Introduo Cincia do Sistema Terrestre

Segunda Lista de Exerccios

Questo 1

Oscilaes milenares e mudanas abruptas no paleo-ambiente do Sistema Terrestre. A figura abaixo do livro texto indica registros paleoclimticos na escala milenar para dois stios de pesquisa, indicando oscilaes na escala milenar e mudanas abruptas. Estude a figura, consulte bibliografia especializada de modo a entender to completamente quanto possvel os dados apresentados. Suas respostas devem ser feitas num texto entre 1,5 e 3 pginas, com referncias e um glossrio de todos os termos tcnicos.

Fig. 2.6. Milennial scale oscillations and abrupt changes Low latitude expression of millennia scale climate oscillations taken from GISP2 oxygen isotopes, Santa Barbara basin (Site 893) bioturbation index and high-frequency variations in the CaC03 record of 70KL (Behl and Kennett 1996). Comparison of site 893 bioturbation index and benthic foraminiferal 6180 records with 6180 ice time series from GISP2, showing the excellent correlation of site 893 anoxia (lamination) events to 16 of 17 of the warm interstadials of GISP2. Bioturbation index is presented as a 49 cm (ca. 300400 years) running average to dampen high-frequency variation and to match the resolution of the GISP2 record. Chronologies for GISP2 and site 893 were independently derived. Radiocarbon age control points (+) and SPECMAP data used for the site 893 age model are shown to the right. Numbers in 0 refer to standard data of the SPECMAP stratigraphy. The base of each core interval in Hole 893A is indicated by arrows to the left (Behl RJ, Kennett JP (1996) Brief interstadial events in the Santa Barbara Basin, NE Pacific, during the past 60 kyr. Nature 379: 243-24

Questo 2

Acidificao dos Oceanos. Com base no material includo a seguir e em outros materiais sobre o assunto que voc pode consultar, o que voc entende pelo processo chamado de acidificao dos oceanos. Escreva um texto entre 1,5 e 3 pginas.

Acidificao dos Oceanos

(Feely et al., 2008)

Acidificao dos Oceanos

pH = 7.8 aragonita no se forma ameaa 40% dos organismos marinhos de estrutura ssea

2.3.2B eochem Processes iog ical

CO2 absorption by the oceans

Carbon dioxide is less soluble in warmer water Rising sea temperatures bring about less CO2 absorption Positive feedback in abrupt transitions from glacial to interglacial periods

2.3.2B eochem Processes iog ical

CO2 absorption by the oceans

Carbon dioxide is less soluble in warmer water Rising sea temperatures bring about less CO2 absorption Positive feedback in abrupt transitions from glacial to interglacial periods

2.3.2B eochem Processes iog ical

Surface Ocean pH decreases with with increasing atmospheric CO 2:

Solas Science and Implemantation Plan

Time series of average surface [CO 3-2] in the Southern Ocean for the PIUB -Bern reduced complexity model (Orr et al, Nature, 2005)

Vilcinskas 2000

2.3.2Biog eochem Processes ical

From R. Buddemeier, based on Kleypas et al. 1999

2.3.2B eochem Processes iog ical

From R. Buddemeier, based on Kleypas et al. 1999

2.3.2Biog eochem Processes ical

From R. Buddemeier, based on Kleypas et al. 1999

Questo 3 Estados mltiplos de equilbrio entre vegetao e clima. Possivelmente, o melhor exemplo da importncia da vegetao como fator formador do clima pode ser derivado da mudana abrupta de vegetao no Norte da frica, de savana para deserto, no mdio Holoceno. Explique que tipo de interao entre a superfcie vegetada e a atmosfera possa ter ocorrido

que possa explicar o carter abrupto da mudana de vegetao (texto entre 1,5 e 3 pginas).

e g n i r p S

-V r l e 5 0 2 b d H n i B a g

F . 2.60. The abrupt change from ig savanna to desert in North Africa during the mid-Holocene: a change in the regional flux of solar radiation at Earth's surface due to a small change in the Earth's orbit; b simulated change in rainfall ultimately triggered by the change in incident solar radiation; c change in fraction vegetation cover in response to changing rainfall; and d model predictions (solid line) and observations (broken line) of the resulting increase in wind erosion and deposition of sand off the West African coast (Claussen et al. 1999; deMenocal et al. 2000)

S ource: S teffen at al., 2004. Global Change and the Earth System. A planet under preassure. IGBP Book S eries. Springer Verlag Chapter 2: PlanetaryMachinery: The dynamicsof the earth systemprior to significant human influence pg. 69.