Homa Milani March.

2012 Business Research II At this research paper, we should distinguish between the following: (a) Impromptu speaking and an extemporaneous presentation. (b) The motivated sequence and the cause/effect/ solution pattern of organization. (c) The rule of three in organizing and the rule of thirds in visualizing. (d) Clutter and jargon in the delivery of a presentation. All of these concepts are related to oral presentation of a research, we all know that presentation is a reflection of us and our research. You have to make the best possible impression in the short amount of time given in one hand and in other hand we need to make sure that the audience, have a clear idea of what we are talking about. Impromptu speaking and an extemporaneous presentation - Impromptu speaking: The impromptu speech is given without any preparation, any notes or other additional materials; it is a spontaneous reaction to the topic at hand which may introduce an interesting turn to the discussion. Basically, the impromptu speech initiates a new idea, a new angle of analysis, and the like. The topic area is limited and the audience is prepared to discuss it in detail.[1] Structure/outline Launch one or two of the new initiatives within the topic area. Describe each initiative in detail, giving equal time and energy to them. Discuss how your viewpoint will benefit to the audience. The conclusion may be in the form of a question to inquire whether not anything was lost.[1] Requirements The speaker responds spontaneously to the problem that suddenly becomes of interest to her or to him. He or she participates in the discussion of the disputable

matter to weigh different points of view and to give an answer to the dilemma. The speaker may orchestrate the audience's opinion.[1] The speaker resorts to repetitions, rhetorical questions, logical returns to the same idea, and parallel constructions. The speaker invites the audience to participate in the discussion, to agree or disagree with his viewpoint.[1] Practice: Decide quickly what your one message will be. Do not try and memorize what you will say. Start off strong and with confidence. Decide on your transitions from one point to the other. Maintain eye contact with the audience. Occasionally throw in an off-the-cuff remark. Finally, have a good conclusion.[2] - Extemporaneous presentation: A form of presentation in which a speech, although carefully prepared and practiced, is not written out or memorized. [4] An extemporaneous speech is different from other types of public speaking because you may have little time to prepare any sort of remarks. Instead, you are expected to formulate a speech on the proverbial spot that will fulfill either an informative or persuasive function depending on the audience.[4] This form of public speaking also requires more practice than other, more scripted speeches. Wong suggests the need for practice of any kind, even in front of friends and family, to enhance your public speaking ability. Professors Paul Martin Pearson and Philip Marshall Hicks, in their aptly titled 1912 book "Extemporaneous Speaking," advocate practice and constructive criticism as the only effective learning methods when it comes to extemporaneous speech.[4] Practice: Although there is typically little time to prepare for an extemporaneous speech, there are a few things you can do to improve your delivery in the time you do have.[5]

First, the preparation of your speech is important regardless of how much time is allotted. Rambling doesn't grab the same attention as a succinct talk that includes a beginning, the main point and the conclusion. [5] Organize your speech around this central idea and refer back to it several times. This will make your speech resonate more with the audience.[5] Two more things to consider are the concepts of primacy and recency. These concepts are the theory that listeners will only remember the first piece of information or the last piece of information that they hear in a speech. This is important in that placing the central idea at the beginning of the speech makes it more likely to be remembered than if it is somewhere in the middle.[5] Most important is to use whatever time you have left to practice. [5] The motivated sequence and the cause/effect/ solution pattern of organization - The motivated sequence pattern of organization: This sequence is perhaps the most effective way of organizing a persuasive messageand it can help clarify the structure of any message, even those that are not overtly persuasive. The motivated sequence derives its name:[7] - Partly because it follows Deweys problem-solution format for thinking. It is problem-solution oriented. - Partly because it makes attractive analyses of those problems and their solutions by tying them to human motives. It is motivation-centered.[7] Five Basic Steps of the Motivated Sequence: Attention: the creation of interest and desire Need: the development of the problem, through an analysis of things wrong in the world and through a relating of those wrongs to individuals interests, wants, or desires Satisfaction: the proposal of a plan of action which will alleviate the problem and satisfy the individuals interests, wants, or desires.

 Visualization: the verbal depiction of the world as it will look if the plan is put into operation. Action: the final call for personal commitments and deeds.[7] - The cause-effect pattern of organization The cause-effect pattern of organization is used to establish a positive correlation between concepts. This pattern is used to show the different causes and effects of various conditions. This pattern is particularly effective when writing a persuasive document in which the writer advocates some action to solve a problem, because it demonstrates important relationships between variables. There are two major variations to this pattern; (a) dividing the outline into two major sections comprised of causes and effects; or (b) dividing the outline according to the different causes, with the effects of each cause contained within the larger "causes" section. See the examples below. [8] Suppose a writer's stated purpose is to explain the causes of conflict escalation and their effects. He/she could organize the information in one of the following two ways. Again, notice that either method could work equally well. [8] Cause and Effect Pattern Example One I. Causes of Conflict Escalation 1. Expanding the issues 2. Personal attacks II. Effects of these causes 3. 4. 5. 6. Lose focus on original issue Cycle of defensive responses Win-Lose orientation Negative emotions

Cause and Effect Pattern Example Two I. Cause: Expanding the issues 7. Effect: Lose focus on original issues

8. Effect: Cycle of defensive responses II. Cause: Personal attacks 9. Effect: Negative emotions 10.Effect: Win-Lose orientation[8] The rule of three in organizing and the rule of thirds in visualizing - The rule of three in organizing The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade your audience that your ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else's. The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the means of persuasion, appeals, into three categories--Ethos, Pathos, Logos. Ethos (Credibility), or ethical appeal, means convincing by the character of the author. We tend to believe people whom we respect. One of the central problems of argumentation is to project an impression to the reader that you are someone worth listening to, in other words making yourself as author into an authority on the subject of the paper, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect. Pathos (Emotional) means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. We can look at texts ranging from classic essays to contemporary advertisements to see how pathos, emotional appeals, are used to persuade. Language choice affects the audience's emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively be used to enhance an argument. Logos (Logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning. This will be the most important technique we will study, and Aristotle's favorite. We'll look at deductive and inductive reasoning, and discuss what makes an effective, persuasive reason to back up your claims. Giving reasons is the heart of argumentation, and cannot be emphasized enough. We'll study the types of support you can use to substantiate your thesis, and look at some of the common logical fallacies, in order to avoid them in your writing. [12] - the rule of thirds in visualizing According to this rule, we should divide our screen into three horizontal and three

vertical segments - like a tic-tac-toe grid. The Rule of Thirds dictates that points of interest should land at the intersection of two of these lines or, in the case of lines, like horizons or pillars, they should fall at either the 1/3 or 2/3 level.[9] Jargon and Clutter in the delivery of a presentation - Jargon: Many people use a lot of technical jargon and acronyms in their presentations because it gives them a sense of superiority over the common folks. This is particularly true with scientists and engineers. They like to speak a language of their own. Thats fine if everyone in the audience has the same training and understanding of the topic being presentation. But that is never the case.[10] You should use acronyms sparingly and only if the terms they represent are going to appear throughout the entire presentation. But many presenters use acronyms only once in their presentation. They end up offering an alphabet soup to the audience that is hard to digest with the inevitable result.[10] - Clutter: The attention span of your business audience is limited. The success of your presentation depends on how well you channelize this limited attention to the core message of your presentation. There are however, certain elements on your slide that steal your audience attention and reduce the effectiveness of your message. They are called clutter elements.[11] What is clutter? Any element on your presentation that can be removed without losing information is called clutter.[11] What causes clutter? The primary incorrect thinking in creating presentations is self orientation instead of audience orientation. Take a moment to think about the way you create your slides You start well by including just the essential elements on your slide.[11]

Conclusion: Robert Burton once said, "A blow with a word strikes deeper than a blow with a sword". With this one statement he is explaining how powerful our speech can be. Effective oral presentation skills are essential in educational, social, and professional life. By means of understanding our speech, recognizing where and when they are important, and learning how to improve our skills, most of our experiences in our job life can be more effective, enjoyable and much easier.

References: 1. http://www.speech-guru.com/impromptu_speech.php 2.http://www.ljlseminars.com 3.ehow 4. http://www.termwiki.com/EN:extemporaneous_presentation 5. Matthew Delman, Extemporaneous Speaking Tips, http://www.ehow.com/way_5201168_extemporaneous-speaking-tips.html 7. http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Motivated%20Sequence.htm 8. http://faculty.washington.edu/ezent/impo.htm#CEP 9. http://ctrlssrl.wordpress.com/2011/10/04/tips-for-data-visualization-part-1/ 10. http://nobullets.wordpress.com/2009/05/26/the-use-of-technical-jargon-andacronyms-in-presentations/ 11. http://www.rethinkpresentations.com/keeping-presentation-slides-free-fromclutter/ 12. http://courses.durhamtech.edu/perkins/aris.html