Essay possibilities Voting behavior o Political participation- various activities that citizens employ in their efforts to influence policy

y making and influence the selection of leaders. o 82% watched campaign on tv, 73% voted in election, 34% tried to influence others to vote, 10% sticker and button, 9% gave money, 5% attended political meeting, 3% worked for party/candidate o More educated will vote, church involvement, older people vote more, women vote higher than men, Political culture o A set of widely shared beliefs, values, norms, concerning how political and economic life ought to be carried out. Defines the relationship between the government and the people. o Liberty, equality (opportunity), individualism(responsible for self), democracy, rule of law, civic duty Public opinion o Distribution of individual attitudes about a particular issue, candidate, or political institution. o Public opinion polling created by George Gallup Ideological shift o Realigning from conservative to liberal or vice versa, views change Loose constructionism- necessary and proper Conservative- 10th amendment

Multiple Choice/ true or false Functions of political parties o Connect citizens to their government o Run candidates for political office o Inform the public about policies Types of political parties o A one-party system exists when only one party dominates or has a chance of winning elections. o A two-party system exists when there may be several minor parties, but only two have a real chance of winning elections and dominating in power. o Multiple party system- Exists when there are several major parties and a number of minor parties compete in elections, and any of the parties stands a good chance of winning. What is ideology? How does it differ from belief and attitude? o Ideology is a cohesive set of beliefs about something.

o Beliefs are a persons basic orientations to politics o Attitude- specific view about an issue, event What are our shared values? o Liberty, equality (opportunity), individualism(responsible for self), democracy, rule of law, civic duty o How do they affect us?- shape political culture Nationalistic creed- according to the wiki.. our nationalistic creed was written in 1917 by William Tyler Page and was adopted by the House of Representatives in 1918, I believe in the United States of America, as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrifice their lives and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies. Rallying around the flag o The rally 'round the flag effect (or syndrome) is a concept used in political science and international relations to explain increased short-run popular support of the President of the United States during periods of international crisis or war. [1]Because Rally 'Round The Flag syndrome reduces criticism of governmental policies. GOP- Grand old Party o The republican party, 1860-1932, started with the election of Lincoln Most important influence on political ideology o Family- most young people identify with their parents political party, correlation is high even through individualism, the more politically active you are, the more likely you will hold the same beliefs Other influences of political ideology o Gender- women tend to side with democrats because they support equal opportunity, abortion rights, and welfare programs. Men tend to be attracted to republican party o Marital status- singles most likely vote democrat, married couples republican o Religion- Protestants- republican/ conservative, Catholics and Jewsdemocratic/liberal o Education- higher education tend to side with republicans, college shows to make people more liberal, o Social class- rich side with conservatives, working class-democrats, this distinction is less clear than before

o Race and ethnicity- African Americans voted republican (Lincoln abolished slavery) realigned to democrat. Hispanics not Cubans are democratic. Cubans are republicans. Koreans are more liberal than Japanese o Geographic region- democrats- coasts and middle of country, republicans- south African Americans- democratic/ liberal Hispanics (NOT CUBANS)- democratic/ liberal Catholics- democratic/liberal Cubans- republican/ conservative Protestants- republican/ conservative SUPPOSEDLY.GOING TO CHURCH MAKES YOU MORE LIKELY TO VOTE. Political socialization o A lifelong process through which an individual acquires opinions through contact with family, friends, coworkers, and other groups, media o Affects political attitudes and how people will vote, who they vote for, and what party OJ Simpson trial- views of African Americans vs White o 70% of white Americans surveyed believed OJ was guilty based on the evidence presented. An identical 70% of black Americans believed the police fabricated evidence. 2003-2004 reverend Al Sharpton o Running for the democratic presidential nomination 2003-2004, he was not taken seriously by most white voters and received little attention by the mainstream news media. Black voters on the other hand were attuned to him. Gender gap o Females- democrat o Male- republican o Whos vote isnt even needed to win? Republican agenda o Focuses on family values South- Democrats dominated, SOLID SOUTH, realignment Hawk- tend to side with the war being good, want to fight Dove- peace, tend to find a solution Democrats o Supports Gay rights!!!! National Security o Republicans would be HAWK o Democrats would be DOVE AN AFRICAN AMERICAN IS DUBIOUS (SKEPTICAL/DOUBTFUL) OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION BUT COMES UNDER PRESSURE TO CONFROM FROM A GROUP. ACCORDING TO ELIZABETH NOEL NEUMANN, WHICH APPLIES?

o SPIRAL OF SILENCE- ********************answer************* o CONE CONFORMITY o CIRCLE OF COMPLIANCE o UMBRELLA OF COHESION James Madison- Federalist paper 10 o Source of conflict- factions, inherent gulf between the rich and poor unequal distribution of property, opinions, o James Madison reflected this sentiment in Federalist Paper #10 when he called political factions as necessary evils to be controlled by the separation of powers. Which group bears the burden of taxes? o Middle Define liberal approach of airline safety in October 2001 o Create a workforce of federal employees that would screen and inspect passenger luggage. Conservative approach o Call for better training of existing employees and supervision of private sector screeners Core values o Conservative identify with? What is a compassionate conservative? o What type of politician?- wants to directly expand the national government but also wants to help the needy o Name of politician?- George w. Bush In 1971 CBS released the selling of the Pentagon papers, why so damning? o Used to build support for the Vietnam war, it revealed the extent and character of governmental efforts to sway popular sentiment. Included planting news stories, faked film footage. Grass roots campaign o Going public, a lobby group mobilizes ordinary citizens throughout the country to try to write their representatives in support of the groups position, very effective. Right to life movement o Anti abortion, pro life Public pollingo Loaded question- designed to elicit an opinion about something o Opinion leading o Selective polling- certain set of people, demographic. o Push polling- a polling technique in which the questions are designed to shape the respondents opinion. Difference between sample polling, random polling, and unscientific polling

o Sample polling selects a group that represents the most important characteristics of a population, representative of the whole. (digit dialing) o Random polling wouldnt be representative of the whole, it would be whoever you chose to approach. o Unscientific polling, may not include well thought out answers and doesnt select people, open to anyone, on a website. Significance of poll bias (selective) o Polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, creating errors by over representing or underrepresenting some opinions.

Characteristics of Scientific polling and public polling o Scientific polling- Polls that are based on certain criteria that make them less susceptible to manipulation or inaccurate results. Only to a certain area of people, doesnt take everyone into account. Only want one area, one general section of people. o Public pollingDifference between straw and scientific polling o Straw polling is asking the same questions to a large number of people, unreliable. o Polls that are based on certain criteria that make them less susceptible to manipulation or inaccurate results. Only to a certain area of people, doesnt take everyone into account. Only want one area, one general section of people. California proposition 209 o Approved by the states voters in 1996, prohibited the state and local government agencies in California from using race or gender preferences in hiring, contracting, or university admission decisions. 2004 election Bush v Kerry o Acceptance speeches both focused on equality of opportunity o President Bush supported privatization of Social Security programs, and challenger Senator John Kerry did not. Monolithic- characterized by often rigidly fixed uniformity Determinative- fix, settle, define something Names in recount o Republican- James Baker o Democrat- warren christopher