Regional Organisations (ROs) are in a sense, international organizations (IOs), as they incorporate international membership and encompass geopolitical

entities that operationally transcend a single nation state. However, their membership is characterized by boundaries and demarcations characteristic to a defined and unique geography, such as continents, or geopolitics, such as economic blocks. They have been established to foster cooperation and political and economic integration or dialogue amongst states or entities within a restrictive geographical or geopolitical boundary. They both reflect common patterns of development and history that have been fostered since the end of World War II as well as the fragmentation inherent in globalization. Most ROs tend to work alongside well-established multilateral organizations such as the United Nations.[1] While in many instances a regional organizations are simply referred as international organizations, in many other it makes sense to use the ROs term to stress the more limited scope of a particular membership. Examples of ROs include the African Union (AU), European Union (EU), the Organization of American States (OAS), the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Arab League, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).

The Role of Regional Organizations, ECOWAS

Africa, Human Rights, Internal Displacement, Migration Roberta Cohen, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy The ECOWAS/IOM Workshop on International Migration in West Africa

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2002

Over the past decade, regional organizations around the world have been devoting increased attention to the problem of internal displacement. There is good reason for their involvement. Situations of conflict and displacement rarely remain confined within borders. They spill over into neighboring countries and can upset regional stability, thereby often compelling a regional response.
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The efforts of regional organizations have been encouraged by the United Nations. UN resolutions of the General Assembly and the Commission on Human Rights have called upon regional bodies to expand their cooperation with the Representative of the Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons and strengthen their activities with regard to internal displacement. In particular, these resolutions have called upon regional organizations and the Representative to convene seminars on the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. In response, regional organizations have been strengthening their ties with the Representative and have begun to disseminate and use the Guiding Principles. In holding the IOM/ECOWAS International Workshop on Migration in West Africa, ECOWAS has indicated its interest in examining the role that it can play in addressing situations of forced displacement. It may therefore prove instructive to take a brief look at some of the activities of other regional organizations since they may be pertinent to ECOWAS and the West African region. One institutional response that will be of interest to ECOWAS can be found in the Americas. The Organization of American States (OAS) appointed a focal point for internal displacement in 1996. Its Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a body of experts, made one of its members a Special Rapporteur for internally displaced persons "in recognition of the grave situation of internally displaced persons in several countries of the Hemisphere." Because of this appointment, the Inter-American Commission has undertaken more systematic reporting of the situation of internally displaced persons in the Western Hemisphere. For example, its 1999 report on Colombia, a country beset by civil war, contained a lengthy chapter on the internally displaced, with recommendations addressed both to the government and also to insurgent groups to improve their conditions. In addition in 1998, the Inter-American Commission formally endorsed the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement as an authoritative guide to applicable international law. It now uses them as a checklist for evaluating conditions in different countries. The Commission has also made important decisions affecting the internally displaced. In the case of Nicaragua, for example, it ruled that compensation should be awarded to the Miskito Indians for the damage done to their property during their internal displacement. This decision helped shape future approaches to the issue of compensation, both in the Americas and elsewhere. Turning to Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), in September 2000, devoted an all-day meeting to migration and internal displacement in order to identify ways in which OSCE institutions, field operations and participating states could enhance their response to internal displacement. That same year, the OSCE Chair outlined areas in which the OSCE could make a contribution. Of particular relevance to ECOWAS is the recommendation that OSCE staff begin to monitor and report on affected populations, provide advice to governments on national laws and best practices, and disseminate the Guiding Principles within the region and use them in the activities of the organization.

It should be noted too that OSCE engagement with the internally displaced includes direct involvement in protection activities on the ground. Unlike most regional bodies, OSCE deploys staff to the field for long periods to ease local tensions, encourage dialogue and reconciliation, and facilitate returns of displaced populations. With regard to returns, it has in particular sought to ensure the implementation of property laws and to promote the removal of administrative and legal barriers. Indeed, OSCE member states have committed themselves to facilitate the voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons in dignity and safety and their reintegration without discrimination. Another important area of OSCEs work is election monitoring, which includes efforts to ensure that the political rights of internally displaced persons are respected. A second European regional organization, the European Union, has played a significant political role in the prevention of conflicts that produce mass displacement and also is a leading donor of humanitarian assistance. Its current plans for the creation of a rapid reaction force to respond to regional and international crises should have impact on the protection of internally displaced persons. Still another European regional organization, the Council of Europe, whose main focus is human rights, undertakes fact-finding missions to areas of displacement, publishes reports, adopts resolutions, and deploys experts to the field. Most recently, the Council of Europe took a step that will be of interest to ECOWAS. It appointed a rapporteur on internal displacement in Europe to collect data and report on the conditions of the estimated 4 million displaced persons on the continent. With regard to Africa, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now renamed the African Union (AU), has held a series of widely attended meetings on internal displacement, designed to make its member states more aware of and more involved in resolving the problem. In 1994, the OAU Commission on Human and Peoples Rights held a seminar on the protection of African refugees and internally displaced persons. That same year the OAU together with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) organized a regional symposium on refugees and forced population displacements. Both meetings recommended greater OAU involvement in addressing internal displacement, in tackling its root causes, and in forging stronger linkages between conflict resolution activities and programs on behalf of refugees and internally displaced persons. Subsequently, in 1996, the OAU co-sponsored a regional conference with UNHCR on displacement in the Great Lakes region of Africa. And in 1998, in collaboration with our Project and UNHCR, the OAU cosponsored a workshop in Addis Ababa on internal displacement in Africa to promote more effective strategies for protecting and assisting internally displaced persons. Of particular interest to ECOWAS is that the workshop recommended that the OAU establish a focal point on internal displacement to collect data on the problem and monitor, disseminate and implement the Guiding Principles. Although OAU staff expressed interest in a focal point, limited resources have been a prohibitive factor. OAU meetings, I would note, have also paid special attention to the gender dimension of internal displacement. Since women and children constitute the vast majority of the displaced, focusing on their specific needs is essential. The first such meeting was held in 1995 and concentrated on the legal status of refugee and internally displaced women in Africa and called for stronger legal protections for them. The second OAU meeting, held in 1998, focused on the needs of internally displaced women and children during return and reintegration.

Over the past few years, the OAU Commission on Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons has also begun to monitor conditions of internally displaced persons in its visits to different countries. In 1999, it formally acknowledged with appreciation the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. And the "Compendium of OAU Instruments and Texts on Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa," published in 2000, includes the text of the Guiding Principles. To anticipate and defuse the conflicts that cause mass displacement and encourage the return of refugees and displaced persons, the OAU, like its counterparts in Europe, set up a mechanism for conflict prevention, management and resolution. Sub-regional organizations in Africa have also been devoting increased attention to internal displacement. The Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) will be holding a seminar at the end of October on internal displacement in that region in cooperation with the Office of the Representative of the Secretary-General and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. As for ECOWAS, I would recall that it has positively received the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. In April 2000, Foreign and other senior Ministers of the organization, at a Conference on War-Affected Children in West Africa, adopted a declaration welcoming the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and calling for their application by ECOWAS member states. This declaration was subsequently adopted at the ECOWAS Summit of Authority of Heads of State and Government held in Bamako in December 2000. ECOWAS recent creation of a conflict prevention and management mechanism and its plans to establish a department of humanitarian affairs should further enhance its role with regard to situations of internal displacement. Through its military arm, ECOMOG, the organization has also become involved in efforts on the ground to create security for civilian populations, including the internally displaced. At the same time, it has been acknowledged by member states that ECOMOG forces, like all other peacekeepers, could benefit from training in human rights and humanitarian law, which encompasses the protection of displaced populations. In conclusion, there are many steps that regional bodies can take to make their own roles more effective in situations of internal displacement. From the various activities I have described, the following five steps might be of particular interest and relevance to ECOWAS at this time: 1. The appointment of a focal point on migration, including internal displacement. The focal point could collect data, monitor and report on new and protracted situations of internal displacement in addition to other migration issues and work together with governments to find national and regional solutions. Focal points, I would note, can be appointed in a voluntary capacity when resources are limited. For example, the rapporteurs of the Council of Europe and Organization of American States both serve in a voluntary capacity. 2. The promotion and dissemination of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, including encouraging their use by member states as a guideline and yardstick for measuring conditions on the ground, collecting data and as a framework for policies. 3. Working together with ECOWAS member states to ensure that their constitutions, laws and national institutions address the subject of forced migration. To this end, the drafting of a model law on internal displacement might prove useful. If it would be of assistance, the Office of the Representative could collaborate with ECOWAS on such an initiative.

4. The training of judges, lawyers, government officials and other relevant persons, including peacekeepers, in the protection measures set forth in the Guiding Principles. Once again, the Office of the Representative of the Secretary-General could be helpful in this regard. And, 5. The integration of internal displacement into all relevant programs, seminars and activities of the organization. ECOWAS ability to integrate the issue of internal displacement into its work could help its member states better fulfill their own commitments to displaced populations. The scale and severity of the problem in the West African region make it important for systematic attention to be given to the plight of the internally displaced. It would seem not only to be the right thing to do but also should be done to assure this regions collective peace and prosperity.

Security Council Highlights Importance of Regional Cooperation in Early Response, Peacebuilding

Submitted by kitagawa on Thu, 01/14/2010 - 13:30. At its open debate on UN cooperation with regional organizations held 13 January, the Security Council encouraged the PBC to continue to work closely with regional and sub-regional organizations in the way of post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery. Opening the debate on Cooperation between the UN and regional and sub-regional organizations, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon emphasized the critical importance of strong partnerships at all levels in the face of current crises. His appearance on Wednesday followed a twoday retreat, during which the SG met with heads of regional and sub-regional organizations to explore ways of strengthening cooperation. They agreed, the SG said, that peacekeeping should be based on flexibility and efficiency, and to increase cooperation on peacebuilding. Ramtame Lamamra, Commissioner for Peace and Security of the African Union Commission, said the debate was timely and should open new possibilities for maximizing the impact of action by various international actors in conflict prevention, management and resolution, peacebuilding and postconflict reconstruction. Many speakers noted the varying capabilities of regional and sub-regional organizations, and called for a flexible and pragmatic framework for cooperation to be developed. Most speakers also emphasized the importance of regional and sub-regional organizations in post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery. Concept Paper Before the Security Council was a concept paper (S/2010/9) developed by China, which holds the presidency for this month. The document encourages strengthening cooperation with regional and sub-regional organizations as a means of promoting multilateralism and boosting international collective security. It also notes that the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security lies with the Security Council, in accordance with the UN Charter, but that Chapter VIIIon the role of regional organizationsencourages regional measures in local dispute settlement. The paper suggests the debate may address ways to best utilize the advantages of organizations to provide early warning as well as early responses to disputes and conflict. Topics also included enhanced cooperation in the deployment of peacekeepers and how regional and sub-regional organizations could be more closely involved in peacebuilding, post-conflict stabilization and reconstruction processes, including through the framework of the PBC.

Background on the Security Council and regional cooperation Past Council actions on regional cooperation have centered largely on the role of the African Union and peacekeeping operations. An open debate on 18 March 2009 resulted in a Presidential Statement calling on the SG to report on practical ways to implement recommendations on building the capacity of the AU. The Council followed up on the SG report on 26 October, issuing another Statement which called on the AU to develop a long-term capacity-building roadmap in consultation with the UN. Attention was also paid to the need for predictable and flexible funding for AU-led peacekeeping operations. Regional role in peacebuilding Mexico highlighted the effectiveness and importance of regional and sub-regional organizations ability to promote the peaceful settlement of disputes, including through mediation. They have played a fundamental role in stabilization and prevention measures in post-conflict peacebuilding, as well as in understanding the root causes of local conflicts and other security challenges, a knowledge which affords a comparative advantage to those organizations. Mexico also highlighted the role of regional organizations in promoting socioeconomic development as a means of ensuring peace and stability in the medium-term. The Security Council and the SG should focus on both conflict prevention and peacebuilding, Mexico added. Like Mexico, France, Turkey and other speakers highlighted the deep expertise regional and subregional organizations have and could exercise in the areas of peacebuilding and conflict prevention. The regional dimension would also reinforce regional ownership of such processes, Turkey said. Among the suggestions was also a call from many speakers--Brazil, the United Kingdom and others-to expand the current scope of the Security Councils heavy focus on peacekeeping vis--vis regional cooperation, to peacebuilding and longer term considerations of conflict prevention. The United Kingdom said the partnership between the UN and the AU should broaden out to include the scope for joint action in preventing conflict, as well as focus more on peacebuilding. The UK also looked forward to further advice from the SG and to the ongoing work of the AU-UN Task Force. PBC references Austria, noting that close collaboration with regional and sub-regional organizations was crucial to the work of the PBC, suggested stand-by arrangements of regional organizations would be particularly relevant to peacebuilding. The UN should link or coordinate its rosters of experts with those of regional organizations in order to increase the pool of available expertise, Austria said. Japan similarly noted that cooperation with regional organizations had been significantly enhanced by the active support of the PBC. Japan further suggested considering the creation of a sub-regionspecific, rather than a country-specific, configuration of the PBC to discuss shared challenges in the sub-region. Presidential Statement The Presidential Statement (S/PRST/2010/1) emerging from the debate expressed the intention of the Council to consider further steps to promote closer and more operational cooperation between the UN and regional and sub-regional organizations in conflict early warning, prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding, as well as to ensure the coherence, synergy and collective effectiveness of such efforts. The Council also recognized the role played by regional and sub-regional organizations in post-conflict peacebuilding, recovery, reconstruction and development, and the importance of the PBCs interaction and cooperation with those organizations. It further encouraged the PBC to continue to work in close consultation with these organizations with a view to ensuring more consistent and integrated strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery.

Statements were made at the debate on behalf of: the League of Arab States, the African Union Commission, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the European Union Delegation to the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Organization of American States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Pacific Islands Forum and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Council Members speaking today were: Uganda, United Kingdom, Mexico, United States, Austria, Russian Federation, Japan, France, Brazil, Turkey, Gabon, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lebanon and China, in its national capacity.

United Nations Organization | International Peace Organisation UNO 82

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The United Nations Organization

Establishment: 24 October 1945 Membership: 192 member states Headquarters: International territory in Manhattan, New York City, U. S. A Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish

The United Nations Organisation (UNO) was founded in 1945 after World War II. The main aims of UNO are to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations. Also International cooperation in solving problems of economic, social and humanitarian nature; promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom and to be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations and to achieve the above aims. The six principal organs of UNO are: 1. The General Assembly 2. The Security Council 3. The Economic and Social Council 4. The International Court of Justice 5. The Secretariat and 6. The Trusteeship Council

The United Nations Secretariat Building at the United Nations headquarters in New York City, United States of America.

Member States which contribute the most to the UN Budget

Name of the Country United States of America 25.00 % Contribution to the UN Regular Budget

Japan

17.98 %

Germany

9.63 %

Name of the Country France 6.49 %

Contribution to the UN Regular Budget

Italy

5.39 %

United Kingdom

5.07 %

Russia

2.87 %

Canada

2.82 %

Spain

2.57 %

The United Nations General Assembly hall at its headquarters in New York. Ads by Google Download Google Chrome www.Google.com/Chrome Searching is fast and easy with Google's web browser. Crewed Yacht Charter www.ocscsailing.com SF Bay's largest fleet available for crewed yacht charter. Call now! Medical Mission Organizations www.medicalmissions.org Volunteer or Post Medical Mission Trips - Free, Non-Profit

UN General Assembly
It is the main organ of the UN consisting of representatives of all the members of the U.N. Each member state has a single vote and all members are equally placed, unlike in the case of the Security Council. It generally holds regular annual session in September. Decisions are taken based on simple majority, but in cases of peace, security, election of new UN members and budget, a two-thirds majority vote is required. UN General Assembly elects the ten non-permanent members of the Security Council. It elects members of The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and Trusteeship Council. It elects along with the Security Council Judges of the International Court of Justice. It appoints UN

Secretary General, based on the recommendation of the Security Council. It approves the UN budget. It receives and considers reports from the other UN organs.

The United Nations Security Council Chamber in New York, also known as the Norwegian Room.
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UN Security Council

It is the main organ of the UN with the basic responsibility for the maintenance of World Peace. It has 15 countries as members. Five of them are permanent members - the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Russia, France and China. The remaining ten are non-permanent members, who are elected for a two-year term by a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Out of these ten seats, five are allocated to Afro-Asian region, two seats to Latin America, one seat to Eastern Europe and remaining two seats to Western Europe and others. The five permanent members of the Security Council have special voting rights known as 'Veto' power. Any decision in the Security Council can be taken only with the support of at least nine members including that of five permanent members. Thus, no decision can be taken in the Council, even if one permanent member votes against the proposal. Decisions taken by the UN Security Council are binding on all the members of the UN, since the UN charter provides that the Council's decisions are made in the name of all UN members. The Council powers include taking decisions to settle disputes among member states, requisitioning military forces; from the members for peace keeping operations, approving admission of countries as new members, recommending to the General Assembly on appointment of Secretary General, etc., The Nobel Peace Prize was given to the UN Security Council in 1988 for its role in establishing peace in the World by means of resolution of conflicts.

Some Peace Keeping Activities of the UNO

Name of the Mission Year of Establishment Objective To monitor ceasefire between Ethiopia and Eritrea as pact of a deal signed by two countries and end their border conflict.

UN Mission for Ethiopia & Eritrea (UMEE)

2002

UN Mission in East Timor (UNMISET)

2002

To help East Timor, the newly formed independent country in taking overall operational responsibilities.

UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB)

2004

To assist in bringing national reconciliation and lasting peace among Burundians as provided in Anusha Pact.

UN Stablisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)

2004

To restore normalcy in Haiti.

UN Mission in the Sudan

2005

To assist in implementing peace agreement between Sudan Government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement.

The room of the United Nations Economic and Social Council at its headquarters, New York.

Economic and Social Council

The ECOSOC is the Chief Coordinating Agency of the UN in the economic and social sectors between the UN and the specialised institutions of the UN. It consists of 54 members, meets twice a year. Its main activities include conducting studies and making recommendations on social, economic, educational, health and related matters in the world with special focus on the least developed countries. It carries its activities through nine functional commissions, five regional commissions and various standing committees. The nine functional commissions were set up to focus on specific areas like human rights, population and development, social development, status of women., etc., The main purpose of these commissions are to assist in raising the level of economic activity in their respective regions and to strengthen the economic relations of the States among themselves and with others.

The five regional commissions of ECOSOC

Name of the Commission Headquarters Year of Establishment Member States

Economic Commission for Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (ECA)

1958

53 member states

Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)

Geneva, Switzerland

1947

56 member states

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)

Santiago, Chile

1948

44 member States

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

Bangkok, Thailand

1947

53 member States

Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

Beirut, Lebanon

1973

14 member States

The Peace Palace, seat of the International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice

The ICJ is Established in 1945 by the UN Charter. It is the main judicial organ of the UNO. It is also commonly known as the World Court. ICJ has its headquarters at Hague, the Netherland. It is composed of fifteen judges elected to six year terms by the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Security Council. It is meant to adjudicate on the disputes referred to it by the members and to give advisory opinion on matters referred to it by the UN Security Council or Genera! Assembly. As stated in the UN Charter, all 192 member states of UN are parties to the Court's statute. Non-UN members too can become parties to the Court's statute under the Article 93(2) procedure.

Ban Ki-moon, current UN Secretary General

UN Secretariat
The United Nations Secretariat is one of the six principal organs of the UNO. It is headed by the UN Secretary General. It provides studies, information, and all facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their respective meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the United Nations Security Council, the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Economic and Social Council, and other U.N. bodies.

United Nations Secretary Generals

Name Trygve Lie Norway

County 1945 - 1953

Term of Office

Dag Hammarskjold

Sweden

1953 - 1961

U Thant

Burma

1961 - 1971

Kurt Waldheim

Austria

1972 - 1981

Javier Perez de Cuellar

Peru

1982 - 1991

Boutros Boutros-Ghali

Egypt

1992 - 1996

Kofi Annan

Ghana

1997 - 2006

Ban Ki-moon

South Korea

2007 - incumbent

The chamber of the UN Trusteeship Council, UN headquarters, New York, U.S.A

UN Trusteeship Council
The United Nations Trusteeship Council is one of the six principal organs of the U.N formed in 1945. It was established to ensure that non-self-governing territories were governed in the best interests of the people living in there and of international peace and security. Most of the trust territories were those former mandates of the League of Nations or the territories taken from nations defeated at the end of the World War II and which have now attained independence or self-governments, either as separate countries or by joining their neighbouring independent nations. The Trusteeship Council was suspended from operation on 1 November 1994 as its mission was fulfilled. Its future role and existence remains uncertain.

See also :

Successes and Failures of the United Nations United Nations Organisation was established after World War II with a motto to maintain world peace. And this in fact is known to every one of us in general. But the question is, was this really successful in...

Specialized Agencies of the United Nations Organisation Specialized agencies of the United Nations Specialized agencies of the UN are seventeen in number as per the terms of the UN Charter. They are autonomous organisations set up to deal with specific issues....

UN International Organisations UN General Assembly and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) have created some international organizations to deal with specific areas of trade and development, relief and welfare, environment, research and...

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Manisha Bandara 14 months ago

Is ICC established under the UNO?ifnot what is the purpose of establishing that kind of court insted of ICJ?

dilipchandra12 Hub Author 14 months ago

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is independent of the United Nations. It is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals accused of the most serious crimes of international concern.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principle judicial organ of the United Nations does not have criminal jurisdiction, it is a civil tribunal that deals primarily with disputes between States.
nishant 2 weeks ago

nice