Professional Documents
Culture Documents
~&~
.....
;GATEWAY TO ARABIC
Book Two
DrD Imran Hamza Alawiye
~or "·jf-~-:;:;,~~Iner learners of Arabic who have mastered the basics of reading and writing
Gender
AU nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine, no matter whether they are humans, animals or objects, Unlike in English, there is no word for 'it' in Arabic, All nouns are referred to as 'he' Or 'she', The following words, which are all to do with school, are divided into two lists, one of masculine words and the other of feminine words. Read the two lists out loud, What do you notice about the feminine words?
Feminine
Masculine
a blackboard
a book
",.,,,0 ...
a table
an exercise book
~,..
a stapler
~L.~ .
~ ....
.-)
....
a pen
,
~
'I.i __...
r-U
a pencil
sharpener
~\f.
OJJ"
a desk
an eraser (rubber)
chair
a ruler
a box
.'
.~'.-.......
..:
-,
...
'!,It,...
a bag
.1. •• ~.,_
..
...
..
'"
....
scissors
..
a ball
a computer
Did you notice how all the feminine words end in taa marbuta? Nearly all Arabic words that end with toa mornuto are feminine.
t. (il,~~
:13 )
IE;urell.el:
$;!A <;oj! tQno;!I.:;'»'f
~'''''~\
""'1;>'1.,., Iw.;> ~_
ooc~'c
~ __ ~ ,-
_'>-
This is .
II
o-l.:b ,
form)
This is (masculine
..
'"",t.
~U
This is (feminine
form)
\~
is pronounced
as ~f ,t were written
with an alit:
~
F
,~ lXl
• ..~ '"
L~~
»:
~
I ;
I
,.
o J....a:, IS pronounced
o~ ~
o~
...
~~~ J
I
!
In Arabic, when we want to say 'this is' foHowed by a noun, the word we use for 'this is' wil1change_ depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine .
(~
o~
"',..
.,Jl
noun.
e,g,
e,g,
'I.i ....""
i
OJ ~
Ihls is a book,
This is a ruler,
-------------------~--------------.~-.Exercise 2: Complete
the sentences below
--._
to match the gender of the;
by adding
\~
or
o~
tollowlnq noun,
~ ~
This is a blockooord
.--
This is a computer.
."
y ~l>-
This is a pen,
10
______
_l_l_
This is a ruler.
12
This is a box.
This is a chair.
~_? ---..
0
J.
13
This is a desk,
'"
This is a table.
14
....
7
This is an eraser,
__
15 ._-_._-
book.
This is a book.
16
This is a stapler,
...
:i ..
--------------------------------~~~-~
Exercise 3: Copy the words from page 3 into your exercise book,
'Ins
adding
the correct
Arccic
t(,r',~ :Y
is' before
each
word.
Exercise 4: Choose the correct sentence from the llst on the right to copy under each picture,
Pay careful attention to the moscunne and feminine forms of 'Thisis'.
.. .. ·_-----_·_---1 _·_·_ _
8
..._.. . ---1
L-
____J
----
._ ...
_. -----
--
..
_.
-----_._--_. -~
"
o~
~ ...
."
~ ,p
-----_.
,---_.
..
.._-----_ ... _-
~_? .. ..
VI" ~~
_i.
\~
,9.
~L...:w \~ •
o
c;iJ1
,..._.
o....lJb
."
11
.. ---
........ ~.,-
~""
....... ..,._
0.;6 ...-4 o~
I
_..
Vl .... ,
_,
......
rU \~
12
__ .. __ . . __j
------------L__ ~ _
6
___I
Adjectives
In Arabic, adjectives (descrtblnq words) come after the nouns they describe. When the noun is masculine, the odjectlve wWolso be masculine. Likewise, when the noun is feminine, the adjective wil1also be feminine. Adjectives are written after the nouns they describe.
r---------------.~.- .
Feminine srnail
.. .
o~
~~.~. ..
,
.-}
large, big
short
.. o
. .r.. a~
..
...
, ~...-.::. ~:--;."".r
tall, long
light
heavy
.""
old
e-
1,oQ-_·~
;
:-a-' "..):
open
a..~ I._.. -
r:
closed
Exercise 5:
Translate the phrases below into Arabic, Make sure the colectives they describe,
1. A heavy book.
----,_
..
_---_.
2. An open door.
3. A new sofa,
4. A light bag.
5. An
ore
radio,
.----~----
6. A tall candle.
j
It ISwritten as part of the word that it links,
\l2.
.!.\~ J
;;:;JI,_.
- ~(},',,~jSe 6;~"octSi:.:' reading the tollowr J sentences and make sure you can understand them,
-'1
~
l
"
-'IPI"I;". .~ ~.~
"'.
_.,.
'Ii .~
oJJ/
.,...!
..~ ,
,pt ..
'"
"
.../
_-------'I
L ~ o~ ~_oU s LL _i;..
" _ ,,,_ ,
. _ ,., _ ,
,_,!'e~',:-1~/::::
7:
"--'.'
:~O~!OWing
.. --
the pattern of the examples above, write a description for each picture below in ,;\robk: on the line provided,
,
_-_
_--_
I I ~:J
.. _ ..
-------~------------------------,
,
.~
....... -
._ .... -
--"
I
3_1 7
Asking Questions
"
~
"
and
...
i, which
~~
L .. i.Ai
,...
~,,;
or
0
~~
Ih ~
...
_.
"
r'
i becomes
".-
is written separately,
'PO' ir ,
In order to answer this type of question, we need to learn the words for 'yes' and Yes =
:;f,~:ir; :: ~
/ :;
and no
= '):.
"o_))"-..A
_.
oli .»
• ".
"
o~
"'"
,~
._._-----
---
-,-_.
.-.... - - .. --
_.-
-.-.
__ _
..
....
_..
----
• Oo().....N
..
F"
.,-
:.
js
r----------------------------------------------------------------~----~~"-~ ,
;
(
f
'--------~------,--~-j
Exercise 8:
._.__ 1
..
. L_
.~
~ I....-------------------------------------------------~----- .. ~ ..
__ ._-----_
....
_8
.--
pcio.
01 QlI!lSilo!1!!. ood! _.
00I0w ... ~.
jIri{j
E~
,-Ibo
~~f"~
1I'~
(l
U.;, ~ ,
P9"'''
§ODg
'ii'_.
'J!L..
"
~,,,L;,
,"J
'~'
,~~~~,~
'(<l!..
r.I!!!" ~
!"JO<OO_
"~.~ ?,!)
-~
.... _
Ib.
-,~
... ~r
'to!B.~li';illli~~"_·tlooo!<.
What is this? y~
means 'What?' in Arabic. To ask 'What Is this?' you follow It with
oil
A cat
A lion
'"
Exercise 10:
.O...Uta
..
",..
FolJowing the pattern of the two examples on the left, write an appropriate question on each of the first lines provided, followed by the correct answers underneath . Remember to pay careful attention 10 the masc uline and fer;ninlne forms.
An owl
Abee
A dog
A bea r
'--' ,:)
c: •
10
Exercise 10 (continued)
A tortoise
A crocodile
An elephant
12
11
10
1------
.._-_.-
.,p.,.
A worm
.. s O~J~
16
~'"
A camel
A frog
.. ' . ~J4~
0
A fish
'"
~
15
14
13
oJ
..-0
~,.. ,..,..
0~
.".
;0 ,..
4j\Jj
A snake
A rabbit
~_)1
A giraffe
An ant
4.L._j
17
... 0
"
~ ,.
20
..
__
19
18
..
.-~~~-----I
11
A rectangle
A triangle
A circle
A square
A heart
A star
'IJl,.,
'"
_.
A crescent
A diamond
o
$ A pyramid A cube A hexagon An ovot __ 0 .....
lSJL~ .. .... ..
~-
Aeone
A prism
A cylinder
A sphere
A spiral
A curve
A wavy line
12
Or
,.! ~'one
,I
~
.....
r-,II.-O
.,_
of two words used in Arabic to mean 'or', ft is used when offering a choice options
between
.-'-
...'~'--~.--~-----------....,
.~.~~
\$
'l,i -"
i!I
_,
...
-------
---
.~.
'l.lZ
0,....
L.~
_.
..-
Th is is 'a sta r,
Exercise 11: -.
--
Following the pattern of the exornoles above, write a suitable ouesnor in each box on the first two !ines provided, followed by the correct answer underneath,
.'
:~
/ /.:i,~", "';
,/!~
".......
- -----
--------l
._,.~_~
-----,
I
:
--------rJ
-,
'.
_--_._"
~'
~', .
6
~
-_._---_
... _----------=-1
/'
~:'
"
-,
./
.....~t:)------------ .. ------7 3
'"'--<.,--~-~~"------------____.
,
,._-----------------------.
-LJ
/"'
.',/
......
" _. ,~_.-...-J __
.--.,~--.~ __J
_.~.u~~'~
_,
"......
/
...... "'"
"._./
/'
o
13
4
~
--
w--
.::_--~
-';.
That is
I.
'"
i ... ~ I~
,...
,..
.... --"".-,~ .
~~
~'~<~
,...
,?
~~
is pronounced
In Arabic, when we want to say 'that is' followed by a noun, the word we use for 't"a~ .s: wlI! ':-f':!t':O"? depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine,
::..u1
,...0
e.q
J~::..u)
~.0 ,....0
That 1$ crescent. C
.~
e,g,
That is a star
~------
"'O_'~~'
..
,~:
_~Io"
_...,.,',
......; .
. 4t . :b! oli>J_.. ~
~
C:!r Jl,a;- \~
~ ~
-'
l!l...
.»
....
slow
>H:I
... .....~~~
.,.'
'
~,,:It
..
'(i
fat
',.......
i;_,.J
'. ~ .
-'-""
,
f
{
thin
straight
}ll.~ ,",0.9. ..'
~I
00
.-
;_-'
'l$ "
~~\~!
~~
Jii-
~\'<;
....
narrow
high
14
Write a suitable sentence under each picture on the lines provided using the correct forms of 'This'ls' and 'That IS', as well as the correct forms of adjectives, An example has been done for you.
ExerCise 12:
.....
~..':'C
,,~..
<' ~
,
..
'l:~
I Q.~
.~./
"01 , .J\
•.F'
,~
.'
~;. ,
i
~ ..~ ~ . .t.~\"': Q ~
_;,.
~,
.. o
.....
~--
.. ,,~;),
',~ .:...
~j
J
\ oJ'
':\\, ~ ... ~
,1-1:0
_._1
8
-----_.-_
..
15
J\
The
I in JIIS
beginning When
of a sentence,
by a word begmning with a moon letter, then it is written w~th a SU'<U<l C~'
When
J\ is followed
by 0 word beginning
Sl",ktJ~
J~takes a shoddo
?
__
__
There ~s one more pomt to note. Although there is no verb 'to be' in the present tense in Arat<: Cam', 'are' and 'is'), it must be added when translat!ng Arcbic into EnglJshfor tr-c sentence or phrase to make sense, See below for exampies.
~-------------------------~~.----~-~ I v. / "~
.~
~
'0.', ..... 1.,.
~--' ......
A short pen,
...
"':"t
6~
~.i~ _.
i
i
l
A narrow window,
. 4i;~ ojjWI
~~
';l',...
J...
"$J
•~
o...lA
t........ __ ..... ' _ ...
16
..
~ ~
~,
~""
I~ ~
D(N
..
J~ ~'~ '"
..
_"'1i
~i.r,l
~i..,.JL ...
~ -.
• Pt;lis"-
tI\EI<:r,:iP'~e
~.-
;:; • .d"~
,,~.
'., "
!;:rP ~
..
~-
~Jd)
'~~'r
~jjj
~.,
. ~rb~. ,'
.,
"""",1_
17
Do you understand
Occupations
doctor (rn.)
.;,:2 .....
e:
. ~,;A-"
l.?' . ~..l>.. ~
...
/
0
/'
doctor (t J
nurse (1.)
teacher
(rn.)
.)~ r
,l! ~... "';
...
.~\j
Ih
".
...
teacher (f,)
butcher (rn.)
baker (m)
policeman
; ~~
.
;.. _ f
0.)"0<-'"'1
'bA .'~ .,
.....__---------,/
18
and
-"
..
are used
...
~....
. This is a train, It is a long troln.
4: ~
.-
rl . ~
,...).
..
~a I·_"I
j
I
""0"
~ .. > d
~I
.. I
..
Exercise 14: FollowIng the pattern of the two examples provldeo. select one word from each column
in the table above, working from ilght to left, to make ten of your own pairs of sentences, and write them out on the lines below,
-----------.---
_. __ .. _
____
-----'-10
19
C£)
.~o~
..
This is my book.
/ _"
"..
·SGs .......
-
Thisis your
em.)
-book, •
.~
~L:S
Thisis your (f.) cat. Thisis his cat, Thisjs her cat.
•~
/.
0
..
'"
his, Its
." ~
.,.J.../b
.-
her, its
\ J.../!:.
"
The Family
,...
1St '"
LI •
nome husband
'c:->
I,L.-~ .,' ;...,'
~.
c~
iJ"...~.;\. .. ,'.... :
.OT
L\
Exercise 15:
... ,_.~,·<! w
Make sentences saying "This IS rnv ..." using each of the people in the vocabulary above. Pay attention to the masculine and feminine forms of "Thisis".
:::'.....
box
~., .,-
... -
____
7
8 9 10
/!
20
Colours
.,:l.s with other adjectives, colours in Arabic have masculine and feminine forms. When a noun is masculine. P'""'8 corou describing it will also be masculine, Likewise, when a noun is feminine, the cotour describing it e'/ii also be feminine.
block
'.
.~: _.
blue
-.'.
!'~··t·
green
white
vellcw
green
white
yellow
Ji
.... D
....
JI.,..&i,..O
~..~.~~
·_u_;_J_j_i_~_l_~_:J_'_\_\~_·_~~I
i-·-·---------------------,
I
I
1
i
r-;
! L-__
~~
21
Fruitand Vegetables
A pmeopple
A water-melon
A banana
A peach
An orange
An apple
Grapes
An onion
A carrot
A strawberry
A lemon
A mushroom
Sweetcorn
A cucumber
A lettuce
."t '"
.:lJ ..
.. .
• .Y-!_)
Y, 0 '"
An olive
A potato
A tomato
An aubergine
22
a headscarf
trousers
a shoe
a cap
a coat
pyjamas
a watch
a dress
a belt
a skirt
A bicycle
1)~
$I
I'
A bus
A cor
A plane
A train
A IOffY
23
Rainbow
EiIIlI3ro1~
~.o[~
18""""'"
_.
{ilIiOI.j45.Df>1M
cDl:oi.Jl~ cr llit> t<H"tOO", ~. UIli1Q rfi:J!>:uInIl ~ I.Jfi 11OO!1QI 000IiI'! <:I<:>r1o lot ~oo
CIA
h",rcl~
~7:
nil:>
/IoruI><;.IlI'J
li'M> ~
~'1«1
Iii(> !",t ~
I'I(WQ
"W'~).
.....•
.1'.
f'" ._
.~~
~li
.,ir.
"V;"~f ~)~I
Prepositions
i3·en8 aHy soeoklnq. nouns In the singular form cornlnq immediately (JT:-S; p;·epositions such as those on the right will end with a kosro.
f
.. .. ·--·---------------------------1 --
a bridge
under, below
between
in front of
T:~;8 car
is on tho bridge. The lion and the squirrel are in the car.
_j
behind
Exercise 18:
Study the picture above carefully, then wrlte sentences below in Arabic on the lines provided to describe the position and colour of each ball.
e,g. The brown ball is on the brown chaff.
..
_-_
_-------
___
25
:i
, ~Y~A
~
,"
o sock
YJy.
~~~
a shift
~}.
a headscarf
trousers
t .'
..)
I
...",. .j..,
. "I~~
a shoe
a cap
-:J
p
.r
~I I
-4_.;:t
.,-..2.
,.,.
a coat
PYjamas
':-~
.:-;>
~..A.A
._..,
I
!
l.~____::._~ _
a belt
a watch
a dress
_,______j
.-------
-----_--
a skirt
Where Is... ?
Exercise 19;
~~t
.... c .....
study the picture on the right carefully, then answer the four questions below on the lines provided,
~
.~_
~,;
_
0
__
I •..
...
~_~_~
_..
JI
'"~
Co *
:;. ,~~
)I '"
~J
+_
--v_
...
.-
26
the three pictures cnretullv, then write a descrlptlon in Arabic of what you see in each picture. Remembe~ to use the colours and prepositions you have learnt,
..
_-_ .._.-._._---_._---------
..
__ .._--
-------
- ....
_-_
.. _-------
J
~
- --_. _.-
_._-----------
r~~-----------------'------__----_L'-'-----------------------~, ~
2
--------------------
_-
._----------
--_ .. --_ ..
---_ ... _.
..
..
..
__ ._-
~ ~
------------
--------
'".-.-~------
--------------3
-------
.-
..
._-_._---_
....
-_
..
......
--_
.._ ..
__ .. _
-_ .. _.__ ._------
... -~--,
...
----.-.---~-------------___.
27
~l
.,,;.~ ~,U
(:v.
'r>~'
,t#l
1~.t.~1
h ..... ~,
~!,.h
Who is
I•J
?
•
I
20 far, we hO\/8 leo rnt how to ask 'What ~s",? using the word
o ..-
Y L.o
_..
~~
~ ~~
.r"
'"
1 h
/'
j4
,...
'"
.,
.,
.. ~
-.
,.= ~ OJ
e~,..urun '~)'
., ,
.........
oh .r"
...
Exerctse· 22: Folio\tJi~g the examples above, wrtte appropriate questions and answers on the Hnes
-~
~ ........
orovidea
..... _'~.':._~
..
--~~~----------4
-_._-_
..
_-
_._-
_..
...
._._--
r............,---------------------r
~
I ___~-------L
29
Dialogue 1
vocobutorv •
'i.-.
Lord
""
Altoh
The Creator
.1,9I~
Prophet
Religion Islam
Enemy
Satan (Shay tan)
-~ -:- .. _ l
"
.~.;
..
......,~~J.
. .~ ,Ld!;
.= .:;
ir
..
.,
~ »: ~
l)
,..
,,_,.____""""'"
l
I
i ~i~.A.\~
"
Allah is the Creator. Who is your Prophet? Muhammad (may the blessing and peace of Allah be upon hlrn.)
~ W\
Ji:.i
-:
What is your rengion? My rehgion is Islam, Who is your enemy? My enemy is Satan,
..
: ~J.Jt.A..J \
::_-j ,
.;, I'
. 0\,6..;_~;j ~ \
30
.... c~
~j/
j J>.
, .-~~y----.~... ~--.---------------.,
.... ----------------------,
D~rection of prayer
..".~ 0
Towards (preposition)
The Ka'bah
Noble Makka~1
Enlightened ~Ylosque Modinah
Jeruso.em Palestine
r . ~ ...
:.
j,;::
~:...J
towords
1
the Ka 'bah.
~-..:
: -. : ..........
I ~ .~"""
,1- •
~:-!rv~akkah
ol-Mukorrornoh.
..
.
...
: ~\
~ .... Jio
~ -: jl
~~
t -.
tl
in Palestine,
31
Vocabulary
i have
..........
)0
oJ:
jI
1 ,}
...
,.'
..
.....
_.4~~i -....> ._
...
;;s: t
j!
f.
,
I
Khalid
; j
~~
.~
...;I
lt~,
_.. ~ ,
t
if'
;}
from
Exercise 23:
~---~----------------------------.-----
Translate the following passage into Arabic on the lines provlced example above to help you,
I
!
...
I My
j
l__
name IS vosrnm 1 have a brother. His name is Jolol, My father is tall and thin, His name is KhaHd and he is a teacher in rny school, My mother (she) is a nurse in the hospital. She is a short and beoutitu: woman, Her nome is I have a friend. Her name is Fatima,
~ --•. ~. ,, __ .~ __ .."--._-,_.
:
LO'/L.J,
t ! 1
__
.....
...
....
_...
.....
__
.....
_--_
..
----------------------------_..
...
.._-------_....
.....
..
__
...
_-------_
..
_--_._.
__
_ ..
1--------
.-
-----
_ __ ...--- _
.. ..
....
-_ .._._-_.-
... - ...
·i
. __ ..
_---_._.-
...
----------------_._-----------
_ _. ---_. __
....
...
I i
1
i
I------.~.,-------------
----_._
....
__ - -_
.
... _
. - ..... __ .
c---' ..
-.. _-_.-
._--- .. _-
..
_--_
...
..
_---_._--_
.. _ ...
__
...
_----_._._-_._--_
....
·····-f
------
--.,.-
~~~
--
----------_.-
..
_
.......
...
...
_-----
-------~
... ,-
-.... _ .
-------------_
_ .._
_....
,
i
!
..
_-------
_ ..
_--_--
-~-~-~--.
..
_---_.
__
._._._.....
...
.----
.. -.--..
i ~ ~ .-!1
I
1----------_
..
-----_
.....
------------
---------
...
.......... -.....---------------------------------~~-_____,__..,-y.--.... ~
32
My ItOOm
vocobulorv
. .,,:;l
.:
"
~':;)
.. ::=
....
..
.'
..
~.'
-....::~.>....:.: :
....
/0 j.
..
.;.y:E:?:'}'j;~f;:"j,:',.,\·J~Ji>:;}' ,
:."':"'::"':.:-': ~~~~':. .... -:·~""t;.;1.' " ~: . -: >~./.~
...• '. " " . ~ ....,' I' ..... :",'-'
.'
:--
"v '
'{i00cen
'~ Qdj .)
..
•
_..
;iong;n,-;< I, ."
!':;:1
vl
,;.,.......
~ ~/;:
y~l>j
'~f
,0 ...-'./
;. ~'lit· ~ . u
r',~
'.
no-orr ..\
.• -.. 1 .~).,) I
v:
~
.. "" ..
')'~'
",..
0
~.
.p. ... -0
.j.
jl
~,,~
~~
~~.....
~l;Jj ~\.j
.......... 0 .....
C.1~JJ ,~~
""
.....
jI ...
.0
'I.i
~~J
.... 0
'"
·y,.') '-?_.,..:. _r
t-. 'LT :._"
~d "n r ,.:::::,
'L._ ;j~...... L
_.. ......
r-~
J
O·
Exercise 24:
L-........~~
.---~~.-.
-.~- -_ .. ....
-------------_
..
_ ......
_--
--_
....
_. -------------
-_ ... _----
._----_._---
...
_---------------
!
[
L_~_.. .~~ _
.._.. ~~ __
---------.-----------.,I
33
Exercise 25:
Look carefully at the plcture below, Use the lines to wrIte a description in t><~'ut,i,-', Of what you se.e in the olcture
-----~
,'" ..
._.",.
_.
"
~ ..
',
"
"
"
------.~-------.-------
Exercise 26:
Have a go of describing your own bedroom in Arabic! Don't forget to use adjectives, jnc~udingcolours, that you have teornt .
SG;~
<:~ r_~~~:.{...
.__ .... -
--_._--
----------_.-
... -
_.
------------------------------_
...
34
Femintne Nouns
Ij.iI. _..... 0
Masculine Nouns
."st
.;)
.,.
,.'
o~ __.
,S!.
/
.to
....
eye
body
~3;
head face
Y
I
lJ,~
"
ear
J~~
•
..
• .c
chest
~.
~
: ' (]("(J .:
....
~ .........
J..,; ~
~
lip
.. ..
~ ~
stomach
nose cheek
i ...
J·~J
i
f
tooth
~
.~
...
...
....
~".,
arm
VI ......
.J..! \
~
-...I
tongue
~LJ
shoulder
...
mouth
v:. .....q s
~~ ~
_,jl"...,
forehead
..
elbow
~.-
tongue
~ ~ _._-
Note t(~c~'me ny (though not aU) of the parts of :'r:8 t>~Y.1V mot occur 1npairs are feminine.
.. ,~"""" __ "",,,
wrist
_.r
.;,
......4~ .
chin
...
E)(erClSe 27:
':~ .. :.) y' .~';;; :~' " .[ "'i-:1 j 0~:.)\i'/\ng phrases
thumb
neck
into Arabic, Make '~',,:t:. ~~':t,} G(~:.'-9(::i"'·8S agree ... with the nouns, You '···-·QV Ch0C·_>~ whether to treat tongue and arm as 1"···.. :rlS(':i._nine 01' feminine nouns,
: . A .,. !C~,I""";('i ':;;l'
finger
back
toce ...........
___
yo
•••
--_
....
_-_
...
:"'ead , ' .
J_I .
" So'
f"-
8, p, \~'hi:~:; ooth t
C
•
.............
r. ':::r'·'"";ali rnoutn
I I. I
'1..1 ~
.L
n,""
...... 'I
hln
1.
___
..
.....
35
0\
,.
or ~
....
to a sinqulor noun,
You will learn later In the series when to use each of these two duo! endings,
1i "...
For example,
'--'~
..
\0
i.e.
.. 0
.:; or
as In
4_~~-,,;'
.... ~
..
Exercise 28:
r-----------~------------~--------------~------------~----~----~~~~~~~ i
0/
Dual ~
Duat
~\
Singular
VI
Dual
c"...
c=
*- ~
Dual
~\
Slngu!ar
V
_..
e:
- -- - -----t--------- .-.
... ---.-.~.-.. .. . ..
----_
1---------_
.. _....-
-.. -
... .
,II
...---------t----------- -... -
~---------+-------
.. .. A _-_ -~~~---1-----...
~4
...
.,;,......'
:,~"" .'.
......
: ....~
~~
1'--.----. -...-. . -- -... .. - - .. ---.-----1--
~~ =-----'=--=------+-----.;.,..
_..
! I·
--_._._--
--- - -
_.....
....~
.:.-~. f J ·"".r..J ~
,_q
,.
\ -r""
~~~
.-..
-'\.: __ + __ ------1----
.. ,..a._.... ~
'"
",i,.
...I • t
.- .......
~~.
'----
.. ----,)-~--f-----
36
~~
oh , 'h
to
sfn.gulcH nouns, \Vhen referring to two objects or people. these words must take the following dual forms:
c
Dual
(Those
;",..i .....
.~
.r
i DuaJ 0\ t
I
0 .....
,.
Singular
(That isl m.& t.)
Dual
~ ,...
rNO
are)
Dual
0\
Singular
(This is,m.& f.)
r
~
.
....
---_._------
~!....~~
_,
r:
:~./
I
,
--- ...- .. -
~\~
F
....
:~JJ~
,
0
",.
--- r-
_~_ ..._:..~J....A
,..
0/
0.......... ~
_.-
\}A -~ .....
--.....----
f,
I. .---.0----
... ~ .--
...-
&\J
r'
.~,-.
....
...
........
...
~.-J~
.....
~l;~_
""
, ,
'"
.....
..
-- ._--
o~
.... ....
Exercise 29;
Complete the table below, following the example of the first four lines,
Duaf
01
_..
Singular
(This Is/That Is)
-_ .
..
..
, 0~
.,
..- ~ ..... ;.
lJ~~
F
"" ~
...
,-~
oVZ ..... ~ ..... ,J
-
\~
..
. _ ..
....
-_._
. 0~ __ .-----_.
......
,r
~.'
~./
---
JJ_\jLA -- - ",.
.... ..-
_ ....
~ • --
o~ - .._.
,.-"
~ '"
.-
...
_- ----- ._ .... •
JL. L, ~\~
jl
-'"
",.
...
..,.,._ .......
./
~~ ~ ~ ..... y.
/
~ ~
~,~
/'" .
"
...
0-
-_._... _-..
"..
~\j
,F
.....
_. _.
.._ .
~ .....
--.....
•~
~
.,
-_ ..
__
..""
F
... _._.
__
...
__ ... -_ ... _
... _.
--- ..
..
---_._--
--
.(~~
(~
..
r-
.,JI .....
...
._
---
---
..
- _.
..
._ ..
~ ~~ .... ~
......
.. o J..;b
F
----
.-
._--
- .. - -~ ... .....
_ ..
'"
'"
".
,..
~~
~~
.....
._ ....
~,r
'"
....
.~
----------
'
...
-_ ..
._---
....
.-
~-W?~_
....
...
37
Dual Adjectives
We have already
have to agree
-li....
0...J'"!-'_~
~
....
W,
f..,
__. ~
<"
.,sI
C: ,.,
C._,___j
M~
An adjective describing a noun in the dual form must also take the same dual ending as th:.7 describes, e.o. two big houses:
:-10;.11' :~
Note that for ternininc colours ending in - e.q. one white ruler: two white rulers:
~\
\r the du~:
Exercise 30:
Translate the Eng!ish first into the singular Aroblc torrn, and then into the two dual in the table bstow, The first one has been done for you,
fOrfY';$
of ~t·'8
Dual
0...
....
,j!.
".
Dual
"""
,r'/
0'
•
Singular
~ -"" ~
~~~
yJJJ
~ -,.._. -
JJ ~
h'
boy ,_...." ._
A smS!_j.i __gl~(.. _
.__
-----+---------------t--~----------.~
...-~
------_
-----_
..... _, ,...,.
.. ...
- .-... _...
I
.
I
~ ~
..
1------------+-----_._-----_.
---
.+---1
A +h'!n . __
------i~
~
II
._ _._. __ .
..1
---+---_._------_
..
----1
... __..... .__ _
I
"
j
J
...----
------
,------.
+--
.._._ ._
.--1----------
A sio~_:t_()r!o:£;s
j
j
j
38
N~
we 0U"4a ~u;~ln.
As
and m~ ~
~
The Plural
n-ermo."1ed
~&
;Of ~.u1af}
me
starts from the number three. There are three plurol, the sound (or regular) feminine plural.
plural.
1he~~
ihe~!f!.t~
~'C!."~~
Plural
·f"!"-~n:~ti~nEf pIura! fs relotivelv easy to learn, As far os nouns are concerned. the sound masculine ~ be- U::ed for mole human belnos. on the whole, It can also be used to form many odlectlves.
or ~
Muslim (men):
patient
MusHm (men):
Lr.-
The new words below can all take the sound masculine ono D-'e'r· t:y trfe exefc~se at the beginning of the next page,
~ ~~"'!..~~'i:-i.:.r..Ir""""""""'_··
Vocabulary:
plural endings,
~ ~
f.
j\djectives
~L:~
"i
!.J ~
bell'ever
I
_4 ~
Lo
UJ
icmei8SS
~
~
~
cook. chef
~
t~
~ ...
Muslim
.~ ~ .. jl -
;-J t
L
.pi
.-.,
...
truth
I ........
barber
. 1. v~. "J\.>-
rnuezzin
0~y
'J,i ~..,
f,': :,1.,.4:
pilot
butcher
\:.>JJ.
sailor
baker
1·("·n-~(-, I(_
~I '. ) .~ ...
radio/TV presenter
grocer
policeman
toller
driver ..chauffeur
teacher
~--~~.~=-~----------~----------------------------------------------------~
39
r-------------------~------------------~--------------~----~~--~~~~~
Plural Plural Singular
...'J,.9; ~
0 _;
__ ~_~.
....
1----....
I
_fa_m_,9_~sP!6S'f:i~ '-----
--+-
I
1
~ ~ ~ ~
t------------+-------.-.--.-.,,~--+-------".---+
A careless borber
I'-------------+--------------+----
-------+----'I-
.,...___._._,
... _ .....
---+----
_ __ .. .... _.
I
t
f.
A deceltfu_i_ g,-Y:8'
___.
_._-------
---------+----_._-_.
-.~~..
---------_
An unknown
1:---
.---.--.
- ---t---------···----------If----·
---
... ~
..-1
!
~
.,..__-----------+------
.--. ----.-----i---------.--.
........ -··-·--··1 ~
.J
u\
_.-
or
u'
v: ,.-
.t.o._L.._.o
::J
jI
Mus~im (women):
Vt__.. .LL~ or ~
w~
....
c.
;;
o_r;~
,. ~ _.. ~
,_J
A new frldge:
o~~
~'YU
new fridges:
').Ii: ,.
0~ ~
"..
~ ~ 'J0
...:;:;.---
or
~t:·-~
~
\
...
~.':
An explonotlon
of when to use
0\
w\
40
irregular plurat ~sone of the more challenging areas of fearning Arabic, The plurals of some './vorOs t("1u! are s!mj~ar in structure may follow a common pottern, and the student will learn to recognise >"'S'se experience. For now. It 's best if you learn each plural olonqslde its singular form, The plurals of most cr the irregular nouns and odlectlves you have learned so far in this book are given below along Vv lth tro-9=r singular,
·~~'!-;-~'I
I
-----------'--~------~------~----------~------------------------------------~------~ I '
P~ural
! i i
Singular
Plural
i Singular
,
Plural
Singular
.....
stomachs
girls
fathers
sons
'--
.e
} .: liciss
;
~ ~ ~
houses
..
~ ....
thumbs
bears
..
brothers
: 8xe!('+~:~~ bOOkS i
i
sisters
ears
!
~ ....r'
rabbits
~\.Jl
.r"
i ~ ..... i ~J1
.
0 ...
j -, ~h: ns ~
~
t
nons
famiHes
: ·-~e:.:~Cr.~
,
j~1
oVI
camels socks
...
~ "..:vi \: =-3S
•
i) ,. ~
_,
names
Y)_r':-
fingers
. (JJ
_.~
scarves shoes
belts
women mothers
~kj\ ,~
J~)_r-H
noses
.,!il
...
horses
doors
._)L. .
....
bags
cheeks
...
parrots
oranges
41
Pfural
Singular
PI.ural
~ ...
Singular
,Jl,.-
P!urCi
'J.'il: _...
S~!!"J·.: (F
;/
J.
I
t
~.....
...
.J
;;: ...
'~~'. .
mosques
rulers
monkeys
ships
devils
..
4.:WA,...,'<I
1.~
\
;
troms cats
~'jG4-:'" !
II':' :
0··.
lamps
rockets
,
, ,~~
~ ..E-"./ -
L.....,;I ~
wrists
...~r 1~.
A
I:..·· ",
1 ,., ....,.,_.,.,:.'I
hearts
cbests
j
~I .... i
~ ~.,._.,._, P
".'
"
,_jI:
.r
coats
keys
scissors desks cubes
pens
,;_\j~~\
....
"ra-'
: .... ~·_-·l~
'"T
)I
,...' ...
shuts
boxes
frogs
Ioa. ...
.~~~
~~'~~\
....
=:-0
...
,'_'
!
,
0t:.a~ ,
...
books
.~ c~,_.i..,.;, I
!
r
shoulders
choirs
~
(}
doctors
backs
~
.....
0/
stars
'l$
'"
dogs
J'
......... enemies -C
phones
pvromlds
~\....b
.,Ji
tongues
colours
Ow
....
.~::"
,-'}r.
rooms
,;.;_-~ ",,",. ~
.I
?: e ,.-
!
~ ~
. Y.
;-
~}
necks
"~
',_._.-
~~!.
'"
faces
triangles
J~
~''''-:
;.:.
r i
F
.~
~
. .. ~.
.,"~i ~ ~
-,.Q. -'
~ .....
-'
boys hands
:
mirrors
mouths
!
'Ill!
;~Ii
' t
,
:
squares
~--------~--------~--------~----------~--------~--------._------------------------------.
~
.~ r
\.:..A.~+J ..J
,...;:;i .... J!
_A
":'.'r.
elephants
:.., J......,_ !
I ~!
,
These are usually used for describing male human beings. Uss
plural
,~O~;H'j
to describe
des(:!~~)8
Examples
Tall boys
...
r---~----......,...--------r----~---~------~------~."""""'_"""'''''''-'~~
r
Tall girls
Plural Singular F)I'Lj'r"'! Singular ..v' I Pfuraj I-----+-------+-------+-----.....__-------t---------~--,- .. ._-. i '\:II tal! small: J~
...
.....
.u
Long pens
fat
~
new
snort
)L-~;',i'
long rulers
.... ....
thin
~ ~i
J~
.-
fast
~ ~ -----__ --~~
bfg
----------------J ~
...
42
~'..-' ::>
W<:_~ 0C1vecome
'~, ~:'iernonsrrotlve
""':", :~;""IQtj!();
t:::::rrw"~ine emonstrative d
pronouns
.o.....lA. and
~~
~
')l.a.
,... ,...
h
,... G
.....
. uL;\Jj ~
~ o'T<:"<1;-5
'~"~':, J!, .
"Inese ore" and is used both for masculine and feminine people,
.I'
.J
~, moons "Those are" and is also used both for masculine and feminine people,
~
~ul;_; ~
..... ,,:rQ ~
'"
_..;
.~~
... _...,...
~)'
".
1Si
~.:>
'11-
J~'" jlb
_...
~~))tGWJl
..-
rO"...
...;.
.~w,~~~~ ..
, <,:: ('",
.;~~T~~~
'" '"
;. ~..-.fl"..
.'
, •. -).
r: -r-
. ;':."":'"
rr,
,st
,...~...-
~..,
...
.U~~j'
'"
.CJ~
~J1
...
...
,;
"-'---'-"-~'--------r----------"'-------~-------------------, f
~
Dual
Singular
t ,=----~----------r------------+_-----------_4---------------------~
,
j
~~y~r o~
~J./?,...
...
-'
...
to
l.
. -... ~
.........__
43
Study the rules governing demonstrative pronouns on the previous pages coretullv Ther; copy out each word from the box at the bottom of the page under the correct heading In the tobie below, There are fourteen appropriate words for each column heading. Your mission is to find themi
Exercise 32:
~-----_""'-------"""+-------------____"'---1r-------_"",_----~-"~.. ~~.~
i f
j
~
",.
1
j,
1----------------
~------
.~,
--- - _. ..
--
...
_-_.
..
._-
.~
..
0~
.;_
..
_.
. ...
---_
..-·-····4
~ . ~
31
1
-----"-~---.--.--.- ------~--... ----1--------_._ .. ---.-.-------.- -.
41
I
,
---_._
..
_-
...---~.-.-~-+--------.---
, -..- . ...
----_
..
_--_._
··_·---1
..
5J
....
_._--------_
... - ..-
-------------_._------_.
__ _
..
----.--"
--_._.-----.1-----------------+--
. - . - _.
.-
....
--.-
f..---.- ..-.
". -.-
•••
----------,
i
c-.
.J
i
j
.
--+--------------
-----+------------------_
.. .. __ _---_ ...
"inl
•i
I ,-'
..
--_. ... __ ------. --------I:-----~--
---------_._
.. _ ..
-_ ..... __ .. _-
._-
-----.--~.-"'.
~..
--------
._---------_
l 1~.
• t...r" ~
~ Ii·-1· ~ -,
--~--.+---..j
'---------------____.--------------__.__--------------,.--~
--------------___....--------------------,_---~--....,___--.'
.pi
...
........
~L . .
"P:,...
"..
~jI
£.
,...
CI
.Jl
0~
,... ,A ....
...
....
--'.."'
-li
.,
". .)I ~-
.~-:
~;:~
~\)~
~
:iJ .....
~ ....~. ~~ ~
.:-
J~
.,_Q
...
~;,e .. J,._...=-=
0.-
4....:_&
\J1 ...- 0
...
.. ...
Q .JJ
....
""
~,.? ..
~ V!! ....,!l
.)~
)
~~~I
~ ~
J
s J ... ...
!
£.
I
I i
_r-
- 0. ....
....
-Vi! ....
r~
"
~
Q_:)~""
~~J
...
~~~ . ,
.............
___
,
./ /
44
~~_~~Ii¥~
i;Iogb""JIHhI>~~ I~"
~1·~hQ\Ie~aiQ~rOfffi!..~
LO~l!;I!;:Mn~l1lllQ:l~r>i"lClhE!m
iI1!!booi':._WI
"..-
....
...
OO"i-Plr bv
2 3
<'!
fill ~
"em,
~.:,
y-oo ~~ ~I~
.'
ide!l._ 0
M<lI1'I
~~"
i>-b-~ i, - "'
:,,_,._,~
!
'1""
;;Ii
li)rtTo>"nd.Di",~
.)G~ ,:,lCj~
,~,
Dh\I<tll"",
'~Gs
~"""'1I·iQ""I>';MT~"iP'~bQI1l:·
~")J
riII ..
~.. ,do ,
,,:....~
~)
t
..
' ti,]1
6
(l i.'-" ~, .... -~"""' .. ~~.. ,.-_, ,.... .
..
ill;
~'
.~ .
~
Q
I~-~"" ...""",,,,
'7
!)l
~ ~~
,~
~;
~ ~
!;
"
~--W y.'
~ ~ ..
'~'
cr:
JW ~ ~
'f
90... ",r
~
retm 01
..".j".;:]Tj
uMtd ..... I'IeA re:rertin(l mollhe ~'I\Jr"" O'! ni.J!!.,t!Bn! i! ~ ~~ ~nQ\)J'i11 Tho~ _1;lo3·,n i!>9!!~1'cr1l!.
fOul'l1bo!tl, [l
i!rlO i"'a~~'·~'l:iff13
"~g.r.-.g' coo
~
~tgr/I 11}~n ~
11;1 ~~
~ ~
, ~
.. .
reiarOfiQ let
Qf"1l
W!II
~Q
;?
"',
'I.
"
1....."I:<;I"""o(II'I.tI>Q~<l'iQll'T'Q.
Exercise 33: Complete the tobie below uSing the correct masculine and feminfne word nurt<?,rs.
r---------~I----------;----.......---------------·-·,I
- Fe.m~
Mosc,
feml
Masc.
i
1
A
--
1.
--:-',~
,,-.
.:._
--~-
-----_.
__
... ,.-.~-.-.-
I
, ,
i ~ ~------------_.------------------~------------------~~------~.----~~
.J_.
._-------
Exercise 34: Count the number of items in each picture and write a phrase in Arabic to describe
you see following the pattern of the example provided,
\Nf"lO:
/////
"""~"
3
,..,.....; /
~..
»: ./
.---------------~~
~~~~
.
i
"~~
..___-------------,--
7' r
46
i~-~~~··~
Nurilbefs in Use
·lIi;S~'P9 ~
tHO
rok'ohs
-~neAfternoon Prayer: four rokohs The Sunset Prayer: three rok'ohs "r'""~-p~ ."B. ,l~ f't-]
-··'fn i8ye!,
:..JUt.. ra k' a h s
":i ,_.,:., ~ ..
~ ,. ~
-------......1
---.-.~-------~---~-------
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Sunday
Monday
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Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
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Friday
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Saturday
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47
We have created you all out of a mole and a female, and have made you into nations and Tr:t)8s. so that you might come to know one another, Verily. the noblest of you in the sight of God is the one who lsmost deeply conscious of Him, (Suraf al-Huiutot, ayah 13)
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Selected Countries
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-I am from Jordan,
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I am Jordanian. Malaysia
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Indonesia Niger,a
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Senegal Kenya
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Exercise 35:
1,
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Britain
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Where is he from? He tS from Iraq. He is lroq! Where is she from? 1 She is from Syria. She is Syrian.
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Paiestine
Syria
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England 2,
Scotland lrelono Americo Canada Australia
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Lebanon
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4,
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Sudan
Alqerio Morocco
Tunisia
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6,
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China Japan
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Where are you (f.) from? j am from Egypt. l am Egyptian, Where are you (rn.) from? I am from Pak'stan. J am Pakistani.
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Turkey
8.
France
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48