First Exam Review Sheet Key Terms Social democratic welfare state Liberal welfare state Indexation Civil

War pension system Tax expenditures Political culture Operational liberals Public opinion as thermostat Crafted talk Solid South Labor laggard Welfare capitalism Veto players Presidential government Single-member, simple plurality system Venue shopping Doctrine of nullification Interstate commerce clause Laboratories of democracy The double payment problem Negativity bias Descriptions
Social democratic welfare state - Clustered in Scandinavia (ex. Sweden). Generous in scope and benefits, and distinguished by universalism. Corporatist welfare state - Clustered in Central Europe (ex. Germany France). Based on the principle of subsidiarity (the principle that political power should be exercised by the smallest or least central unit of government) (the state is the actor of last resort). Redistributive impact negligible, primarily concerned with preservation of status differentials, shaped by church and committed to preservation of traditional family. Liberal welfare state - (U.S. UK, Canada). Means-tested assistance and/or modest universal transfer of social insurance plans (targeted and caters mainly to low income clientele). Emphasis on traditional work ethic, state encourages the market, and stigma attached to program enrollment. Family and Medical Leave Act 1993 - Many countries provide paid leave to mothers at time of childbirth, US does not. act requires unpaid leave if company is larger than 50 ppl for employee with ser injury or. Indexation - Program benefits adjust to keep up with inflation.(%% Is a technique to adjust welfare income payments by means of a price index so as to keep up the purchasing power of the public after inflation.) Means testing - Determination of whether an individual or family is eligible for help from the government. Welfare (lower tier) is means tested, Social Security (upper tier) is based on a formula. Civil War pension system - shortly after the Civil War began, Congress, in large part to attract recruits to the military, enacted legislation providing pensions for soldiers who suffered war-related disabilities, as well as the widows and orphans of soldiers killed in action. Had tremendous reach due to reach of the war

Corporatist welfare state Family and Medical Leave Act Means testing Arrears Act of 1879 The divided welfare state Classical liberalism Rational activist model Intensity problem Mothers pensions Community action Competitive federalism Arranged alliance Federalism Parliamentary government Subcommittee Bill of Rights Welfare magnet Necessary and proper clause Devolution revolution Path dependence Policy feedback Critical junctures

itself. One of first welfare efforts in US suggesting not so much a laggard as thought, it was also expanded on greatly... Arrears Act of 1879 - Allowed soldiers with newly discovered war related disabilities to sign up and collect all pension payments they would have been able to receive since 1860s. Transformed pension system into a distributive system. Tax expenditures - Departures from normal tax structure that are designed to favor specific industries, activities, or classes of persons (college tuition subsidies, charitable contributions, mortgage interest deductions, etc). Often called the "hidden" welfare state. *If subsidized and regulated by govt. should it be considered part of welfare state? The divided welfare state - Hacker argues that what is most distinctive about American social welfare practice is not the level of spending but the source. The historical development of the divided welfare state has institutionalized a set of public policies that exacerbate the inequalities present in the private sector and fail those most in need. "private benefits sometimes attempt to achieve social policy objectives. (Private benefits account for one third of all social welfare spending in the US) Political culture - the collective values and beliefs about the justification and operation of a country's government. Pattern of orientation to political action in which each political system is embedded. It helps explain the Correlation between economic development and the welfare state and the US as an outlier or a laggard (impact of liberal ideology on the US). Classical liberalism - Foundation of American polit culture, seeks to empower individuals at expense of nobility and clergy, often associated with social contract. Great emphasis on individuality. 2005 World Values survey reveals US's tendency towards individualism; helps explain lack of support for programs like welfare or unemployment that might support the lazy. (strong: Public opinion: Americans lean toward individual responsibility, Correlation between cultural traditions and social policy forms) (weak: Weak connection between broad ideals and specific policies; Americans agree on equality, disagree on what that means in terms of policy) %Operational liberals - Refers to the fact that Americans generally support limited government in the abstract but they are quite supportive of the specific social policy programs that already exist. It challenges the conventional portrayal of American public opinion and the idea that American support for social policy is limited. Rational activist model - Public exerts pressure electorally. Representatives must enact policy demands of the public or the public will elect some else who will enact those policies. ~Delegate model - In this model, constituents elect their representatives as delegates for their constituency. These delegates act only as a mouthpiece for the wishes of their constituency, and have no autonomy from the constituency. This model does not provide representatives the luxury of acting in their own conscience. Essentially, the representative acts as the voice of those who are (literally) not present. ~Believe-Sharing Model: In this model, policy-makers are not acting to heed the desires of the electorate but are acting on their own beliefs. However, the lawmaker was elected because the lawmaker shares the same beliefs as his or her constituency. This model reflects the theory of some political scientists who maintain that elections are about the candidates values and not about issues (which would be the rational actor model). ?Public opinion as thermostat - The correlation between policy innovation in one administration and before-after mood change is a strongly negative The more liberal the policy stream, the more conservative is the change in mood. Notably, the most liberal presidency (Johnsons) is associated with the greatest public reaction in the conservative direction. Similarly, the conservative presidencies of Reagan and Eisenhower moved the public in a liberal direction. (Spending ex: When government spending and activism increases, the public says too hot and demands less. When spending and activism decreases, the

public says too cold demands more.) (Approaches: National level: use aggregated measures to track change over time. State level: use aggregated measures to track variation across space) Specific policy areas: example of welfare reform. ?Intensity problem - Public opinion has its strongest impact on visible and emotional issues. Most of the opinions expressed in polls are not strongly held (Elected officials can lose support by going along with majority opinion Ex.gun control). Some parts of the public (attentive constituents) have a larger impact on policy ?+Crafted talk - (framing) suggests that a politician uses public opinion to anticipate the most alluring, language to convince the public to follow a politicians own preferred policy. Provokes Rethinking the causal relationship. Mothers pensions - From 1900 through the early 1920s, a broad array of protective labor regulations and social benefits were enacted to help adult American women as mothers or as potential mothers. The creation of the Children's Bureau and the mothers' pension act both contributed substantially to today's welfare system. The Children's Bureau made child welfare the responsibility of the Federal Government and worked to define and shape better policies. Concerning race: southern states were among the last to adopt these laws, and they made it so more "black counties" were less likely to get these, as they did not operate in all counties. Solid South - Democrats still dominated the south. Very little polit competition and norm of seniority made a strong unified south that could effectively veto any social policy. Roosevelt would later need their support (they did not disagree on moral grounds, but wanted to benefit from fed spending while resisting fed interference in regional patterns of race and labor.) (this made it so programs were less national [state control] and less inclusive of blacks, in order to get passed by south) war on poverty almost undermined by racism. Community action - the participation of the poor in framing and administering the programs designed to help them (in order to bypass state and local authorities). part of Johnson's war on poverty that had strong linkages to the civil rights movement. Labor laggard - Is in terms of the U.S.'s weak industrial unions as against the stronger European counterparts, a complete absence of a labor-based political party throughout its history and the lack of a powerful social movement demanding generous welfare state programs (as in labor party politics). Competitive federalism - Is in regards to competition between states in economic development policy, and has an implicit threat that firms will exit if they perceive they can do better elsewhere (the decision is based on ratio of taxes paid to benefits/services received) Welfare capitalism - Indicates business interests were the driving force behind social policy-making and has an emphasis on archival evidence of business support, splits between the business community and early corporate action. Arranged alliance - Occurred AFTER the New Deal: the Business community exhibited strong social support for a few years and Lawmakers acted strategically to embrace programs that would retain political support after an emergency ended. Therefore, some private programs could help parent firms gain a competitive advantage. Veto players - Individuals or collective actors whose agreement is required for a change of the status quo. The American political system includes a number of these people and thus, the system is fragmented and decentralized. Federalism - is a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units where each level: has its own set of elected officials, has

the capacity to raise revenues by means of taxation and has independent authority to pass law regulating the lives of its citizens. It is decentralized. Presidential government - System of government where: voters directly elect the nations chief executive, legislators are provided with more leeway to act as independent policy entrepreneurs, there are incentives for party loyalty & loyalty to the chief executive is reduced and is potentially more difficult for the governing party to enact its policy preferences. Parliamentary government - A system of government where: voters do not directly choose the chief executive, national assembly chooses the ministers to execute laws/policies, elections do not occur at fixed intervals and extreme party unity is the norm. Single-member, simple-plurality system - Is an electoral system in which the area is divided up into geographic district/units and the candidates who wins the most votes within their districts are elected. Subcommittee Bill of Rights - Its goal was to reduce the autocratic powers of committee chairs. Enabling this reform empowered subcommittees and it fragmented power within Congress. Venue shopping - refers to the activities of advocacy groups and policymakers who seek out a decision setting where they can air their grievances with current policy and present alternative policy proposals (in an institutional setting where they believe they are most likely to experience success). Welfare magnet - Concept that states may attract masses of welfare recipients if they offer relatively generous benefits. Doctrine of nullification - Indicates that state legislatures can invalidate an act of Congress that they feel threatens state or individual liberties. Necessary and proper clause - Also known as the elastic clause, it allows the Government of the United States to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution." Therefore, courts found that virtually any means selected by congress was constitutional. Interstate commerce clause - states that Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states. The courts took a broad view of what constituted interstate commerce. Devolution revolution - Was a largely Republican push for greater state responsibility in policy-making starting in the 1970s. The period saw officials advance decentralization as a way to respond to past failures. Laboratories of democracy - Allowed states to experiment with new ideas and develop policy innovations. Therefore, new idea could be tested in individual states and effective policies can spread to other states or to congress. Path dependence - explains how the set of decisions one faces for any given circumstance is limited by the decisions one has made in the past, even though past circumstances may no longer be relevant. Is based on peoples favoritism of a certain item which leads to a trend toward the same direction in the future. The double payment problem - The dilemma that since social security is a pay as you go system, changing the system would mean that one generation will have to fund two retirements. Therefore, transition costs would be immense so this potentially lock in the current welfare arrangements Policy feedback - States public policies are both the outcome and the causes of politics, policies with specific qualities can produce social effects that reinforce thier stability. Negativity bias - People pay more attention to and put more weight on negative experiences (there will be a strong reaction if something positive is taken away).

Critical junctures - Periods of significant change that produce distinct legacies, important, long lasting consequences.