is in Normandy, S. of
(i),

vegetable, fit or able to live,' Cot. This is the old sense. L. itegetabihs, full of L. uegetdrc, to quicken, life, animating. enliven. L. uegetus, lively. L. uegere, to quicken, arouse. Allied to Vigour. Der.
adj.,

Vault

an arched roof, cellar. (F. For vaut the / was pedantically in;

voute, vowte, vawte, vaute. M. F. voute (also voulte, with inserted /), * a vault, arch, a vaulted roof Cot. O. F. volte, a vault (whence the later form voute, this is the fern, of O. F. mod. F. voute] volt^ vaulted, lit. bent, bowed, the same as Ital. volta. Late L. *voltus t substituted
serted.
' ; ;

M. E

vegetation (Cot.). L.) M. F. vehement (Cot.). L. uehement-, stem of out of one's lit. uehemens, passionate mind.' p. Uehe- has been explained as equivalent to ue-, 'apart from,' as in u?cf. Skt. vahis, apart, tor cors, senseless mens, mind, see Mental. Vehicle. (L.) L. uehuulum, a carL. uehcre, to carry, convey. -f-Skt. riage.

vegetat~ion,

M.F.

Vehement, passionate, (F.

4

588

VEIL
vah,
to
carry.
sb.

VENTAIL
Weigh, and
i.

Allied to
)

Wain.
Veil,
voile.

(VWEGH (F

Brugm.
O. F.
;

128.

Cot. O. F. vener, to venerie, hunting ; hunt. L. uendrl, to hunt; see Venison.

'

'

L.)

veile, latei

L. uelum, a

sail

also a cloth.

Venesection, blood-letting. (L.) L. uence> of a vein, gen. of uena ; and section.

> or *uexlum *uecslum ; cf. uexillum, a See Vein and Section. standard. Lit. 'propeller' of a ship; Venue, Veney, (0 a turn fiom uehere, to cairy along. Brugm. i. or bout or thiust in fencing (2) a locality. 883. (F. -L.) M. F. venue, a coming, a venny Vein. (F.-L.) F. veine.-\.. uena, a in fencing, turn, trick ;' Cot. Lit. a coming, vein. For *ue<sna. Lit. 'conveyer' of home-thiust fern, ofvenu, pp. vfvenir, to the blood. L. uehere, to carry. Brugm. n. come. L. uentre, to come see Venture. 66. 2. As a law-term, venue is the same Vellum. ( F. - L ) M. E. velim. - O. F. word, and signifies a place of arrival, vehn (F. vthn} cf. Late L. Appaiently confused by vitunmum, locality. pe llis vitulma, vellum, calf's skin. L. Blackstone with O. F. vtsn4 vicinity (a See derivative of L. uufnus, near). uttultnus, adj., from tntulm, a calf.

Venew,

'

Veal.

Velocity. (F.-L.)
ness.

MF
.

veto,.

1(, b

Vengeance.
i

(F -L.)

ft-

'

'

vengeance

Cot.

F. vengeance, F. venger, to avenge.

L. ueldit~, L. mndicare\ see Vindicate. L. ace uclocitcitem. stem of tteldjc, swift. Allied to VolaVenial. (F. - L.) O.F. venial. -L. tile. Der. veloii-pede, lit. swift-foot, ucmdhs, pardonable. L uenia, pardon ; Allied to venereal. coined from L ueloci- ^above), and L. also grace, favour. Venison. (F. L.) \\.1L.veneison. ped-, stem of pes, a foot. Velvet. (F.-L.) M. E. velouettc, A. F. veneisun, M. F. venaison, 'venison, L. u$naCot. velouet Spenser has wllet. A. F. velwel, flesh of beasts of chase
decl.
'
j

'

veluct

Low

L. vellnetttm

answering to
;

tionetn,

Romanic type '"villii let turn. Cf. M. Ital. veluto (Ital. vellttto), velvet answering to a Late L. *ui!i?7tus, shaggy, by-form of L. uillo^us, shaggy. All from L. mllus, shaggy hair allied to uelltts, fleece, and to E. Wool.
a
;

game. Cf. Gain, vb.

of itenatio, the chase, also L. uenatus, pp. of uenari, to hunt.

ace.

And

sec

Venery.

L.) M.E venim (F. veniti].^\^. uenenum, poison. Venous, belonging to a vein. (L.) >or L. uenosus, adj.; fiom uena, a tern.

Venom.

(F.

vemw.~A..

L.) M. F. venal, saleable. (F. L. ucnahs, saleable. L. uenus, uenum, Allied to Gk. c&j/os, a price, u>vi7, a sale

Venal.

See Vein.
'

Vent (i), an air-hole, flue (F. L.) A vent, meatus, poru To vent, aperire,
;

329. Der. venal-ity. vend, to sell. (F. L.) F. vendre L uendere, to sell short for uenundare, lit. to give or offer for sale, also written L. it e mini, sale; dare, to uenum date.

buying

Brugm.

i.

give, offer.

wood.

Veneer, to overlay with a (U-F.-O. II. G.)

thin slice

euacuare Doubtless influenced Levins. by a popular etymology from F. vent, but the true sense wind, as if air-hole Pent of a was fissure.' Formeily/t-w/. gowne fentc Palsgrave. M. \*.fente, a > .fendre, to cleave. L. Cot. cleft, i ift of findere, to cleave. See Fissure. Der.
; ( '

'

'

'

'

'

'

Formerly
I

finecr.

G. furniren, to furnish or provide small pieces of wood, to veneer. -F./tfwrmr, to furnish; a word of G. origin; see

vent, vb.,Temp. 11. 2. fused with F. vent, wind

in
;

certainly consee Vent (3).

Vent
j

(2),

sale,

utterance.

(F.

L.)

Formerly common.
F. vendre.

Furnish.

F. vente, sale, selling. L. nendere, to sell; see

Venerable. (F.-L.) M.
L.

F. venerable.

Vend.

uencrabihs,

to

be reverenced.

L.

Vent

(3), to snuff

up

air,

breathe, ex-

Q iii. i. 42. The word was prob. due to a misuse of vent (i) but the popular etymology is obvious. Y.vent, L. uentum, ace. of uentus, wind; re-us, uenert-us, peitaining to Venus or wind. L. uemri-, decl. stem of uenus, cognate with Wind (i). Der. vent-age, love. love. Allied to Skt. van, to love, honour air-hole, Hamlet, iii. a. 373. ventail, lower half of the m6veable Venery> hunting. (F. - L.) M. F.
;

L. uencr-, foi ttenera-ri, to reverence. Der. vene*uenes t stem of ucnus, love.

rat-ion,

pose to air. (F. Kal. Feb. 75 F.

L)

See Spenser, Shep.

;

from pp. of uenerari. venereal. (L.) Coined from L. uene-

VENTILATE
- L.) E. auentaile part of a helmet. (F. L. ad}. - M. F. ven(with prefix a F. a ' Cot. taille, breathing-part of a helmet ; F. vent-er, to puff with suffix -aille (< L. -dcula). F. vent, wind (above). ventilate. (L.) From pp. of L. nenL. uentulus, a tilare, to blow, winnow.
.

<
;

VERMICELLI Verdict. (F. - L.) M. E.

correct form).
veirdit.

verdit (the

A. F. and O. F. verdit,
uere dictum,

'

light wind.

ventral,
'

L. uentus, wind. belonging to the belly.

;

truly said ; true saying, L. uere, adv., from uSrus, true; verdict. dictum, neut. of dictus, pp. of dicere, to ^f Mod. F. verdict is from E. say. L.) (F. Verdigris, rust of

L.

whence Late L. uerSdictum,

(L

L. uentrdlis, adj.

from uenter, the

belly.

F. ventncule, (F. L.) the ventricle, the place wherein the meat Cot. sent from the stomack is digested uentriculum, ace. of uentruulus,

Ventricle.

'

verdigrease, Spanish Cot. Spelt verte grez in the 1 3th green cent., and verddegrice'm the I4th (Littre'). better form is the M. E. verdegrece, i. e. verd de Grece, lit. * green of Greece;' so also A. F. vert de Grece, Vie de S. Gile,
'
;

M.

F.

verd de gris,

copper.

stomach, ventricle, double dimin. vt uenter,

the belly.

L. uentnloqu-us, lit. speaking from (or L uentri-, decl. stem of m) the belly. See to speak. uenter (above) loqtiT,
;

ventriloquist.

(L.)

Coined from

Cf. uiride grecum, Ang. verdegrece ;' Wulker, Voc. 619. 35. M. F. verd (F. vert) is from uiridem, ace. of uiridts, (See Acad. 1118, Oct. 1893.) green.

'

853.

verditer, a green pigment. (F. L.) M. F. verd de terre, a green mineral Cot.
;

Loquacious.

Venture,

sb.

(F.

L.)

L. ace. triridem, green (above)

headless
terra, eaith.

dS, of;

form of M. E. auenture (aventure}, an

F. aventure, a chance, adventure, chance. L. aduentura^ fern of aduenoccurrence. uen~ L. ad, to turns, about to happen
;

turus, fut. pt. ofuentre, to come. Cognate with E. Come. (-y'GwEM.) Doublet, adventure. Der. venture, vb. see Venew. ; Veracious, truthful. (L.) From L. ueraci-, decl. stem of uerdx, true ; with L. uerus, true. suffix -0w,r. See Very.

Venue

Veranda, Verandah, a covered Port, vaL.) Span. balcony. (Port. randa. Q. Span, varanda, a stair-railing; If of native in Pedro de Aicala (1505). Span, origin, it may be from Span, vara, a rod, rail. L. udra, a forked pole. Cf. L. udrus, crooked, ^f Hence also was
is
;

a wand of office, edge, brink. Distinct from verge (2) below. L.) M.K. verge, a wand, rod, yard (in measure). F. verge, ' a rod, wand, yard, hoope,ring, rood of land ; Cot. From the sense of rod it came to mean hoop, ring (hence, the sense of edge also easily foledge) lowed from the Law-term verge, i.e. limit L. uirga, a rod, pliant of jurisdiction. Der. verg-er, a rod-bearer, macetwig. bearer, F. verger, L. uirgarius. L. (2), to tend towaids. (L.) uergere, to bend, tend, incline towards, into be on the verge cline, fl" The phrase

Verge (0

(F.

'

Verge
is

of
(O.

quite distinct, and belongs to

Verge
\

M. Verify. (F.-L.)
;

F. verifier

Late C. venficare, to make

true.

Cot. L.

borrowed Skt. varanda^ a portico, which tteri-, for uerus, true see veranda in to make. quite a modern word

-ficare, for facere,

Yule.
the chief word in a sentence. (F. L. uerbum, a L.) F. verbe word. For *uerdhum, cognate with E. Word. Der. verb-iage, F. verbiage from O. F. *verbier, verboier, to tajk. Verbena. (L.) L. uerbena, orig. a Alsacred bough ; afterwards, vervain. lied to uerber, a rod. See Vervain,

verisimilitude,
the

likelihood.

(F.

Verb,

word

M. F. verisimilitude.}^, uerisitniliL. tudo.~\j. 14 fn similis, like the truth.

L.)
uerl, gen. of uerum,t\\ truth, orig. neuter of uerus, true similis, like,
;

Verdant,
form
;

flourishing. (F.

L.)

A false

as

if

from F. *verdant, substituted

for verdissant, pres. pt. oiverdir, to flourish. O. F. verd, green. L. uiridis, green.

(F.-L.) M.F. write. L. uentatem, ace. of ueritds, truth. L. uen-, for uerus, true. See Very. F. verjus, verL.) Verjuice. (F. lit. juice green juice, i. e. juice of green O. F. verd, green, from L. uirigrapes. dem, ace. of uindis jus, juice, from L. ius ; see Juice.

verity,

truth.

See Vert.
lit.

Cf. also verdure, F. verdure,

greenness.

celli, lit.

Vermicelli. (Ital.-L.) Ital. vermilittle worms from the shape.

'

'

590

VERMICULAR
PI. of vermicello, dimin. of vernte, a L. uermeni) ace. of uermis, a

VESTIBULE
worm. worm.
worm.
,

age.

For

*vert-ta

from

y WERT
f

See

Worm.

(Russ. vertitte\ to turn.

F. vert, O. F. green. (F.-L.) L. ttiridem, ace. of uiridis, green. Cf. L. uirere, to be green.+W. gwyrdd, green ; Corn, guirt. Or (if these Celtic words are borrowed) allied to vivid\ cf. Skt. ji-ra-, active, ji-va> living. Brugm.

Vert,

vermicular, pertaining (L.) From L. uermicul-us, a

'
'

to a
little

verd.

worm

dimin. of uermis, a worm. vermilion. (F. L.) F vermilion, a little worm, vermillion F. verCot. meil vermilion. L. ace. uermiculutn, climin. of ue> mis (above), ^f So named from the cochineal insect (see Crimson) but vermilion is now generally made from red lead.
. ; ',

ii.

74-

vermin.
mih
;

(F. applied to

L.)

Y.vermine

vtt-

obnoxious

insects,

&c.

As

if

from a Lat.

from uermi-,

adj. *uermtnus, formed of uermis, a decl. stem

L. uertebra, a joint, (L.) L. uertere, to turn. vertex, top. (L.) L. tiertex, top, pole of the sky (which is the turning-point of the stars), but afterwards the zenith. Der. vertic-al, F. L. uertere, to turn. vertical^ from L. uertitalis, vertical, which is from tiertic-, for ucrtec-> stem of uertex,
vertebra.
top.

Vertebra.

worm, cognate with E.

Worm.
(L.)
lit.

Vernacular,
home- bom
66.
slave.

native.

From

L.

uernficul-us, adj., native; to a home-born slave.

Lit.

belonging L. uerna, a 'dweller;' cf.

giddiness.

L. vertigo, giddiness. (L.) L. uertcre, to turn round. Vervain. (F. L.) Y.verveine, ' ver-

vertigo,
' ;

vaine

Cot.
true.

L. uer&ena, a sacred

bough

Skt. vast to dwell,

(y WES.)

Brugm.

ii.

afterwards, vervain.

See Verbena.

Very,
(L.)

- L.) (F.

M. E.

verrai.

L. uernahs, extended from uernus, belonging to spring. L uer, spring. -f Gk. tap (for *ftffap) 9 Russ. vesna,

Vernal.

Dan. vaar; Swed. var, spring; Cf. the time of increasing brightness. Skt. ixisanta-, Lith. wasara, summer spring, usk to burn, glow; also O. Irish
Icel. var,
; t

O. F. verai (F. vrai\ true. Cf. Prov. It answers to a Late L. type verat, true. L, *veracus, allied to L. uerax, true. uerus, true, credible (whence O. F. voir). G.wahr, -4-W. gwir, O. Irish fir, true Cf. Russ. viera, faith. A. S. wr, true.
;

dir,

W. gwawr, dawn. Vernier, a kind of scale,

for fine

mea-

L. uesper, evening-star, (Gower). even-tide. Hence cf. uespera, evening veslum) A. S. fers (perhaps from O. Irish O. F. vespre (F. vfyre], evening, and Late L. versus L. pres (F. vtpres], vespers, even-son g.-f-Gk. fers, also from L.). of eVirfpos, adj. and sb., evening; O. Irish uersits, a turning, course, row, line L. uersus, pp. of tiertere, to fescor, W. ucher, evening. Brugm. i. 329. poetry. Vessel. (F. - L.) M. E. vessel. - A. F. tum. Allied to Worth (i). (VWERT.) Der. vers-ed, imitated from L. uersatus, vessel O. F. vaissel, a vessel, ship, later L. a \essel (of any kind). pp. of uersdrt, pass, of frequent, of uer- vaisseau, vase or um ; dimin. of tere\ vers-at-ile, quickly turning, M. F. uascellum, a small See Vase. versatil (Cot.), L. uersdtilis, versatile, uas, a vase. likewise from L. pp. uersatus. Vest, a garment. (L.) L. nestis, a versify. (F.-L.) F. versifier.-}-. garment, clothing. -4* Goth, wasti, clothing L. uersi-^ for cf. Gk. fv-vvfju (fla-vviu), I clothe, !<ruersificare, to make verses. to 0ifc, clothing, Skt. vas, to put on clothes. uersus, a verse -ficare, for facere^ make. Der. versification^ from pp. uersifi- (VWES.) See Wear. catus. Vestal. (F.-L.) F. Vestale, a Vestal version. (F. L.) F. version. Late virgin. L. Vestalis, belonging to a Vestal, L. Vesta, Vesta, L. uersionem, ace. of uersio, a version, also a priestess of Vesta. L. uersus, pp. of uertere, to goddess of the flocks and household. *fGk. translation. turn. fffria, goddess of the domestic hearth. verst, a Russian measure of length. Vestibule. (L.) L. uestibulum, a fore(Russ.) Kuss. versta, 3500 English feet; court ; lit. separated from the abode.
star
;

surement. (F.) Invented by P. Vernier, b. 1580, died Sept. 14, 1637. Verse. (L.) M. E. vers,fers (Ormu; >

367. a small tumour or cell. (L.) L. uesicttla, dimin. of uestca, a bladder. Vesper. (L.) M. E. vesper , the evening-

Brugm.

i.

Vesicle,

VESTIGE
L.
see
/-,

VIDELICET
L. uicarius, a deputy, orig. an adj., L. uic- t deputed, put in place of. base of #*m, gen. case, a tuin, change,
succession.

separate from, stabulum, an abode ;

F. vestige, a step, L. uestfgium, foot-track. Vestment. (F. L.) M. E. vestiment. L. O. F. vestement (F. v&ement}. uestimentum, clothing. L. uestire, to clothe from uestis, clothing. See Vest.
foot-track.
;

Stable (Vanifcek). Vestige. (F.-L.)

(^/WEIQ.) Brugm.
L. uitiosus, faulty
injure.

i.

701,

(0, a fault. L. uittum, blemish,

F.

Vice

(F.-L.) F. vice.fault. Der. vic-i-ous,

;

vicieux,

viti-ate,

L.) (F. ened from O. F. vestiarie

aire,

vestry.

M.K
;

7>estrte\ shortcf. M. F. vestt-

from pp. of L. uitiare, to Vituperation.

And

see

'vestry;'
;

Cot.

a wardrobe netit. uestis, a robe.

uestianum, oitiestidrius, adj., from

O. F. venture,
-,

L.

vesture.
vesteurc.

(F.-L.)

O
'

L&ie L. vestitura, clothing. See "Withy. L uestis a robe. L. uestire, to clothe F. viceVetch, a plant. (F. - L.) Also fitch. Vice-gerent. (F.-L.) L. mce, in place M. E. feche (of which the Southern form gerent, a deputy Cot. was vecAe). Q. F. veche, vece, M. F. vesce, of gerent-, stem of pres. pt. of gerere, to So also see Gesture. vetch (where veche is a Walloon and North carry on, rule whence also vice-admiral'; vice-roy (from F. roi, L. ace. L. uicia, a vetch F. form).

Vice (2), an instrument for holding things firmly. (F. L.) M. E. vice, oiig. a screw/ because tightened by a screw. Cot. F. vis, vice, a winding-staire F. 7'7?. L. uitis, a vine, bryony, lit. ^ El.) that which winds or twines.' (V
*

'

G. wicke, Du, ivikke.

regeni^ king), vice-regal.

Veteran.
rienced
*uetes,
;

tteteranus, expeL. uetcr-, for as sb., a veteran.

(L.)
'

L.

Vicinage,
'

neighbourhood.

(F.

L.)

stem of uetus, old,

Cf.

lit.

advanced

in

years.'

Gk.

TOS, Skt. vatsa-, a year.

Altered from F. votMnage, neighbourhood. L. mcmus, near, lit. F. voism, near. belonging to the same street.' L. uicus,
a village, street

See Veal.

Veterinary. (L

ueterinarms, of
;

or belonging to beasts of burden as sb., L. ueterinus, belonging a cattle-doctor. The L. ueterina to beasts of bin den.

meant an animal
t

at least a year old,

;

that had passed its first yeai See base *uet- year (above). Veto, a prohibition. (L.) forbid O. L. uoto.
;

one from the

Wether.
L. ue/o, I

L.) (F. L. ace. ui emitat em, neighmanus, near (above). L. nicissitudo, Vicissitude. (!) change. Allied to uicissim, by turns. L. uic-is (genitive) a change see Vicar. Victim. ( F. L ) F. vn time. L. uic

see "Wick (2). vicinity, neighbourhood.

;

F. vicimte*. bouihood. L.
.

tima,

a victim.

Cf.
i.

Goth,
606.

weihan, to

consecrate.

Brugm.

Vex,
where

to harass.
t.

L. uexare, to vex
(pt.

Viaduct.
;

F. vexer. Victor. (L.) L. victor, a conqueror. L.) L. me-, base of uincere, to conquer ong. intensive form of t. See Vehicle. ui(-i}\ with suffix -/br.+Goth. (pt. uex~i). war. cf. A. S. wig, L. uia ducta, a road weihan, to fight (L.)
(F.
; ;

conducted across (a river, &c.). L. uta, a way, road ducta fem. of pp. of dfuere, to
*

Brugm. i. 367. Der. victor-y, A. F. victorie, L. tt it ton a.

(^\\ ETQ

carry, conduct. P. L. uia, formerly uea, Skt. oannot be allied to L. uehere see Vehicle, AATay. i>ah, to carry

Victuals.
sions.
taille*;,

F.

- L. L

PI

of victual, a

pedantic spelling of

O.

vitaille, proviF. vitaille, usually in pi. vi-

M. E.

Vial, Phial, a small bottle. (F. L. -Gk.) M.E. viole fiole.-Q.V. and F.
t

(j\t. <t>td\ij, a shallow yfo&. L. phiala. cup or bowl. Viands, food. (F. L.) PI. vl viand. F. viande, food. L. uiuenda, neut. pi provisions, food ; from the gerundive of See Victuals. utuere, to live. Vibrate. (L.) From pp. of L. uibrare, to swing, shake. Cf. Skt. vep, to tremble.
,

neut. pi. inctualia, provisions. provisions; from uictualis, adj., belongL. uutn-> stem of ing to nourishment. L. uictus, pp. of itiuere, to uictus, food.
live
;

allied to uiuus, living,

and to E.

488. (^CiwEl.) Brugm. 11. Vicuna, a quadruped of the camel of Peru v.) Span, vicuna tribe. ( S pan.
;

Quick.

(VWKIP.) Brugm. Vicar. (F. L.)

i. 701. F. vicatre, a deputy.

Peruvian origin Acosta, iv. 40). Videlicet, viz., namely. (L.) In old MSS. and books, the abbreviation for et hence viet (short for videresembled z
(
;

592

VIDETTE
L. uidi'licet possible to see, it is evident, hence, to wit, namely. L. uidere, to see ; licet, it is allowable ; see
licet)

VIOLATE
',

was misread as

viz.

diminutive of L. ufrus, a village.

See

short for uidere

licet, it is

Wick

(2).

Vision and Licence.

Vidette
Vie,

F. village. L, L.) village. (F. ui/ta(icus,ad)., belonging to a farm-house. L. mlla (above).

vilein, servile;

see

Vedette.

to contend for (F. superiority. M. E. vicn, a contracted form of enL.) men, to vie, contend for superiority. (Cf fence for defence , story for history, &c.) O. F. envier (an ieu], to vie ; Cot. The
'

villain. (F.-L.) M.E.w'&*.-A.F. as sb., a bondman, slave,

villain. Late L. villanus, orig. a farmL. servant, hence a slave, serf, villain.
iiilla,

a farm-house.

Der. villam-y, A. F.

'

sense of O. F. envier was to invite [quite distinct from envier, to envy], esp. used in gaming in the sense ' to open a game by staking a certain sum ; precisely as Span, envidar, Ital. imntare, to invite, to vie, or propose a stake. L. inuitare, to invite (of which vie is thus seen to be a
lit.
'

vilanie, servitude, baseness. a link. (L.) L. uinculum, a bond, fetter. L. innate, to bind. Vindicate. (L.) >rom pp. of L. ///-

Vincnlnm,

dicare, to arrogate, lay claim to;

cf.

mndic-,

stem

oi

mndex, a claimant.
'
;

See Invite. ^[ The sense was doublet). to stake a sum to draw on or invite a game, then to wager, bet against, contend, strive for the upper hand.

Vindictive. (F. L.) Shortened from ' F. vindicafjf, Cot. From revenging L. mndicat-us, pp. viuindicare, to avenge; with suffix -iuus, F. -if.

View,
vue
;

sb.

F. veiie, ; of ven, pp. of O. F. veoir (. voir], to see. L. uidere, to see. See Vision. ' Vigil. (F.-L) Lit a watching.* F * a vigile, eve of a holy day Cot. vigile, L. uigtha, a watch. L. mgil, awake
.

(F.-L.)
t

K.*F.vicw,vewe, a view, sight Cot. 1" em.

'

Vine. (F. L.) F. vigne L. uinea, a in Late L. (appaiently) a vine. vineyard Fern, of L. uineus, adj. fiom uinum, wine see Wine. Der. vine-yard, substituted for A. S. wm-geard, a vineyard, lit. ' wineSee Yard. (i). yard.'
;

'

E.vinegre. vinegar. (F.-L.) O. t vin egre (F. vinaigre). L. ttinuin, wine dcrem, ace. of aier, sharp. See
.

L. uigcie, to be lively; ci. negere, to arouse allied to "Wake. See Vigour. Der. vigil-ant, F. vigilant, from stem of pres. pt. of L. uigilare, to watch. Vignette, a small engraving with oina;

form.

mented border. (F. L.) First applied to borders in which vine-leaves and tendrils XVIIth cent were introduced F. vi;

A Southern (E.) Also jineived, fenowed (IS ares). From M. E. fenow, mouldiness with suffix -ed\ cf. A. S. fynegian, to become mouldy. A. S. fynig^ mouldy (Joshua, ix. A. S. fyne, mould, moistness. 5). Allied to Du.vuns, rank M. Du. vunstigh,
;

Wine arid Eager. Vinewed, mouldy.

gnette, a little vine ; pi. vignettes, branchlike flourishes ;' Cot. Dimin. of F. vigne, a vine see Vine.
;

'

<

mustie (as hay;

'

Hexham.
alteration of

Vintage. (F.-L.) An M. E. vindage, vendage; by

vtnt-ntr.
.

influence of

Vigour,
F. vigueur.
liveliness.

energy. (F.-L.)

Q.Y. vigor;
,

]-,, nigdrem, ace. of uigor, see L. uigere, to be lively

Vigil.

Der.

irigor-ous.

vendange, M.F. vendenge, L. uindemia, vintage. L. uinvintage. um, wine, grapes -demia, a taking away, from demere, to take avs ay. Demere *de;

a Northern pirate. (Scand.) Icel. vikingr, a pirate, free-booter, lovei. Lit. 'a warrior;' for *vigntngr (tgn>

Viking,

imere, from eniere, to take.

vintner.
altered

^F.-L.) M. E. vintener, foim of earlier inneter, viniter.

(
'

iky,

allied

to

See conquer. Victor. (So Noreen, cf. Sweet, 252 Hist. E. Sounds, 319.) -f- A. S. unting. as creek-dweller <|f Usually explained from Icel. vik, a creek.
to
fight,

L.

vig, war, uincere, to

Goth, weihan,
;

'

Vile.
Villa.
O.

(F.

L.)

F. vil, fern, vile, base.

M. F. vmetier> a vintner Cot. Late L. L. ninctum a uinetarnts, a wine-seller. L. uinum, grapes, wine. vineyard. M. F. Viol. (F.~Fiov.-Late L.) Cot. Prov. viula. vwle, violle, a violin Late L. vldula, vitnla<& viol; whence also O. H. G. fidula, A. S. fipele, a fiddle.
; ,
'

'

L. itths, base,

givael, vile. ^> nilla, a farm-house (L.) L. uella. Perhaps for *uicsla> i. e. a
;

mean.+W.

See Fiddle.

Violate. (L.) From pp. of L. uioldre, to treat with force, violate. Formed as if

593

VIOLET
from an adj. *uiolus, due to Brugm. i. 655.
ut~s, force.

VIVACITY
ddus, sticky, clammy. L. uiscum, mistletoe, birdlime, -f Gk. l6s, mistletoe. Viscount. (F. L.) Also spelt vi(and the inserted s is not proA. F. visconte, viconte F. nounced). vicomte, a vicount, at first the deputy of an earl,' Cot. ; O. F. viscomle (i 2th cent.). L. nice, in place of; comitem, ace. of comes, a count; see Count (i). Visible. (F. - L.) F. visible. - L. L. tiis-us, pp. ulsibths, that can be seen of uidere, to see.+Gk. !5<>, to see ; Skt.
; i

F. violent. - L. L.) of might. Formed as if from an adj. *uiolus see Violate. Violet, a flower. (F.-L.) M. F. violet, F. viole, m., violette, f. (Cot.). Dimin. of a gilliflower Cot. L. uiola, a violet. Per. violet, adj. -f- Gk. for/, a violet.

Violent.

(F.

uiolentns,

full

counte

'

Violin. (Ital.-Late
Violoncello.

L.)
;

Ital. violino,

dimin. of Ital. viola, a viol

- Late (Ital.

see Viol.

L.)

Ital.

violoncello, dimin. of violone, a bass-viol, an augmentative form of viola, a viol.

vid, to

know. Allied to Wit.

(F.

(y'WEID

Virgin. ( K. - L.) O. F. virgine. - L. uirginem, ace. of uirgo, a maid. Der. vir^in-als, the name of a musical instrument, pi a) ed upon by virgins. Viridity, greenness. (L ) L. ttiridilas, L. nindis, green. See Vert greenness. Virile, manly. (F. - L.) F. vinl, r Cot. L. uirllis, adj., from uir, manly a man. A. S. wer-, O. H. G. wer\ Goth. Icel. vcrr\ O. Irish wair; fir, \V, gwr, a man cf. Skt. vira-, a hero. Virtue. (F.-L.) M. E. vertu.-Y.
*

uipera, a viper. Usually explained as that produces living young short for uiuipara, fem. aiuiuiparus, producing living young; \\ hich is hardly possible (Walde). Virago. (L.) L. uirdgo, a manlike woman. L. uir, a man ; see Virile. Virgate, a measuie of land. (L.) From Late L terra uirgdta, land measured with a rod. L. uirga, a rod see Verge (i).
*
'

Viper. (F. - L.)

F. vipere. - L.
;

vision.

L.)

F. vision

L. ulsi-

onem, ace. of

ittrio,

sight.

L. uisus, pp.
L. nisi-

of uidere, to see.

visit.
to behold
see.
;

(F.

L.)

F. vhiter.

tare, to visit,

go to

see, frequent, of uisere,

fiom uisus, pp. of uidere, to

L.) visor, visard, vizor. (F. The d is added. M. E. visere. - M. F. the viser, or sight of a helmet ; F. vis, the face see visor also meant a mask, Visage. from its covering the face Cotgrave has ^faux visage, a maske, 01 visard.' vista. (Ital.-L.) Ital. vista, lit. a Ital. vista, fem. of visto, seen, from view. L. uidere, to see. vcdere, to see. visual. (F.-L.) M. F. visual. -I,. unualis, belonging to the sight. L. uisti-, decl. stem of uisus, sight. L. uisus, pp. of
visiere,
*
'

Cot.

Formed from M.

uidere, to see. Visier ; see Vizier.

Vital.

(F.

-L

uirtutem, ace. of uirtns, manly excellence. L. uir, a man.

L,.

vertu.

belonging to

life.

F. vital uitdlis, L. ttita, life ; allied to

Virtuoso.
one skilled
in

(Ital.

-L.)

Ital. virtuoso,

See Victuals. ulucre, to live. Vitiate; see Vice (i).

the fine arts, ong. 'virtuous.' shortened form of virtute, virtue, also, a love of the fine arts. L. uirtutem (above). Virulent. ( F. L.) F. virulent. - L. L. utrus. uirulentus, full of poison. poison.+Gk. los, Skt. visha-, poison. Cf.
Ital. virtu,

VitreOUS.
suffix
-<?w.f.

(L.) L uitre-us, glassy; with L. uitri-, for uitrum, glass.

;

The
the
1

t in uitrum is common some connect word with uidere, to see. ^ L. uitrum^

woad,'

is

cognate with E.

Woad.

Wizen.

(F. L.) F. wVr/W,'vilrioll;' Cot. Said to be so called from its glassy look. L. uitreoltts, glassy. L. mtrctts
t

Vitriol.

Visage,

look, face.
.

(F.-L)
;

visage,

glassy.

M. face, look. ws, visage with suffix L. uisum, ace. of -age (<L. -aticutti}. L. uisus, sight, afterwards look, face. uisus, pp. of uidSre, to see.

uitrum, glass (above). Vituperation, blame. (F.-L.) M.F.

L. ace. uitupcrationem. vituperation. L. uituperdtus, pp of uituperdre, to blame, lit. 'to L. prepare (or find) a blemish.'
fault

visard, the same as visor. Viscera, entrails. (L.) L *jrmz,nent.

pi., entrails.

uitu-, for uilt-, base of uitium, a vice, ; parare* to prepare, provide.

Der.

e~viseer-ate, to

remove
L. uis-

the entrails.

Vivacity. (F.-L)
liness.

F. vivacitd, live-

Viscid,

sticky,

clammy.

(L.)

L. ttiuacitatem, ace. of uiuacitds, L. uiudci- t decl. stem ofuiuax, liveliness.

594

VIVID
tenacious of
life.
I,.

VOLUNTARY
Sec
L.
a wave O. H. G. wac.+A.S. Goth. t Megs, a wave ; Teut. type *wgoz, m. from *iv&g-, 3rd stem of Teut. *wegan- to
;

tiTuere, to live.

Victuals.

wg

vivid.
vivify.

(L.)

ut nidus, lively.

uiuere, to live.
L.) ^.vivifier, to quicken. L. uiuificdre, to quicken. L. unti-j for ttiuus, living ; -ficdre, foifacere, to make. Viviparous. (L.) From L. uniiparus, producing living young. L. umi-, lor uiuus, living farere, to produce.
(F.
;

move see Weigh. Voice. (F.-L.)

;

M.E.WIJ.

O. F.

vois (F. voix}.~ L. iwcem, ace, of See vocal. voice, sound.

uox

vivisection. (L.) Coined from L. uTm- (above) and section. Vixen, f E.) M. E. vixen, fixen, a shefox answering to A. S fyx-en, made from fox by vowel-change of Teut. u (A. S. 0)
;

Void, empty. (F.) O. F. mdde, wide a fern, foim of which the masc. (F. vide) is vuit. Origin unknown. Volant, flying. (F.-L.) F. volant, L. noldre, to pros. pt. of voler, to fly. Cf. Gk. /3o\iJ, a throw; liingm. i. lly.
663.
Cot.

volatile. (F. - L.) F. volatil,

'

flying ;

to^, with fern, suffix -en (for *-in-jfl-) precisely as A. S. gydeu t a goddess, fiom god, a god. See Fox. Cf. Q.fuchsui, I of fucks, fox. The v for is Southern. Viz. ; see Videlicet. Vizard ; see Visor. Vizier, Visier, a councillor of state. F. vizir. Arab, waztr, a (F. Arab.) councillor of state orig. a porter, one who bears the burden of state affairs Arab, root wazara, to bear a buidcn,
;

L. nolatihs, flying. <- L. itolatus, L. uolare, to fly. flight. Volcano, a burning mountain. (Ital. L VolcdItal. volcano, a volcano. L.) mtm, ace of Volcanus, t'ukanus, Vulcan, god of fire, fire.
called

a field-mouse. Also (Scand.) vole-mouse, field-mouse, meadowmouse, campagnol ; L. arvicola. A modern word abbreviated from North E. volemouse, \. e. field-mouse. From Norw. voll,

Vole,

cognate with E. Wold. Der. watere. water field-mouse. vocable. L. uocalmlum, an appellation, Volition. (F. - L ) F. volition. - Late name. L. ttocare, to call. L. noc-, re- L. *volitionem, ace. of *vohtio, volition L. uolo, lated to udc~, stem of uox, voice, name (prob. a term of the schools). (belowX Der. vocabulary, from Late L. I wish. See Voluntary. uocabuldrium, a list of words. Volley. (F.-L.) F volte, a flight ;' F. Cot. Hence, a flight of shot. L. uoldta, L.) VOCal, uttering sound. (F. vocal. L. uocahs, adj., from uoc-, stem of fern, of pp. of uolare, 10 fly. uox, voice, sound, -f" Gk. cxros, a word Volt, another spelling of Vault (2). Skt. vacha-s, speech, from vach, to speak. Voltaic, originated by Volta. (Ital.)
sustain.
field
;

Vocable,

a term, woid.

(F.-L.)

F.

vole,

i.

'

(-/WEQ.) Brugm. vocation. (F.

i.

L.)

678. F. vocation

From A.
1826.

Volta, of

Como,

died

March

5,

ace. ttocationem, a calling, invitation. uocdtus, pp. of ttocare, to call.

L. L.

up

. F. vo<. vociferation. ( F. L.) ifeL. ace. udciferdtzonem, an outcry. ration. L. uoaferatus, pp. of uodferari, to lift L. uoci-, decl. the voice, cry aloud.

. F. voluble, ) Voluble, fluent. ( L. 'voluble, easily rolled, glib;' Cot. L. uolu-, uolubilis, easily turned about. as in uolu-tus, pp. oiuoluere, to roll with suffix -foY/V.+Goth. walwjan, to roll, Gk. i\vfiv, to enfold ; allied to Russ. valite, to
;

F. - L M

stem of uox, voice fer-re, to bear, carry, cognate with E. bear.

;

roll

(VWEL.) See Helix. volume, a roll, a book. (F. L)

of uoluere, to
(F.
roll.

F.

Vogne,
Teut.)
thority,
;

volume. L. uolumen, a mode, fashion. (F. Ital. Formerly vogue meant sway, au- a book on a parchment
'

roll, scroll ; hence, L. uolu~, as roll.

power. -F. vogue, vogue, sway, power a cleere passage, *as of a ship in a 1 * broad sea ; Cot. Orig. sway ef a ship, * verbal sb. of F. voguer, to saile forth Ital. voga, id. sb., stroke of an oar,
' ;

in uolu-tus, pp.

vogure,

M. H. G. to row in a galley. wdgen^ G. wogen, to fluctuate, be in motion on the sea. - M. H. G. wag, G. woge,

L.) H..}?.vohtntaire, L. uoluntdrius, willing. volontaire. L. *uolunt-> related L. uoluntds, free will. to uolent-, stem of uolens, willing, from uslle^ to wish, uolo, I wish, -f- Skt. vr, Allied to Will (i). to choose, select.

Voluntary.

Brugm,

ii.

102, 493.

595

VOLUPTUOUS
voluptuous. (F.-L.)
f.voluptueux,
full
fire.

WADI
See

Volcano.

Der. vulcan-ite,

L. uoluptuosus, addicted to, or Cot. of pleasure. L. uolupt-ds, pleasure.

vulcanised caoutchouc.

L. L. uol-o, uolup, uolupCy adv., agreeably. Cf. Gk. lAwt'y, hope. I wish. Volute, a spiral scroll on a capital. (F. L. uoluta, a F. volute (Cot.)L.) volute ; fern, of twhltus, pp. of nohtere, to
roll
;

see

Voluble.

L. uortntus, a vomitsb, (L.) L. ing; whence uonntare, to vomit. uomitus, pp. of ttoniere, to vomit. -f-Gk. /**>, Lith. ivemtt, Skt. vam t to vomit.

Vomit,

Vulgar. (F.-L.) F. vttlgairc.-^L. uulgaris, belonging to the common people. L. uulgus y uolgus, the common people; Der. vulgar-ity also a throng, crowd. vulgate, the E. name for the L. version of the Bible known as the editio vulgata, whcie vtdgata is a later form of the fern, of the pp. of uulgare, to publish. Vulnerable. (F. L) M. F. vulner;

able.

uulnerabilis, liable to injury.

;

L.

(VWEM.)
Voracity.

L. F. voracitt. L.) (F. uoracitatem, ace. &t ttoracitas, hungriness. L. uordci-j for uorax voracious, greedy
,

uulnerare, to wound. L. wttner-, for O. L. *itulnes-, stem of wilnus, a wound uolnus. Allied to uellere, to pluck, tear.
Cf.

Skt. vrana-, a

0^X77, \V. gweli, a

wound, wound.
(F.

fracture

Gk.

(^WEL.)
L.)

L. devour. L. uorare, to devour carni-uorus flesh-uorus, devouring, as Allied to Skt, -gara-, as in ajaeating. gara-, goat-devouring; Gk. &op6f, gluttonous. (y'GwER.) 653. Brugm. i. Vortex, a whiilpool. (1-.) L ttorteX) L ticrteie, to also uerteX) whirlpool. turn see Verse. Vote, sb. (L) L. notum* a wish; ong. avow. L. uotum, neut of ?/<?/// s, pp. ol Der. vot-ive, L. not inns, uouere, to vow. promised by a vow vot-ary a coined
to

Vulpine,

fox-like

M. F.

vulpin\ Cot. L. uulpinus, fox-like. L. Allied to uulp-, base of uulpes, a fox.

Wolf
p.

(Darbishire, Reliquiae Philologies,

(L.)
;

Q2V
lit.

Vulture.

O. L. uolturus

L. nultur, a vulture L. uultearer.'

; *

ot nellere, to t. (*/<?/-), as in uul-si^ pt. Allied to Vulnerable. pluck, tear.

w.
Wabble, Wobble,
steadily.

word, like votaress, votress.

to reel,

move unof

M. F. L.) voucher, to vouch, cite, pray in aid in a * suit Cot. O. P vochier. L. uocdre, to

Vouch.,
i
;

to

warrant.
.

(F.

(E.)

Frequentative
;

wap,

call, call
e.

upon, summon.
(F.
L.)

vouchsafe.
safe,
safe,
i

warrant as safe;
sb.

See Vocable. >ormerly?w^/z fiom vouch and

,

see Wave, Whap. Cf. E. Fnes. ivabbeln, to wabble; Low G. wabbeln, quabbehi, to palpitate, Swed. dial, vabb/a, to move to wabble

whap, to

flutter (^Halliwell)

Vow,
O. F.
a

(F.

L.)

M. E. vow

vou.

vett t

vow;

vou (F. vow}, a vow. L. uotum, see Vote, ^f Hence the? M. E.

avow,

sb.,

common

in the sense
;

of

'

vow,'

food to and fro in the mouth. Wacke, a rock derived from basalt. (G.) G. wacke, wacke; M.H.G. wackc, O.H.G. waggo, a kind of flint. a small bundle of stuff, little mass of tow. (Scand.; Swed. vadd^ wadding,

Wad,

and hence Chaucer, C. T. 2237, 2414 Another avow the verb avow, to vow. answers to F. avoi4er, L. aduocare, and is a doublet of avouch. Vowel. (F.-L.) O. F. vouel, vote I F. ' ' L. uoedlem, ace Cot. voyelle, a vowel of uocdlis (litfera) a vowel, vocal letter; see Vocal. Voyage. ^F. L.) M. K. vtage, veai^e. O. F. veiage, later voyage. L. uiaticutn, L. maproperly provisions for a journey.
\ 1 ;

M. Swed. wad, clothing, stuff; cf. Icel. va&mal, wadmal, a plain woollen stuff.-f* G. watte, wadding, wad (whence F. ouate}* Der. wadd-ing) wad-mat. Cf. Weed (2). Waddle, to walk clumsily. (E.) Frequentative of

Wade,
water.
od, to

to

(E.)
-f"
;

wade, go.
vade,

wade (below). walk slowly, esp. through A.S. wadan, pt. t. wod, to Du. waden Icel. vada, pt. t.
;

ttcus,

way.

belonging to a journey. See Viaduct.

to

L. uia, a

Dan. Swed. vada, G. waten, O. H. G. watan, to wade, go. Further allied to L. uadum (for *uaJhom), a ford, uadete^
(cf. Icel.

wade

vad, a ford)

Vulcanise,

combine

caoutchouc

to go.

with sulphur by heat. (L.) Coined, with suffix -ise, from Vulcan, god of fire,

Wadi, a water-course, Arab. wadi.

river.

(Arab.)

WAFER
Wafer.
A. wafre, O. F. waufre (F. gaufre), a wafer. M. Du. waefel, a wafer (J)u. wafel} Low G. wafel, whence G. waffel,
;

WAIT
M.
E. wafre.*weif, Icel. veif, anything moving or flapping about (applied, e.g. to the fin of a seal) allied to veifa, to vibrate, move
;

(F.-Tcut.)

about; see
O.
vet,
Icel.

Waive.
(Scand.)
IvI.

wafer,

p.
;

hence Low G. wafel may to G. wabe, a honey- comb, I eel. vaf, a weft from Teut. *waf, 2nd grade of *we$au- to

F. gaufre also means

'

comb

'

honeybe allied
9

Wail, to lament.
also va la.
interj.,

E. weilen.
to

*wcela, Icel. vala, Lit. * to cry wo ;

'

wail;

wo

See
;

Wo.

from vet, Cf. Swed.

"Weave. Dan. dial, vtslle, to dial, vdla, to wail Waft. (E.) For waff, like graft foi wail, vcel, a wail Norw. 7>&la, to bleat. graff Again, waff is the same as wave, Wain, a waggon. (E.) M. E. warn, in the sense to beckon by waving some- wayn formed (by the usual change of (eg we also see waff, pt. t. of waff, in Merch. to ay} from A. S. w&gn, a wain thing From Vcn. v. i. ii. See Wave (i). find A. S Wfen, a conti acted form. Wag" (T). (Scand.) M. E. waggen M. the 2nd grade (*wag} of wegan, to carry Swed wagga, Swed. vagga, to wag, sway, see Weigh, -f" Dn. wagen (whence E. rock. Cognate with A. 8. wagian (>M. E wagon}, Icel. vagn, Dan. vogn, Swed. wawen}, to wag, which is a secondary \erb vaqn, G. wagen Allied to L. ueh-iculum^ derived from the 2nd grade of A. S. wegan, Gk. ox-os, O. Irish/?*, a car. (^\\ EGH.) to jarry, move. Similarly, the Swed. wagga Wainscot, panelled boards on walls of Du. wagenschot, is a secondary verb, from O. Swed. *wega, ooms. (Du.) XI Vth cent So also 'wainscot,' Hexham cf 1 .ow G. wagenschot^ Icel. vega, to weigh see Weigh. As if from the best kind of oak- wood. Goth, wag/an, to shake. Der. wag-tail Du. wagen, a wain but really an alterawaggle, q. v. waeghe-schot, which wag (2), a merry knave. (E.^ Short tion of M. Du. oak-wood with a Kilian for wag-halter, one who deserves hanging explains as waving gram'; from IM. Du. waeghc (G. wage, (jocosely). Wage, a gage, pledge; pi. Wages, pay M. H. G. wag}, a wave, and schot, a wainM. K wage,\>\ scot, partition,' &c., Sewel, or a closure of for service. (.. Teut.) The Du. schot is cogzvages ~O.Y. wage, later gage, a gage, boards,' Hexham. Not from pledge hence a stipulated payment whence nate with E. scot and shot. ^[ O. F. wager, to pledge, Low L. wadtare. M Du. weegh, a wall.
;

weave

see

'

'

Low

L.

wadtum\ formed from Goth.

;

wadt, a pledge
vb., as in lo

see

Wed.
cf.

Der. wage,

wage war,
;

orig. to declare ^or

pledge oneself to) war

to pledge.

Walloon wager,

see A. S. weaxan, to grow O. F. wageure, later growth. wager, waiour. in(i). -f- Goth, wahstus, growth, gageure, 'a wager;' Cot. Low L. waIcel. voxtr, stature, shape didtilra, from wadidre, to pledge (above). crease, stature Swed. vaxt, Dan. vaxt, growth. Brugm. Der. wager, vb. See also Gage (T). Waggle, to wag frequently. i^Scand.") i. 79 (2). Der. waist-coat. Wait, sb. (F.-O. H. G.) Orig. a (above) cf. Swed. Frequent, form of dial, Swed. vackla, to totter; also G. watchman, sentinel, afterwards one who is
;

wager,

a bet.

(F.-TeuU

M.

E.

M. E. wast, waist lit. of a man. or the part of the body w here size and strength are developed. The same word as M. E. wacst, strength, answering to an A. S. form *w<zxt, not found, but nearly allied to A. S. wcestm,

Waist.

(E.)
'

'

the giowth

Wax

e}

Wag

vagla,

wackeln, Pomeran. waggeln, to waggle Low G. wtgetwageln, to wiggle-waggle.

awake

(Du.) XlVthcent. "Borrowed from Du. wagen, a wagon which is cognate with Wain. and Tail. wagtail ; from Wail, sb., a thing abandoned, a thing found astray. (F. Scand.) M. E. waif,

wagon, waggon.

Wag

O. F. at night, a night-musician. cf. F. gt4et. waite, a guard, watchman O. H. G. wahta, a watchman, orig. a watch, a guard, a being awake. From the Teut. base *wak-> as in Goth. wak~an, to with Teut. suffix be awake see (i ) to lie in -ton-, fl Also used in the phr.
;

Wake

wait

ct.

Walloon
(F.

weif\ pi way ties, weyues, (wayves ,weyves} A. F. and O.K. ivaif, later gatf, pi.
.
.

wait, vb.
ing (above).

- O.

weitier, to spy. H. G.) O. F. waiter,

weifes, waives, gaives ; choses gayves, O. Icel. things forsaken, or lost;' Cot

waitier, gaiter, later guetter, to watch, O. F. waite, a watchman, a watchwait.

597

WAIVE
Waive,
to relinquish a claim.
(F.

WALNUT
wyrt-walu, the root of a tree (with the idea of ridge). E. Fries, wale, a weal O. Fries, wahi, rod, wand, Icel. volr, a round stick, Goth, watus, a staff. Cf. E. Fries, walen, to turn round, loll; Russ. val\ a cylinder, valiate, to roll. P. The sense of rod or beam is preserved in gun-wale, the plank along the edge of

Scand.) M. E. ivainen, weiuen (waiven, weiven}, to set aside, shun, push aside, remove. A. F. weiver, M. F. guesver, to
'

der, resigne

waive, refuse, abandon, give over, surren' Cot. (Low L. waviare, to ;

O. Icel. *weifa, Icel veifa, to vibrate, flap, flutter, whence veifi-skatt, a Cf. Norw. veiva, to turn (a spendthrift.
waive.)
grindstone), veiv, a crank, Swed. vefva, to wind. Allied to O. H. G. weibon, to hover, move about; M. Du. weyfelen, to be in And to constant ; E. Fries, wif, restless.

DisVibrate. (^VVEIP.) Cf. Waif, tinct from wave. (i), to be brisk, cease from sleep. M. E. waken, pt. t. wook properly (E.) intransitive; whence the weak verb wakien, pt. t. waked, to cause to wake, rouse. A. S. wacan, to arise, come to life, be born, pt. t. whence ivacian, weak woe, pp. wacen verb, to wake, watch, pt. t. wacode Goth, ivakan (pt. t. wok], ivakjan (pt. t. Du. waken, Icel. vaka, Dan. ivakidd] wage, Swed. vaka, G. ivachen (whence Du. wekken, Icel. vckka, Dan. Vitkke, Swed. vacka, G. weckeii}. Ultimately allied to Vigil see Brugm. li. 804. Der. wake, sb., a vigil, A. S. -wacu.

Wake

a ship protecting the guns. vb. M. E. walken, pt. t. (E.) A. S. wealcan, pt. t. welk, pp. walken. weolc, pp. weaken, to roll, toss oneself about, rove about ; hence, generally, to ramble, walk. Cf. M.Du. walcken> to press, full cloth, Swed. valka, to roll, full, work, Dan. valke (same), G. walken, to full. Allied to Skt. valg, to go by leaps. ^[ M. E. walker, a fuller, A. S. wealcere,

Walk,

Wall.

(L.)

A.

S. wcall,

borrowed from

L. tialhim, a rampart, orig. a row of stakes ; Cf. L. nallus, a stake, palisade, lit. protection. Allied to O. Irish fal, a hedge.

Wallah, lit. an agent. (Hind.) H. H. Wilson explains Hind, wald as one who is charged with doing any duty ; Yule says it is practically an adj. suffix, like the L. -anus (or E ~er) as if an agent, doer, &c. See Competition-wallah in Yule ; we may
;

(Temp. in". 3. 46), which is the same as Norweg. vok (the same). Hence Norweg. wattles, ^f Very doubtful ; the form sugvekkja, Dan. vakke, to cut a passage for gests an A. F *walet, possibly from The orig. sense was O. H. G. wallon, to go on pilgrimage. ships through ice. 'a wet place/ Icel. vokr, wet (Low!. Cf O. F. gauler, to wander (Ducange). Scotch wak) cf. Du. wak, moist, Gk. Wall - eyed, with diseased eyes.
;

the track of a ship. (Scand. } In Norfolk, a ivake means a space of unbroad.' frozen water in a frozen tarn or The proper sense is an opening in ice, passage through ice, hence a track of a ship through a frozen sea, or a track geneO. Icel. *wak-, Icel. vak-, stem of rally. vok, a hole, opening in ice ; Swed. vak,
'

Wake (2),

O. II. G. ?) M. E walet, apparently equivalent to M. E. watel, a wattle, also a bag. In P. Plowman, C. xi, 269, where some MSS. ' * express bag-full by watel-ful, others

explain this as ionipctition-er competitor. Wallet, a bag, budget. (E. ? or F.~

have walet -ful.

wallet*
for

Again, Shakespeare hab bags of flesh upon the neck

vy-pus, wet.

Waken,
transitive,

to awake.

(E.)

Now

(Scand.)
usually

Glauctolus, an

horse with a

but orig. intransitive only, the sense ' to become awake.' M.

1C

waknen, wakenen.
aroused,

A.
;

S.

wacnan,
form

to be

Icel. valdcygGr, corruption of vagleygr, wall-eyed, said of a horse. Icel. vagi, a beam, also a beam in the eye, disease of the eye;

waule eye;' Cooper (1565).

be

born
;

intrans.

from

wacan, to wake
sitive force
;

see

a tranverbal suffix -en has the M. E. suffix -n-en is properly intransitive, as in Gothic. Cf. Goth.

Wake. now usually

eygtir, cygr, eyed,

*([

The with

E. eye.

The

from auga, eye, cognate Icel. vagi is the same

as Swed. vagel, a perch, roost, sty in the Cf. Wars eye, Norw. vagi, a hen-roost.

of Alexander, 608, 1706.

gawaknan, Swed. vakna, Dan. vaagne, to Wallop ; see Pot walloper. become awake. Der a-waken, where the Wallow. (E.) M. E. walwcn. A. S. A. S a- see A- (4). Cf. Goth, walprefix a wealwian, to roll round. Wale, Weal, the mark of a blow. (E.) w;an, L. uohiere, to roll see Voluble. M. E. wale. A. S. watu, a weal; also Walnut. (E.) Lit. 'foreign (Gaulish)
;
;

598

WALRUS
O. Merc, walh-hnutu, from O. Merc. walk, A. S. wealh, foreign hnutu, a nut. +Du. walnoot, Icel. vathnot^ Dan. valnod, Swed. valnot, G. wallnuss. ft. The A. S. wealh makes the pi. wealas, O. Merc. w0/<w, which is the mod. E. JfW^r (now
nut.*
;

WARD
writes in the waniandt which I explain to mean * in the waning of the moon,' i. e. with ill-luck ; see Brand, Popular Antiq. on The Moon. (So also Wedgwood.) want, lack. ( Scand.) M.E. want, first used as an adj., signifying ' deficient/
Icel.

applied to the country itself) cognate with O. H. G. walah, a foreigner, whence G. Wahch, Italian, ^f The explanation foreign is inexact; the A.S. wealh meant a Celt, either of Wales or Gaul. In form it answers to one of the tiibe of VolcaJ who occupied Southern Gaul.
; *
'
'

vanf, neut.
;

which was formerly used with a gen. case

following as, varfietm vcttugis vant, there was lacking to them of nothing, i. e. they wanted nothing. The Icel. vanr = A. S.

of vanr^ adj., lacking,

wan;
Icel.

see

Wane (above).

Der. wanf t vt>.,

(E.)

vanta, from the neut. adj. vant.

unrestrained.

wantoun, unrestrained, not educated; full a morse lit. a whale-hoi sc the same form wantowen. M E. wan-, piefix, lackas A S hors-hwal, a inoise, horse-whale. ing, a neg. (fiom A. S. wan, lack- Swed. vail, Dan. hval, a whale Icel. ing) towenprefix S. togen, A. pp. of fcon, to Said to be named from diaw,to educate. See Wane and Tow hross, a hoise. (i). the neighing sound made by the animal. Wap, to strike see Whap. See Whale and Horse. a district. Wapentake, (Scand.) Waltz, a dance. (G.) Short for G. M.E. wapentake. A.S. w$pengcta>c> not an E. word, but boi rowed from Icel. vapwalzer, a waltz (with z sounded as /.$). G. walzen, to roll, revolve see Welter. natak, lit. a weapon -touching, hence, a
'
'

Walrus, a large seal. (Du.-Scand.) Du walrus. - Swed. vallross, Dan. hvalros,

;
;
;

wanton,

M.

E.

<

American Indian.) Amer. the district governed by a man whose Indian wampum from the Massachusetts authority was confiimed by the touching wdmpi, Delaware wdpi, white (Mahn). of weapons. See Thorpe, Ancient Laws, Cf. Algonkin wab t white (Cuoq). i. Icel. vapna, gen. pi. of vapn, a 455. Wan, colourless. (IO M E.wan. A.S. weapon and tak, a touching, grasping wann, wonn, dark, black, colourless. now see Weapon and Take. applied to pale objects deficient in colour Wapiti, the N. Amer. elk. (Amer. InWand, a slender rod. (Scand.) M. E. dian.) Cree wapitik, * white deer; 1 cf. wand. Icel. vondr (gen. vand-ar], a Delaware wdpi y white (see Wampum). Swed. wand Dan. vaand. -f* switch War. (F.-Teut.) M. E. werre A. S. Chron. an. 1119. Also war--, we find: Goth, wandus, a rod, orig. a pliant stick armorum oneribus, quod Angli war-scot prob. from wand, 2nd grade of windan,

Wampum,
(N.

small

beads,

used

as

vote of consent so expressed

and, finally,

money.

to wind, bind.

From

the use of

wands

in

dicunt,'

Laws

of Cnut,

De

Foresta,

9.

wicker-work.
to ramble. (E.) A.S.wandused as frequentative of rian, to wander wend, to go, but formed from wand, 2nd see Wend. grade of windan, to wind

Wander,

-f-E. Fries. ivandern,

delen,

G. wandeln

wandeln Du. wanSwed. vandra, Dan.

;

[Not common, the usual A. S. words being O. F. werre, later wig, htld, winn,gu$^ gitcrre (see Low L. werra, guerrd), war. M. Du. werre, war, cf. warren, to embroil O. H. G. werra, bioil, confusion, strife. O. Sax. and O. H. G. werran, str. Base *werr~, for *werz- ; vb., to confuse.
;

vandre

allied to

Worse.

Cf. G. verwirren, to

Wan6,
fail
,

to decrease (as the

moon\

to

embroil.
tion
;

(K.) A. S. wanian, to wane, decrease. A. S. wan, won, deficient. -4- Icel. vana, vb from vanr, deficient. Cf Goth wans,

Der. war-fare, i. e. war-expedifrom A. S./aran, to go.

to sing as a bird.

lacking,

wanting.

Gk. um, bereft Brugm. ii. 67.

(E.)
i.

of,

Skt. Una-,

wanion.
wanton,
e.

In the phr. with a

ill -

with

luck.

believe

wanion = North E. waniand, waning, pres. see Wane pt. of M. E. wanien, to wane Sir T. Moore (Works, p. 306) (above).
;

werbeln, werbekn. - O. F. werbler (Burguy). M. H. G. *werbelen, old form of G. wirbeln, to whirl, run round, warble see Whirl. Ward, a guard, watch, &c. (E.) M. E. ward. A.S. weard, mnsc., a guard, watchman, defender ; also weard, fern., a guarding, protection, defence. Allied to Wary.
(i.)

Warble,

(F.-O. H.

M. E.

599

WARDEN

WARY

(Base *war.} -f Icel. vordr, (i) a watchWarn. (E.) A. S. wearnian, wareman," (2) a watching; G. wart, Goth. nian, (i) to take heed, which is the usual -wards in daura- wards, a door-keeper. sense, (2) to warn. But the sb. wearn, Cf. also A.F. warde, sb. see Guard. refusal, denial, orig. an obstacle, whence Der. ward, vb., ward-er, sb. also wiernan, to refuse, may be allied to Weir. ward, ste-ward, See. a -f-Icel. vama, to warn off, from - Tent.) defence Swed. varna, G. ivarnen.vorn, Der. warden, a guardian. (F. M. E. ivardein. A.F. wanlem, old spel- fore-war n, pre-wam. ling of O. F. gardem, gardain, Low L. Warp, sb. (E ) M. E. warp. A. S. O. F. warder, wearp, a warp, in weaving. A. S. wearp, gardianus, a guardian. later garder, to guard with L. suffix for *warp, 2nd grade of weorpan (strong -ianus. O. Sax warden, to watch see verb), to cast, throw, hence, to throw the Guard. Doublet, guardian. shuttle. -4- Icel. varp, a thi owing, fiom wardrobe. (F.-G.) M. E. warde- varp, 2nd grade of verpa, to throw Swed. robe. O. F. warderobe, later garderobe, a varp^ a warp O. II. G. warf(G. werft\ guaidrobe, i.e place for keeping robes. from werfen, to throw cf Go\.\\.wairpan See Guard and Kobe. to throw. Fiom Teut. str. vb. *werpan(0, merchandise. (E.) M. L (pt. t. *war/>, pp. *wurpanoz). Allied to ware. A.S. waru (L merx\ Wright). The Russ, vergaie, to throw. Der. warp, Icel. varpa, to throw, cast orig. sense was prob. valuables/ and the vb., from word may be allied to A S. waru, pro- (hence, to twist out of shape) this mod. tection, guard, custody -f-Icel. vara, Dan. E. warp is a secondary (weak) veib, not vare, Swed. vara, Du. waar, G. waare, a the same as A. S weorpan. So also Swed. commodity; prob. allied to Dan. vare* varpa, Dan. varpe, to warp a ship, from Swed. vara, caie ; see "Weir and Worth Swed. varp, the draught of a net.
; ;

&

Ware

'

(rt

awaie (E.) See Acts xiv. 6 warant. O. F. warant, guarant, later M. E. war A. S. wier, cautious. (The garant, a warrant C'ot. The form wa rtrue form, whence wary was made by ant is that of the pres. pt., with the sense wai ranting.' C) II. G. werent- stem of adding -jO See Wary. Wariness ; see Wary. pres. pt. of weren (G.gfwahren), to cerWarison, Warisonn, protection, tify, to wan ant. Of obscure origin. Der. jeward. (F. OH.G.) M. E. wansoun, warrant, vb. warrant-y, O.F. warantie, more com- fern. sb. formed from warant it to warprotection (the true sense) mon in the sense of reward or help it rant see Guarantee. also meant recovery from illness or healing. Warren, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. O. F. warison, garison, surety, safety, wareine. O. F. warenne, varenne, later
(2),
;

Ware

Warrant,
l

sb.

(F.-O.
'
;

II.

G.)

M. E.

'

O. provision, healing. wanr, to proO. H. G. warjan, werjan, to tect, heal. protect see Weir. Warlock, a wizard. (E.) M. E. w#r:

garenne,
L.

wan en

of conies,' Col.

Low

warenna, a pieserve for hares, &c. O. H. G warjan, to protect, preserve;

see

Warison.

loghe, a

wicked one, the devil

war/awe,
;

a deceiver.

A. S. wCerloga, a traitor, perfidious man, liar, truce- bi c aker (hence, a witch, wizard). Lit. 'liar ngainst the truth.' A.S.w^r, truth (cognate with L uentm, truth) faga, a liar, from log- (Teut. *lug- ', weak grade of leogan, to lie. See Very
;

O. H. G. ) M. E. wer(F. tiour. A. F. werreiur, old spelling of F. guerretur, a warrior. A. F. wer-

Warrior.

reier, gucrreier, to make war (whence E. warray in Spenser, F. Q. i. 5. 48, li. 10. 21).

O. F. werre, guerre, war.

werra,
strife
;

H. G.

see

War.
,

and Lie

A.S. warm. Du. G warm, Icel varmr, Dan. Swed. varm. Teut. type *warmoz. Cf. Lith wirtt, to
'E.)

Warm.

(2j.

(E.) M.K. werte, A.S. wcarte, a wart -}-Du. wraf, Icel. vai ta Dan. vorte,

Wart.

cook,

Kus?. varite, to scorch. boil, i. 680. (Doubtful; some compare warm with L. formus, Gk. 0pu6$, warm, Skt. gharma-s, heat ; with labio-

Brugm.

G. warze. Perhaps growth' and allied to Wort d). Some connect it with L. netruca, wait A. S wearr, a callosity.
d. varta,
*

as from a root;

velar gh.)

war war-y is a rather late form, with added -y (as in murk-y}. A. S. war, cau600
i

Wary, Ware,
;

cautious.

(E.)

M.E.

WAS
tiotis.-flcel. varr, Dan. Swed. var, Goth. wars. Cf. (j.gewahr, aware. Allied to

WEAK
Russ. voda,

Gk.
;

v&w/>,

L. unda,

Lith.

wandu, Skt. udan-, water. Brugm. i.

Der. water, vb.
otter.

594.

L. uer-ert, to regard, dread. (^WER.) Der. wari-ness. pt. t. of the verb to be. (E.) M. E. was, pi. weren. A. S. was, I was, he was
I perceive,

Gk. 6p-do,

Was,

ware, thou wast pi. wcpron, were subMod. E. junctive sing, w&re, pi. wa>ren. substitutes wast for the A. 8. iv&re in the indicative, and w^;Y for the same in the both are late forms, p. The subjunctive infin. is A.S. wesatt, to be; cognate with wauen. A. S. wafian, to wave with the Du. wezen, O Icel. vesa, Dan. v&re, Swed. hand also, wciuler at or waver in mind vat a, Goth, wtsan, to be, dwell, remain cf. the adj. wcffre, wavering, restless. Cf. Skt. MS, to dwell. WES to dwell.) Icel. vafra, vajia, to waver vajl, hesitaV Bavar. wabern, to sway to and fro y. The form was answers to O. Tcel. vas, Du. tion was, Dan. Swed. var, G. war, Goth, was', (Schmeller). Der. wave, sb., from the and the pi. were to Icel. vdrtim, Tiinit, verb above (not the same word as M. E. varu, Du. G. waren, Swed. voro Goth. wawe, a wave, which is allied to wag).
;

Wattle, a flexible rod, hurdle ; fleshy part under the throat of a cock or turkey. (E.) The ong. sense was something twined or woven together hence a hurdle, woven M.E. stuff, a fleshy flap on a cock's neck. watel, a bag A.S. watel, watuly a hurdle. Cf. A. S. west/a, a bandage. M. E. (i), to fluctuate. (E.)
;
;

Wave
;

>

we mm, wesuth, we sun

vaska, Dan. vaske, G waschen (pt. t.wusch). Allied to Water. Brugm. i. 942. Wasp. (E ) Prov. K. Y//A, w0/j A. S. Lith. weeps, wtsfs. 4- G. wespe, L. 7*r/# Russ tn#, a wasp. "vapsa, a gad fly Allied to Weave. Brugm. i. 918.
.
;

M. E. waueren waver, vb. (E.) M. E. waschcH, pt. t. (waveren], to wander about. AS wafre, wc\sh. A. S. witscan, waxan, pt. t ?m#, restless, wan denng.f Icel. va/ra, to waver; pp. wcescen -f-Du. wasschcn, Icel. Swed. cf. O. H. G. wabar-, adj., wavering; see

Wash,

vh.

(E.)

above.

Wassail. (F.) M. E wasseyLwassayl, ong. a drinking of a health, from the from O N. Norman weisseil (\Yace) *weshetll, lit. be whole,' a form of wishing good health. Here *we$ (A. S. wes) is the "old impel ative of O. N. *wesa, vesa, ', and O. N. heill, whole, is vera, to be See cognate with the A. S. hdl, whole. Hail ^2) and Whole. Waste, desert, unused. (F.-O. II. G. O.K. wast, in the M. E. wart ,L.) phrase fairc wast, to lay waste (Roquefort); whence mod. F. gater (<gaster <waster}. M. H. G. waste, sb., a waste, weg-farende, \t\ivczfarcnde is the pres. pt. Bon owed from I,. oifaran, to travel way-lay, way-worn. wasten, to lay waste. uastns, waste, desolate; whence ucutdre, wayward, perverse. (E.) M. E. wetto lay waste, p. \Ve also find A. S. wetfe, ward, headless form of M. E. aweiward, these forms aie adv., in a direction away from a thing; O. H. G. wtiosti, waste not borrowed from Latin, but are cognate. from M. E. awei, away, and -ward, suffix. So also O. Irish fas, empty. Idg. types See Away.
;

M. E. waxen, (E.)" wox, wex, pp. woxen, waxen. A. S. weaxan, pt. t. weox pp. geweaxen. -f- Du. wassen, Icel. raxa, Dan. voxe, Swed. vaxa, G wachsen, Goth, wahsjan, pt. t. wohs. Further allied to Gk. avgdvetv, Skt. vaksh, to wax, grow. Buigm. li. 657. (2), a substance made by bees. (E.) M. E. wax\ A. S. weax. -f" Du. was, icel. Swed. vax, Dan. vox, G. wachs, Russ. vosK Lith. waszkas. Way. (K.) M.E.wey,way. A.S. weg. -}-Du. weg, Icel. vegi-, Dan. vet, Swed.zvj^, G. tvegt Goth. wig*. Also Lith. weza, the track of a cart perhaps Skt. vaha-, a way, from vah, to carry. See Weigh, (-y' VYEGH.) Der. al-ivay,a!-ways,?,zz All; way-faring, i. e. faring on the way, A. S.
pt.
t.
t

Wax (0, to grow.

Wax

*was(os, *wasttos.

Brugm.

i.

317.

Watch,

sb.

(E.)

M.E

wake; see Wake (i). M. E, wacchen^ A. S. ivaccan, weak

wacce, a watch, guard.

wacche\ A.S. A. S. wacan, to Der. watch, vb.,

verb.

M. E. we. A. S. we -f-Dn. ivij'; Icel. Dan. Swed. vi\ G.wir-, Goth. weis\
vay-am.

We,

pi. of the

ist pers.

pronoun.

(E.) ver, Skt.

Weak.
ousted the

(E)

Water,

sb.

(E.)

A.S. w&ter. -f T)n

Allied to Icel. vatn,
;

water, G. wasser.

weak.]

[The verbal form has M. E. wook, A. S. wdc, adj.,

;

Dan. vand, Swed. vatten, Goth, wato

signifying to

back-formation from the verb weaken from M. E.

601

WEAL
(Ch.), to
;

WED

make weak, A. S. wfican the wear come fiom the sense of carrying k being due to association with the clothes on the body; hence it means to adj. wook. This verb is for *wac-ian, from consume or use up by wear, to destroy, The pt. t. wore is modern. Not A. S. wac, weak. Icel. veikr, adj., weak, efface. Swed. veil, Dan. veg, pliant, Du. week, G. allied to A. S. werian, to defend, which is weich, O. H. G. weih. All from Teut. a different word.
M.

*waik, 2nd grade of *wikan~, as in A. S. and O Sax. wican, G. weichen, to yield. M. E. wele A. S. (i), sb. (E.) we/a, weal, prosperity allied to A. S. wel,

Weal

Wear (2) a weir Wear (3), to veei

;

see

Weir.
;

a ship

the
(E.)

same as

Veer,
weri.

q. v.

well; see Well (i). Swed. val, G. <?/'/, welfare.

adv.,

Weary,
A.

exhausted, tired.
;

E.

Dan.

vel,

Wale. wooded region, an open tramp over) in the comp. wor-hana moorThe M E. wald became cock O. E. Texts, p. 465.4-0. Sax. wdrig, country. (E.) wold; but Layamon has a by-form ivceld\ weary. (The change from o to e is regular.) 1. 21339. Caxton speaks of the weeld' of ^f Not allied to wear (i).
(2)
;

Weal

see

worian, A. S. to tramp about, wander, travel. wor-, a moor, swampy place (tedious to
cf.
t
;

S. werig, tired

A.

S.

Weald,

Kent, which is apparently connected with this M. E. wald, but seems also to have been more or less confused with Wild.

Weasaud, Wesand,
(E.)

the wind-pipe.

Shakespeare and Lyly speak of

of Kent
;

'

wasend, the gullet ; but the mod. E. wesand answers rather to a byform *wlesend. -f O. Fries, wasende, windA.
S.

see

Wild

and Wold.
(E.)

pipe
;

Wealth,
;

riches.

M. E. welthe

not in A. S. Extended from E. wele, weal S--e Weal (i).+Du. weelde, luxiuy ; O. H. G. wellda, riches. Wean, to accustom a child to bread and meat, to reconcile to a new custom,
also use the word, less properly, (E.) the sense, ' to disaccustom,' because a child that is weaned to meat is also being E. wenen\ weaned from the breast
in

Bavar. waisel, the gullet. M. E. wesel, wesele. (E.) A. S wesle, wesulce, a weasel. -f-Du. vueze/,
;

Weasel.

Icel

-visla,

Dan.

vessel,

Swed.

vesla,

G.

Weather.
weder.
j I

M.E. weder; (E.) (^The -ther for -der seems to

A.S. have

We

arisen in prov. (Northern) E. ; cf. father?} -f"I^ u weder, Icel. vedr, Dan. veir\ Swed. Allied vader, wind, weather ; G. wetter.
to

S wenian, to accustom

wean away or disaccustom.

aweman, to From an adj.

G. gewitter, a storm, Icel. land-vi$rit a land-wind; Russ. vtetr\ wind, breeze, Lith. wetra, storm. Allied to (i)

Wind

base *wano-, accustomed, found in the cognate Icel. vanr (Swed. van}, accustomed

cf.

Goth waian,
(E.)

to blow, O. Irish feth, air.

weather - beaten,
bitten.
'

weather

Both forms seem to be correct. The former means ' beaten by the The latter means weather,' from beat. bitten by the weather/ from bite, and accustomed, wunian, to dwell. -f-Du. wenderived occurs in Wint. Tale, v. 2. 60 nen, to accustom, afwennen, to wean from Icel. venja, Dan. V(enne, Swed. vanja, G. from Norw. vederbiten, Swed. vader-biten, gewohnen, to accustom Dan. vcenne fra, lit. bitten by the weather. Swed. vanja of, G. entwohnen, to wean Weave. (E.) M. E. weuen (wevcrf). fi om. A. S. wefan, pt. t. w<zf, pp. wefen. Du. Weapon. (E.) M.E. wepen. A.S. weven, Icel. vefa, Dan. vieve, Swed. vefva^ w&peH) a weapon. 4* I^ u wapen, Icel. G. weben. Also Gk. v<f>-aivttv, to weave. vapn, Dan. vaaben, Swed. vapen, G. wafft; Teut. type *weban-. (^WEBH.) Brugm.
vani, custom) ; from *wan, 2nd grade of Teut. *wenan-, to crave see Ween The weak grade appears in A. S. gewuna,
(cf.
;
; ;

Goth.wefina, ncut.
a male.

pi.,

w&pnmann, w&pmann,

weapons. Cf. A. S. a full-grown man,

i.

562.

(i), to wear clothes, to consume M.E. weren pt. t. wered. by use. (E.) A. S. werian (pt. t. werode). f* Icel. verja, O. H. G. werian, to wear Goth, wasjan, to clothe. Allied to Vest. (V\VES, to See Vest. ^[ All the senses of clothe.)
> ;

Wear

A. S. webbt a web Teut. (E.) from *wab, 2nd grade type *wabjom, n. of *weban- (above). +Du. web, Icel. vefr,
; ;

Web.

Dan. V(v, Swed. vaf, G. gewebe. Wed, vb. (E.) M. E. wcdde*. A. S. weddian, lit. to pledge, engage hence to betroth.- A. S. wedd, a pledge; Teut. M. Du. wedde, Icel. type *wadjom n.
;

602

WEDGE
veti,

WEIGHT

Swed. vad, G. wette, Goth, wadi, a wecha, wehha (mod. G. woche}. We also pledge, wager. Allied to L. uas (gen. once find Goth, wiko, in the sense of order ttad-is), a pledge, Gk. &-t9\ov ( = &-fe0- or succession (Luke i. 8), answering to L.
A.oi>),

the prize of a contest; Lith. wadoti,

ordine (not to uifis) in the Vulgate version.

to

redeem a pledge.
(E.)

0/WEDH.)
E. wegge.

The

A. S w*y. Wedge. -f-Du. wig, Icel. w$?r, Dan. vcegge, Swed. #?#, O. H. G. wecki, a wedge; G. w^, wecke, a kind of wedge-shaped loaf; cf. Also Lith. prov. E. wig, a kind of cake. Teut. wdgis, a wedge, wooden peg. type a mover/ from its Lit. *wagjoz, m.
'

M.

orig. sense seems to have been succession, change'; cf.Tcel. vfkja, to turn, re-

effect

in

splitting trees;

allied to

"Wag.

from *wik-, weak grade of *wtkan-t give way; see Weak. And cf. G. wechselj a change. M. E. to suppose, think. (E.) wencn, A. S. wenan, to imagine. A. S. wen, sb., expectation; oiig. 'a striving after.' Teut. type w&niz, f. (Sievers,
turn
to
;

Ween,

marriage. (E.) A. S. wedlac, lit. a pledge, A. S. wed, wedd, pledging. a pledge ; lac, a sport, also, a gift, often a

(VWEGH.) Wedlock,
suffix.

mere

See "Wed.
(E.)

Wednesday.

M.

E. Wednesday.
4

A. S. wodnesdag, Woden's day O. I ries. wemisdei (for *wednisdei}, where e is the mutation of o; N. Fries, weensdi, Outzen, p. 38. f" Du. wocnsdag, Icel. oftinsdagr, Swed. Dan. onsdag all meaning Woden's (or Odin's) day/ p. The name Woden signifies 'furious/ from A. S. wod, mad, a Icel. ffltfr, Goth, wods] or furious (
; *

269) from *w<#, 3rd grade of a supposed Teut. str. vb. *wenan-, to crave, desire. Cf. A S. wine, friend, Skt. -van, to crave L. ucnus, desire, -f- Du. wanen, Icel. vana, G wahnen, Goth, wenjan, to expect, fancy from Du. waan, Icel. van, G. wahn, Goth, wens, expectation, conSee Wish. jecture, orig. a wish.'
;

'

Weep. (E.) M. E. wepen, pt. t. weep, wep. A. S wtpan, pt. t. weop to ciy aloud, cf. A. S. wdp, a clamour, raise an outcry
t ;

else
(2).

filled

Woden was
Brugm.
i.

^ A translation of L.

with divine frenzy/ See

dies
identified with L.

"Wood
;

Memtrii
Mercurius

outcry (note the change from o to ). -fO. Sax. wopian, to cry out, ivop, outcry; Goth. Icel. apa, to shout, op, outcry ; wopjan, wk. vb., to cry out. ^ff Not allied to whoop.
of

190. M. E. we, wci, only as tiny. (E.) ' a htel we - a little bit, sb., in the phrase a short time. I have little hesitation in assuming the O. Northern E. we, or wey (Harbour), or ivei (Cursor Mundi), a way, space, to be the same as M. E. wei, a way, Cf. also a distance, mod. E. Way, q. v. North. E. way-bit, also wee-bit, a small

Weet, to Wit (i)

know.
;

(E.) Another spelling in Spenser, F. Q., i. 3. 6 ;

beetle.
;

Wee,

&c.
wetiel,

'

A. S. wifel, wivel} wiMl.+Icel. -yfill, M. Du. wevel, O. H. G. wibil; cf. E. Fries, wefer, (i) a weaver, dimm. form; cf. A. S. (2) a beetle.

Weevil, a small wind (wcuel,

(E.^

M. E.

wibba,

a beetle.
Cf.
insect.

Appaiently

allied

to

Weave.
winged
threads

ITith.

wdbalas, a
S.

chafer,

space,
little.

^f Certainly not allied to

(i), A. S.

G. wcnig,

Weft.
wefan,
to

(E.)

A.

weft,

wefta,
veftr.

the

Weed
;

weed Saxon wiod; whence Du. weed. Root unknown.

a noxious plant. (E.) M. E. weod, wTod, a weed, -f O.

^vieden, vb., to

woven

across

the
Icel.

weave.
(E.)
t.

+
M.

warp;

from See
A.
S.

Weave.
wegan,
wtzg, to carry, bear ; also, to move ; aLso to raise, lift (cf. to weigh anchor) ; to weigh. 4. Du. wegen ; Icel. vega, to move, lift ; Pan. veie, Swed. vaga ; G. bewegen, to move, wiegen, to rock ; and Allied to L. uehere, cf. wa^en, to weigh.
pt.

Weed'
wede.
Icel.
*

(2),

a garment.

(E

M.

Weigh.

E.

wfghen.

E.

garment,

A. S wade, neuter, wi?d, fern., a wadi -f" O. Fries, wede, O Sax.

;

v&8, vo8, a piece of stuff, cloth O. H. G. waf, wot, clothing, armour. Lit.

something woven;'

WE, Skt. Week.

from the Idg. root vd, to weave. M. E. weke, wike A. S (E.)

;

Skt. vak, to carry. weight. (E.)

\

(-/WEGH.)
M.
E.
;

wtght, wight.
for

(There was a later wice, wicu, a week. A. S. wucUy a week, which became M. E.

A. S. wtht, gewiht, weight

*wehti~<

Du. wouke, a week, and is obsolete.) week, Icel. vika, Swed. vecka, O. H. G.

from wegan (above). 4" Du. ge*weg-ti~ wigt, Icel. vcett, Dan. vagi, Swed. vigt, G. gewicht.

603

WEIR
Weir, Wear, a dam.
A.S. wer\
;

WEN
S. wel, orig. agreeably to a wish ; allied to will^ sb. and vb.+Du. wel, Icel. vel, Dan. vel, Swed. val, Goth, waila ; G. wohl, O. H. G. we/a, wo/a. Cf. W. gwell,
'

allied

(E.) M. E. wer\ to werian, to defend,

A.

'

protect, also

dam up. Low G. ware, a weir M. Du. weer, a rampart Icel. vorr, a fenced-in landing-place, verja. to defend G. wehr, a defence, muhlwehr, a milldam Goth, war/an, to defend. Allied to
;

better
;

Skt. vr, to cover, vdraya, to stop, hinder,

keep
sb.
;

off.

also Skt. vara-, better, vara-, a wish prati varam, according to a wish. See Will (i) and Weal. Well (a), a spring, fount, (E.) M. E. we lie A. S. wylla, wella, a spring with
;
;
;

Weird,

fate, destiny.

(E.)

but used as adj

;

M.

Properly a E. wyrde, wirde,

;

A. S wyrd, fate Teut. type *wttrd-iz, f. from *wurd (for *wurd<*wur/>, by Verner's law),

two other by-forms. Teut. type *walljon-, A. S. weallan (pt. t. weo/l\ cf. m. to well up, boil [but the mod. E. well,
;
;

vb

is

to

Worth
fate.

weak grade of Teut. *wcrthan-, see become, take place, happen

;

veil, ebullition,

vail}

(2).

-f-

O. Sax. wur8,
(Scand.)
;

Icel.

urdr,

we lie,
and

from ihe sb.]. 4- Icel. from vella, to boil (pt. t. Du. we/, a spring Dan. vceld G. cf. wallen, to boil. a wave, surge
derived
;

Welcome.
Icel.

For well come.

velkominn, welcome, lit. well come. Icel. vel, well kominn, pp. of koma, to come. So also Dan. velkommen, Swed. Hence A. F. welvalkommen, welcome comer, to welcome (Godefroy). ^[ Distinct from A. S. wilcuma, one who comes
at another's pleasure
;

Further allied to Skt. val, to move to a wave, vakate, to val' fro, Russ See Walk, Helix. (-/WEL.) Der. roll. well, vb., as above. Wellaway, an exclamation of sorrow.
',

where cuma

is

comer,' from cuman, to come. to beat metal together. (i), (Swed.) Late M. h well (G. Douglas).

Weld

The

final

is

modern

the

word

is
I

Swedish, from the iron -works there. Swed. valla, orig to well, whence valla
up, to well up, valla ihop, to weld (iron) cf. Dan. vcelde, to well up (with excrescent d, as in English"). Cognate with E. well,
,

vb.

from

Well
(2),

(21.

Weld
welde,

wolde;

wouw; Low
*

weed. (E) M. E Lowl. Sc. wald. 4" Du. G. wolde (Ltibbcn) G. wan
dyer's
;

Teut. base *wa/d-, as shewn (from Du.). by Span, gualdo, F. gaude, weld. Prob. belonging to the wood ;' cf. A. S. weald, a wood see Wold, ^f Quite distinct
;

la wa. wa. A.S. wd la wa, lit. wo lo wo A. S. wa, wo la, lo wa, wo cf. Icel. vei, wo. Karly misunderstood, and turned into wellaway, and even into welladay, Merry See Wo. \Vives, in. 3. 106. Welsh, pertain ing to Wales. (E.) M.E. walsh, foreign. A.S. wielisc, welisc, wylisc, Celtic. Formed, with suffix -isc (E -tsh} and vowel-change, from A. S. wealh, a Celt whence Wealas, pi mod. E. Wales. +G. walsch. Italian. See Walnut. Welt. (E.) The old sense seems to be bordei hem, fringe. M. E. wait, welte cf. Lowl. Sc. ivaut, a welt, prov. E. welt, to turn down the upper leather of a shoe. Perhaps from A. S. wyltan, wee It an, to

(E.)

M. E weilawcy
'

;^

also
1

wa

It

stands for wei la

wei^vrwa
!

la

roll;

cf.

Icel.

velta,

to

roll

over;

see

Welter. -f Vf.gwald* a hem,

;

vfz\\.,gwaltes,

from woad.
wel, well

fare = A. S. faru, a faring, lit. a journey, from A. S. faran, to fare see

; ;

Welfare.

(E.,

M.E

welfare.

M. K

the welt of a shoe ffwaldu, to welt, hem. Welter, to wallow, roll about (E.) Formerly also waiter. Walter, welter, are frequentatives from M. E. waiten, to roll A.S. wtfltan over, tumble, turn over.
to
roll
xvii.

Pare.
clouds, E (h) welkne, wdkene', also wolkne, wolkene, A. S. wolcnu, clouds, pi. of wolccn, a cloud. -f- O. Sax. wolkan, Du. wolk, Low G.

Welkin,

sky,

14,

vair\,

geuwlten, strong pp., Matt. Lind.X Cf. Icel. velta (pt. t. to roll, Dan. vcelte, to overturn
(cf.

G. wolke, O. H. (i. wolka, f., a cloud. All from the base wolcan, n *wulk-, weak grade of *walkan-,io roll (see

wulke\

valtra, to welter, frequent, of valta, to roll ; G. walzen, to loll, welter, from walzen, to roll. Cf. Goth, us-waltjan, to subvert ; L. uohiere, to roll. (^WEL.)

Swed

Walk)
moist.

01

else allied to

O. H. G. welc,

Well

(i), excellently.

(E.)

M.E.oW;

Wen, a tumour. (E.) A.S wenn.+ Dan. dial, van* Du. wen Low G. ween A. S. 7#<Teut. type *wanjoz, m. Piob. from wann, 2nd grade of A. S. winnan, to
;

WENCH
toil, to win, to suffer from illness (whence E. win). See "Win, "Wound. Wench. (E.) M. E. wenche, eailier form wenchel, a child (male or female).
cf.

WHEEDLE
E. Fries, and Westphal. wackeln, to
(E.)

beat, to cudgel.

Whale.
u.

M.E.w/fo/, qual. A. S. walvisch (whale-fish), G. wal-

A. S. wenclo, winch, sb. pi., children (of fisch, \c&\.hvalr, Dan. Swed. hval. It also either sex). Cf. Gk. Allied to A. S. wancol, tot- meant a porpoise, grampus, &c. From the TT^Acup, a monster. Der. wal-rus. tery (hence weak, infantine). base *wank, seen in G. wanken, to totter, to beat, flutter. Also (E.) M. H. G. wenken, to render unsteady. whop, wap, wop. M. E. quappen, to palpi-

Whap,

Allied to

Wink.
to go.
;

Little used except (E.) in the pt. t, went (used as pt. t. of to go}. M. E. wenden A. S. wendan, to tuin, also to turn oneself, proceed, go. The pt. t.

Wend,

E. Fries. kwabben t kwappen, tate, throb. From a base ^kwap, to strike violently. Cf. also W. to throb; see Quaver. chwap, a sudden stroke, chwapio, to strike,
slap.

wende became
Causal of A.

Wind

tvente, and finally went. S. ivindan, to wind; see

Wharf
A.
;

(E.)
I

VI ), a place for landing goods. S. hwerf, a dam or bank to keep

(2).

-|"

tuenden,
;

Icel.

venda*

Dan. vende, Swed. vanda, Goth, wand/an, G. wenden, to turn all causal forms.

went.

(E.)

See above.

A.S. were- meant a turning, reversion, turning-place, A.S. wer, space, dam, shore, dockyard, as proved by wulf, a werwolf, the devil. a man; wnlf, a wolf. -f" G. wahrwolf, the cognate words, viz. l)u. werf, Icel. from hvarf, Dan. varft, Swed. varf, M. Swed. M. H. Cr. werwolf, a man-wolt M. H. G. wer, a man, and wolf. (Hence hwarf, &c. The A. S hweorfan answers O. Y. garoul, F.garou, now loupgarou, i.e. to Goth, hwairban, to tuni oneself about, It was walk, and to Icel. hverfa, to turn. (Base See Virile. wolf-werwolf.) Aot allied to G. werfen, supposed that fierce men could turn into HWERB.) but rather to Gk. /ra/>rroy, the to throw wolves cf. Gk. XvicdvOpeairos, i. e. wolf;

Were, pi. of Was, q.v. Werwolf, a man-wolf. (E.)

out water (Thorpe, Diplomataiium, pp. 341,361) mere-hweatf, sea-shore (Grein). Teut. *hwarb A. S. hwearf, 2nd grade of hweorfan, to turn, turn about, p. This difficult word, with a great range of senses,
t

man.

wrist.

West.

(E.)

A.

S. west, adv.

westward
west.

with inserted n

west-del, west part or quarter.

+Du

Dan. Swed. wj/, G. haps allied to Vesper.

Icel. vestr,

west, Per-

for wharfage, messenger, passenger. In (2), bank of a nver. (L.) Shak Hamlet, i. 5. 33. Cf. A. S. mere" N it is the same hivearf, sea-shore (Grem
;

Der wharf-tnger,
ass

in

wharf
as

M. E. wet, weet; moist. (E) A. S. w&t, wet. -f Icel. vatr, Dan. vaad, Swed. z;&, wet. Teut. type *wtoz. Allied Der. w<?/, vb (by gradation) to Water. A. S. wcktan. Wether, a castrated ram. (E.) A. S. wedr.+Q. Sax. wetter, ivithar, Icel. vetir,

Wet,

word
see

Wharf
(E.)

(i).

What.
Who.

A.

S. hivtzt, neut. of

hwd

Swed. vadur, G. widder, Goth. withrus, a lamb. Lit. a yearling ;' allied wheal, pimple. to Veal. 118. Wheal (2\ a mine (C.) A Cornish Brugm. i. Wey, a heavy weight; fiom two to three word. Corn hwcl, a work,a a mine. Cf. turn. A. S. w&ge, wfy, \V. chwel, chwyl, a course, cwt. (h,.) M. E. we$e. a weight. A. S. w&g-, 3rd grade of wegan, Wheat. (E.) M. E. whete. A.S.hw&te, from Teut. type *hwaitjo-, in. to weigh. -4-Icel. vag, O. H. G. waga. See wheat *hwait, 2nd grade of*//m'//-; named from Weigh. see White. 4" the whiteness of the meal I)u. weitf, weit, Icel. hveiti, Dan. hvede, Swed. hvete, Goth, hwaiteis, G. weizen, Wh. This is distinct from w. The Der. wheat-en, adj., A. S. hwaten. Wheedle. (E.?) Spelt wheadle \i mod. E. wh answers to A. S. hw, Icel. hv, who connects it (quiU Blount, ed. 1674 Gk. IT, T, K, Idg. kw. L.JTU, with W. chwedla, to gos Whack, to beat see Thwack. But unsatisfactorily)

Dan.

vifder,

Wheal (0> a pi'^ple. (E.) Distinct from weal, wale, a mark of a blow. Perhaps fi om A. S. hwele, a wheal (Somner) ; A. S. hwelian, to form pus ge-hweled, Cf. also W. chwiler, a maggot, inflamed.
;

WH.

WHEEL
a fable, tale. But perhaps sip, chwedl, from A. S. w&dlian, to beg, orig. to be poor from witdl, poverty. Wheel. (E.) A. S. hwSol, shorter form also spelt of hweowol, hweogul, a wheel hweohl.+lce\. hjol, Dan. hiul, Swed. hjul, O. Swed. hiitghl (Ihre). Teut type *hweg~ wl6m, n., for *hwehwttm, Idg. *qeql6-, as in Skt. ehakrd-, a wheel, Gk. KVK\OS, a
; ;

WHICH
* a vault, hv&lfa, hdlfa, to whelve or turn upside down, G. wolben, to arch over. y. We thus trace the following forms, viz. base HWELB, to swell out, become convex, Icel. hvelfa^ to vault, turn a round vessel upside down ; hence whelm sb., a
,

'

Idg. *qe-qlo- is a reduplicated form, from -^QEL, to drive ; whence Gk. Icel. hvel, TT<$\OS, an axis, Russ. koleso, See Cycle and Pole (2). a wheel.

wheel.

thing made convex, whelm, vb., to make convex, turn a round vessel over, capsize. Forby remarks that whelm, in the E. * Anglian dialect, signifies to turn a tub or other vessel upside down, whether to cover ; anything with it or not.' From whence also Gk. K6\irost bosom, a hollow.

^QELP

i.i.

658.
(E.)

A.S. hwesan

(pt.

t.

Der. over-whelm. Whelp, a puppy.

4-

(E.)

A.

S. hwelp, sb.

hweos], to wheeze. Allied to A. S. hwds-ta,

Du

welp,

Icel.

hvelpr,

E. hoast, a cough, Du. hoest, G. From Teut. *Awos-, Idg. *^<w, as husten. in Skt. kas, to cough ; from VQAS, as in Irish cas-achdack, W. pas, a cough; cf. See Pose (3). Lith. kosti, to cough. (i), a mollusc with a spiral it should be welk or shell. (E.) Ill spelt A. S. wiloc, also M. E. wilk wilk.
j>rov.

Swed. valp, M. H. G. we If. known.

Dan. hvalp, Root un-

Whelk

wcolue, weluc.+\}\*.wulk, also spelt welk, Prob. named from wilk, willok, wullok. cf. Gk. c\i its convoluted shell (fc\-i), a volute ; see Helix. Der. whelk" d, i. e.
;

When. (E.) M. E. wham A.S. hwanne, hwonne, when. -4- M. Du. wan, G. wann, Goth, hwan W. pan. Allied Cf. L. to Goth, hwas, A.S. hwa, who. qttan-do, Gk. ir6-T, when. whence. (E ) M. E. whennes, older form whanene. A.S. hwanon, whence;
;

closely allied to Where. (E.) where ; allied to

Icel.
(in

When
M.E

(above).

wher\ A.S. hw&r, hwa, who.-f-Du. waar,

M. E. whelke, Chaucer, C. T., A. 632. Dimin. of Wheal(i). to overturn, cover over by vomething that is turned over, to over-

convoluted, K. Lear, iv. 6. 71 ; totalled in the first folio. (2), a small pimple. (E.")

spelt

Whelk

hvar, Dan. hvor, Swed. hvar, G. war war-uni], Goth. hwar\ Lith. kur. Wnerry, a shallow, light boat. (E.) Spelt whirry by Latimer. Perhaps allied
to

Whir;

cf.

Sc. whirry, to whir, to hurry.

Whelm,

Origin unknown.

Whet.
hwat,
Icel.

(E.)

M.E.

whetten.

whelm, submerge. (Scand.) M.E.wfotnien, to turn a hollow vessel upside down (Palsgrave), to turn over; Lowl. Sc. quhemle, whomnile, whamle, to turn upside down. Closely related to M. E. wheluen (whelveri] ao&ouerwhtluen (overwhelveti), used in the same sense, 0. The only difficulty is to explain the final -m this is due to the fact that whelm, vb. is really formed from a sb. whelm, standing for hwelf-m, the
;

hwettan, to sharpen
keen,
,

*hwat-jan.)
brave.

A.S. A. S.
wetten>

bold,
;

+Du.

being dropped because unpronounceable. This appears from M. Swed. hwalnia, to cock hay, derived from the sb hwalm, a
hay- cock ; where being derived from

G. wctun, to from O. Sax. hvat, sharpen encourage Icel. hvatr, bold, O. H. G. hwaz, sharp. Der whetstone, A. S. hwetstan. Whether, which of two. (E.) See Matt, xxvii. 21. A.S. hwaher, which of two formed with comparative suffix -for (Idg. -tero-} from the base of who. 4" Icel. hvdrr, Goth, hwathar; cf. Lith. kahvetja, Swed. vatja,
;

tras,

Gk. Kurpos,
(E.)

iroTf/ws, Skt. katara-.

hwalm

is

for

*hwalfm

M. Swed. ^wa^, an

arch,

M. E. whey. A. S. hwag, Du. hui, wei. Cf. whey.-f-M. Du. wey W. chwig, whey fermented with sour

Whey.

vault; cf. hwalfwa, to arch over fmake into a rounded shape). Thus the suffix -m is substantival (as in doo-m, bloo-m, &c.), to become and the Teut. base is convex (M. H. G. welben, pt. t. walb}, the

herbs.

Which.
(Harbour).

(E.)

M.E. which

quhilk

HWELB,

hwilc, hwelc, which; short for hwi-lic, lit. 'of what form.'

A.S.

A. S. hwisee

derivatives of which appear in A.S. hwealf^ adj., convex, sb., a vault, Icel. hv&lf^ hdlf,

Who

O. Fries,

allied to hwd, who lie, like O. Sax. hwilik, and Like. hwelik, Du. welk, Goth, hwileiks,
,

606

WHIFF
hwSleiks, Icel. hvilikr, Dan. Swed. hvilken, G. welcher, O.H.G. hwelih. Cf. L. qualis, Gk. irrjXJKos. Brugm. li. 88.

WHIRL
as

Lowland
;

Sc.

whimmer,

to

whimper,

Whiff,
vapour.
rift,

sb.,

puff.

(E.)

+ W. chwiff,
a

An imitative word,
Cf.

M. E. weffe, like puff,fife.

;

frequentative of whim, another form of whine see Whine. * [They] wil whympe

and whine

a puff, chwaff, a gust

Dan.
Icel.

Latimer, Seven Sermons, ed. Arber, p. 77. +G. wimmern. Whin, gorse. (Scand.) M. E. whynne,
;

puff, gust.

A.S. hwitia,

quyn.
grass;

hvida, a breeze.

Swed. liven, Norw. hvene, bentNorw. hvin, hven, purple melic grass.
vb.
(E.)

whiffle,
wind.
(E.)

to

blow

in gusts, veer as the

Whine,

A.

S.

hwinan, to

Frequentative of whiff, to Der. "vhiffl-er, a piper, fifer ; hence puff. one who goes fust in a procession. Whig. (E. ?) See Todd's Johnson and Nares. Whig is a shortened form oiwhtg-

whine. -f- Icel. hvina, Swed. hvina, Dan. hvine, to whir, whiz, whine. [Cf. Icel. kveina, to wail, Goth, kwainon, to mourn.]

Der. whimp-er,
Lit.
is

q. v.
.

gatnor, applied to certain Scotchmen who came from the west to buy corn at Leith ; from the word whiggam, employed by these men in driving their horses.

Whinyard, a kind
to

of swoi d (Scand .) whine-yard, where yard (probably)

march

Edinburgh made by Argyle (in 1648) was called the whiggamor* s inroad/ and afterwards those who were opposed to
to
'

jogging rudely, uiging forward.' To whig down awa is to jog on briskly. Perhaps for skip, formerly to shake Low G. wippen, Dan. vippe, to seewig', cf. E. Fries, wiggen, Norw. vigga, to bob up and down E. wiggle saw, bob Swed. vippa, to wag, jerk G. Icel. vigg, a hoise to rock and wag. wippen, to move up and down, see-saw, While, a time. (E.} A. S. hwil, sb., a jerk. (I find no very early authority for the /*.) Cf. L. uibrare see Vibrate. Der. pause, a time. -fled- hvila, a place of rest Swed. hvila, rest G. whip, sb., M. Du. wippe (Hexham). Dan. hmle, rest Prob. allied whipple-tree, a swing-bar for traces. weile, Goth, hweila, a time.
1

the court came (in 1680) to be called whigs. But the term (Burnet, Own Times, b. i.) had previously been applied (in 1667) t The the Scotch Covenanters (Lingard). Glossary to Sir W. Scott's novels has t whigamore, a great whig; whigging,
:

a mere suffix (-i-ard). Icel. hvm-a, whi/, whistle thiough the air like a weapon ; the same word as E. whine, but used in a different way. Cf. also L. whinny and Lowl. Sc. whing-er, a whinyard, from the verb -whinge, an extension of whine.
;

Whip,
binding
scourge.

to

move

quickly, to flog.

(E.)

M.E. whippen, to overlay a coid by rapidly

the twine round it, whippe, a From the sense of rapid moveM. E. wippen, to jump up and suddenly, to jig.+Du. wippen, to
; ;

ment

to L.

qui-es,

rest.

(VQEI
;

675.

Der. while, adv.

whiles,

; whiles, adv. (with gen. suffix whds-t, with added / (as in amongs-t, amids-t}; also whilom, formerly, from A.S. hwilum, dat. pi. of hwil, a time. Also mean-while, see Mean (3) ; also

Brugm. i. (E.) The sense is piece of swingingM. E. wood,' composed of tree (as m axle-tree] whence and the verb whipple, frequent, of whip, to -es)
*

quickly, to see-saw (above). An imitative to buzz. (Scand.) word, like whiz. Dan. hvirre, to whirl, twirl Swed. dial, hvirra, to whirl. Allied

move about

Whir,
;

whihng-time, the waiting a

little

time

to

Whirl.
(Scand.)
for

before dinner (Spectator, no. 448), whence the phrase to while away time, probably with some thought of confusion with wile. Skelton has a fieak. (Scancl.) whim-wham. Icel. kvima, to wander with

Whirl.
contraction

M.

E.

whirlen;

Whim,

the eyes, as a silly person Norw. kvima, Cf. Swed. dial. to whisk about, trifle. hvimmerkantig, giddy in the head Norw.
; ;

*wkirf-ltn, frequent, of M.E. wherfen,\.Q turn. Icel. hvirfla,iv whirl ; frequent, of hverfa (pt. t. hvarf), to turn round ; Dan. hvirvle, Swed. hmrfla, M. Du. wervelen, to whirl ; G. witbeln,to whirl, to warble. (Base HWERF.) Allied

to Wharf. Cf. Goth, hwairban, to go i. kvim, foolery (Ross). Der. whimsey, a about; Gk. /ca/>ir<5s, the wrist. Brugm. Der. whirl-wind, from Icel. 675. whim, from the allied Norw. kwimsa, Swed. dial, hvimsa, Dan. vimse, to be hviifilvindr, Dan. hvirvelvind, Swed. hvirfveimnd, a whirlwind; also whirlgiddy, skip or whisk about. Whimper, to whine. (E.) The same pool ; whirl-i-gig (see Gig).

WHISK
The h is intrusive. It is pro(Scand.) perly wisk, orig. to wipe, brush, sweep, a quick motion, as when using esp. with a light brush the h was due to confusion with whiz, whir, whirl, &c. Dan. viske, to wipe, rub, sponge, from visk, a wisp,
;

WHITTLE
quickly.

319. (VKWEI.) Der. whit-ing, a fish with delicate white flesh, also ground chalk ; also whit-ster, a whitener, bleacher; whittle (2), wheat, Whit-sunday, q. v. Whither. (E.) M. E. whiter. A. S. hwider, hwceder, whither.+Goth. hwadre. Cf hither, thither. Allied to Who. Whitlow, a painful swelling on the rubber; Swed. viska, to wipe, also to wag ' whisk fingeis. (Scand.) Corruption of whick(or whisk) the tail, from viska, a whitlow (Halliwell) where which (sic\ a small broom,' Widegren Icel. visk, flaw, a wisp of hay, something to wipe with, a is the Northern pronunciation Q>iquick,\ e. the rubber.+G. wischen, 'to wipe, wisk, rub,' the sensitive part of the finger lound i nail Icel. kvika. Flaw is the Swed.yfogw, Flugel; from the sb. wisch, whisk (sic}, flake. See Quick clout/ id. Cf. A. 8. wcoxian (for *wis- a flaw, crack, breach, The sb. which thus and Flaw. The sense is ciack near the to wipe. }, (3. hence a painful sore, afterwards a appears as Icel. visk, Swed. viska, G. quick,' * Der. whisk- painful swelling. It was corrupted first to wisch, meant orig. a wisp.' whit/law (Holland), or whitjlowe (Palser, from the likeness to a small brush. * by Nestor brwKd her with his whisker* \* grave), and afterwards to whitlow ' Par-white and low (4). Dryden, Tioilus, iv. 2. Also whisk-y, confusion with a light onychia, a whit/law,' Wiseman, Surgery, easily whisked along.

Whisk,

to

move

or sweep

'

gig,

Whisky, Whiskey, a spirit.

Usquebaugh. "Whisper, vb.
O.

(Gaelic.)

b.

i.

c.

Gaelic uisge-beatha, watei of life, whisky; the latter element being diopped; see

day, as

M. K. ivhisperen (K.) Nurthumb. hiuispnan, to murmur, M. Du Luke xix. 7, John vn. 12.

white SunA.S. name hwita sunnan-dieg, Icel. hvltasunnudar, Norwegian kvitsunndag\ these are facts though constantly denied by the

Whit- Sunday.
is

^E

Lit.

perfectly certain from the

lovers of piradoxtcal
'

and far-fetched ety-

Cf. also wisperen, wispelen, G. wispeln Icel. hvhkra, Swed. hviska, Dan. hvi\ke, to whisper (Imitative base HWIS.) Allied to Whiz and Whistle. "Whist, a game requiring silence. (K.) Orig. called whisk, from the sweeping up of the tricks (see Whisk) ; renamed as whist, from the use of the word whist to enjoin silence cf. hist and hush. Chaucer has both hush and whist in the sen>e of ' silenced or quiet ; tr. of Boethms, b. n.
:

The difficulty lies only in the mologies. The great festivals, leasoa foi the name Yule, Easter, and Pentecost, but esp. the two latter, were the great seasons foi christening in the Roman Catholic church
;

especially Easter, whence in Roman usage the Sunday after Easter was called Domibut in the Northern nica in Albis churches, perhaps owing to the cold
;

'

'

week was called the Holy Week, Icel. Icel. Diet. The case is Ilelga Vika parallel to that of noon, which at first meant 9th hour, or 3 P.M., but was afterwards shifted. So also in other cases. H WIS.) See Whisper. fiom ml, a thing, particle. (E ) The // is Cf. W. sulgivyn, Whitsunday white Der. \Vhitsun-week, misplaced whit is for wiht, the same as sun, gwyn, short for Whitsunday "s week (Icel. hvit awight, a person, also a thing, bit, whit Whit sun-tide, short for A.S. wiht, a wight, a thing, bit; see sunnudags-vika] Wight (i) Der. aught A. S. dwiht, WhitSunday 'tide cf. Palmwn for Pal?nsunday, Lowson for Low Sunday one whit whence n-aught, n-ot. White. (E.) M. K. whit. A. S. hwit. Whittle (0, to P are r cut w tn a +l)u wit, Icel. hvitr, Dan hvid, Swed. knife. From the obsolete sb. whittle, a Allied to knife, the same as M. E. fwite/, a knife, hvit, Goth, hweits, G. weiss.

1341. vb. (L.) A. S. hwistlian, to hiss; hwistlere, a whistler, piper, -f- Icel Dan. hvisle, to hiss, hvisla, to whisper whistle; Swed. hvissla, to whistle. (Base
1.

mot

c,

seems weather at Easter- time, Pentecost to have been esp. appointed for christening hence the following and for ordination
. . ,

Whistle,

WMt,

'

Skt. cveta-, white, from $vit, to shine, to be also to Russ. svietitc, to shine white Lith. szwaitinti, to illuminate. Brugm. i.
; ;

A. S.fwtt-, weak grade of lit. a cutter.' See Thwite. fiwltan, to cut. Whittle (-2), to sharpen. (E) Used as
'

608

WHITTLE
well- whittled thoroughly sharpened like a whittle or knife; see Whittle (i) above. Doubtless confused with whet, to sharpen. Whittle (3), a blanket. (E.) M. E. Named from its vikitel; A. S. hwttel. white colour. A. S. hwlt, white.

WICKET
'

a slang term ;

'

Whirl. 4* M. Du.

worvel, a wharl, wor-

drunk.

Lit.

veten, to twist or twine ; Dn. wervel> G. wirbel, a thing that turns round, (E.) Whortle-berry, the bilberry.

Formerly hurtle - berry, and later (in Ameiica) huckle-berry also hurt, by con;

WTliz, whizz?

to hiss.

'

(E.)

The woods do

fusion with M.F. heurte. ball (m heraldry). A. S.

a small azure
,

pi.

An

Whisper, Whistle. + Icel. hvis^a,

Surrey, tr. of-#ineid, b. ii 536. to Hiss, allied imitative word ;

to hiss.

(Dorset) hart -berry, A. S. heorot-berige.

Formeily who, "WTlO, pronoun, (E ) what, whtch, weie interrogative pronouns,

j

on what account (common). A S, hwi, in what way, instrumental case of hwa, who;
see

From Hart and Berry. Why. (E.) M. E. u /;/<?/ whi

What, whose, whom, occur as relatives as early as the end of the i^th century, but who, nom., as a relative, is not iound S before the I4th century. (Morris.)

Who.

"WI

WY.

hwa, who ; neuter, hwief, what gen hwces, whose; dat. hwicm, hwam; ace. masc. and fem. hwone, whom [obsolete], instrumental hwi, in neut. hwcet, what
;

Wick
(E.)

(i\ a twist of threads for a lamp.

iveoce,

what way, how, why. 4" I )u ivte hverr, Dan. hvo, Swed. hvem, G
Goth, hwas,
Skt. kas.

Icel.

wcr,

K. wuke, wcykc, wiike. A. S. a wick. M. Du. wiecke\ Low G. weke> lint Dan. vifge, Swed veke, a wick ; Norw. veik; M.H.G. wuche, a wick; O.H G. wtoh (lucubiurn). Origin doubt-

M.

Irish, co, L. quis, Lith. has,

ful.

Bmgm.
Dan.

ii.

(Base 411.
(E.)

QO =
Du.

Tout.

II

W A.)
w)

Pei haps 'a twist';

I

cf.

O. Irish figA. S. wlc\ See

,

im

veave.
(2),

Wick

a town.

(L.)

Whole.
heel,

M.

E. hole (without

A, S. hal, whole.

Sw

Cf W. cod, an omen. Teut. type *hatloz. Doublet, hale. ~DQ?.hol~y, heal-th. Whoop, to shout. (F. Teut.) The is modern initial formerly hoop. M.E. houpcn. Y honper, to hoop unto ;' Cot. From F. houp ! an exclamatory interjec-

hel,

Goth, hails

heel, Icel. heill, G. heil. ^

borrowed from Vicinity.

uuus, a

village.

(3), Wich, * creek, ba> salt-pit. O, Icel. *wik^ Icel, vtk, a small (Scand.) creek, inlet, bay. From vlk-ja, to recede ;

Wick

soe

Weak, Wicker. Wicked. (E.) Ong.

evil,'

'

the sense 'rendered

lete adj.

a pp. form with from the obso-

wikke,

evil, also

weJk; evidently

tion.

Of

Tt'i\f.

origin

cf.
7

h. Fries,

hup

allied

to

Weak,

q.v.

From

the

weak

Cf. tlugel up' G. hopsa, 'heyday' Hoot. Der. whooping-cough 01 hoopingQUgk . Whore, sb. (Stand ) The w is unoriM. E. hore. - Icel. hora, an adulginal. an adulteier; Dan. teress, fem. of horr, G. huie, hore, Swed. hora, -f Du. hoer, Goth, hdrs, masc an O. H. G. . adulterer. Allied to Polish kunva, ChurchSlavonic kttruva, an adulteiess; L. earns, O. Irish cat-aim cat n< to love 1 oving
(
.

grade wic- of A. S. wic-an, Icel. vik-ja, Cf. also A. S. wicca, a to gi\e way. see Witch. wizard Wicker, made of twigs. (Scand.) N.^.wiker, a pliant twig, properly a sb.; cf. A.S. wic-, weak grade of whan, to
;

I love. to hire

weak. See Witch-elm. a small gate. (F. - Teut.) M.K. wiket. - A. F. wtket, also written O. F. gnhchet (Supp. to Godeivisket (K.) mod. F. Prov. guisquet (Diez) of bone placed on a spindle to twist froy) piece doubtThe hkenesb between a ivharl on a gmchet Walloon wichet. Origin it by. with F. dimin and a whorl of leaN es is sufficiently iul; apparently formed spindle to whisl M. E. wharl, wherl, whorl, Cath. suffix >et, from Teut. base *wisk~, close. from its lightness. Cf Contraction of M. E. whorvtl, for or move quickly, Angl. to mov from A. S. hwtorfa, a wharl. E. Fries, wisken, (i) to wipe, (2) *whervil see Wharf, quickly; Noiw. viika v tne same); Swed to turn A. S. hwcorfan, 609
,

It corsee "Weak. give way, bend, ply ; icsponds to Swed. dial, vekare, vMer, willow, from Swed. vika, to bend, ply; Dan. dial, vegre, a pliant rod, allied to

Dan.

veg, pliant,

(-/KAR.) fl Certainly not allied 637. Brngm. i. The same as wharl, a Whorl.
'

Wicket,
;

WIDE
dial, viska, to throw, swing ; G. wischen, to rub, to slip aside. See "Whisk. Used of a small door, easily opened, made within
;

WIMBERRY
final
/),

Swed.

ing,
Icel.

nimbly.
'

From

nimble, vig (

vigt, S.
;

adv.,

war; cf. Icel. vega, to fight, smite a large gate cf. Norw. viskjen, light and weihan (pt. t. waih}, to fight, stiive; L. Der. nincere to conquer. Cf. Lith. vekd, quick (Ross). (Kortmg, 8714.) wicket (at cricket), which was at first a strength. small gate,' being made 2 feet wide by i Wigwam, an Indian hut. (N. Amer. foot high (A.D. 1700) Massachusetts wek his house Indian.) Wide. (E.) A. S. wid. -f- Du. 7///</, this word, with possessive and locative Icel. vtffr, Swed Dan. rid, G. wetf. Tent affixes, becomes wckou-om-ttt in his house; Der. wid th, XVI cent. in whence E. weekwam or wigivani (Webtype *widoz. ster). place of the old woid wide-ness. Cuoq gives Algonquin mikiwam, Widgeon, a bird (F. - L.?) Spelt also wikiwani) a house (pp. 221, 438). in Levins (1570). A. F. *wieon Wild. (E.) M. E. wilde A. S. wilde, ivigion for O. F. vigeon, a whistling duck (Littre). wild, untamed. Du wild; Icel. villr^ Prob. from \*.uipi5nem, ace. of uipio, a wild, also astray, bewildered, confused kind of small ciane (Pliny, x. 49^. Dan. (whence Lowl. Sc. will, astray) Widow. (E.) M. E. widewe A. S. Swed. vild, G. wild, Goth, wiltheis. Teut. widuwe -f-Du. weditwe, G. witfive, type *welt/yoz. Cf. W. gwyllt, wild. widwe, Goth, widttwo. Further allied to L utdua, Root uncertain.
t

wig) Goth.
t

of itiduus t bereft of, deprived of; Irish feadkb, W. gweddw Rtiss. vdova, Skt. vidhava, a widow. Brugm ri. 64.
fern,
;

ivildcrncssC)

wilderness, a waste place. (E.) M. E. Layamon, 30335. From A. S.

; ,

VWIDH,
adding
-et
;

as

in

Skt. vidh, to lack

(St.

Petersburg Diet M. E. widewer,

1070). T)QT.widow-cr, coined from widow by so also G. witwer.

vi.

also wildor\ Teut. wilder, a wild animal type *wilthos t n., a derivative of wilde wild. Sievers, 289 -f*M. Du. wildemisse

And

K. welden, to govern, (E ) possess, manage. A. S. gewyldan, to have power over. This is a weak verb, due to A. S. wealdan (pt. t. vveold}, to have power
over, govern, rule, possess, -f- Icel. valda, G. walten, Goth waldan, to govern allied to Lith. waldyti, Russ. vladiete, to rule, Cf. W. gwlad, a region. possess. Wife. (E.) A. S. wff, a woman, neut. sb. with pi. wTf (unchanged), -f- Du. wi;f,
;

Wield.

wile\ A. S. Cf. Lithnan wtlti, to deceive. wl/, a \\ lie. And see Guile, ^f The A. S. wil is a late

Bewilder. Wile, a tuck. (FO

see

M.E

word and a derivation from A. S. wig/tan, to practise sorcery, is possible; cf. ' wilting, divmatio,' Kentish Glosses, 554 ; also His [the devil's] wijeles, Ancr. Riwle, 300 A. S wlgl, divination (Napier).
; ;

vlf Dan. vtv, G. wetb, O. II. G. wi/>, Tent, type *wibotn, n. Root obscure; certainly not allied to weave
Icel.
t

woman.

M.E. wilful; formed from M. E. wil-le y will see Will (2) below. Will (i), to desire, be willing. (E) M. E. willen, pt. t. wolde A. S. wilIan, wyllan, to wish, be willing pres. wt/fe,

Wilful.

(E.)

with suffix

-fill

(A. S. we/an), as the fable runs.

Der.

wile (2 p wilt), pt.

Icel. vilja,

t.

wolde.+~D\i.willen,

woman.

Wig. (Du

-F.-Ital.-L.)

Short for

wiljan
pt.
t.

(pt.

t.

Dan. wile, Swed. vilja, Goth. wtlda) G. wollen (pres. will,

y

periwig^ which see. (E) (i), a person, creature. M. E. wight) wtjt S. wiht, a creature, animal, person, thing (very common). Du. wicht, a child; Icel. v&ttr; Dan. vattC) an elf; G. wtcht, Goth waihfr, Tent, fern, a \ught, waiht, neut. a whit. type *wchtiz f. Perhaps it meant some-

Wight

wollte), Lithuan. weliti, L. uelle Skt. vr, to choose. (pres. uolo] Der. will- ing, orig. a pres. pa rt. Iso willy;

(^WEL.)

mlly, answering both to will

to will he nillhe
t

for

/, nilI /, and from A. S. nillan, short ne wtllan, not to wish ( = L. nolle, not
;

to wish).

'

Will

(2), sb., desire.

(E.)

E. wille,
;

thing moving/ from A. S. wegatt t to

see

move

Weigh, Whit.

(2), nimble, strong. (Scand.) In Spenser, Shep. Kal., March, 91. M. E. Icel. vigr t fit for war, wight) valiant neut. vigt, serviceable (accounting for the

Wight

A. S. willa, sb. A. S. willan, to will see Will (i) above. -f Du. wil, Icel. vili, Dan. vilhe^ Swed. vilja, G. iville, Russ. volia.

Willow.
A.S

(E.)

M.E. wilow, wilwe\

wilg
%

W(?/i^-.4-Du.

Low

Wimberry, Winberry.

G. wilge. (L. and E.)

610

WIMBLE
S. ivmberie^ winberige, a grape, lit. a A. S. win, fiom L. uinum, wine-berry.

WINE
motion. (E.) M, E. wind. |- Du. wind, Icel. vindr, Dan. Swed. vind* G. wind, Goth. winds. Teut. type *ivendoz. Further cognate with W. gwynt> Bret, gwcnt, L. nentus, wind. Orig. a pres. part.,_with

A.

Wind

wind;

(0, A. S.

air in

wine

wimble/ Hexham
pearce or

see Berry. ; berige, a berry (i), a gimlet. (E) M. E. wimbil. Cf. Dan. vimmel, a boring-tool Low G. wemel, wemmel, a wimble (LubM. Du. wane, a pearcer, or a ben)
;

Wimble
;

the sense of blowing/ From -^WE, to M. Du. wemelen, to blow; whence also Skt. va to blow, bore with a wimble,' Hexham. vatas, wind, Goth, waian, to blow, Russ.
'

Apparently from a Tent, base *wew,

turn ; see below. Cf. Shropsh. a turnstile. Der. gimlet.

to

wim-wam,

vieiate, to blow, vieter\ wind, Lithuan. From the same root is E. we/as, wind.

In (Scand) Spenser, Shep. Kal., March, 91. -.Swed. dial, mmmla, to be giddy or skittish, frequent, of Swed. dial, vima, to be giddy, allied to Icel. vim, giddiness. Compare "Wimble (i) and Whim.
(2),

Wimble

active.

pt t. often

Der. wind, to blow a horn, and pp. winded, Much Ado, i. i. 243, 'f Cf. oddly corrupted to wound Sweet, Gr. 1367. Also wind-fall, wind&c. mill,
weather, q.v.

Wind (2), to turn M K winden, pt.

ivunden.

jound, twist.

(E.)

type *wendan-, pt. t. *wand} pp. *wundwinpel suggests ^wind-pel anoz. from wind, the wind, and (perhaps) A S. Windlass (i), a machine with a turncf. E. windelas from p&ll, pell (L. pallium}, a covering ing axis. (ScandO O. H. G. wim-pal. See Wind (i) and Icel. vindil-ass (still in use), a compound Fall (i). fl" This would also account for of Icel. vtndill, a winder, and ass (exthe sense of ' streamer,' if pel can mean a plained below). Here Icel. vtndil=<M.E. strip of bright-colomed stuff. (A guess ) windel, Swed. dial, vtndel, a winder from Win, to gam by labour, earn. (E.) the verb to wind. ft. We also find M. E. M. E. winncn,pt, t. wan, won, pp. wonncn. wmdas, a windlass Chaucer, C. T. 10498, Icel. vindass, a windlass. A. S. winnan, to fight, struggle, try to get &c. Icel. labour, suffer pt. t. wann, pp wunnen. -f- vind-a, to wind ass, a pole, rounded beam, Du. winncn, Icel. vinna, Dan. vinde, -f-Du. wmdas, M.Du. windaes, a windlass. Swed vinna ; G. gewinnen, O. H. G. ivin- y. Here M. Du. aes, Icel. ass, is cognate nan, to fight, strive, earn Goth. winnan, with Goth, ans, a beam (distinct from Du. Allied to Skt. van, to beg, ask as, M. Du. asse, an axis, for which see to suffei L. uenerdri, to honour, uenus. Axis). for, honour desire Windlass (2), a circuit. (Scand.) gw$n, a smile. (^WEN.) Formerly wmdlasse\ Hamlet, ii. I. 65; Winberry ; see Wimberry. M. E. ivincen. &c. A peculiar use of Windlass (i), Wince. (F Tent.) A. F. *wencir, necessarily the old form perhaps misunderstood as if used for windof A. F. gucncir (Toynbee), for O. Y.guen- lace, a winding course; from wind, vb., chir, later gwncher, to wriggle, writhe and lace, a snare, twist, mod. E. lace. O Sax. wenkian', M. H.G. Window. (Scand.) Orig. sense windaside (Cot.). for Teut. eye/ an eye or hole for the admission of wenken, to wince, start aside *wankjan-. M. II. G. wank, 2nd grade of air and light. M. E. windowe, windohe, winken, to move aside, nod, beckon see wmdoge. Icel. vindauga (for *windauga) 9 ' a window lit. wind -eye Dan. vindue. Wink. Icel. vindr, wind the crank of an axle. (E.) auga, eye see Eye. Winch., A. S. ^[ Butler has windore, a corrupted form, M. E. winche prov. E. ivink wince, a winch, orig. a bent handle. Cf. A.S. as if for wind-door. Wine. (L.) A. S. win, wine borrowed wincel, a corner, lit. bend from the strong Note also from L. ulnum, wine (whence also G. verb *wincan\ see Wink. Lithuan. winge, a bend or turn of a rivei wein, &c.).+Gk. ofros, wine ; oiv^ a vine. The Gk. otvrj is from yWEI, to wind, or road. 611

Wimple, a coveiing for the neck. (E.) "M. E. wimpel\ A. S. winpel, a wimple. Du. wimpel, a streamer, pendant ; Icel. vimpill, Dan. Swed. v impel, G. wimpel, a O. H. G. wimpal, a summer robe

A.

b.

wunden
Goth,

-|-Du.

wand, wond, pp. windan, pt. t. wand, pp. winden, Icel. vinda, Dan.
t.

vmde, Swed. mnda

-ivindan

(to squint),

(in

bi-windaii}.

G. winden, Teut.

The rnnon, A.

S.

WING
growth of the
twist, twine (see "Withy) ; from the twining vine. 66. Brugm. li.

WISTFUL
wist wise.+D u wijs, Icel. viss, Dan. viis, Teut. type Swed. vis, G. weise, wise. *WIM>Z, for *wit-toz, from Idg. ^WEID, See "Wit (i). Thus wise to know.
'

M. E. winge, wenge. (Scand.) vcengr (for *w<rngr) t a wing ; Dan. Swed. vtnge Fries, winge. Wink, to move the eyelids quickly. (E.) 1. M. E. wmken, pt. t. winkede. A. S. wincian, to wink. 2. But we also

Wing.
Icel.

'knowing'; cf. cunning. Brugm. i. Der. wi$-dom, A. S. wis-dom. 759, 794.

wise
wise
ness
;

A.
or

(2), manner, S. wise, way.

skill
;

find winken, strong verb, pt. t. wank, wonk, shewing that there was also a strong A, 8. verb *wincan, (pt. t. *wanc, pp. *gewuncen], whence A. S. wanc-ol, wavering, and other forms, -f- M. Dtt. wincken, wencken, to wink wanck, sb., a twinkling of an eye, an instant Icel. vanka, to wink Dan. vinke, Swed. irinka, to beckon G. (). II. G. winkan, str. winken, to nod vb., to move aside, stir, waver (see Schade). Cf. Lith. wingis, a bend of a river, wangia> t
;
; ;

'

M. E. (E.) { Orig. sense wisefrom wts, adj., wise

way.

Dan. viis, Swed. vis, Der. like-wise (i. e. in like other-wise. wise) Doublet, guise. wiseacre. C^u. G.) Borrowed from M. Du. wijsiegger, supposed to mean a
(above).
;

+ Du. wijs,

G. wetse, sb.

wen^ti, to shirk work, to flinch. a kind of shell-fish. (E) A. S. -wincla (in wine-wincld], a winkle. Named from the convoluted shell cf.
idle,

winkle,

G. wcissager, wise sayer, sooth-sayer. supposed to mean wise sayer.' p. But the G. word is itself a corruption of O. H. G. from O. H. G. wizago, a prophet, seer wizan, to see. The cognate A. S. word is from A. S. wftan, wifega, a prophet, seer to observe, p. The veibs wizan witan, are cognate with L. uidfre (pt. t. uid-i], to and closely allied to A. S. witan, to see
'
; ;

Dan. dial, tnnkel, a snail-shell allied to wince a winch (orig. a bend, turn'). See also "Wench. WinnOW. (E.) M. E. wmdeiven, wineiven, to winnow. A. S. windwian, to A. S. wind, winnow, expose to wind. So also (>. H. G. wtnton, from wind. wint; L. uentilare, from uentus,
; i

know

see

Wit

(i).

Wish,

vb.

(.")
;

E. ivischen. A.S.

Winsome, pleasant. (E.) A. S. wynsum, delightful formed with suffix -sum from wynn, joy. A. S. wynn < Teut. *wunja, f, is formed (by vowel-change of u to y) from wun-, as in Goth unwun-ands, unrejoicing, weak grade of Cf. G. Idg. *wen, to desire. See "Wont. wonne, joy, O. Sax. witnnia. Winter. (E ) A. S. winter, a winter, also a year.-f-Du. winter, Icel. vetr, Dan. Swed. vinter, G. winter, Goth, wintrus. Teut. type *wintruz. Root unknown. Wipe* (E.) A. S. wTpian, to wipe
; ;

for Teut. *wunskjan- t wyscan, to wish formed from Teut. *wunsko-, sb., a wish. Compare A S. wusc- (in comp.), which is Du. witnsch, Icel. cognate with dsk, G. wumch, O. H. G. wunsc, a wish [the derived verbs being IceL cpskja> G. Allied to Skt. wunschen, to wish]. vanch, to desire, wish, formed (with verbal suffix -sko-} from van, to ask. Similarly the E. word is a derivative from

to

desire,
li.

Brugm.
wistful.

whence E. win see Win. Der. wishful and see 90.

;

^WEN,

orig. to rub with a wisp of straw. sb. preserved in E. Fries, wip,

Prom
G.

Low

wiep, a twist or wisp of straw. Allied to from the str. vb. Goth. waipf, a wreath
;

weipan, to crown (twine).

Wire.

(E

A. S. wir, a wire.

+ Icel.
;

^Wisp, a small bundle of straw or hay. (E ) M. E. wtspj also wtp*. The form wips may be connected with the verb to Allied to Low G. wiep, Norweg. wipe. vippa, a wisp, Swed. dial, vipp, a little sheaf or bundle, Goth, waips, a crown Cf. Dan. vippe, (orig. a twisted wreath). to see-saw, go to and fro, Swed. vtppa, G wippen, to go up and down, see-saw. Perhaps from the vibratory motion in rubbing see Whip, Vibrate.
;

Wist, knew
Wistful,
the

see

Wit
(E.)

(i }.

vtrr, wire ; cf. Swed. vira, to twist O. H. G. wiara, an ornament of (twisted) L. uiria, armlets. Some compare gold
;

eager.

The

history of

word shews it to be a substitution for wishful, 3 Hen. VI, iii. i. 14; which is
from wish, sb., with suffix -ful. p. But it seems to have been confused with wistly,
a

Irish fiar,

crooked (bent)

from

^WKI,
A. S.

to twine.

Wis Wise
;

see

Ywis.
discreet, learned.

(0,

(E.)

word used by Shakespeare in M. E. wisly, certainly, verily,

place of
exactly,

612

WIT
formerly a common word C. T. 1865, 3992, &c.
;

WITTOL
see Chaucer, This M. E.

wisly is from Icel. viss, certain (distinct from, yet allied to, vfss, wise), ong. pp. of Icel. vita, to know (Noreen) ; see

with-draw-ing~room, a retiring-room, oddly contracted to drawing room. Withe ; see "Withy.

now

Wit

The parts (i), to know. (E) of this verb are often ill understood and wrongly given. M. E. intm. witen pres. t. I wot, with 3 p. he wot (later wottctK],
;

Wit

(i).

Wither. (E.) Ong. trans. ; M. E. widFrom ren, wedertn, to expose to weather. M. E. weder, weather ; see Weather. Cf.
G. verwittern, to wither weather.
;

from wetter,

and

2 p.

thou wost

(later wottest},\>\.

witen

A. S. witan ; pres. pt. t. wiste, pp. wist. t. ic wat^fu was/, hewdt, pi. witon. pi. t.
wiste, also wisse, pi. wiston
;

Withers, the ridge between the shoulder-blades of a horse. (E.) So called because it is the part which a horse opposes to his load, or on which the stress of the
collar

comes

in

drawing.

A. S. wider,

pp. witen

gerund

to

witanne ^mod. E.

to

wtfy.+Du.

O H. G. wtdar, know), Skt. Goth, withra, against (for wi-thra, a (-y'WEID.) wit (2), sb., knowledge, &c. (E.) compar. form). Cf. Skt. vi, apart, viM. E. wit A. S. witt, knowledge Tent, tatam, further. Brugm i. K6. Withhold. (E.) Fiomzw'M, i.e. back, witan, to type *wit-jom, neut. know; see "Wit (i). Icel. vj( Dan. vid, towards oneself; and hold. Swed. vett, G. witz, wit. Within, Without ; see With. wit (3), a wise man. (E.) M.E. wite Withsay, to contradict. (E ) From ' A. S with, in the sense against and say. A. S. wita, lit. one who knows.' witan, to know. Der. A. S. witena ge~ Withstand, to resist. (E.) From with, in the sense 'against' and stand. mot, a meeting of wits, a parliament. Witch. (E ) M. E. wicche, both masc. Withy, Withe, a flexible twig. (E.) E. wtdi A. S. wtfag, a willow. Named and fern., a wizard, a witch A.S. wtcce, from its flexibility fiom ^WEI, to twine, fern. also wicca,m. Allied to A.S. wiccian, E. Fries, wikken to practise witchcraft plait, as in L. ui-ere, Kuss. mte, to twine. +M. Du. weede, hop-plant (twiner) Icel. -f-M. Du. wicker, a soothsayer,' Ilexham Low G. wikken, to predict. Cf. Norw. vtd/a, a withy, m6, a withe, vibir, a willow; vjkja, (i) to turn aside, (2) to conjuie Dan. vidie, Swed. vide, willow; G weide, away. This links it with Icel. vtkja (pp. willow. Also Lith. wytis, a withe, zilL, and wittis, a willow '^cf. zill-as, gray) rtk-tnn}, to move, turn, push aside a vine; Gk. Irta, a willow: \V. with E. Weak. Thus witch perhaps ;//7z'r, Der. bewitch, vh. (above). ^avriter.' gwden, a withe. Cf L. ni-men t a twig. 685, 789. Witch-elm, Wych-elm. (E.) M.E. Brugm. 11. The sense is bend- Witness, testimony. (E.) Properly an wiche. A. S. wtce. from the pendulous abstract sb. A. S. witnes, testimony. ing,' or drooping A.S. wu-cn, pp. of wican, to A. S. wit-an, to know, with suffix -nes branches. * thus the ong. sense was knowledge' or bend see Wicker. ' With. (E.) A.S wi&, by, near, among; consciousness.' Cf. Icel. vttna, Dan. Goth, weit-wods, a witit also means 'against,' as in mod.E. withvidne, to testify Der. witness, vb. stand, with-say. f- Icel. vrf, against, by, ness at Dan. ved, Swed. vid, near, by, at. Wittol, a cuckold. (Low G.) Formerly also thought to see supposed to mean wit- all Allied to A. S. wider, against "Withers. Der. wtth-al, from M.E. with, represent A. S. wttol, knowing, wise, from There is no foundation with-in, wttan, to know. with, alle, dat. case of at, all E. A. S. wifannan wtth-out, A.S wibittan. for this, as the word is not used in the Hence also with-draw, with-hold, with- period. Up. Hall writes witwal i.e. wittol is the same as wttwall, or woodwale, the say, with- stand.
see (perf.
t.

weten, Icel. mta, Dan. vide, Swed. veta, G. wtssen, Goth, witan, to know. Further allied to L. uidere, to see, Gk. Idtiv, to
ol8a
I wot, I

against; as sb., resistance; cf. also A.S. Cf. G. widerwid, against (above), from wider, byrist, withers of a horse
;

form

of

wiedcr,

against,

and
is

rist,

an

elevated part A. S. wider lated to Icel. vidr, against,

further re-

vid, to see, veda, I

know.

AS

'

'

<

'

Withdraw. (E.) From with, i. e. back, towards oneself; and draw. Hence

name

of a bird. Flono (ed. 1598) explains \\s\.godano by 'the bird called a witwal

613

WIVERN
or

WONT
edition, If this be so,

woodwall

'

and

in

a later

wood
plain.

*a wittal or woodwale?

Icel. vollr, gen. valiar, a field, Teut. type *walthuz. Cf. Weald.

we may be sure that allusions were made to the witwall similar to those
endless allusions to the cuckoo which produced the word cuckold. Witwall represents the M. Du. or Low G. form of E. ivoodivale ; and, while woodwale usually means the woodpecker, witwall seems to have been applied to the oriole. See

Wolf.
wolves}.

(E.)

M. E.

wolf, pi. wolues

pi.

A.S. wulfi

wu/fas^Du. G.

wolf, Icel. ulfr,

wulfs.

Dan. ulv, Swed. ulf, Goth. Further allied either to L. uulpcs or else (together with (see Vulpine) Icel. ylgi", a she-wolf) to Lith. wilka^, Rusb. voltf Gk. \VKO$, Skt. tnka-, a wolf.
;
,

Teut. type

*wulfoz,
;

Idg.
cf.

type *w2lqos

"Woodwale.

tear, Lith. wtlkti, to pull. Brugm. ii. 60. Der. wclv-cr-ene, a coined word; (E.*rfF.) M.E. wizard. Wyce, Wyse, sagax ; Wysard, wulvenn in Hakluyt, i. 277. Woman. (E.) A phonetic alteration of sagaculus Prompt. Parv. Not an early word, but of hybrid origin due to M. E. A.S. wifman, lit. wife-man, the word man
;

Wivern
* '

from *wclq, to tear

see

Skt. vra^ck, to

Wyvern.

Wizard, Wisard.
;

S wis, wise, with the addition of being formerly applied to both sexes. This the F. sulnx ~ard (from O. II. G. -hart, the word became wimman, pi. wirnmen, in same as hart, hard). Hence the ong. the icth century, and this pi. is still in use sense was 'one who affects to be wise'; in spoken English. In the I2th century, hence, a magician or a so-called 'wise it became wumman (just as, in A. S., widu became wudti, see Wood\ whence E. m.i n .' Wizen, to shrivel or dry up. (E.) M.E. woman and prov. E wuniman [wunvun]. wisenen, to become shrivelled O. North- <([ Cf. leman from A. S. leofman, Lamumb. wtsnian, to become dry, John xv. mas from A. S. hlafmasse', see Leman, 6 we find also A. S.for-wisman, to dry Lammas. Icel msntij to wither, allied to the Lowl. Sc. warne, the (E) up. old pp. vntnn, wizened, occurring also belly. lA.\^.wombc,ivambc. h^.wamb, as Dan. and Swed. vissen. This is a pp. womb, the belly. -f-Du. warn, belly of a fish; of a lost strong verb, from a base WEIS, Icel. vomb, Dan. vom, Swed vamb^vamm, to dry up. Cf O. H. G. wesancn, to dry G. wampe, wamme, Goth, wamba, the And cf. Virulent. up. belly. Wo, Woe. (E.) M. E. wo A. S. iva, Wombat, a marsupial mammal. (AusA corruption of woniback, the inter), and adv. wea, wo, sb -f- Du. vee, tralian.) Icel. vei, Dan. vee, Swed. native Australian name. inter), and sb. (Collins, New also Dan. South Wales, 1802; Bewick, Quadrupeds; ve, G. weh, Goth, wai, interj. Allied to W. gwae, woe, E E Morris, Austral English.) vee, G weh, sb. L. nee. wo Orig. an exclamation hence Won, to dwell, remain. (E ) M. E. a cry of pain, &c. Der. wo-begonc, i. e. wonen, A. S. wunian, to dwell see wo-surrounded, from M. E. begon, pp. of Wont began = A. S. began, to surround, lit. to go Wonder, sb. (E.) A. S. wnndor, a round about from A. S. be- ( = E. by\ portent, wonder -f-Du- wonder, Icel. undr, and gan, to go. Also wo worth, i.e. wo G. wunder, O. H. G wuntar; Teut. type be to see Worth. *wundrom, n. Origin unknown.
wys,
; ;

Womb.

M. E. wod, wood, woad. A. S. wad, woad 4- Du. voeede, Dan. vaid, veid,

Woad,

a plant, used for dyeing.

(E.)

Swed. veide, G. waid, M. H. G. weit (whence O. F. watde, mod. F. gtrtde). Allied to L. uitrum, woad. ^f Distinct from weld (2). Wold, a down, plain, open country. (E.) M.E. wold, wald. A.S. weald, wald, a wood, forest (hence waste ground, and wunderftc, wonderful, -ly being dropped even open country, as in Icelandic). f- because it seemed like an adverbial ending. Du. woud, O. Sax. and O. Fries, wald, Wont, used, accustomed. (E.) M. E. a wood G. wald\ O. H. G. wait, a woned, pp. of women, to dwell, remain,
4

wondrous, wonderful. (E ) A corruption of the old word wondeis, wondrous, orig. an adv., but also an adj. Wonders deie' = wondrously dear 'wonders men = wonderful men. Wonders was formed by adding the adv. suffix -s (orig. a gen. case) to the M. E. wonder, adj., wonderful, Chaucer, C. T. 455. This A. S. adj. is short for wonderly, adj.
; *

woo
be used to
and,
its

WORMWOOD
;

vised as a sb. being forgotten, the pp. suffix -ed was again added, producing a form ivont-ed = won-ed-ed Chaucer has woned, i. e. wont, as a pp. C. T. 8215 A.S. wttnod, pp. of A.S. Troilus, i. 511. wunian, to dwell, be used to. A.S. ge;

it

came to be

abb,

origin

A. S. aweb, woof; from d-wefan, to weave together.

Wool. (E.) M. E. wolle. A. S. witll, ww/.-f-Du wol, Icel. ////, Dan. ///</, Swed. Allied ////, G. wolle, Goth, wiilla, wool. to Lith. wilna, Russ. volna, Skt. /7rw<J,
;
t

L. uellus (for *velnus) fleece. wool Also to Gk. \rjvos (for */:A.^os), L. /<?;/#, weakgradeof-^WEN, to desire, strive after; Irish olann, W. gwlan. s-:e "Win, "Wish. Wont is a habit clue to WOOlward, clothed in wool only, for See L. L. L. v. 2. 717. acquiescence in what seems pleasant. Cf. penance. (E.) Icel. vanr, adj., accustomed, vani, a usage, M. E. wolleward, lit. with the skin toallied to vinr, a friend G. gewohnt, wont, wards (against) the wool. From w/and See Toward. pp. of wohnen, to dwell. Der. wont, sb., -ward, suffix.

tvuua, sb., custom, use,' wont.'

~A.S.wun-

M. E. wane, usage (by confusion) hence wont, vb wont-ed, accustomed. WOO, to court. (E.) M. E. wojcn, wowen. A. S. wogian, to woo ; of obscnie
for
;

origin.

CO, timber, forest. (E.) M. E. A.S. wiidu, of which the orig. form was widu, wood. Icel. vidr, a tree, wood Pan. Swed. vcd; O. H. G. witu. Cf. Irish fiodh, a wood, tiee; O. Irish fid, a tree;
wode.

Wood

(Burmese.) of adlit. 'a burden,' hence preministration sumably 'the bearer of the burden '; Yule, See Vizier for the sense. p. 867.

Woon,

a governor,
;

officer.

Burm. wttn, a governor or

officer

Word.
Icel. orQ,

(E.)

S.

word -f-Du
onl,

ivoord,

Dan. Swed.

wort, Goth.
;
;

ivawd
from

Teut. type *wnidoni, n Idg. type *wzrdho- Cf. Lith. wa) das, a name L. tierlnim, a word. Lit. a thing spoken
*
;

'

W. gw$dd, tiees. Teut. type *widitz. Der. wood-en, -y, -ed-, wood-bine, A.S. wudu-binde; -ruff, -wale. (2), mad, furious. (E.) In Mids. Nt. Dr. li. i. 192. M. E. wod. A. S ;&/, mad, raging, -f" Icel. o8r, Goth. wdd Cf. G. wuth, madness. frantic. Perhaps allied to L. uates, a prophet, one filled O. Irish faith, a prowith divine fienzy

y'WER,
sb.

speak.
weorc,

Doublet,

to speak ; verb.
(E.)

cf.

Gk.

tipfiv, to

M. E. werk. A. S. we^k, Icel. vtrk, Dan. Teut. type vierk, Swed. verk, G. wetk. Further allied to Gk. tpyov, *werkom, n. woik, itopya, I have wrought, Zend, vareza, a working, Pers. warz, gain. (y'WLRG.) Allied to Organ. Der. ^vork, vb., wright. Hence peihaps the name Woden, World. (E.) M. E. werld. A. S. phet. 7 wco) tild, weorold,-\-V)\\. were/a \zz\.verold, see "Wednesday. M. E. wod- Dan. verden (wheie -en is the article), a plant. (E.) Woodruff, Swed. verld, G. welt, M. H. G. werlt, ntffc,woderoove. A S.wuderdfe,wudurofe, The A. S. rofe = O. H. G. O. H. G. weralt. ft. The lit. sense is woodruff. or course of man's life,' Cf. G. age of man fragrant/ sweet-smelling. rtiofe, hence a life-time, course of life, experience waldmeister, woodruff; L hartula regta. WOOdwale, a bird. (E.) Albo called of life, &c. The component parts are A. S. wer (Icel. verr, O. H. G. wer, Goth, wair], witwatt, wittal. M. E. wodewale, perhaps and A. S. eld, an age (Icel. old, a man a woodpecker. From A. S. wudu, a wood see Virile and Eld. the form witwall being due to the Low G. Goth, aids, an age) and M. Du forms. The sense of -wale (E. ) M. E. worm. A.S.wyrm, a worm, snake. +Du. worm, Icel. ormr, is not known.-f M. Du. weduwad, a kind of yellow bird Low G. widcwaal\ M.I1.G. Dan. Swed. arm, G. wurrn, Goth.waurms-, Teut. type also L. uermis, a worm. witewal, an oriole. (Cf. Wittol ) Woof, the weft. (E.) This curious *wurmiz, Idg. type *w2rrniz. Brugm. i. Prob. allied to Gk. word is a corruption of M. E. oof, the w 371; ii. 97. a wood-worm. being prefixed owing to a popular ety- p6^iof (for */"p<$fios), a bitter plant. (E.) mology from weave (which is true, but not in the way which popular etymologists corrupted form, the word having no referwould understand). The M. E. oof is a ence either to worm or to wood. M. E. contraction of A. S. owef, the woof. wermode, later wormwod. A. S. wermod. A. S. o-, variant of a- (as in a-wefan), wef, 4. G. wermuth, O. H. G. werimitota. a sb. due to wefan, to weave. Cf. prov. E. Origin unknown.

Wood

Work,

awf.+Du.

'

'

'

'

Worm.

Wormwood,

WORRY
Worry,
to harass.

WRACK
M. E.
;

M. H. G. wirz. p. The Icel. virtr, wirien, wort and used of M. H. G. wirz are from a Teut. base the woirymg of sheep by dogs or wolves. *werti-' which differs in gradation from A. S. wyrgan, to strangle, harm see O. E. Wort (r). Worth (i), adj., deserving of; sb., deTexts, p. 99. -f- Dtu worgen, O. Fues. M. E. wurth, worth. wergia, wirgia, G. wurgen, to strangle, sert, value. (E.)
(E.)

worowen,

orig. to strangle,

suffocate.

p G. wurgen is the causal form of the M. H. G. strong verb -wergan,

-

only in comp ir wergan, to strangle. Tent, base *werg, Iclg. -/WERGH; as in

Lith. wersz-ti to strangle, oppress. i. 624.
,

A.S. wyrSe, adj., mutated by-form of weor^ adj. valuable; wyr), weor}, sb., value. Icel. Du. waard, adj., waarde, sb.

iierftr, adj.,

verR, sb.

Brugm
adv.,

sb.

Sweci.

vard
;

\^\\.vcerd, adj. and G. werth, adj., varde, sb

;
,

WorSe,
more bad.

comparative
(E.)

wers, adv., A. S. wyrs, adv., wurse, werse, adj. wyrsa, adj., worse. 4" O. Sax. w/rr, adv., Icel. verr, adv., verri^ adj. wirsa, adj. M. II. G. Dan. vcerrc, Swed varrc, adj.
;
; , ;

adj.

and

E.

wun,

Goth, watrths, adj. and sb. and P. Teut. type *wetfloz, adj., valuable; cf. W. hence Lith. wettas, woithy gwerth, value L. uer-eri, to respect. Prob. from y'WEK, to guard, keep. Allied to
adj
arid sb.
;

Ware
less.

(i)

and "Wary.

I)er. ivorth-y, adj.,

;

suggested by Icel. verftugr, worthy

worth"

wirs,

Goth, wears, wtrser, adj. adv , wairsiza, adj. p. The common Tent, type is *wersjzon~, adj., where -izonis the comparative suffix, and the base is cf, *wers, to twist, entangle, confuse O. II. G. werran, G. wirren, to twist,
adv.,
;

(2), to become, to be, to befall. ~ wo be to (E.) In phr. wo worth the day the day. M. E. wort hen, to become. A.S.

Worth

entangle

see

"War.
sb.

Der. wors-en, vb
Short for worth-

See Worst.

Worship,
ship.

(E.)

weordan, to become, pt. t. weard, pi. wurdon. -f- Du. worden, pt. t. iverd', Icel. Dan. voi de Swed. verGa, pt. t. vard Tarda; G. iverden; Goth, watrthan, to become, pt. t. warth. ft. All from Teut.
;
;

S. weordscipe, wyrftscipe, honour. A. S. iveord, wyrd, adj., honourable ; with suffix -sctpe (E -ship}, allied to E.

A.

base tiun
to,

WERTH,
;

to

become =

yWKRT, to
tiertT,

cf.

L, tiertere, to turn,

to turn

shape.
adv.,

See

Worth.

Worst,

superlative.

wyrsfa,

Der. worship, vb. (E ) A. S. wyrsf, contracted form of *wyr testa,

become. See Verse. Wot, 1 know, or he knows; see

see

Wit (r).

adj., which also occurs as wyrresta, Matt. xii 4 5. -f" O. Sax. wirsista, adj. ; I eel. verst,

adv., verstr, adj.

Dan.

vcerst,

Swed. varst,
t

0. H.G.
adj.
;

ivirsisto.

Teut. type *wen-t\t-o

see

Worse.

a hurt. (E ) A. S. wund. -f Du. wond, wonde, Icel. ttnd, Dan. vunde G. wunde, sb. We also find an older type in A. S. wund, G. wund, Goth, wunds, wounded, harmed Teut. type ^wttn-dfa Idg. type *wm-tos. Ongin doubtful. Cf.
t
; ;

Would; Wound,

Will

(i).

Worsted, twisted yarn. (E.^ M. E. worsted, Chaucer, C. T. 264. Named from the town of Worsted, in Norfolk. Worsted stands for Worth- stead'; from Worth, an estate, and stead, a place. E. wort (i), a plant. (E.) ^ ax A. S wyrt, a wort, plant, herb. 4* wurtj G. wurz, Goth, waurts ; cf Dan.

Wen, Win.
for
(

W9urali, Ourali, Oorali, Oupoisoning arrows.

(Guiana.)

rari, Curari,

a resinous substance, used

From

Wort

otuali, written also woitrali^ urali, urari, curare, &c., according to the pronunciation of the various tribes ; W. H. Brett, Indian
'

ort Teut. type *wurfiz, i Allied to Icel. rot, type *wdrdis. L. radix, Gk. /5/fa, a root /Safi-a/wFo?, a W. gwreiddyn, O. lush young shoot frem, a root. See Radix, Boot. Brugm.

wr/,

Swed.

Idg.

Tribes of Guiana, 1868, p. 140. Wrack, a kind of sea-weed; shipwreck, nun. (E ) Lit. that which is cast ashore ;'
'

(i) seacast ashore, (2) pieces of a wrecked ship cast ashore ; this K. word being bor-

well

shewn by mod. F. varech,

weed

1.

350, 529.

rowed from English.

ME

wrak, a wreck

Wort (2), an infusion of malt,

(E.) in the

new
S.

beer.

M. E. wort or worte. -wyrt, compound max-wyrt, lit. mash- wort, an infusion of worts. -f" I eel. virtr, Norw.
A.
vyrt, vort
}

Swed.

vort, G. bier-wurze, beer-

a peculiar use of A. S. wrac, ' what is driven' (Lat. actttarius\ O E. Texts, 37. 62. A. S. wrcec, for *wrac, and grade of wrecan, to drive, urge, wreak ; see Wreak, -f- Du. wrak, sb., a wreck, adj.,

616

WRAITH
broken;
Icel. rek,

WRIGHT
Wren, a small bird.
A.
S.

anything drifted ashore;

(E.)

M. E. wrenne.
Cf. Icel,

Wrench, a twist, sprain. (E.) M. E. wrenche, only in the metaphorical sense ./En. x. 641. The only similar word is of perversion, deceit. A. S. wrenc (dat. E. wreath) which is sometimes used of w rence] guile, fraud, orig. crookedness or G. rank (pi. smoke, vapour, or snow. Cf. Milton, P. L. perversion, lit. 'a twist.' vi. 58. also an Ayi shire ranke]) a trick. Teut. type *wrankiz, m. <([ Jamieson gives warth) with the sense of 'appaution.' From *wrank- perhaps allied to A. S. Cf. Icel. varda, vardi, a beacon, a pile wrtngan, to wring, twist see Wrinkle. of stones to warn a way-farer, Norw. Der. wrench, vb. - ward- evil varde, a beacon, vardyvle ( ?), Wrest, to distort. (E.) M.U.wresten. a guardian or attendant spirit seen to follow A. S. wnes/an, to twist forcibly. From or precede one, vord9 an attendant spirit, wriest, adj., firm, stiong (orig. tightly Dan. dial, vardyr, varedyr, a ghostly strung or twisted) formed with the suffix creature resembling a man, who attends -/ and vowel-change of a to if, from wrd&, and preserves him. (Doubtful.) 2nd grade of wridan, to twist. (For the cf. A. S. last, 232 Wrangle, vb. (E.) M. E. wranglen, to form, see Sievers, wrestle, also to dispute. Frequentative foot-track, from lid-an (pt. t lati), to travel.) of wring, formed from the A. S. wrang, Cf. Icel. reiita, to wrest, Dan. vriste, to see Wring. wrest. 2nd, grade of wring- an Thus the sense was to keep on twisting wrestle. (E.) M. E. wrestlen. A.S. or urging ; hence to wrestle or argue vehe- ivriesthan, to wrestle frequentative of Cf. Dan. vrtngle, to twist, en- wrUstan, to wrest, twist about see above. mently.
Sc. wraith^

Dan. wag, Swed. vrak, wreck, trash. Cf. Du. wraken t Dan. wage, to reject. Wraith, an apparition. (Scand.) Lowl.
G. Douglas,
tr.

wrenna, wranna, a wren. rindtll, a wren.

of Virgil,

tangle.

Der. wrangle,

sb.

wrangl-er,

+ M. Du. wrastelen, worstelen, to struggle,

wrestle
;

a disputant in the schools (at Cambridge), once applied to a first-class man in the mathematical tripos.

E. Files, worsteln

N.

Fries.

wrassele.

Wrap, to enfold.
also wlappen,

(E.")

M. E wrappen

Wretch,
Lit.

'outcast.'

a miserable creature. (E.) M. E. wrecche. A. S.

whence

Lap

Fries, wrappe, to stop up. Cf. en-velop, de-velop. (3).

Cf. N. (3). Doublet, lap

Wrath,
wreththe,

anger.

(E.>

wriefifu, wrath; A. S. //'#$, adj., ty\>e*wraithitha.

A.S.

E. wraththe, Teut. wroth

;

wrecca, wrcecca, an outcast, an exile. fO. Sax wrekkio, O. H. G. racheo, G. recke, a warrior (adventurerV Teut. type *wrakTeut. *w,ak, 2nd grade of jon-, m.

Teut. type *wraithoz\ see

reifii,

Wroth,

-f;

Icel.

*wrekan-, to drive, urge, hence to exile ; Wreak. Cf. Lithuan. wargas, misery. Der wretch-ed, i. e. made like a wretch.
see
lessness

Tcel.

Dan. Swed. vrede, sb., wrath from reitir, Dan. Swed. vred, adj., wroth.
(E.)

See

Wroth.
M. E. wreken.

WretchleSSneSS, see Reck Wriggle, vb. (E.)

;

the

same as

reck-

Wreak, to revenge.
;

wrig, to

move about,
;

A.S. wrecan, pt. t. wraC) pp. wrecen, to Rumming, 1 76 E. wrtkken, to twist wreak, revenge, punish, orig. to drive, urge, of [we actually impel.+Du. wreken Icel. reka, pt. t. rak, find A.S wrigian, but this passed into the G. rachen, form wry.'] O. Fries, wrigia, E. Fries. to drive, thrust, repel, wreak to avenge Goth, wrtkan, to persecute. wrtggen, Norw tigga (whence rigid), to By-form of E. Fries. p. Allied to Lith. wargti, to suffer afflic- move about, rock. tion; Gk. eipytiv (for *epfpy(iv)j to shut wr-ikken, to turn hither and thither, -f Du. and to Urge. (V VVERG.) in wriggelen) to wriggle, frequent, oiwrikken, Wreath, a garland. (E.) M.E. wrefhe. to move or stir to and fro Low G. wrickDan. vrikke, to wriggle, A. S. wrtfti, a twisted band, bandage, eln (Richey) Formed (with vowel-change of a Swed. vrtcka, to turn to and fro. See fillet. to a) from wrdd, 2nd grade of wriSan, Rickets and Wry. Der. See Writhe. to writhe, twist. Wright, a woikman. (E.) M. E. A. S. wreathe, vb. wrighte. A. S. wyrhta, a worker. Wreck, ruin, remains of what is wrecked. wyrht, a deed, work formed with suffix [Teut. type (E.) Yvrmeily wrack; the same as Wrack. -/ from wyrc-an, to work.

Frequentative of Skelton, Elinour which is a weakened form

;

WRING
*wurhtiz related to *werkjan-, to work.] A. S. weorc, work, sb. See Work. O. Sax. wurhtio, O. H. G. wurhto, a wright, Der. cart-wright, ship-wjight, 'wheel;

-YANKEE

vrang, 2nd grade of vringa,

]

to

wring

wright.

(only preserved in the pt. t. 3 p. pi. vtungti) cognate with E. "Wring. f'Dii. wrang, acid, sour (because acids wring the mouth).

Wring,
A.
S.

to twist. (E.)
pt.
t.

M. E. wringen,

wrmgan,
;

to press,

wringen

wrang, pp. wrungen, compiess, strain, wring -f* ^ u G. ringen (pt. t. rang}, to
Allied to

Wroth, angry. (E.) A. S. wrad; from wra9, 2nd grade of wriftan, to writhe, -fDu. wreed, cruel Icel. reiQr, Swed. Dan. vred\ O. H. G. reid, reidi, twisted, curly.
;

and perhaps

wrestle, to wring, turn. to Worry.

Wry,

See Writhe.
twisted, turned aside. (E.) From M.E. wrien, vb., to twist, bend aside; A S wngian, to turn, incline towards. See Wriggle. Der. a-wry, foi on wry

Der. wrong.

(O, a small ridge 01 unevenM. E. wrinkel. ness on a surface. (E ) Perhaps allied to Wrenoh, and to A. S. wringan, to twist. The lit. sense is a little twist,' causing unevenness. -J- M. Du. wrinckel, a wrinkle, allied to wringen, to twist, ^f Dan. rynke, Swed. rynka, Icel hrukka (for *hrntika], a wrinkle, forms due to the pp. of an old strong vb. *hrenkan, are lelated to Ruck (i). Der.
*

Wrinkle

Wry,

the

Barbour, Bruce, 4. 705.

The final dragon, in heraldry. (F. -L.) M. E. wiuere is added, as in bitter-n. A. F. wyvre, O. F. (wivere], a serpent. L. itipera, a wivre (F. givre], a viper.
is due to G. The see Viper. <ff viper influence; as if from O. H. G. *wipera, borrowed from L.
;

Wych-elm see Witch-elm. Wyvern, Wivern, a two-legged

;

wrinkle, vb.

Wrinkle
small
'

(2),
;

trick

a hint. (E) Lit. 'a dimin. of A. S. wrenc, a

trick; see

Wrenoh.

wrist,
(like

E. wrist, wirsf. A. S. (E.) also called handwnst, i. e. that formed which turns the hand about,

Wrist.

X.
Xebec,
a

small

three-masted

vessel.

Turk. Turk.) Span, xabeque q v.) with suffix -t from (Span. Cf. Pers. sumwrift-, weak grade of wridan, to wnthe, sumbaki, a kind of ship. twist about. 4* Low G. wrist Icel ; ist, buk, Aiab. sunibnk, a small boat, a pinmstep, from rid-, weak grade of rida, to nace. (Devic; Rich., p. 852.) twist Dan. Swed. vri^t, instep, from wide to twist; G. nst, instep, wrist. mvrida,
wrest,
;

The orig. sense was to (E.) score,' i.e. to scratch the surface of wood with a knife. M. writen, pt. t. wroot, A. S. wrltan, pp. writen (with short z).

Write.

'

Y.

M.E. prefix. (E.^ In y-clept, y-wis. This y-, i- ; A. S. ge-, a common prefix. prefix appears as e- in e-nough, and as a-

Y-,

pt. t. wrat pp. writen. -f- O. Sax. wrltan, to cut. write Du. rijten, to tear Icel. Swed. rita, to rita, to scratch, write; diaw G. reissen, to cut, tear. Teut.
y
; ; ;

in

a-ware. 4-Du. G. ge- t prefix

Goth, ga-,
?

prefix.

type *wrettan- pt. t. *wrait, pp. *writanoz. Der. writ, sb A. S.gewrit, from the weak grade writ-. v Writhe. (E.) M. E. writhen, pt. t. wroth, pp. writhen (with short i\ A. S.
}

Yacht. (Du.) Du./^, M.Du.>^/ a swift boat, a hunting. Du. jagen, to See hunt, chase, -f" G. jagen, to hunt.
Yaw.
~tyag, a

a wild ox. (Thibet.) Thibetan male yak, where the symbol 7 is used to denote a peculiar Thibetan sound

Yak,

wriSan, pt

t. ivr&Q, pp. wriften, to twist about. -f- Icel. rtda Dan. vnde, Swed. vrida, to wring, twist, turn O. G. ridan. Teut. type *wreithan~. Der. wroth, wrath, wreath, wrest, wrist. E. perverted, bad. (Scand )
t ;

H. A. Jaschke,

Diet. p. 668.

W.

Yam,

a large esculent tuber.

Port,
ii.

African.)

inhame^
called

(Port a yam
in

(Littre).

Formerly
2.

inamia

Wrong,

wrang, a wrong, sb. an adj. Icel. orig. rangr, O. Icel. ^wrangr^vrangr, awry, wrong; Dan. From vrang, Swed. vrhng, perverse.
wrong.
S.
;

Late A.

Yankee, a citizen of New England, or In use of the United States. (North. E.) in Boston, 1 765. Dr. Win. Gordon, in his Hist, of the American War, ed. 1789, vol. i pp. 324, 325, says it was a favourite cant

Benin; Hakluyt,

129

618

YAP
word in Cambridge, Mass., as early and that it meant excellent/ as zyankee good horse.* The word may have spread
'
*

YEAN
from the old belief in its curative properties as a healer of wounds.
in order
;

from the students through New England, and have thence obtained a wider currency. It appears to be the same as Lowl. Sc.
;

a dagger like doubly curved blade. (Turk.) Turk, yataghan, the same ; Zenker's Diet. PP- 947, 95 8

Yataghan, Ataghan,
-

sabre, with

yankie, a sharp, clever, forward woman cf. Lowl. Sc. yanker, an agile girl, an incessant talker, a smart stroke, yank, a jerk, smart blow, yanking, active (Jamieson).

Yaw,
(Scand.
tro
;

unsteadily, as a ship. Icel.y^^a, to move to and Du. jagen, to hunt. also, to hunt.

to

go

Du.)

See Yacht.

many now

by DrT H. Logeman.)

But Du. (i), a small boat. (Du.) that jo/, a yawl, a Jutland boat ; M. Du. /<?/& Yankee was a Dutch nick-name, formed ken, 'a small barke.'+I^ri- jolle, Swed. (like Chinee from Chinese} from ~D\\.Jan julle, a yawl ; E. Fries, jul, julk ; Low Kees, a familiar form of the common Du. G. jolle (Lubben). Root unknown. (John) Cornelius. (2), to howl. (E) Also yole, (Proposed

Wo

also find yank, to jerk. accept the conclusion

Yawl

Yawl

Yap,
cf.

to yelp. (E.)

Of imitative

Q.jappen, to gasp F. japper, to yap. Note also Lowl. Sc. gaula, to low, bellow, roar; cf. "Dvi.jolen, yaup, to yelp, fi om Icel gjalpa. See Yelp. to groan. Imitative. Cf. Yell. Yard (i), an enclosed space. (E.) M.E. Yawn, to gape. (E.) M.E.geom'en, A. S. geard, an enclosure, court. Hf- yomen whence E. yawn, by lengthening yerd. Icel. gartir (whence E. garth], Dan. Du. of 8 to open long o ; cf. E.frost, broth. A. S. gaard, Swed. gard Goth, gards, a house geonian, to yawn. A\$Qgiman\ from^iV/-, O. H. G. gart, a circle allied to O. II. G. weak grade of -ginan, strong verb, to gape garto, a garden, Goth, garda, a fold. Teut. widely. -f*O. H. (j.gtnen, to yawn cf. Icel. Allied to L. type *gardoz, m. Idg. type *ghortos, as gina> to gape, pt. t. gein. in O. Irish gort, a field, lub-gort, a garden Mart, to gape see Hiatus. (y'GHEI.) L. hortus, a garden ; Gk. xopros, a courtYe. (E.) M. E. ye, je, nom.; your, But the connexion with Gk. yard. you, }ou, yow dat and ace. gen. is not certain. Doublets, garden garth. pi. A. S. gt, nom. ye; eower, gen. of Der. cotDt-yard, orchard. you eow, to you, you, dat. find ace. -fYard (2), a rod, 36 inches, cross-bar on Du. gij, ye, u, you Iv,el. er, zer, yt,y$ar, a mast. (E.) M. E. jerde, yerde, a stick, your, y$r, you Dan. Swed. i, ye, you ; rod. A. S. gyrd, gerd, a rod.-f-Du. garde, G. ihr Goth.ywj, ye, izwara, your, izwis, a twig, rod, G. gerte, a switch; O. II. G. you. p. The common Idg. base is YU gerta\ Teut. type gardja, f. Allied to whence Lith. jus, ye ; Gk. v-^tis, ye, Skt. O. Bulg. Irtidi (Russ. jerde], a rod. But yu-yam, ye. Brugm. ii. 436. not to Icel. gaddr, Goth, gazds, a goad. Yea, verily. (E.) This is the simple
; ; ; ; ; ;

E. Fries, and

Low

origin

yowl (Halliwell). M. E. $anlen. Also M. E. goulen. Cf. E. Fries, jaueln, Low G.jaueln, to yawl. 4- Icel. gaula, Norw.

125 (4). Streitberg, Yare, ready. (E.) M.E. jare, yare, A. S. gearu, gearo, ready, quick, ready. prompt. -f- I^u. gaar, done, dressed (as

affirmative

yes

is

often

accompanied by an oath

a strengthened form, in our early

writers.

M.

E. ye.

S. gca, ged, yea.-f-

Teut. G. gar, adv., wholly. Yean, Can, to bring forth young. Here the prefixed^- answers to the Allied to Gear. (E.) Yarn. (E.) M. E. yarn. A. S. gearn, A. S. prefix ge-. A. S. fanian, to can ; thread. ~D\\.garen, Icel. Dan. Swed. G. ge-eanian, to yean. We find ge-cane eowa the ewes great with young, Gen. xxxiii. garn. Allied to Gk. xP^7> a cord, orig. cf. Lith. zamos, Icel a string of gut 13; cf. Swed. dial, ona, to )ean, vara i on, to be with lamb (Rietz, p. 114). garnir, guts. See Cord, Chord.
;

meat); ready

Icel.
cf.

Du. Dan. Swed. G.ja, Icel.yV?, Goth, ja, gorr, leady; O. H. G. garo, jai\ W.^V; Gk. ^, truly. "D&r.yes.

type *garwoz.

YarrOW

the plant milfoil. (E.)

E.

yarowe, yariue. A. S. gceruwe, gearuwe, gearwe, yarrow, -f- Du. gerw, G. garbe^ O. H. G. garawa. If allied to Yare, per-

haps

it

meant that which

'

dresses,' or puts

From Teut. type *aundjan-, to yean. Teut. type *auno- (for *agwno-}, corresponding to L. agnus, a lamb (Kluge). Cf. Irish uan, W. oen, Corn, oin, Bret. can, Manx eayn, a lamb* Hence Manx

619

YEAR
eayney, to yean, from A. S. eowu, a
1.

YET
pt. ^
t.

fl"

ewe

Sievers derives ean see Ewe. Brugm.

;

got,

whence E. nightin-gaie.
(E.)

Der.

671.

Der. yean-ling, a new-born

(E.)

Yellow.

lamb.
E. )eer yeer, often unalteied in the plural Alienee 'a two-year old colt'). A. S gear, ger, a year; pi.
t

geolo, geolu, yellow,

U.E.yelwe,yelu. A.S. -f" I^ u See ^ Gr. gelb'

Year.

M.

ar, n.

same.-f"Du./#flr, Kel. ar, Dan. aar, Swed. G.Jahr, Goth. jer. Teut. type *y&rom, Cf. Zend yar(e^, a yeai. Perhaps allied to Gk. Sipos, a season, year, &pa, * Lit. that season, hour Skt. yiitu-, time.
; ;

Teut. type *gelwoz, Idg. type *ghelwos. Allied to L. heluus, light yellow, Gk. X^OTJ, young verdure of trees, Russ. zelenuii, green, Skt. ha? I, green, yellow, further allied to Gall (i). Der. yolk.

yellow - hammer, yellow - ammer, a song-bird. (E.) The h is aii ignorant insertion am mer answers to A.S
;

which passes/ (y'V E, to pass from ^EI, amore, a small bird.+M Du. cmmcrick, a to go.) Brugm. i. 308, ii. 587. yellow-ammer, G. gelbammer, goldammer, Yearn (i), to long for. (E.) M. E. yellow-ammer or gold-ammer, emmerling, yernen. A. S. giernan, to yearn, be de- the same O. II. G. amero. sirous. A. S. georn, adj., desirous, -f- Icel. Yelp, to bark shrilly. (E.) M. E. yelgima, to desire, fromgyarn, eager Goth. pen, also to boast. A. S. gielpan, pt. t. gairnjan, to long for, from -gairns, de- gealp, pp. golpen, to boast, exult, talk
;
;

sirous (Teut. type *gernoz) . p. Again, the adj. is from the verb appearing in O. H. G. geron, G. be-gehren, to long for; allied to

noisily. 4" Icel. gjalpa, to yelp

gclfen.

Allied to

Yeoman.
;

ye man. It appears to answer to an A. S. *geaman (not found), which might become hary, to desire. 0/GHER.) these would Yearn (2), to gneve. (E ) Also spelt *geaman give yeman, Hen. V. ii. 3. 3, ii. 3. 6 Jul. yoman in M. E. The word is cleared up earn, ern Caes. n. 2. 129 Merry Wives, in. 5. 45; by the existence of O. Fries, gaman, a Rich. II. v. 5. 76 Hen. V. iv. 3. 26 the villager, from ga, also go, a village, and so also M. Du. goymannen, prefixed ^- being due to A.S. prefix ge- t man, a man
Gk. x a P
l

'

YelL M. (E.)

Cf.

M. H. G. Yap.
;

E.

yoman,

also

iV >

to

rejoice,

x aP a

>

j7>

^kt.

as in the case tf yean. From A. S. ; as in eorn-igcnde, murmuimg eorn-ful, anxious corn-he, diligent perhaps allied
;

^r-

arbitrators appointed to decide disputes,

from M.
Cf.

D\\.

gouwe, a hamlet (Hexham).

also G. gau, a province, Goth, gawi,

a district ; O. H. G.gawi (without mutaM.E.yeest,ytot. A.S. tion), and O. H. G. gewi (with mutation), gut, yeast, -f- Du. gest,gist, N. Fries, jest, like Bavarian gau, whence gaumann, landmann.' Observe yore^ as compared with Icel. jast, jastr, Swed. jast, Dan. gi^r, Q.gascht, gischt. Teut. base *yest-. AH year. Many solutions have been proposed from ^YES, to ferment, appearing m of this difficult word. O. H. (j.jesan, G. gahren> to ferment, Gk. Yerk, the same as Jerk. Yes. (E.) A strengthened form of yea. (i (iv, to boil, whence also E. eczema, q. v. Der. yeast-y or yest-y, frothy, Hamlet, v. M. E. yis, yus. A. S. gise, gese, yes. Prob.
to

Earnest.

Yeast.

(E.)

2.

199.

M. E. yede, }ede; (E.) also eode. A. S. ge-eode, also eode, went, only in the pt. t. Cf. A. S. eodon, pt. t. pi.,

Yede,

went.

i see Yea. e. yea, so M. E. ytsterdai ; (E.) from A. S. geostra, giestra (yester-), and dag, a day +Du.gisteren, dag -van gister,

short for gea swd,

Yesterday.

with Goth, iddjzdun,

A.
n.

S. io-

= */"-^,
see

tfj/^, tyat,

pt. t. pi. Perhaps from VEI, to go. Cf. Skt. he went. Brugm. i. 309 (2)
;

G. gestem\ Goth, gistradagis, tomorrow,

p.
Cf.

Lat. hester-

hes-ter-nus,

adj

478;

Yelk

Yolk.

belonging to yesterday; where again the syllable hes- is cognate with Icel. g&r, Dan. gaar, Swed. ^r, Lat. ker-i^ Gk. x^ y
>

M. l^yellen. A. S. gellan, giellan, to cry out, resound. 4- Du. gillen, Icel. gella, also ^///a (.pt. t. ^^//), Dan. gialle, gialde, Swed. ^vz//a, G. gellen, to
Yell. (E)
sound loud and
pt.
t.

*gall.

shrill. Teut. type *gellan- t Allied to Icel. gala, pt. t. gol,

;

The suffix -ter is hyas, yesterday. of a comparative form, as m-ter-ior, &c. 624, 923. Brugm. i. Yet. (E.) M. E. yet, yit. A. S. git, get, giet, moreover, -f- O. Fries, icta, tta,
Skt.

M. H. G.

iezuoy

ieze,

yet

cf.

G.

jetz-t,

to

sing,

O. H. G. galan

A. S. galan, now. 620

Origin obscure.

YEW
Tew,
f
a
tree. (E.)

ZANANA
ew.

M. E.

Icel. yr, G. eibe, "We also find Irish eo,

A.S.tw. young.

Other forms (without the

final

O. H. G. fwa, yew.

Der. young-ling, Idg. base *ynwn-. young-ster\ also youn-ker, borrowed from Tex, to hiccough. (E.) M. R.yexen, Du. jonker, jonkheer, \. e. young sir, comyesken. A. S. giscian, to sob, sigh. Prob. pounded of jong, yoi/ng, and heer, sir, a
ivy.

hivin, Bret, ivin, a yew,

\f.yw,ywen, Corn. fl" Not allied to

guttural) are L. iuuenis, Lith. jtsunas, Skt. yuvan, Russ. lunuii, young; from

allied to L.
;

hiscere, to

yawn,

yawn see Yawn. (y'GHEI.) Tield. (E.) yald, pp yolden, to pay hence,
;

^r*,

to

lord.

youth.
$uwe$e
to yield
y

A. S. gteldan, gildan^ pt. t. geald, up. pp. golden, to pay, give up. -f- Du. gelden, Icel. gjalda, Dan gielde, to pay ; Swed. galla, to be worth; G. gelten, pt. t. gait, to be worth Goth fra-gtldcw to pay
;
,

geogu&, inguti. [The middle and then disappeared.

,

became w Dn. G.jugendj Q.tt.G.jugtmd; Teut.

M. E. youthe\ earlier (E.) A. S. geogcft, jujede, youth.

back
70<r,

A. S. type *yugunthiz, f. (where -u8> -ud from Idg. base *yuwmt-, which is from *yuwen- (above). Cf L. muenta, ;
} ;

-/>->

(Teut. base
sb.

GELD.)

Der.

Yoke,
ok)
cf.

M. E. yok. A. S. (E.) zW, a yoke for oxen.-f-Du. juk, Icel.

tfag;

alsoL tuuentas, Skt.yuvata, youth.

Towl;
Tucca,

see

Yawl

(2).

Dan.

Teut. type

Lith. Skt. yuga-, a yoke, a ' Lit. that which joins all from couple. the weak grade of to join. See Join. "D&r.yoke, vb.
jas,

W.

ol, Goth. *yukom, n. ; Idg. type iugum, Rtiss.

Swed.

y#,

G.joch.

L
'

*jugom\

Gk.

ftryoi',

VYEUG,

Tolk, Telk,
(E.)

M. E.

yellow part of an egg. A. S. geoleca, yolke, yelke.

l

a genus of American liliaceous Caribbean.) Span.jy plants. (Span. said to be a word of Caribbean origin. Christmas. (E.) M. }L, $ole, yole. Tule, A S geol, geohol, the feast also iula, December geola, the name of a month was called sc ra geola, the former and January se aftera geola^ the yule latter yule. also find Icel.yJ/, a feast in December, yhr, December, and Goth.
;

&

We

yellow part.' geolca, the yolk, lit geolu, yellow ; see Yellow.

A.

S.

November.

Of

disputed

origin.

Ton,

Alfred, tr. of yon, Gregoiy's Past. Care, ed. Sweet, p. 443.4Jcel. enn, the, ong. that, confused with hinn Goth, jains, G. jener, yon, that. P. Allied to Skt, ya-s, who, ong. that trom the same base Gk. os (for yds}, Der. yond-er, M. E. are ye-a, ye-s, ye-t. cf. Goth, jaindre, adv., yonder, adv.
; ;

adj., at a distance. A. S. geon, yon ; $on.

(E

M.

The attempt
wheel
is futile.

to connect this

word with

TwiS, certainly. (E.) M. E. ywis, iwis\ often written Iwts, I-wis, in , whence, by a singular error, the fictitious verb wis, to know, has been evolved by lexicogra-

MSS

unknown to our old MSS. A. S. gewis, adj., certain, which came to be used as an adverb, p. Here the ge- is a
phers, though

Bonder, thither.

Tore,

formerly. (E.)

M. V^yore. A.S.
'

geara, adv., formerly; lit. of years, during oi gear ; see Year, years,' orig. gen. pi.

mere prefix see Y- (above) ; the adj., wis, certain, answers to Teut. type *wissoz, Idg. type *wtd-tos, an old pp. signifying ' known/ hence sure from ^WEID,to
; ' ' ;

know,

(dt
adj.

>

w.)

See "Wit, vb.

certain,

+ Du.

Tou.
of ye
;

(E.) see Ye.

Properly the dat. and ace.

your; orig. gen. pi. of ge, ye; see Ye. Der. your-s, M. E. youres, from A. S. eowres, gen. sing. masc. and netit. oieower,
your, possessive pronoun.

your.

(E.)

M. E. your.

A.S

cower,

certainly ; G. gewiss, certainly; Icel. viss, certain, Dan. e>/*9, Swed. mss, certain; Dan. vist,

and

adv.,

Swed.

visst, certainly.

Z.

yong, yung. Toung. (E.) Du. jong, gcong, giung, iung, young. 4. Dan. Swed. ung, G. jung, Icel. ungr, Goth, juggs (for *jungs}. Teut. *yunThese p. goz, short for *yuwungoz. forms answer to Lat. tuuencus, a young
animal, heifer
;

M.

A. S.

Zamindar,

Zemindar,
;

land-

holder. (Hind. Pers.) Hind, zamtndar, a land-holder. Pers, zamin, earth, land ddr, holding, pos(allied to L. hutwu)
sessing.

Zanana, Zenana,
ments.

the female apart-

cf.

S\A. yuvafa-,

W.

ieuanc,

(Hind.

Pers.)

Hind, zanana,

621

ZANY
women
the women's apartments. Pers. zandn, pi. of zan t a woman, which is connate with E. Quean. a buffoon. (Ital. -Gk.- Heb.) Zany, O. Ital. Zane, Ital. Zanm\ a familiar form of Giovanni, John used to mean a sillie John, a gull, a nodclie, clowne, foole, simple Gk. 'Icaavvrjs, fellowe in a plaie,' Floiio Heb. Yokhanan, i. e. the Lord John. Heb. Yd, the Lord, graciously gave.
; l ;

ZONE
sthita,

STA)

from ava-stha, to be firm: root that or, otherwise, as meaning which is pioclaimed or made known* (cf. Skt. a-vid, to report root WEID). See
* ;
:

Max Muller, Lectures, 8th ed. 237. Zenith. (F.- Span. -Arab.) M.
i.

E.

Span. Arab, samt, a way, zenit, O. Span, zenith. road, path', tract, quarter; whence samtsenyth.
;

O. F. cenith

F. zenith.

khanan, to shew mercy.

an enclosure, slight defence. (Arab.) Used in newspapers with Arab. reference to the war in the Soudan. zanbat, 'a fold, a pen, an enclosure for cattle; den or haunt of wild beasts; lurking-place of a hunter;' Rich. Diet.

heavens

ur-ras, the zenith, vertical point of the also a$-samt, an azimuth, p.

;
;

Zariba, Zareeba,

semt, of which Span. zenit is a corruption again, samt is here short for samt-ur-ras or semt-er-ras (as

Samt was pronounced

above), lit. the way overhead, from ras, the head. See Azimuth.

P- 775-

Zeal.

(F.
zele,

- L. - Gk.)
l '

Cot. (Mod. F. zMe.} L. zeluni, ace. of zelWi zeal. Gk. 77X05, Doric faAos, Idg. type *ya-los\ ardour. perhaps from. yd, to drive; as in Skt.ydfr a driver (Prellwitz). Der. zeal-ot t M. F. from L. zelotes, zelote, zealous/ Cot.
F.
zealc
: t
'

-M.

Formerly

zeJe.

TA.Y.zephyre, west wind. L. zephyrnm, ace. of Gk. 4<f>vpos zephyrus, the west wind. the west wind. Zero. (Ital. - Low L. Arab.) Ital. Low L. zephyrum zero, short for zefiro. Aiab. rifr, a cipher ; see (Devic).
the
r

Zephyr. (F.-L.-Gk.)

Cipher.

Gk.

frj\ojTrfs,

a zealot.

W. African.) Port. Zebra. (Port. zebra (Span, cebra, zebra]. According to Littre, the word is of Ethiopian origin, but this is due to some mistake, as the
originated in Congo. (N. and Q., 9 S.v. 480.) Zedoary, an E. Indian root resembling Low L. Pers.) M. F. zedoginger. (F. Low L. zedoaria. Vvt^. zad~ aire, Cot. war, zidwar, zedoary; also spelt jadwar. <f[ The O. F. forms were citouart, citoual, citoal whence M. E. cetewale, Chaucer,
\

Zest. (F. - L. Gk.) Formerly a chip of orange or lemon-peel, used for flavouring drinks hence, something that gives a M. F. zest, ' the relish, or simply a relish. thick skin whereby the kernell of a wallnut is divided,' Cot. hence, a slice of lemon;
;

name

peel.

L. schistus, schistos,
;

lit.

cleft, di-

vided. Gk. <rx*o'T(5s, divided. see Schist. fctv, to cleave

Gk.

<TX*-

C. T. 13691.
ancient Persian dialect. (Zend.) Properly the translation into the Pehlevi language of the Avesta, or Zoroastiian scriptures but commonly used to denote the language, an ancient Persian dialect, in which the Avesta is wiitten. It is supposed that Avesta means the * 'text,' and Zend the commentary or

Zend,

an

sharp, quick turns. (F. G. zickzack, a zigzag ; [whence zickzack segeln, to tack, in sailing ] Reduplicated from zacke, a tooth ; with reference to zacken-werk, notched work hence zickzack is in an indented manner.' Cf. E. Fries, takken, to notch (whence E. tack, in sailing). See Tack. F. zinc. - G. ) Zinc, a metal. (F. of uncertain origin. zink, zinc Perhaps

Zigzag, having

G)

zigzag.

'

allied to zinn, tin But see Schade.

and meaning

'

tin-like/
in

Zodiac,

an

imaginary

belt

the

heavens, containing the twelve signs. (F. L. L. zodiacus. Gk.) F. zodiaque. 'explanation/ The word zend is mod. Gk. feu5iaos, sb., the zodiacal circle; Persian (Palmer) ; also written zand and corresponds to Zend so called from containing the twelve con(Richaidson) zainti, knowledge, information, appearing stellations chiefly represented by animals. in the compounds d-zainti, patti-zainti, Gk fatiiafcds, adj., belonging to animalr. Gk. {vStov, a small animal; dimin. c( knowledge, and answering to an Idg. form *ganti, from the Idg. root GEN, foW, a living creature. See Zoology. to know (Fick, i 67, 321). See Can Zone, a belt. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.zone. Gk. (wvij, a girdle for *^<r(i). 0. Avesta has been explained as -L. zffna. Gk. tyvvvfu (= *fa<r-vvfu) t I gird. meaning 'the settled' text (Skt. ava- vrj.
;

'

622

ZOOLOGY
Cf. Lith. jdsta ,

ZYMOTIC
gird.

a girdle, from ./<&//, to

duce, grow, from

yBHEU,

to exist.

See

Be.

From Gk. fwo-v, a . (Gk.) living creature, animal ; and -\oyia, allied to \6yos, discouise, from \fyciv, to speak. p. Gk. (Gtov is neut of fwos, living; allied to fo^, life, fafii/, {fir, to live. Allied to

Zouave, one of a body of soldiers in N. the French service, orig. Arabs. (F. N. African Zoitaoua, African.) F. Zouave. a tribe of Kabyles living among the Jurjura mountains in Algeria. Zymotic, a term applied to diseases, in which a poison works through the body

zoophyte. (F.-Gk.) F. zoophyte Gk. faoQvTov, a living being an animalGk. ^cu^-s, living; <pvr6v a plant, plant. that which has grown, from <J>vfii>, to pro;

Zend jt, to Brugm. ii.

live; see

Vivid.

(^GwEI.)

488.

Gk. fv^am/ros, a ferment. (Gk.) causing to ferment. --Gk. (V/JLOOJ, I cause Gk. (vpr), leaven. Allied to to ferment. L. tu^j broth; see Juice.
like

6*3

APPENDIX
I.

LIST OF PREFIXES

following is a list of the principal prefixes in English, shewing their origin. tor perhaps, not quite exhaustive, but contains nearly all of any consequence, further information, see the etymologies of the words a-down, &c., in the Dictionary.
It is,

THE

A- (i), in a-down. (E.) A- (2), m a-foot. (E.) A- (3) in a-long. ) A- (4), m a-nse. (E.)
(

See Of- (below). See On- (below). See An- (5).

A.S.
<?-,

fix, ag-gress, al-lude, an-nex, ap-pend, arrogate, as-sign, at-tract.

Adv-;
Af-;
ford
;

intensive

see

seeAb-(i). Ad-. Also

for

A;

prefix to verbs. See a-chieve. (F. L.) (5), See Ab-. (6), in a-vert. (L.)

for

A-

AA-

(4) in af-fnght

and

(11) in affor Ex-

Ad-.

(i) in af-fray.

After-.
after.

A-(7),ma-mend. (F.-L.) See Ex- (i).

(E.)

E.

after,

prep.;

A.S.

AAAAA.

(8), ma-las.
!

(F.-L.)

O.F.0-; from
See

L. ah

interj.

Ag-; see Ad-. AT- \ all al-most.

( i
;

See All, p. 12.

(9), in a-byss. (Gk.) (10), in a-do. (E.)

An-

(2).

Al-(2);

see

Ad-.

(n)>

in a-waie.

(E.)

For at do M. E. i-

Al;

(3)

y;

el,

def

art.
;

S. ge-j prefix.

See Y-.

AA-

(12), in a-pace. (E.)

For a pace

Du. hou vast, (Dn.) hold fast. (Doubtful.) A- (H),in a-pncot. (Arab ) Arab, a!,
def. art.

for an, indef. art. a-vast. (^3),

See Al-

(4).
;

This also appears as a-, ar-, as-, Ex. a-pncot, ar-tichoke, as-sagai, /-, /-. See L- (2). el-ixir, 1-ute. Am-(i); am-bush. (F.-L.) F. em*.~ L. mi-, for in, prep. see In- (2). See An(2); am-brosia. (Gk.)
:
;

(4) def. art.

Al-

al-hgator (Span. L.) Span. L. ille, he. al-cohoL (Arab.) Arab, al,

Am-

F.

Ab-(0; L.j L
;

ab-dicate, ab-undance. (L. ab, from. Lengthened to

cf.

or

(2).

al>s-

abs-cond;
Skt.

Gk.

a\jj.

E.

eiTro

apa,
ex.

away from.

Gk. of; See Apo-,

a-, adv-,

Of-.
av-,

This prefix also appears as

v-\
2)

a-vert,

adv-ance,

av-aunt,
foi L.

Short for am-putate. (L.) amb-, ambi- see below. ambi-dextrous ; amb; Ambi-, L. or C.) L. ambt-, ition. (L.; orY.
(4)
;

AmAm-

(3)

am-bassador
;

see

Ambi-.

Amb-

v-anguard.

on both
ab-breviate. (L.)

sides, around.-f-Gk.d/z^i

O.

Irish.

Absee
tract.

Used

ad\

imm-

see

Ambassador,

p.

14.

See

Ad-.
;

below.
abs-cond, abs-ent, abs-lain, abs0rF. L.) L. ab-, extended
;

Absform of

Amphi-.
sides,

(L.

Gk. d^i, on both (Gk.) around.4-L. amlri-\ see Ambi-.

(i); see Ad-.
(2),

a/';

see

Ab-

(i).

Accursed

;
;

see Ad-.

Also

for

A;

(4) in ac-

AnAnGk.
see

A-

(9),

negative prefix.

(Gk.)

ac-knowledge. Ad- ; ad-apt, ad-dress. (L. or F. L.) L. ad, to, at, for. Goth, at, A. S. at, E. at. This prefix appears as a-, ab-, ac-, ad-, of-, ag-, a/-, an-, ap-, or-, as-, at-\ ex

and for A-

(2) in

av-,

a,-,

am-brosia;

Hence am- in neg. prefix. a- in a-byss. +L. tn- t E. ?/-;

Ana-.

In-

(3), Tin- (i).

;

AnAn-

(3)
(4)

see

a-chieve, ab-breviate, ac-cede, ad-mire, af-

an-oint. (F. L.) L. in, prep. see In- (2).

;
;

For

F. en-.

624

I.

LIST OF PREFIXES
Cat- J cat-echism see Cata-. Cata- f down. (Gk.) Gk. ard, down,
;

A. S. and-, in (5) ; an-swer. (E ) reply to, opposite to. -f Goth, and- ; Du. ent- ; G. ent- ; Gk. dm'. Shortened to ain a-long ; and allied to un- in verbs. See
Anti-(i), Un-(3).

An-

downwards.

Hence
;

cat-,

cath-,

in

cat-

echism, cath-olic.

Cath- ;
L.) See

cath-olic

see below.

Ante-. Circum-, round. (L.) I^.ctrcum, around, Ana-, An- (3) ana-gram, an-eunsm. prep. Hence circu- in circu-it. (Gk.) Gk. av&, upon, on, up. -f- A. S. on, Co-, Coi- ; see Com-. Goth. ana. See On-. Col- ; see Com-. Anci-; anci-ent (F.-L.) See Ante-. Com-. (L. or F. L ) L. com-, together, Ann- ; ann-eal. (E.) See Anneal in the used in composition for cum, prep, toDictionary, p. 18. gether. 4* Gk. ffvvj together; see Syn-. It appears as co-, col-, com-, con-, cor-, Ant- ; ant-agonist. (Gk.) See Anti-. ex. Ante-. (L.) L. ante, before. Also counco-agulate, col-lect, comAlso as in anti-cipate, mute, con-nect, cor-rode, coun-cil. axtt-, and-, ant-, an(6)
;

An-

an-cestor. (F
;

anci-erit, ant-ique, an-cestor.

as col- in toi-1;

cou- in cou-ch, cou-sin

;

(Gk.) See below. Anti- (i), Ant-. (Gk.) Gk <W, Also ant-, anth-, as against, opposite to. in ant-agonist, anth-em. See An- (5),

Anth-;

anth-em.

co- in co-stive, co-st cucu-11, cu-stom ; cur- in cur-ry ( i ). ^[ C ombustton is perhaps

for comb-ustion.

Con-

con-nect

see

Com-.

Un- (2). Anti- (2)

; ;

see
;

Ante-.
;

Ap- ap-pend see Ad-. Aph- aph-aeresis see below.

(Gk.) Gk. avo, from,

L. contra, against. (L) Allied to contro- in contro-vert, against. loses final a in Ital. contrcontro-versy

Contra-,

Apo-.

Hence aphL. ab
;

off. -f-

in aph-seresis A. S. of; see

F. contre, against, as in but the F. form is usually contr-ol ; Hence also written counter- in English.
alto.

Hence

Ab- (i), Of-. Ar-(i); see Ad-.

see Al- (4). Arch-, Archi-, Arche- ; arch-bishop, (Gk.) arch-angel, aichi-tect, arche-type. l Gk. &px' ~j chief. Gk. apx*w, to be first.
(a)
;

count r-y.

Cor;

cor-rode

see

Com-.
;

AT-

ar-tichoke

see Com-. cou-ch, cou-sin Coun-; coun-cil; see Com-. Counter-. (F. L.) See Contra-.

Coil-

AsAsAsAtself.

see Ad-. as-sign see Ex- (i). (2); as-tonish; (3) ; as-sagai ; see Al- (4). see Ad-. ;
(i)
;
;

Cu-; cu-11, cu-stom see Com-. Cur-; cur-ry (i) see Com-.
;

D-;
in

d-aflbdil;

see

De-

(i).
;

De-(i);
eff-

de-scend, de-bate. (L.

or\f

AutO-, Auth-,
eff-endi.
,

self.

(Gk.)

Gk.avr^-y,
;

Hence auth;

in

auth-entic
L.)

AvBa-

av-aunt.

(F.

F. av-\ from

L. ab\ see Ab-(i).

;

ba-lance
)

see Bi-.
be-, fa-,

Be-. (E
;

A. S.

the same as

bi,

E. by. by, prep. Bi-, double. (L.)

an

earlier

+Gk.
Hence

L. bi-, double, from form dui-, related to duo, two. &-, double, allied to ova, two; Skt.

L. de, down, downward. Used with L.) an oppositive sense in de-form; with an intensive sense in de-clare, &c. Changed Distinct from the prefix to di- in di-stiL below. De- (2) ; de-face, de-fame, de-feat, dedt!-, O.F. des-, from L. fray. (F.-L.) Distinct from the dis-, apart; see Dis-. prefix above. De-(3); de-vil; see Dia-. Dea- ; dea-con see Dia-. Demi-, half ( F. - L.) F. demi. - L. di-

dvi-, allied to dva, two ; E. twi- in twi-bill. F. bi- in bi-gamy, F. ba~ in ba-lance;
v

and see below.

Bin* ; bin-ocular. (L.) L. bin-T, distributive form allied to bi- (above). Bis- ; bis-cuit. (F.-L.) F. bis, L. bis, Cf. E. twice; extended from bi- (above). twice ; see Dis-.

Demi- in Diet., p. 135. des-cant see Dis-. Di- (i), double. (Gk.) Gk. &-, double, allied to 5ty, twice, and 8vo, two ; see Bi-. Ex. di-lemma, di-syllable (often written
midius, half; see

Des-

dissyllable).

By-;

by-path. A.S. bl\ see

By,

p. 70.

Di- (2), apart, away. (L.) See Dis-. Di- (3) di-stil see De- (i). Dia-. (Gk.) Gk. 5ia, through, between.
; ;

625

I.

LIST OF PREFIXES
L. inter, among ; see Inter-. to entr- in entr-ails.

apart;

allied to

Di-

di- in di-seresis;
in de-vil, dea-con.

Shortened to (i). appearing as de-, dea-,

Shortened

Ep-, Eph- ;
(L.
;

see below.

Dif.; Dis-,

see Dis-. apart,

Epi-, upon. (Gk.) Gk. c m, upon.+Skt.

<?r

away

F.

dis-, apart, in two, another form double ; dis- and bis- are variants

L.) of

L.
bis-,

from an

older form dttis-, double, also used in the Dis- besense in two, apart see Bis-. comes des- in O. French, also dt- in later F.; but the O. F. des- is sometimes alThe various tered to dis-, as in dis-cover. forms are di-, dif-, dis-, des-, de-, and even s-; as in di-verge, dif-ftise, dis-pel, des;

api\ allied to L. ob-. See Ob-. It appears as <?/-, epk-, in ep-och, eph-emeral. Es-; es-cape; see Ex- (i). Eso-, within. (Gk.) Gk. i<r<u, within ;

from

is, tls, into.

;

cant, de-feat, de-luge, s-pend.

neut. well. (Gk.) Gk. eu, well of us, good.+Skt. vasti-s, good cf. Goth. Hence ev- in ev-angelist. ius-iza, better. Ev- ; ev-angelist see above. Ex- (i), out of, very. (L. ; L.) L. ex, also e, out of; also used intensively.

Eu-,

or.

dou-ble; see Duo-. DlL-, two, double. (L.) L. duo, two ; cognate with E. two. Only in duodecimo, duo-denum; shortened to du- in du-al, du-plicate, &c. Appearing as douin dou-ble, dou-bt as do- in do-zen. DyS-, badly. (Gk.) Gk. bvs, badly, with Some connect it with To- (2). difficulty.

Don-;

Duo-,

\K, out. See EC-, and see below. appears as a-, as-, e-, ef-, es-,ex-, iss-,s-, in a-mend, as-tonish, e-normous, ef-fect, es-cape, ex-tend, iss-ue, s-ample; also as

4-Gk. e,

It

of-, a-, in af-fray, a-fraid.

away. (Gk.) Gk. e, See above. Exo-, without. (Gk.) Gk. ((u, outside, without; adv. from !, out (above).
(2), out of,

Ex;

out

as in ex-odus.

F. a-, perhaps for e-lope. O. F. es-, L ex\ see .Ex- (i). E- (4); e-squire. (F.) This e- is a F.
(3)
;

EEE-

(i);
(2)
;

e-normous; see Exe-nough; see Y-.

(i).

Extra-,
abl.

see Ex- (i). Cf. exter- in exter-ior, exter-nal. It appears also as stra- in stra-nge ; cf. estra-nge.
i in place of. (E.) E. for, prep. ( ) for-as-much, for-ever, which might just as well be written as separate words instead of compounds. Allied to Per-, Pro-.
,

beyond. (L ) form, from L. ex, out;

A comparative

addition, of purely phonetic value, due to the difficulty which was experienced in

For-

in

pronouncing

initial

sq-,

sc-, st-, sp-.

;

So
to

also in e-scutcheon, e-state, e-special

For- (2); for-give. (E.) A. S./^r-, inGk. c/f, also c, tensive prefix. 4-Icel./0r-, Dan.^r-, Swed. ec-logue. (Gk.) out. f'L- eXt Lithuan. isz, Russ. iz\ out; for-, Du G. ver-, Goth./ra-, Skt./ar^f-. AUo el-, ex-, as in el-lipse, For- (3); for-feit. (F.-L) F. for-, b-e Ex- (i). L. foris, outside, out of doors. ex-odus. piefix.
which add e-schew.

EC- ;

Ef-;

see

Exi

(i).
;

Also in for-dose, sometimes spelt foreclose

;

see Auto-. Eff- ; eff-end El-(i); el-lipse; see EC-.

and i&for-judgc.
;

El-

(2)

el-ixir;

see

Al-

(4).
,

Em-(i); em-brace. (F. L.) F. emL. im-y for in see In- (2). em-piric ; see En- (2). (2) em-bassy ; see Am- (3). (3) F. enEn-(i); en-close. (F. L. in-} see In- (2).
;

EmEm-

'

-L)

En- (2) en-ergy. (Gk.) Gk. tv, in.-f Becomes em- before /, L. in A. S. in. in em-piric See Em- (2), In- (i), In- (2).
;
;

A. S.fore, for, (E.) Allied to Forbefore, prep. ; fore, adv. See Fore, p. 194. (i). bad spellFore- (2) fore-go. (E.) ing v{for-go\ see For- (2). Forth-. (E.) In forth-coming, forthwith. A.S.forti, forth; seep. 195. Fro- ; fro-ward. (Scand.) Icel frd ; see Fro, p. 200.
;

For- (4) for- ward Fore- (0, before.

see

Forth-.

En*
in
;

(3);

prefix; see

en-emy. In- (3).

(F.

L.)

Negative
with-

Gain-,
against.

against.

(Scand.)

Icel.

gegn,

Ex. gain-say.
half.

Endo-,

within. (Gk.)
\v, in;

Gk.
see

&>5o-i>,

extended from Indi-.

En-

(2),

and

Hemi-,
mein

(Gk

Gk. tm- half.+

t

L. semi-, half;

see Semi-,

Shortened to

Enter-;

enter-tain.

(F.-L.)

Y.entre.

me-grim.

626

I.

LIST OF PREFIXES
Gk.
Zrc/w-s,

HeterO-,
other.

other.

(Gk.)

LL-

(i)

1-one. (E.) Short fora//; l-one*=

al-one.
entire.

See Al-

(i).

Holo-,

(Gk.)

Gk.

S\o-s, entire.

same. (Gk.) Gk. <3/*o-y, samecognate with E. same. Lengthened to homceo-, like, in homceo-pathy. Hyper-, above, beyond. (Gk.) Gk. virtp, above ; see Over-.

Homo-,

(2) ; 1-ute. (Arab.) Short for See Al- (4). the, def. art.

Arab,

al,

Male-, Mai-, Mau-,

F.
L.)
;

badly.
ill;

(L.

or

L. male, badly,

whence F.

mat, which becomes matt- in mau-gre.

Hypo-, Hyph-, Hyp-.

vir6,

under.

+ L.
in

(Gk.)
;

sub,

under

Gk. see Sub-.

Me-

Hence hyphallage.

Met a-, Meth-,

me-grim

see

Hemi-.
with,

Met-, among,
after.

hyph-en;

hyp- in hyp-

after;

also used to imply change.

Gk. /*rd, among, with,

I- (i) i-gnoble; see In- (3). I- (2) i-wis A. S. ge- see Y-. II- fi); il-lude; see In- (2). H- (2) il-legal see In- (3). Im- (i) im-bed; see In- (i). Im- (2) ; im-mure, im-merge see In(2\ Im- (3) ; im-mortal see In- (3). In- (i) ; in-born. (E.) A. S. in, prep. It also becomes im- before b and / as in
; ;

G. mit, Goth mitk, with. as meth- in meth-od, met- in met-eor. Min- ; mm-ster see Mono-. Mis- (i) mis-deed mis-take. (E. and A. S. mzs-, wrongly, amiss. Scand.) Iccl. Dan. Du. misSwed. miss- Goth. Allied to miss, vb. mtssa-, wrongly.
;

(Gk.) mid, It appears also

A.

S.

(2), badly, ill. (F.-L.). O. F. mcs-, from L. minus, less ; used in a <?e-

Mis-

preciatoiy sense. Appearing in mis-adventure, mis-alliance, mis-chance, mischief, mis-count, mis-creant, mis-nomer,
mis-prise, mis-pnsion.

im-bed, im-park.

See below.
^L.
;

In(i),

(2); in-clude.

in, in.

or. -L.)
in.

Quite distinct from

(Gk.)

L.

Mis-

(i).

Gk.
(2).

am-, an-, em-, en-, it-, im-j in-, ir-, in am-bush, an-omt, em-brace, en-close, il-lude, im-mure, include, ir-ntate.

En-

kr, in ; A. S. It appears as

See In-

Mono-, Mon-,
min-ster.

single.

Gk.
k,

poro-s, single, sole, alone.

Hence men
;

Multi-, Mult-, many. (L. *rF.-L.) From L multus, much, many.

MT-

In- t3\ negative prefix. (L.) L. in-, Gk. av-, d-, neg. prefix ; K. neg. prefix. See An- (2), A- (9), un-, before nouns. Un- (i). It appears as en-, i-, il~, im-,

in-, ir-, in

en-emy, i-gnoble,

il-legal,

im-

mortal, in-firm, ir-regular. Indl-, Ind- ; indi-genous, ind-igent. O. Lat. indu, within. -|- Gk. Mov, (L.)
"within
;

an ewt, where the prefixed n is due to the mdef article. A nickname an eke-name. My nunde = mine uncle, whei e the n is due to the possessive pronoun. In n-once, the prefixed n is due to the dat.
newt
for then anes, lit. M"- (2), negative
case of the def. article, as seen in * for the once/

(i)

n-ewt, n-ickname, n-uncle. (E.)

M. E,

see

Endo-.

L. inter, between. comparative form, allied to L. inter ~iort It within ; cf. L. inter-nus, internal. appears as intel- in intel-lect, enter- in

Intel- ; see below. Inter-, between. (L.)

In prefix. (E. or"L) n-one, the prefixed n is due to A. S. nc, not. In n-ull, it is due to the cognate
L. ne, not.

See Ne-.

or F.-L.) L. n&n, XTon-, not. (L. not O. Lat. noenum, for *ne oinom, i. e. Intro-, within see Inter-. ne ftnnm, not one see above. It appears Ir- (i) ir-ritate; see In- (2). as ///>/- in um-pire, for numpire. Ir- (2); ir-regular; see In- (3). IBS- ; iss-ue. (F. - L.) F. iss-, from L. O- ; o-mit see Ob-. ex\ see Bx- (i). Ob-. (L; or F.-L.) L. ob, near; allied
;

enter-tain; and cf. entr-ails; see Enter-. Closely allied are L. intro-, within, infra-, within. Intra-, within ; see Inter-.
;
;

L. ne, not; nee (L.) in neg-ligere), not, short for In ne-fanous, neg-ation, ne-que, nor, not. See 1ST- (2). neg-lect, neg-otiate, ne-uter.

We-, Neg-.

(whence neg-

to

Gk.

lir,

upon, near
ape,
near.

Skt. api, more-

Jnxta-,

near. (L.)

L. iuxta, near.

over,

Lith.

See Epi-.

The

62

I.

LIST OF PREFIXES
f-Skt. pari,

force of obo-i

is

very variable

ob-, oc-, of-, op-,

it appears as ; also as extended to

Peri-, around. (Gk.) Gk. ircpt, around. Zend pairi, round about.

os-

(for opsT] in o-mit, ob-long, oc-cur, o r-fer, op-press, os-tensible. Oc- ; oc-cur see Ob-.
;

Allied to Para-, &c. Pil- ; pil-grim ; see Per-.

Ofwhere

(i); of-fal.

(E.)
is

A.S.

of,

of,

off,

away. invariably written off in composition, except in the case of offal, rroKv-, decl.
its

This word

Po-; po-sition; see Por- (i). Pol-; pol-lute; see Por- (i). Poly-, many. (Gk.) Written
form of
rroAv-s.

use would have brought three /'s

for Gk. much. many.

Allied to

together. +L. ab,

Gk.

dir<J;

see

Ab-

E>//.

(i),

Apo-.

It appears as a- in

a-down.

Ofdva.

(2); of-fer; see Ob-.

see Of- (i). on, upon. (E.)

Por- (i) ; por-tend. (L.) L. por-, to be compared with Gk. trapa, beside (BrugSee Para- (i). It mann, ii. 35).
appears as pol-, por-, pol-lute, portend and is allied to/0- in po-sition.
;

Off-;

On-,
as a-,

A. S. or- ; Pour- ; pour-tray see Pro-. (E.) cognate with Du. oor-, O. Sax. and G. ur-, Pr- (i) pr-ison; see Pre-. Goth, us, away, out of. Pr- (2); pr-udent; see Pro- (i). Or- (2); or-lop. (Du.) Short for Du, Pre-, Prae-, before. (L.) L. pre-, for over, cognate with E. over ; see Over-, for older, * prat. pr<z, prep., before; OB- ; os-tensible see Ob-. Allied to Pro-. This prefix occurs also Out-. (E.) A S. ut, adv., E. out.+ in pr-ibon and is curiously changed to Goth, ut, G. aus, Skt. ttd, out. Shortened pro- in pro-vost and appears as prea- in
(i)
;

OpOr-

A. S. on, on.+Gk. See Ana- (above). It often appears as in a-foot, a-sleep, &c. see Ob-. ; op- press
;

(2); por-trait; see Pro- (i). Post-, after. (L.) Impost, after, behind. Hence F. puis, appearing as pu- in pu-ny.
;
;

Por-

or-deal, or-ts

to uft- in utt-er

and to

ut- in ut-most.

; outr-age. (F L. ultra, beyond see Ultra-. Over-. (K.) A. S. ofer, E. over, prep, -f Goth, ufar, L s-uper, Gk. falp, Skt. upart, above. A comparative form allied to Up, See Hyper-, Super-, Or- (2). q. v.
;

Outr-

- L.)

F. outre.

prea-ch.

L. prater, Preter-, beyond. (L.) beyond; compaiative form of pra, before. Pro- (i)> before, instead of (L. ; or F. L.) L. prti-, before, in front, used as
a prefix; also pto, short for prod, abl. case used as a preposition, which appears in prod-igal. Allied to Gk. irpo, before, Skt. pra, before, away ; also to E. for. See below and see For- (i). It appears also as prof-, pour-, por-, pur-, pr-, in
;

Pa- pa-lsy see Para-. Palm-, Palim-, again. (Gk

;
;

ird\tv,

back, again.

It

Gk. ) becomes pahm- m

(Gk.)

palim-psest.

prof-fer,
all.
;

pour-tray,

por-trait,

pur-vey,

Gk. -n-ai/, pr-udent where pour-, por-, pur- are lorm of due to the F. form pour. iravro-, the same, occurring in panto-mime. Pro- (2), before. (Gk.) Gk. irp6, before; Par- (i) par-son see Per-. In pro-logue, cognate with Pro- (i). Par- (2); par-ody; see Para- (i) pro-phet, pro-scenmm, pro-thalamium, Para- (i), beside (Gk.) Gk napd, be- Pro- (3) pro-vost see Pre-.

Pan-, Panto-,
all
;

neut. of iras,

decl.

side.

Allied to E. for, L. per, also to Gk.

Prod-;

prod-igal; see Pro- (i).

See Per-, Peri-, and For- (i). It irfpt. becomes pa- in pa-lsy, par- in par-ody. ^[ Quite distinct from para- in para-chute, para-pet, para-sol, from L. pardre.

Prof-; prof-fer; see Pro- (i). addition, towaids. (Gk.) Pros-, Allied to Forthpos, towards.

Gk. and

Por-

(i).
first.

ParaGk.
irtpi
;
;

(2);

para-dise. see Peri-.

;

Zend pairi=

Proto-, Prot-,
irpoaro-s, first
;

(Gk.)

FromGk.

superl.

Pel-

pel-lucid

see Per-.

see

Pro;

(2).

form of IT/DO, before ; Shortened to prot- in prot-

pen-msula. (L.) L. pcen-e, almost. Per-, through. (L.; 0rF.~L.) L,.f>er, Allied to Para- and For- (i). through.
It

Pen-;

oxide.

Pu-

pu-ny; see Post-.

pur-vey. (F.
;

Pur-;

L.)

See Pro- (i).

appears also as par- in par-son, pardon as pel- in pel-lucid ; and as pil- in pil-grim.
;

RKa;

r-ally
;

see
;

ra-bbet

see

Be-. Be-.

628

I.

LIST OF PREFIXES
beneath comparative under ; see Sub-.
;

Re-, Red-, again. (L.) L. re-, red(only in composition), again, back. Redoccurs in red-eem, red-integration, redolent,

form

from $ub t
see

Sue-, Suf-, Sug-, Sum-, Sup- ;

Sub-.

red-ound, red-undant, red-dition

and
In

is

changed to ren-

in rcn-der, ren-t.

re-mind, re-new, it is prefixed to purely E. words; and in ic-call, re-cast, to words of Scand. origin. It appears as r- in r-ally (i), r-ansom ; and as ru- in
re-ly,

Super-, above, over. (L.) L. super, A. S. above, -f* Gk. vntp, over, beyond See Hyper-, Over- ; also ofer, E. over. Sub-. Hence supra-, beyond, L. supra. Also sover- in sover-eign, which is a F.
;

2. Re- is frequently prefixed ru-nagate. to other prefixes, which sometimes coalesce with it, so that such words lequire care. For example, rabbet = re-a-but ragout -re-a-gout rampart = re-em-part ; of. also
;
;

form
Ital.

re-ad- apt,

re-col-iect.

re-con-cile,

ic-sur-

rection, &c.

Rear-

see Betro-.
;

Red-, Ren- sec Be- (above). Here-; ieie-ward; see Betro-. Retro-, backwards, behind. (L/)
retro-,

and sopr- in sopr-ario, which is an Also F. sur- --= L. super. Supra-, beyond see above. Sur- (i) sur-rogate; see Sub-. Sur- (2) ; sur-face see Super-. Sus- ; sus-pend see Sub-. Sy-, Syl-, Sym- ; see Syn-. Syn-, with, together with. (Gk.) Gk.
;

form.

crvr,

with.

It

and syn-,
L.

appears as
sy-stem,

sy-, syl-,

sym-,

syl-logism,

sym-

metry, syn-tax.

parative form from

backwards, back again re-, back

see

a comBe-.

prefixes rear-, rere-, in i ear-guard, i ere- ward, are clue to L. retro, and are of

The

T- (O
Tfor

t-wit.

(E.)
at.

Twit

is
;

from A.
thus,
/-

S.
is

at-wHan,

to

twit,

reproach
(F.

here used for E.

F. origin.

(2); t-awdry.

L)
/- is

Tawdry
Here

is

Saint Awdry; thus

sam-t.
;

here the final

/-

S- (0

s-ober, s-tire

see Se-.

letter of

S-

see p. 501. without. F. sans, L. situ, without; see Sine-. without. Se-, Sed-, away, apart. (L.) L. s?-, apart; O. Lat. sed-, apart, which is probably ictamed in sed-ition. The ong. sense was probably by oneself.' It appears as
;
;

SS- (4) Sans-,

;

(2) (3)

s-pend s-ample s-ombie

;

isee
;

Dis-.

T(i).

(3)

t-autology. (Gk.)

repre-

see

Ex-

sents

Gk.

TO, neuter of def. article.

(K'L)

Thorough-, through. (E.) another form of E. through.

To- (i), To- (2),
except asunder
apart.
;

Merely

A. S. td, to. (E.) to-day. intensive prefix. (E.) Obsolete, in to-brake A. S. to-, apart,

s- in s-ure

cf.

sober.
^L.)

prob, cognate with L. dis-, See Dis-. ^[ Some connect it with Gk. 5us- see Dys-.
;

Semi-,
^/xi-,

L. semi, half.-f-Gk. It appears as sinhalf; see Hemi-.

half.

Tra-, Tran-

see below.

in sin-ciput. Sine-, without.

lit.

(L.)
if;

if not.

L.

si,

L. sine, without Hence F. lie, not.

;

beyond. (L.) L. trans, beyond. Shortened to tran- m tran-scend and to tra- in tra-duce, tra-verse, &c. Hence

Trans-,

F. tres-, occuiring in tres-pass;

in tre-ason.

and

tre-

sans, without. So- ; so-journ

see Sub-.
see Super-. see Extra-.

Sever-, Sopr- ;

TreTre&c.

(0, Tres-.
(2)
;

tre-ble.

(F. -L.) (F.-L.)

See above. See below.

; stra-nge ; su-spect ; see Sub-. Sub-, under. (L.) L. sub, under, (someAllied to Gk. under; times) up. Skt. upa, near, under ; also to E. up and See Hypo-, Of-, Up-. Sub also apof.

Stra;

Su-

Tri- (i), thrice. (L.) L. ///-, thr.ce; allied to tres, three. Hence tn-ple, treble,
;

and

tra- in tra-mmel.

M,

Tri-

(2), thrice.

(Gk.)

Gk. rpi-,

thrice

allied to rpia, neut. of rpis, three.

Hence

pears as

s-, so-, su-, sue-, suf-,

sug-, sum-,

sup-, sur-, in

s-ombre (^V), so-journ, su-spect,

sum-mon, sug-gest, It is also extended sup-press, sur-rogate. to sus- (for sups-} ; as in sus-pend.
suc-ceed,
suf-fuse,

tri-gonometry, &c. Twi-, double, doubtful. (E.) double allied to twa, two. bill, twi -light.
;

A.S. twt~,

Hence

twi-

Snbter-,

beneath.

(L.)

L.

suiter,

Ultra-, beyond. (L.) L. ultra, beyond ; allied to O. Lat. ulter, adj., appearing in

629

II.
utter-tor,

SUFFIXES
Utter(2).

F. outre, beyond, appearing in outr-age; also in E. utter-ance (2), corruption of F. outrance.

in Diet.

which see

Hence

(F.-L.)

Only
;

F. outre, L. ultra

in utter-ance see Ultra-.

V- ; v-an (i). (F.-L.) See Ab- (i). um-pire see K"on-. Ve-, apart from. (L.) L ue- t apart to nouns, &c. (i), negative prefix from. Only in ve-stibule, and (possibly) A. S. un- not ; cognate with L. in-, in (E.) ve-stige. See An- (2), In- (3). not, Gk. di/-, not. Vice-, Vis-, in place of. (L. or F. Un- (2), verbal prefix, signifying the L. uice, in place of, whence O. F. vis, L.) the reversal of an action. A. S. un-, same. The latter (E.) appears only in visverbal prefix ; cognate with Du. ont-, count. ent-, G. ent-, O.H. G. ant-, Goth. and-. The same as E. an- in an-swer; see Wan-, negative prefix see Wanton in An- (5), AntiUn- (3) un-til, un-to. (O. Low G.) its due place p. 599. A. S. mid, With-, against. (E.) See un-to in Diet p. 584. Un- (4), Uni-, one. (L.) L. MI-US, against the sense is preserved in withstand. In with-hold, with-draw, it signione ; whence uni-vocal, with one voice fies back/ nn-animous, of one mind &c. Cognate with E. one. Under-. (E.) A. S. under, E. under, Y- ; y-wis, y-clept. (E.) A. S. geThis prefix appears prep. prefix; M. E. i-,y-. Up-. (E.) A.S. /,E. up, prep. Allied as a- in a-ware, as i- in i-wis

Um-

Un-

(for

to Of, Sub-,

Hypo-.
(E.)

y-wis) and as e- in e-nough.

See

Ut-,Utt-.

See Out.

E-

A- (n),

(2).

II.

SUFFIXES

Vergleichenden germanischen Sprachen. An account of Anglo-Saxon suffixes is given at p. 119 of March, Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language. Lists of Anglo-Saxon words, arranged according to their suffixes, are given in Loth, Etymologische angelsaechsisch-englische Grammatik, Elberfeld, 1870. Simple accounts of English suffixes
English Accidence, pp. 212-221, English Derivation, pp. 185-252, and in the two Series of my Principles of English Etymology, to which the reader is referred. See also Koch, Historische Grammatik der Enghschen Sprache, vol. iii. pt. i, pp. 29-76. It is clearly established that the Indo-germanic languages abound in suffixes, each of which was originally intended slightly to modify the meaning of the root to which it was added, so as to The force of many express the radical idea in a new relation. of these must, even at an early period, have been slight, and in many instances it is difficult to trace it but in some instances it is still clear, and the form of the suffix is then of The difference between lov-er, lov-ed, and lov-ing is well great service. marked, and readily understood. One of the most remarkable points is that most ludo-germanic languages delighted in adding suffix to suffix, so that words are not uncommon in which two or moie suffixes occur, each repeating, it may be, the sense of that which preceded it. Double diminutives such as parti c-te, i. e. a little little
;

THE number of suffixes in modern English is so great, and the forms of several, especially in words derived through the French from Latin, are so variable, that an attempt to exhibit them all would tend to confusion. The best account of their origin is to be found in Biugmann, Grundriss der Grammatik der Indo-

in general are given in Morris, Historical Outlines of and 229-242, in Nesfield, Historical

630

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN AND GREEK WORDS

The Lat, superl. suffix -ts-si-mus is a simple example part, aie sufficiently common. of the use of a treble suffix, which really expresses no more than is expressed by -mtis alone in the word prl-mus. The principal Indo-germanic suffixes, as given by Brugmann, are these -o, -*, -//, -yo, -wo, -mo, -mi, -men (-mon), -meno (-Mett3\ -no, -tno, -ni, -nu, -en (-on}, -ent (-*/), *lo, -It, -ro, -ri, ~ru, -er (-or), -es (-os), -to, -mento, -/*, -ti-on, -ta-ti, -tu, -tu-ti, -ter (-tor, -tr), -tftro, -id, -d, -d-en, -d-on, -tit-den, But these can be readily compounded, so as to form -do, -go, -ko, -k, -sqo, -sqd, -bho. new suffixes; so that from -men-fo was formed -mento (as in E. argu-went). One common error with regard to suffixes should be guarded against, namely, that of mis-dividing a word so as to give the suffix a false shape. This is exhemely common in such words as logi~c, civi c, l>elli~c-ose, where the suffix is commonly spoken of as being -u or -ic ose. This error occurs, for instance, in the elaborate book on English Affixes byS. S. Haldemann, published at Philadelphia in 1865 ; a work which is of considerable use as containing a very full account, with numeious examples, of suffixes and prefixes. The truth is that civi-c (Lat ctuicus) is derived from Lat. /-, declensional stem of aui-s, a citizen, with the suffix -cus (Idg. -kd] and logic is from Gk. \oyi-tc6s, irom \oyi-, for \ojo-, declensional stem of &6-}Os, a discourse, with the suffix -/roy, as before. Compare Lat. ctut-tas, Gk A.o7o-//axm. Of course, words in -i-c are so numerous that -ic has come to be regarded as a suffix at the piesent day, so that we do not hesitate to form Volta-ic as an adjective of Volta bnt this is Moreover, since both -i- and ~ko are Idg. English misuse, not Latin etymology. suffixes, such a suffix as -I-KOS, -i-cus, is possible both in Greek and Latin ; but in the particular words above cited it is clearer to consider the -t- as due to the original stem. One more word of warning may perhaps suffice. It we wish to understand a suffix, we must employ comparative philology, and not consider English as an absolutely isolated language, with laws different fiom those of other languages of the Aryan family. Thus the -/// in tru-th is the -# of A. S. treow~$, gen. case treow-fte, fein. sb. This suffix answers to that seen in Goth, gabattr-ths, birth, gen. case gaJbaur-thais^ fern, The true sb., belonging to the -/-stem declension of Gothic strong substantives. suffix is therefore to be expressed as Tent, -thi, cognate with Idg. -ti, so extremely
: ;

common

in Latin; cf. dff-tt*, dowry, men-ti-, mind, mor-ti-^ death, mes-si- (<//?/ /f-), Tooke gave his famous etymology Hence, when harvest, that which is mown. of truth as being ' that which a man trozjefhj he did in reality suggest that the -/*'- in other words, it was Lat. mor-ti- is identical with the -/ in mori-t-ur or in ama-t ;

Home

a mere whim.

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN AND

GREEK WORDS
IN the former edition of this work a list of Indo germanic roots was given, as The later researches of Brugmann and others determined, for the most part, by Pick. have much modified the foimer results, chiefly because the vowel-sounds have been more exactly appreciated. As a list of oots is not usually much required in practice, it has been here replaced by a useful and practical list of some of the more important words in Latin and Greek which are, mostly, of rather frequent occurrence in English compounds and derivatives. In some cases, the form of the root is given, chiefly when the derivatives from it are rather numei ous. Both of these lists might be largely increased, but it has not been deemed worth while to include such words as present no difficulty. For example, the Greek word <$o>tos, order, is purposely omitted, because its derivatives (viz. cosm-iC) cosm-etic, and words beginning with cosmo-) can readily be found On the other hand, the Greek oAAos is inserted, for the sake of such at 114.
j

p.

derivatives as par-all-ax, par-all- el.

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

tive of rather

contains the principal Latin words which are (mostly) producderivatives in English, and readily admit prefixes. Words that have produced but few derivatives, or that are of no especial interest, are excluded.

THE

following

list

numerous

ac-, as in ac-er, ac-idus, ac-utus^ sharp acerbity, acid, acrid, acrimony, acumen, acute, aglet, ague, eager, eglantine, to be sharp.) exacerbate.

art-em, ace., skill artisan, inert.

art, artifice, artillery,

(^AK,

(-^AIDH, to burn.) equal adequate, equal, equanimity, equation, equilibrium, equinox, equipollent, equity, equivalent, equivocal,
cegu-us,
iniquity.

adS-s, a temple ether, oasthouse.

edify, ediie; cf. estuary,

asper, rough asperity, exasperate. audible, audience, audi-re, to hear audit, obedient, obeisance, obey, oyer, oyez. auction, augment, aug-ere, to increase

ag-ere, to drive

act, agent, agile, agitate,

author, auxiliary ; cf. eke (i). to increase.) aur-is, the ear auricula, auricular, auscultation, scout (i) ; cf. ear (i).

august,

(VAUG,

agriculture, ambiguous, coagulate, cogent, cogitate, counteract, enact, essay, exact,

aur-um,
or (3),

oriel,

aureate, dory, loriot, gold onflamme, oriole, ormulu,

examine, exigent, peregrination, pilgrim, p. 644. prodigal, transact. Cf. Gk. ayeiv
;

orpiment, orpine. ani~s, a bird auspice, aviary, bustard,

ostrich.

(^AG
alb-us,

to drive.)

white

alb,

album,

albumen,

barb-a, beard

barb

(i), barbel,

barber;

auburn.

grow up adolescent, aliment, alimony, altar, altitude, alto, coalesce, contralto, exalt, haughty, hautboy, proletarian, (y' AL, to nourish.)
adult,
al-iuSy other
alias, alien, alibi, aliquot,
alter, altercation, alternate, subaltern.

al-ere, to nourish,

cf beard. barr-a (Late L.)

barricade,
barrier,

bar, barracks, barrel,

barrister,

Cf.

debar, embargo, embanass. bass-its low abase, base (2), basement, bass (i), bass-relief, bassoon, debase. bat-ere (popular L.), to beat abate,
^

Gk. a\Xos
arn-dre,

p.

645
love

amatory, amenity, amiable, amicable, amity, amorous, amour, enamour, enemy, enmity, inimical, para-

to

battalion, batter (i), batter (2), battery, battledoor, combat, debate, rebattle, bate.

mour.
ambul-are, to walk amble, ambulance, ambulation, cucumambulate, perambulate ang ere to choke angina, anguish, anxious cf. ail, anger, awe, ugly. (^ AGH, to choke.) amm-a-j breath, amm-us, mind animal, animadvert, animate, animosity equanimity, magnanimous, pusillanimous, unanimous. (^AN, to breathe ) ann-us, a year annals, anniversaiy, annual, biennial, triennial, &c. perennial,
y
;

beau, beauty, beldam, befy-us, beautiful belladonna, belle, embellish. beaver (3), beverage, bib-ere, to drink bevy, bib, imbibe, imbrue (embrew). bon-us, good bonny, boon, adj., bounty.
brdchi-a, arms
breu-is, short

brace, bracelet, brassart,

embrace, vambrace.
brevet, breviary,
(2).

abbreviate, abridge, breve, brevity, brief (i), brief

brocc-a (Late L.) a pointed stick broach, brocade, broccoli, brochure, brocket, broker, brooch.
bucc-a,
bull-a,

superannuate.
apt-us, fit adapt, adept, apt, aptitude, attitude, inept. (y^AP, to bind.) aqu-a> water aqua-fortis, aquatic, aqua-

mouth

debouch,

disembogue,

embouchure.
a bubble, boss -bill (3), billet
(i), boil (i), budge (i), bull (2), bullet, bulletin, bullion, ebullition, parboil.

rium, aquanus, aqueduct, aqueous, ewer, sewer (i), subaqueous; cf. ait, eyot, island.

alarm, alarum, ambry (2), arms, armada, armadillo, armament, armistice, aimour, army.

arm-a, arms (aumbry), arm

ambush, bush
(2)
;

busc-us (popular L.), a bush ambuscade, (i), bouquet, emboss (2). box ( i ), box (2), bush bux-tts, a box-tree
cf.

bushel, pyx.

633

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

purchase, receive, receptacle, reception, recipe, recipient, sash (i), susceptible; cf. to seize, take haft, heave, heft.

caball-us (popular L.), a horse cavalier, cavalcade, cavalry, chevalier, chivalry. accident, cadaverous, cad-ere, to fall case (i), cadence, caducous, cascade,
casual, chance, cheat, coincide, decadence, decay, deciduous, escheat, incident, occasion, Occident. cced-ere, to cut caesura, circumcise, concise, decide, excision, incise, precise; also homi-cide, siu-cide, &c. ; also chisel,

(^QAP,

hold

of.

- achieve, cabbage (i), cap-ut, the head cad, cadet, cape (2), capital (i), capital (2), capital (3), capitation, capitol, capitular, capitulate, captain, cattle, chapiter, chapter, chattels, chief, chieftain, corporal (i), decapitate, hatchment, occiput, precipice, sinciput.
flesh carn^, stem of caro, carnage, carnal, carnation, carnival, carnivorous, carrion (from caro\ charnel, incarnadine, incarnation. excerpt, scarce ; cf. nifp-ere, to cull

scissors.

ccel-um,
cat-are,

heaven
to

ceil, ceiling, celestial

calendar, conciliate, council, intercalate, reconcile ;

calends,
cf.

summon

ddmare

calt-aie, to tread atrice.

(below). caulk, causeway, cock-

harvest.

(VQKRP,
a
cottage

to cut

calc-em, ace., lime calcareous, calcine, calculate, calx, chalk. cal-ere, to be hot --caldron, calenture,
caloric, calorific, caudle, chafe, chaldion,

car-us, dear

caress, chanty, cherish;

cf.

whore.
cas-a,

casino,

cassock

(?),

chasuble.
caste, castigate, chaste, cast-us, chaste chasten, chastise, incest. caten-a, a chain catenary, chain, chignon, concatenation. caudal, cowaid, cue, caud-a, the tail

nonchalant, scald (i). camer-a, a chamber

cover, vault over.) camp-US, a plain
pestral,

camera, chamber, chamberlain, comrade. (y'KAM, to bend,

camp, campaign, camchampagne, champaign, champion, decamp, encamp, scamp.

a canal
canal,

queue.

canal-is, nel (2).

channel, kenchancel,

cancri,

lattice-woik

cancel,

chancellor, chancery. cand-ere, to shine candelabrum, candid, candidate, candle, candour, cannel-coal, incandecenser, chandler, chandelier, scent, incendiary, incen=>e (i), incense (2), kindle (2). (^QK^ND, to shine.)
canine, kennel (i) ; cf. can-is, a dog cynic, hound. accent, canorous, cant ^ant-dre, to sing canticle, canto, canzonet, chant, de(i),

accuse because, cause, causs~a, a cause excuse, recusant, ruse. cau-us, hollow cage, cajole, cave, concave, excavation, gabion, gaol, jail abscess, accede, ced-ere, to come, yield access, ancestor, antecedent, cease, cede, cess, cessation, cession cess-pool, concede,
decease, exceed, excess, incessant, intercede, precede, predecessor, proceed, recede, iccess, retrocession, secede, succeed. cell, cellar, conceal, eel-are, to hide occult; cf. hall, hell, hole. (yHKEL, to
hide.)

scant, enchant, incantation, incentive, precentor, recant cf. hen. L.), a cape cap, capai ison
;

cap-a (popular cape (i), capuchin,

chapel, chaperon, chaplet, cope (i \ escape, scape. a goat cab, cabiiolet, caper, cap-er, Capricorn, capriole, chevenl, chevron. tap-ere, to seize, lay hold of, contain

hundred cent, centenary, centesimal, centigrade, centipede, centuple, centurion, century, quintal. cerecloth, cerement, ceruse. cer-a, wax brain cervelas cerebral, ceicbr-um,
cent-um,

centennial,

(saveloy). concern, decree, cern-ere, to separate decretal, discern, disci eet, discriminate,

accept, anticipate, cable, caitifT, capable, captive, captious, capsule, capacious, captor, capture, case (2), casement, cash, casket, catch, cater, chase (i), chase (2), chase (3), conceit, conceive, conception, deceive, deception, encase, enchase, except,
interimperceptible, inceptive, incipient, cept, occupy, perceive, perception, precept,

excrement, excietion, secret, secretary. Gk. Kpivfiv p. 645.

;

See

ascertain, certain, certify. cincture, enceinte, gird precinct, shingles, succinct. circ-us, a ring circle, circus, research,

cert-us, sine

nng-ere,

to

search, shark. cist -a, a chest

chest, cist, cistern, cist-

vaen.

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

crass-us,

cit-dre, to incite cite, excite, incite, recite, resuscitate, solicit. ctu-is, a citizen cit, citadel, citizen, city,
civil.

thick,

dense

crass,

cresset,

grease.
crdt-es, a hurdle crate, creel, grate (i), griddle, gridiron, grill ; cf. hurdle. credre, to create, make create, Creole, procreate, recreation. cred-ere, to believe credible, credit, cied,

clam-are, to call out - acclaim, acclamation, claim, clamour, declaim, declamation, exclamation, exclaim, proclaim, proclamation, reclaim, reclamation.
cldr-us, clear claret, clarify, clarion, clear, declare, glair. claud-ere , to shut cloister, clause, close (i), close (2), closet, conclude, ex-

ulous, creed, grant, miscreant, recreant. cievice, decrep-dre, to crackle, burst crepit, discrepant. cresc- ere, to grow accretion, accrue, concrete, crescent, crew, deciease, decre-

clude, include, preclude, recluse, seclusion, to sluice; cf. slot (i). shut.) clavicle, clef, conclave. cldu-is, a key a slope clt-iius, acclivity, declivity,

ment, excrescence, increase, increment, recruit.

(VSKLKUD,

cretaceous, crayon. cret-a, chalk crocc-tis (popular L.), a hook crochet, crosier, crotchet, crouch.
cross, crucial, cntc-em, ace., a cross crucify, cruise, crusade, excruciate. cub-are, to lie down concubine, covey,

proclivity ; cf. decline, recline; also lean (i),

enchne,

incline,

low

(3).

Cf.

Gk.

K\iv<tv; p. 645. (^KLEI, to lean.) cohort-em, ace., an enclosure cohort, cortege, court (i), court (2), courteous,

incubate, incubus ; cf. incumbent, bent, recumbent, succumb.

cnlp-a,

procumexcul-

courtesan,

courtesy,
cf.

courtier,

curtain,

blame

culpable, culprit,

curtsey;

garden,

garth,

yard

(i).

ly^GHER,

to contain.)

pate, inculpate. culter, a coulter

lass, cutler.

coulter, curtleaxe, cut-

col-are, to trickle

colander, culvert

(?),

cullis, percolate, portcullis.

col-ere,to

till
;

agriculture

cf.

colony, cultivate, culture bucolic (^QKL, to turn

;

round, to
coll urn,

till.)

the neck

collar,

collet,

col-

porteur, decollation. cond-ere, to hide- abscond, sconce (i),

accumulate, cumulate. cumtil-us, a heap cune-tis, a wedge coign, com, cuneate, quoin. cup-a, a vat -coop, cowl (2), cupola, goblet cf. cup. citp-ere, to desiie- concupiscence, covet,
;

sconce

(2).

contra, against counter, encounter, rencontre, rencounter. to cover cooper-ire, cover, coverlet, covert, curfew, discover, kerchief

cupid, cupidity. cilr-a, care accurate, assure, curate, cure, curious, ensure, proctor, procurator, procure, proxy, scour, secure, sickei sinecure, sure. curr-ere (curs-), to run coarse, con,

copula, a bond copulate, couple. biscuit, concoct, cook, coqu-ere, to cook decoct, kitchen, precocious ; atso apricot, PE Q> to cook terra-cotta. ( accord, concord-, from cor, the heart

cord, cordial, courage, discord, quarry (2), record ; cf. heart.

leather cor-ium, excoriate, cuirass, scourge. core (?), corn (2), cornea, corn-u, a horn cornel, cornelian, corner, cornet, cornucopia, unicorn ; cf. horn, hart. coron-a, a wreath corolla, corollary,

cern se, concur, corridor, corsair, courier, course, current, cuiricle, cursive, cursory, discourse, discursive, excursion, incur, incursion, intercourse, occur, precursor, recourse, recur, succour. Also hussar, kraal ; cf. horse. curu-us, bent curb, curve, curvet, incurvate, kerbstone. damn- urn, loss

condemn damage, damn,

,

indemnify, indemnity. da-re, to give condone, dado, date(i), die (2), donation, dowager, dower, pardon, redclition, render, rendezvous, rent (2), surrender, tradition, traitor, treason. to give.)

(y^DO,

coronal,

coronation,

coroner,

coronet,

crown.
corporal (2), corps, corpse, corpulent, corpuscle, corse, corset, corslet, incorporate. cost-a, a rib accost, coast, costal, cutlet.
corp-us,

body

decem, ten dean, decanal, decemvir, decennial, decimal, decimate, decussate, denary, dime ; cf. decade, ten, tithe. dec-re, to become decent, decorate, de-

corum.

634

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

comfit,
confect, counterfeit, defeasance, defeat, defect, deficient, difficulty, discomfit,
fact,

dent-em, ace., tooth -dandelion, dental, denticle, dentifrice, dentist, dentition, indent, indenture ; cf. tine, tooth.
deus, god adieu, deify, deity, deist; cf. jovial ; and see dies (below). dic-ere, to say, dic-ctje, to tell abdicate, addict, condition, contradict, dedicate, dictate, diction, dictionary, dight, ditto, ditty, edict, index, indicate, indict, interdict, preach, predicament, predicate, predict; cf. avenge, benediction, benison,

effect, efficacy,

efficient, facile, facsimile, faction, factitious, factotum, faculty, fashion, feasible, fetish, feat, feature, fiat,

forfeit,

hacienda, infect, mallecho, perfect, prefect, pioficient, profit, refection, suffice,

sufficient, surfeit.

to put, place.) faci-es, face deface, efface, fa9ade, face, superficies, surface.
fall-ere, to deceive
default, fail, fallacy,
fallible, false, faucet, fault, icfel.

(^DHE,

judge

(adjudge,

adjudicate,

judicatuie,

judicial,

judicious, prejudge, prejudice), malediction, malison, valediction, verdict, vindicate. (V^EIK, to show.) die-s, a day adjourn, dial, diary, dismal, diurnal, journal, journey, sojourn. digii-us, worthy condign, dainty, deign, dignify, dignity, disdain.
dol-et e,to grieve - condole, doleful, dolour,

fa-rt, to speak affable, confabulate, confcs, defame, fable, fairy, fay, ineffable,

infamy, infant, infantry, nefarious, preface, profess; cf ban. (-v/BHA, BIIA, to

speak

feud-ere, to
offend.

sti

ike -defend, fence, fend,

indolence.

(VDAM, to tame.) domtn-ns, a lord dam (2), dame, damsel, danger, demesne, domain, dominate, domincer, dominical, dominion, domino, don (2), donna, duenna, dungeon cf. monkey. duc-ere, to lead abduction, adduce, conduce, conduct, conduit, deduce, deduct, doge, douche, ducal, ducat, duchess, duchy, duct, ductile, duke, educe, induce, induct, introduce, produce, product, redoubt, re;

dom-dre, cf. tame.

to

tame -daunt, indomitable,

fcr-re, to bear ciicumference, confer, defer (i), defer (2), differ fertile, infer,
3

offer, piefer, proffer,

cf.

bear (i), barrow

ere> to boil

refer, suffer, tiansfer; (2), bier.

(VBHER,

to bear.)

fcru

effervesce, fervent, ferfeast,

festal,

vid, ferment. fat-urn, a feast

festive, fete.

festival,

fd-cm,

ace.,

faith

affiance,

confide, defy, diffident,

lity, fiducial,

affidavit, faith, fealty, fide;

(VBHEIDH,
fig-ere
fil-itm,
suffix, transfix.

infidel, perfidious to trust )

cf.

oide.

duce, seduce, superinduce, traduce educate. (VT)EUK, to lead.) duo, two belligerent, deuce (i), deuce
;

cf

(fix-),

to

fix

affix,

fix,

prefix,

(2),

thread
(i),

defile
Filigree,

(2"),

enfilade,
profile,

double, doublet, doubloon, doubt, dozen, dual, dubious, duel, duet, duodecimal,

hlament,

file

fillet,

duodenum, duplicate, duplicity, indubitable,

rebel, redoubtable; cf. two. durance, duration, ftur-us, hard

purl (3). fing-ere (fig-\ to fashion

transfigure;
fin-is,
cf.

configuration,

effigy, faint, feign, fiction, figment,

durc,

duress, endure, indurate, obdurate. edible, esculent, obese; ed-ere, to eat cf. eat. (VED, to eat.) assume, consume, enem*ere, to take

(VDHEIGH,
end
fine

figure, dairy, dike, ditch, dough. to knead, mould.)

hnancc,

affinity, confine, define, final, (i), fine (2), finial, finical,

;

finish, finite, refine, superfine

cf.

paraffine.

sample, example, exemplar, exemplify, exempt, impromptu, peremptory, premium, presume, prompt, ransom, redeem, resume, sample, sampler, sumptuary, sumptuous. err-dre, to stray aberration, err, erratum,
erroneous, error. es-se, to exist, be
absent, entity, essence,

fmn-tis, firm affirm, confirm, iaim, firm, firmament, infirm. (-^DHER, to support.)
Jlagrti're, to

burn

cf flambeau, flame, flamen

conflagration, flagrant; (?), flamingo.

(^BHLEG,
Jlect-ere,

to burn.)

to

bend

circumflex,

deflect,

flection, flexible, inflect, reflect.

Cf. are, sin, sooth ; present, quintessence. also suttee (V^ES, to dwell, exist.) exter-, as in cxter-tor, outer estrange,

jlig-ere (fiict~), to strike -afflict, conflict,

inflict, profligate.

exterior,

external,

extra,

extraneous, exaffect,

treme, extrinsic, strange.

fac-re

(pt. t. fe-ci}, to

do -affair,

jtdr-em> ace., a flower deflower, efflorescence, ferret (2), fleor-de-lis, floral, florid, florin, floscule, flour, flourish, flower, inflorescence ; tf. blow (2), bloom, blossom*

635

III.
flu-erf,

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

affluence,

to

flow

confluence,

gress,

defluction, effluence, floss, fluctuate, fluent, fluid, fluor-spar, flux, influence, influenza,
influx, superfluous.
fusil (i). foc-us, a hearth -focus, fuel, fod-ere (foss-\ to dig-foss, fossil.

degrade, degree, digress, egress, giade, gradient, gradual, graduate, grail (i), grailatory, gnse, ingredient, ingress, progress, regress, retrograde, retrogression,

transgression.

(-y^GHREDH,

to

go)
aggrandise, gaffer, gamgrand-is, great mer, gramercy, grand, grandee, grandeur, grandiloquent cf. grampus. gnm-um, grain engrain, garner, garnet, giam, granary, grange, granite, granule, corn (y"GER, gienade, pomegranate ; cf,
;

foli-um, leaf- exfoliate,

folio, perfoliate, trefoil.

foil (2), foliage,

form-a, form
formula,

conform, deform, form,

transform reform, inform, (VDHER, to support.)fort-em, ace,, strong comfort, deforce,

fort,

effort, force (i),

forte,

fortify,

forti-

to grind.)

tude, fortress to protect.)

cf.

borough.
to

(y'BHERGH,
fi

frang-ere

(.frag-'],

break

action,

fracture, fragile, fragment, frail, frangible, infraction, infringe, irrefragable, refract,

refrain

(2);

cf.

break.

(v^HREG,

to

break.) fric-are, to rub

front,

agree, congratulate, grat-us, pleasing giace, grateful, gratify, gratis, gratitude, gratuitous, gratuity, gratulate, ingratiate, ingrate. aggravate, aggrieve, grau-is, heavy grave (2), gnef, grieve. congreg-em, ace., a flock aggregate,

front-em, ace., forehead

fray (3), friction. affront,

con-

gregate, egregious, gregarious, segregate. engross, grocer, grog, gross-us, thick

effrontery, front, frontal, frontier, flounce (2). frontispiece, frontlet ; cf. fru-i (frnct-}, to en joy -fructify, fruit,
fiuition,

grogram, gross.
gout
ragusl-us, a tasting disgust, gust (2), choice. (y'GEUS, to cf. choose,
;

frumenty;

cf.

frugal,

brook

(i)

taste.)

0/BHREUG,

to enjoy.) fug-ere, to flee fugitive, fugue, refuge, bow (i). subterfuge cf. refugee, (VBHEUG, to bend ) to pour confound, con;

fund-ere (f?7s-\

binhab-cre, to have -able, avoirdupois, nacle, cohabit, debenture, debt, deshabille, devoir, due, duty, endeavour, exhibit, habitable, habitant, habiliment, habit, inhabitat, habitation, habitude, inhabit,
hibit, prebend, prohibit, provender. hrer-erc (htts-\ to stick adhere, cohere,
hesitate, inherent. hcr-es, an heir -heir, hereditary, heritage, inherit.

fusil

fuse (i), fuse, confute, diffuse, effuse, foison, (3), futile, infuse, profuse, refund,
refuse, refute,
suffuse,

transfuse;

cf.

gut,

chyle, chemist.

fund-us,

(VGHEU, to pour.) bottom - found (i), founder,

;

cf. bottom. fund, fundament, profound defunct, fung-t (funct-\ to perform

hom-o, a

man

homage, homicide, human,

humane, ombre.
abhor, horrible, horr-ere, to bristle horrid, horrify, horror, ordure; cf. hirsute.

function, perfunctory. gaudi-um, joy enjoy, gaud, joy, rejoice.

cf. chill,

congeal, gelatine, gelid, jelly gel-u, frost cool.

hum-us, the ground -exhume, humble,

humiliate, humility. denizen, intestine int-us, within
trails, interior, internal.
;

congenial, congenital, degen-us, km generate, engender, engine, gender (i\ gender (2), general, generate, generic, generous, genial, genital, genitive, genius, genteel, gentile, gentle, gentry, genuine, indigenous, ingenious, genus, gin (2), ingenuous, progenitor, progeny, regenerate km. 'y'GEN, to produced cf. ger-ete (gest-}, to bear congeries, con;

cf.

enar-

i-re, to

rant, circuit,
stable,

go -adit, ambient, ambition, commence, concomitant, concount (i \county, exit, eyre, initial,

initiate, issue, itinerant, obit, perish, praetor,

preterite, sedition, sudden, trance, transient, transit ( -/El, to go.) cf isthmus. (i=y} iac-ere, to throw abject, adja;

gestion, digest, exaggerate, gerund, gestalegister, tion, gesticulate, gesture, jest,

cent, adjective,

cumjacent,
jesses,
jet

ciragifctment, amice (i), conjecture, deject, ejaculate,

suggestion. agglutinate, glutin-, for gluten, glue conglutinate, glue, glutinous. to step aggress, congrad-i (gress-\

eject, gist, inject,

interjacent, interjection,
joist,
jut,

(i),

jetsam, jetty,
reject,

jutty,

object,

project,

subjacent,

subject, trajectory.

636

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

Itn-um, flax, lin-ea, a line align (aline), delineate, line, lineage, lineal, lineament, linear, linen, lint; cf. lining, linnet, linseed, linsey-woolsey. hqu-ete, to be fluid

ioc-us, a jest jeopardy, jewel, jocose, jocular, joke, juggler. iudex, a judge ; see dicere ; p. 635. lung-ere (iug-\ to join adjoin, conjoin,

conjugal, conjugate, enjoin, injunction, join, joint, jugular, junction, juncture, junta, junto, rejoin, subjoin, subjugate, subjunctive (/. yoke, syzygy. (y'YKUG, to
;

deliquesce, liquefy,

liquescent, liquid, liquidate, liquor.

litera, a letter- alliteration, letter, literal, literatuie, obliterate.

join.) litr-are (ius-\ to

abjure, adjure, conjure, injure, juridical, jurisdiction juiist, juror, jury, just (i), justice, justify, objurgation, pei jure. tttu-are, to help adjutant, aid, coadjutor.
T

swear

allocate, allow (i), colloc-us, a place locate, couch, dislocate, lieu, lieutenant, local, locate, locomotion, locus.
long-its, long eloign, elongate, longevity, longitude, lunge, oblong, prolong, purloin if long. allocution, circumloculoqu-l, to speak tion, colloquy, elocution, eloquent, loqua;

lab-i

(1aps-\
,

to

glide,

slip
;

collapse,
cf.

elapse, illapse, lapse, relapse

bleep.

belabour, elaborate, laboiatory, laborious, labour.

lac-ere,

labor-em

ace., laboui

cious,

obloquy,

prolocutor,

soliloquy,

to

entice

delectable, delicate,

ventnloquist. Ific-ere, to shine

illustrate,

delicious, delight, dilettante, elicit. l<zd-ere (A<?r-), to hint collide, collision, elide, elision, ilhsion, lesion

ablution, allau-are, lu-ere, to wash luvial, antediluvian, deluge, dilute, laundress,

elucidate, illuminate, lucubration, lummaiy, luminous, lunat lunatic, lustre (?), pellucid, sublunar, translucent; cf. light to shine.) (i). liid-ere, to play allude, collude, delude,

limn,

lucid,

(yTEUQ,

lava,

lave,

lavender,

lotion

cf
(i),

elude, illude, illusion, ludicrous, prelude.

lather, lye.

(VLOU,
relax, slack.

lax-US,
leash, relish

slack -lax,

to wash.) laxative, lease

lessee,
;

relay

(i),

release,

mag-n-us, great magisti ate, magnanimous, magnate, magnificent, magnify, magniloquence, magnitude, main (2),
majesty, major, mastei,

if.

maxim, maximum,
(2),

leg-are,

to

appoint

allege,

colleague,

mavoi, merino,
tress.

miss

mister,

mis-

college, delegate, legacy, legate, legatee, cf. legere (^below). relegate coil (i), collect, leg-ere, to collect, read
;

tellect,

cull, diligent, elect, elegant, eligible, inintelligence, intelligible, lection,

mal-iis, bad malady, malapert, malaria, malediction, malice, malign, malinger, malison, maltreat, mal ^ersation, maugre. mand-dre (cf. manus\ to put into the

legend, legible, legion, lesson, neglect, negligence, predilection, recollect, select; cf. leal, legal, legislator, legitimate, (V^EG, to loyal; also leg-are (above).
lecture,
collect.)
leu-is,

command, commend, of, enjoin commodore, countermand, demand, mandate, maundy Thursday, recommend,
remand. See manu. manor, manse, man-ere, to remain v mansion, mastiff ( \ menagerie, menial, messuage, permanent, remain, remnant.

hands

light

alleviate,

elevate,

leaven,

legerdemain, leger-lme, levant, levee, lever,

levity, levy, relevant, lelieve. fiee deliver, liberal, liber,

^MJiN,
liberate,
level,

to remain.)

libertine, liberty, livery.

libra,

balance

deliberate,

Hbrate.
lic-ere, to be allowable -illicit, leisure, licence, licentiate, licentious. alligation, alloy, ally, lig-dre, to bind

league (i), liable, lictor, hen, lime-hound, ligament, ligature, oblige, rally (i). eliminate, lintel, Itmen, a threshold
delinquent, dereliction, relic, relict, relinquish, reliquary;
leave
cf.

amanuensis, maintain, man~us, hand manacle, manage, manciple, manege, manifest, maniple, manipulate, manner, manoeuvre, manual, manufacture, manumit, manure, manuscript. mas \man-}, a male emasculate, male, mallard, marital, marry, masculine. mea-re, to go conge, permeate. medicine, med-erT, to be a remedy

remedy. immediate, demi-, mediate, medieval, mediocre, mediterranean, medium, meridian, mezzotinto, mizen, moiety.
medi-us,

preliminary. linqu-ere, to

middle

mean

(3),

eclipse, ellipse,

to leave.)

637

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

emollient, moil, melt, smelt (i). Teut. SMELT, to melt.) mon-ere ; see mcnt-em.
moll-is,
soft

marmalade, melilot, mellicf. mildew. commemorate, memor, remembering memoir, memory, remember. (</SMER, to remember.) mend-tun, a fault amend, amends,
mel, honey
fluous, molasses
;

mollify,

mollusc

cf.

0/MELD,

mont-em,
(i),

amount, mount ace., a hill mount (a\ mountain, mountebank,

surmount,
cf.

emendation,

mend

ment-etn, ace., mind,

;

mon

ere, to advise

paramount, remount, mount, tramontane

;

tanta-

mound.

See

comment, demented, memento,

mental,
i

mtnere.
viord-ere

(VMEN,
remorse;

mention admonish, demonstrate, mint (i), moidoie, monetary, money, monition, monster, monument, muster, premonish, remonstrate, summon, summons cf. mind, mean (i) also amnesty, automaton, mnemonics. (-/MEN, to think.)
;

to project.) (inors-\ to bite mordacity,

cf.

morsel,
ot'-t,

muse

(i),

muzzle.

0/MERD,
mortify,
cf.

to rub, bite.) to die morbid, mortal, mortgage,

; ;

mortmain, mortuary, murrain also murder amaranth, ambrosia.

to die.)

mer-ere, to earn merit.

demerit, meretricious,

VMER,

amerce, commerce, (mere-), traffic mart, mercantile, market, mercenary,

mercer, merchandise, merchant, meicury, mercy.
mZt-irt (tuens-}, to measure
rate, dimension, ration.

merx

commensu-

mou-ere (met-), emotion, mob motion, motive, promote, remote, mun-us, a duty remunerate.

to
(i),

move

commotion,

moment, mobile, motor, move, mutiny,

municipal, munificence,

remove.

immense, measure, mensu-

migra-re,

to

wander

emigrate, immi-

grate, migrate, transmigrate. min-arl, to threaten amenable,

commute, mew (3), milt-are, to change moult, mutable, mutual, permutation, transmutation. nascl, to be born, nat-us (gndt-u^}, born
agnate,

com-

cognate,

impregnate,

innate,

mination, demean (i), demeanour, menace,

naive, nascent, natal, nation, native, nature,

promenade.
min-ere, to project eminent, imminent, prominent. (\/MEN, to project.) minu-ere, to diminish, min-or, less administer, comminute, dimmish, diminution, minim, minish, minister, minor, minstrel, minuet, minus, minute, mistery. mir-us, wonderful admire, marvel, mi(</SMEl, racle, mirage, mirror cf. smile. to wonder at. mhc-ere, to mix meddle, medley, miscellaneous, promiscuous; cf, mix. mitt-erc (//*- \ to send admit, com;

pregnant,

(/GEN,

supernatural. preternatural, to beget) ncct-ere (iiex-}, to bind annex, connect,

nega-re, to

connexion.

deny

abnegate, deny, negainnocuous,

tion, renegade, runagate. innocent, noc-ere, to hurt

noxious, nuisance, obnoxious.

to destroy.)

(-/NEK,

missary, commit, compromise, demise, dimissory, dismiss, emit, immit, intermit, mass (2), mess i), message, missal, misule, mission, missive, omit, permit, premiss, premises, pretermit, promise, remit, sub(

nomen, a name cognomen, denominate, ignominy, nomenclator, nominal, nominate, noun, pronoun, renown cf. nuncupative; also name, onomatopoeia, synonym, &c.
;

know

mit, surmise, transmit.

mod-us, manner accommodate, commodel, incommode, mode, modious, moderate, modern, modest, modicum, modify, modulate, mood (2), mould (2); mete. (-/MED, to measure ) cf. meditate, mill, molar, mullet (2) mol-ere, to giind
cf.

(gnoscere, *gnot-), to get to acquaint, cognisance, cognition, connoisseur, ignoble, ignore, incognito, noble, notice, notify, notion, notorious, Cf._Gk. quaint, recognise, reconnoitre. yvuvai; E. kin, &c. (-/GEN, GNO, to

noscere

know, get

to

know.)
annotate, denote, notable,
innovate, novel,
novice,
;

not-a, a mark notary, note.

nou-its,

new
;

renovate
also

cf.

neology, neophyte, neoteric

molest; also meal

(i).

(-/MEL,

to

grind.) mdl-es,

new. nub-ere (nupt-}, to

many

connubial,

a heap demolish, mole (3), molecule.

emolument, nuptial. numer-us, a number

638

enumerate, number,

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

partner,
partee.

numeral, numeration, numerous, supernumerary. (</NEM, to apportion.) nunti-us, a messenger announce, annunciation, denounce, enunciate, nuncio, pronounce, renounce. nutri-re, to nourish - nourish, nurse,
nurture, nutriment, nutritious, nutritive. ocul-us, eye binocular, inoculate, inmonocular, ocular; cf, ophthveigle, almia, optics, canopy; e)e. (-/OQ, to See Gk. OTITI^S p. 646. see.)
;

party,

portion,

proportion,

re-

pasc-ere (pa-, past-}, to feed

-pabulum,
pastor,

pannage, pastel, pastern,

pasture,
pester,

pastille,
cf.

repast;

feed, fodder,

food, foster.

0/PA,

to feed.)

pater (patr-i-}, father expatriate, paternal, patois, patrician, patrimony, patristic,

patron, pattern, repair (2)
patriot, father.
;

cf.

patronymic

(from

Gk.)

patriarch, also
;

odi-um, hatred odium.

oi/-or,

annoy, ennui, noisome,

olfactory,

pat-ere, to lie open, pand-ere, to spread

scent
cf,

odour,

redoto

compass, expand, pace, pass, passage, passcf.

lent

osmium,
to

ozone.

(</OD,

smell.)
opt-are,

wish
;

timism, option
opulent.

cf.

adopt, optative, opcopioub, copy, office,

opus (pper-}, woik co-operate, mure, opera, operate, urc, use (2). orb-is a circle exorbitant, oib, orbit. ord-o (cretin-}, order co-ordinate, extra,

patent, surpass, trespass; paten. (,/PET, to spiead out.) to suffei pat-7 (pass-}, compassion, compatible, passion, passive, patient. pauper, poor impoverish, pauper, poor, poverty cf few. pectns ^pcitor-}, the breast expectorate, pectoial, peitiel (poitiel). foot pcd-em, ace., biped, expedite, im;

port, pastime,

ordinary, inordinate, ordain, order, ordinal, ordinance, ordinary, ordination, ordnance, primordial, subordinate.
ori-rt, to rise aborigines, orient, origin. orn-are, to adorn adorn,

abortion,

(2), pedal, pedestal, pedespedicel, pedigree, pediment, pieimpowder, pioneer, quadruped ; cf. peach also tripod, tripos (Gk.) ; also foot,
trian,
;

pede,

pawn

fettei.

ornament,

ornate, suborn. os (or-), the

oracle,
oral,

mouth -adore,
oiation,

pell-ere (/#/>- \ to drive- appeal, appelcompel, dispel, expel, impel, interpellation, peal, pelt (i), piopel, pulsate,
lant,

inexorable, orator, onfice,

orison, osculate, peroration. pac-ere, pac-ist impact-}, to agree

(pact-}, to fasten

pulse (i), pursy, push, repeal, repel. pell-is, skin peel (i), pelisse, pell, pellicle, pelt (2), pilch, pillion (?), plaid (?),
surplice
;

pangere

cf. fell (2).

appease, compact (i), compact (2), dispatch, impact, impinge, pacify, page (2), pageant, pale (i), palette, palisade, pallet (2), pay (i), peace, peel
(3), pole (i), propagate, repay.

(-/ p AG,

PAK,

counterpane, pane, panel, pannel, panicle. par, equal apparel, compeer, disparage, disparity, pair, par, parity, peer (i), prial, umpire. (-/PER, to fare.) par-are, to prepare apparatus, compaie, ford. attack ~ appetite, compeemperor, empire, imperative, imperial, para- pet-ere, to fly, chute, parade, paiapet, paias,ol, pare, parry, tent, competitor, impetus, petition, petulant, also pen, feather. pennon cf. prepare, rampart, repair (i), separate, repeat ; (VPET, to fly.) sever, several ; cf. sepal (i), piles, pil-a, a ball -pellet, pile par-ere, to produce, par ere, to come to buliace (in Suppleapparitor, appear, parent, parturient, pill (i), platoon; cf. sight ment, p. 662). repertory, transparent. pil-us, a hair depilatory, periwig, perrupart-em, ace, part apart, apaitment, apportion, compartment, depart, impatt, que, peruke, pile (3), plush, wig. pingeie (pict~},to paint depict, paint, parcel, parse, part, paitake, participate, picture, pigment, pimento, pint. participle, particle, paitisan (i), partition
; ;
;

to fasten.) pann-us, a cloth

pcnd-ere (pens-}, to weigh, pend-eie, to hang append, compendious, compensate, counterpoise, depend, dispense, expend, impend, pansy, pendant, pending, pendulous, pendulum, pensile, pension, pensive, penthouse, pentroof, perpendicular, poise, ponder, pound (i), prepense, preponderate, propensity, recompence, spencer, spend, suspend. -peri-ri, to try experience, expert, parlotis, peril cf pirate, pore (i) also fare,

639

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

pdtd-re, to drink tion ; cf. potion. prec-ari, to pray

expiate, piacular, piety, pi-us, holy pious, pity. complacent, complac-ere t to please plaisant, placable, placid, plea, plead, please, pleasure. plang-ere, to lament complain, plaint,
plaintiff, plaintive.

poison, potable, potadeprecate, imprecate, to ask.)

precarious, pray. pr<zd-a, prey

(^PREK,

depredation,

predatory,

prey (see below).

prehend-ere, to seize
tice,

apprehend, appren-

plant-a, a plant plant, plantain, plantigrade, supplant, transplant. plan-us, flat esplanade, explain, pianoforte, plain, plan, plane (i), plane (2), planisphere ; cf. placenta, plank. plaud-ere, to applaud applaud, explode, plaudit, plausible. accomple-nus, full, (coni}ple~re to fill
,

apprise, comprehend, comprise, emimprese, prise, enterprise, impregnable, imprison, prehensile, prentice, prise (prize),

prison, prize (i), prize (3), reprehend, reto prisal, surprise ; cf. get.

(^GHwED,

seize.)

plish,

complement, complete, compliance, compliment, compline, comply, depletion, expletive, implement, plenary, plenitude, supplement, replete, plenty, replenish, (^/PLE, to supply; cf. polygon; full.
fill.)

compress, prem-ere (press-\ to press depress, express, impress, imprint, oppress, print, repress, reprimand, sprain, suppress.

preti-um,
depreciate,

price
praise,

appraise, appreciate, precious, price, prize

pile-are,
plait

to

fold,

plect-ere

(plex-),

to

(2\ pnni-us, first pi emier, prim, prime (i), prime (2\ primero, primeval, primitive,
primogeniture, primrose, prince, principal,
principle ; cf. prior (i), prior (2), pristine; also first, fore, former.

accomplice, apply, complex, complexion, complicate, complicity, deploy,

display,
ploit,

employ, explicate,

explicit,

ex-

implicate, imply, perplex, plait, pleach (plash), pleat, pliant, plight, ply,

priu-us, single
privy.

deprive, private, privilege,

reply, splay, supple, suppliant, supplicate; hence also -pie in sim-ple, tri-ple, quadruple, -ble in dou-ble ; cf. simplicity, duplicate, treble, tnphcity, &c. plor-are, to weep deplore, explore, im-

approbation, approve, prob-us, good disprove, improve, probable, probation, probe, probity, proof, prove, repneve, reprobate, reprove. approach, approximate, prop-e, near
propinquity, proximity, reproach. propn-us, one's own appropriate, impropnate, proper, property, propriety. pugn-us, fist impugn, oppugn, poniard,

plore.

pon-ere (posit-), to place apposite, component, composite, composition, compost, compound, deponent, deposit, deposition, disposition, depot, exponent, exposition, expound, imposition, impost, impostor, interposition, juxtaposition, opponent, opposite, ponent, positive, post (i), post (2), postillion, postpone, posture, preposition, proposition, propound, provost, purpose
(2), repository, supposition, transposition

pugnacious,

repugnant

cf.

pugilism

pygmy

(Gk.).

pull-a (late L.), a hen

pool

(2;, poult,

poultry, pullet ; cf foal, filly. pung-ere (pimcf-), to prick

appoint,

popui-uSy people popular, public,

depopulate, populace, publican, publication,

publish. port-are, to carry comport, deport, disport, export, import, importable, port (i), porter (i), porter (3), portesse (portous), portfolio, portly, portmanteau, purport, report, sport, support, transport port-us , a harbour, port-a, a gate importune, opportune, porch, port (2), port (3) Prt (4), portcullis, porte, porter (2),
portico.

compunction, counterpoint, expunge, poignant, point, pounce (i), punch (i), puncheon, punctate, punctilio, punctual, punctuate, puncture, pungent, punt (2); cf. embonpoint. pur-us, pure expurgate, pour,pure, purge,
purify, puritan, purity, spurge. to purify ) See put-us.

(^PEU,

pus (pur-}, matter

;

purulent, pus, sup-

purate cf. putrid foul. ( <^PU, to stink.) put-us, clear account, amputate, compute, count (2), depute, discount, dispute, impute, putative, recount, repute. acquire, conqu<zr-ere (quast-), to seek
;

power, puissant.

pos-se (pot-ent-} -posse, possible, potent, (^ES, to exist.)

quer,

quisite, inquest, inquire,

conquest, disquisition, enquire, exinquisition, per-

640

III.
quisite,

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

rupture, rut (i)

query, quest, question, request, require. gnat -ere (quass~\ to shake concussion, discuss, percussion, quash, rescue; cf.

(-t/REUP,

; cf. loot, reave, rove, to tear, seize,)

rob

squash.

conseci ate, desecrate, sac-er^sacr-}, holy execrate, sacerdotal, sacrament, sacrifice, sacrilege, sacristan, sexton cf. saint, sanc;

quattuor (whence quadr-tis], four quadrangle, quadrant, quadrate, quadriennial, quadrilateral, quadrille, quadrillion, quadroon, quadruped, quadruple, quarantine, quarrel (2), quarry (i), quart, quaitan,
quarter, quartern, quartet, quarto, quaternaiy, quatrain, quire (i), squad, squadron, square, squire (2) ; cf. four. quer-i^ to lament quarrel (i), cjueri-

tify,

&c.
salt

salary, saline, salmagundi, salt-cellar, sauce, sausage, souse (i). sal-Ire, to leap, spring forward assail,
sal,

salad,

assault,

desultory, exult, insult, resilient,

result, salient, sally, saltire, saltation. salu-tts, safe safe, sage 12), salubrious,

salutaiy r salute, salvage, salvation, salver,

save.

monions, querulous.
acquiesce, aquit, coy, quiet, quit, quittance, quite, requiem, requite ; cf. while. rab-ere, to rave rabid, rage. rad-erc \.Q scrape abrade, erase, rascal, rase, rash (2), rasorial, razor.
,
t

quiet-em, ace

rest

sap-cre, to savour of, be wise insipid, sage (i), sapid, sapience, savoui sat-n, enough, satttr, full assets, sate,
satiate, satire, satisfy, saturate, soil ($).

scand ere, to climb ascend, condescend, descend, escalade, scale (3), scan, scansion, transcend cf. scandal, slander.
;

radic*ein 9
(3),

ace

radish,

loot radix, rash

,

eradicate, race
(3);
cf.

root,

wort.

radt-HS) a lay
ray.

iriadiate, radiant, radius,

know ascititious, conscience, conscious, piescience, science, sciolist. scrib-cre, to write ascribe, circumscribe, conscript, describe, descry, msciibe, postsci-re,

to

script, prescribe,proscribe, rescript, scribble,

lapacious, lapid, rapine, rap-ert) to seize raptorial, rapture, ravage, raven (2), ravine, ravish ; cf. rape (i). address, adroit, alert, reg-ere, to rule
correct, direct, dirge, diess, erect, escort, insurgent, insurrection, interregnum, real
(2),

scut-urn, a shield - escuage, escutcheon, esquire, scutnge, scutcheon, ;cutiform. sec-are, to cut bisect, dissect, insect,
intersect,

scrip (2), script, scripture, scrivener, subscribe, superscription, transcribe.

scion, secant, section, segment,

realm, rectangle, rectify,

rectilineal,

lectitude, legal, regent, regicide, regimen,

sickle, trisect; cf to cut )

saw

(i),

scythe, sedge.

^SEK,

icgiment, region, regnant, regular, reign,

resource, resurrection, loyal, rule, sortie, source, surge, unruly cf. rajah, rich, right. (^RKG, to rule.l
,

sed-cre, to sit assess, assiduous, assize i), assize (2), dissident, hostage, insidious,

ne-rl (rat-\ to suppose

rid-ere,
risible,

arraign, rate (i),

ridiculous,

latafy, ratio, ration, reason.

preside, reside, residue, sedate, sedentary, sediment, see (2), sell (2), session, sizar, size (i), size (2), subside, subsidy, supersede, surcease ; cf. seat, set,

possess,

to

laugh

deude,

settle (i), settjfc (2);

chaise, polyhedron.

also cathedral, chair, (y'SED, to sit.)

rod-ere, to

gnaw
rat (?\

corrode, erode, rodent,

semen, seed

disseminate, seminal, semi-

rostrum
p

cf.

tog-are

to ask

abrogate, derogate, in-

terrogate, prerogative, piorogue, rogation,

supererogation, surrogate. rot-a, awheel comptroller, control, controller, roll, rondeau, rotary, rotundity, rouleau, roulette, round, roundel, roue', roundelay, rowel, rundlet (runlet). rub-ert red erubescent, rouge, rubicund,
russet; also red, ruddy, to be icd.) rump~ere (rupt-}, to break abrupt, corrupt, disruption, eruption, interruption, rout (i), route, routine, irruption, rote (i\
rubric,
rust.

nary. sent- ire (setis-\ to feel assent, consent, dissent, presentiment, resent, scent, sense, sensual, sentence, sentiment. assosegu'i (seciit-}, to follow (soci-u s]

ruby;

cf.

(-/REUDH,

consecutive, consequent, dissociate, execute, exequies, intrinsic, obsequies, obsequious, persecute, prosecute, pursue, second, sect, sept, sequel, sequence, sequester, sociable, social, society, subsequent, sue, suit, suite. (-/SEQ, to follow.) ser-ere, to join assert, concert, desert (0,
ciate,

ensue,

dissertation,
cf.
.1

exert, insert,

series,

serried;

seraglio.

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

stable (2), stablish, stage, stamen, stamin, stanza, state, station, statist, statue, stature, status, statute, subsist, substance, substicf. tute, superstition, transubstantiation ;
statics,

seru-us, a slave conserve, desert (2), deserve, dessert, disservice, observe, preserve, reserve, reservoir, serf, sergeant, servant, serve, service, servile, servitude, subserve. asseverate, persevere, seutr-us, serious
severe.

&c.

see

Gk.
up

tart/jut

p.

645.

(VST A, to

stand.)

-staur-are, to set
store, story (2).

restaurant, restore,

ancient (2), assign, consign, countersign, design, ensign, insignia,

sign-um, a sign

stern-ere (strat-}, to strew

consternation,

resign, seal (i), sennet, sign, signal, signet,

signify.

prostrate, stiatum, stray, street; cf. strath, straw, strew. (VSTER, to strew.)
still-a,

assemble, simil-is, like, simul, together assimilate, dissemble, dissimilar, dissimulate, resemble, semblance, similar, simile,
similitude,

drop -distil,
(-stinct-}, to

instil,

still

(2),

still (3). -stiiigu-ere

prick

distinct,

simulate,
solid

simultaneous

cf.

same.
solid-its,

distinguish, extinguish, instinct. constipate, stip-are, to press together

; cf. stipend, stipulation. astricstring-ere (strict-}, to draw tight distion, astringent, constrain, distrain, tress, district, obstriction, restrain, strain,

consolidate, soda, soder

costive, stevedore

(solder), soldier, solid, soliped, sou. solu-ere,

to

loosen

absolute, absolve,

assoil, dissolute, dissolve, resolute, resolve,

soluble, solution, solve. desolate, sol-tis, alone

strait, stress, stringent, strict

cf.

strike.

sole

(3),

soli-

loquy, solitary, solitude, solo, sullen. son-us, sound assonant, consonant, dissonant, parson, person, resonant, resound, sonata, sonnet, sonorous, sound, unison. (VSWEN, to sound.) sort-em, ace., lot assort, consort, resort,
sorcery, sort. asperse, sparg-ere (spars-}, to scatter disperse, intersperse, spaise. to look aspect, circumipec-ere (spect-}, spect, conspicuous, despise, despite, especial, espy, expect, inspect, introspection, perspective, perspicacity, perspicuous, prospect, respect, respite, retrospect, special, species, specify, specimen, specious, spectacle, spectator, spectre, specular, speculate,

stru-ere (struct-}, to build up construct, construe, destroy, instruct, instrument, obstruct, structure, superstructure. suad-ete (suds-), to persuade assuage, dissuade, persuade, suasion, suave ; cf. sweet. consummate, sup-, as in sup-er, above

soprano, sovereign, sum, summit, super-, superior, supernal, supine, supra-, supreme,
sur- (2), sus-, suzerain.

entablature, table y tabula, a plank tableau, tabular, tabulate, tafferel. reticent, tacit. tac-ere, to be silent talea (popular L.), a thin rod detail,
entail,
retail,
tail

(2),

tailor,

tally;

cf.

intaglio.
attain, tang-erc (tag-, iad-}, to touch attainder, attaint, contact, contagion, contaminate, contiguous, contingent, entire,

spice, spite, spy, suspect, suspicion, transpicuous ; cf. auspice, frontispiece.

spfr-,

from spes, hope

despair, desperado,

desperate, prosper. spir-are, to breathe

aspire, conspire, expire, inspire, perspiration, respire, spiracle, spirit, sprightly, sprite, transpire. correspond-ere (spons-), to promise

integer, redintegration, tact, tangent, tangible, task, taste, tax. (y^TAC, to touch.) teg-ere (tat-}, to cover -detect, integu-

ment, protect, tegument, tile, toga; cf* thatch, deck, tight. (VSTEG, to cover.) temper-are, to regulate attemper, dis-

spond, despond, espouse, respond, sponsor,

spouse.

stagn-um, a pool
tank.
std-re
assist,

stagnate, stanch, stank,

temper (i), distemper (2), tamper, temper. contemporatemp-us (temp-or-}, time neous, contemporary, extempore, tempest,
temporal, tense (i). tend-ere, to extend
attend, contend, dis-

(stat-,

sist-),

to

stand

arrest,

circumstance, consist, constant, con-

stitute, contrast, cost, desist, destitute, dis-

tant, establish, estate, exist, extant, insist, instance, institute, interstice, obstacle, obstetric, persist, press (2), prostitute, resist, rest (a), restitution, restive, stable (i),

intent, extend, intend, intense, tend, ostensible, ostentation, poitend, pretend, subtend, superintendent, tend (\\ tend tense (2), tender (a\ tender (3), tendon, tent (4), tenter, (a), tension, tent (i),
toise.

0/TEN,

to stretch.)

64 a

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

tertian, tieice, treble, trental, trey, triangle, tricentenary, tricolor, &c., trillion, trinity, trio, triple, tiiplicate, trireme, triumvir, trivet, trivial ; cf. triad, tribrach, triglyph,

abstain, appertain, apten-ere, to hold purtenance, attempt, contain, content, continent, continue, continuous, countenance, countertenor, detain, entertain, impertinent,

obtain, pertain, pertinacity, pertinent, pur sustain, retain, retinue, tenance, rein, tempt, tenable, tenacious, tenacity, tenant, tenement, tenet, tenon, tenor, tent (2), tentacle,

trigonometry, trihedron, tripod, tripos (Gk.) perhaps tress, tressure; cf. three.
;

tribu-s,

a tribe

attribute,

tentative,

tenure;

cj.

tend,

lieu-

distribute, tribute.

retribution,

tribe,

contribute, tribune,

tenant
tenuity

maintain.
thin

temt-is,
;

attenuate,

extenuate,

to stretch.) ( <f thin. tei-cre (trit-), to rub attrition, contrite, detriment, tribulation, trite, triturate cf. try. (-y'TER, to bore.)
;

V1EN,

abstruse, detrude, trud-e?c, to thrust extrude, intrude, obtrude, piotrude; cf. to thrust.) thiust. tu-eri (ttu't-, ttit-), to protect intuition,

(yTREUD,

tuition, tutelage, tutelar, tutor.

determine, exterminate, term, termination, terminus. earth inter, parterre, subterranean, terr-a,
terrace, terreen (tureen), teirene, terrestrial, terrier (i), terrier (2), terntory; cf See torr-ere. torrid, thirst.

termin-itS) end

tttm-ere, to swell intumescence, tumefy, tumid, tumult, tumulus; cf, tuber, thumb.

(VTEU,
tund-ere
pierce (). beat ) t)h-a, a
turbulent.

to swell.)
(///.$-),

to beat

contuse, obtuse,

0/TEUD,
ciowd

Tetit.

STEUT,

to

distui b, perturb, turbid,

tcrr-ere, to scare
terror.
test-is,

deter, terrible, tenific,

attest,

a witness

contest, detest,
testi-

intestate, protest, testament, testify,

mony
tex-ere,
subtle,
(2),

to

weave
textile,

context,
texttite,

pretext,
toil

text,

tissue,

itltia, beyond antepenultima, outrage, penultnna, ulterior, ultimate, ultramarine, ultramontane, ultramundane, utterance (2). shade wnbr-a, adumbrate, umbel, timber, umbrage, umbrella. abound, abundance, iniind-a, a wave

toilet.
)

(yHTEK-S, from TEK,

to
fear

to

cut out

tim-ere,

intimidate,

timid,

undation, ledound, redundance, superabound, surround, undulate cf. h^rlrogen, hydra water, wet, otter. (-y^WED, to be
; ;

timorous.
-

wet.)

distain, stain, ting-ere (tincf-), to dye taint, tent (3), tincture, tinge, tint. toll-ere (fat-), to lift ablative, collation,

correlate, delay, dilate, elate, extol, oblate, oblation, pi elate, prolate, relate, superlative, tianslate cf emblements, legislator, toleiate; also atlas, talent, tantalise ; thole.
;

ung-ere (unit-), to anoint anoint, ointment, unction, unctuous, unguent. annul, null, onion, unaniiin-us, one mous, unicorn, uniform, union (i), union (2), unique, unison, unit, unite, unity, universal, nnivocal. ut i (its-), to use abuse, peruse, use,
usurp, usury, utensil, utilise, utility.

to endure.) a lathe - attorney, contour, detour, return, tour, tournament, tourney, turn, turnpike. {Borrowed tourniquet, from Gk. ropvos from y'TER, to bore.) distorqu-ere (tort-), to twist contort, tortort, extort, retort, torch, torment, mentil, torque, torsion, tortoise, tortuous,

(-/

TEL,

torti-tu>,

(u

?v.)

tiad-ere (ttas-), to

go
cf.

evasion,

V WADH,

invade,
to go.)

pervade;

evade, wade.

iiag-ari, to

wander

extravagant, vagaavail, convalesce,

bond, vagary, vague. ual-ere, to be strong

torture; cf. torr-ere (tost-), to dry up toast, torrent, torrid (VTERS, to be dry.) cf. thirst. trah-ere (trait-), to draw abstract, at;

tart (2).

countervail, prevail, vail (3), valediction, valentine, valerian, valetudinary, valiant, valid, valour, value. avalanche, vail (2), uall-is, a valley
vale, valley.

tract,

contract,

detract, distract, entreat,

uanus, vain
vanity, vaunt.

evanescent, vain,

vanish,
cf.

estreat, extract, portrait, pourtray, protract, retract, retreat, subtract, trace, tract, tractable, trail (*), train, trait, treat, treatise,
treaty. tris (tri-) ter-), three

uap-or,
rapid.

vapour

evaporate,

vapour:

uari-tts, various
teicel,

meniver, vair, variegate,

ternary,

variety, various, vary.

643

III.
itar-its,

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

divari-

ciooked (whence uaric*)

cate, prevaricate, varicose. uds, a vessel extravasate, vascular, vase, vessel.

convex, incarry veigh, vehement, vehicle, vex; cf. reveal, also wag, waggon, veil, vein, venesection
(uect-),
;

tieh-ere

to

uta, a way convey, convoy, deviate, devious, envoy, impervious, invoice, obviate, obvious, pervious, previous, viaduct, voyto carry.) See ttehere. nge. uid-Sre (#/>), to see -advice, advise, envy, evident, improvise, invidious, provide,

(VWEGH,

proviso, prudent, purvey, purview, review,

revise, revisit, supervise, survey, videlicet, view, visage, visard, visible, vision, visit,

wain, way, weigh, wey.

carry.) nell-ere
(utt/s-),

(y'WKGH,

to

to

pluck
vend,

- convulse,
;

visor,

vista,

visual
to see.)

cf.

wise,
t

wiseacre,
p.

revulsion.
itend-ere,

wit
to
sell

(2),

wot; and Gk. I8ttv

(jiig-or),

645.

x'ent (2)

cf.

(VWEID,
uig-il,

venal.

(y'DO,

to give.)
t

wakeful

invigorate, recf.

to come uen-ire (uent-) advent, adventure, avenue, contravene, convene, convenient, convent, convention, covenant, covin, event, intervene, invent, parvenu, prevent, revenue, saunter, souvenir, supervene, ventuie, venew cf. come; see Gk. Paiveiv p. 645. (^GwEM, to go, come.) a word adverb, proverb, verb, uerb-um, verbal, verbiage; cf. word. con verge, diverge, uerg-ere, to incline
;

veille, surveillance, vigil,

vigour;

wake.

(VWEG,
uinc-ere

to wake.) (ttic(-), to

conquer

convince,

evict, evince, invincible,

uirid-is, green

vanquish, victor. farthingale, verdant, ver-

digris, verjuice, veil, viridity. uiu-ere (utct-\ to live convivial, revive,

survive,
vivid,
viper,
uoliOy

viands, victuals,

vital,

vivacity,

vivify,

viviparous, vivisection ; cf. also biology. wyvern ; quick,

to live.)
I

verge.
nert-et e (tiers-), to turn adverse, advert, advertise, avert, controveisy, converse, convert, divers, diverse, divert, divorce, inverse,

(VGwIW,

invert, obverse, pervert, prose, reverse, revert, subvert, tiansverse, ti averse, verse, versify, version, vertebra, vertex, vertigo,

vortex;
uer-us,

cf.

\erst,

worth

(2),

weird.
verdict,

(VWKRT,

to become.) true aver, veracious,

volition, wibh, uel-le, to will voluntary, voluptuous. iiolu-ere (iiolfit-^, to roll circumvolve, convolve, devolve, evolve, involve, revolt, revolve, vault (i), vault (2), voluble, volume, volute; cf. helix. (y'WEL, to wind, turn, roll.) uou-ere (uot-), to vow devote, devout,

vote,

vow.

verify, verisimilitude, verity, very.

nest-is, clothing

divest, invest, travesty,

;

vest,
(i).

vestment, vestry, vesture

cf.

wear

to clothe.) uet-us (ueter-), old inveterate, veteian,

;

(VWES,
cf.

veterinary

wether.

ad(tioc~), voice, uoc-are^ to call vocate, advowson, avocation, avouch, convoke, evoke, invocation, invoke, provoke, revoke, vocable, vocal, vocation, vociferation, voice, vouch, vouchsafe, vowel ; cf. to speak.) epic.

vox

(VWEQ,

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

list contains the principal Greek words that appear in compounds or several derivatives. Such as have produced but few derivatives, or are of but little interest, are excluded.

The following

in

dy-eiv, to drive agony, antagonist, axiom epact, paragoge, stratagem , sti ategy ; demped-, syn-agogue. Cf. L. agere\ p. 632. (VAG, to drive.) afy>-', to take aphseresis, diaeresis,

at aBav-ofiai, I
tic.

perceive

aesthetic, anaesthe-

a# -, as in dx-fn}, a point, dic-post pointed acacia, acme, aconite, acrobat, acropolis, See L. ac- ; p. 632. acrostic. (^AK, to
pierce.)

heresy, heretic, synceresis.

III.
diXA-os,

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

;

other allopathy, parallax, parparallelogram. Cf. L alias p. 632. V, a beginning anarchy, arch-, arch, archiaichaeology, archaic, archetype,
allel,

4\t-os, sun aphelion, heliacal, heliotrope, parhelion, perihelion. 6tdo-nat f I see amphitheatre, theatre,

architect, architrave, pelago, archives, heptarchy, hierarchy, monarch, oligarchy, patriarch, tetrarch.
aoT-fip.

a star

aster,

astrology, astronomy;
/3cui>-ip

cf.

asterisk, asteroid, disaster.

basis,

base (2), (j8a-), to go, come diabetes. Cf. L. ueuire, E, tome. (-/GwEM, to come.) aXX-e', to cast (j3cX-, /JoX-) ~ belemnite,

theorem, theory. 6c- pa, a theme, 0cV-tr, a thesis, rt-tfiy-^i, I place anathema, antithesis, apothecary, epithet, hypothec, hypothesis, metathesis, paienthebis, synthesis, theme, thesaurus, Cf. E. do. thesis, lieasure. (-/DUE, to
put, place ) 6(-6s, a god apotheosis, atheism, enthusiasm, pantheon, polytheism, theism, theocracy, theogony, theology, theurgy.
!&-etv (tlS~],

devil, diabolic,

bole, palaver,

parliament,

emblem, embolism, hyperparable, parabola, pailey, parlour, parole, pioblem,

to see

idea, idol, idyll;

idiot.

tf.

wit.
1810

$,

(VVVEID, to see.) own idiom, idiosyncrasy,

symbol
o-s,
l

life

amphibious, biography, bioto live.)

gy-

0/GwIW,
a
(i),

ft6fi&-os,

bound

humming
cf.

bomb, bombaid,

bumper;

boom

stand apostasy, apostate, hypostasis, impqsthume, statics, system ; cf. stand. (-/STA, to stand.) itai-iw (Kav-a&i), to burn caustic, cauterlaTij-ju (trra-), I

ecstasy,

(i).

ise,

-buisar, disburse, purse, reimburse; cf sporran.

a-rj,

a hide

encaustic, holocaust, ink. a cup calyx. See L. cclare ,

p. 633.

nmi riage bigamy, monogamy, polygamy

-as,
t

ci

yptogamia,

Ktnai, I be down (-/KEI, to he )

cemetery,

coma
(2),

K\\UI>,
cylinder to drive.)
;

to
</,

clnvc

bucolic, pule

7r-, as in yir-os race cndogen, exogen, genealogy, genesib cf cosmogony. -/GEN, to beget ) yrjt earth apogee, geography, geoinetiy,
;
\

accelciate, celerity.

(y^QEL,

georgic, perigee

cf*

ogee.

Kwrp-ov, a spike, goad centre, centrifugal, centripetal, concentric, eccentric. to anti ^bm K\i-t>6tv, lean, slope
clnnactei, climate, climax, clime, clinical, See L. enclitic; cf. lean (i \ lo\v (3). cllmts , p. 634. (-/Kf.KI, to lean.)

7X0)0- rr-a (7X0,7-7-), the

tongue

epiglottis,

gloss (2), glossary, glossogiapher, glottis, glo/e also bugloss, polyglot.

;

to know a blow diagnosis, gnome, cope (2), coppice, gnomon, gnostic, prognostic. _ Cf. L. no- copse, coupon, iccoup. $cer\ p 638. (-/GEN, GNO, to know ) Kpar-vs, strong ~ aristocracy, auto-,demo-,
yrw-vat.,
aip-fiv,

to write,

ypdf4-fta :

a letter

autogiaph, digraph, lithogjaph, paragraph, photograph -graphy (as in biography, &c.) graphic, graft ; anagram, diagram, epigram, glamour, gramarye, grammar, grammatical, programme, telegram. Cf.
; ;

theo-cracy cf. hard. crisib, criterion, ciitic, Kpi-vttv, to judge diacntic, bypocn&y. See L. cernere; p. 633 to hide , apocrypha, crypt,
;
-

ciyptogamia, cryptogram, giot, grotesque,

giotto.
(Xaj8-, X?;^-),

K. carve.

(-/GKKBH,

to carve.)

to seize

cata-

Sp/*-a, skin

matous.

derm, epidermis, pachyderCi.E.fear(i). (-/PER, to flay.)

lepsy, epilepsy, syllable

dilemma, lemma. anaX6j-os, a saying, Kiy-uv, to speak

;

anecdote, antiSo-, cf. &'-8<v-/4c, I give Cf. L. do, I give. (-/DO, dote, dose. to give ) - cathedral, chair, chaise ; (Spa, a seat Cf. octahedron, polyhedron, tetrahedron.

L. sedfre. K.

sit.

(VSED,

to

sit.)

energy, exergue, Hpy-ov (^p7-)> work organ, orgies ; lit-, metall-, the-urgy ; cf. to work.) work. tX-eiv (!>x-> ""XV")) to hold epoch, hectic, Hector, scheme (</SEGH, to endure,

logy, apologue, apology, catalogue, decalogue, dialect, dialogue, eclectic, eclogue, epilogue, eulogy, lexicon, logarithm, logic, also monologue, prologue, syllogism -logy, as in astro-logy, &c. (^/LEG, to collect.) See L. legere ; p. 637. diameter, metre, peutrp-ov, a measure
;

rimeter,

symmetiy; jf. baro-meter, chrono-

(VWERG,

meter, &c.

(-/ME, ME,
minster,

to measure.)

monad, monaich, monastery, monk, monochord, monopoly,

fjiw-us, single
I

hold

in.)

mono-,

645

III.
,

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

nemesis,

to assign

nomad, nu-

eco-nomy, &c. astro-nomy, (y'NEM, to apportion, take.) 65-<k, a way -episode, method, period, synod. osmium, ozone; u(-civ (08-), to smell (-/CD, to smell.) cf. odour. anonymous, homonyovofjta, a name
mismatic;
;

mous, metonymy, onomatopoeia, paronytune cf. hypo-tenuse. mous, patronymic, pseudonym, synonym See L. tendere See L. nonien p. 638. stretch.) cf. noun, name. ropi/-os, a tool to draw oxide, oxygen, u-t';~y,
; ;

- atlas, tantalise, rXw-vcu, to suffer, endure (VTEL, p. 643. talent; cf. L. toiler* TLE, to endure.) anatomy, atom, entoT(5/x-os, a section mology, epitome, tome; cf. litho-tomy, phlebo-tomy; also contemplate, temple. (VTEM, to cut.) - attune, barytone, diatonic, nJv-os, a tone intone, monotonous, oxytone, tone, tonic,
\

(VTEN,
;

to

p 643.

sharp

oxalis,

oxymel, oxytone, paroxysm.

visual catoptric, dioptric, optic autopsy, ophthalmia, synopsis; also See L. oculus\ p. 639. ocular. (VOQ> to see.)
o7TTi*-<$?,
;

tormis in
p. 643.

the

list

of

circles with ; see Latin primitives;

(VTER,

to bore.)

cf.

ird0-os, suffering

antipathy, apathy, paallo-,

trope, tiophy, tropic ; rpov-os, a turn also contrive, retrieve, troubadour, trover. antitype, archetype, steTVTT-OS, a blow reotype, timbrel, tympanum, type.
v8-<vp,

thos,

sympathy

homoeo-pathy.
(
I

water

dropsy, hydra, hydrangea,

;

whence hydraulic, hydro-, hydropsy cf. water, dis- otter. (-/WED, to wet) appose, compose, decompose, depose, shew diaphanous, <paiv-ftv (<t>av-\ to pose, expose, impose, interpose, oppose,
TraCcr-is,

a pause

pause, pose

pose (2), propose, purpose (i), repose, also puzzle. suppose, transpose ntrp-os, stone, virp-a, lock petrel, petrify, petroleum, pier, samphire. a penalty impunity, pain, penal, 7roii>-i7, penance, penitent, pine (2), punch (2), punish, repent, repine, subpoena. (^QEI,
;

epiphany, fancy, fantastic, fantasy, phantom, phenomenon; cf. hiero-phant, sycophant.

diaphoretic, meta<f>cp-civ (</>op-), to bear (^iJHER, phor, periphery, phosphorus.
to bear.)
<f>\y-ttv,

to

burn

phlegm, phlox
to burn.)
;

cf.

to appraise, fine, pay.)

irvis,

flagrant.

(VBIILEG,
produce
;

a box

pyx, bush (2), bushel.

bureau,

Sec

(pv-ctv, to

L. buxtts", p. 632. fire- bolt (2), irvp,

technic
;

physiognomy
empyrean,
pyro-

physic, physiology, neo-phyte, zoo-phyte imp.

'

(VBH EU,
^cuv-17,

to

become

pelleter, pelhtory (2), pyre, pyrites,

cf. fiie.

sound

anthem,

antiphon,

eu-

p-eiv

(/>i/-),

to flow

catairh, diarrhoea,

phony, phonetic, symphony, telephone; cf. blame, blaspheme, euphemism, prophet.

Cf. L./<7r/ ; p. 635. to speak.) a leaf of paper card, carte, caicartel, cartoon, cartouche, cartridge, ecart^. tulary, chart, chartei,

rheum, rheumatism, rhythm, rime

rhyme

cf.

stream.

(./SREU,
I

(1} or to flow ;

(VBHA,
XapT-T/,

Teut. root

STREU.)
consider

ffKirTo-nai (ffKoir-\

bishop,

teleepiscopal, sceptic, scope, stereoscope, scope, &c. aiTip-iv (<rir(/>-, <riro/>-), to sow sperm, (./SPER, to scatter.) spore, sporadic. ar^\\-ftv (<rro\-), to send apostle, diastole, epistle, stole, systole.

X-civ,'to pour chyle, chyme; cf. alchemy. (VGHEU, to pour) Cf. \,.funde> e
;

p. 636.

<

time anachiomsm, cnromcle, chronology, chionometer, isochronous, synchronism.

X/oo^-os,
$)5-Tj,

ffrpty-civ

((rr/>o</>-),

to

turn

antistrophe,

a song

epode, monody, ode, palin-

apostrophe, catastrophe, strophe. rdffa-fir (TO.KT-, TO-), to arrange tactics , taxidermy.

ode, paiody, prosody.

(-/WEID,

to cry

syntax,

out.)

646

IV.

HOMONYMS

IV.
HOMONYMS
aie

HOMONYMS
spelt alike, differ considerably in

words which, though

:

meaning.

They may be divided into two classes (a} homonyms from entirely different roots, or at any rate by no means closely connected () homonyms from the same root, not differing very widely in oiigin. Those which belong to the latter class are distinguished
;

by being printed

in italics.

For fuither information, see the Dictionary.

hamper, handy, harbour, harrier, hatch, hawK, hay, heel, helm, hem, herd, hey-day,

hide, hind, hip, hob, hobby, hock, hold, homicide, hoop, hop, hope, host, how, base, basil, bass, baste, bat, bate, batten, hoy, hue, hull, hum. batter* bay, beam, beai, beaver, beck, il-, im-, in- {prefixes), incense, indent, beetle, bend, bid, bile, bill, billet, bit, indue, ingle, interest, intimate, ir- {prefix}. blanch, blaze, blazon, bleak, blot, blow, jack, jade, jam, jar, jet, jib, job, jump, board, boil, bolt, boom, boon, boot, bore, junk, just. botch, bottle, bound, bourn, bow, bowl, kedge, keel, kennel, kern, kind, kindle, box, braid, brake, brat, brawl, bray, braze, kit, knoll. breeze, brief, broil, brook, buck, budge, lac, lack, Jade, lake, lama, lap, lark, lash, buff, buffer, buffet, bug, bugle, bulk, bull, last, latch, lathe, lawn, lay, lead, league, bump, bunting, burden, burn, bury, bush, lean, lease, leave, leech, let, he, lift, light, busk, but, butt. lighten, like, limb, limber, lime, limp, cab, cabbage, calender, calf, can, canon, ling, link, list, litter, live, lock, log, long, cannon, cant, cape, caper, capital, card, loom, loon, low, lower, lumber, lurch, carousal, carp, case, celt, chap, char, chase, lustre, lute. chink, chit, chop, chuck, cleave, close, mace, mail, main, mall, mangle, march, clove, club, clutter, cob, cobble, cock, mark, maroon, martlet, mass, mast, match, cockle, cocoa, cod, codling, cog, coil, colon, mate, matter, mannd, may, mead, meal, compact, con, contract, cope, corn, corporal, mean, meet, mere, mess, mew, might, milt, cotton, count, counterpane, court, cow, mine, mint, mis-, miss, mite, mob, mole, cowl, ciab, crank, crease, cricket, -croup, mood, moor, mop, mortar, mother, mould, mount, mow, muff, mullet, muscle, muse, crowd, cuff, cunning, curry, cypress dab, dam, dare, date, deal, defer, defile, must, mute, mystery. demean, desert, deuce, die, diet, distemper, nag, nap, nave, neat, net, nick, no, not. O, one, or, ought, ounce, own. dock, don, down, dowse, drab, dredge, (hill, drone, duck, dudgeon, dump, dun. pad, paddle, paddock, page, pale, pall, ear, earnest, egg, eke, elder, emboss, endue, pallet, pap, partisan, \>ak, patch, pawn, pay, entrance [i. from enter; 2. from trance], peach, peck, peel,/**/, peer, pelhtory, pelt, even, exact, excise. pen, perch, periwinkle, /*-/, pie, pile, pill, fail, fallow, fast, fat, fawn, fell, ferret, pine, pink, pip, pitch, plane, plash, plat, feud, file, fine, firm, fit, flag, fleet, flip, plight, plot, plump, poach, poke, pole, flock, flounce, flounder, flue, fluke, flush, pool, pore, port, porter, pose,/otf, pounce, foil, fold, font, fool, for (for-), forbear, pound, pout, prank, present press, prig, force, fore-arm, found, fount, fratricide, prime, prior, prize, pure, puddle, pulse, punch, puncheon, punt, pupil, fray, freak, fret, frieze, frith, frog, fry, full, pump, fuse fusee, fusil fust, uppy, purl, purpose. quack, quail, quarrel, quarry, quill, quire, gad, gage, gain, gall, gammon, gang, gantlet, gar, garb, gate, gender, gill, quiver. race, rack, racket, rail, rake, rally, rank, gin, gird, glede, gleek, glib, gloss, gore, gout, grail, grate, grave, graze, greaves, rap, rape, rash, rate, raven, ray, reach, real, rear, reef, reel, reeve, refrain, relay, rennet, greet, groat, gull, gum, gust, hack, hackle, haggard, haggle, hail, hale, rent, repair, rest, rid, riddle, rifle, rig, rime,

abide, air, allow, along, amice, an, ancient, angle, arch, arm, art, ay. baggage, bail, bale, balk, ball, band, bang,

bank, barb, bark, barm, barnacle, barrow,

V.

LIST OF

DOUBLETS
tache, tail, tang, tap, taper, tar, tare, tart, tartar, tassel, tattoo, tear, teem, temple, temporal, tend, tender, tense, tent, terrier,
the, thee, thole,
till, tilt,

rooty rote, rouse, rush, rut.

ring, ripple, rob, rock, rocket, roe, rook, row, ruck, rue, ruff, ruffle,

mm,

sack, s-age, sallow, sap, sardine, sash, saw, say, scald, scale, scar, scarf, sconce scour, scout, screw, scrip, scrub, scull, scuttle, sea), seam, see, sell, set, settle, sew, sewer,
',

thium, thrush,
tit,

tine, tip, tire,

tick, tiff, to-, toast ^ toil,

toll,

toot,

top,

tow, trate,
trill,

tract,

trap,

trepan,

trice,

trick,

trinket,

truck,

share, shed, sheer, shingle, shiver, shoal, shock, shore, shrub, size, skate, slab, slay, slop) slot, slough, smack, smelt, snite, snuff, soil, sole, sorrel, sound, souse, sow, spade,
spar, spaik, spat, spell, spill, spire, spit, purt, squire, stale, stalk, spittle, spray, staple , stare, stay, steep* steer, stem, stern, stick, stile, still, stoop, story, strain, strand,
stroke,

trump, trunk, tuck, tuft, turtle, twig. un-, union, use, utter, utterance.
vail, van, vault, vent, verge, vice,

well,

wag, wake, ware, wax, weal, weed, weld, wharf, wheal, whelk, whittle, wick, wight, wilt, wimble, wind, windlass, wise, wit, wood, wort, worth, wrinkle.
yard, yawl, yearn.

strut,

stud,

sty,

style,

summer,

swallow, swim.

V.

LIST OF

DOUBLETS

Doublets are words which, though apparently differing in form, are nevertheless, fiom an etymological point of view, one and the same, or only differ in some unimThus aggtieve is from L. aggranare; whilst aggravate, though really portant suffix. from the pp aggrauatus, is nevertheless used as a verb, precisely as aggrieve is used, though the senses of the words have been differentiated. In the following list, each
pair of doublets
is

entered only
.

ottce,

to save space.

abbre vi ate abrid ge absolve assoil.

balm

balsam.

adamant agg ne * e
ait

~ aggravate

diamond.

banjo mandolin. barb (i) beard. base basis.

cancer canker. card (i) chart, carte, chase ($>, cash. case (2) cask casque.
castigate

eyot.

bashaw

alarum, allow (i\ allocate ameer emir (omrah). amiable amicable, an one.

alarm

pasha. baton batten (2). beadle bedell. beaker pitcher (?"). beef cow. beldam belladonna.

chasten.

catch
cattle

chase (i).
chattels, capital (2). chevalier.

cavalier

cavalry
(2).

chivalry.
chair.
calx.

cell -hall.

ancient (2)

ensign,

bench
benison

bank

(i),

bank

chaise

announce annunciate, ant emmet, anthem antiphon.

antic

benediction.

chalk

blame
boss

blaspheme. botch (2).

champaign

campaign

antique, peal, appeal, sb.

appear

peer

(3).

bound (2) bourn (i). bower byre. box (2) pyx, bush (2).
.

channel canal, kennel chant cant (i).

chapiter
capital (3).
castle.

(2).

chateau

appraise appreciate, prentice apprentice attitude, aptitude arch (i). arc

breve brief. brother friar.

shah. check, sb. chicory succory.

chief cape (2). chieftain captain.

blown
cadence
caitiff

bruin.

army
arrack
assay
assess

armada,
rack (5), raki.
essay, assimilate, assize, vb.
attack.

chance,
captive,

assemble
attach

caldron, dron.

cauldron

chal-

chirurgeon surgeon . choir chorus, quire (2). choler cholera.

choid
church

cord.

calumny challenge, camera chamber.

648

chuck (i)

shock

(i).

kirk.

V.

LIST OF

DOUBLETS
fiddle
fife

viol.

pipe, peep (i).

finch
|

spink(?).
fine (i).

finite
I

fitch

vetch.
flake.

flag (4)

flame flower

phlegm.
flour.

flush (i)

flux.

foam

spume.
fount.

font (i)

foremost
I

prime.
frail.

fragile

affray. fray (i) fro from.

fungus
!

sponge.

furl

fardel.

fuse (i)

found (2).
jabber. grandfather.
} -

gabble
gaffer

gage
I

( i

wage, wed.

gambado gambol. game gammon (2).

gaol
jail.

gaud- joy.
gear gaib i). gentle, gentile. genteel
\. i

genus

geim
gig
(

km. germ en.

J'g-

gride. gird 2) gnth. girdle gin mar, gi am a rye

gla-

moui.
j

granaiy gainer. gnsc giadc \\ airanty. guarantee, *. waid guard warden. guardian
guest
host (2).
wile. guile wise 1,2), guise gully. gullet gust (2) gusto.

guy

(2

guide, sb.

;ypsy
i

Egyptian.

hale (i)

whole,
(2)

hamper

hanaper.
(i).

harangue ling, rank hash hatch (3). hautboy oboe, heap hope (2).
helix

hemi

volute. semi-.
story.

history (i)

v 3

V,

LIST OF

DOUBLETS
parson person, pass pace.
pastel
pastille,

pate

plate

(?). (?),

paten
pati on

pan

pattern,
i

pose ( ) paynim paganism,

pelisse

pause

pilch,

pellitory (i)

pantoi).

penitence, peregrine pilgrim,

penance

peruke

pemug,

\vig.

phantasm

phantom,
(2
,

piazza place, pick peck (i), pitch picktt piquet, piety pity, pigment pimento,
pistil

pestle,

pistol
plait

pistole,

plaintiff

plaintive

plan plateau

pleat, plight (2). plain, llano,

platter

prune (2). poignant pungent, point punt (2) poison potion. p >ke (i) pouch, pule (i) pale (i), }>a\\l

plum

pomade,
tum.

pommad e
(2).

poma-

pomp
poor

pump
pauper, papa,

pope
porch

porridge'

portico pottagr.

posy poesy, potent puissant poult pullet,

pounce pounce

(i)
(2)

punch

(i).

pound pound power

praise

(2)
(3)

pumice, pond, pun, vb

preach premier
priest

posse, price predicate,

piimero.
piesbyter.
privy.

private

pK>be, sb. proof, prdctoi proem ator.

prolong

purloin,

prosecute pursue, provide purvey,

providentprudent.

V.
puny
purl
puisne,
V, (t

LIST OF

DOUBLETS
suppliant
supplicant,

profile,
(i)

purpose purview
quartern

piopose. proviso

scarf (i) scrip (i), scrap. scatter shatter. school (2) shoal, scull 3).
scot(free)

sweep

swoop.

screech

shot. shriek.

tabor tambour, tache (i) tack,

taint

quadroon.
raisin.

screw (2) scuttle (i)

sennet

shrew.
skillet.

tent
tax.

($\

tint,

tamper
task

temper,

raceme

sect, sept, set (2)

suite, suil.

rack (i) ratch. radix ladi&h, lace (3), root

raid

signet. sever. separate

tawny
tend (i)
tercel

tenny tender (2).

toise.

(I\ Mort load

(i).

sergeant, strjeant- servant

tense (2)

rail (2)

rail)

(2).

raiserear
rake

^i)

(2\ saddle shawm, shalm haulm, shed (2) hade.

settle ^i)
sell

tassel (2).

thread
tithe

thnd.
tenth,

(^

reach.

shilt

skirt.

to

too.

lamp
rase
iitio

romp. lansom redemption.

ravine, laveii
i

shred
shrul)

scieed.
(2")

syiup, sherbet.
secure, sure.

ton tun. tone tune,

toui
turn,
trait

rapine

(j\

shuffle

scuffle.

a?e.

lation, icasor. ray (i) radius.

bicker, sikei sine sinus.

sir,

tract (i) tradition

treason,
trickeiy.

sire

senior,

seignioi,

tieachery
trifle

lay ah ryot rear vvaid rear-guard rob. rea\e

seftor,

skewer
skiff

sign 01. shiver (2\

tiuffle.

tripod
sca-

trivet,
2),

ship.

reconnaissance
sance. regal
relic

recogni-

skirmish

scrirnmnge,

triumph tiump trothtruth,

tuck (i)
tulip

ramouch.
slabbei slaver. slot (2). sleuth

royal.

touch, turban.

rehque.
relay (V)

relish

lenegade

lenew
1

runagate. renovate.
icprove.

sloop shallop, snhel snuffle. snub snuff (2).

soil (i)

umbel

umbrella,

unit, unity ure opeia.

reprieve lesidue

sole

(i\

sole

2).

residuum
respite
ie\ indicate

respect

soprano sovereign. sough surf.

souse
sauce.
species spice. spell (4) -spill i) di spend, vpcud
spiiit
sprite,

revenge
re w ai cl

vade fade. varlet. valet vast waste.

veal

regai d
rig (>,\

wether.
furnish.

ihomb, rhombus -ininb

veneer

ndge

lod rood. londeau zondcl.

rote (i)
route, rout, lut.

spnght.

venew, veney veib word.

vertex
vortex.

venue.

spoor
sprit

round

rotund.

row (3). louse (2) lover robber.

sack (T>
saci istan sac.

spur. sprout, j. vb. spout. sprout, squeal. squall 2 ) ( squai e. squire stank tank.

viaticum
viper
visor

voy age.

wyvern, wivern.
vizard.
algnazil.

vizier, \isier

vocal

vowel.

stave
.

staff.

sexton
saga,

saw

(2)

stock stove
sti ait

tuck
stew,

(2;. sb.

wain
wattle

wagon, waggon,
wallet wit (i). warble,
(i)
f?).

saxifrage

sassafi as

strict.

weet
whirl

scabby
scale

shabb)
shale

(0

scandal

slander.

strop. strap surface. superficies supersede surcease.

wight

whit,
(4).

wrack

wreck, rack

VI.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

VI.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS ACCORDING

TO THE LANGUAGES FROM WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED

THE
1.

etymology
in

as far as its Dictionaiy shews from what language each word is derived, The largest classes of words are the following. is at present ascertained. Words of purely ENGLISH origin, most of which are found in Anglo-Saxon, or
Friesian, or are

Old
2.

woids of imitative
or

oiigin, due to the frequent incursions of the Danes, many of whom permanently settled in England. Their speech was closely allied to the oldest English as icpresented by Anglo-Saxon. can be due to the ancient Britons. 3. Words of CELTIC ongm, few of which Most of the words in this class have been boi rowed fiom Welsh, Gaelic, or Irish

Words of

SCANDINAVIAN

OLD DANISH

oiigin.

comparatively

modem

times.
;

(2) through the ongiu; borrowed (i) from Latin diiectly medium of French. Both these classes of words aie very large. Ilere also may be included word', of Late Latin origin, chiefly bonowed from the debased or rustic authors. Latin, which employed words not to be found in the best classical from Greek directly; (2^ through the 5. Words of GRKEK origin; borrowed (i) medium of Latin (3) through the medium of Latin, and afterwards of French used in Latin) (4) through the medium of French (the word not being Such a word is 6. HYBRID WORDS, made up from two different languages. Words of this character bankrupt, bank being of Teutonic, but -rupt of Latin origin. are rather numerous, but their component parts are, in most cases, easily accounted

4 Words of

LATIN

for.

noticed here.

not be further belonging to the above classes are numerous, and will But there are also other smaller classes of words which are here brought particularly under the readei's notice. Before proceeding to enumerate thc^e at p. 655, a few remarks upon some of the classes aheady mentioned may be useful.

Words

strictly

I.

ENGLISH.
:

Among

these

we must
:

include

Place names

canter, carronade, dunce,

galloway, jeisey, kersey. Personal names kit-cat, negus, pinchbeck, shaddock, shrapnel.
2.

Also a woul that seems to have been reonginally English, and to have been borrowed.
Portuguese from English
:

dodo (?\
:

Among SCANDINAVI \N
:

\N

ORDS

we must

also include the following

Icelandic

geysii.

Swedish:

dahlia,

gantlet
:

(gantlope),

slag, sloid, trap (3), tungsten,

weld U).

German from Swedish

:

nickel

brasier (brazier), bieeze (3), equip, floimder (2), gable, gallop, gauntlet, gawky, jib (3), jolly, locket, Norman,^ pocket, rivet, slot (2), strife, strive, waif, waive,

Danish floe, jib (i jib 2). Norwegian: lemming (leming). French from Scandinavian: abet, bag.,

wicket.

Dutch from Scandinavian

lough, wait us
(

doit,

fur-

gage,
3.

barbed,

bet,

bondage,

brandish,

Russian from Swedish

knout.
:

Among CELTIC
:

WORDS

we may

also include the following

Welsh cromlech, coracle, bragget, agget, crowd (2), eisteddfod, flannel, flummery, teddfod, maggot, metheglin (ofl^ origin p. 663).
;

cateran, Gaelic: aiit, capercailzie, clachan, clan, claymore, coronach, corrie, duniwassal, fillibeg (philibeg), gillie, inch

652

VI.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

(2),

(2\ loch, mackintosh, ptarmigan, reel

:

slogan, spleuchan, whisky. Irish culdee, gallow-glass, colleen, kern (i) or kerne, lough, mavourneen, skain okene), bhanty, orrery, rapparee,
shillelagh,

javelin,

gobbet, gobble (with E, suffix)^ gravel, lay (2), lock ram, mavis, mien, mine (2 mutton, petty, piece, quay,
,
.

truant, valet, varlet, vassal.

i

spalpeen, tanist, Tory, usque:

baugh. Cornish
:

wheal

(2)

Breton dowlas. Latin from Celtic punt (i\ French from Celtic or Bret011}
:
>

Spanish from Celtic cargo, galliard, gairote (ganotte) Italian fiom Celtic caricature. French from Italian f)om Celtic caloche.
:

French j iom latin f>om

:

Celtic

am-

bijou, bilge,
biail,

bound
',2),

(2),

boum

(i),

beak, biacket,

bassador, barge, bark (i), embassy, fciiterer, league (2', marl, palfrey, pontoon.

budget, bulge, car, cark, career, carpenter, carry, carnage, charge, cloak icioke), dolmen, garter, chariot,

bray

Stench
rote (2).

from

German jiom

Celtic

4.

Among LATIN

WORDS

we may
:

also include the following:

\

Late Latin from French from Latin

crcnellate.

capriole, caress, carnival, cascade, cavalcade, cavahei, cavalry, citadel, colonel,

Italian from

Ftenchfrom Latin oboe. Spanish from French from Latin pla:

colonnade, compaitment, compliment, concert,

contour,

corridor,

corsair,

cortege,

Una.
cashier,

Dutch from French from Latin buoy, commodore, domineer, excise, ioy,
: :

costume, countertenor, courier, courtesan, cuirass, custard, disgiace, dome, douche,

ducat, escoit, esplanade, fa9ade, faggot (?), falchion, favourite, festoon, filigree, florin, fiacas, fugue, gabion, galligaskins, gambit, gambol, gelatine, imprese, improvise, incarnadine, infantry, junket, lavender, lute-

quiik.

Provencal from Latin battledoor. French from Provencal from Latin

badinage,
fad,
fig,

Southern French

Aiso, from cabin, cabinet, funnel,

:

radish.

noose, puncheon (i), puncheon (2), tulle

Spanish
flamingo.

ftorn

Provencal from Latin

manage, manege, marmot, mizen (miz7en), model, mole (3), motet, musket, niche, ortolan, paladin, palette,
(2), parapet, partisan (i), pastel, peiuke, pilaster, pinnace, piston, pivot, poltroon, pomade (pommade), populace, porcelain, post (2), postillion, redoubt, icprisal, it volt, rocket (2), salad, sallet,

string, macaroon,

pallet

Italian

from

Latin

accoidion,

Dutch or Low German from FrenJi maiaschino, Maitello tower, mezzo- \f)om Italian fiom I at in monkey. om Italian ft om Latin German motto, nuncio, opera, tinto, mmiatuie, pediment, pianoforte, piano, pilgnm, por- barouche. Spanish from Latin alligator, tico, profile, punch (4), punch inello, quartet (quartette), quota, semolina, seraglio, ambuscade, aimada, armadillo, booby, signer (signior), size (2), soda, solo, so- brocade, capsize, carbonado, cask, casket, nata, soprano, stanza, stiletto, travertine, chinchilla, cork, corral, conegidor, cortes, vermicelli, desperado, disembogue, dispatch, don (2), trio, tufa, umbrella, velvet, duenna, firm (2), funambulist, grandee, virtuoso, vista, volcano. French from Italian from Latin acco- hacienda, hidalgo, junta, junto, lasso, llano, matador, merino, mosquito lade, alarm (alaium), alert, apartment, mallecho, arcade, artisan, battalion, bulletin, bur- (musquito), mustang, negro, olio, ombre, lesque, cab (i), cabbage (2\ cabriolet peccadillo, picador, primero, punctilio, >* _. /_\ cadence, camp, campaign, cape (2), caprice, quadroon, real (2), renegade (renegado),
macaroni
iesto,

alto, attitude, antic, askance, allegro, belladonna, breve, broccoli, canto, canzonet, caper (i), casino, catacomb, cicerone, comply, contralto, cupola, curvet, dado, dilettante, ditto, doge, donna, duel, duet, fenet (2), forte, granite, gurgle, incognito, influenza, infuriate, intagho, isolate, lagoon (lagune), lava, league (i), levant,

salmagundi, saveloy ^ceivelas), sentinel ?, 9 sentiy , serenade, somersault (somerset), sonnet, spinet, squad, squadron, termagant, terrace, tramontane, ultran ontane, umber,
vault (2), vedette (vidette).

(maccarom),

madonna, mam-

'

653

VI.
salver,

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC

Scandinavianfrom Latin', bush (i). Russianfrom Teutonicfrom Latin czar. French from Portuguese pom Arabic
:

sherry, sierra, siesta, sombrero, stevedore, tent (3), tornado, vanilla.

Portuguese verandah.

from Spanish from Latin

:

French from Spanish from Latin

lenture, capstan, casque,

ca-

from Greek from Latin apricot. French from Spanish ftorn Arabic from
:

comrade, Creole, doubloon, dulcimer, escalade, farthingale (fardingale), grenade, jade (2), jonquil, manchmeel, parade, petionel, punt (2\
:

Latin

quintal.

Late Latin:

baboon,

barrister,

cam-

quadrille, risk, sassafras, spaniel. Portuguese from Latin auto-da-fe,

panula, cap, capital (3), cope (i), edible, elongate, elucidate, fine (2), flask, grate (i), hoax, hocus-pocus, implement, indent (i), intimidate, pageant, plenary, proxy; and
:

others. ayah, binnacle, caste, cobra, joss, junk (2), perhaps French from Late Latin ambush, lingo, madeira, moidore, molasses, pimenballet, bar, barbican, bargain, base (i), to, port (4), tank. French from Portuguese from Latin bassoon, bittern, burden (2), burl, cape (i),
:

corvette, fetich (fetish), parasol.

dominion, felon
-

?,

ferret (i), festival, flagon,

Dutch from Portuguese from Latin

kraal.

flavour, frock, funeral,

gauge (gage), gouge,

:

hutch, oleander.
anker,
easel,

Dutch from Latin:

cant
(2), coinel,, cruise, taffeiei (taffrail).

bung, pink (2),

.

Frenchfrom Provencalft om Late Latin

ballad.

French from Italian from Late Latin

basement, canton, capuchin. French from Spanish from Late Latin
caparison.
:

Scandinavianfrom English from Latin

kindle.

Germaivrfrom Latin
baldric, coif,
fife,

drilling.

French from High German from Latin

pitcher, spurrey, waste.

German from Hungarian from Servian from Late Greek from Latin hussar.
:

Among GREEK WORDS we must Latin from Greek: abyss, acacia,

5.

also include the following

allegory, alms, amaranth, amethyst, &c.,

&c. Late Latin from Greek bursar, cartulary, catapult, chamomile (camomile), hulk, &c imp, intoxicate, magnesia, pericranium, Italian from Latin from Greek biretta,
:

French fi om German from Latin from Greek chamberlain, petrel peterel). Celt ic from Latin from Greek', sporran,
:

spunk.

trench from Late Latin from Greek

anchoret (anchorite), apoplexy, bottle (i), apostasy, apothecary, bombast, butler, buttery, bushel, calendei (i), calm, card (i), caite, cauterise, celandine, chronacolyte,
icle,

grotto, madrigal,

on is, piazza, torso. French from Italian f> om Latin from

:

agate, air ^2), baluster, balustrade, cannon, canopy, espaliu, grotesque, medal,

Greek

cleigy,

climacter, ^climate,

clinical,

mosaic, piastre.

dredge (2), embrocation, fleam, galoche, gash, germander, htuigy, lobe, mangonel,
patriot, policy.

Dutch from Italian from Latin from

Greek
:

sketch.
<

Dutch from Late Latin from Greek

mangle (2). Italian

Spanish from Latin ft om Greek: melocotone, morris, pellitory 2), sambo, savanna (savannah), silo, spade (2) French from Spanish from Latin from Greek castanets, cochineal, rumb (rhumb). Portuguese from Latin from Greek
:
:

from Greek:

archipelago,

banjo, barytone, gondola, scope. French from Italian from

cartel, cartridge (cartouche),

Greek

buffalo, palaver.

emery, gulf, mandolin, manganese, moustache (mustache), pantaloon (i), pantaloons, pedant?,

French from Portuguese from J.atui from Greek marmalade. Provencal from Latin from Gieek', trou:

pilot.

French from Spanish from Greek

gon.
logue,
j

paracata-

badour.

Scandinavian from Latin fioni Greek

beaker.

French from mandrel

Greek
(?),

acrobat,

ophicleide,

stearine,

steatite, stigmatise.

Dutch from Latin from

Greek-,

bush

2).

French from Germanfrom Greek sabre?

65

VI.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

'

Scandinavian ft om English from Greek

kirk.

Arabic from

Greek:

elixir,

ty-

Ft ench from Spanish from Arabic from Gieck alembic, limbeck. French from Arabic from Greek al.

phoon Spanish from Arabic from Gicek talisman, tarragon Portuguese fi om Spanish from . Irabu
:

from Greek
6.

albatioss.

chemy. French from Italian from Arabic from Greek carat. Hebi civ from Greek sanhedrim. Turkish from Greek eflendi.
: :

Words

the case

To

from the nature of of origin cannot very well be classed, the above six classes we may add these following.

HYBRID

The following woids I call 'Old Low of LOVS GERMAN origin want of a bettei name. Many of them may be truly English, but are Others may yet be found not to be found in Anglo-Saxon. Some may be Friesic in Anglo-Saxon. Others were probably borrowed fiom the Netherlands at an early
7.

Words
'

German

for

period, but it the history of

is difficult

some

at least

The list will require future revision, to assign the date. may be moie definitely settled.
(i),

when

askew, bought, bout, brake

bully,

cranberry, cringle, fib, fob, fiampold, fraught, hawk (2), hawker, huckaback, huckster, kit (i), knurr (knur\ lazy, loon (i) (lown), mate (i), minx, mum, nick (i),

heinous, lampoon, loop-hole?, hamlet, massacre?, mute (2), pledge, poach (i)?,
pottage, pottle, putty, staple Perhaps paw. supper, wafer.
(2),

stout,

late latin from

allodial.

Old Low German:

nock, pamper,

plump

?,

poll, prowl, queer,

rill,

rabbit, rabble, rantipolc, toot (2\ tuck (i),twill

skew, slight,
\

Dutch from I oiv German

sloop.

gioat

^a),

butty,
filter,

French from Old J.ow Go man bordei, chuck fi), dace, daie (2), dart,
fur,

French from

Low

J citin ftom

Loi^

Gtrman

garment,

garnish,

garrison,

Dutch f

quail 2). torn French fiom

(2).

Low

Get mart

goffer, growl, giuel, guard, guile, hackbut,

morass, skate

8.

Words bortowed from

DUTCH
snap,
slim, sloven, slot (i), slur, smack (3), snaffle, snip, snuff (i), spelicans, splice,
stipple,
stiver,

aloof, avast, beleaguer, bluff, boom (2), boor, bouse (boose), brackish, brandy,

bruin, bulk (2),

bumpkin, burgher, buskin, spook, spoor, steenbok,

catkin,

caboose,

cam,

cave
deal

in,

clamp,
clelf,

stoker,
trick

strand

(2),

stripe,

clank, clinker, derrick, dirk',

dapper,

(3),

dock
geek,

(3),

drawl, drill (i),

duck (4\
fumble,
(2),
tot,

duffel,

foist,

freebooter, fiolic,

gas,

golf,

groove, gruff,

switch, tang (i\ tattoo (i\ (3"), trigger, uproar, wagon (waggon), wainscot, yacht. Middle Dutch deck, doxy, firkin,
:

sutler, swab, toy, trick (2),

guelder-rose,

guilder,

holland,

hoy

(i),

hop hoy

(2),

heyday (i), hold hope (2"), hotten-

hoiden (hoyden"), hoist, lollard, lop, mite

,2),

mother

(2),

nag

(i),

nap

(2), ravel,

isinglass,

jerkin,

(2), hull (2), hustle, kails, kilderkin, knap,

ret, split,

spool, stoup, swingle, tub. Namedfrom towns in Flanders 01 Bel:

landknapsack, knickerbockers, landgrave,

link (2), scape, lay (4), leaguer, lighter, linstock (lintstock), litmus, loiter, mar-

gium

cambric, dornick, spa.

:

French from Dutch (or Middle Dutch}

friz dig, droll, fitchet, frieze (i),

arquebus, brick, clinquant, clique, cracknel,

(frizz),

grave,

marline,

mob

(2),

moor

(2),

mump, mumps,
pad

mutchkin, ogle, orlop,

(2), pink (4), plack, plug, quacksalver, rant, ray (3), reef (i), reef (2), iceve (i), school roster, rover, ruffle, rummer, runt,

gleek (i), gleek (2), hackbut, hoarding, hotch-pot (hodge-podge), manikin (mana-

km),
stays.

mow

(3),

mummer,

mute

(a),

placard, pouch, shallop, staid, stay (i),

sheer (2\ (2), selvage (selvedge), serif, skellum, skipper, sled (sledge, sleigh\ 6

Spanish from Dutch',

filibuster.

VI.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC

;

borrowed from GERMAN. The number of words borrowed directly 9. Words but many came in indirectly through the medium from German is very small See 10 below. of French.
bantling, bismuth, cobalt, Dutch, feldspar, fuchsia, fugleman, gneiss,
V

elk,

Gennan (Moravian) personal name'

camellia

stick,

2\ huzzah, landau, mangels uizel, meerschaum, mesmense (with

hock maul-

Dutih from German: cranls, dollar, etch, holster, luck, rix-dollar, wiseacre.
Polish from

rw^zoO, plunder, poodle, quartz, shale, spruce- beer, swindler, tuill, wacke, wait/,
/inc.

German

helman.

Teutonic is here used as a general 10. Other words of TEUTONIC oiigin. term, to shew that the following words (derived through French, Spanish, &c.) to the Teutonic family, though they cannot certainly or probably belonged originally in all cases be refeired to a definite Teutonic language.

French from Teutonic, abandon,

,

agraffe,

allegiance, allure, attach, attire, bacon, ball (i) bale (3), balloon, band (2), bandy, banish, bank (2\ banner, banneret, baste

mason (?), mazer, moat, moraine, motouch (nouch), ley, mushroom, orgulous, pawn (i), perform (with L prefix},
pewter,
(t),

pump

(i),

quiver

(2),

quoif,

(3\ bawd, bawdy, beadle,

belfry,

bend

(2),

taffle, rail (3),

lamp, random, range, rank

bistre, bivouac, blanch (i), blank, blanket, blistei , block, blue, board (2), booty, border,

boss, botch (2

brawn, bray

brawl (2) ( 2) brach bieam, brewis, browse, bin in, biunette, brush, burgeon, burgess,
) ,

bottle

rappee, rasp, raspberry (partly E.), ratten, rebut (with L. prefix}, retire (with L. prc/i.i}, rcynard (renard), ribald, rifflifle (i), liches, roast, rob, robe, robin, rochet, romp, rubbish, rubble, Salic (Salique\ saloon, scabbard, scale (i), scale (2, scallop (scollop), scarf (i), scavenger, scot(free), screen, screw (i), raff,

(i),

burnet, burnish, butcher, butt (i), button, buttress, carcanet, carousal (i), carouse, chamois, chine, choice, chuck (ij, coat, cotillon, cramp, cratch, coteiie, coif,
crayfish,

scroll, seneschal,

shammy (bhamoy),

skiff,

cricket

(i),

crupper,
egret,

crush,

croup (2), dance, dally,

cruet,
e'clat,

enamel, equerry, ermine, eschew,

espy,
feuter,

escrow,
vficf),

etiquette,
filbert,

fauteuil,

fee

flange,

flank,

slate slab slat, slash, skirmish, (i), sorrel (i), sorrel (2), (i), slender, slice, soup, spar (3), spate, spavin, spell (2), spruce, spy, stale (i\ stallion, stew, stroll, sturgeon, supper, tache (i),

flawn, flinch, flunky, forage, foray, franc, franchise, frank, franklin, fieight, frisk, frown, fuibish, furnish, gaff, gage (i\ gaiety, gain (2\ gaitei, gallant, galloon, garb (i), garb (2), garden, garflatter,

strumpet?, tampion, tan,

teat,

tap

(i),

tarnish,

tawny,

tick (s\ tenny, tetchy, Tibet t, tic, ticket, tiff (i), top (2), touch, towel, track, trap (2), trapan, tiawl, trepan (2), trist, tuft (i), troll, trudge, tuck (3), tucker,

land, garret, gay, gimlet, gimp, giron, ra goblin, gonfanon gonfalon), g pc, grapnel, grapple, grate (2), grimace, gnsette, grizzled, grizzly, guarantee, guipure, guise,
i

tweezers, vagi ant, wafer, wage, wager, wait, war, warble, warden, wardrobe, warison, warrant, warren, wariior, whoop,

wince, wizard, zigzag.

grumble, habergeon, haggard (i

haggard

hale (haul), halyard, (a), halbert (halberd), halt (2), hamlet, hamper (2), hanseatic,

German from French from Old High German veneer Low Latin from French from Teutonic
:

harangue, harbinger, hardy, hash, haste, hatch (3), hatchet, hauberk, haunch, havervwwj, ..~~, SitUK, I1C10.1U, lldVSil, UVV/ V*y> sack, herald, heron, hob ^2), hobby, hoe, hoop(2), housings, hovel, hubbub, hue (2), huge, Huguenot, hut, jay, jig, jog, lampoon,
lansquenet, lattice, lecher, liege, list (2), mail (2), maim, lodge, lumber ( i), hue,

feud (2), feudal.

Low
bedell,
|

corrody, faldstool, mar-IT J 1 chioness, morganatic, Vandal, Italian from Teutonic balcony, ballot, bandit, bunion, fresco, lobby, lo to (lotto}, rocket (i), smalt, stoccado (stoccata),
7

Latin from

Teutonic

allodial,

bison, ,

malkin, marque (letters of>, marquee, marquis, marshal, marten, marquetry,

strappado, stucco, tucket, French from Italian from

Teutonic

6*6

VI.
attack,

DISTRIBUTION OF .WORDS, ETC.

flotilla,

bagatelle, banquet, escarpment, group, guide, guy, ruffian, scaramouch, scarp, tuck (2), vogue. Spanish from Tetttonic demarcation,
gala,
\

gabardine,

guerilla

(guerrilla\
:

marquess, ranch, stampede, stockade. French from Spanish from Teutonic amice (2), rapier, scuttle (2).

IT. Words of indeterminate The Romance languages, which origin. include French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, are, strictly speaking, unoriginal, but we cannot always trace them. large number of terms belonging to these languages are derived from Latin, Greek, Celtic, &c. Those in this section are words of which the origin is local, obscure, or unknown.

ROMANCE
A

abash, agog, antler, arras, average, awning, baboon, barnacles, barren, barter, basket, bastard, ba^tile, baton (batoon), batten (2), battlement, bauble, bavin, bayonet, beaver (2% beg, beggar, beguine, bevel, bezonian, bice, biggen, bigot, billet (2), billiards, blazon (2), blemish, blond, blouse, bobbin, hoisteious, bonnet, boot (2), boudoir, bourd, bran, brattice, bree/e (2), brisket,
artesian,

French

pamphlet?, patrol, patten, pavise,

pillory,
rail

raw,

piiouette, piss, pittance, poplin, (2), ricochet, rinse, riot, roan, ro-

quelaure, satiteri e, savoy, sedan (chair), shalloon, silhouette, sobriquet, sturdy, tabard, tire (2), tire (3), tripe, troop, truck (i), truss, tulle, trousers, trousseau, valise, varnish, vaudeville, vernier, void. French from Provencal: charade, flageolet.

broider, broil (i), broil (2), budge (2), buff (2), buffer (i), buffer (2 >, buffet (i), buffet (2), buffoon, bugle (3), burbot,

andante, bergamot (i), bravo, fiasco, galvanism, imbroglio, mantua, milliner, ninny, polony,
:

Italian

cameo,

caviare,

burganet (burgonet), busk (2), cabbage rebuff, regatta, sienna, trill, voltaic. caliber French from Italian bastion, brigade, (2\ caddis, cajole, (calibre), calipers, caliver, carp (i), caul, chablis, brigand, brigantine, brig, brisk, brusque, chagrin, champagne, chaudron, cheval- buckram, bust, canteen, canton, carcase, carousal (2), casemate, cassock, catafalque, de-frise, chiffonier, cockade, crare, curlew, dagger, debonair, disease, drab (2), drape, charlatan, cornice, frigate, gallias, gazette, dupe, ease, embattle, emblazon, embra- jane, pa^quin, pasquinade, pistol, pistole, embroider, embroil, flout, flute, rash (4), ravelin, rodomontade, theorbo, sure,
:

fricassee,

frieze

(2),

frill,

frippery,

fur-

tontine.

below, gallery, galley, galliot, gallon, garboil, gasconade, gavotte, gewgaw, gibbet, gibbon, giblets, gill (3), glean, gobelin, gormandize, goui mand, greaves, (2), grebe, giouse, grudge, guillotine, gusset, guzzle, haberdasher, hackney, haha, halloo, harass, haricot, hailot, harridan, haunt, havoc, hod,

Spanish : anchovy*, banana, bastinado, bilbo, bilboes, bravado, cachucha, cigar,

cinchona (chinchona") cockroach, embargo, fandango, galleon, launch (2), paraquito,
,

lawn (2), lees, lias, hats, loach, loo, lozenge, lurch (2), magnolia, maraud, maroon (i), merelles, mignonette, minion, morlise, musit, Nicotian, notch, paletot,
holla,
12.

quixotic, rusk, sarsaparilla ; cf. trice (i). Frenchfrom Spanish : barricade, bizarre, cannon (2), caracole, chopine, cordwainer, embarrass, fanfare, maroon (2), morion

(murnon).
Portuguese
:

cocoa
:

(i),

dodo, emu,

Dalmatian
This
is

argosy, dalmatic.

Words

of

SLAVONIC

origin.

a general term, including Russian,

:

Bohemian, Servian, &c. French from Slavonic', cravat, sable. French from German from Slavonic calash, trump (i), tiumpery, trumpet.
Polish,

German from Bohemian

:

howitzer.
:

French from German from Servian

vampire.

Italian

from German from Slavonic

Slavonic siskin. Slavonic praam.
.

French from latin from Gi eek from

Slavonic : slave. JRussian copeck, drosky, rouble (ruble), samovar, steppe, verst. French from Russian : ukase.
:

trombone.

Low German from

Dutch from
Polish
13,
:

mazurka, polka.

word of LITHUANIAN origin. Dutch from German from Lithuanian',

657

eland.

VI.
14.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

origin.

Words
\

of

PERSIAN

bakshish, bashaw, bazaar, bulbul, caravansary, carboy, dervis (dervish), divan, durbar, firman, giaour, houri, Lascar, mogul, mohur, nargileh, nylghau, Parsee,

Persian

French from Italian from Persian gonelle, taffeta (taffety).

jar-

pasha (pacha, pashaw, bashaw),

:

peri, roc,

bash (2), sepoy, serai, shah, shawl, sirdar. Hindustani from Persian pajamas, toddy, zamindar, zanana. Greek from Persian parasang. Latin from Greek from Persian asparagus, cinnabar, laudanum, Magi, paradise,
: :

French from Spanish from Persian: julep, marcasite, rook (2), saraband. Portuguese from Persian pagoda. French from Persian bezique, calender
:

checker (chequer), (2), caravan, check, checkers (chequers), chess, chicanery, exchequer, gueber, khedive, lemon, lime (3),

tiara?.

French from Latin from Greek from Persian jujube, magic, musk, myrtle,
:

van (3). Latin from Greek from Arabic from Persian arsenic. Low Latin from Arabit from Persian
scarlet, tutty,
: :

borax.

nard, parvis, sandal, satrap, tiger. French from Italian from Latin

French from Latin from Arabic from

from Persian

balas (ruby).

Greek from Persian

:

rice

French

from Arabic from Persian

Spanish from Latin from Greek from Persian pistachio (pistachoX Italian from Greek from Persian gondola.

azure, jasmine.

French from Italian from Arabic from

Persian
:

mummy,

orange.
:

Spanish from Arabic from Persian

Dutch from Slavonic from Low Latin hlac. French from Spanish from Arabic from from Greek from Persian gherkin. French from Latin (or Late Lathi] Persian bezoar, calabash, galingale, spinach from Persian peach (i), zedoary. Turkish from Persian jackal, kiosk. French from Italian from Latin from French from Italian from Turkish from Persian muscadel (muscatel), muscadine. scimetar (ci me- Persian tulip, turban. Italian from Persian
:

ter)

?.

15.

Words

of

SANSKRIT

origin.
rajah, San-

Sanskrit:

avatar,

brahmin (brahman),

champak, juggernaut, pundit, skrit, suttee, Veda. Latin from Greek ft om

pepper.

Sanskrit

French ftorn Spanish from Arabic from Persian from Sanskrit aniline, sugar. Arabic from Sanskrit kermes. Spanish from Arabic from Sanskrit
:

carmine.

French from Latin from Greek from

Sanskrit
:

French from Arabic from Sanskrit

beryl,

brilliant,

ginger,

mace crimson.
French from Italian from Arabic from
Sanskrit
:

(2), saccharine.

French from
sendal (cendal).

Low

Latin from Sanskrit-.

candy.
:

Persian from Sanskrit', bang (2), lac (i), nenuphar, nuphar. French from Latin from Greek from Persian from Sanskrit sandal (wood). French from Spanish from Latin from inGreek from Persian from Sanskrit
:

Hebrew from Sanskrit algum. Hindustani from Sanskrit: cheetah,

chintz, ghee, gunny, jungle, lac (2), loot,

maharajah, nautch, pawnee, punch (3), punkah, rajpoot, rupee. Portuguese from Hindustani from Sanskrit
:

palanquin.
:

digo.

Canarese from Sanskrit

Sanskrit',

jaggery.
:

French from Portuguese from Persian

from

lacquer (lacker).
\

Portuguese from mandarin.

Malay from Sanskrit

:

French from Persian from Sanskrit

lake (2).

Portuguese from Sanskrit

banyan.

or HUNGARIAN, 01 of 16. ords of languages do not belong to the Indo-germanic family.)

MAGYAR
:

FINNISH
:

origin,

(These

Hungarian: tokay. French from Hungarian

French from Finnish

coach, shako.

morse.

658

VI.
17.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

TURKISH
origin.

Words

of

(This language does not belong to the Indo-

germanic family.)

Turkish

agha

(aga), bey, caftan, chi:

bouk, chouse, horde, turkey. Persian from Turkish begum.

bergamot (2), janizary, turquoise. Spanish from Turkish xebec. German from Polish from Turkish
:

French from

Turkish

caique,

dey,
:

uhlan.

odalisque, ottoman, shagreen. French from Italian from

1

Turkish
origin.
;

French from German f> om Hungarian f>om Turkish, dolman.

principal Semitic languages are
in

8.

Words

of

SEMITIC

The

Hebrew,

Chaldee, Syriac, &c. numerous.

Arabic,

the

borrowed words

English

being somewhat

Hebrew
cab

alleluia (allelujah),

bedlam,

corban, ephod, gopher, hallelujah, hm, homer, Jehovah, jug, log (3), Messiah, mishna, Nazarite (with Ck. siiffijc}, purim, Sabaoth, Satan, Selah, Shekinah (Shechinah), seraph, shekel, shibboleth, shittah (tree), shittim (wood),
(2), cherub,

hegira, henna, hookah (hooka), islam, jerboa, jinn, koran, mahdi,

imam,

Maho-

metan (Mohammedan), mohair, moonshee, moslem, muezzin, mufti, omrah, otto, rack (5), ramadan, rayah, ryot, salaam (sal am), sheik, sherbet, shrub (2), simoom,
sofa,

taraxacum.

latin from Greekfrom Arabic', gypsum, thummim, unm. Cf. davit. Greek from Hebrew hosannah from naphtha, saracen, sarsnet. French from Greek from Atabic\ civet. Phoenician alphabet, delta, iota. latin from Greek from Hebrew amen, F em h from Latin pom Greek from bdellium, cassia, cinnamon, cumin (cum- Arabu jasper, myrrh. Low I atin fioni Arabh alcohol, min), Jacobite, Jesus, Jesuit, jot, Levitc,
teraphim,
:
; :

manna, Pasch, Pharisee, rabbi (rabbm), algebia. French from Low Latin pom Arabic sabbath, Saclducee, sycamine?, sycamore?, tartar (i). Tom. A/so balsam ?, joidan ?. Italianfrom Arabic artichoke, botargo, French from I atin from Greek from
:

Hebrew

cade, camel, cider, earnest (2),

felucca, senna, sirocco, zero.

ebony, elephant, Hebrew, hyssop, jack (i), Jacobin, Jew, jockey, lazar, maudlin, nitie, sapphne, shallot, simony, sodomy.

French f)om
sequin.
atabal, bonito,

Italian

from

Arabii

arabesque, baldachin, benzoin, magazine,

French from Spanish from Arabic from

Greek from Hebrew natron. Italian from Greek from Hebrew
: :
:

zany.

Latinfrom Hebrew damson, leviathan. French from Latin from Hebrew.

jubilee.

Spanish from Arabic alguazil, arsenal, caraway (carraway), cid, dragoman, maiavedi, minaiet, mulatto. French from Spanish from Arabic alcove, amber, basil (2), borage, carafe,
: :

French from Hebrew cabal. Palestine French from a place

:

gauze.

damask, mammon. French from Latin from Greek from

Syriac: abbess, abbey.

Syriac: Maranatha. Latin from Greek from Syriac; abbot,

cipher, cotton (i), cubeb, garble, gazelle, genet, giraffe, hazard ?, jennet (gennet), lackey (lacquey), martingale, mask (masque), masquerade, mosque, nadir, ogee (ogive), racket (i) (raquet), realgar, ream, rob (2), saker, sumach, syrup (sirup), tabby, talc, tare (2), tabor, tambour, tambourine,
tariff,

zenith.

French
muslin.

from
:

Ifah an

from

Syriac

French from Portuguese from Spanish from Arabic marabout.

:

Chaldee

raca, talmud, targum.

French from Latin from Greek from

Chaldee
:

sackbut.

Arabic', Portuguese from albacore, assagai (Moorish}. French from Arabic: admiral, assassin, bedouin, burnouse, calif (caliph), camlet,

: alkali, alkoran, arrack, attar drub (2), emir, (of roses), azimuth, cadi, hashish hadji, hakim, haiem, fellah,

Arabic

carob, fardel?, faquir, furl?, jar (2), lute

(i),

Mamaluke (Mameluke), mate

(2),

mattress, moire,rebeck,safTron,sultan,vizier.

659

VI.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

:

French from Algerine lazzia. Persian from Arabic ghoul, houri, mussulman, sophy. Hindustani from Arabic houdah, nabob, sahib.
:
:

Hindustani from Persian from Arabic

nizam, sicca. Turkish from Arabic
Italian from
:

coffee, laki.
:

Malay from Arabic

mon-

19

Words

of

ASIATIC

oiigin, but

NEITHER ARYAN NOR SEMITIC.

anna, bandanna, bangle, rattan, insa, sago, siamang, tripang, bungalow, chutay, cowry, dacoit, ghaut, upas. French from Malay gingham, ratafia. wallah. mahout, nullah, shampoo, thug, French from Hindustani: gavial. French ftom Arabic from Malay camE. Indian place-names cal ico, cashmere phor.
:

Hindustani-

(kerseymere). Hindi-, dawk,

:

rum

(2).

Bengali-, dingy, jute, tomtom. Bait i polo.

Chinese bohea, china, Chinese, congou, hyson, nankeen, souchong, tea cf. silk. Malay from Chinese: sampan French from Latin from Greek fiom
:
;

Marathi:

pice.
:

l*ortuguese from Canarese

areca.

Chinese', serge. Japanese harakiri, japan, soy.

:

Malay from Canarese

bamboo.
:

Malay ali
Tamil
:

teak.
betel.

Portuguese ft om Malayalim

Portuguese from Japanese Java bantam.

:

bonze.

Annamese
:

catamaian, cheroot, coolie, mulligatawny, pariah ; cf. pavin (pavan), peacock.

Portuguese from JMalay from

:

Tamil

gamboge. Tatar tartar (2) Russian from Tatar-, cossack. Persian from 7atar: khan Ftenih from Turkish from
:

Tatar

mango. Telugu bandicoot, mungoose. French from Dravidian patchouli.

.

horde.

French from Italian ftotn fatar:

quoise
: i

tur-

Cingalese

anaconda.
tourmaline.

French from Cingalese

Malay
rese'],

babirusa,

bamboo [from Cana-

caddy, cajuput (cajeput), cassowary, cockatoo, crease (2) or creese, dugong, durian, gecko, gong, gutta-percha, junk, ketchup, lory (lury), mangosteen, muck (amuck), orang-outang, paddy, proa,
20.

French from Tatar t u k ey Mongolian (through Persian} mogul. Thibetan lama (i). Australian boomerang, dingo, kanga100, parramatta, wombat. Tahitian: tattoo (2).
.
:

Polynesian

taboo.

Maldive

atoll.

Wotds

derived from various

:

AFRICAN

languages.

Fiench from Italian ftorn Low Latin ephah. from Egyptian fustian. Latin from Gieek from Hebrew from French from Barbary baib (2). Morocco fez, morocco. Egyptian: sack (i). French from Latin from Greek fiom West African baobab, canary, chimHebrew ftom Egyptian sack (2), satchel. panzee, guinea also gorilla (Old African), Latin from Greek from Egyptian am- yam. From a neg)o name quassia. monia, ibis, leo, oasis, paper?, papyius?. Congo zebra cf. banana. French from Latin from Greek from Kaffir gnu, quagga. trench from Malagasy: aye -aye. Egyptian: gum (2), gypsy, labyrinth?,
behemoth,
:
:
|

Hebrew from Egyptian

lion. 21.

Words

derived from various

AMERICAN
i

languages.

North- American Indian: caucus?, hickory, hominy, manito, moccasin (mocassin), moose, opossum, pemmican, racoon (rac-

coon), skunk, squaw, toboggan, tomahawk,

wampum, wigwam.
Mexiian
:

coyote, jalap, ocelot.

660

VI.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

:

late, copal,
i

pampas, puma. Cuba maguey. Spanish from Peruvian alpaca, coca, condor, guanaco, guano. Hayti mahogany. French from Peruvian: quinine. Spanish from Hayti: cassava, guaiaBrazilian ai, manioc, tapioca, tapir. cum, maize, manatee, potato, tobacco. Caribbean (or other West Indian lanPortuguese froniBraziiian ipecacuanha. Spanish from Brazilian ananas. guages] cayman, hammock, macaw. French from Spanish from Brazilian Spanish from West Indian cacique,
oca,
:
:

Spanish from Mexican tomato ?.

cacao, choco-

Peruvian

inca, jerked

(beef),

llama,

cannibal, cr.noe, guava, hurricane, iguana,

agouti.

papaw, savannah. French from \Vest Indian

caoutchouc, peccary, pirogue.

Frenih fiom Brazilian-,

:

cashew-nut,
:

buccaneer,

jaguar, toucan.

South American

Colombia]

tolu.

SUPPLEMENT
[THE words marked
*

have already been considered;

suggestions concerning them.

The

I here give

some new

rest are additional.]

;

Assagai, Assegai. (Port.-Berbei.) Clipper, a. quick horse a fast-sailing M. Du. klepper, a steed, Introduced into Africa by the Portuguese ship. (Du.) Port, azagaia, a dart, javelin, slender courser; so named from the clapping For az-zaghdya from az-, for al, sound made by its hoofs (Franck). Du. lance. Arab. def. article, and Berber zaghaya, the kleppen, to clap, by-foim of klappen, to So also Pomeran. klbpnative name of a Berber weapon adopted clap. Cf, Clap. by the Moors (whence F. zagaie}. See per, a clipper, from kloppen to beat. Cf. Lancegay (p. 283). Devic. Clock (of a stocking). When stockings *Baste (i), to beat. (Scand.) Of were made of cloth, it was necessary to let Scand. origin; Rietz gives Swed. dial. in a piece of the shape of a gore or gusset above the ankle ; cf. prov. E. gusset, the basta, vb., to beat, basta, sb., a stroke ' under the heading t>asa, p. 25, col. 2. clock of a stocking (E. D. D.) ; clocks, the "'Baste (2), to pour fat over meat. gores of a ruff,' Handle Holme, qu. by Kalkar Fairholt ; G. zwikkel, clock of a stocking, (Scand.) Prob. of Scand. origin This wedgegives M. Dan. baste, to broil, fry, grill, gore or gusset of a shirt. bake whence the E. word may have been shaped insertion bore a rough resemblance a bell ; and hence the borrowed. to the old shape of *Blot, a spot. (F.-L.) The verb to name. See Clock. Cf. Du. klink, clock blot corresponds to M. F. blotter, to blot, of a stocking klinken, to resound. From M.F. Cot. stain, blemish, defile; Cockney. I n addition to the origin blotte^ O. F. blote (also bloste\ a clod or given at p. 97, it is probable that the use clot of earth also a tumoui swelling, or of the word was influenced by the O. F. ' made blotch (see Godefroy) cf. plotte, pelote, pp. acoquine* M.F. accoquint, as pelotte, a ball (Cotgrave).-Late L. *pt- tame, inward, familiar j also, grown idle as a beggar'; Cot. lotta (petdta, pilota}, a little ball; dimm. lazy, sloathfull, of L. pila, a ball. Such loss of the unstressed initial a is See below. *Blotch, a pustule, boil, tumour. (F. common. L.) FromO. F. bloche, a clod of earth; Compound, the enclosure in which an allied to bloustre, a tumour, boil both Anglo-Indian house or factory stands. cf. blosse^ given by Godefroy s. v. bloste (Malay.) From Malay kampong> an ena tumour (Roquefort). Late L. ^pilottea^ closure. * From lit. ball-like from *pilotta, pilota, peL.) Cozier, a cobbler. (F. s. v. lota, a little ball; dimm. of pila, a ball. O. F. cousere, a cobbler (Godefroy, See Blot, Bullace. Q. F. cous-, as in cous-ant, pres. couseor}. *Bud. (E) Certainly of native E. pt. of cousdre (F. coudre}, to sew. Xat. M. E. budde, bodde. The A. S. con- y together ; suere, to sew. origin. form was prob. *budda, with the sense of Dawdle, lo loiter. (E.) Variant of knob or round head cf. Swed. dial. prov. E. doddle, to go slowly. Allied to bodda opp, to become leafy, boddoter, full E. Fries, dudden (whence the frequentative of leaves Hen buddeter, bald - headed duddern\ to be stupid, mazed, drowsy; H. G. word Du. dutten, to doze cf. O. Fries, dud' badd, a head. The cognate Prob. allied to is butte, mod. prov. G. (Strassburg) butt, slek, a stupefying stroke. and hence to daudr, G. hage-butte, the fruit of the dog-rose Icel. dobi, deadness
;

'

'

whence the Du. (borrowed word) bot, M. Du. death.

botte,

a bud, O. F. boter, F. bouter, to put forth buds, and F. bouton, a bud (whence E. button}.

Berghaus gives Low G. dodeln, to dawdle, loiter; doden, to kill. Rietz a lazy fellow, gives Swed. dial, dodolger, dawdler. See Dude.

662

SUPPLEMENT
a fop, exquisite. (Low G.) Used as a term of contempt. G. dude, a foolish fellow (Grimm) ; apparently shortened from Low G. duden-dop, duden-kop, dudeldop, a lazy fellow ; E. Flies, dud-kop, dudde-kop, a blockhead or drowsy fellow. Cf. E. Fries, dudden, to be drow sy ; see

Dude,

of L. aula, a hall, a court ; from Gk. aA^, a court. (Phil. Soc. Trans. 1907-10,
p. 224.)

Overweening,
;

conceited. (E.)

From

Dawdle. ^Filibuster.

the A. S. ofenvenian, to be insolent, lit, A. S. ofer^ to go beyond what is usual. beyond and wenian, to be accustomed to ; to see "Wean. <|f Only remotely allied

The Span, form

is

not

"Ween.
*

directly from Du.,but from the ^.Jlibustier, spelt fribustier in 1667 (Hatzfeld), which

Pamper.
in

found

W.

This frequentative form is Flem. pawperen, to pamper

O. F. Pamphilet, Pamfor a Latin amatory

was from Du. vrijlmiter.

(De Bo).
l

The foimfaf/e, a steel,' (i). is not found in Latin, but probably existed, ' as it occurs in Italian. Focile, a steele

*Fusil

*Famphlet.
filet,

a familiar
entitled

name

to strike fire

'
;

Florio.

Gnu was originally (Kaffir.) see Kaffir Dictionary by Davis, who gives it in the form nqu, where the q represents a click. It is sometimes

*Gnu.

a Kaffir

word;

philus, sive De Arte Amandi Elegiac (see note to Chaucer, C. T., F I no), written in the 1 3th century, and extending The name was afterwards to 780 lines. applied to other works of no great length.

poem

Pamphili Mauriliani Pam-

my

written qnu, whence E. gnu by substitution of g for q. (N. and Q., 9 S. v. 45.) *Gourmand. The K. gourmand is of

Norse

Norw. gunnen, one who is origin. Norw. guniia, (i) inclined to gluttony. to stir up mud, (2) to gorge oneself. Norw. gurvi, mud. Cf. Gore ( i ).
; '

*Pearl-"barley . From pearl (not from To pearl is * to reduce bailey, F. pde). sago, &c. into the shape of small round pearls ; N. E. D.
'

*Femmicaii. ACreewoid; seeCreo

Diet,
filled

by Lacombe.

Cree pimikkan^ a bag with a mixtuie of fat and meat;

'"Grampus. The ong. form was crassus from pimiy, grease, fat. hence O, F. craspois, later graspois, Fettitoes, pig's trotters. (F. C. and but Understood now as petty-toes Alter this the prefix gras, fat/ L.) grapois.
piscis
;

was changed

into grand, 'great.'

*Honev.
neut.

Tent, Allied to Gk.

type

KVTJICOS,

Skt.

kanakani) gold.

*huna(n^gom, pale yellow ; Named from its

colour.

*Ignominy. Really from L. *-, not, and nomen, a name, It is remarkable that
g
agnomen, cognomen, the unoriginal, and due to association with the unrelated verb gnoscere, to know.
here, as also in L.
is

Jaggery. Not
Canarese

(Canarese
Skt.)

(port.

From

Skt.), but Poit.

popular etymology. It formerly meant giblets or gaibage (N. E. D.). M. F. petitose, * garbage of fowls/ Cot. An error for petitoes, pi. of O. F. petite oe, 1 Lit. ' little abattis de 1'oie Godefroy. goose ; hence, giblets of a goose. O. F. petite i fern, of petit ^ small (of Celtic origin) ; and O. F. oe (F. oie), from L. auca, a goose. Foncho, a cloak made like a blanket with a slit in the middle for the head
this
is
'

jagara, which
lit.

the S. of Chili (Granada). *Frune (i), to trim trees. The usual M. E. form is proinen. Q. F'. prboignier, proignier,progner t to prune, esp. used with N. E. D. *March. (3). Not from O. F. and F. regard to vines ; N. E. D. Moisy gives the mod. Norman progner. (Not to be Mars, but from O. North F. (Picard) also found in the Rouchi dialect confused with F. provtgner, to propagate
* attic head;* dimin. of kop, a head. Cf. E. cop, A. S. cop, a top, summit, esp. See Cop (2) in of a hill J G. kopf, head.

was from Canarese. Kopje, a lounded hill. (Du.) Du.

lo go through. (S. Amer. Indian.) Sp. poncho ; from poncho oipontho, in the native kopje, language of the Araucans, or Indians in

Marche

auleolum,

a vine.) Just as profrir is short for porofnr (see Proffer), so here the orig, forms mot were O. F. *por~rooignier, *por-roignier, L.) F. (F. from por- t prefix (L. prtf) from Italian). *por-rogner (without borrowing Or perhaps from Late L. and rooignier, roigtiier, mod. F. rogner, *Oriel. which Cotgrave explains a oratory; dimin. M. F rongner
(Heteart).

"Motet.

Not

Ital. L.), (F. motet, dimin. of F.

but

side-chapel,

fc

663

SUPPLEMENT
by to pare, clip, shred, cut off or away.* The O. F. rooignier answers to a L. type *rotundiart) to round, to cut round ; from
L. rotundus, round. Fukd (2), a superior kind of woollen cloth ; also, a dark colour. (Du.) The former sense is the older one ; the latter
sense
*

is

not in the dictionaries; but occurs in

the

compound gt-tyrian in Alfred's tr. of Boethius, ch. xl. 5 ; ed. Fox, p. 240. Totem, a natural object, usually an animal, used as a badge of a clan, among N. American Indians. (Amer. Indian.) ' The Algonquin ote means ' a family mark
;

was

accidental, as being the usual

stuff,

but

when preceded by

ot,

'he/ and supis

colour of the

which was of a very

puijck,

plied with a final -m,

which

a mark of

good

quality.

-M.Dn.

wollen
choice,

cloath';
excellent.

Hexham;

Du. fuik,

' possession, the form ot otem means hi-* 1 And this ot otem has befamily mark.

come a
Temp.

totem*
z>.,
i.

O. F. roan. - Span, roano, sorrel-coloured, roan ; O. Span, raudanio. Late L. type *ravidanum\ from rdvidus,

*Roan.

Trash,

to hold back.
*
;

by misdivision of the words. (F.-L.) In

2.

81

whom

I trash

'

(fust fol.

grayibh.
Tort.

Serval,

L. rauus, gray-yellow, tawny. the S. African tiger-cat. (F. L ) More correctly cerval* F.

scrval (Buffon).-Port. cerval, adj., as in lobo cerval, a lynx, called in F. hup

type*ctru-atisf adj. ; from J,. cerua, a hind. The lynx was so called
cervier.
*L.

trace), Oth. ii. i. 312, To trash (or trace) is to hold back by a leash called a trash or a trace cf. prov. E. trash, a cord used in checking dogs, E. D. D. The form tiace (in Othello, ed. 1623) is really the
;

light one,

though usually rejected;

^

it

is

from

hunting deer. *Sigh. The A. S. sican became

its

M.

E.

siken, of

which the

pt.

t.

was

sik-ede, often

rers.) The Cape Dutch form sjambok seems to have been adopted from Malay chabok (Port, chabuco). - Peis. chdbuk, See as sb., a horse- whip. alert, active Chawbuck in N. and Q., 9 S. iv. 456 Yule, and Chabouk, Chawbuck in N. E. D. *Strand (2). More directly, from O. F. estran, strand of a i ope; of Teut. origin. M. H. G. siren, strene ; whence G. strahne,
;
;

appearing in the contracted form sigh-te Hence a new infinitive (for *sik-de). sigJi-en was evolved, by back-formation. Sjambok, a whip. (Cape Du. Malay

only a peculiar use of trace (2), which represents O. F. trais, pi. of trait for which Cotg. gives, as one meaning, a lime [liam] or line wherein a blood-hound is led, and staied in his pursute.' By a strange confusion, this E. trace (meaning * ' to hold back by a leash,' and hence leash ') was turned into trash, only because the F. tiacer, verb, was also spelt trasser and trachert all of which forms are in
'

Yet tracer, trasser, tracher Cotgrave. never had the sense of E. trash^ to hold back, but only sometimes (and correctly) * * the sense of to follow after cf. tracer,
;
1

'

to trace, follow, pursue

Cot

E.

g.

Both as sb. and vb., two words have assumed the same Sometimes it is from F. teint, form. tinged, from L. tinctus, pp. of tingere, to And sometimes it is a clipped form dye. of attaint^ O. F. ateint pp. of ateindre, L. attingere, a compound of L. ad and

*Taint.

guarded lackey to run befor't [i. e. befoie my coach], and pyed liueries to come trashing after 't'; Puritan Widow, iv. i. * Vavasour, a vassal of the second
lank.
(F,

different

L.)

Ducange

gives the orig.

*

Late L. form as vasvassor, which was a

contraction of
'

vamts vassomm,

vassal of

vassals

formed something like L. triumvir from a gen. plural. Later forms are
;

iangere, to touch.

See Attaint.

*Tier. This difficult word seems to be unconnected with F. tire, a pull, tirer t to pull. It answers rather to O. F, tire, tiere, a rank, row, series; of unknown origin. See Godefroy's O. F. Dictionary. *Tir6 (i). It does not exactly correspond to the A. S. teorian, but rather to the very scarce mutated form tyrian, which

*varvassor(\\Q\. found) ,valvassor, vavassor ; parallel to the forms vasletus, varletus, valletus, successive diminutives of vassus.
Cf. E. varlet, valet.

Often miswritten under weigh (said of a Du. onder-wegen, 'under-way, or ship). '

Way

in

the phr. under way.

(Du

upon the way

weg, on same).
the

Hexham. Mod.Du. onderG, unterwegs (the way

;

Si
go

136535

if