, 2006

1.
1.1.
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
.

. , .
, , ,
. 1001
.
, , .
,
:
1.
1001 5 ,
3 ?
2. ,
1001 , 3, 5
?
3.
1001 , 3, 5
?

3
, 5
, 1, 2. 3.
3 + 5 = 1001.
,
, .

1. 1.1.

1, 2. 3. :

, , ?
, ?
?
:

4.
, 65 cm ?
, b ,

2 + b2 + 2 = 652 = 4225.
, b
, :

?
?
?

5. , ,
5 . 100 100
?
, z,
:
+ + z = 100
1
+ + 5z = 100.
2

1.
,
(
) ,
.
1

3. ,
.

1. 1.1.

.
,
.

,
.
,
:
6.
.
3 + ( + 1)3 + ( + 2)3 = ( + 3)3
, .
7.
.

2 + 1 = 2

, , .
, ( x1, 2, , n ) = 0 x1, 2, , n
( ) , n 2
, .
Zn ( Qn
).
( x1, 2, , n ) = 0,
n ( ) (1, 2, , n )
: (1, 2, , n ) = 0.
1 = f1 (p, q, r, ...), 2 = f2 (p, q, r, ...), , n = fn (p, q, r, ...)
(p, q, r, ... ) (1, 2, , n )
.
8.
: ) 2 + 2 = 3; b) 2 + 2 = 5; c) 2 + 2 = 24.
2

,
. ,

( x1, 2, , n ) = 0, .

1. 1.1.

,
3.
: (2, 1); (2, -1); (-2, 1); (-2, -1).
2 = 24 2 = 2(12 ),
, . = 2, . 42 = 24 2,
= 12 2.
= 2, = 12 22 ,

(, ) = (2, 12 22) ,
.
,
,
.

:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

;
(
);
,
;
,
( );

( ).

, .
,
.
,
.
, ,


.
5

1. 1.2.

1. 2. 3

.
, , ,
. , ,

.
9. (, q)
q, 2 + q = 101. 4
: :
1) = 2, q = 99 4 = 97 P.
2) 3, , q = 101 2 ,
q = 2, 2 . 2 = 99,
.
, (2, 97). 5
10.
3 + 2 = 7?
: 3 + 2 6 = 1,
( + 2)( 3) = 1. ( + 2) ( 3)
0 1, 1 1, :
1)
2)

+ 2 = 1 3 = 1, . = -1 = 4;
+ 2 = - 1 3 = - 1, = - 3 = 2.

11. (, )
2 + 4 = 2006 .
3

:
1) . :
3/79, , 1979.
2) :
3/81, , 1981.
N,
, .
K , .

Z.

1. 1.2.

: :
1) = 0, 4 = 0, = 0 ;
4
4
2) 0, = 2000 - 2000 = .
y
y
4
.
y
4 :

, - 2000 ,

2.1) = 1, = 2004;
2.2) = 2, = 1002;
2.2) = 4, 4 = 2001 ,
4 2001.
: (2004, 1) ; (1002, 2)
12.
. .
: 100,
10000. 444
4444.
1) 444 = 4111 = 4337, 1237.
2) 4444 = 41111 = 411101 = 44101. 101
, , ,
.
13.
2 + 2 = 2006.
: 2 2 2006, , , ,
2 + 2 :
1) , l
= 2 = 2l. 42 + 4l2 = 2006.
4, , .
2) ,
l = 2+1 = 2l+1. 42 + 4 + 1 + 4l2 + 4l + 1 = 2006,
42 + 4 + 4l2 + 4l = 2004.
( + 1) + 1(l + 1) = 501. ,
, .
7

1. 1.2.

:
(x, y, z, ) , , z,
.
S
(, , ...).
S
,
S1, S2, S S1 S2 S = S (Si Sj = ; i,
, ij),
S.
, S1, S2, S. R1, R2, R
, S1, S2, S (
) R P
R1, R2, R , . R = R1 R2 R .
, ,
S1, S2, S
.
, ,
. ,
: ?

, . ,
,
:
1. , , . S
,
S1, S2, S S1 S2 S = S
( ).
.

2.
:
() Si (1 i k)
, . Ri =
8

1. 1.2.

(b) Sj (1 j k)
, . R = S .

() (b) ( ).
3. ( )
.
, :
; , ;
, ( ).
4.
( , , )
( ).
, ,
,
.
, 2() ,
,
.

, .


.

1. * + * = * - * = * * = ** : *
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
.
2. q 2 + q2 = 2007.
3. 2 2 = 2006
.
4.
?
9

1. 1.2.

5. , z , 2 + 2 + z2 = 2 2 2
. .
6. 4 + 5 = 2 + 2.
7.
?

8. , q r
q + qp = r. ( 1991.)
9.
2.
. ( 1996.)

10. : = ( + + + )4.
11.

10

2. E

2.1.
.
,
,
= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.


,
( = ),
. ,
; , ;
, ...
14.

* 4 * 15 = 3 * 9 *.

: 15,
15, 3 5,
: ) 3 * 9 * 3; b)
3 * 9 * 0 5; ) 4.
:
1) , . 0,
12 + *, 3,
0, 3, 6 9, 3090, 3390,
3690 3990.
15 206,
226, 246 266, ) :
246 15 = 3690.
2) 5, 17 + *
b) 1, 4 7,
3195, 3495 3795. 15
213, 233 253, ),
4.

11

2. 2.1.

15. , b , :

( )2

aa + bb = cc .

: ,

, .
11 + 11b = (11c)2 = 121c2.
11, 11 : + b = 112.
b , 9 + 9 = 18, 112 18,
112 = 11, = 1. + b = 11,
: 22 + 99 = 33 + 88 = = 66 + 55 = 77 + 44 = 88 + 33 = 99 + 22 = 121
= 112 .
16. , b n,
a + bb + ccc = n 4 . ?

: ,
a + bb + ccc 1 + 11 + 111 = 122,
9 + 99 + 999 = 1107. , 121<122 n4 1107<1225.
11< n2 < 35, 3 < n < 6,
n = 5. :

n = 4

1) n = 4, n4 = 256 = 222 + 33 + 1 ;
2) n = 5, n4 = 625 = 555 + 66 + 4 .

:

12. a
* * * * * - * * * * = * * * , ,
.
13. * * * + * * * = * * * 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 ?
14. * * * * - * * * = * * * 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 ?
15. ,
: 45 = 22 * * . ?
12

2. 2.1.

16. * * * * * * * * * * 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9
99. , ?
17.
22 = 3 * 4 * .
18. O b n

199a1b
= n.
12

19. : (***)2 = *00**.

AR HIMED
.
EUKLID
,
. ( 1990.)

20.

21. b 3 3a = 2 5b .
? ( 1991.)
22.
n, *71* : 36 = n. ( 1991.)
23. : a b ab = bbb . ( 1991.)
3* 5 *
4*7*

.
36
45
. ( 1995.)

24.

25. : abcd 9 = dcba . ( 1995.)

26. : (5 + 1)2 = abcd a
, . (
1996.)
27. : *2* 45 = (**)2 . ( 1998.)
28. A + AB + ABC + ABCD = 2002 .( 2002).
29. 7 * 8 = * 9 8 + 7 *,
( 2005).

13

2. 2.1.

30. , b n,
a + ab + abc = n 3 . ?
31. 6
?
32. aaa ... aaa + bbb ... bbb 2000 1000
b ( b ). b
36.

2.2.

.
( ):

2 ;

2 ;

3 3 ;

2 41 4+1

4 1 4 + 1 ;

3 61 6 +1

6 1 6 + 1 ;

5 1,3,7, 9.

.
17:
(, q)
q ) 2p + 3q = 200 ; b) 2 + 3q = 201.
: ) 2 + 3q = 200, 3q = 200 2,
, 3q .

14

2. 2.2.

, q = 2, 2 = 200 6 = 194. = 97 ,
= 97, q = 2 .
b) 2 + 3q = 201, 2 = 201 - 3q = 3(67 q).
3 . 2
3 = 3, = 3 3.
2 = 67 q, q = 65 .
.
18: n
5p + 13q = 65n, q ?
: 5 + 13q = 65n, 5 = 13(5n q), 5
13, = 13.
13q = 5(13n ), 13q 5, q = 5.
65n = 513 + 135 = 130, n = 2,
.
19: q
7 + 11q = 400?
: 400 7 11q
. 7 + 11q = 24 + 22 = 46,
400. q : = 3, q , q = 3,
.
q 3, = 6 1
q = 6m 1 (k N, m N).
:
6(7k + 11m) = 418; 6(7k + 11m) = 404 ; 6(7k + 11m) = 396 ; 6(7k + 11m) =
382. O 396 6,
6(7k + 11m) = 396, 7k + 11m = 66. 11m 66
11, 7. = 11, , m
-1, .
20: , q r,
+ pq + pq r = 38?
: + pq + pq r = 38, (1 + q + q r) = 38 =
219. 2, = 2.
q(1 + r) = 18. 1 + r 2, q = 3, r + 1 = 6, r = 5.

15

2. 2.2.

33. A , o :
) = 17 ; b) = ?
34. e: a) = 49; b) = 2,
, ?
35. : a) = 64 ; b) = n, a , n
, ?
36. + q = 30?
37. q : 3 + 5q = 67?
38. 5 - 7q = 1, q
?
39. 17 + 11q = 155.
40. q
p q
+
= 2.
2 3

41.

p
q
+
= n , q ,
4 15

n .
42. 3 + 3 = q , q
.
43. q + q = 57, q ?
44. z = , , y z ,
?
45. a: ) z = 9; b) z = 2
, y z , ?
46. p, q r, p + q + r = 100?
47. p, q r, p + 2q + 3r = 37?
48. , q r
q + r = 23.
49. q + qr = 40, , q r
?

16

2. 2.2.

50. q + qr + r = 2006 , , q r
?
51. , q + qr + r = 2
?
52. , q r
q + qr + r = 166.

53. , q r , b
= b + c, q = bc + a r = ca + b.
, q r . ( 2005.)

54. 3 + 5q = 100, q
?
p q
55. n +
= n ,
2 3
q ?
56. q , 2 + 2 = q .
57. : 2 + 7 = 32, 3 + 13 = 42, 2 + 23 =52, 5 + 31 = 62 ...
3
?
58. : 2 + 2 = 4, 3 + 3 = 6, 3 + 5 = 8, 2 + 7 = 9, 3 + 7 = 10,
5 + 7 = 12, 7 + 7 = 14, 2 + 13 = 15, 3 + 13 = 5 + 11 = 16, ...
?
59. z = 9 , , z ,
, < < z.

2.3.


.

.
17

2. 2.2.

21: (, )
5 = 17.
:
5, 5, . = 5 ( ). 5 = 17 5,
= 17.
(17, 5)
,
, . (, ) =
(17, 5) .

, .
, .
.
, . 6
22: 2 + 3 = 24.
, ?
: 2 = 24 3 = 3(8 ).
3 ,
2, 3.
2 < 24, < 4, = 3 = 5
.
= 3 (), 2 = 92, 2 + 3 = 92 + 3 = 24
3 = 24 92, = 8 32 .
,
: = 3, = 8 32 (). 7
6
= 10
y
?

23:

2 +

: 10 2 =

6
.
y

, .
6

18

8.

,
, , ..., n-

2. 2.3.

6.
{1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, 6, -6}.
, 2 {4, 16, 7, 13, 8, 12, 9, 11}. 7, 13, 8, 12, 11
6 :
(2, 1) ; (-2, 1) ; (4, -1) ;(-4, -1) ; (3, 6) ; (-3, 6).
.

60.
99 + 2 = 202.
61. 15 + 40 = 2006 .
62. + = 2006,
?
63. = 96,
?
64. 2 = 48.
65. 2 3 = 72?
66.
67.

x 5
= , ?
4 y
x y
= , .
3 8

x y
+
= 4 ?
2 3
69. | | + | | = 10?

68.

70. + 28 = 0.
71. 2 + | | = 17, .
72. 3 + 39 = 2000?
73. 2 = 36 .
74. 2 3 = 108.
75. z = 6, , z
?

19

2. 2.3.

76.

xz 2
=
, , z
9
y

?
77. + + z = 6, , z
, , , z ?
2
78. +
= 3.
y
79. (, )
4
2 +
= 5.
y2
19 99
80.
+
= 109.
x
y
81. : a)
b)

1 1
+ =
x y

1;

1 1
1 1
+ = 2 ; ) + = 3.
x y
x y

82. n e

2 3
+
= n
x y

x 3
+
= 4?
2 y
8
9
84. +
=5.
x
y

83.

2005 2006
+
= 2007 .
x
y
, .

85.

86. + + z = ( 2).

, z ,
, ?
87.
q?
88.
q?
20

2. 2.3.

2.4.

.
,
, ,
.
24: .
300?.
: .
62 = 300, 2 = 50.
50, .
25: 1234567891011 = 399*6***.

.
: 399a 6bcd .
2510 = 100, c d .
9, 27 + + b
9, + b 0, 9 18.
11 (3 + 9 + 6) - (9 + + b) = 9 b 11,
+ b = 9. 4, b 0, 4 8.
399 7, 6b, 6b 960,
564 168. 168 7, 39916800.
26:
40?
?
:
10039999, 99994000.
,
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 0 = 45
,
45 40 = 5.
0 + 5, 1 + 4 2 + 3. ,
2 3, 10456789, 98765410.
21

2. 2.4.

27:
, 720.
:
. 720 = 24325, ,
5 9 2.
2589.
,
1, 2, 3, 22, 5, 23, 654321. :
, 0, 720.
28:
?
: xy .
10 + = + 2. 9 = 2 = (-1). -1
, ,
. 9 9
1. = 9 1 = 9, = 10.
, = 9. 9 = ( 1) = 9 8,
= 8. 89 = 8 + 92.

89. .
90.
20?
91.
2007. ?
92. .
1234?
93. , ,
432?
94. 987654321
?
95. 3.
96. 43.

22

2. 2.4.

97. 2000?
.
98.
3360?
99. 0?
100. 144?
101. 5?
102.
512?
103.
360?
104. n6 2, 4, 5, 8, 8, 9, 9.
n.

105. ,
?
106. :
, ,
, ...,
.
107. : 4 = 22 = 2+2, 6 = 123 = 1+2+3, 8 = 1124 = 1+1+2+4,
9 = 11133 = 1+1+1+3+3, ...

.
108. 100 1, 2 5 ?

23

3.

= ,
, .
, , ...,
.
nk, an,
, n!, ...
.

3.1.
nk
nk

.

109. n {0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }.
n2, n3, n4, ..., n16, n17 :
n
n2
n3
n4
n5
n6

24

3. 3.1. n

n6
n7
n8
n9
n10
n11
n12
n13
n14
n15
n16
110. 0, 1, 4, 5,
6 9.
111. 2, 3, 7
8. .
112. n , n4 0, 1,
5 6. .
113.
2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9.
114. n , n5 - n ,
n5 - n 10. .
115. , n n4+
(nN, kN). .
29.
, : 2 + 5 = 1234567?
: 2 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 9
( ), 5 0 5 ( ).
5

25

3. 3.1. n

2 + 5 0, 1, 4, 5,
6 9 2, 3, 7 8,
2 + 5 1234567.
116. : 2 + 52 = 333
333 333?
117. n ,

2n2, 4n2, 6n2, 8n2 ?

118.
52 + 22 = 1999 ?
52

22

30. 4 + 4 = 123456789,

?
:
4, 4.
0, 1, 4, 5, 6 9, ,
. 0, 1, 5 6.

, .
4

+
0, 1, 2, 5, 6 7 3, 4, 8 9.
4 + 4 = 123456789 .
119. 4 + 34 = 777777 ( n)

n.
26

3. 3.1. n
2

120. + 4 = 98765432

?
121. n,

4 + 42 = 10 + n (, N)?
122. , z, 4 + 4 + z4 =

999999 ( )?
123. 34 + 48 + 5z16 = 987654321

?
4

124. - = 12345678 2 = 7

?
125. 5 + 2 = 12345678
?

126. , z 24 + 20 =

z16 - z12 + 4 ?
127. 7 - 3 + 2z4 = 12345678

?
128. , z 48 - z5 + z = 2

. .
129. n 4 + 5

+ 5z = n .

3.2.
E n
, , ...
.
...1n, ...2n, ... , ...9n

.

27

3. 3.2. n

130. {0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } .
2, 3, 4, ... 12, 13, ... n
n :

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4+1
4+2
4+3
4
131. n , 11n?
n , (10 + 1)n 1.
.
132. 5 2006? n ,
5n 5.
133. n , 64567890n?
6n 6 n.
134. 44444? Ao je n ,
4n 6, n
4n 4. .
135. n , 9876543210n?
n , 9n
1, n 9n 9.
28

3. 3.2. n

136.
7 n
137.
?

6 + 31 =

123456789

123456789

138. 99 - 44 =111...111
.
31. , z,
4 + 9 = 11z?
: 4 4 6, 9 1
9. 4 + 9 ...4 + ...1= ...5,
...4 + ...9 = ...3, ...6 + ...1 = ...7 ...6 + ...9 = ...5. , 4 + 9
3, 5 7, 11z 1,
, z, .
139. n 5 + 6 + 7z = 66666
( n) ?
140. 85 + 76 + 67z = 98765432 ,
z ?
141. 2 + 2 = 555 555 555.
142.
, 2 + 5 = 12345678?
5

5
143. 4 + 6 = 876543?
144. p, q r , p4 + q4 = r4
. .
145. n 2000 + 1999 =

888...888 ( n) ?
146. , .

4 + 4 = 9876543 .
147. p, q r , 5p4 + 6q4 = 7r4.
148. n 64 + 64 =
10 + n .

29

3. 3.2. n

149.
5 + 5 = 157.
150. p, q r , p4 + q4 = r4

. .
151. p100 + q200 + r300 = 10k + n, p, q r

, n . n
?

3.3.


152. n {0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } .
, , ,
:
n

n(n +1)
n(n +1)(n+2)
(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)

153. K

?
154.

?
155.

?
30

3. 3.3.

156.

?
157.

2, 6,
24.
158. 120.

.
159. , 2 + = 987654?
1999

160. ( + 1 ) + 1998

1234567?
161. 2 + 2 = + 7654321

?
32. n 444

444 ?
: 1 + ... + n = 444 444.

n (n + 1)
= 444 444,
2

n (n + 1) = 888 888, ,
0,1 6.
162. n 1 + 2 + 3 + +

+ 5 = 222222 ( n)
?
163. 4 + 4 = 2 + 123456789
?
2(2-1)

164. (+1)(+2) = 98765432?

165.

(-1)(-2) = 4444444444

31

3. 3.3.

166.

3 32 + 2 - 11 = 234567?
n 5 + 3 + 62 +
11 + 6 = 10 + n ?
167.

3 + 62 + 11 + 6

168. ( + 1)( + 2)
( + 3) = 888 888 888?
169. ( 1)(2)( 3) = 987654
?
170. 4 + 4 + 23 2 2

= 987654312?
171. n 4 + 4 - 23 - 2

+ 2 = 10 + n , , ?
172. ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)( + 4) = 1234567890

. .
5

173. 5 + 4 + 7 = 10 + n, ,

, n .
n {1, 3, 7, 9} .
174. 5 + 5 + 4 = 53 + + 1999.

.
175.

176. 3 + 5 = + 9876543?
177. 2 + 2 + 6 = 12345678

?
178. n

1 + 2 + 3 + + - 5 = n ?
?

32

3. 3.4. n!
4

179. n
5

+ - 5 + 4 = 10 + n (,
)?

3.4.
n!
180. n 123(n1)n
n n!. 1! , 2! , 3! , 4! , , 10! .
1!

2!

3!

4!

5!

6!

7!

8!

9!

10!

181. n!?
182. n, n! ?
183. n 4, n! 4.
184. n 5, n! 0. .
185. ! + 2 = 2007.
33.
2

2 + ! = 969.
: ! = 969 22 22 ,
! . = 1, 22 = 968. 2 = 484
= 22.
186.

! + 5 = 98765432

?
187. , 6 - ! = 192 .
188. ! + 5 = 131.
189. ! + ! = 5046.
190. ! + 3 = 2, , .

33

3. 3.4. n!

191. ,

! + 9 = 12345678 ?
9

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

187.

188.

189.

190.

191.

192.

193.

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

192. ! + = 1297, .
193. 2 + ! = 333 333

194. , z 5 + 6 + z! =

999999 (999 ) ?

195. , z 5 + 6 + z! =

999999 (2006 ) ?
4

196. ! + = 10024.
197. 1! + + ! = 2.

?
198. , z , ! + 24

+ 5z = 9876543210 .

2.5.

199. .

1998?
200. n
. n, 231 ?
201. 11111 ?
202. , q r 2p + q4 = r! ?

34

3. 3.5.

203. n ,
.
5432 . ?
204. 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9. -

n.
n.
205. n

987 654.
34 567. ?
206. n

. 4,
8. ?
207. n, 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n

.
208.

209. 1721980 + 7 .

( 1980).

210.

?
.
211. :
8 + (+1)8 +...+ (+99)8 = 876543210.
212. 10 1 -

?
213.

?

?
35

4.

, ,
.
, . .
, , , , , ,
.

4.1.

.
( )
, .

, .
.
34.
+ 3 5 = 18.
: + 3 - 5 = 18
+ 3 5 15 = 3, ( + 3)( 5) = 3. 3
, :

36

1)

+ 3 = 1, 5 = 3 = -2, = 8 ;

2)

+ 3 = -1, 5 = -3 = -4, = 2 ;

3)

+ 3 = 3, 5 = 1 = 0, = 6 ;

4)

+ 3 = -3, 5 = -1 = -6, = 4.

4. 4.1.

,
.
.
35. 2 + 1
.
: n.
2 + 1 = n7, . n7 1 = (n 1)(n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n + 1) = 2. 1,
2, 2 2, :
1) n - 1 = 1, n = 2, n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n + 1 =
2 = 127, , 2 , 127 ;
2) n 1 = 2, n = 3, n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n + 1 =
1093 = . 1093 , (3, 1093)
.
3) n 1 = , n = + 1 3, n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n
+ 1 n + 1 3, .
4) n 1 = 2, n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n + 1 = 1,
n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n = 0.
n = 0 n = -1, , 0 1
.
36. 2 + 1
.
: 2 + 1 = 2, 2 - 1 = ( + 1)( - 1) = 2.
2 2. 2 = 2 2b ( b),
a + b = x. + 1= 2 - 1 = 2b, 2 - 2b = 2.
2b(2-b - 1) = 2. 2b = 2 2-b - 1 = 1, b = 1 a - b = 1.
= 2, b = 1 x = a + b = 3. 23 + 1 = 9 = 32, = 3.
37. n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 + 2n + 1
n.
: n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 + 2n + 1 = n4 + 2n3 + n2 + n2 + 2n + 1
= n2(n2 + 2n + 1) + n2 + 2n + 1 = (n2 + 2n + 1)(n2 + 1) = (n + 1)2 (n2 + 1),
n2 + 1 ,
n2 + 1 = 2. 2 - n2 = 1, . ( - n)( + n) = 1. - n = + n =
1, = 1 n = 0, , n = 0 .

37

4. 4.1.

38. ( + 1)( + 7)( + 8) = 2

. 8
:
(2 + 8)(2 + 8 + 7) = 2. 4
(22 + 16 + 7 - 7)(22 + 16 + 7 + 7) = 42, (22 + 16 + 7)2 - 49 = 42, (22 + 16 + 7)2 (2)2 = 49.
(22 + 16 + 7 2)(22 + 16 + 7 + 2) = 49.
:
1) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = 1 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = 49;
2) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = 7 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = 7;
3) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = 49 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = 1;
4) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = -1 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = -49;
5) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = -7 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = -7;
6) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = -49 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = -1.
,
:

42 + 32 + 14 = 50 4 = 48 2 + 8 9 = 0 = 12;

42 + 32 + 14 = 14 4 = 0 2 + 8 = 0 = 0;

42 + 32 + 14 = 50 4 = -48 2 + 8 9 = 0 = -12;

42 + 32 + 14 = -50 4 = -48 2 + 8 + 16 = 0 = -12;

42 + 32 + 14 = -14 4 = 0 2 + 8 + 7 = 0 = 0;

42 + 32 + 14 = -50 4 = 48 2 + 8 + 16 = 0 = 12.

: (-9, 12); (1, 12); (0, 0);

(-8, 0);(-9, -12); (1, -12); (-4, -12); (-7, 0); (-1, 0); (-4, 12).

,

.

38

1973. .
: .. : ,
, 1987.

4. 4.1.

214. (,)
+ 2 = 7.
215. 2 2 = 12.
?
216. (,) :
) 2 7 = 2 ;
b) x4 y4 = 15 ;
c) 6x2 13xy + 6y2 = 4 ;
d) x2 + 6y = y2 + 4x + 10 .
217. (,)
+ 2 = 7.
218. n = n4 + 4 .
219. n n2 + 2n + 13
.
220. 2 - 5 + 62 = 3 ?
221. n 5 + 1 = n2 .
222. n
8n2 + 10n + 3?
223. 5
.
224.
= 9 cm.
225. 3 + 1 = 3 ?
226. , b bc + b = + c + 3.
227.
3 - 3 = - 2 ?
228. n m :
) 22 + 1 = n5 ;
b) n4 + n2 + 1 = p ;
4
4
) n + 4m = p .
229. , z , ( + z)2 = 2 - 2 + z2
. .
230. ,
+ + = 232 .

39

4. 4.1.

231. m , 2 + 2 + 2 m m m =
1 m . .
232. ( + 1) = 4(+1)

.
?

233. , > ,
1 1 2
+ =
. ( - 1931.)
x y p
234. 21,
. .
? ( 1971.)
1 1 1
235. + = .

3, ,
3. . (36. 1973.)
236. (, )
( + 2)4 4 = 3. ( 1974.)
237. 2(2 2) = 1978, .
( 1978.)
238.
( ) . ( 1978).
239. (, ) 3 2 + 1 = 2. (41. 1978.)
240. = + + 1. (
1987.)
241. q 2 - 2q2 = 1. (
1990.)
242. + 3 = 10. (
1991.)
243. 1991
. ( 1991.)
40

4. 4.1.

1 1 1
= (n N)
x y n
, n . ( 1991.)

244.

245. n n3 n + 2n = 1992? (
1992.)
246. 22 2 = 2 + 1994.
( 1994.)
247. n 2 7,
. ( 1993).
248. 222...222
.
( 1996.)
249. (, , z) + + z = 0 3 +
3 + z3 = -18. ( 2000.)
250. n 2n + 1 3n + 1
. 5n + 3 . ( 1996.)
251. n
n2 + 2n + 1997 . ( 1997.)
252. , z
1
= 0, xyz . ( 1997.)
x+ y+z
253. n
n2 + 2n + 2000 . ( 2000.)
254. m .

(, ) 22 + 11 + 122 + 4 + 5 + 6 =
2m. ( 1999.)

255. n , n5 + n4 + 1= p.
256. , z
( )3 + ( z)3 + (z )3 = 6.

41

4. 4.2.

257. a, b, c d ab + cd = 14

ac + bd = 11?
258. , n m :
) 1! 2! ... 99! 100! = n! m2 ;
b) 1! 2! ... (k-1)! k! = n! m2 .

4.2.


. = ,
= N +

P
. N ,
Q

P
, Q .
Q

, Q

.
39.
2 + 2 3 = 6.
: 2 + 2 3 = 6
2 + 2 6 = + 3 = ( + 3), :
1) = -3, 2 + 2 6 = -3, ( + 3) = 0, = 3
;
2) - 3, =

x 2 + 2x 6
3
= x1
.
x +3
x +3

:
2.1) + 3 = 1 = -2, = - 6 ;
2.2) + 3 = 1 = -4, = -2 ;
2.3) + 3 = 3 = 0, = - 2 ;
2.4) + 3 = -3 = -6, = -6.

42

4. 4.2.

40. (, )
( + ) = , .
: ( + ) = = = ( ).
:
1) = , 2 = 0, = 0, ;
2) , =

px
px p 2 + p 2
p2
=
=p+
.
x p
x p
xp

3) 2 - ,
, , :
3.1) = 1 = + 1, = 2 + ;
3.2) = = 2, = 2 ;
3.3) = 2 = 2 + , = + 1.9
, 2,
3, 5, ... .
. 9
41.
.
: xy = 10 + .
10 + = ( + )2 9 + ( + ) = ( + )2. 0,
( + ) 0, ( + ) :
9x
+ 1 = + .
x+y
d,
b 1 = d 9 0 = bd 9.
9d
9

+ 1 = ( + b ) d .
+ 1 = ( + b)d
+b
( + b)d

9
( + b)
+b

, :
9

43

4. 4.2.

1) + b = 1, 9 + 1 = d. ,
+ b = 1 , 0, = 1, b = 0. d = 10,
, d 9.
2) + b = 3, 3 + 1 = 3d. ,
.
3) + b = 9, + 1 = 9d = 9d 1. 1 9,
1 = d = (9d 1)d 9, d = 1. = 8 b = 1.
81 (= (8 + 1)2).
42.
.
?
:
. , .
, : 1000 + = 3. 0,
y
1000 + = 3y .
x
, = ( ). 1000 + = 3,
(3 1) = 1000. , 100, 3 300,
3 - 1 299. 1000 299 1000
500, :
1) 3 - 1 = 1000, 3 = 1001, , 1001
3.
2) 3 - 1 = 500, 3 = 501, = 167. 3 - 1000 = 2,
= 334.
3167334 = 167334.

259. 3 + 33 + 333z = 2006
.
260.
a2 + 2
1.
a 1
44

4. 4.2.

261.
( + 1)2 = 243.
262. + 7 3 = 23, .
263. 2 = 3 + 10.
264.
13 .
265.
4

+ = + 9 .
266. 3 + 11 = 2000. ,
. .
267. (, )
5 + 9 = 127.
268.
o ?
269.
.

270.
. ( 1974.)
271.
(n n ),
(n + 5 m ).
. ( 1991.)
272.

x 3 + 3x 2 x 10

x+2

. ( 1993.)
273. 100 ,
102,
203, 304? ( 2001.)
274. , 2 , 5 .
100 100 ? ( 2000.)

45

4. 4.3.

275. : + 1 = 3 + .
?
276.
?
277.

n3 + 5
n2 + 1

n .
278. , (, , z)
z = ( + + z).

4.3.


.

. ,
, .
43.
2
2 -1.

4 + 2006 =

: 4 + 2006 = 22 1
(2 1)2 + (1003)2 = 0
0 0,
: 2 1 = 0 = 0. , : (1, 0)
(-1,0).
44.
: 4 + 4 = 62 + 142 53.
: 4 + 4 = 62 + 142 53
(2 3)2 + (2 - 7)2 = 5.
5 1, 4,
:
46

4. 4.3.

1) (2 3)2 = 1 (2 - 7)2 = 4. , 2 3 = 1 2 - 7 = 2.
2 = 2 2 = 5
2 = 4 2 = 9, (, ) {(2,3);
(2, -3); (-2, 3); (-2, -3)}.
2) (2 3)2 = 4 (2 - 7)2 = 1. 2 3 = 2 2 - 7= 1.
2 = 8 2 = 6
.


.
.
45.

2
2
+ + = 1.
: 2 22 + 2 + 22 = 2 2 + ( + )2 + 2 = 2.
2, 1, 0,
:
1) 2 = 1, ( + )2 = 1 2 = 0. = 0, 2 = 1,
(1, 0) (-1, 0).
2) 2 = 1, ( + )2 = 0 2 = 1. + = 0, | | = 1 | | = 1,
(1, -1) (-1, 1).
3) 2 = 0, ( + )2 = 1 2 = 1. = 0, 2 = 1,
(0, 1) (0, -1).
: (1, 0); (-1, 0); (1, -1); (-1, 1); (0, 1);
(0, -1).

. .
46.
11 .
: abc . Ka abc =
100 + 10b + c = 11(9a + b) + a b + c,
11 b + c.
47

4. 4.3.

a b + c = a2 + b2 + c2, . a2 + b2 + c2 a + b
c = 0. 2 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 2a +
2b 2c = 0 a2 + b2 + c2 + (a 1)2 + (b + 1)2 + (c 1)2 = 3.

0, 1. abc ,
1, = 1.
b 0, b + 1 1 b = 0 b + 1 = 1.
a2 + b2 + c2 + (a 1)2 + (b + 1)2 + (c 1)2 = 1 + 0 + c2 + 0 + 1 +
(c 1)2 = 3, :
1) = 0 ( 1)2 = 1.
2) = 1 ( 1)2 = 0.
100 101.
,
abc 11 a2 + b2 + c2. 0 a2
+ b2 + c2 10, a, b c 3,
10.
: 100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 111, 112, 120, 121, 122, 130, 200, 201,
202, 210, 211, 212, 220, 221, 300, 301 310.
11
100 101.

279. x y :
) x2 + y2 = 0 ;

b) x2 + y2 = 1 ;

c) x2 + y2 = 2 ;

d) x2 + y2 = 3 ;

) x2 + y2 = 4 ;

f) x2 + y2 = 10.

280. x y
x2 + y4 = 2x - 1?

281. 4x2 + y2 = 12x + 4y 12.

282. x4 + y2 + 2y = 1, .
283. x, y, z x2 + 4y2 + z4 = 2x - 20y - 23?
48

4. 4.3.

284. 2 + q2 = r , p, q r
? ?
285. 2 + 2 + z2 + + + z = 1
.
286. 2 + 2 + z2 + + + z = n.
n : )
; b) .

287. 2 + 2 = + .

(7. 1941.)
288. , b

2 + b2 + 2 + 3 < b + 3b + 2. ( 1965.)
289.

:
+ = zt z + t = xy. (29. 1966.)
290. : 2n (n

n 3) 72 + 2,
. (48. 1985.)
291. 2 + 2 = 1990

. ( 1990.)
292. ( > ),

+ , , : 245. ( 1992.)
293. (m, n)

n3 + 1
. (35. 1994.)
mn 1

294. 2 + 2 + z2 = + z + z.
. ( 1995.)
295. 222...222
.
( 1996.)
296. 1, ... 1998 12 + ... + 19972
= 19982 . . ( 1997.)

49

4. 4.3.

297. : + + z = 3
3 + 3 + z3 = 3. ( 2002.)
298. 2m2 + n2 = 2mn + 3n.
( 2003.)
299. , , z t
2 + 2 + z2 + t2 = ( + z + t). ( 2004.)
300. 2
6 + 132 = 100. ( 2005.)

301. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2006
?
302. 12 + 22 +...+ 20002 = 2(1 + 2 +...+ 2000) 1999.
1, 2, ... 2000.
303. 2 + q2 = r (q > 5) ,
r = 10 + 3 (). .
304.
2 + 2 + z2 = , , z .
305. 12 + 22 + ... + 2 = 12 ... = 2006
?

4.4.


. ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
47.
?

50

4. 4.4.

: abcd .
abcd = (a + b + c + d ) 4 . 54 < 1000 abcd < 104,

5 < + b + c + d < 10. , + b + c + d 6, 7, 8 9. 64 = 1296,

74 = 2401, 84 = 4096 94 = 6561,
2401 = 74, 9.
48.
.
: ab .
ab = 10 + b = a3 + b2. ab = 10 + b 99 a3 + b2 99,
1 4. 10 3 = b2 b
(10 2) = b(b - 1). b(b - 1),
, , (10 2) .

. (10 2) 0, 10 2 0, .
3. 3 = 2. (10 2) =
b(b - 1) = 12, b = 4. , 24 ( = 23 + 42).
, 90
, .
, .
49.
.
: :
1) , = 2, = 1.
2) 10 + = 2 + 2,
(10 - ) = ( -1). ( - 1) ,
. {2, 4, 6, 8} (10 - ) 18 24,
.
3) , 100 + 10 + z = 2 + 2 +
z . 100 + 10 + z = 2 + 2 + z2 381 = 243, = 1 = 2.
2

3.1) = 1, 100 + 10 + z = 1 + 2 + z2
99 + 10 + z = 2 + z2. 99 > z2 10 > 2,
.

51

4. 4.4.

3.2) = 2, 200 + 10 + z = 4 + 2 + z2.

200, 200,
.
4) 3 ,
10-1, 100,
10-1 100, 10-3 , ,
3.
50. , b, c, d

1
a2

1
b2

1
c2

1
d2

= 1?

: ,
, 1 < a b c d. Ta je

1
d2

1
c2

1
b2

1
a2

4
d2

1
a2

1
b2

1
c2

1
d2

=1

4
a2

a2 4, a = 2, 1.

3
3

. b2 4, b = 2.
2
4 b
d
b
c
d
2
1
1
2
2
, c2 4, o c = 2.
O

+
=
2
2
2
2
4 c
d
c
d
2

d = 2, a = b = c = d = 2.
51. , , z
! + ! = z!?
: ! + ! = z! ! 1 ! 1,
< z < z. ! + ! = z! = z(z 1)...( + 1)( - 1)...321 =
z(z 1)...( + 1)!.
! = z(z 1)...( + 1)! ! = ! ( z(z 1)...( + 1) 1).
:
1) < , ! < !, ;
2) = , z(z 1)...( + 1) 1 = 1, z(z 1)...( + 1)
= 2 z = 2. = = 1.
3) > , 2 ! = ( - 1)...( + 1) ! =
! (z(z 1)...( + 1) 1).

52

4. 4.4.

! ( - 1)...( + 1) = (z(z 1)...( + 1) 1.

, , .
= = 1 z = 2.
52. 2 + + 2 = 22
.
: :

1)

3
2

1 ,

1
1
1
1
1

.
+
= 1 . 2 2,
2
2
2

1
2

3
1
1
+
=1
, 2 3,
2
2

= 1. = 1, = - 1, .
2) 1 ,
.
53. (x, y, z) a
, z, + z + z - z = 2.
:

, .
:
1) = 1, + z + z - z = + z = 2,
(1, 1, 1) .
2) = 2, 2 + z + 2z - 2z = 2 - z + 2z = 2.
z - 2 - 2z + 4 = ( - 2)(z - 2) = 2, :
- 2 = 1, z - 2 = 2 - 2 = 2, z - 2 = 1. (2, 3, 4) ;
(2, 4, 3) ; (3, 2, 4) ; (3, 4, 2) ; (4, 2, 3) ; (4, 3, 2).
3) > 2, > 2 z > 2, : z 3,
z 3z z 3z.
3z 3 + 3z + 3z, z + z + z 2 = + z + z - z
0, .
54.
2 + = 4 + 3 + 2 + .

53

4. 4.4.

: ,
,
. 4 1
42 + 4 + 1 = 44 +
43 + 42 + 4 + 1. (2 + 1)2 = 44 + 43 + 42 + 4 + 1 = 44 +
43 + 2 + 32 + 4 + 1 = (22 + )2 + ( + 1)(3 + 1). (2 + 1)2 =
44 + 43 + 42 + 4 + 1 = 44 + 2 + 4 + 43 + 82 + 4 - 52 - 3 =
(22 + + 2)2 52 3.
, (22 + )2 + ( + 1)(3 + 1) = (2 + 1)2 = (22 + + 2)2 (52 + 3).
:
1) = - 1, 2 + = 0, = 0 = -1.
2) - 1, ( + 1)(3 + 1) > 0. 52 + 3 > 0
, (22 + )2 < (2 + 1)2 < (22 + + 2)2.
(22 + )2 (22 + + 2)2
(22 + + 1)2, (2 + 1)2 = (22 + + 1)2. (2 + 1)2 =
44 + 43 + 42 + 4 + 1 = (22 + + 1)2 = 44 + 2 + 1 + 43 + 42 + 2 + 1,
2 2 = 0, . 0 2:
2.1) = 0, 2 + = 0, = 0 = -1.
2.2) = 2, 2 + = 30, = 5 = -6.
: (0, -1); (-1, -1); (0, 0);
(-1, 0); (5, 2); (-6, 2).

308.
.
309.
.
310.
? (, ) ?
311.
?
312. , z,
?
313. p, q r , p4 + q4 = r4
. .
54

4. 4.4.

314. , b n,

a + bb + ccc = n 4 . ?
315.
. ?
316.
.
317.
?
318. ,
?
319.
, ?
320. (, )
- 3 = 4 - 16.
321. 4 + 23 + 2 11 + 11 = 2,
.
322. n ,
4 n2.
323. : 11! + ... + ! = 4 .
?
324. (, )
: 10 + 11 = + 2000.
325. 1, 2, ... 2006
12 + 22 +...+ 20062 = 2040. 1, 2, ... 2006.
326. , b, c, d, : 2 < b < c < d < .
1
1
1
1
1
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 .
a
b
c
d
e

1
1
+
= 1
x 2 xy y 2
. ( 1952.)

327.

328.

z zx
+
+
= 3.
y

(26. - 1963.)
55

4. 4.4.

329. (
) 2 10 22. (10. 1968.)
330. (, ) -
( + 2)4 4 = 3. ( - 1974.)
331. b . 2 + b2 + b
q r. (, b) q2 + r =
1977. (19. - 1977.)
332. n
( - 1)! + 1 = n. ( 1980.)
333. (, )
3 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 8(2 + + 2 + 1). ( - 1980.)
334. 3 3 = + 61. (15.
1981.)
335. 6 + 33 + 1 = 4 . ( 1981.)
1 1 1
1
+ + =

x y z 1983
. ( 1983.)

336.

337. , b, c, d,
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + = 1 , a : 2 < < b b <
a b c d e
c < d < . ( 1995.)
338. , b, c
1
1
1
+ +
= 1. ( 1996.)
ab bc ca
339. (5 + 1)2 = abcd
, . (
1996.)
340.
3 3 = + 25. ( 2000.)
341. (n) , (n) n.
n (n) + (n) = n. ( 2002.)
342. 31 .
,
.
? ( 2003.)
56

4. 4.4.

343. (, b) ,
a2

. (44. 2003.)
2ab 2 b3 + 1
344. 2 + 1 .
(22. 2005.)

345. 1, 2,... 1 < 2 < ... < ( 2).

1
x 12

1
x 22

+ ... +

1
xk2

= 1 .

346.
?
*

, , .
,
, .
, ( )
.

4.5.


,
,
()
()
.
55.
2 + 4 = 555...555 ( 555...555 n
).

57

4. 4.5.

: :
1) n = 1, 2 + 4 = 5, . = 1, = 1.
2) n 2, :
2.1) = 2 ( ), 2 + 4 = 42 + 4 = 4(2 + ) =
555...555, .
2.2) = 2 + 1 ( ), 2 + 4 = 42 + 4 + 1 + 4 =
555...555, 42 + 4 + 4 = 4(2 + + ) = 555...554. , 2(2 + + ) =
277...77. , ,
.

= = n = 1.
56.
.
: ab .
ab = 10 + b = (a + b)2. 10 + b = + b + 9 = (a + b)2, 9 = (a +
b)(a + b 1). (a + b) (a + b 1)
, 9 ,
. :

1) ab = 25, , 25 (2 + 5)2 = 49 ;
2) ab = 49, 49 (4 + 9)2 = 169 ;
3) ab = 64, , 64 (6 + 4)2 = 100 ;
4) ab = 81, , 81 = (8 + 1)2 = 92.
57. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2007
.
: 2, 2, z2 2007, , ,
,
:
1) = 2m + 1, y = 2n + 1 z = 2k + 1 (m, n, k Z).
2 + 2 + z2 = (2m + 1)2 + (2n + 1)2 + (2k + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4m + 1 + 4n2 + 4n + 1 +
4k2 + 4k + 1 = 2007. 4m(m + 1) + 4n(n + 1) + 4k(k + 1) = 2004.
4 m(m + 1) + n(n + 1) + k(k + 1) = 501.
m(m + 1), n(n + 1) k(k + 1) ,
, , 501 .
58

4. 4.5.

2) = 2m, y = 2n z = 2k + 1. 2 + 2 + z2 =
(2m) + (2n)2 + (2k + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4n2 + 4k2 + 4k + 1 = 2007.
4m2 + 4n2 + 4k(k + 1) = 2006.
2 2m2 + 2n2 + 2k(k + 1) = 999.
, ,
.
2

58.
.

2 + 2 = 21999

: 21999 , 2 2
, :
1) , . = 2m + 1 y = 2n + 1 ( m, n ).
2 + 2 = (2m + 1)2 + (2n + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4m + 1 + 4n2 + 4n + 1 = 21999.
4m(m + 1) + 4n(n + 1) = 21999 2 = 2(21998 1),
2m(m + 1) + 2n(n + 1) = 21998 1. ,
, .
2) , . = 2m y = 2nb, b , m n 1000.
2 + 2 = (2m)2 + (2nb)2 = 22m2 + 22nb2 = 21999,
:
2.1) m > n 1, 22m2 + 22nb2 =22n(22m - 2n2 + b2) = 21999.
22m - 2n2 + b2 = 21999 - 2n. (22m - 2n2 + b2) ,
21999 - 2n , .
2.2) m = n, 22m2 + 22nb2 =22n(2 + b2) = 21999, .
2 + b2 = 21999 - 2n. 21999 - 2n 2,
:
2.2.1) n 998, 21999 - 2n 4.
b , 2 + b2 4 2,
.
2.2.2) n = 999, 2 + b2 = 21999 - 1998 = 2, = b = 1,
= = 2999.
2.3) 1 m < n, 22m2 + 22nb2 =22m(2 + 22n 2m b2) = 21999
2 + 22n 2m b2 = 21999 2m. (a2 + 22n-2m b2) , 21999 2m
, .
, = = 2999.
59

4. 4.5.

345. 2 + 2 = 999...999 ( 1)
.
346. 2 + 42 = 1000?
347. 2 22 +8z3 = 3
.
348. 22 52 = 7
349. 192 + 2 = 2?
350. 2 1 = 2.
351. 2 + = 1026?
352. ! + 2 =
123456789.
353. 1 p q
p + q = 3.
354. ,
! + 1 = 2.

355. 11
. (2.
1960.)
356. 2 + 2 = 1990
. ( 1990.)
357. 2 + 2 + z2 = 1980 . (
1980.)
358. 1991
. ( 1991.)
359. (, )
2 1992 = 2. ( 1992.)
360.
?
( 1992.)
60

4. 4.5.

361. m n m2 + n n2 + m
? ( 1999.)

362. ,
! + ! = 2.
363. 4 = 2 + 2 + 54321.
364. , q r . 2p + 3q = 5r.
365. 2 + 2 = 22, 3 + 5 = 23, 3 + 13 = 24, 3 + 29 = 25, 3 + 61 =
26, ... + q = 2, p q ,
, . 2
?
*

(), 2,

, , .

4.6.


= ,
. ,
3, 4 1,
.
=
=
.
59. q
+ q = q2 40.
: + q = q2 40 ,
+ 40 = q2 q = q(q - 1).
,
2, + 40. = 2,
q(q 1) = + 40 = 2 + 40 = 42, q = 7.
61

4. 4.6.

2
.
60.
.
: xy , 10 + =
+ . 10 2 = (10 )
= 3 = ( - 1)( + 1).
, 6,
. (10 - ) (10 - )
6, = 6 10 - = 6.
2

= 4, 24 = ( 1)( + 1), = 3,
43 = 42 + 33.
= 6, 24 = ( 1)( + 1), = 3,
63 = 6 + 33.

, .
2

61.
.
: ab . 10 + b = 9(a + b).
ab 9,
9. + b 9 18, 10 + b 99 = 81
918 = 162. 162 , 81 = 9 (8 + 1).
,
.

.
10.
62. (, )
! + 5 = 6666.
: 6666 5 1.
! + 5 5 1. 5
5, ! 5 1.
62

4. 4.6.

5 ! 5,
5, 1, 2, 3, 4. 1! = 1 3! = 6
5 1, 5 = 6665 5 = 6660.
: (1, 1333) ; (3, 1332).
63.
. ?
?
: xy = 10 + .
10 + + 10 + = 11( + ) = 2 + =

k2
18 . +
11

2 11 2 < 198.
2 = 121, = 11. + = 11,
: 29, 38, 47, 56, 65, 74, 83 92.
64. 11
..
: z .
100 + 10 + z = 11 ( + + z).
11, 11,
+ z 11.
+ z= 0 + z= 11:
1) + z = 0, = + z.
, 100 + 10 + 10z + z = 11 ( + + z + z).
11 10 + z = 2 + 2z, 8 = z,
= 1, z = 8, = 9. 198.
2) + z= 11, + z = 11,
0 9. + z = 11 + . z 11 (9 + 9 + 9) = 1127 = 297,
2. 0 z 9, + z 11
= 2, z = 9, = 0. , 209
, 209 121 = 1111.

366. 32 + 52 = 345.
367. 2 1 = 2 ?

63

4. 4.6.

368.
! + 2 = 2.
369. abc
abc + bca + cab .

370.
! + 48 = 216.
371.
?
372. , 2 +
2 = 10 1?
373. (, )
! + 2 = 987654.
374.
.
375. 3 + 4 = 4( + 1)
.
376. , z
x y z
,
+ + = m (m ).
y z x

377. -
, . (2.
- 1936.)
378. 5 + 34 532 1523 + 44 + 125 = 33
. (9. - 1946.)
379. 1977
? ( 1977.)
380.
-1. ( 1979.)
381. n
( 1986.)
64

n (n +1)
1 .
2

4. 4.6.

382. a b ab = bbb ( - 1991).

383.
.
? ( - 1994)

1234567891011 = 399*6***
. ( - 1997)
384.

385. (, b) ,

2b + + b b2 + b + 7. (39. 1998.)
386.

, ,
. . ( - 2001.)
387. ,

,
. ( -2001.)
388. p, q r, n,
1 1 1 1

+ + = . ( - 2005.)
p q r n

389. 6 ! = 10?
390. 11

4.7.


.
= , (mod m),
= .

.

65

4. 4.7.

65. , , z
+ + z2 = 8 1?
2

: 0, 1 4
- 8 (). 2 + 2 + z2 0 (0+0+0),
1 (1+0+0), 2 (1+1+0),3 (1+1+1), 4 (4+0+0), 5 (4+1+0), 6 (4+1+1).
7, . 1, ,
.
, , 57,
2007 8-1.
66.
2 3 = 7.

: :
1) = 0, 2 = 8, = 3.
2)

1, 2 = 3 + 7 10, > 3.

2 = 3 + 7 2 0 (mod 4), 3 + 7 0
(mod 4), 3 1 (mod 4), ,
= 2b.
3 + 7 1 (mod 3), 2 1 (mod 3),
, = 2.
22 32b = 7, (2 + 3b)(2 - 3b) = 7.
2 + 3b = 7 2 - 3b = 1.
2 = 4 3b = 3, = 2 b = 1, = 2 = 4 = 2b = 2.
, (3, 0) (4, 2).
67. 1
?

+ 2

+ ... + 14

= 1599

:
16 {0, 1, 2,..., 15}. 2 (mod 16) ( {
0, 1, 4, 9}. 4 0 (mod 16) 4 1 (mod 16).
1 4 + 2 4 + ... + 14 4 16
{ 0, 1, 2,..., 13, 14}, 15. 1599 15
(mod 16), .

66

4. 4.7.

391.

m2 + n 2
= 1981
3

.
392. 3 + 4 = 4( + 1)
.
393. 15
: ) 7; b) 9.
394. , z 4 + 4 = z4 + 3.

395. 193 173 = 50
. (30. 1967.)
396. 1! + 2! + ... + ! = z, , z
z > 1. ( 1975.)
397. 193 842 = 1984.
(47. 1984.)
398. q 2 - 2q2 = 1. (
1990.)
399. 24 2 + 16 .
( 1992.)
400. b 15 + 16b 16 - 15b
.
. (37. 1996.)
401. 2 = 5 4 .
(15. 1998.)
402. A , z 5 + 5 + z5 = 2004
. . ( 2004.)
403. 3 + 4
4 + 3 , 7. . (8.
2004.)

67

4. 4.8.

404. 4 - 7 = n (n n 100).
n
?
405. 2 = 2006 + 4.

4.8.


,
. O , , ,
, .
68. 22 + 5 +
2 = 19.
: ,
. 22 + 5 + (2 19) = 0.
1,2 =

25 8( 2 19)
. ( )
4

. , 25 8(2 19) = 2,
, .
, 25 82 + 152 = 2, 2 + 82 = 177. 82 177,
2 4, { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. = 1 =
4. = 13 = 7.
: (2, 1) (-3, 4), (1/2, 4)
(-9/2, 1) , .
69.
.

68

2 + + 2 = 22

4. 4.8.

: :
1) = 0, = 0.
2) = -1, = 1.
3) = 1, = - 1.
4) {-1, 0, 1}, (1 2)2 + + 2 = 0.

. 2 4(1 2)2 = 2 42 + 44 =
44 32 = 2(42 3) , . = 0
42 3 = 2. 42 2 = 3, (2 + )(2 ) = 3.
= 1 = -1.
{-1, 0, 1}, .
, : (0, 0); (1, -1); (-1, 1).
70.
- ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) = 1? 10
4

: .
,
. , 4 - 1 = ( 1)( + 1)(2 + 1) =
( + 1)( + 2)( + 3).
,
. .
4 - ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) = 1, 4 = ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) + 1 =
(2 + 3)(2 +3 + 2) + 1 = (2 + 3 + 1 - 1)(2 +3 + 1 + 1) + 1 =
(2 + 3 + 1)2 1 + 1 = (2 + 3 + 1)2. , 4 - (2 + 3 + 1)2 = 0,
( 2 - (2 + 3 + 1))(2 + (2 + 3 + 1)) = 0.
: 2 + 3 + 1 - 2 = 0 2 + 3 + 1 + 2 = 0.
:
1) 2 = 9 4(1 - 2) = 2 2 - 42 = 5. 2 = 9, 2 = 1.
2) 2 = 9 4(1 + 2) = 2 2 + 42 = 5. 2 = 1, 2 = 1.

8 : (0, 1); (0, -1); (-1, 1); (-1, -1); (-2, 1); (-2, -1); (-3, 1); (-3, -1).
10

1981. 2. .

69

4. 4.8.

406. 2 + + 2 = 1 .
407. , z + z2 + 1 = 0
= 3.
408. 2 + + 2 = 22.
409. (, ) 4 + 2 + 2 = 2.
8

410. + + 1 = + 2, .
411. 6 + 33 + 1 = 4.

412. 2 + 2 =
? (27. - 1964.)
413. 2 + 2 = + .
(7. 1941. 1947.)
414. 2 + 3 + 24 .
( 1980.)

4.9.


.
. ,

.
:
(x, y, z, ...) F(x, y, z, ...) = 0,

. ,
,
.

70

4. 4.9.

71. 2 + 2 = z3
.
: = 5, = 10
z = 5, 52 + 102 = 125 = 53. 526+ 1026 = 536 ( ),
(53)2 + (103)2 = (52)3. = 53, = 103 z = 52 .
72.
+ = z4 + t 5 ?
2

: = = z = t = 0 = = z =
t = 1, = 230, = 220 z = 215
t = 212. , = 230 , = 220 , z = 215 t = 212.
: = 30, = 20 , z = 15 t = 212 ( ),
: = 5, = b4, z = b3 t = a2 ...
.
F(x, y, z, ...) = 0
P(m, n), Q(m, n), R(m, n)...
(m, n ) F( P(m,n), Q(m,n), R(m,n), ...) = 0.
m n
.
73. 2 + 2 + 1 = z2
.
: 4n4 + 4n2 + 1 = (2n2)2 + (2n)2 + 1 = (2n2 + 1)2,
= 2n2, = 2n z = 2n2 + 1
.


.
F(x, y) = 0 F(P(x, y), Q(x, y)) = 0, P(x, y) Q(x, y)
. (, ) ,
+1 = P(x, y) = Q(x, y))
.
.

71

4. 4.9.

74. 22 32 = 5
.
: a, b, c d
2( + by)2 - 3(cx + dy)2 = 2x2 3y2 = 5.

222 + 4b + 2b22 322 - 6cd - 3d22 = 22 32

(22 32)2 + 2(2b - 3cd) + (2b2 - 3d2)2 = 22 32.
22 32 = 2, 2b - 3cd = 0 2b2 - 3d2 = -3.
= 5, = 4, 10b - 12d = 0 2b2 - 3d2 = -3.
b = 6, d = 5.
, 2(5 + 6)2 - 3(4 + 5)2 - 22 32 = 5.
= 2, = 1 ,
+1 = 5 + 6 +1 = 4 + 5 .
,
22 32 = 2, 2b - 3cd = 0 2b2 - 3d2 = -3 (
= 5, b = - 6, c = 4, d = -5),
( 2 1),

.

415.

2 = 7 + 2.
416. , 2 + 2 + = z2
.
417. ( 1)2 + ( + 1)2 = 2 + 1 -

.
418. m

(,) 2 (m2 +1)2 = 1.

419. 3 3 =

2 + 2 + (+)2.

72

4. 4.9.

420. m n (1 m 1981, 1 n 1981)

(n2 mn m2)2 = 1 . m2 + n2. (22. 1981.)

3

421. 3 + = n. n

(, ),
.
n = 2891 . (23.
1982.)
422. , z + z + z = 1

. . ( 1990.)

423. (, , z)

3 3 = 2 + 2 + z2.

4.10. ''''
11
, . :12 ''

.
, (. +).
,

(, , ) .

11
12

()
, : , 2004, . 53 54.

73

4. 4.10. ''''

.


, (
) .
, , ,
. , .''
75. 2+2 =3z2..
: = = z = 0.
. (, , z)
=
++ z . 2 + 2 = 3z2
3 (
3 + 1, 3 1, 2 2 3 1,
2 + 2 3 1, 2).
= 31 = 31. 2 + 2 = 9 (12 + 12) = 3z2.
3(12 + 12) = z2, z 3, z = 3z1. 3(12 + 12) = 9z12,
12 + 12 = 3z12. (1, 1, z1)
.
=++z=31+31+3z1= 3 (1+1+
+z1) = 31, 0 < 1 =

< .
3

, .
76. 3+23= 4z3
: = = z = 0. . 13
(, , z)
, . 3 + 23 = 4z3. 3 = 4z3 - 23 = 2(2z3 3). , . = 21. 813
= 4z3 - 23. 2 413 = 2z3 - 3
, = 21. = 21
413 = 2z3 - 813.
13

74

18. - 1955.

4. 4.10. ''''

2 213 = z3 - 413.
z , . z = 2z1.
213 = 8z13 - 413, 2
13 + 213 = 4z13. 1 =

z
.
2

,
2
1 =

z1=

,
2

z
, ,
2
2

+ 2 = 1 (2 + 22 ) = = 1 4z 2 = 4 z
2 2
2
2
2
22
, , , z
2, ,
.
77.

2
( + 1) (2 + 1).

: (2 + 1) px = y2 + 1 (2 + 1) qy
= 2 + 1. D(, ) = d, = d = d. d = 2d2
+ 1 qd = 2d2 + 1. d ( - 2d) = 1
d (q - 2d) = 1, d = 1,
.
px qy = (y2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 22 + 2 + 2 + 1,

2 + 2 + 1
+ + 1. n =

> 2, n = 2 + 2 + 1, x2 - nyx + y2 +1 = 0 (*). (, )

(*)
.
(*) ,
f(x) = 2 - nyx + y2 + 1 = 0. f(ny x) = (ny x)2 ny(ny x) + y2 +1 = n2y2 - 2ny + x2 - n2y2 + nyx + y2 +1 = x2 - nyx + y2 +1 = 0.
, (, ) (*), (ny x, )
(*).

75

4. 4.10. ''''

ny x > 0 , ny x
. f(x) (, ny x),
. f() = 2 - ny + y2 +1 =
(2 n)y2 +1 0. = = 1 , 3 - n 0,
n = 3.
(, ) (ny x, ),
(, ) (3y x, ), (1, 1)
(2, 1), (5, 2), (13, 5),...
(F2n-1, F2n+1), F
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,...( F1 = F2 = 1, F+2 = F + F+1). 14

424. 2 + 2 + z2 =

z .

425. 3 + 23 + 4z3 - 6xyz = 0

( 1948.)
426. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2xyz

= = z = 0 . (12. 1949.)
427. , , z u

2 + 2 + z 2 + u2 = 2xyzu. (12. 1949.)

428. , z 2 + 2 + z2 = 22.

( 1976.)
429. 3 + 33 + 9z3 - 9xyz = 0 -

= = z = 0. ( 1983.)
430. 2 + 2 = 3(u2 + v2).

( 2003.)
431. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2004xyz, ,

z . ( 2004).
14

76

,
, : , , 2004.

4. 4.11.

4.11.
''''

.
:
2 + 2 + + D + E + F = 0 (A, B, C,
D, E, F )
( , ). Ao je (, )
, (, )
= ( ) ( 0).
,
. . 15

78. 32 - 2 = 26
.
:
: = + t ; = + t.
(, ) = (3, 1), = 3 + t; = 1 + t.
3(3 + t)2 (1 + t)2 = 26, t ( t (3 2) + 18 2) = 0.
t = 0 t =
, t =

18 2 3
2 3

18 2
2 3

18 2
2 3

, =

. t = 0

3 2 2 + 9
2 3

= 1, (-5, -7), = 2
(17, 29).

15

:
, , 1974.

77

4. 4.11.
,
=

m
: =
n
18mn m 2 3n 2
m 2 3n 2

3m 2 2mn + 9n 2
m 2 3n 2

79. 2 - 22 + 3 + 4 5 + 3 = 0
.
: (, ) = (1, 0),
= 1 + t; = t. (1 + t)2 2(t)2 + 3(1 + t) t
4(1 + t) + + 5t + 3 = 0.
t ( t (1 22 + 3) + 8 2) = 0. t = 0
t =

8 2
2 2 3 1

8 2 2
2 2 3 1

. =

2 2 + 5 3
2 2 3 1

.
. 16
80. 192 + 5b2 = c2
.
: :
1) = 0, = b = = 0.
2) 0, =

b
=

192 + 52 = 1.
1
3
1 3
(, ) = , = + t = + t
8
8
8 8
(15 + 19)
.
, t =
4 (5 2 + 19)

16

78

:
: , , 1974, . 50-51.

4. 4.11.

5 2 30 19
8 (5 2 + 19)

15 2 38 + 57
8 (5 2 + 19)

= ( 5 2 30 19 );
b = ( 15 2 38 + 57 ) c = 8 (5 2 + 19) , .
. =
:
b =

15m 2 38mn + 57 n 2
n2

c = 8

5m 2 + 19n 2
n2

m
n

5m 2 30mn 19n 2
n2

432. 2 + 22 = 3z2, ,
z .
433. :
2 - 152 = z2; 2 z = z 2; 2 + 32 = 5z2.

79

5. E


.
81. 5 44 + 33 22 + + 14 = 0.
: :
1) = 0, , 14 0.
2) 0,
: 4 43 + 32 - 2 + 1 +

14
= 0.

, ,

14
.

14, { -14, -7, -2, -1, 1, 2. 7, 14}.

= 2 .


.17
1. () = nn + ...+ 1
+ (n 0), .
: () = nn + ...+ 1 +
, () = nn + ...+ 1 + = 0.
= 0, () = (nn-1 + ...+ 2 + 1),
= 0.
0, 0, () = nn + ...+ 1 +

= 0 n n 1 + ... + 1 + = 0.

. .

17

80

Viet (1540-1603) je
. :
: , , . 113-116, 1985.

5.

82.
.
: . 3 + ( + 1)3 + ( + 2)3
= ( + 3)3. 3 6 - 9 = 0.18
3 6 9 = 3 27 6 + 18 = ( 3)
(2 + 3 + 9) 6( 3) = ( 3)(2 + 3 + 3),
= 3, 2 + 3 + 3 .
33+43+53 = 63.19
83. n
) 1 234 567; b) 29 506 624?
2

n (n + 1)
: ) 1 + 2 + (n - 1) + n =
.
2
3

, n .
1 234 567 ,
7, .
2

n (n + 1)
n (n + 1)
b)
= 5432.
= 29 506 624,
2
2
n(n + 1) = 10 864, ,
0, 2 6 4.
84. 2 + 2 = 177.
: = 2 = 2 ,
2 + 2 . 2 < 177 < 256 = 28,
< 8. , 3, 5 7. = 7, 2
+ 2 = 49 + 128 = 177.
85. n 4900.
?
: 12 + 22 + (n - 1)2 + n2 =

n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
= 4900,
6

n ( n + 1)(2n + 1) = 6 4900 = 6 100 49 = 6 4 25 49 = 24 25 49.

n = 24.
18

19

.
7. .

81

5.

24
70..
, . n
12 + 22 + ... + (n - 1)2 + n2 = 2?20

434. n n
2240. n.
435. , 3 + 5 = 152.
436.
?
437.
, .
438. , ( + 1)3 + ( + 2)3
+ ( + 3)3 + ( + 4)3 = ( + 10)3.

439.
. ( 1909.)
440. 5- = (6 )1-. (
1980.)
441. q .
2000 + 1999 + q = 0. ( 2000.)
442. q 3 + 3 + q = 0
. ( 2004.)
443. q 4 3 + q = 0
. ( 2004.)

444. n

n : 12 + 22 + ... + n2 = 2?
?
20

82

6.
+ by = c
, b b 0,
+ b = , ,
.

+ b = .

:

1. ;
2. (
);
3. ,
;

4. ,
;

5.
( ).
,
, ,
, ,
.

6.1.
?
86. + = 2006 2 + 10 = 2005
?
: ,
(0, 2006 - 0), 0 ,
.

(, ) , .

83

6.

+ b =
.
2.
+ b = (, b b 0)
NZD (, b).
: NZD (a,b) = d (d 1).
Ao je (x0, y0) + b = , 0 + b0 = . Ta
k l = kd b = ld. kdx0 + ldy0 = c, .
d(kx0 + ly0) = c. d,
, . d | .
, d | . m = md.
d a
b21, d = a + b ( , ). c = md = m (a + b) =
a (m) + b (m), x = m, = m, .
, , .
3. + b = (, b
b 0) NZD (, b) = 1, .
b y .
4. + b = (, b
b 0) NZD (, b) .
87. 2 + 5 = 111
, 3 + 6 = 1000
.
: 2 5
2. . 3
1000
+ 2 =

3
.
21

84

. : ,
, :
, , 2004. . 44.

6.

ax + by = , , .
NZD (, b) = d (d 1) , k, l m,
= kd, b = ld = md. kd + ld = md
+ l = m. k l .
ax + by =
b y ,
.
*
ax + by = ,
.

6.2.

88. 3 + 7 = 89,
.
: 3 7
.

89 7 y
y2
= 29 2 y
,
, =
3
3
- 2 3, . - 2 = 3, .
= 3 + 2, = 25 7.
,
(, ) = (25-7, 3+2)
.
i
,
.
89. 40 63 = 521
.
: 40 63
.
85

6.

80 + 520 + 1 17
.
40
17 1
17 1
= 2 + 13 .
40
40
= , . 17 1 = 40,
40 + 1
6 + 1
6 + 1
= 2 +
.
= b.
=
17
17
17
17b 1
b +1
6 + 1 = 17b. , =
= 3b
.
6
6
b + 1 = 6, b = 6 1. = 3(6 -1) =
17 3, = 2(17 3) + 6 - 1 = 34 6 + 6 1 = 40 7.
, = 2 (40 7) + 13 = 80 - 14 + 13 - 17 + 3 = 63 + 2. ,
= 40 7, = 63 + 2.

40 = 63 + 521, =

, ,
.
.

6.3.
(0, 0) ax + by = ,
a b . 0 + by0 = c, ax + by =
ax0 + by0. a(x - x0) + b( - y0) = 0. b
a
( b )
( x x 0 ) + y y 0 = 0 .
b
. b
, x - x0 b. ,
x - x0 = b, . = x0 + b, = 0 .

ax + by = .
5. (x0, y0)
+ b = (b 0 b
), = 0 + bk = 0
( ) .
: o je (x0, y0)

ax + by = ,
= 0 + b = 0 ( ) .

86

6.

(0, 0)
= 0 + b = 0 ( ),
+ b = . + b = (0 + b) + b(0 ) = x0 + b + b0 b
= ax0 + by0 = c, je (x0, y0)
ax + by = .
. (, )

(0 + b, 0 ).
(, ) , + b = .
(0 + bk) + b(0 ) = , (0 + bk) +
b(0 ) = + b. (0 + bk - ) + b(0 - ) = 0.
b ( y o a )
b 0, 0 + bk - =
.

b 0 -
, 0 - = a (m). = 0 m =
0 ( + m). + m = n (n), = 0 n.
0 + bk - = - bm, = 0 + bk + bm = 0 + b(k + m) = 0 + bn.
= 0 + bn, = 0 n, .
90. 4 + 5 = 100,
.
: 0 = 0, 0 = 20 .
= 5,
= 20 4 ( ).

6.4.
+ by = c
( b ), (, ),
+ b = . , = + mt,
= + nt (m n ). + b = ,
( + mt) + b( + nt) = + mt + b + bnt = = + b.
mt + bnt = 0, . m + bn = 0.
m m =

bn
.
a
87

6.

m b
n = ( ), m = - b. ,
= - bt, = + t + b = .
= 1, = - 1 ( = - bt, = + t),
( = + bt, = t ) 4.

6.5.

4.
() (0, 0).

2,22
.
91. , 155 95 = 100.
: , d (155, 95) = 5, a
5100. 5 ,
31 19 = 20. d (31, 19) = 1,
31 - 19 = 1. :
31 = 1 19 + 12; 19 = 112 + 7; 12 = 17 + 5; 7 = 15 + 2; 5 = 22 + 1.
1 = 5 - 22 = 5 2(7 - 15) = 35 - 27 = 3(12 - 17) - 27 = 312 - 57 =
312 5(19 - 112) = 812 - 519 = 8(31 - 119) - 519 = 831 - 1319.
, = 8 = 13. 31 - 19 = 1, 20 (31 - 19) = 20,
3120 - 1920 = 20, = 20 = 208 = 160 = 20 = 2013 =
260.

: = 160 + 19; = 260 + 31 ( ).
'''' (, ) = (8, 12),
.
22

88

: , :
, , 1995. - . 61. ( 2)

6.

6.6.

.

, .
92. (, )
4 + 7 = 2005.
: 4496 + 73 = 2005,
(, ) = (496, 3). = 496 7; = 3 + 4
( ). ,
: = 496 7 > 0 = 4 + 3 > 0. 7 <
496, 70. 4 > - 3, 0.
0 70, 71
.
93. 0,5 () ,
1 , 5 . 100
100 ? 100 ,
?
: ,
z. + + z = 100, 100.
1
2 + + 5z = 100.
2
.

1
- 4z = 0. = 8z. 8z + + z =
2

100, = 100 - 8z.

: = 8; = 100 9; z = . 0 = 8 100,
0 12.
'''' ,
, ,
12:

89

6.

10

11

16

24

32

40

48

56

64

72

80

88

100

91

82

73

64

55

46

37

28

19

10

10

11

, .
94. (, )
72 - 32 = 17.
: 2 = 2 = b.
7 - 3b = 17 ( 0, b . 0).
0 = 2, b0 = -1, 7 - 3b = 17,
= 3 + 2, b = 7 1. , 2 = 3 +2 2 = 7 1.
2 = 3 + 2, ,
3 2.
95.

2
: 3 - 5 + 22 4 + 5 = 7?23

: 32 - 5 + 22 4 + 5 = 7, 32 3 + 3 - 2 + 22 2 - 7 + 7 7 = 0. 3( +1)
2( + 1) 7( + 1) = 0, ( + 1)(3 2 7) = 0.
+ 1 = 0 3 2 7 = 0.
: 1) = = + 1; 2) = 2 + 1 = 3 - 2
( ).
96. x1 , x2 , ... x2005
x1 + x22 + ... + x20052 = 2035. x1 , x2 , ... x2005.
2

23

90

6.

: i 1, a
1. 1, 2, ... , 2, +1 = ... = 2005 = 1.
12 + 22 + ... + 2 4, 2035 = (12 + 22 + ... + 2) +
(+12 + ... +20042 + 20052 ) 4 + (2005 ) = 3 2005.
2035 3 2005 3 30, 10. 11 = ... = 2005 = 1,
112 + 132 + ... + 20052 = 2005 10 = 1995. 12 + ... + 102 =
2035 1995 = 40.
{1, 2, ... , 10} , b , , d
, f , : + b + + d + + f = 10
+ 4b + 9 + 16d + 25 + 36f = 40.
b + 8 + 15d + 24 + 35f = 30.
f = 0. = 1, 3b + 8 + 15d = 7.
b = 2, 0, + b + + d + +
f = 3, , 10. = 0, 3b + 8 +
15d = 30. 3b, 15d 30 3, 8,
= 3 = 0.
1) = 3, 3b + 24 + 15d = 30, b + 5d = 2
:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
b = 2 d = 0, = 3, = f = 0, = 5, 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 + ... + 1
= 27 + 8 + + 2000 = 2035 (3 , 2 2000 );
2) = 0, 3b + 15d = 30, b + 5d = 10
:
2
2
2
2
b = 10, = = d = = f = 0, 2 + ... 2 + 1 + ... + 1 = 40 + 1995 = 2035
(10 1995 );
2
2
2
2
2
b = 5 d = 1, = = f = 0, = 4, 4 + 2 + ... 2 + 1 + ... + 1 = 16 + 20
+ 1999 = 2035 (1 , 5 1999 );
2
2
2
2
b = 0 d = 2, = = f = 0, = 8, 4 + 4 + 1 + ... + 1 = 32 + 2003 =
2035 (2 2003 );

445. 7 4
60 . ,
?
446. 2007 2 5 .
?
447. x y 4x + 9y = 58.

91

6.

448. 15 18 . 1234
, , ?
449. :
a) 3x + 15y = 2006;
b) 21x - 35y = 88 ;
c) 6x2 - 33y2 = 4444444.
450. ,
:

a) 3x - 5y = 77 ;

b) 4x + 11y = 121 ;

c) 7x - 100y = 35.

451. (, ) : 3x + 7y = 555?
452. :
a) x + 2y + 3z = 25 ;
b) 2x + 3y + 4z = 36.
453. x y x2 + 4y2 = 244.
454. : 5x2 + 3y2 = 1033
455. 2 7 .
1234 .
, ?
456. 13 1995
1, 2 3.
3?

457. b
+ + 2z + 2t = 2 2 + z t = b .
( 1926.)
281

140
. ( 1969.)24

458.

24

92

6.

459. ,

. ( 1979.)
460. n . + ( + 1) = n + 1,
1 + 2 + ... + n+1. ( 1978.)
461. 1984 . ( 1984.)
462. O 2, 3, 4, 5
6
. ( - 1990.)
463. 13 cm 1994
.
? ( - 1994.)
464. 15
( - 1995.)
465. 3 4 .
, 69 . 3,
4 ? ( - 1995.)
466. 20 . 8
, 5 ,
. 13 .
? ( 1995.)
467. (x,y)
3x + 8y = 1996. ( 1996.)
468. xy (5, 3).

(, 0) (0, b). b b
. ( 1997.)
469.
9 .
? ( - 1998.)
470. xy 4x + 7y = 1998.

? ( 1998.)

93

6.

471. 16, 17 40
. , 100 g
?
472. "" ( "
"),
3 5 .
1001 ? ?
?
473. ax + by =
, a b ?

94

7.
E
7.1.
= n (n N)
= n (nN)
( ) ,
n.
= n (nN),
.
97. (, ) = n, ,
n , .
: n 1, , 2, 3, ... , n
n + 1 , 1 n,

pn
.
x

98. n = p1 1 p2 2 ... pk k
= n
r = ( 1 + 1 ) ( 2 + 1 ) ... ( k + 1 ) .
: n.
n (1 + 1) ( 2 + 1) ... ( k + 1)
= n, r = (1 + 1) ( 2 + 1) ... ( k + 1)
.
99. n,
= n 10 .
: r = (1 + 1) ( 2 + 1) ... ( k + 1) = 10,
:
1) 1 + 1 = 10, 2 + 1 = 3 + 1 = ... = + 1 = 1. n = 29 = 512.
2) 1 + 1 = 5, 2 + 1 = 2, 3 + 1 = ... = + 1 = 1. n = 243 = 48.

95

7. 7.1. = n

3) 1 + 1 = 2, 2 + 1 =5, 3 + 1 = ... = + 1 = 1. n = 234 = 162.

4) 1 + 1 = 1, 2 + 1 = 10, 3 + 1 = ... = + 1 = 1. n = 39.
n = 48.
100. (, , z) ,
z z = 12.
: = 1, z = 12 = 223, 32 =
6 . = 2, z = 6 = 23, 22 = 4
. = 3, z = 4 = 22, 3 .
= 4 = 6, z = 3 z = 2, 2
. , = 12, z = 1, 1
. 6 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 18 .

101.
z = n, , n .
: = 1, z = n n + 1
. = , z = n-1 n .
= 2, z = n-2 n - 1 , ... = n,
z = 1 1 . , 1 + 2 + ... +
n-1+n+n+1=

(n + 1)(n + 2)
.
2

474. = pq
p q ?
475. z = pqr
p, q r ?

7.2.
2 - 2 = n (n N)
2 2 = n, , n ,
, n
. ,
,
.
96

7. 7.2. 2 - 2 = n

102.
: ) 2 2 = 24 ; b) 2 2 = 18 ; c) 2 2 = 25.
: ) Ka 2 2 = ( )( + ) = 24 = 124 = 212 = 38 =
46 - + ,
+ = 12, = 2, + = 6, = 4,
(, ) = (7, 5) (, ) = (5, 1).
b) 2 2 = ( )( + ) = 18 = 118 = 29 = 36
,
- + .
) Ka 2 2 = ( )( + ) = 25 = 125 = 55
- + , + = 25,
= 1, + = 5, = 5, (, )
= (13, 12), (, ) = (5, 0)
, .
n = 21 p 2 2 p3 3 ... p k k ,
2 2 = ( + )( ) = n +
, .
n = 21 p 2 2 ... p k k = (1 + 1)(2 + 1)...( + 1)
, N = (2 + 1)(3 + 1) ... ( + 1) .
P = (1 + 1)(2 + 1) ...( + 1) - (2 + 1)(3 + 1) ... ( + 1)
= 1(2 + 1) ... ( + 1).
1
103. n = 2 1 p2 2 ... pk k ,
2 2 = n
1 ( 2 + 1 ) ... ( k + 1 ) 25
r = 1
.
2

: :
1) 1 = 0, n = 0,
n N. 2 2 =
n ( + , )
, + > - +

25

n
= x y.
x + y

[ x ] .

97

7. 7.2. 2 - 2 = n

N ( n ),
( n ),

N
,
2

. 2 2 = n
N
( + 1) ( 3 + 1) ... ( k + 1)
2
2
2
r= = 2
, = n = m , +
2
2

= = m , 0. 1 - 1= 0
1 ( 2 + 1) ( 3 + 1) ... ( k + 1)
- 1= 1 r = 1
.
2

2) 1 = 1, n = 2(2m + 1), n ,
4. = N = (2 + 1)(3 + 1) ... ( + 1) ,
( ).
+ ,
2 2 = n , . r = 0.

1 1 ( 2 + 1) ( 3 + 1) ... ( k + 1)
= 0
2

1 - 1= 1 - 1= 0, r =

3) 1 2, n 4
= 1(2 + 1)...(+ 1) N = (2 + 1)(3 + 1) ... ( + 1).

2 2 = n , +
. +
. P - N = 1(2 + 1) ...
( + 1) - (2 + 1)(3 + 1) ... ( + 1) = (1 - 1)(2 + 1) ... ( + 1).
( + , ) ( ).
P N
( 1) ( 2 +1) ... ( k +1)
r =
= 1

,
2
2

PN
( n
2
), ( n ). 1
1, 1 1 = 1 - 1,

1 ( 2 + 1) ( 3 + 1) ... ( k + 1)
r = 1
.
2

.
.
98

7. 7.2. 2 - 2 = n

104.
: ) 2 2 = 45 ; b) 2 2 = 225 ; c) 2 2 = 34.
:

) Kao je 45 = 203251,

0 1 (2 + 1) (1 + 1) 3 2
r=
=
= 3.
2

2
0 1 (2 + 1)(2 + 1)
=
2

b) 225 = 203252, r =

3 3
2 = 4.

1 1 (1 + 1)
= 0.
2

c) 34 = 21171, r =

k 1
476. , 2 2 = 2,

2
.

477. , 2 2 = ,
. .
478. n, 2 2 = 2n 2006
.
479. n, 2 2 = 36n 49
.
480. 2 2 = 7n n,
2 2 = 2n.
481. n, 2 2 = 200
2 2 = 4n .

482. , 2 2 = ,
k +1
,
. .
2
99

7. 7.3. 2 + 2 = n

483. n = 21 p 2 2 ... p k k
2 2 = n r = 2 1 1 ( 2 +1) ... ( k +1) .
484. 2 2 = n
. .

7.3.
2 + 2 = n (n N)
K 2 + y2 = n ,
,
. 2 + 2 = n
, ,

n .

,
.
( 12 + 02 = 1, 12 + 12 = 2,
2 + 0 = 4, 22 + 12 = 5, 22 + 22 = 8, 32 + 02 = 9, 32 + 12 = 10, 32 + 22 = 13, ),
n
4, 4 + 1, 4 + 2. , 2 + y2 = 3, 2 + y2 = 7,
2 + y2 = 11 ... 2 + y2 = n = 4 + 3 , 2 + y2
4 0, 1, 2.
:
2

105. n = 4k + 3 ( ), 2 + y2 = n
. .
: 4 + 3 ,
, . = 2m, a y = 2 + 1. 2 + y2 =
4m2 + 42 + 4 + 1 = 4 + 3. 4 (m2 + 2 + ) = 4 + 2.
4, , .
, .
106. n = 2 (4m + 3), 2 + y2 = n
, m
.
: :

100

7. 7.3. 2 + 2 = n

1) = 0, 112.
2) = 1, 2 + y2 = n = 8m + 6,
. ,
4, .
= 2 + 1, = 2q + 1, 2 + y2 = 42 + 4 + 1 + 4q2 + 4q + 1 = 8m + 6.
4(2 + + q2 + q) = 8m + 4, 4 ( + 1) +
q(q + 1) = 2m + 1. (
), ,
.
3) 2 = 2[/2] , = 2[/2]b ( b
)
(, ).
, 2 + y2 = n n {3, 7, 11, 6, 14,
22, 12, 28, 44, 60, }, za n = 2k(4m + 3) (k , m N)
.
2k(4m + 3) (k , m N) ,

:
107. n
2 + y2 = n .
,
.
108. n
2 + y2 = n .
: n = 252 ( ), = 3, = 4
2 + y2 = 252, .
, . , n = 2
(N, 5) 2 + y2 = 2,
= 2pq, y = p2 q2, k = p2 + q2 (p > q ; (p,q) = 1 ; p q
), .

485. n 4
2 + y2 = n .

101

7. 7.3. 2 + 2 = n

486. n 4 (k N)
2 + y2 = n .
487. n 4 + 1 (k N)
2 + y2 = n .
488. n 4 + 1 (k N)
2 + y2 = n .
489. n 4 + 2 (k N)
2 + y2 = n .
490. n 4 + 2 (k N)
2 + y2 = n .
491. 2 + y2 = n 2 + y2 = 2n (n N)
.

7.4. J
2 + 2 + z2 = n (n N)
.26
36. 2 + 2 + z2 = n n 8 1,
. 8 1
.

2 + 2 + z2 = n ( n 8 1).
109. , , z 2 + 2 + z2 =
2005.
: , , z ,
. = 2, = 2b z = 2z + 1. 2 + 2 + z2 = 42 +
4b2 + 42 + 4 + 1 = 2005. 2 + b2 + ( +
1) = 501. ( + 1) , a2+b2 ,
b , . , = 2d b = 2 + 1,
4d2 + 42 + 4 + ( + 1) = 500. ( + 1)
4.
( + 1) a2+b2.
( + 1)
4 ( 1) a2+b2 4+3
( 2):
26

102

30. 37.

7. 7.4. 2+2+z2 = n

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

(+1)
0
2
6
12
20
30
42
56
72
90
110
132
156
182
210
240
272
306
342
380
420
462

a2+b2
501
499
495
489
481
471
459
445
429
411
391
369
345
319
291
261
229
195
159
121
81
39

. 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

. 2
-

20 + 92
212 + 22
2

122 +152
2
15 + 22
2
11 + 02
92 + 02
-

6
. ,
, .
,
:
a
20
21
15
15
11
9

b
9
2
12
2
0
0

4
7
11
16
19
20

40
42
30
30
22
18

y
18
4
24
4
0
0

z
9
15
23
33
39
41

2 + 2 + z2
1600 + 324 + 81 = 2005
1764 + 16 + 225 = 2005
900 + 576 + 529 = 2005
900 + 16 + 1089 = 2005
484 + 0 + 1521 = 2005
324 + 0 + 1681 = 2005

103

7. 7.4. 2+2+z2 = n

2 + 2 = 2005 ((22, 39), (18, 41)),
402 + 92 + 182 = 412 + 182 = 2005
(18, 41).

492. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2006
?.
493. 2 + 22 + 3z2 = 2007
?
494. n ,
z 2 + 2 z2 = n.

7.5. J 12 + 22 + ... + 2 = n
(n N, n 4 )
27 je
n ,28 .
12 + 22 + 32 + 42 = n
n.29
,

.
110. 2005
.
:
, ,
:

27

- . L. Lagrange (1736 1813)

28

[ 7.142.] - . 70-72.
1770.
,
4 , 9 , 12 ... (dvard
Waring 1734-1798, )

29

104

7. 7.4. 2+2+z2 = n

402 + 182 + 92 = 242 + 322 + 182 + 92 = 2005 ;

422 + 42 + 152 = 422 + 42 + 122 + 82 = 2005 ;
:

442 + 82 + 22 + 12 = 2005 ;
382 + 232 + 62 + 62 = 2005.

12 + 22 + ... + 2 = n ( ) > 4,
, ,

n, .

495. 981 .

496. 2001 1997
( 1979.)
497.
. ( 72 = 62 + 62;
73 = 82 + 32; 74 = 52 + 72) ( 1986.)

105

8. 2 + 2 = z2

, .
.
(, ; z) , z
2 + 2 = z2.
, z
2 + 2 = z2 .30
111. (, ; z) ,
(, ; z) .
: 2 + 2 = z2,
+ 2 = z2, (, ; z)
(, ; z) .
2

112. (, ; z) , (, ;
z) ( ).
: (, ; z) , 2 + 2 = z2,
22 + 22 = 2z2, ()2 + ()2 = (z)2. ,
(, ; z) .
113. .
:
(, ; z) (, ; z), .
(, ; z) ,
, z .
(3, 4; 5), (12, 5, 13) (20, 21, 29) ,
(12, 16, 20), (24, 10, 26) (40, 42, 58) ,
4, 2.
114. (, ; z) ,
.
30

106

.
,
,

8. 2 + 2 = z2

: = 2 = 2b (a, b ).
NZD(, ) = NZD(2, 2b) = 2.
1, .
= 2 + 1 = 2b + 1 (a, b )
z , z = 2c (c ), 2 + 2 = z2,
(2a+1)2 + (2b+1)2 = (2c)2 4a2 + 4a + 1 + 4b2 + 4b + 1 = 4c2.
4,
4 2, .
, .
:
115. (, ; z) , z
.
116. (, ; z) ,
m n = 2mn; = m2 n2
z = m2 + n2, m > n, NZD (m, n) = 1 m n
.
: , z (, ; z). 2 + 2 = z2, 2 = z2 - 2 =
(z + )(z ). z + = 2 z = 2b , 2 = 4b.
b .
, . b d, z + = kd
z = ld. 2z = d( + l), 2 = d(k l), z ,
(, ; z)
.
b , 2 = 4b
= m2 b = n2. 2 = 4m2n2, = 2mn.
z + = 2m2 z = 2n2, . = m2 n2 z = m2 + n2.
m2 > n2, . m > n. m n
, ,
, z. m n
, z
2.
. = 2mn, = m2 n2
z = m2 + n2, . 2 + 2 = (2mn)2 +
(m2 - n2)2 = 4m2n2 + m4 2m2n2 + n4 = m4 + 2m2n2 + n4 = (m2 + n2)2 = z2.
107

8. 2 + 2 = z2

, z ,
, m n, ,
m n .
m n
, . m = 3,
n = 2, = 12, = 5 z = 13. ,
m n , ,
. m = 4 n = 2 = 16, = 12 z = 20.

:

=2

=3

10

12

15

12

13

24

10

26

36

15

39

15

17

16

30

34

24

45

51

24

25

48

14

50

72

21

75

20

21

29

40

42

58

60

63

87

40

41

80

18

82

120

27

123

12

35

37

24

70

74

36

105

111

60

11

61

120

22

122

180

33

183

28

45

53

56

90

106

84

135

159

56

33

65

112

66

130

168

99

195

84

13

85

168

26

170

252

39

255

16

63

65

32

126

130

48

189

195

16

55

73

32

110

146

48

165

219

.
,
m n, .
108

8. 2 + 2 = z2

8.1.
2

2 + 2 = z2. + = 1.
z

z

=
b=
2 + b2 = 1.
z
z
.31 (-1, 0)
: = -1 + mt b = nt (m n
).
(mt - 1)2 + (nt)2 = 1, 1 2m + m2t2 + n2t2 = 1.

t =

: =

m2 n 2
2

m +n

2m
m2 + n2

b =

, b

2mn
2

m + n2

. ,

= 2mn, = (m2 n2) z = (m2 + n2). = 1,

= 2mn, = m2 n2 z = m2 + n2.

8.2. 32
2 + 2 = z2 2 = z2 - 2 = (z + )(z ).

z+y m

=
=
z

), z + =

(m n

mx
nx
z =
.
n
m

m2 + n 2
z
=

2mn

m2 n2
. = 2mn, = (m2 n2), z = (m2 + n2). = 1,
=

2mn
= 2mn, = m2 n2 z = m2 + n2.

'''', .
31
32

: , . 217
, '''',
, 1988, . 14.

109

8. 2 + 2 = z2

117. O
12.
: :
1) = 2mn = 12, :
1.1) m = 6, n = 1 = 12, = 35, z = 37;
1.2) m = 3, n = 2 = 12, = 5, z = 13;
2) = m2 n2 = (m + n)(m n) = 12, m + n = 6,
m n = 2. m = 4 n = 2, = 16, = 12 z = 20.
3) z = m2 + n2 = 12,
m n 12,
.
118.
1 .
: y z ,
. + 1 = z 2mn + 1 = m2 + n2.
m2 + n2 - 2mn = 1, (m - n)2 = 1. , m = n + 1,

: = 2n(n + 1), y = (n + 1)2 - n2 = 2n + 1, z = (n + 1)2 + n2
= 2n2 + 2n + 1 = 2n(n + 1) + 1.

498.
2006.
499. (, , z) , 4,
1, z 4 + 1. .
500. 30?
30?
501. A 2,
. .
?
502.
.
503.
.
110

8. 2 + 2 = z2

504. : ) 78; b) 120?

505. : ) 88; b) 84.
506.

4 ?
507. (, , z) , z
: ) ; b) ?
508. : ) ; b)
. (: 6,
1. 2.)
509. .
510. = 12 b = 5.
D .
511. 2 + b2 + 2 = d2
, . .
512. .

513. , b 2 + b2 = 2,
b 3. . ( 1971.)
514. , b 2 + b2 = 2.
b 60. ( 1977.)

515. 2006?
516. .
?
517.

?
518. n- (n 5)?
519. .
111

8. 2 + 2 = z2

8.3.

.


( ).
13, 14, 15 84
, 10, 15 20 ,
.
119. .
: = mn(m2 - n2)
m n , ,
.
. , 13, 14 15.
120. .
:

.
121.
, .
: (, , z) (x, y`, z`)
.
+ `, z z`. + `
. :
1) = 2 ,
( + `).
2) = 2 +1 , ` + `
(2k + 1)( y + y`)
,

2
.
112

8. 2 + 2 = z2

,
, .
122.
20?
: .
20, z2 - y2 = (z - y)(z + y) = 400,
z , y . + -
(z - y)(z + y) = 2200 = 4100 =
850 = 1040, 4: (20, 99, 101),
(20, 48, 52), (20, 21, 29) (20, 15, 25).
20 :
(101, 101, 198); (52, 101, 147); (29, 101, 120); (25, 101, 114); (52, 52, 96); (29,
52, 69); (25, 52, 63); (29, 29, 42); (25, 29, 36); (30, 25, 25).
123.
.
: 13, 14
15 2 = 42 = 842.
P 84k 2
=
= 4k , a
s
21k
abc 13k 14k 15k 65k
R =
. = 8,
=
=
4P
8
4 84k 2

r =

104, 112 120, 5376,

32, 65.
124. a = 4m2 + n2; b = 2m2 + 2n2; = 6m2 - 3n2
(m n m > n)
. .
: 4mn
(4mn, 2m2 - 2n2, 2m2 + 2n2) (4mn, 4m2 - n2, 4m2 + n2),
(4m2 + n2, 2m2 + 2n2, 4m2 - n2 +
2m2 - 2n2 = 6m2 - 3n2).
.
, ,
.
113

8. 2 + 2 = z2

,

. 7, 24, 20, 15
'''' (7, 24, 25) (20, 15, 25)
25.

519. .
.
520. : )
10; b) 10.
521.
.
522. 12.
523. .
524. ?

525.
:
, b ;
;
. (8. - 1991.)

526. (3, 4, 5); (13, 14, 15); (51, 52, 53)
.
?
527.

.
528. , . -

,
?
114

9. 2 2 = 1

2 2 = 1,
.
2 2 = 1
,33
.34 ,
, , , , , ,
, ...


. :
, 35,
, .
2 2 = 1,
. -, je
, (, ) = (1, 0) .

, : .
, ,
().

9.1.

2 2 = 1, ( )( + ) = 1 .
.

, (1, 1). (1, 1)
, ( 1 1 )( 1 + 1 ) = 1 .
33
34
35

ohn Pell (1610 1685. .),

Ferma (Piere Fermat 1601-1665. .),
oseph Louis Lagrange (1736 1813. .),

115

9. 9.1.

(n, n)
2 2 = 1. n
( 1 1 ) n ( 1 + 1 ) n = ( n n )( n + n ) = 1 . ( 1 + 1
) .
(, ) ,
.36
'' ,
(n, n) ,
. ,
n +1 + n +1 = ( n + n ) ( + ) :
n +1 + n +1 = n x e + p n y e + ( y n + x n ) .

:

n+1 = n + n
n+1 = n + n.
(n) (n) , : (, ) = (1, 0).
(n) (n) .
(n)
(n), :37
n =
n =

1
( + )n + ( )n
2
1

( ( +

)
)

)n ( )n .

125. 2 32 = 1.

36

37

: , , ,
: , , 2004.

n + n = ( + )n

116

9. 9.1.

: (0, 0) = (1, 0),

(, ) = (7, 4).
:
n+1 = 7n + 12n, n+1 = 4n + 7n.
o :
n

xn

97

1351

262087

3650401

50843527

708158977

yn

56

780

151316

2107560

29354524

408855776

9.2.

2 2 = 1 ( n2)
. .
(1, 0)
, (1, 0)
. (1, 0) = (0, 0) je (1, 1); (2, 2); ...
(n, n) ... ,
.
(0, 0), .
, (1, 1),
.
:
n+1 = n + bn
n+1 = cn + dn
, b, c d
.
1 = 0 + b0 1 = c0 + d0, 0 = 1 0 = 0,
= 1 = 1.
n+1 = 1n + bn
n+1 = 1n + dn.

117

9. 9.2.

n+12 n+12 = 1, je (1n + bn)2 (1n + dn)2 = 1.

n2(12 - 12) + 2nn(bx1 dy1) yn2(kd2 b2) = 1.
, n2 n2 = 1, 12 12 = 1
bx1 dy1 = 0 kd2 b2 = .
b d
: b = 1 d = 1.

n+1 = 1n + 1n
n+1 = 1n + 1n.
2

n+1 n+12 = (1n + 1n)2 k(1n + 1n)2 =

n2(12 12) + 2n yn(k11 11) n2(12 12) = n2 n2 = 1,
.

x1
y1

ky1
x1

12 12 = 1.

,
, ,

2 2 = 1,
.
Me, .
:
1) = 2 1, 2 2 = 2 (2 1)2 = 1.
2 1 = (2 1)2, (, ) = (, 1).
2) = 2 + 1, 2 (2 + 1)2 = 1. 2 = 22 + 2 +
1. 22 + 2 + 1 2 = 2, = 2,
= + 1 = 22 + 1. (, ) = (22 + 1, 2).
3) 2 2 = 1, ( ,
) (, ), 2 42 = 1, (, /2),
2 2 = 1 = 2 42, = 42 = 2.
2 52 = 1 (9, 4),
2 202 = 1 (9, 2).
118

9. 9.2.

3.1)
2 2 = 1 2 92 = 1, (, )
(,

) . :
3

= 7, = 8, = 7. = 7 9 = 63, = 8, = 1.



2 2 = 1:

17

33

30

11

18

17

31

1520

273

19

170

39

32

17

20

33

23

21

21

55

34

35

22

197

42

35

10

19

23

24

37

73

12

11

10

24

38

37

12

26

51

10

39

25

13

649

180

27

26

40

19

14

15

28

127

24

41

2049

320

15

29

9801

1820

42

13

9.3.

2 = ,
0.
2

,
2 2 = ?
(, ) , (n, n)
2 2 = (, )
2 2 =1. :
119

9. 9.3.

2 2 = ( + )( ) =
n2 n2 = ( n + n

)( n n ) = ( + )( ) =

2 2 = = ( +

) n ( ) n = 1.

( n + n )( n n ) =
( + )( ) ( + ) n ( ) n = .

n + n = ( +

) ( + ) n ,

(n, n) 2 2 = ,
(, ) 2 2 = 1 (, )
2 2 = .
126. 2 22 = -1.
: (0, 0) = (7, 5),
2 22 = 1 (, ) = (3, 2).
:

n + n 2 = ( + )( ) n = (7 + 5 2 )(3 + 2 2 ) n .

: 38
127. 2 - 2 = ,
n (, ) , :

2
n + n

2
2
> 0 2
< 0,
2( + 1 )
2( + 1 )
= ( +

)(

)n .

128. 2 52 = 44
.
38

, ,
: , , ,
2004,. 92 93.

120

9. 9.3.

: 2 52 = 1
(, ) = (9, 4).

44 4 2
= 35,2 . {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
2(9 + 1)

(0, 0) { (7, 1); (8, 2); (13, 5) }.

:

(7 5 )(9 + 4 5 ) n

n + n 5 = (8 2 5 )(9 + 4 5 ) n

n
(13 5 5 )(9 + 4 5 )

n .

9.4.
,

, .
129. n o (,
) 2 22 = 1993n. 39
: 2 22 = ( + 2 )( 2 ) = 1993n
(45 + 4 2 ) n (45 4 2 ) n = 1993n
( + 2 )( 2 ) = (45 + 4 2 ) n (45 4 2 ) n .

+ 2 = (45 + 4 2 ) n ,
n

= 45 n + 45 n-2 (4
2

n
2 )2 + 45 n-4 (4 2 )4 + ...
4
n

= 45 n-1 4 + 45 n-3 43 2 + 45 n-5 45 22 + ...

1
3
5
39

1993. .
121

9. 9.4.

n
(, ).
130.
.
: - 1, + 1.
( 1)2 + 2 + ( + 1)2 = 2. 2 = 32
+ 2. 3
2, .

, 2 32 = 2, .
.
131. 4 + 1,
2 2 = - 1 .
: (, ) ,
- 2 2 = 1. 2 = 2 + 1. ,
(4+1)2 - 1 (mod 4) ,
. 1 + 1, ,
D(xe 1, xe + 1) = 2. K (xe 1)(xe + 1) = 2,
xe 1 xe + 1 22, 2b2 ( b ).
xe + 1 = 22 xe 1 = 2b2. 22 - 2b2 = 2,
2 b2 = 1. (, b)
2 2 = 1. (xe + 1)(xe 1) = 22 2b2 = 2,
= 2b.
< b < ,
(, ) . xe - 1 = 22
xe + 1 = 2b2. 22 2b2 = 2, 2 - b2 = - 1, 2 2 = - 1 (, b),
.
132.
1.
?
:
m n = 2mn = m2 n2.
: 2mn = m2 n2 - 1 2mn = m2 n2 + 1.

122

9. 9.4.

1) m2 n2 1 = 2mn, m2 2mn + n2 - 2n2 = 1,

(m n)2 2n2 = 1, m - n n a2 2b2 = 1.
2) m2 n2 + 1 = 2mn, m2 2mn + n2 - 2n2 = -1,
(m n)2 2n2 = - 1, m - n n
a2 2b2 = -1.
,
:
a
3
17
99
577
3363

B
2
12
70
408
2378

m
5
29
169
985
5741

1
7
41
239
1393

1
5
29
169
985

2
12
70
408
2378

2 2b2 = 1
n
x
2
20
12
696
70
23660
408
803760
2378
27304196
2
2b2 = -1
1
4
5
120
29
4060
169
137904
985
4684660

y
21
697
23661
803761
27304197

z
29
985
33461
1136689
38613965

3
119
4059
137903
4684659

5
169
5741
195025
6625109

529.
2 142 = 1.
530. 42 72 = 1.
531. 32 22 = 1.
532. 2 + 2 + 1 = 4.
533. m

(,) 2 (m2 +1)2 = 1.

534.
(210) .
.
535. ,
52 + 4 52 4 . .
123

9.

536. m n m = 2 + 2

28 n 2 + 1 , m

. .
537. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 ...
n .
.
?

538.
?
539. n

n : 12 + 22 + ... + n2 = 2?
?
540. 83 73 = 169 = (22 + 32)2. , z
, ( + 1)3 3 = (2 + z2)2
.

124

10.
E
10.1. J 2 + 2 = pz2
2 + 2 = 2z2 = = z = .
.
133. 2 + 2 = 2z2 .
: 490. 2 + 2 = n
40 2 + 2 = 2n,
: (, )
( - , + ).
2 + 2 = z2
= 2mn, = m2 n2 z = m2 + n2,
2 + 2 = 2z2 : = m2
n2 + 2mn, = m2 - n2 - 2mn z = m2 + n2.
m n .
2 + 2 = 3z2
(0, 0, 0) . 41
2 + 2 = 4z2 2
+ = (2z)2, (, , 2z) .
= 2mn, = m2 n2 2z = m2 + n2,
m n: (1) m > n ; (2) m n (
z ).42
2

, 2 + 2 = 4z2
2 + 2 = 2z2.
: = 4mn, = 2(m2 n2) z = m2 + n2.

2 + 2 = z2
= 2.
40

41

42

2 + 2 = n ,
2 + 2 = 2n.
4.10.
''''
,
.
125

10. 10.2. 2 + p2 = z2

2 + 2 = 5z2.
(, 2, ). ,
a2 + b2 = 5, a = 2 + mt, b = 1 + nt,
: = 2n2 - 2m2 2mn, = m2 n2 - 4mn z = m2 + n2.
2 + 2 = 6z2 (0, 0, 0)
. 2
+ 2 = 3z2 ( 0), 2 + 2 = 2
3z2 .
2 + 2 = 7z2, ''''
, .
2 + 2 = 8z2, 2 + 2 = 2z2
.
2 + 2 = 9z2
(3, 0, ). 2 + 2 = (3z)2,
: = 6mn, = 3(m2 n2) z = m2 + n2.
2 + 2 = 10z2 = 52z2
2 + 2 = 5z2
.

10.2. J 2 + p2 = z2
2 + 22 = z2 22 = z2 2 =
(z + )(z ) z + = 2, z = .
, = 2, z =
=

3
= 3
2

= . , = , = 2, z = 3.
2

,
.
: = 2n2 m2 8mn, y = 2m2 4n2 2mn
z = 3(m2 + 2n2). , .
134. 2 + 22 = z2 .
126

10. 10.3. 2 + 2 = z2

: 2 + 22 = z2 z .
22 = z2 2 = (z + )(z ), z + z .
z + = 2 z = 2b, 22 = 4b 2 = 2b. ,
, 2b . = 2m2 b = n2 (m, n ).
= 2m2 - n2, = 2mn z = 2m2 n2 (m, n ). = m2 b = 2n2
(m, n ). = m2 - 2n2, = 2mn z = m2 2n2 (m, n ).
2 + 32 = z2,
= = z = .
: = 3n2 m2 6mn, y = m2 3n2 2mn z = 2(m2 + 3n2).
134,
= 3,
.

+ 2 = z2 rma 2 = z2 2 = (z + )(z )
( ) z + = , z = . = 2,
: = ( 1), = 2, z = ( + 1).
2

'''' .43 44

10.3. J p2 + q2 = rz2
Je p2 + q2 = rz2 p, q r
.45
:
135.
.

22 + 72 = z2

:
. = 3, = 1, z = 5,
: = 3, = , z = 5.
43

44

45

2 + 2 = z2,
Joe Graselli: Diofantske enabe Knjiica Sigma, Ljubljana, 1984, . 64 - 67.
,
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DiophantineEquation.html
,
, : ,
, 2004, . 50-51.

127

10. 10.3. p2 + q2 = rz2

: = 21n2 54m2 70mn, y = 2m2 63n2 60mn; z = 5 (2m2 + 7n2).
136.
.

32 + 52 = 30z2

: 52 30z2 5 32
5, = 5. 752 + 52 =
30z2. 5 152 + 2 = 6z2. 152 6z2
3, 2, = 3b. 152 + 9b2 = 6z2 3
52 + 3 b2 = 2z2.
= 1, b = 1 zo = 2.
:
2

b
5 + 3 = 2. =
z
z

b
= ,
z
z
1
.
2
5m + 3n

52 + 3 2 = 2. = =
=

1
1
+ mt =
+ nt, t =
.
2
2
5m 2 + 3n 2

: = 5 (3n2 5m2 6mn); y = 3(5m2 3n2 10mn)
z = 2(5m2 + 3n2).
137. 42 + 162 = 3z2
.
: 2 = 4 = b,
2 + b2 = 3z2. 2 + 2 = 3z2
,
.

10.4. J 2 + 2 + z2 = t2
2 + 2 + z2 = t2
. :
? ?
128

10. 10.4. 2 + 2 + z2 = t2

138. , .
2 + 2 + z2 = t2, , , z t ,
.
: 32 + 42 + 122 = 52 + 122 = 132, (3, 4, 12, 13)
. , (3, 4, 12, 13)
,
,
.
139. = (),
= (), z = z() t = t() 2 + 2 + z2 = t2..
: 22 + 32 + 62 = 72,
32 + 42 + 122 = 132 = , = +1,
z = (+1) t = 2 + + 1. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2 + (+1)2 + ((+1))2
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 23 + 2 = 4 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 + + 2 + + 1 =
2(2 + + 1) + (2 + + 1) + (2 + + 1) = (2 + + 1)2 = t2.
2 + 2 + z2 = t2
:
140. 2 + 2 + z2 = t2
: = 2, = 2q,

2 + q2 r2
2 + q2 + r 2
t=
, q r
r
r
: (1) 2 + q2 r; (2) 2 + q2 > r2.

z=

: t2 4 0 1,
4.
t , z ,
4 (, , ),
t . , z ,
.
= 2 = 2q46. z . t > z
, . t z = 2r t = 2r + z.
2 + 2 + z2 = t2, 2 + 2 = 42 + 4q2 = t2 - z2 = (t z)(t + z) = 2r (2r + z +
z) = 4r2 + 4rz.
46

Joe Graselli: Diofantske enabe Knjiica Sigma, Ljubljana, 1984,

. 64 - 67.

129

10. 10.5. 12 + ... + 2 = +12

42 + 4q2 = 4r2 + 4rz 2 + q2 - r2 = rz.

z

2 + q2 r 2
r

: (1)

2 + q2 r;

(2) 2 + q2 > r2.

2 + 2 + z2 = t2 ,

t:

1
2
3
4
3
6
5
7
6

q
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
4

p2+q2
2
5
10
20
10
40
26
50
52

r
2
1
2
4
1
8
2
5
4

x
2
4
6
8
6
12
10
14
12

y
2
2
2
4
2
4
2
2
8

z
1
4
3
1
9
3
11
5
9

t
3
6
7
9
11
13
15
15
17

141. , , z,
+ + z2 = 152.
2

: 16. t =

2 + q2 + r2
,
r

2 + q2 + r2 =15r. r (0 < r < t = 15)

2 + q2 {14, 26, 36, 44, 50, 54, 56}. 26 = 12 + 52, 36 =
02 + 62; 50 = 12 + 72 = 52 + 52, : 22 + 102 + 112 = 152 ; 02 + 122
+ 92 = 152 ; 22 + 142 + 52 = 152; 102 + 102 + 52 = 152.

10.5. J 12 + 22 + ... + n2 = n+12

12 + 22 + ... + n2 = n+12 n 2
3.
, .47 48
47

48

130

Joe Graselli Diofantske enabe, Knjiica

Sigma, Ljubljana, 1984, . 64 - 67.
,
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DiophantineEquation.html

10. 10.5. 12 + ... + 2 = +12

142. 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 = 52
.
: 32 + 42 + 122 + 842 = 852,
(3, 4, 12, 84, 85),
.
, .
.
143. 12 + 22 + ... + n2 = n+12
.
: n (n . 2).
1) n = 2 ( ).
2) 12 + 22 + ... + n2 = n+12
.

3.1.) n+1 , n+1 = 2,

n+1 = n = 2, n+1 = 2 - 1, n+2 = 2 +1. n2 + n+12 = n+22.
12 + 22 + ...+ n2 = n+12
12 + 22 + ...+ n2 + n+12 = n+22
.
3.2) n+1 , n+1 = 2 + 1,
n+1 = n = 2 + 1, n+1 = 2( + 1), n+2 = 2 + ( +1)2.
n2 + n+12 = n+22 3.1).

n- (32 + 42 = 52, 32 + 42 + 122
= 132, 32 + 42 + 122 + 842 = 852...)
12 + 22 + ... + n2 = n+12. ,
n-, n+1-
n.

49 ,
. 50

49

50

Joe Graselli Diofantske enabe, Ljubljana, 1984. . 66 - 70.

,
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DiophantineEquation.html

131

10. 10.6.

10.6.

. .

,
.
144.
3 3 = 91.51

: , ,
,
. 3 3 = ( - )(2 + + 2) 2 + + 2 =

1 2
+ 2 + ( + ) 2 0 ,
2
2 + + 2 , 91 = 7 13.
:
1) = 1 2 + + 2 = 91;

2) = 7 2 + + 2 = 13;

3) = 13 2 + + 2 = 7;

4) = 91 2 + + 2 = 1.

: (- 5, - 6); (3, - 4); (4, - 3); (6, 5).
145.
:
: + = zt, z + t = xy. 52
: + zt
= + + z + t, - - + 1 + zt z - t + 1 = 2.
: ( 1)( 1) + (z 1)(t 1) = 2.
:

51

52

132

1. 1949. . , .:
, , , 1978.
29. 1967. . .., ..
: '''', , 1987.

10. 10.6.

1) ( 1)( 1) = 0, (z 1)(t 1) = 2. = 1
= 1, (z 1)(t 1) = 2 : z = 2, t = 3
z = 3, t = 2. + = 6 = 5, :
(1, 5, 2, 3); (1, 5, 3, 2); (5, 1, 2, 3); (5, 1, 3, 2).
2) ( 1)( 1) = 1 (z 1)(t 1) = 2, = = z = t = 2.
3) ( 1)( 1) = 2 (z 1)(t 1) = 0,
1). : (2, 3, 1, 5); (2, 3, 5, 1);
(3, 2, 1, 5); (3, 2, 5, 1).
9 .
146. , z
z2 = + + 6 2 + 2 = z2.
: 2 + 2 = z2,
2 + 2 = 6, 2 2 2 + 1 + 2 2 + 1
+ 2 + 2 2 = 14. ( 1)2 + ( 1)2 + ( )2 = 14
12, 22 32.

2 + 2 = 6, ( 1)2 + ( 1)2 + ( )2 = 14.
: (2, -1); (-1, 2); (0, 3); (3, 0); (4, 3); (3, 4).
2 + 2 = z2 (, , z ) { (0, 3, 3);
(3, 0, 3), (3, 4, 5); (4, 3, 5)}.
147. : 2 + 2 = z2, 2 + z2= t2
.
: 2 + 2 = z2 2 + z2 = t2, 2 + t2 = 2z2.
= - t, t = + t, t
2 + t2 = z2.53 2 + t2 = z2
= 2mn, t = m2 n2 z = m2 + n2,
2 + t2 = 2z2 :
= m2 n2 - 2mn, t = m2 - n2 + 2mn z = m2 + n2.
2 = t2 - z2, 2 = (m2 - n2 +
2mn) ( m2 + n2)2 = (m2 - n2 + 2mn + m2 + n2)( m2 - n2 + 2mn - m2 - n2) =
(2m2 + 2mn)(2mn - 2n2) = 2m(m + n)2n(m n). , 2 = 4mn(m2 - n2).
D(m, n) = d. b
m = d n = bd. 2 = 4mn (m2 - n2) = 4d bd (2d2 b2d2) =
4b d4 (2 b2).
2

53

10.1.

133

10. 10.6.

2 = 4b d4 (2 b2),
b (2 b2) . b
, b (2 b2)
2 b2 = 2 b, - 2 - 2b b2 = 0.
,
1,2 =

2b

4 b 2 + 4b 2
2b b 4 + 4
=
.
2
2

, . 4 + 4
. = 0, 4 + 4 = 2
= 2, = 0.
= 0, 2 b2 = 2 b = 0, = b, b .

541. , z , 2 + 2 = 13z2
. .
.
542. 2 + 2 = 7z2,
.
543. 2 + 2 = 2z2 : = m2 - 2n2, = m2 + 4mn + 2n2 z = m2 +2mn + 2n2 (m n
). .
544. , b c 2 + b2 + 32 =
( + b + )2.
545. 2 + 52 = z2
546. 2 + 22 = 4z2.
547. , m n ,
2 + 2 = z2 : = m(n2 - 1); = 2mn
z = m(n2 + 1). .
548. t1, t2, ... , tn 1 = -t12 + t22 +...+ tn2;
2 = 2t1t2 ; ... ; n = 2t1tn n+1 = t12 + t22 +...+ tn2
12 + 22 +...+ n2 = n+12 . .
549. : + = zt, z + t = xy
.
134

10.

550. 2 + 72 = z2 72 + 2 = t2
.

551.
+ = n + = z , n
.
1. ( - 1905.)54
552. n je 12 + 22 + ... + n2 =
2 . ( 1981.)

553. 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = z2

, .
554. 2 + 2 = z2,
?
555. n
n2 + (n+1)2 = (n+2)z2 ?

54

.
135

11.
n (n > 2)


. ,
.

.
148. 2 + 2 = z4
, , z .
: 2 + 2 = z4 = (z2)2, (, , z2)
. m n = 2mn,
y = m2 - n2 z2 = m2 + n2. (m, n, z)
q
m = 2pq, n = p2 q2 z = p2 + q2. ,
= 4pq(p2 q2); = 4p2q2 (2 - q2)2; z = 2 + q2.

.
149. 2 + 5 = 3
.
:
= 2 + 5 > 0. 2 + 5 2 (mod 4).
, , 3 0 (mod 4). = 2 ,
= 2q + 1 , (2p)2 + 5 = (2q + 1)3,
42 + 5 = 8q3 + 12q2 + 6q2 + 1, 2 2(2 + 1) =
4q3 + 6q2 + 3q. q
, 2(2 + 1) = q ( ). q(4q2 +(6 )q + 3) = 0.
q 0, = 2q + 1 = 1, 2 + 5 = 1,
. 4q2 + (6 - )q + 3 = 0.
q
3

q1, 2 =

( 6) 2 48
8

. q -

, . ( 6)2 48 = D2.
136

11. n (n > 2)

D
q . q = 1 q = 3, = 3 = 7.
2 + 5 = 27 2 + 5 = 343, .
150. 2 + 3 = z4 : )
; b) .
: ) : z = 2 z > 2.
z = 2, z4 = 16 = 2 + 3. 3 < 16,
< 3, = 2. 2 = 8, .
z > 2, z , z4 .
, .
= 2, 4 + 3 = z4,
2
(z + 2)(z2 2) = 3. : z2 + 2 = 3 z2 2 = 1
z2 + 2 = 2 z2 2 = .
3 = 5, 2 = 4,
.
= 2, 2 + 8 = z4, . (z2 + ) (z2 ) = 8,
z2 + = 4 z2 = 2. z2 = 3
= 1, .
b) 3 = z4 2 = (z2 + )(z2 ),
z + = 2 z2 = .
2

( 1)
8z2 = 42 + 4, 8z2 + 1 = (2 + 1)2.
2

= 2 + 1 b = 2z, 2 2b2 = 1 ( ).
,

:

)
)

1
(3 + 2 2 ) + (3 2 2 ) 2 ;
4
1
z =
(3 + 2 2 ) (3 2 2 ) ;
4 2
( 1)
=
( ).
2

: (0, 1, 1); (28, 8, 6); (1176, 49, 35)...55

55

,
.

137

11. n (n > 2)

151.
3 100 = 225?
: 3 = 100 + 225 - 5
, = 5. 1253 = 100 + 225,
25 53 = 4 + 9 53 5 = 4 + 4.
5(3 ) = 4( + 1), + 1 5. = 5m - 1
(m N) , 3 = 9m 1.
3 9m 1, 3 - 1.
3 = (3 1)3 = 9m 1 273 272 + 9 - 1 = 9m 1, m = 33 32 + .
, = 5 = 5(3 1) = 5m 1 = 5(33 32 + ) - 1.

.
152. 4 - 4 = z2 .
: 4 + z2 = 4
(2, z, 2) , . m n
:
1) 2 = 2mn, z = m2 - n2 2 = m2 + n2.
(m, n, )
q m = 2pq, n = p2 q2 = p2 + q2.
2 = 4pq (p2 q2).
D(, q) = d.
b
= d q = bd. 2 = 4q (p2 - q2) = 4d bd (2d2 b2d2) =
4b d4 (2 b2).
2 = 4b d4 (2 b2),
b (2 b2) . b
, b (2 b2)
2 b2 = 2 b, 2 - 2b b2 = 0.
,

1,2 =

2b

4 b 2 + 4b 2
2b b 4 + 4
=
.
2
2

, . 4 + 4
. = 0, 4 + 4 = 2
= 2, = 0.

138

11. n (n > 2) 11.1.

= 0, 2 b2 = 2 b = 0, = b,
b
.
2) z = 2mn, 2 = m2 - n2 2 = m2 + n2.
(m, n, )
q m = 2pq, n = p2 q2 = p2 + q2.
2 = (p2 q2)2 - 4p2q2 = 4 + q4 - 6p2q2.
D(, q) = d.
b = d q = bd. 2 = d44 + b4 62b2 =
d4(2 b2)2 22b2.
, 4 + b4 - 62b2 . .

11.1.
2 + 2 + z2 = 3z,
, z . 56
.
= = z = 0.
= = z = 1.
(, b, c)
, b, c. ,
(, b, c) ,
(-, -b, c), (-, b, -c) (, -b, -c).
, .
(, b, c) .
2 + b2 + c2 3bc = 0.
, =
= ',
+ ' = 3bc ' = b2 + c2. > 0, ' > 0.
(, b, c) '''' (', b, c).
(1, 1, 1) ''''
(', 1, 1) ' 2 3 + 2 = 0 1.
' = 2, (2, 1, 1).
56

(1856-1922) 1879.

139

11. n (n > 2) 11.1.

(1, 1, 1) (2, 1, 1) .
(2, 1, 1) ''''
(2, b, 1), b 2 6 + 5 = 0 1.
'''' (2, 5, 1).
(2, 5, 1) ''''
1 z2 30z + 29 = 0 1.
' = 29 '''' (2, 5, 29). 2
'''' 2 15 + 26 = 0. 5.
' = 13 (13, 5, 1).
'''' :
(1, 1, 1)
(2, 1, 1)
(13, 5, 1)
(13, 34, 1)
...

...

(2, 5, 29)
(13, 5, 194)
...

(433, 5, 291)

...

...

...

(2, 169, 29)

...

...

(, b, c) ''''
(', b, c) (, b', c) (, b, c') :
' = 3bc

b' = 3c b

c' = 3b c.57

153. (, b, )
. .
: ,
(1, 1, 1) (2, 1, 1) .
(, b, b) 2 + b2 + b2 = 3b2
2 = (3 2)b2 . 9b2 =

9a 2
4
= 3a + 2 +
. b
3a 2
3a 2

, (3 2) {1, 2, 4}. , = 1 = 2.
b = 1. (1, 1, 1) (2, 1, 1).
57

140

.. :
.. , , , 1985, 4, . 13 16.

11. n (n > 2) 11.1.

154. (, b, )
''''
(, b, ) , ''''
(, b, ).
.
: (, b, )
> b > , (b )( b ') = b2 ( + ') b + ' = b2 - 3b2 + b2 +
2 = 2b2 + 2 - 3b2 < 3b2 3b2 = 3b2(1 ) < 0. b
b ' , . b > '. > b > ',
(', b, ) b,
(, b, ).
( b)( b') = 2 (b + b') + bb' = 2 32 + 2 + 2 =
22 + 2 32 < 32 32 = 32(1 ) < 0. - b b'
, b' > . b' > > b,
(, b', ) b',
(, b, ).
' > > ,
(, b, ') ',
(, b, ).
155.

(1, 1, 1).
: (, b, ) .
'''' (1, b1, 1)

(, b, ). (1, b1, 1) '''' (2, b2, 2) (1, b1, 1).
, , .
,
. .
(, b, ) .
(1, 1, 1), . (2, 1, 1) ''''
2 (', 1, 1), ' = 3b = 311 2 = 1,
(1, 1, 1) .

141

11. n (n > 2) 11.1.

, .
'''' , (1, 1, 1).

556. 23 + = 7.
557. 3 3 = 2 + 2 + ( + )2
.
558. 3 3 = 2 + 2 + z2
.
559.
.
560. 4 3 = 2 + 2 + ( + )2.
561. ( + 1)3 + ( + 2)3 + ... + ( + n)3 = 3 (n
) n .
562. 2 3 = 7
.
563. 2 = 3 + ( + 4)2.
564. 2 + 3 = z2 ?
565. 3 + 3 + z3 = 19692 .
566. ) , , ,
2 + 2 + 2 3 3
0, 3. .
b) 2 + 2 + z2 = xyz
= 3, = 3 z = 3, ,
2 + 2 + 2 = 3. .
567. ) , , ,
2 + 2 + 2 4 ,
. .
b) 2 + 2 + z2 = 2xyz (0, 0, 0)
. .
568. 2 + 2 + z2 = xyz =
1 = 3. .
569.
, ?
142

11. n (n > 2)

570.
.

571. 100,
2101 . ( 1994.)
572. , b , 3 + b3 + 3 = 2001.
(5. 2001.)
573. : + + z = 3
3 + 3 + z3 = 3. ( 2002.)
574. (, , z)
1
1 1
z + + z,
z .
+ +
x
y z
( 1995.)

575. 1 + 2 + ... + n = 12 ... n = 2006.
.
576. 1 + 2 + ... + n = 12 ... n .
n
.
577. ( + 1) = ( +1)( + 2).

143

12.

,

.
156.

, b c
+

b
b
=
.

: ,
+

b 2b
.
=

+ b = 2b, =

b ( -1)( + 1)
.

( 1) ( + 1) b = ( ).
= (2 1),
: = t, b = kt; = (t2 1) (, t ; t 1).

157.

1
+
5

1
=
5

5.

.
:
5 1 +

5 1 = 5 , 0 5 1 25 0 5 1 25.

: 1 5 1 5. 5 1 = 2 5 1 = b2,

2 + 1
b2 + 1
+ b = 5. =
=
,
5
5
b 2 3,
(1, 2) (2, 1).
158.

144

2 3 3 .

12.

3 +

3 2 3 = 2 3 3 > 0, > .

3 + 2 = 2

1
2

1
2

)2 =

3 .

1
( 3 1) 2 =
2

. > , = 3

58

159.

2 ,

, .
? 59
: + 2 + = 2.
= 2, + = 2 2,
t2 2( )t + 2 = 0. t 1,2 =

2( ) 2 ( ) 2 2

2
, 2 2 =
( 2) . ,

2 = 2 ( ) . =

( + 1) 2
(1 2 ) . =

2
2

( 1) 2
. > 0, 1 2 > 0, = 0. = =
.
2
2
2 = 2.
=

160.

, z

+ + ... + = z .
1444
424444
3

: = 1,
58
59

= z, = 2, = 1, z = ( ).

1970.

- 1982. 27. 1967.
145

12.

2. +

= 2 ( ).

= 2

. , = (
+2

)2 < +

=
= 2 <

+1<(

+ 1)2.

) (

+ 1) -

, , .

578. b (b > 1)

a = b.

579. , q
+

pq . .

580. (, )

x+

+ ... +

= y ( 1964 ). (4. -

1964.)
581.

1976 ?

1980 ?

( - 1976.)
582.
( 1980.)
583. (, )

x+

+ ... +

584.
( 1996.)

146

= y ( 1992 ). ( 1992.)
+

z =

1996

13.

,
.
. ,
.
161.
2 + 1 = 2 ?

: 2 + 1 = 2, 2 = 2 - 1 = ( + 1)( 1).
1 + 1 , 2,
, + 1 = 2 1 = 2b ( + b = , > b).
2 2b = 2.
2b (2 -b 1) = 2. 2 b = 2 2-b 1 = 1,
b = 1 - b = 1. , = b + 1 = 2, = + b = 2 + 1 = 3.
= 3, = 2.
162.
+ 4 = .
4

: , ,
, . = 2
, 4 + 4 = 2
. .
1) = 1, 4 + 4 = 5, (, ) = (1, 5) .
2) > 1, 4 + 4 = 4 + 22 = 4 + 22 + 22 2 22 2 =
+1
2 2 )2.

( + 2 ) 2 = ( + 2 ) (
,
+ 1 ,
2

+1

+1
2 2 )

+1
( + 2 - 2 2 ) = . 3,
2

( + 2 +
1, .
(, ) = (1, 5).

147

13.

163. 2 3 = 5.
: 2 - 3 = 5, 2 = 3 + 5 > 5, 3.
:
1) = 0, 2 = 6, .
2) > 0, 2 = 3 + 5, 2 (- 1) (mod 3) 3y + 5 -1
(mod 3). 2 (- 1) -1 (mod 3), .
3y = 2 - 5, 3y (- 1) (mod 4) 2 - 5 -1 (mod 4),
3y (- 1) -1 (mod 4), . , = 2 + 1
= 2b + 1. 22+1 - 32b+1 = 5 = 8 3. 22 + 1 8 = 32b + 1
3, 8(22-2 1) = 3(32b 1). :
2.1.) 22-2 1 = 32b 1 = 0, 2 2 = 2b = 0.
= 1, b = 0, = 3 = 1.
2.2)

, 8 = 32b 1 22-2 1 = 3. 2b = 2
2 2 = 2, = 2 b = 1. = 5 = 3.
3) < 0, 2 5 = 3. 2 5 1, 0 < 3 < 1,
.
164. (2)2 1 = z+1,
, z ?
: ((2))2 1 = z+1
((2) 1)((2) + 1) = z+1,
. (2) + 1 = (2) - 1 = b
+ b = z + 1. b =
2 b(-b 1) = 2.
b = 1, -b 1
= 2. , -b = 3, = 3 b = 1. b = 1 b = 0,
z + 1 = + b = 1. z = 0, , z
. .
165. , z,
4 + 4 + 4z .
: 4 + 4 + 4z = 2 ().
, .
z. :
148

13.

1) , z
, .
2) z = 0, 4 + 4 = 2 1, 4(4- + 1) = ( + 1)( 1).
2.1) = 0, 4 + 1 = 2 1. 4 + 1 1
(mod 4). , 2 1 0 (mod 4), ,
2 1 -1 (mod 4). .
2.2.) > 0, ,
. = 2 + 1 ( )
4(4- + 1) = 4( + 1), 4-1(4- + 1) = ( +1).
, ,
4-1 = 4-, 1 = = 2 1. = 4-1,
= 2 + 1 = 24-1 + 1 = 22-1 + 1.
(2 1, , 0, 22-1 + 1).
3) , z 4 + 4 + 4z =
22 + 22 + 22z = 2. 22z(22-2z + 22-2z + 1) = 2 = 22z b2.
22-2z + 22-2z + 1 22-2z + 22-2z + 1 = 22(-z) +
22-z + 1 = b2, - z + 1 = 2 - 2z. = 2 - z 1. = m,
z = n, = 2m n 1
(2m - n -1, m, n; 2n(22m-n-1 + 1)).
, ,
(2m n -1, m, n).
166. n
n + n = nz , , z .
: n n
nz , n .
z > z > , , ,
z > . n + n = nz
n (n- + 1) = nz n- + 1 = nz-. nz- - n- = 1
n- (nz- - 1) = 1. n- = 1 nz- - 1 = 1, = 0,
nz- = 2. n = 2 z = 1.
n = 2 (, , z ) = = z = + 1
: 2 + 2 = 2+1.
167. = .60

60

11. 1948.

149

13.

: :
= . ,
, .

, = + .

+
= ( + ) . =
.

,
+ = . = ( ). = ().
= , -1 = . :
1) = 1, = 1, = = . ( )
2) > 1 > 1, :
2.1.) = 2, = 2, = = 4.
2.2.) 3, -1 1 = ( 1)(-2 + -3 + ... + + 1)
2( - 1) = 2 2. 2 2 > - 1, -1 1 > 1, -1 >
.

(, ) {(2, 4); (4, 2); (1, 1); (2, 2), (3, 3) ...}.

585. e , , z, t n
n + n + nz = nt.
586. e , , z t
4 + 4 + 4z = 4t.
587. 2n (n n 2)
?
588. n
+ = n + = 2n n.
589. 2 + 1 = 3,
.
590. , . :
) x 1 = 2;
b) + 1 = 2.
591. , m n m = 2n 1.

150

13.

592. + = ( + ).
593. , , z t , + = zz + tt . .

594. 2 + (+1)2 = (+2)2,
. (21. - 1958.)
595. : = z; yz = x,
zx = y. (27. MMO - 1964.)
596. 427 + 41000 + 4
. (6. 1972.)
597. , z p, q r
2x = q rz + 1. ( - 1977.)
598. , z 2(2 + ) = z+1. (
- 1978.)
599. 2 = 3 + 7. ( 1983.)
600. 2 = 3 + 1. ( 1983.)
601. m n mm + (m n)n = 1984.
( 1984.)
602.
y
x
x y = y x . ( 1987.)

603. (, , z) - 2z = 1.
( 1989.)
604. 7 3 2 = 1. (
1996.)
605. (,) -

= - . (2. 1998.)
606. (, b) 2

a b = b a . (38. 1997.)
607. n 8n + 2n + 1
. ( 1998.)

151

13.

608. + = +
. ( 2001.)
609. = 2 19.
(21. 2004.)

152

14. 61
'''' 45 . II, II8
2 + 2 = z2.
, .
, : ,
, ,
, .
, 62.
()
358
( )
.
n = 4
. n = 4, n = 5, 7, 11 ...
.
168. 4 + 4 = z4
.
: 4 + 4 = z2
, , ,
.
'''' .63
, , z
4 + 4 = z2 z
.
4 + 4 = z2, , z
, . 2, 2
z , m n
2 = 2mn, 2 = m2 - n2 z = m2 + n2.
61

62
63

-
1.
: - , , 1974. . 197.
'''' 4.10.

153

14.

2 + n2 = m2, , n m
.
q = p2 q2, n = 2pq m = p2 + q2.
2 = 2mn = 4pq (p2 + q2).
q , pq p2 + q2
. 4q (p2 + q2) ,
, , b ,
p = 2, q = b2 p2 + q2 = 2.
p2 + q2 = 4 + b4 = 2, , b
4 + 4 = z2. z,
, , .
*
n = 3 1768.
, ,
, , .
n = 5 1825.
, 1825.
.
1828. , , 1912.
. n = 7
1839. . .

. 1995.
, ,
( 100
). , 20. , , 358
, ,
, .
, ,
. , .

611. 100 (, , z)
15 + 15 = z16.
612. , z + = z
0 < < ; 0 < < ; 0 < z ( ).

154

14.

613. , z + ,
n, n + n = zn .
. (26. 1963.)
614. z n, n + n = zn (n N)
. . ( 2003.)

615.

, , z t + = zz + tt.

'''' ( ),
,
: vandric@beotel.yu

155