ASSIGNMENT

Hailey College Of Banking & Finance

Submitted To

Sir Yousaf Samdani

Submitted By
Sara Javaid M10BBA036 Academic Year 2010--2014 Program--- BBA Hailey College Of Banking & Finance

ENTITY SET
An entity set is a set of entity instances. The following example will clarify this distinction: STUDENT is an entity type; a student with ID number 555-55-5555 is an entity instance; and a collection of all students is an entity set

An entity set is a set of entities of the same type (e.g., all persons having an account at a bank). Entity sets need not be disjoint. For example, the entity set employee (all employees of a bank) and the entity set customer (all customers of the bank) may have members in common.
An entity set is a logical container for instances of an entity type and instances of any type derived from that entity type. (For information about derived types, see Entity Data Model: Inheritance.)
entity is a thing in the real world with an independent existance. and entity set is collection or set all entities of a particular entity type at any point of time. take an example: a company have many employees ,and these employees are defined as entities(e1,e2,e3....) and all these entities having same attributes are defined under ENTITY TYPE employee.and set{e1,e2,.....} is called entity set. we can also understand this by an anology . entity type is like fruit which is a class .we havn't seen any "fruit"yet though we have seen instance of fruit like "apple ,banana,mango etc.hence.. fruit=entity type=EMPLOYEE apple=entity=e1 or e2 or e3 enity set= bucket of apple,banana ,mango etc={e1,e2......}

2.4.IDMS DATABASE RECORDS, RECORD TYPE, RECORD OCCURRENCES

DATABASE RECORDS : - In representing the Training Department database using anetworkstructured IDMS/R database, we begin by defining a separate databaserecord for each entity. Consider the Subject Entity and its attributes. We represent theSubject Attributes using aSubject Record and we represent each Subject Attribute as adata element within the Subject Record as shown below. Data elements are sometimescalled data items or fields. We name each data element, define its length and definethe type of data that it will contain.Subject recordsubject-idpic X(04)Subject-namepic X(10)Subject-streampic X(06)(Subject record type) RECORD TYPES VS. RECORD OCCURRENCES: There is a clear distinction between a record Type And a record Occurrence. We can think of a record type as a template. Itdescribes the format of all occurrences of a given record type that will be stored in thedatabase. Each occurrence of the Subject record type consists of a single set of valuesfor the Subject-Id, Subject-Name and Subject-Stream data elements as shown below.Subject Record typesubject-idpic X(04)Subject-namepic X(10)Subject-streampic X(06)Subject Record occurrencess002jcl IBMS003VSAM IBMS004IDMS IBM Record Type - A record type is a description of the format of the records in a conceptual file. Record Occurrence A record occurrence of a record type is a specific instance of a record of that type. Example: Record Type: WAREHOUSE WHNUMB CITY FLOORS

Record Occurrence WH1 Rock Hill 1

B U S I N E S S D A T A A N D I N F O R M A T I O N COMES
FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES. THE CHALLENGE FOR A BUSINESS IS TO CAPTURE AND USE INFORMATION THAT IS RELEVANT AND RELIABLE. THE MAIN SOURCES ARE:

INTERNAL INFORMATION ACCOUNTING RECORDS ARE A PRIME SOURCE OF INTERNAL INFORMATION. THEY DETAIL THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE BUSINESS IN THE PAST - WHICH MAY BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE (E.G. PREPARING A FINANCIAL BUDGET OR FORECAST). THE ACCOUNTING RECORDS ARE PRIMARILY USED TO RECORD WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF A BUSINESS. FOR EXAMPLE, HOW CASH IS OBTAINED AND SPENT; WHAT ASSETS ARE ACQUIRED; WHAT PROFITS OR LOSSES ARE MADE ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BUSINESS. HOWEVER, ACCOUNTING RECORDS CAN PROVIDE MUCH MORE THAN FINANCIAL INFORMATION. FOR EXAMPLE,
DETAILS OF THE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED AND DELIVERED FROM A FACTORY CAN PROVIDE USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT WHETHER QUALITY STANDARDS ARE BEING MET. DATA ANALYSED FROM CUSTOMER SALES INVOICES PROVIDES A PROFILE OF WHAT AND TO WHOM PRODUCTS ARE BEING SOLD.

A LOT OF INTERNAL INFORMATION IS CONNECTED TO ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS - BUT IS NOT DIRECTLY PART OF THEM. FOR EXAMPLE: RECORDS OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED BY THE BUSINESS (PERSONAL DETAILS; WHAT THEY GET PAID; SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE; TRAINING RECORDS) DATA ON THE COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH BUSINESS PROCESSES (E.G. COSTINGS FOR CONTRACTS ENTERED INTO BY THE BUSINESS) DATA FROM THE PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT (E.G. NUMBER OF MACHINES; CAPACITY; REPAIR RECORD) DATA FROM ACTIVITIES IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE CUSTOMER (E.G. ANALYSIS OF CALLS RECEIVED AND MISSED IN A CALL CENTRE)

A LOT OF INTERNAL INFORMATION IS ALSO PROVIDED INFORMALLY. FOR EXAMPLE, REGULAR MEETINGS OF STAFF AND MANAGEMENT WILL RESULT IN THE COMMUNICATION OF RELEVANT INFORMATION. EXTERNAL INFORMATION AS THE TERM IMPLIES, THIS IS INFORMATION THAT IS OBTAINED FROM OUTSIDE THE BUSINESS. THERE ARE SEVERAL CATEGORIES OF EXTERNAL INFORMATION:

- INFORMATION RELATING TO WAY A BUSINESS SHOULD UNDERTAKE ITS ACTIVITIES E.G. BUSINESSES NEED TO KEEP RECORDS SO THAT THEY CAN COLLECT TAXES ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT. SO A BUSINESS NEEDS TO OBTAIN REGULAR INFORMATION ABOUT THE TAXATION SYSTEM (E.G. PAYE, VAT, CORPORATION TAX) AND WHAT ACTIONS IT NEEDS TO TAKE. INCREASINGLY THIS KIND OF INFORMATION (AND THE RETURN FORMS A BUSINESS NEEDS TO SEND) IS PROVIDED IN DIGITAL FORMAT. SIMILARLY, A BUSINESS NEEDS TO BE AWARE OF KEY LEGAL AREAS (E.G. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; HEALTH & SAFETY REGULATION; EMPLOYMENT LAW). THERE IS A WHOLE PUBLISHING INDUSTRY DEVOTED TO SELLING THIS KIND OF INFORMATION TO BUSINESSES. - INFORMATION ABOUT THE MARKETS IN WHICH A BUSINESS OPERATES THIS KIND OF EXTERNAL INFORMATION IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT TO A BUSINESS. IT IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS "MARKET" OR "COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE". MOST OF THE EXTERNAL INFORMATION THAT A BUSINESS NEEDS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM MARKETING RESEARCH. MARKETING RESEARCH CAN HELP A BUSINESS DO ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING: 1. GAIN A MORE DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF CONSUMERS NEEDS MARKETING RESEARCH CAN HELP FIRMS TO DISCOVER CONSUMERS OPINIONS ON A HUGE RANGE OF ISSUES, E.G., VIEWS ON PRODUCTS PRICES, PACKAGING,
RECENT ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS

2. REDUCE THE RISK OF PRODUCT/BUSINESS FAILURE THERE IS NO GUARANTEE THAT ANY NEW IDEA WILL BE A COMMERCIAL SUCCESS, BUT ACCURATE AND UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ON THE MARKET CAN HELP A BUSINESS MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS, HOPEFULLY LEADING TO PRODUCTS THAT CONSUMERS WANT IN SUFFICIENT NUMBERS TO ACHIEVE COMMERCIAL SUCCESS. 3. FORECAST FUTURE TRENDS MARKETING RESEARCH CAN NOT ONLY PROVIDE INFORMATION REGARDING THE
CURRENT STATE OF THE MARKET BUT IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO ANTICIPATE CUSTOMER NEEDS FUTURE CUSTOMER NEEDS. FIRMS CAN THEN MAKE THE NECESSARY ADJUSTMENTS TO THEIR PRODUCT PORTFOLIOS AND LEVELS OF OUTPUT IN ORDER TO REMAIN SUCCESSFUL.

THE INFORMATION FOR MARKETING RESEARCH TENDS TO COME FROM THREE MAIN SOURCES: INTERNAL COMPANY INFORMATION E.G. SALES, ORDERS, CUSTOMER PROFILES, STOCKS, CUSTOMER SERVICE
REPORTS

MARKETING INTELLIGENCE THIS IS A CATCH-ALL TERM TO INCLUDE ALL THE EVERYDAY INFORMATION ABOUT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MARKET THAT HELPS A BUSINESS PREPARE AND ADJUST ITS MARKETING PLANS. IT CAN BE OBTAINED FROM MANY SOURCES, INCLUDING SUPPLIERS, CUSTOMERS AND DISTRIBUTORS. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO BUY INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION FROM OUTSIDE SUPPLIERS (E.G. MINTEL, DUN AND BRADSTREET) WHO WILL

PRODUCE COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE REPORTS THAT CAN BE SOLD PROFITABLY TO ANY INTERESTED ORGANISATION.

MARKET RESEARCH EXISTING DATA FROM INTERNAL SOURCES MAY NOT PROVIDE SUFFICIENT DETAIL. SIMILARLY, PUBLISHED REPORTS FROM MARKET INTELLIGENCE ORGANISATIONS CANNOT ALWAYS BE RELIED UPON TO PROVIDE THE UP-TO-DATE, RELEVANT INFORMATION REQUIRED. IN THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, A BUSINESS MAY
NEED TO COMMISSION SPECIFIC STUDIES IN ORDER TO ACQUIRE THE DATA REQUIRED TO SUPPORT THEIR MARKETING STRATEGY.

DATA LEVEL

Figure 1: BI Maturity Hierarchy Model

DEFINITIONS
Here are the basic definitions for these four levels of BI practice. DATA LEVEL

At this stage, business is just collecting raw business data, cleansing it, standardizing it, integrating it among different source systems and storing it in a searchable format. The business might query data from an IT perspective to show data balance control and quality level, but just a few text and numeric fields in a big data repository. The objective of this level is to provide an integrated, cleansed, high quality data repository in a queryable and useable format. This is the starting point of the data warehouse and BI. If you stay at this level, your ROI will be almost zero. However, without it, you cannot climb up to the next level. INFORMATION LEVEL At this level, BI is starting to leverage the integrated, good quality data and put it in the right context, such as creating business reports and slicing and dicing the data to show different views of data. As businesses move to the advanced stage of this level, they could be creating business KPIs and showing them in dashboards through the Web so that the information about business performance and activities is clear and easy to read and understand. In general, this is the stage business start to leverage their data assets and apply them to the right context, translating data into meaningful, useful information. KNOWLEDGE LEVEL Knowledge is where we receive, absorb and understand information. From it, we find the causes and notice the patterns that we can apply to business, thus allowing the business to make decisions, form judgments, shape opinions or make forecasts. In general, data leads to information, and information leads to knowledge. This level is also known as application by perceptual experience, reasoning with the information displayed on the screen. At this stage, BI will work on patterns and perform cause analysis to help businesses find root causes for some trends so that the knowledge can be applied to business processes. The advanced level of this stage is building an expert system to integrate all discrete knowledge together and deduct new knowledge based on past collected knowledge. This system will help to explain new information and provide guidelines to businesses to make smart, timely decisions and thus gain a competitive advantage over other organizations and competitors. WISDOM LEVEL This is the highest level everyone wishes to be. Businesses should be empowered to apply their knowledge and change their business processes. Business productivity should be dramatically improved. People should make sound, timely and effective business decisions so that their business will gain great competitive advantages over their competitors regarding time to deliver, meeting product targets and services quality. An old Chinese proverb said, " Knowing yourself and knowing your competitors will make you always win." Knowing your current BI maturity level is the just first step so you can take actions and make a plan to improve it. Even if you are at wisdom level, the world is still changing and you still have room to improve.

COMPARISON CHART
Improve this chart

Data
Latin 'datum' meaning "that which is given". Data was the plural form of datum singular (M150 adopts the general use of data as singular. Not everyone agrees.)

Information
Information is interpreted data.

Definition:

Meaning:

Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can be something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized.

When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make it useful, it is called Information.

Merriam-Webster's OnlineDefinition(selected, edited):

1: factual information (asmeasurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. -- 3: information in numerical form that can be digitally transmitted or

Data: Singular of data is Datum. Datum means fact. We can say that data are raw facts, observations and inferences. Data is raw material or prerequisite for information. Data are represented by symbols, numbers, labels and so on. The meaning of data is little in it. Data cannot be information but in limited sense. Data are objective measurements of the attributes of entities( such as people, places, things and events). These measurements are usually represented by symbols, such as numbers and words or by codes composed of a mixture of numerical, alphabetical and other characters.

Forms of data: there are many kinds of data such as numeric data, text, voice and image data. In order to utilize such data, it must be converted into information though value added process, where: 123Its form is aggregated, manipulated and organized. Its content are analyzed and evaluated. It is placed in proper context for human user.

Information Information is data that have been processed into an organized, usable form. It is value added thing. Arranged in such a way and form that is useful for the end users. User get something out of it. Information is the piece of knowledge that is produced as result of operations performed on the data(raw facts and figures). Information is used by user to enhance understanding about the subject matter. It is possible that ones data may be information for other and ones information is data for other. For example, your 66 marks in class test is information for you while it may be data for your teacher as he is required this to reach the overall class average performance. There are two types of information Quantitative Information and qualitative information. Quantitative information tells how much or how many. E.g. 3 roses etc. Qualitative Information tells the other characteristics which cann D A TA V S I N F O R M A T I O N

T HE F R E Q U E N C Y O F T HE U S E O F T H E W O R D S D A T A A N D I N F O R M A T I O N A R E V E R Y H I G H I N O U R D A I L Y L I V E S . D E P E N D I N G O N T H E C O N TE X T T H E M E A N I N G S A N D U S E O F T HE S E W O R D S D I F F E R . B O T H D A TA A N D I N F O R M A T I O N A R E TY P E S O F K N O W L E D G E O R S O M E T H I N G U S E D TO A TTA I N K N O W L E D G E . T HO U G H U S E D I N TE R C HA N G E A B L Y , T HE R E A R E M A N Y D I F F E R E N C E S B E TW E E N T HE M E A N I N G S O F TH E S E T W O W O R D S .

D A TA R E F E R S T O T H E L O W E S T A B S TR A C T O R A R A W I N P U T W H I C H W H E N P R O C E S S E D O R A R R A N G E D M A K E S M E A N I N G F U L O U TP U T . I T I S T HE G R O U P O R C HU N K S W HI C H R E P R E S E N T Q U A N TI TA TI V E A N D Q U A L I TA T I V E A T TR I B U TE S P E R TA I N I N G TO V A R I A B L E S . I N F O R M A T I O N I S U S U A L L Y T H E P R O C E S S E D O U TC O M E O F D A TA . M O R E S P E C I F I C A L L Y S P E A K I N G , I T I S D E R I V E D F R O M D A TA . I N F O R M A T I O N I S A C O N C E P T A N D C A N B E U S E D I N M A N Y D O M A I N S .

I N F O R M A T I O N C A N B E A M E N TA L S T I M U L U S , P E R C E P TI O N , R E P R E S E N TA T I O N , K N O W L E D G E , O R E V E N A N I N S TR U C TI O N . T HE E X A M P L E S O F D A TA C A N B E F A C T S , A N A L Y S I S , O R S TA T I S T I C S . I N C O M P U TE R T E R M S , S Y M B O L S , C HA R A C TE R S , I M A G E S , O R N U M B E R S A R E D A TA . T H E S E A R E TH E I N P U TS F O R TH E S Y S TE M TO G I V E A M E A N I N G F U L I N TE R P R E TA T I O N . I N O T HE R W O R D S , D A TA I N A MEANINGFUL FORM IS INFORMATION.

I N F O R M A T I O N C A N B E E X P L A I N E D A S A N Y K I N D O F U N D E R S TA N D I N G O R K N O W L E D G E T HA T C A N B E E X C HA N G E D W I T H P E O P L E . I T C A N B E A B O U T F A C T S , T HI N G S , C O N C E P TS , O R A N Y T H I N G R E L E V A N T TO T HE TO P I C C O N C E R N E D .

T HE W O R D I N F O R M A TI O N W A S D E R I V E D F R O M L A T I N . T H E V E R B F R O M W HI C H I T I S D E R I V E D I S I N F O R M A R E , W HI C H M E A N S TO I N S TR U C T . I T A L S O M E A N S G I V I N G F O R M TO A N I D E A O R F A C T . D A TA I S TH E P L U R A L O F T HE L A T I N W O R D D A T U M . I T C A N M E A N T O G I V E . I N TH E R E A L M S O F M A T H E M A T I C S A N D G E O M E TR Y , T HE T E R M S D A T A A N D G I V E N A R E V E R Y O F TE N U S E D I N TE R C HA N G E A B L Y . T HI S I S H O W T HE TE R M W A S D E R I V E D

FOR USE IN COMPUTER REALM.

I F D A TA I S A T T H E L O W E S T L E V E L I N T H E S E R I E S , I N F O R M A T I O N I S P L A C E D A T T H E N E X T S TE P . A S A N E X A M P L E , I F Y O U HA V E A L I S T O N TH E S E V E N W O N D E R S O F T H E W O R L D , T HA T I S A D A TA ; I F Y O U HA V E A B O O K G I V I N G D E TA I L S A B O U T E A C H W O N D E R , I T I S I N F O R M A T I O N .

D A TA C A N B E I N T HE F O R M O F N U M B E R S , C HA R A C T E R S , S Y M B O L S , O R E V E N P I C TU R E S . A C O L L E C TI O N O F TH E S E D A TA W H I C H C O N V E Y S S O M E M E A N I N G F U L I D E A I S I N F O R M A T I O N . I T M A Y P R O V I D E A N S W E R S TO Q U E S T I O N S L I K E W H O , W H I C H , W HE N , W HY , W HA T , A N D HO W .

T HE R A W I N P U T I S D A T A A N D I T HA S N O S I G N I F I C A N C E W HE N I T E X I S T S I N TH A T F O R M . W H E N D A TA I S C O L L A TE D O R O R G A N I Z E D I N TO S O M E T H I N G M E A N I N G F U L , I T G A I N S S I G N I F I C A N C E . T HI S M E A N I N G F U L O R G A N I Z A TI O N I S I N F O R M A T I O N .

D A TA I S O F TE N O B TA I N E D A S A R E S U L T O F R E C O R D I N G S O R O B S E R V A T I O N S . F O R E X A M P L E , T H E TE M P E R A TU R E O F T HE D A Y S I S D A T A . W H E N T H I S D A TA I S T O B E C O L L E C T E D , A S Y S TE M O R P E R S O N M O N I TO R S TH E D A I L Y TE M P E R A TU R E S A N D R E C O R D S I T . F I N A L L Y W H E N I T I S TO B E C O N V E R T E D I N T O M E A N I N G F U L I N F O R M A TI O N , T HE P A T TE R N S I N TH E T E M P E R A TU R E S A R E A N A L Y Z E D A N D A C O N C L U S I O N A B O U T TH E TE M P E R A TU R E I S A R R I V E D A T . S O I N F O R M A TI O N O B TA I N E D I S A R E S U L T O F A N A L Y S I S , C O M M U N I C A TI O N , O R I N V E S T I G A T I O N

R E A D M O R E : D I F F E R E N C E B E TW E E N D A TA A N D I N F O R M A TI O N | D I F F E R E N C E B E TW E E N | D A TA V S I N F O R M A T I O N H T TP : / / W W W . D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N . N E T/ L A N G U A G E / D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N - D A TA - A N D - I N F O R M A T I O N / # I X Z Z 1 P 2 5 C N 2 V I

MAJOR DESIGN STAGES IN STAGED DATABASE DESIGN