Lovely Professional University

Modern physics and electronics (PHY 112) TERM PAPER review On

Avionics
Submitted To: Mr. Bharpur Singh Chiranjeev Sagar Submitted By: Name:

Lecturer LPU Section: C6904 Roll No:-RC6904-A18 Reg. no. - 10906782

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to completion of this term paper project. I am grateful to Mr. Bharpur Singh Sir for providing with an opportunity to undertake this project and providing with all the facilities. I am highly thankful to him for her active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in

creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework. CHIRANJEEV SAGAR

CONTENTS: 1.INTRODUCTION 2.ADVANCEMENT IN AVIONICS 3.AVIONIC SYSTEMS 3.1Aircraft Avionics 1. Navigation System a) Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) System b) Global Positioning System (GPS) c) Inertial Navigation System (INS) d) Navigational Computers

2. Aircraft Flight Control and Tracking 3. Weather System 4. Display System 3.2 Mission or Tactical Avionics 1. Electronic Warfare System a) RADAR b) SONAR c) IFF (Identification of Friend and Foe) d) Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) e) ELECTRO-OPTICS (Target Sighting/tracking)

2. Communication System a) Aircraft Communication b) Military Communication 4. TRENDS IN AVIONICS

 Where we have been Where we are heading 5.REFERENCES

1.INTRODUCTION:
Avionics refers to electronics in the field of aviation. The word "avionics" is a contraction of the phrase "aviation electronics," referring to all the

electronics-based instrumentation on an aircraft. Avionics engineering is the art of electronically integrating everything on the aircraft into a smoothly operating unit. Aircraft avionics has advanced beyond merely wiring together all the separate boxes of functioning subsystems. Now aircraft engineers are working to put all the interfaces and electronics together on a single microchip along with software. This engineering advance has required a leap in thinking about how systems work together. It comprises electronic systems for use on aircraft, artificial satellites and spacecraft, comprising communications, navigation and the display and management of multiple systems. It also includes the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to meet individual roles. These can be as simple as a search light for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an Airborne Early Warning platform.

2.ADVANCEMENT IN AVIONICS:
Avionics had its beginnings in the 1950s though it didnt become a word in use until the 70s. Till that time instruments, radios, radar, fuel systems, engine controls and radio navigation aids had formed individual (often mechanical) systems. In the 1970s, avionics was born, driven by military need rather than civil airliner development. Military aircrafts had become flying sensor platforms, and making large amounts of electronic equipment work together had become the new challenge.

This is a restored Aeronca Champ from the 1950s. It has no avionics at all because it has no battery or electrical system. There is one piece of avionics - the radio shack timer on the pilots wheel.

Heres a stock Boeing 747 with a typical mixture of electro-mechanical engineering as we have had for the last few decades. It is a blend of lot of older electromechanicals which marks the beginnings of computers and "glass".

Heres Rutans cockpit. Totally avionic, with a Garmin GPS perched on top. Please note the Radio Shack timer in the upper left same as the Aeronca. A revolution in cockpit display concepts has occurred. Designers have blended ideas from airline flight decks and the computer industry. What's unique is the integration of virtually all aircraft functions, including non-avionics systems funneled through the glass displays.

This is the new Piper Meridian with an Avidyne Display system and Garmin navigation and communication, including GPS, FMS and mapping.

3.AVIONIC SYSTEMS:
Avionics is the acquisition, communication, processing, storage and display of data; and the interface and control of aviation systems. It is that work of maintenance and modification and also its release.

3.1 Aircraft Avionics

Modern naval aircraft have a wide variety of missions. The electronic equipment these aircraft carry enables them to perform these missions. The cockpit of an aircraft is a major location for avionic equipment, including control, monitoring, communication, navigation, weather, and anti-collision systems. The majority of aircraft drive their avionics using 14 or 28 volt DC electrical systems; however, large, more sophisticated aircraft (such as airliners or military combat aircraft) have AC systems operating at 115V 400 Hz, rather than the more common 50 and 60 Hz of European and North American, respectively, home electrical devices. There are several major vendors of flight avionics, including Honeywell, Rockwell Collins, Thales Group, Garmin, Narco, and Avidyne Corporation. Aircraft avionics comprises many different control systems:

1.

Navigational system-

Navigation is the determination of position and direction on or above the surface of the Earth. Avionics can use satellite-based systems (such as GPS), ground-based systems, or any combination thereof.

Navigational Instruments:
The following navigational instruments direct, plot, and control the course or position of aircraft.
a)

MAGNETIC (STANDBY) COMPASS:

A direct-reading magnetic compass (fig. 7-19) is mounted on the instrument panel. The face of the compass is read like the dial of a gauge.
b)

GYRO COMPASS:

The gyro compass is used in many naval aircraft. The system provides an accurate indication of aircraft headings through 360 of azimuth.
c)

HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR:

The newest naval aircraft use the horizontal situation indicator. It shows the pilot the navigational situation of the aircraft.

TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (TACAN) SYSTEM:

TACAN is a radio navigational set that provides slant range and relative bearing to a transmitting ground (surface) station. It has Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) that provides continuous slant range information. The Bearing Distance Heading Indicator (BDHI) provides a visual indication of the navigational situation for that aircraft.

GLOBAL POSTIONING SYSTEM (GPS):

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based radio position and navigation system designed to provide highly accurate three-dimensional position, velocity, and time data to suitably equipped aircraft anywhere on or near the earth. The Satellite Vehicle (SV) consists of 24 operational satellites in six circular orbits (10,900 NMI) above the earth at an inclination angle of 55 with a 12-hour period. The satellites are spaced in orbit so that at any given time a minimum of four satellites will be in view to users anywhere in the world. The GPS Navigation Set receives and processes SV signals, combines them with air data information, and then calculates and displays the aircraft position for navigation. The information includes present aircraft position, course information, distance and time to waypoint and desired track, along with other navigation information. GPS consists of three independent segmentsthe satellite segment, ground segment, and the user segment.

INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM

An inertial navigation system (INS) is an automatic aid to navigation that is independent of outside references. An INS is a portion of the overall tactical system that provides accurate velocity, attitude, and heading data to a digital data processing system. This overall system permits accurate weapons delivery. To function properly, the system must be aligned with reference to initial conditions of altitude, latitude, and longitude.

The aircraft gyros, accelerometers, synchros, servos, and computers continually monitor aircraft heading, attitude, and horizontal and vertical velocities. Any change in the aircraft's latitude, longitude, or altitude involves a change in its speed or direction of motion. The inertia of extremely sensitive accelerometers resists these changes. This resistance is measured and recorded by the synchros, servos, and computers. The computers continually recalculate the movement of the aircraft based on the latest changes recorded by the accelerometers. The computers use these calculations to provide a constantly updated readout of the aircraft's geographical position. When used with Doppler radar, an INS greatly improves overall system accuracy.

NAVIGATIONAL COMPUTERSOne of the

navigational aids now in use is a latitude and longitude type of airborne computer system. This system can make the following computations during flight: The latitude and longitude of the present position of the aircraft. This information is continually displayed on the pilot's console. The aircraft ground track angle, relative to true heading. The distance from the present position of the aircraft to a preset target or base, as selected on the control panel. The bearing of the preset target or base, as selected, relative to true heading.

2. Aircraft flight control and tracking:

Airplanes and helicopters have means of automatically controlling flight. They reduce pilot workload at important times (like during landing, or in hover), and they make these actions safer by 'removing' pilot error. The first simple auto-pilots were used to control heading and altitude and had limited authority on things like thrust and flight control surfaces. The advent of fly by wire and electro actuated flight surfaces (rather than the traditional hydraulic) has increased safety. As with displays and instruments, critical devices which were electro-mechanical had a finite life. With safety critical systems, the software is very strictly tested.

3. Weather system:
Weather systems such as weather radar (typically Arinc 708 on commercial aircraft) and lightning detectors are important for aircraft flying at night or in Instrument meteorological conditions, where it is not possible for pilots to see the weather ahead. Heavy precipitation (as sensed by radar) or severe turbulence (as sensed by lightning activity) are both indications of strong convective activity and severe turbulence, and weather systems allow pilots to deviate around these areas.

4. Display systems:
HUD(Heads Up Display) HDD(Head Down Display) HMD(Head Mounted Display)

 All instrumentation and gauges

3.2 Mission or tactical avionics

Military aircraft have been designed either to deliver a weapon or to be the eyes and ears of other weapon systems. The vast array of sensors available to the military is used for whatever tactical means required. As with aircraft management, the bigger sensor platforms (like the E-3D, JSTARS, ASTOR, Nimrod MRA4, Merlin HM Mk 1) have mission management computers.

Police and EMS aircraft also carry sophisticated tactical sensors.

1.

Electronic Warfare System-

a) RADAR:
Radar means RAdio Detection And Ranging. Radar is a radio device used to detect objects at distances much greater than is visually possible. Detectable objects include aircraft, ships, land areas, clouds, and storms. In addition to detecting these objects, the radar shows their range and relative position. Radar works on the echo principle. Radar was originally devised as an instrument to detect approaching ships or aircraft. It is possible to determine whether the target was a battleship, destroyer, aircraft, or a group of targets. Also, an aircraft's altitude could be determined.

Use in Tactical Air ControlBoth airborne and shipboard radar is a major link in an operational system. It directs fighter aircraft to a favorable position for intercepting enemy aircraft. The air control officer can determine the number of fighters so they can successfully attack and destroy the enemy.

Use in Fire ControlThe highly directional characteristics of radar make it suited for directing fire control systems. The primary purpose of fire control radar is to

determine the correct position and attitude the aircraft should be in to hit the specified target.

b)SONAR:
Dipping sonar fitted to a range of military helicopters allows the helicopter to protect shipping assets from submarines or surface threats. Maritime support aircraft can drop active and passive sonar devices (Sonobuoys) and these are also used to determine the location of hostile submarines.

c) IFF(Identification of Friend and Foe):

The problem of distinguishing friend from foe in warfare has increased because of the increased speed of aircraft and ships. Radar can detect both sea and air targets at long range. However, it displays both friend and enemy similarly on the scope. IFF is an electronic system that allows a friendly craft to identify itself automatically before approaching near enough to threaten the security of other naval units. A transponder in the friendly aircraft receives a radio-wave challenge (interrogation). The transponder transmits a response to a proper challenge. Upon receiving the proper challenge, the transponder automatically transmits a coded reply, which tells the challenger that a friend has been challenged.
d)

Electronic countermeasures (ECM):

A basic rule of warfare is that for each weapon used by one side, a counter-weapon will be developed by the other side. This rule is clearly seen in the development and use of electronic countermeasures (ECM). The objective of ECM is to gather intelligence from the enemy's

electronic devices and make the devices ineffective. Electronic countermeasures consist of two general types of actionspassive and active. Active ECM operations are actions that the enemy can detect. Active operations prevent effective use of the enemy's equipment. Electronic jamming interferes with enemy radar and communications. Active radar nonelectronic jamming is done by releasing strips of metallic foil (chaff or window) from aircraft. The falling strips cause many false targets or cause the enemy scope to cover with clutter that can mask targets from search and fire control radars. Passive ECM operations are those that cannot be directly detected by the enemy. These include search operations where enemy radar transmitters are detected, located, and as many of the signal characteristics as possible are determined.
e)

Electro-optics(Target sighting/tracking):

Electro-optic systems include Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR), and Passive Infrared Devices (PIDS). These are all used to provide imagery to crews. This imagery is used for everything from Search and Rescue through to acquiring better resolution on a target.

2. Communication system:
a)

Aircraft communication- Communications connect

the flight deck to the ground, and the flight deck to the passengers. On board communications are provided by public address systems and aircraft intercoms. The VHF aviation communication system works on the

airband of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz. Each channel is spaced from the adjacent by 8.33 kHz. Amplitude modulation (AM) is used. The conversation is performed by simplex mode. Aircraft communication can also take place using HF (especially for trans-oceanic flights) or satellite communication.
b)

Military communication- While aircraft

Communications provide the backbone for safe flight; the tactical systems are designed to withstand the rigours of the battle field. UHF, VHF Tactical (30-88 MHz) and SatCom systems combined with ECCM methods, and cryptography secure the communications. Data links like Link 11, 16, 22 and BOWMAN, JTRS and even TETRA provide the means of transmitting data (such as images, targeting information etc.).

4. TRENDS IN AVIONICS:

Avionics changes simply because electronics changes not even at a linear but a logarithmic rate. Moores Law has become the expression of this rapid change. Each 18 months, electronics becomes twice as capable and half as expensive. The avionics revolution depends more upon computer chips than the transistors that make them up. This chart shows the steady increase of performance of Intels chips from the original 4004 in the first pocket

calculator that could handle 300,000 instructions per second to the Pentium 4 than can handle 7 billion instructions per second.

Where We Have Been

 Where We Are Going

Electronics is now pervasive in every field of engineering. Avionics is a specialty that is dissolving at its traditional boundaries. Technically avionics maintenance is becoming associated with every aircraft system. Avionics is riding high on the back of electronics and new innovations are arising in this field day by day. Some of the works are Elimination of radiation and electromagnetic effects on Avionics. Slowing semiconductor wear out in devices.

 More progressive form of flight planning. Greater integration of in-flight data with ground system.

This is an exquisite picture of Saturn from space a gift of avionics. The picture is processed from 400 pictures from the Cassini spacecraft which recently passed Saturn. With Cassini

looking back at earth it caught this picture of Saturn eclipsing the sun.

5. REFERENCES: 1. En.wikipedia.com 2. Avionicstoday.com 3. Honeywell.com 4. spaceplace.nasa.gov/en/avionics 5. Aerosonic.com 6. Rockwell.com