PT31803 PSIKOLOGI PEMBELAJARAN DAN KOGNISI

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LECTURE 1 Introduction
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LEARNING

Defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior, thoughts, or feelings as a result of practice or experience. Learning also defined as a long-term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience.
1. 2. 3.

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Learning is a long term change Learning involves mental representations or associations Learning is a change as a result of experience, rather than result of physiological maturation.

The psychology of learning is a theoretical science which seeks understanding of learning.

Some psychologists prefer that we define learning as a change in behavior rather than a mental change. In fact, we can be confident that learning has occurred only when we do see a behavior change.

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TYPES OF LEARNING

Associative Learning & Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning

Association between two stimuli Association between behavior and consequence

Operant Conditioning

Observational Learning

Observing and imitating anothers behavior

Cognition

Piaget Vygotsky

THE IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING

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Little of our behavior is instinctive and so much of it is learned, we are able to benefit from our experiences. We discover which actions are likely to lead to successful outcomes and which are not, and we modify our behavior accordingly. Learning allows human beings a greater degree of flexibility and adaptability.
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ASPECTS OF LEARNING
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Some sort of change occurs. Whatever is acquired lasts longer than a few seconds. Some sort of experience brings it about.

WHEN LEARNING HAS OCCURRED?

Performing a completely new behavior Changing the frequency of an existing behavior Changing the speed of an existing behavior Changing the intensity of an existing behavior Changing the complexity of an existing behavior Responding differently to a particular stimulus

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PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
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Identify certain factors that influence learning and describe the specific effects that these factors have. Principles tell us what factors affect learning. Principles tend to be fairly stable over time.

THEORIES OF LEARNING

Provide explanations about the underlying mechanisms involved in learning. Theories tell us why these factors have the effects they do. Theories continue to evolve as new research findings are reported.

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ADVANTAGES OF THEORIES
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1.

2. 3. 4.

Allow us to summarize the results of many research studies and integrate numerous principles of learning. Provide starting points for conducting new research. Help us make sense of and explain research findings. Help us design learning environments and instructional strategies that facilitate human learning to the greatest possible degree.

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POTENTIAL DRAWBACKS
1.

OF THEORIES
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No single theory explains everything that researchers have discovered about learning.
Theories affect what new information is published, thereby biasing the knowledge we have about learning.

2.

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Summary

Learning is the process that allows us to adapt to the changing conditions of the world around us.

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We can alter our behavior that leads us to survival and rewards. Without learning, there would be no buildings, no agriculture and no human civilization.

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