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EvaluationofUnderfloorAirDistribution andDisplacementVentilationSystems
ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity AESeniorThesisPresentation,Spring2008 AE Senior Thesis Presentation Spring 2008

JasonA.Witterman
MechanicalOption
FacultyAdvisor: acu ty d so WilliamBahnfleth,PhD,P.E.

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Outline O li
BuildingBackgroundandExistingMechanicalConditions MechanicalRedesign AccessFloorDesignBreadth AcousticalBreadth Conclusions C l i

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Terminal3Background T i l B k d
Location LasVegas,NV Las Vegas NV Owner ClarkCounty Clark County DepartmentofAviation Size 1.8MillionSF Construction April2007 Mid2012

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ExistingMechanicalConditions E i i M h i lC di i
Waterside ( ) , (5)2,200toncentrifugalchillers g
Variableprimaryflow

(6)21,000MBHwatertubeboilers Airside (88)airhandlingunits

15,00055,000CFM

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Outline O li
BuildingBackgroundandExistingMechanicalConditions MechanicalRedesign
Introduction Goalsandapplications Revisedloadcalculations Ventilationmodifications Ventilation modifications NewSAquantitiesandtemperatures Systemequipment Initialcostimpacts l Annualenergyconsumptionandcost

AccessFloorDesignBreadth g AcousticalBreadth Conclusions

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MechanicalRedesignIntroduction M h i lR d i I d i
Focusonlevel2airside 14gateholdroomsandadjacentconcourse g j Area170,250SF Ceilingslopesfrom126abovefinishedfloorto306

Level2KeyPlan

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InteriorRendering

InteriorRenderingofRedesignedArea(CourtesyPGAL,LLC)

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MechanicalRedesignIntroduction M h i lR d i I d i
Existingsystemisatraditionaloverheadmixingtype VAVsystemservedby11airhandlingunits y y g Linearceilingdiffusersinholdrooms Sidewalljetnozzlediffusersinairsideconcourse

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RedesignGoals R d i G l
Createacomfortableindoorenvironment Thermalcomfort Indoorairquality Minimizeenergyconsumption Reduceannualoperatingcosts

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SystemApplications S A li i
PotentialBenefitsofUFADandDVSystems Betterventilationeffectiveness ReducedSAquantities Increasedeconomizeroperation UFADreservedforholdrooms Concealfloordiffusers DVusedinairsideconcourse Lowsidewalldiffusers

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RevisedLoadCalculations R i dL dC l l i
Mustseparateoccupiedandunoccupiedzoneloads: Occupiedzoneextends68feetabovethefloor p
LoadsmustbeconditionedthroughSAtothespace

Unoccupiedzoneisabovetheoccupiedzone
StratificationeliminatesneedforSAtothiszone

Coilmuststillhandlebothloadtypes Therearemanydifferentopinionsonthepercentageofload transferredtoeachzone.

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RevisedLoadCalculations R i dL dC l l i
TheUFADloadfactorsusedfortheredesignarebasedon p variousASHRAEpublications.
OccupiedZoneLoadFactors OccupiedZoneLoad Occupied Zone Load ComponentofLoad AccordingtoVariousResearch FactorUsedforDesign Minimum Maximum 0.65 0.75 0.75 Occupants Lights(Fluorescent) Lights (Fluorescent) 0.60 0 60 0.70 0 70 0.67 0 67 Equipment 0.67 0.70 0.67 EnvelopeConduction 0.70 0.82 0.77 EnvelopeSolar 0.70 1.00 1.00

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RevisedLoadCalculations R i dL dC l l i
TheDVloadfactorsusedfortheredesignarebasedonthe g ASHRAEDesignGuide.
OccupiedZoneLoadFactors OccupiedZoneLoad Occupied Zone Load ComponentofLoad AccordingtoVariousResearch FactorUsedforDesign Minimum Maximum 0.295 0.670 0.295 Occupants Lights(Fluorescent) Lights (Fluorescent) 0.132 0 132 0.500 0 500 0.132 0 132 Equipment 0.295 0.500 0.295 EnvelopeConduction 0.185 0.820 0.185 EnvelopeSolar 0.185 1.000 0.185

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RevisedLoadCalculations R i dL dC l l i
Combinedresultsindicate50%reductioninloadforthe p occupiedzone.
SystemType System Type UnderfloorAirDistribution DisplacementVentilation Total TraditionalLoad RedesignedLoad Difference [BTU/HR] / [BTU/HR] / [BTU/HR] / 3,305,705 2,579,315 726,390 3,689,920 877,487 2,812,433 6,995,625 6 995 625 3,456,802 3,538,823 3 456 802 3 538 823

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VentilationModifications V il i M difi i
Minimumoutdoorairflowratescalculatedinaccordancewith ASHRAEStandard62.12007. Breathingzoneoutdoorairflowrate(VBZ)remainsunchanged Zoneairdistributioneffectiveness(EZ)varies
EZ =1.0forexistingsystems EZ =1.2forredesignedsystems

Consequently,zoneoutdoorairflow(VOZ) i C tl td i fl (V )varies
& VOZ & VBZ = EZ
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VentilationModifications V il i M difi i
Increasedventilationeffectivenessandrezoningallowsfor40% reductioninzoneoutdoorairflowsatlouver.
SystemType System Type ExisitngOverheadSystems RedesignedUFADandDVSystems Difference Vot,OutdoorAirIntakeFlow Required[CFM] 129,760 77,083 52,677 52 677

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SAQuantitiesandTemperatures(UFAD) SAQ i i dT (UFAD)

HigherUFADSAtemperaturesarerequiredtomaintainthermal comfortinthespace. p MinimumadvisableSAtemperatureis64F Airtemperatureincreases47Fdirectlyaboveflooroutlets ASHRAEStandard55
Maximum5Fgradientbetweenankleandhead

CalculationsassumeSAtemperatureof65FforUFADsystems

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SAQuantitiesandTemperatures(UFAD) SAQ i i dT (UFAD)

Supplyairquantitiescalculatedusingoccupiedzoneloadsonly:
QTotal ,OccupiedZone [ BTU / HR ] & VCool, UFAD [CFM ] = (1.08) (TSetpo int TSA [ F ])

Returnairtemperaturesbasedontotalspaceload:
QT l [ BTU / HR ] Total TRA [ F ] = TSA [ F ] + & (1.08) (VSA [CFM ])

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SAQuantitiesandTemperatures(DV) SAQ i i dT (DV)

HigherSAtemperaturesarealsorequiredforDVsystems, thoughtheymustactuallybecalculated. g y y Airsuppliedslightlyabovethefloor Occupantsmoresensitivetotemperaturefromlower velocities

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SAQuantitiesandTemperatures(DV) SAQ i i dT (DV)

Supplyairquantitiescalculatedusingoccupiedzoneloadsonly:
QTotal ,OccupiedZone [ BTU / HR ] & VCool, UFAD [CFM ] = (1.08) (Thf [ F ])

Supplyandreturnairtemperaturesbasedontotalspaceload:
TSA [ F ] = TSetpo int [ F ] Thf [ F ] & [ CFM ] )2 + (1.08) ( A[ SF ] ) (V [ CFM ]) & (2.33) (VSA SA A[ SF ] QTotal [ BTU / HR ]

QT t l [ BTU / HR ] Total TRA [ F ] = TSA [ F ] + & (1.08) (VSA [CFM ])

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SAQuantitiesandTemperatures SAQ i i dT
HigherSAflowratesarerequiredforbothsystemtypes. LowerTforredesignedsystems Notenoughreductioninoccupiedzoneloads
SystemType System Type UnderfloorAirDistribution DisplacementVentilation Total ExistingSupplyAir RedesignedSupply Difference FlowRate[CFM] AirFlowRate[CFM] [CFM] 160,650 253,182 92,532 130,335 162,497 32,162 290,985 290 985 415,679 415 679 124,694 124 694

AverageSAtemperatures: 65FforbothUFADandDV AverageRAtemperatures: 80FforUFADand85FforDV

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AirHandlingEquipment Ai H dli E i
Nineadditionalairhandlingunitsarerequiredtoprovidethe increasedsupplyairquantities. pp y q Separateunitstoservevarioussystemtypes
7forUFAD,8forDV,5foroverheadmixing

Additionalspacefoundaboveegressstairs

LocationofEgressStairs

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AirHandlingEquipment Ai H dli E i
Elevatedmechanicalspace withinegressstairtowers g 456x290 8unitsservingairside concourse Upto25,000CFMeach Louverslocatedatlowroof tomaintainarchitecture

SectionThroughEgressStairs

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UFADEquipment UFADE i
Perimeterdiffusers Linearfloorgrillesprovidecooling orheating h ti UsedinSterileCirculationand alongsouthwallofholdrooms along south wall of holdrooms Interiordiffusers Roundfloorinclinedflowdiffusers Round floor inclined flow diffusers Distributorbasketsfordebris Underfloorterminalunits VAVterminalunitsforalldiffusers
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LinearFloorGrilles

RoundFloorDiffuserandBasket

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DVEquipment DVE i
Displacementdiffusers Sidewallrectangulardiffusers g Coveragearea200x200 Traditionalterminalunits VAVterminalunits Ductcoverswhennecessary Architecturalintegration

DisplacementDiffuserandCover

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InitialCostImpacts I i i lC I
Airhandlingunits Costdataisobtainedfromactualdesignestimate
SystemType ExistingSystemAirHandlingUnits RedesignedUFADandDVAirHandlingUnits TotalCostDifference TotalCostDifferenceperSF Capacity[CFM] TotalCost 460,000 $2,023,580.00 560,000 $2,740,000.00 $716,420.00 170,251 SF $4.21

UFADandDVequipment Costdataisobtainedfrommanufacturersbudgetpricing C t d t i bt i d f f t b d t i i

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InitialCostImpacts I i i lC I
Totalinitialcostdifference Airhandlingunits =$716,420.00 UFADcomponents =$104,369.36 DVcomponents DV =$230,497.22 $230 497 22 Total $1,051,287.00 Totalexistingmechanicalsystemcost$80.6million Reasonableincreasegiventotalprojectcost

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AnnualEnergyandCostImpacts A lE dC I
Economizersavings Highersupplyandreturnairtemperaturesallowforincreased g pp y p economizeroperation
Increaseof5 10FinOAtemperaturerange

Binanalysisallowsforestimateofenergysavings

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AnnualEnergyandCostImpacts A lE dC I
Economizersavings UFADsystems y
2,735,358,255BTU/yr 39,385.4BTU/SFyr

DVsystems
2,998,765,000BTU/yr 29,650.4BTU/SFyr /

Potentialforlargesavingsinannualenergyconsumption

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AnnualEnergyandCostImpacts A lE dC I
TraneTRACEisusedtosimulatetheexistingandredesigned systemstakingintoaccount: y g Economizeroperation Outdoorairflowrates Supplyairflowrates Otherfactors
Zoning Fanstatic etc.

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AnnualEnergyandCostImpacts A lE dC I
Annualoperatingcosts
Utility ExistingSystem Electricity NaturalGas ExistingSystemAnnualCost RedesignedSystem Electricity NaturalGas RedesignedSystemAnnualCost TotalDifferenceBetweenSystems AnnualCost [$/yr] $627,893 $5,227 $633,120 AnnualCostper Annual Cost per SquareFoot [$/(SF*yr)] $3.69 $0.03 $3.72

$778,054 $ , $13,707 $791,761 $158,641

$4.57 $ $0.08 $4.65 $0.93

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AnnualEnergyandCostImpacts A lE dC I
TRACEactuallyindicatesanincreaseinenergyconsumption: Increaseof$0.93perSFyrinareaoffocus $ p y Increaseof$0.09perSFyrforthetotalbuildingarea Again,reasonableincreasesgivenbuildingsize

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Outline O li
BuildingBackgroundandExistingMechanicalConditions MechanicalRedesign AccessFloorDesignBreadth AcousticalBreadth Conclusions C l i

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AccessFloorBreadth A Fl B d h
RequiredforimplementationofUFADsystem Plenumheightof10to16 Maintaincarpetfinish
LineNumber ItemDescription Quantity Unit 096913.10 AccessFloors Panels,particleboardorsteel,1250#load,no 69,451 SF 0250 covering;Over6,000SF 0600 Forcarpetcovering,add For carpet covering, add 69,451 SF 0910 Forsnaponstrignersystem,add 69,451 SF 1050 Pedestals 17,365 Each MinusExistingCarpet 69,451 SF l Total AdjustedForLocation(0.989) TotalPerSquareFoot TotalCost $316,696.56 $576,443.30 $139,596.51 $257,870.25 $296,555.77 $994,050.85 $994 050 85 $983,116.29 $14.16

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AccessFloorBreadth A Fl B d h
Cost $1million $ Architecturalimpacts Transitiontoconcourse Twoslabelevationsrequired Jetbridgesandbaggagehandlingdictateelevation

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Outline O li
BuildingBackgroundandExistingMechanicalConditions MechanicalRedesign AccessFloorDesignBreadth AcousticalBreadth Conclusions C l i

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AcousticalBreadth A i lB d h
Existingconditions Soundattenuatorsforsupplyandreturnductwork pp y Ductlagging Ambientnoise Highlyoccupied,transientspace Jetnoisefromexterior Fannoiselikelyminimal

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AcousticalBreadth A i lB d h
Noisecriteria(NC) Largepublicspaces,circulation g p p , NC45 TraneAcousticsProgram(TAP) Usedtomodelductlayouts Fans,ductwork,fittings,terminalunits,diffusers,etc. Criticalfanonly

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AcousticalBreadth A i lB d h
Results R lt

Supply:NC33

Return:NC31

NCGraphsforAH5RSupplyandReturnFans

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AcousticalBreadth A i lB d h
Results RedesignwithintargetNC g g Eliminateexistingattenuation Savingsofatleast$50,000ininitialcost

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Outline O li
BuildingBackgroundandExistingMechanicalConditions MechanicalRedesign AccessFloorDesignBreadth AcousticalBreadth Conclusions C l i

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FinalConclusions Fi lC l i
Initialcost Mechanical equipment q p $1,051,285 $ , , Addition of access floor $983,115 Sound attenuation $50,000 Total increase in cost $1,984,400 Annualcost Approximately $158,640 per year Botharesignificant,thoughwithinreason

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FinalConclusions Fi lC l i
Benefits IAQ i improved th d through stratification h t tifi ti Increased economizer operation Sound attenuation unnecessary Disadvantages Larger supply air quantities Additional equipment Co p e t es t Complexities with access floor oo

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FinalConclusions Fi lC l i
Asdesigned,UFADandDVarelikelynotappropriateforthese spacesinTerminal3. p Supplyairquantitiesmustbeminimized Reduced fan energy Lower annual cost Reduced equipment Lower initial cost

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FinalConclusions Fi lC l i
StrategiestoreduceSAquantities Use sensible cooling panels gp Reduce solar load transmission Betterapplications Less densely occupied areas Interior zones Less critical areas

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Questions Q i

InteriorRenderingofRedesignedArea(CourtesyPGAL,LLC)

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