APUSH Study Guide 21 The Gilded AgePolitics for the wealthy, 1869-1889 Themes/Constructs: Politics in the Gilded Age

was marked by fierce party competition and battles over spoils, even though few significant national issues divided Republicans and Democrats. Politicians of both parties avoided confronting major problems of race and class that simmered beneath the surface. After the idealistic Civil War, the post-Civil War era was generally one of disillusionment. Politicians from the White House to the courthouse were often surrounded by corruption and scandal. Grant was a poor politician and his administration was rife with corruption. Despite occasional futile reform efforts, politics in the Gilded Age belonged to the two patronage-fattened parties, which competed vigorously for spoils. Cultural differences and local issues rather than national issues fueled party competition. The contested election of 1876 led to the sectional Compromise of 1877, which put an end to Reconstruction. An oppressive system of tenant farming and racial segregation was fastened on the South. Garfields assassination by a disgruntled/disappointed office seeker spurred civil service reform. Cleveland became the first Democratic president since the Civil War after a mudslinging campaign. His frequent vetoes and support for a lower tariff injected the first real issues into a national politics for the first time. Terms/names/topics: Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymore Bloody Shirt Campaigning Jay Gould Tweed Ring Thomas Nast Samuel Tilden Credit Mobilier Whiskey Ring William Belknap Horace Greeley Resumption Act (1875) Bland-Allison Act (1878) Greenback Labor Party Appeal of Republicans Appeal of Democrats Political machines spoils system Roscoe Conkling Stalwarts Half-Breeds James G. Blaine

Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877 Civil Rights Act (1875) Sharecropping Poll taxes literacy requirements Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Chinese Exclusion Act James Garfield Charles J. Guiteau Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Commission Grover Cleveland Mulligan letters Mugwumps Laissez-faire Clevelands tariff message of 1887 Benjamin Harrison Dawes Act Interstate Commerce Act Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study: 1. How and why did the lives and status of Northern middle-class women change between 1776 and 1876? (FRQ, 1981) 2. Although the economic growth of the United States between 1860 and 1900 has been attributed to a governmental policy of laissez-faire, it was in fact encouraged and sustained by direct governmental intervention. Assess the validity of this statement. (FRQ, 1999) 3. Throughout its history, the United States has been a land of refuge and opportunity for immigrants. Assess the validity of this statement in the view of the experiences of TWO of the following: (FRQ, 1987) a. The Scotch-Irish of the eighteenth-century Appalachian frontier b. The Irish in the nineteenth-century urban Northeast c. The Chinese in the nineteenth-century West

APUSH Study Guide 22 Americas Industrial Revolution, 1865-1900

Historians view: Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861-1901 (1934)A view of industrialization focused on business The members of this new ruling class were generally, and quite aptly, called barons, kings, empire-builders, and even emperors. They were aggressive men, as were the first feudal barons; sometimes they were lawless; in important crises, nearly all of them tended to act without those established moral principles which fixed more or less the conduct of the common people of the community. At the same time many of them showed volcanic energy and qualities of courage which, under another economic clime, might have fitted them for immensely useful social constructions, and rendered them glorious rather than hateful to their people. Herbert Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (1976)A view of industrialization focused on labor and society In the half-century after 1843 industrial development radically transformed the earlier American social structure, and during the Middle Period a profound tension existed between the older American preindustrial social structure and the modernizing institutions that accompanied the development of industrial capitalism. In each of these distinctive stages of American society, a recurrent tension also existed between native and immigrant men and women fresh to the factory and demands imposed upon them by the regularities and disciplines of the factory labor Themes/Constructs: America accomplished heavy industrialization in the post-Civil War era. Spurred by the transcontinental rail network, business grew and consolidated into giant corporate trusts, as epitomized by the oil and steel industries. Industrialization radically transformed the condition of American working people, but workers failed to develop effective labor organizations to match the corporate forms of business Aided by government subsidies and loans, the first transcontinental rail line was connected in 1869, soon followed by others. This rail network opened vast new markets and prompted industrial growth. The power and corruption of the railroads led to public demands for regulation, which was only minimally begun. New technology and forms of business organization led to the growth of huge corporate trusts. Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller led the way in the steel and oil industries. Initially, the oil industry supplied kerosene for lamps; it eventually expanded by providing gasoline to fuel automobiles Cheap steel transformed industries from construction to rail building, and the powerful railroads dominated the economy and reshaped American society. The benefits of industrialization were unevenly distributed. The south remained in underdeveloped dependence, while the industrial working class struggled at the bottom of the growing class divisions of American society. Increasingly transformed from independent producers and farmers to dependent wage earners, Americas worker became vulnerable to illness, industrial accidents, and unemployment.

Workers attempts at labor organization were generally ineffective. The Knights of Labor disappeared after the Haymarket bombing. Samuel Gompers founded the AFL to organize skilled craft laborers but ignored most industrial workers, women, and blacks. Terms/names/topics: Union Pacific Central Pacific Northern Pacific Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe James J. Hill Cornelius Vanderbilt Standard gage Westinghouse air brake Pullman Palace Cars Influence of railroad on the nation Grange Wabash case (1886) Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Alexander G. Bell Thomas A. Edison Andrew Carnegie Vertical integration (consolidation) Horizontal integration (consolidation) The trusts J. P. Morgan Bessemer process United States Steel Corporation John D. Rockefeller Gospel of Wealth Charles Darwin William G. Sumner Fourteenth Amendmentdue process of law loophole Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) The Gibson Girl The flag follows trade, and empire tends to follow the flag Scabs Injunctions Yellow dog contracts National Labor Union (1866) Colored National Labor Union Knights of Labor Haymarket Square American Federation of Labor Closed shops Labor Day (1894) Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study: 1. Andrew Carnegie has been viewed by some historians as the prime representative of the industrial age and by others as an industrial leader atypical of the period. Assess the validity of each of these views. (FRQ, 1986)

2. The reorganization and consolidation of business structures was more responsible for late nineteenth-century American industrialization than was specific reference to business structures and technology between 1765 and 1900. (FRQ, 1990) 3. Analyze the impact of any TWO of the following on the American industrial worker between 1865 and 1900. (FRQ, 1998) a. b. c. d. Government actions Immigration Labor Unions Technological changes

4. How successful was organized labor in improving the position of workers in the period from 1875 to 1900? Analyze the factors that contributed to the level of success achieved. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1875 to 1900 to construct your response. (DBQ, 2000Mr. D has the documents) 5. How and why did transportation developments spark economic growth during the period 1860 to 1900 in the United States? (FRQ, 2001)

APUSH Study Guide 23 Americas Urban Growth: The Rise of the Cities, 1865-1900
Themes/Constructs: In the late nineteenth century, American society was increasingly dominated by large urban centers. Explosive urban growth was accompanied by disturbing changes, including the new immigration, crowded slums, new religious outlooks, and conflicts over culture and values. While many Americans were disturbed by the new urban problems, cities also offered opportunities to women and expanded cultural horizons. Terms/names/topics: Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) form follows function Macys, NY Sears and Montgomery Ward Dumbbell tenements Boss Tweed Walter Rauschenbusch Social Gospel Movements Jane Addams (1860-1935) Hull House Florence Kelley National Consumers League Nativism American Protective Association (1887) Immigration Restriction Laws (1882, 1885, 1917) Emma Lazarus Religion Gospel of Wealth Dwight Lyman Moody Salvation Army Church of Christ, Scientist Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) Charles Darwin Fundamentalists vs. Modernists Learning high schools normal schools Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute George Washington Carver Dr. W.E.B. DuBois NAACP talented tenth Halls of Ivy Vassar Howard University, Hampton Institute, Atlanta University Morrill Act (1862) Cornell (1865), Stanford (1891), Johns Hopkins U. (1876) The Press Library of Congress (1897) Carnegie libraries Joseph Pulitzer New York World William Randolph Hearst Associated Press

yellow journalism

Reform Henry George, Progress of Poverty (1879) Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1888) Post War writings Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Sidney Lanier Mark Twain Bret Hart Stephen Crane Henry James Jack London New MoralityFamily and Women Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) Women and Economics (1892) National American Women Suffrage Association (1890) Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947) Ida B. Wells (1860-1935) National Association of Colored Women (1896) Prohibition and Social Progress National Prohibition Party (1869) Womans Christian Temperance Union (1874) Carrie A. Nation (1846-1911) Anti Saloon League American Red Cross (1881) Clara Barton (1821-1912) Amusement Vaudeville Minstrel Shows Phineas T. Barnum & James A. Bailey William F. Cody Annie Oakley James Naismith football, basketball, baseball Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study: 1. Major American writers have been indifferent to the social problems of their day. State whether you agree or disagree with this generalization and defend your position with reference to THREE novelists and/or poets. (FRQ, 1975) 2. Americans have been highly mobile people. Describe and account for the dominant population movement between 1820 and 1900. (FRQ, 1982) 3. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discrimination faced by Black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1877-1915, assess the appropriateness of each of these strategies in the historical context in which each was developed. (DBQ, 1989Mr. D has the documents)